text:
9 Cold War
The Iron Curtain
Although the United States and the Soviet Union had been allies in World War II, the relationship did not last long after the defeat of Germany and Japan. On February 22, 1946, less than a year after the end of the war, the chargé d'affaires of the U.S. embassy in Moscow, George Kennan sent a lengthy telegram to the State Department denouncing the Soviet Union. "World communism is like a malignant parasite which feeds only on diseased tissue," he wrote, and "the steady advance of uneasy Russian nationalism . . . is more dangerous and insidious than ever before." Kennan recognized that Russian imperialism would advance under what he called the "new guise of international Marxism", although the U.S.S.R. was being ruled not as a communist democracy but as a totalitarian dictatorship under Josef Stalin. Marx's ideal of a "dictatorship of the proletariat", where workers would live in such harmony that police and armies would be unnecessary, never arrived for the Russian people. There could be no cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union, Kennan wrote. Instead, the Soviets had to be "contained." Less than two weeks later, on March 5, former British prime minister Winston Churchill visited President Harry Truman in his home state and made a speech at a small Missouri college, declaring that Europe had been cut in half by an "iron curtain" that had "descended across the Continent." As the Russians had advanced toward Germany in the final years of World War II, they had not only retaken Russian territory but expanded their control over Eastern Europe. In the years after the war the U.S.S.R. controlled not only East Germany but newly formed People's Republics of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. In the alarm caused by the creation of these satellite states, often ruled by Soviet-installed dictators, anti-Soviet sentiment seized the American government and soon the American people.
The Cold War was a global political and ideological struggle between allied Western nations and this new Eastern Bloc, although the dispute was most often described as a contest between capitalist and communist economic systems. From the perspective of many nations that tried to remain "nonaligned" in this contest, the dispute appeared to be a face-off between two empires. Both claimed to be interested in "freeing" the people of the world: the Soviets from the evils of the capitalist marketplace and the Americans from the evils of communist totalitarianism. The conflict was called "cold" because it was never a "hot," direct shooting war between the United States and the Soviet Union. But both superpowers (because the U.S.S.R. quickly joined the U.S. as a superpower) used similar tactics of financial and military support to their allies and client states and intimidation or intervention in states supported by the other side. Tensions ran highest during the first decades of the Cold War, from the mid-1940s through the mid-1970s, when the U.S. and U.S.S.R. engaged in a series of " proxy wars" such as the Korean conflict of the 1950s and Vietnam in the 1960s and 70s as well as the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. In the late 1970s a period of relaxed tensions and increased communication and cooperation, known by the French term détente began, which lasted until the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Cold War reshaped the world and its threat hung over the generations of Americans that lived under its shadow.
The Cold War grew out of the failure to achieve an agreement on the organization of the postwar world order between the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union. The leaders of the Allies met at Yalta in Russian Crimea and at Potsdam in occupied Germany during the late stages of the war. Millions of lives had been lost, especially by Russians. Stalin considered the newly conquered territory part of a Soviet sphere of influence. With Germany's defeat imminent, the Allies created an occupation regime that would initially divide Germany into American, British, French, and Soviet zones. Suspicion and mistrust were already mounting. The political landscape was altered drastically by President Roosevelt's sudden death in April 1945, just days before the inaugural meeting of the UN. Although Roosevelt was skeptical of Stalin, he always held out hope that the Soviets could be brought into the "Free World." Harry S. Truman, Roosevelt's Vice President and successor, shared Churchill's less hopeful view of Stalin's agenda. He committed the United States to a hard-line, anti-Soviet approach.
At the Potsdam Conference, held on the outskirts of Berlin from mid-July to early August, the Allies debated the fate of Poland, which the Red Army had liberated from German control and then occupied. Toward the end of the meeting, the American delegation received word that Manhattan Project scientists had successfully tested an atomic bomb. On July 24, when Truman told Stalin about a "new weapon of unusual destructive force," the Soviet leader simply nodded his acknowledgment and said that he hoped the Americans would make "good use" of it. Stalin had been one of the Bolsheviks who had led the Russian Revolution in 1917 and the Civil War that followed, and he clearly remembered that the United States had intervened militarily against the Red Army, and when the Soviet Union was founded in 1922 the U.S. refused to recognize it. The two powers had been brought together in World War II only by their common enemy, and without that common enemy there was little hope for cooperation.
On the eve of American involvement in World War II, on August 14, 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill had issued a joint declaration of goals for postwar peace, known as the Atlantic Charter. An adaptation of Wilson's Fourteen Points, the charter established the United Nations. The Soviet Union was among the fifty charter UN member-states and was given one of five seats alongside the "Four Policemen" (the United States, Britain, France, and China) on the Security Council. The Atlantic Charter also began planning for a reorganized global economy. In July 1944 a UN Financial and Monetary Conference, known as the Bretton Woods Conference for the New Hampshire town where it was held, created the International Monetary Fund and the forerunner of the World Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Bretton Woods system was expanded in 1947 with the addition of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, forerunner of the World Trade Organization. The Soviets rejected it all.
Questions for Discussion
- Why did Kennan feel that the U.S.S.R. had to be "contained"? Do you agree?
- How was the United Nations different from the League of Nations?
2. Rebuilding Europe
Officials on both sides knew that the Soviet-American relationship would dissolve into renewed hostility at the end of the war. To some extent this hostility was based on the incompatibility between the capitalist economic system embraced by the U.S. and the communist ideology of the Soviets. These systems are based on incompatible philosophies, but neither nation operated under a pure version of the system they claimed to support. The United States was a mixed economy that operated many programs for the welfare of its people. In addition to the unemployment income and Social Security many critics complained was to "socialist", the G.I. Bill, public schools, the post office, and even the and interstate highway system were examples of government spending for the public good. And although the Soviets justified their actions by dogmatically quoting Marxist-Leninist ideology, the U.S.S.R. under Stalin was a totalitarian dictatorship that actually resembled the ideals of socialism (or even communism) very little. The issues that drove the conflict between the two superpowers strongly suggest the point was power rather than ideology. In 1946 for example, the Soviet Union refused to cede parts of occupied Iran, a Soviet defector betrayed a Soviet spy who had worked on the Manhattan Project, and the United States refused Soviet calls to dismantle its nuclear arsenal. Diplomat George Kennan warned that Americans should "continue to regard the Soviet Union as a rival, not a partner," in a 1947 article for Foreign Affairs. Kennan blamed Stalin, who he said harbored "no real faith in the possibility of a permanent happy coexistence of the Socialist and capitalist worlds." He urged U.S. leaders to pursue "a policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians." President Truman expressed a similar sentiment in March 1947 when he announced $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey, where he said "terrorist activities . . . led by Communists" jeopardized "democratic" governance. With war-ravaged Britain unable to play its traditional role as defender of the accepted world order, Truman believed it fell to the United States "to support free peoples . . . resisting attempted subjugation by . . . outside pressures." The so-called Truman Doctrine became a cornerstone of the American policy of containment.
But it was not entirely clear that all communist movements threatening democratic governments were unwelcome Soviet interventions in otherwise stable nations. During the harsh winter of 1946–1947, famine loomed in continental Europe. Blizzards and freezing cold halted coal production. Factories closed. Unemployment rose again after the full employment of wartime. As European governments seemed unable to prevent these conditions, communist parties in France and Italy gained nearly a third of the seats in their respective parliaments. American officials concerned about a shift in the "balance of power" worried that Europe's impoverished masses were increasingly vulnerable to Soviet propaganda. The situation remained dire through the spring, when George Marshall (1880-1959, a soldier and statesman who served as Army Chief of Staff, Secretary of State, and Secretary of Defense) gave an address at Harvard University in June 1947, suggesting that "the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace." Although Marshall had been careful to say his proposal was "not directed against any country, but against hunger, poverty . . . and chaos," Stalin interpreted Marshall's proposal as an assault against communism in Europe. He saw it as a "Trojan Horse" designed to lure Germany and other countries on his western border into the capitalist web. The European Recovery Program or "Marshall Plan" pumped money into Western Europe. From 1948 to 1952 the United States spent $13 billion on reconstruction while simultaneously loosening trade barriers. The Soviets countered with the Molotov Plan of aid to Eastern Europe. Stalin rewarded Poland with a five-year, $450 million trade agreement for boycotting the Marshall Plan. When Czechoslovakia received $200 million in American assistance, Stalin summoned the Czech foreign minister to Moscow. The minister later recounted that he "went to Moscow as the foreign minister of an independent sovereign state" but "returned as a lackey of the Soviet Government." Stalin exercised ever tighter control over the U.S.S.R.'s satellite countries in central and Eastern Europe.
The situation in Germany, which had been occupied by the allies since the war's end, continued to deteriorate. The capital, Berlin, had been divided into American, Russian, French, and British zones. But Berlin lay deep in the eastern portion of Germany controlled by the Soviets. In June 1948 the U.S.S.R. blockaded the city, cutting off rail and road access to the three zones of West Berlin it did not control in an effort to gain control over the entire city. The United States organized an airlift that flew essential supplies into the beleaguered city for eleven months. When the Soviets finally lifted the blockade in May 1949, Germany was officially broken in half. The western half of the country was renamed the Federal Republic of Germany and the eastern Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic. Berlin, which lay squarely within East Germany, was divided into two sections which beginning in 1961 were separated by the heavily-guarded Berlin Wall.
The Berlin crisis convinced the U.S. and its European allies that the U.S.S.R. was a serious threat to its Western neighbors. Within months of the partition of Germany in the summer of 1949, the allies created NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Soviet Union's detonation of a nuclear bomb in August 1949 further alarmed the allies. In contrast with the Marshall Plan's economic focus, NATO was a mutual defense treaty in which the United States and Canada guaranteed to protect England, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland from Soviet aggression. The U.S.S.R. responded with its own collective defensive agreement in 1955, the Warsaw Pact, which included Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and East Germany. American journalist Walter Lippmann helped popularize the term Cold War in his book The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy. Lippmann predicted a prolonged stalemate between the United States and the U.S.S.R. and a war of words and ideas. Lippmann agreed that the Soviet Union should be stopped from expanding its power, but suggested that if the spread of communism could be prevented in the "heart" of Europe, the Soviet system could be left alone to collapse under the weight of its own imperfections.
Questions for Discussion
- Although the two superpowers highlighted their ideological differences, what were some other possible motives for the Cold War?
- How was the rhetoric of the U.S. and the Soviet Union similar when they criticized the other?
- Compare the Marshall Plan and NATO. Which do you think was a more successful program?
3. China "falls" to Communism
A new chapter in the Cold War began on October 1, 1949, when Mao Zedong led the Chinese Communist Party to victory against Western-backed Kuomintang nationalists led by the Chiang Kai-shek. The Kuomintang had been established in 1919 by Sun Yat Sen but had begun purging and persecuting communist members when Chiang Kai-Shek succeeded Sun in 1925. When Mao gained control of most of China, the nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan and the communists were able to establish the People's Republic of China. Coming so soon after the Soviet Union's successful test of an atomic bomb, on August 29, the "loss of China," the world's most populous country, contributed to a sense of panic among American foreign policy makers, whose attention began to shift from Europe to Asia. After Dean Acheson, a principal architect of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, became secretary of state in 1949, Kennan was replaced in the State Department by former investment banker Paul Nitze. Acheson's first assignment for Nitze was to help compose a document designed to "bludgeon the mass mind of 'top government'" into approving a "substantial increase" in military expenditures.
Nitze's document, "National Security Memorandum 68: United States Objectives and Programs for National Security," known as NSC-68, achieved its goal. Issued in April 1950, the sixty-page classified memo described "increasingly terrifying weapons of mass destruction" and warned "every individual" of "the ever-present possibility of annihilation." It said that leaders of the USSR and its "international communist movement" sought only "to retain and solidify their absolute power." As the main "bulwark of opposition to Soviet expansion," America had become "the principal enemy" of the U.S.S.R.'s leaders, that "must be subverted or destroyed by one means or another." NSC-68 urged a "rapid build-up of political, economic, and military strength" in order to "roll back the Kremlin's drive for world domination." Such a massive commitment of resources, amounting to a tripling of the annual U.S. defense budget, was necessary in Nitze's assessment because the USSR, "unlike previous aspirants to hegemony," was "animated by a new fanatic faith," seeking "to impose its absolute authority over the rest of the world." While there was some truth to the claim that the Soviet and Chinese commitment to communism was an ideological challenge to the west, a greater threat may have been the receptiveness of people around the world to the communists' focus on criticizing western imperialism.
Question for Discussion
- Why did the establishment of the People's Republic of China alarm the United States?
4. Korean War
In June 1950, as U.S. officials were considering NSC-68's proposed "intensification of . . . operations by covert means in the fields of economic . . . political and psychological warfare" to foment "unrest and revolt in . . . [Soviet] satellite countries," fighting erupted in Korea between communists in the north and American-backed anti-communists in the south. The Korean peninsula was divided because when Japan surrendered in September 1945, a U.S.-Soviet joint occupation quickly became a standoff. In November 1947, the U.N. passed a resolution that a united government in Korea should be created, but the Soviet Union refused to cooperate. The south held elections and the Republic of Korea (ROK) was created three months later. Communists in the north established the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Both claimed to be the legitimate government of the whole Korean peninsula. The U.N. recognized the ROK and in the spring of 1950, Stalin endorsed North Korean leader Kim Il Sung's plan to "liberate" the South by force; a plan heavily influenced by Mao's recent victory in China. While he did not desire a military confrontation with the United States, Stalin thought correctly that he could encourage his Chinese comrades to support North Korea if the war turned against the DPRK. The North Koreans launched a successful surprise attack and Seoul, the capital of South Korea, fell to the communists on June 28. The U.N. passed resolutions demanding that North Korea withdraw to the thirty-eighth parallel and calling on member states to provide the ROK military assistance to repulse the northern attack.
That July, U.N. forces mobilized under American general Douglas MacArthur. Troops landed at Inchon, a port city about thirty miles from Seoul, and liberated the city on September 28. They pushed the North Korean forces out of the South and on October 1, ROK/UN forces crossed the thirty-eighth parallel and entered North Korea. The northern capital, Pyongyang, fell on October 19 but the invasion continued north. A week later ROK/UN forces reached the Yalu River, the traditional Korea-China border. They were met by three hundred thousand Chinese troops who broke the advance and halted the offensive. China's effective defense of its border came as a shock to MacArthur, who had believed there were few troops in the region and only a small northern force in Manchuria. On November 30, ROK/UN forces began a fevered retreat. The United Nations forces regrouped, but the war entered into a stalemate. General MacArthur, growing impatient, requested authorization to use nuclear weapons against North Korea and China. Denied, MacArthur publicly denounced Truman. The president, unwilling to begin World War III and refusing to tolerate MacArthur's public insubordination, fired the general in April. On June 23, 1951, the Soviet ambassador to the U.N. suggested a cease-fire, which the U.S. immediately accepted. Peace talks continued for two years and resulted in an armistice but not a peace treaty.
Harry S. Truman, who had become president when Franklin Roosevelt died and had been re-elected in 1948, decided not to seek a second full term. General Dwight Eisenhower, the hero of D-Day, decided to run as a Republican although Truman had expected him to join the Democratic Party. Eisenhower defeated Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential election, and Josef Stalin died in March 1953. The Korean armistice agreement was signed in July 1953. More than 1.5 million people had died during the conflict, including about 34,000 U.S. soldiers.
Questions for Discussion
- What do you think motivated General MacArthur to denounce President Truman?
- Why did the Chinese enter the war on the North Korean side?
5. Nuclear and Space Race
The world was never the same after the United States leveled Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 with atomic bombs. Not only had hundreds of thousands of civilians been killed, the nature of warfare was forever changed. The Soviets accelerated their nuclear research with the help of "atom spies" such as Klaus Fuchs, who stole nuclear secrets from the Americans' secret Manhattan Project. Soviet scientists successfully tested an atomic bomb on August 29, 1949, years before American officials had predicted they would. This unexpectedly quick Russian success caught the United States off guard, alarmed the Western world, and propelled a nuclear arms race between the United States and the U.S.S.R. The U.S. regained the lead when it detonated the first hydrogen bomb, using fusion explosives of theoretically limitless power, in November 1952. The blast measured over ten megatons and generated an inferno five miles wide with a mushroom cloud twenty-five miles high and a hundred miles across. The irradiated debris or fallout from the blast circled the earth, sparking international alarm over the effects of nuclear testing on human health and the environment. The USSR successfully tested a hydrogen bomb in 1953 and Eisenhower responded by announcing a policy of "massive retaliation." The United States would promised to respond to Soviet aggression with perhaps its entire nuclear might. Both sides would theoretically be deterred from starting a war, through the logic of mutually assured destruction (MAD). J. Robert Oppenheimer, director of Los Alamos laboratory that developed the first nuclear bomb, likened the state of "nuclear deterrence" between the United States and the U.S.S.R. to "two scorpions in a bottle, each capable of killing the other," but only by risking their own lives.
Antinuclear protests in the United States and abroad warned against the perils of nuclear testing and highlighted the likelihood that a thermonuclear war would unleash a global environmental catastrophe. But at the same time, peaceful nuclear power technologies seemed to promise a utopia of electrical power that would be clean, safe, and "too cheap to meter." In 1953, President Eisenhower proclaimed at the U.N. that the United States would share the knowledge and means for other countries to use atomic power. Eisenhower hoped that "the miraculous inventiveness of man shall not be dedicated to his death, but consecrated to his life." The "Atoms for Peace" speech brought about the establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), along with worldwide investment in this new economic sector. By 1957, nuclear reactors were producing energy for America's commercial electrical grid.
As Germany collapsed at the close of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union raced toward Berlin, hoping not only to be first to occupy the capital but to acquire elements of the Nazi V-2 superweapon program. In the last months of the war, a "vengeance weapon" had been developed to terrorize England, even though Germany had no hope of winning. The V-2 was the world's first guided ballistic missile, capable of delivering an explosive payload up to a distance of six hundred miles. Both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. wished to capture the scientists, designs, and manufacturing equipment to build their own rockets. Germany's top rocket scientist, Wernher von Braun, surrendered to U.S. troops and became the leader of the American space program. About 1,600 German scientists and engineers found their way into the American program. The Soviet Union's program was managed by Red Army colonel Sergei Korolev, although the Soviet program also had about 2,000 Germans. Both engineering teams worked to adapt German rocket technology to create an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that could carry the new nuclear weapons. The Soviets achieved success first. They even used the ICBM launch vehicle on October 4, 1957, to send Sputnik, the world's first human-made satellite, into orbit. It was a decisive technological victory, and the Soviet propaganda ministry took full advantage of the opportunity to begin a space race while at the same time warning the U.S. that it could deliver nuclear weapons to American targets.
In response, the U.S. government rushed to perfect its own ICBM technology and in 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established to launch satellites and astronauts into space. Initial American attempts to launch a satellite into orbit suffered spectacular failures, heightening fears of Soviet domination in space. While the American space program struggled, the Soviet Union's Luna 2 capsule became the first human-made object to touch the moon in September 1959. Then the U.S.S.R. successfully launched a pair of dogs (Belka and Strelka) into orbit and returned them to Earth alive in August 1960 while the American Mercury program languished behind schedule (the first dog the Soviets sent to orbit, Laika, died during the trip). Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was launched into orbit on April 12, 1961. American astronaut Alan Shepard accomplished a suborbital flight in the Freedom 7 capsule on May 5. The United States had lagged behind, and John Kennedy would use America's embarrassment over early losses in the "space race" to bolster funding for a moon landing.
While outer space captivated the world's imagination, the Cold War still captured its anxieties. The ever-escalating arms race continued to foster panic. In the early 1950s, the Federal Civil Defense Administration began preparing citizens for the worst. Schoolchildren were instructed to "duck and cover" beneath their desks in the event of a thermonuclear war.
Questions for Discussion
- Does the strategy of Mutually Assured Destruction make sense?
- How might people's perceptions have been altered if nuclear energy had produced electricity too cheap to meter?
- How did early Soviet success in space affect U.S. policy?
6. Red Scare
Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy burst onto the national scene during a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia, in February 1950. Waving a sheet of paper in the air, he falsely announced that he was holding a list of 205 names "that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping [U.S.] policy." Since McCarthy had no actual list, the number changed to fifty-seven, then eighty-one. Finally, he promised to disclose the name of just one communist, the nation's "top Soviet agent." The shifting numbers brought ridicule, but it didn't matter: McCarthy's lies won him fame and fueled a new "red scare."
McCarthyism was a symptom of a widespread anticommunist propaganda campaign directed at Cold War America by the U.S. government. Only two years after World War II, President Truman, facing growing anticommunist excitement and a tough election on the horizon, gave in to the pressure to politicize the Cold War. In March 1947 he issued Executive Order 9835, establishing loyalty reviews for federal employees. The FBI conducted close examinations of all potential "security risks" among Foreign Service officers. During World War II, Franklin Roosevelt had granted the FBI permission to wiretap people suspected of subversive activities. When the Korean War began, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover petitioned Truman to suspend habeus corpus and detain 12,000 Americans suspected of disloyalty. Hoover grew increasingly frustrated with what he saw as the Supreme Court's obstruction of his ability to prosecute people for political opinions. In 1956, Hoover began a counterintelligence program, COINTELPRO, to disrupt the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). The scope of Hoover's suspicions and COINTELPRO's targets grew to include civil rights groups, feminists, environmentalists, Indian activists, and anti-war protestors before the program's dissolution in 1971. The program's domestic espionage and psychological warfare tactics were widely criticized. Many believed the FBI had greatly overstepped its authority; some even accused COINTELPRO of planning the assassinations of some of the program's targets.
In Congress, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations held over a hundred investigations and hearings on communist influence in American society between 1949 and 1954. Antisubversion committees emerged in over a dozen state legislatures, and review procedures targeting teachers proliferated in public schools and universities across the country. At the University of California, for example, thirty-one professors were dismissed in 1950 for refusing to sign a loyalty oath. The Internal Security Act, passed by Congress in September 1950, required all "communist organizations" to register with the government, gave the government greater powers to investigate sedition, and made it possible to prevent suspected individuals from gaining or keeping their citizenship. In the first year, the new law turned away over 50,000 immigrants from Germany and over 10,000 displaced Russians. There were, of course, American communists in the United States. The CPUSA was formed in the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution when the Bolsheviks created a Communist International (the Comintern) and invited socialists from around the world to join. But communism remained on the margins of American life until the 1930s, when leftists and liberals began to see the Soviet Union as a symbol of hope during the Great Depression. Many Americans also appreciated the U.S.S.R.'s stand against fascism. Because Soviet propaganda made it seem Stalin's first Five Year Plan was a great success, many Americans joined the Popular Front, which sought to make communism mainstream by adapting it to American history and American culture. Popular Front communists integrated into mainstream political institutions through alliances with progressives in the Democratic Party. The CPUSA enjoyed most of its influence and popularity among workers in unions linked to the newly formed Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Communists also became strong opponents of Jim Crow segregation and developed a presence in both the NAACP and the ACLU. But even at the height of the global economic crisis, communism never attracted many Americans. A its peak, the CPUSA had just eighty thousand national "card-carrying" members. And when news broke of Hitler's and Stalin's 1939 nonaggression treaty, many fled the party, feeling betrayed.
Lacking legal grounds to abolish the CPUSA, government officials instead sought to expose and contain CPUSA influence. HUAC was established in 1938 to investigate accusations of a plot to overthrow the government and to make the case for interning Japanese-Americans. It was reorganized after the war and given the explicit task of investigating communism. By the time the Communist Control Act was passed in August 1954, effectively criminalizing party membership, the CPUSA had long ceased to have meaningful influence. Anticommunists worked to eliminate remaining CPUSA influence from progressive institutions, including the NAACP and the CIO. The Taft-Hartley Act (1947) gave union officials the go-ahead to purge communists from the labor movement. In January 1947, anticommunist liberals formed Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), whose founding members included former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. Working to help Truman defeat former vice president Henry Wallace's progressive, Popular Front–backed campaign in 1948, the ADA combined social and economic reforms with staunch anticommunism.
Questions for Discussion
- What made American Communism so alarming to organizations like HUAC?
- How are J. Edgar Hoover and Joseph McCarthy remembered today?
Anticommunist policies reflected national fears of a surging global communism. Newspapers were filled with headlines alleging Soviet espionage. When such accusations were proven true, the response could be extreme. An example of this was the Rosenberg case of 1951-3, which resulted in the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. During the war, Julius had worked briefly at the U.S. Army Signal Corps Laboratory in New Jersey, where he had access to classified information. He and his wife, Ethel, had both been members of the CPUSA in the 1930s. When the Soviets detonated their first atomic bomb, the Rosenbergs were accused of passing secret bomb-related documents to Soviet officials and were indicted for espionage. They were found guilty in March 1951. Although figures such as the Pope, Pablo Picasso, and Albert Einstein argued for a reduced sentence (at least for Ethel), the couple were executed on June 19, 1953.
Alger Hiss, the highest-ranking government official linked to Soviet espionage, was another prize for conservatives. Hiss was a prominent official in the U.S. State Department. A young congressman and member of HUAC, Richard Nixon, made waves by accusing Hiss of espionage. In August 1948, a confessed American spy for the Soviets, Whittaker Chambers, testified before HUAC that he and Hiss had worked together as part of the secret "communist underground" in Washington, D.C., during the 1930s. Hiss, who always maintained his innocence, stood trial twice. After a hung jury in July 1949, he was convicted on two counts of perjury. The conviction of a former U.S. diplomat fueled an anticommunist frenzy. Some began seeing communists everywhere. Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs offered anticommunists such as Joseph McCarthy the evidence they needed to claim the existence of a vast Soviet conspiracy to subvert the U.S. government and justify the smearing of all left-liberals, even those who were resolutely anticommunist. Not long after his February 1950 speech in Wheeling, President Truman arranged a partisan congressional investigation designed to discredit the Republican McCarthy. The Tydings Committee issued a report admonishing McCarthy for perpetrating a "fraud and a hoax" on the American public. American progressives saw McCarthy's crusade as a political witch hunt. In June 1950, The Nation magazine characterized "McCarthyism" as "the means by which a handful of men, disguised as hunters of subversion, cynically subvert the instruments of justice . . . in order to help their own political fortunes." Truman's liberal supporters hoped in vain that McCarthy and the new "ism" that bore his name would blow over quickly.
The domestic obsession with communism was a bipartisan consensus of left-liberals and conservatives that included politicians, journalists, scientists, businessmen, civic and religious leaders, educators, and entertainers. Hoover's FBI fueled Americans' suspicion by assisting the creation of blatantly propagandistic films and television shows, including The Red Menace (1949), My Son John (1951), and I Led Three Lives (1953–1956). Alarming depictions of espionage and treason in a "free world" imperiled by communism heightened the 1950s culture of fear. In the fall of 1947, HUAC entered the fray with highly publicized hearings of Hollywood. Film mogul Walt Disney and actor Ronald Reagan, among others, testified about communist influence in the entertainment industry. Others such as Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, John Huston, Judy Garland, and Danny Kaye formed a Committee for the First Amendment to protest the government's attack on the film industry. A group of writers, directors, and producers called the Hollywood Ten who refused to answer questions were held in contempt of Congress. Hundreds of film artists were "blacklisted" and barred from industry work for the next decade. HUAC made repeated visits to Hollywood during the 1950s, and many witnesses cooperated, and named anyone they knew who had ever been associated with communist-related groups or organizations. In 1956, black entertainer and activist Paul Robeson chided his HUAC inquisitors, claiming that they had put him on trial not for his politics but because he had spent his life "fighting for the rights" of his people. "You are the un-Americans," he told them, "and you ought to be ashamed of yourselves." Robeson refused to sign a confession that he was a communist. His passport was revoked and his music was banned in the U.S. Because he was unable to travel, Robeson sang for British sold-out British audiences via telephone.
Questions for Discussion
- Were the responses to suspected spies like Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs appropriate?
- Is it surprising that some celebrities resisted the red scare while others embraced it?
7. McCarthyism
Anticommunist ideology celebrated over-the-top patriotism, religious conviction, and blind faith in capitalism. Those who shunned such "American values" were fair game for attack. The playwright Arthur Miller's popular 1953 play The Crucible compared the red scare to the Salem Witch Trials. Rallying against communism, American society urged conformity. "Deviant" behavior became dangerous. Having entered the workforce as part of a collective effort in World War II, middle-class women were told to return to housekeeping responsibilities. Having fought and died abroad for American democracy, black soldiers were told to return home and accept the American racial order. Homosexuality, already stigmatized, became dangerous. Personal secrets were seen as a liability that exposed one to blackmail. The same paranoid mind-set that fueled the red scare also ignited the Cold War "lavender scare" against gay Americans." American religion, meanwhile, lined up to fight what McCarthy, in his 1950 Wheeling speech, had called an "all-out battle between communistic atheism and Christianity." Cold warriors in the United States routinely referred to a fundamental incompatibility between "godless communism" and God-fearing Americanism. Religious conservatives championed the idea of the traditional nuclear, God-fearing family as the only defense against the spread of atheistic totalitarianism.
With ideas of national belonging and citizenship so closely linked to religious commitment, Americans during the early Cold War years attended church at higher rates than in any time in American history. Americans sought to differentiate themselves from godless communists through public displays of religiosity. Ignoring the United States' long history of separating church and state, politicians infused government with religious symbols. The Pledge of Allegiance was altered to include the words one nation, under God in 1954. In God We Trust was adopted as the official national motto in 1956. In popular culture, one of the most popular films of the decade, The Ten Commandments (1956), retold the biblical Exodus story as a Cold War parable, echoing NSC-68's characterization of the Soviet Union as a "slave state." Monuments of the Ten Commandments went up at courthouses and city halls across the country. Political leaders celebrated America's Judeo-Christian heritage. It was important to be religious in America, no matter what the religion. In December 1952, a month before his inauguration, Dwight Eisenhower said that "our form of government makes no sense unless it is founded in a deeply-felt religious faith, and I don't care what it is." During the 1952 campaign, Eisenhower spoke of U.S. foreign policy as "a war of light against darkness, freedom against slavery, Godliness against atheism." His Democratic opponent, former Illinois governor Adlai Stevenson, said that America was engaged in a battle with the "Anti-Christ." Evangelical minister Billy Graham became a spiritual advisor to Eisenhower as well as other Republican and Democratic presidents.
Though publicly rebuked by the Tydings Committee, Joseph McCarthy soldiered on. In June 1951, on the floor of Congress, McCarthy charged that secretary of defense (and former secretary of state) General George Marshall had fallen prey to "a conspiracy on a scale so immense as to dwarf any previous such venture in the history of man." He claimed that Marshall, a war hero, had helped to "diminish the United States in world affairs," enabling the United States to "finally fall victim to Soviet intrigue . . . and Russian military might." The speech caused an uproar. During the 1952 campaign, Eisenhower, who was moderate and politically cautious, refused to publicly denounce McCarthy. "I will not . . . get into the gutter with that guy," he wrote privately. But he benefitted publicly. McCarthy campaigned for Eisenhower, who won a stunning victory. So did the Republicans, who regained Congress. McCarthy became chairman of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. McCarthy's mudslinging became increasingly unrestrained. Soon he went after the U.S. Army. After forcing the army to again disprove theories of a Soviet spy ring at Fort Monmouth in New Jersey, McCarthy publicly berated officers suspected of promoting leftists. On March 9, CBS anchor Edward R. Murrow, a respected journalist, denounced McCarthy's fearmongering. He told his television audience that McCarthy's actions had "caused alarm and dismay amongst . . . allies abroad, and given considerable comfort to our enemies." Twenty million people saw the Army-McCarthy hearings unfold over thirty-six days in 1954. The army's head counsel, Joseph Welch, captured the mood of the country when he said, "You've done enough. Have you no sense of decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?" In September, a senate subcommittee recommended that McCarthy be censured. On December 2, 1954, his colleagues voted 67–22 to "condemn" his actions. Humiliated, McCarthy faded into irrelevance and alcoholism and died in May 1957 at age 48.
By the late 1950s, the worst of the second red scare was over. Stalin's death, followed by the Korean War armistice, opened new space—and hope—for the easing of Cold War tensions. Détente and the upheavals of the late 1960s were on the horizon. But McCarthyism outlasted McCarthy and the 1950s. The tactics he perfected continued to be practiced long after his death. "Red-baiting," the act of smearing a political opponent by linking them to communism or some other demonized ideology, persevered. And McCarthy had not been the only politician to use these tools. Congressman Richard Nixon used his place on HUAC and his public role in the campaign against Alger Hiss to catapult himself into the White House as Eisenhower's running-mate and later into the presidency. Ronald Reagan bolstered the fame he had won with his testimony against Hollywood and his anticommunist work for major American corporations such as General Electric. Reagan became governor of California in 1967 and was elected president in 1980. In 1958, radical anticommunists founded the John Birch Society, attacking liberals and civil rights activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. as communists. And anticommunism was used as part of an assault against the New Deal and its defenders. Even many liberals who had fought against communism found themselves smeared by the red scare. The leftist American tradition was in tatters, destroyed by anticommunist hysteria. Movements for social justice, from civil rights to gay rights to feminism, were all suppressed under Cold War conformity.
Question for Discussion
- How did the Cold War affect American Society on the questions of conformity and free speech?
Media Attributions
- Is_this_tomorrow © Catechetical Guild is licensed under a Public Domain license
- 2880px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR_(27758131387) © FDR Presidential Library & Museum is licensed under a CC BY (Attribution) license
- 600px-Turkish_Strait_disambig.svg © Interiot is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
- 2560px-US-MarshallPlanAid-Logo.svg © US Government is licensed under a Public Domain license
- BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege © Leerlaufprozess is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
- C-54landingattemplehof © Henry Ries is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Soviet_super_test © Minatom is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Chinese_stamp_in_1950 © 北京中国人民印刷厂 is licensed under a Public Domain license
- WAR & CONFLICT BOOKERA: KOREAN WAR/PERSONALITIES & POLITICS © Nutter is licensed under a Public Domain license
- 2880px-KoreanWar_recover_Seoul © Naval Historical Center is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Castle_Bravo_Blast © US Gov. is licensed under a Public Domain license
- C10/V-2 © US Army is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Sputnik_asm © NASA is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Russian_space_dog_box © Bricktop is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
- Joseph_McCarthy_adjusted © United Press is licensed under a Public Domain license
- 2880px-Director_Hoover_1940_Office © FBI is licensed under a Public Domain license
- 61-mccarranact-poster © Tim Davenport is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg_NYWTS © Roger Higgins is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Alger_Hiss_(1950) © New York World-Telegram & Sun is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Paul_Robeson_1942_crop © Gordon Parks is licensed under a Public Domain license
- 2014_ATB_Quarter_Obv © US Mint is licensed under a Public Domain license
- McCarthy_Cohn © United Press International is licensed under a Public Domain license
- Ronald_Reagan_and_General_Electric_Theater_1954-62 © General Electric is licensed under a Public Domain license


text:
Vital records such as birth, marriage and death records are essential especially if one is dealing with government or private companies. These records show a person's legitimacy, eligibility for marriage support, death benefits as well as social security. These records are housed commonly together in the State's Vital Statistics though for those States that have huge volume of records, such as the Ohio marriage records, these are not kept in the office but in the county courts. These records are vital especially if the person needs benefits such as retirement and spousal death benefit.
For those who are looking for information on marriages, the Office of Vital Statistics of Ohio maintains an index or abstract of marriages that took place from January 1, 1950 up to the present. The index contains basic information of the marriage. To request for information, the person requesting should complete the "Application for the Marriage Abstract" form and submit it to the office. One can also search the marriage index by making an appointment with the Vital Statistic Office.
For certified copies of the marriage, the person requesting can go to the county probate court where the license was issued. Other records that one can also request for include license made by the minister, marriage consents as well as marriage returns. Each county has their own indexes and some can even date back to the 1900. To preserve the records, some are microfilmed.
Fees for certified marriage copies differ at each county. In Franklin county, certified copies can be requested either through online, by mail or through walk in. To request online, an applicant must pay the cost of the certified copy including the postage and the transaction fee. Each copy costs about $2, transaction fee costs about $1. Postage depends on the type of delivery one requests for. For standard mail, four abstracts or copies cost about $.46. Expedite delivery depends on the shipping location. To request by mail, the applicant should include the name of the couple, year of marriage, contact number, payment of $2 in either money order or cash and a self-addressed envelope. To request in person, visit the Court during working hours and wait for the record. Each record costs $2.
In other counties such as the Belmont County, individuals asking for marriage records should send their request via mail. They should include a cheque or money order, marriage details and a self-addressed stamped envelope. Each certified copy is priced at $3. The procedure is different on the other hand with the Clark County. Clark County allows the person requesting for information to check the database him or herself, though they have to know the details in order to open it.
For people looking for records of marriage, it is necessary to know all the pertinent details to ensure that the query will return positively. If the county has an online site, people can easily have access to the basic information of the parties indicated in the marriage contract. Other online sites do offer several services or packages which is quite convenient especially if one needs to know some basic information.
How to Find Marriage Records Ohio in a breeze? Come and learn all about it at Free Marriage Records.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
THe glory of a story |
Thoughts and threads of passion and experience that have woven the fabric I call my life. Sharing experiences, memories and ideas so that they are out in the world for you to find when the time is right.
THe glory of a story |
I'm a book lover...I've always been a book lover. For that gift in life, I'm eternally grateful. Books have always been a way to at times escape the world, at other times to delve deeper into it. I'm a believer that any time spent reading is never wasted time.
My problem is that my passion with books oft times turns into an obsession, where book after book sits and collects dust on a shelf or in a closet. Then, historically, a big purge ensues, where the local thrift store, or one of a number of recipients ends up with my beloved collection. Then the collecting begins again. I occasionally resort to e-books, and have a large selection of them on my devices as well. But I don't know. There's just something about holding a book in your hands. Smelling and feeling the pages. Turning down the corners to go back to. I think it's a lot to do with my old school upbringing, and my old school self. In an effort to try and reduce the vast numbers of books that surround me, over the past couple of years I've taken to gifting them instead. Reading them through, taking a photo of a phrase or paragraph that speaks to...or haunts me. Then putting out little verbal, conversational feelers to determine who might next love, learn from and enjoy the book as much as I have. My most recent read has been Tanya Talaga's "Seven Fallen Feathers". I picked it up at a little bookstore called Queen Books, on Queen Street when I was in Toronto in March to participate in our charity's (Artists Against Racism) most recent campaign launch. It was the perfect accompaniment for the campaign we were launching, which was a cross Canada billboard campaign featuring some of our our country's greatest Indigenous artists. The hope? That people across the country might see these fabulous works of art, take a step back and consider what the piece is trying to say to us. So many of the artworks tell deep, visceral stories of the spirituality, heartbreak, history and challenges of our country's First People. Each story told through the beauty of art. "Seven Fallen Feathers" ran much deeper into the history and often agony of our Indigenous people. Tanya did a wonderful job of weaving the the loss of seven high school students in Thunder Bay, Ontario into the history that has led to those deaths. In a country where so many of us have been blessed with so very much, to better understand how it is that students across our province (Ontario) have to travel so far from their homes to gain the academic requirements to move forward in the world. She reminds of of much of our country's bloody past, including deepening understanding on The Indian Act, the Residential School system, the racism that still stains our country so deeply.
I try to imagine what it must be like for all the parents who are faced with sending their young, impressionable teenage children miles and hours away from secluded northern communities, into what they know will be a dangerous world of so many first time opportunities, good and bad. The fact that between 2000 and 2011, seven of those youth turned up dead, with no closure as to why, how or who might be responsible is heart-wrenching. Those deaths continue, if you pay attention to today's news. And yet, it seems little has been done to improve the situation. Why is that, in what so many claim to be the greatest country in the world?
I think that "Seven Fallen Feathers" is another one of those books that everyone should make the time to read. If knowledge is power, then the more we educate ourselves on how we've come to where we are in Canada, the more power we can gather as a community that steps forward to demand change. But will we? Or will be continue to turn a blind eye? For now, I can only hope that each reading opens someones eyes just a little wider, and that the world will slowly inch forward into something that we can become more proud of being a part of, as this powerful read makes it's way to the next person that I hope will find a glimmer of enlightenment from it's pages. Italy was such an adventure for me. It's confirmed many of my dreams of what it would be like, but in other ways it has held a certain sadness...in how much garbage there is always found along the roadways, how frightening driving can be with so many determined, aggressive drivers sharing the highways, how much I don't understand because I didn't invest the time necessary to learn more of the language. But really, those are all small things compared to the joy of just actually being here, after so many years of imagining it. I found I would dream about Shane almost ever night here. I dream about him a lot at home as well, but these were different dreams. They were dreams that included the sadness and frustration of things that he could not do or enjoy. I wonder if it was because one thing I'd noticed so much was that in all likelihood if Shane were still here this would never be a place he could enjoy being himself. There is very little that is even moderately accessible, and maybe that is another part of the acceptance that I continue to walk through. Whatever the cause, there weren't many mornings where I've awoken and he's been very far away. The afternoon was pretty lazy. We wandered over to the #1 resort again in pursuit of the elusive mini-mart, once again didn't find it, then returned home and had a couple of ' almost warm' showers to get the sand out of our hair, then relaxed in the apartment. A nice change to some of the steady going that we'd had over the past couple of days. We relaxed at the apartment until 6pm then loaded our beach bag with some towels, wine and 'pink' red-cups, then headed down to catch the sunset. That night we had the beach all to ourselves, as the crowds had headed in for the day, so we found a sheltered place along the dunes and enjoyed the colors of the setting sun. It was nice to talk about hopes, dreams, passions. I am focusing on mine and wanted for Cecil to think about doing the same. Although he says he doesn't have any, I know that is not the case. He is just afraid to verbalize them I think, for fear they will either sound silly or unattainable..or maybe that he's dissatisfied with how things currently are. I try to keep explaining that we can be very, very happy with how things are, but still need to have a dream to move towards. It's those dreams and passions that keep us growing! It was a quiet night after that. Went back to another dinner of dried bread and cheese, a couple of glasses of wine and some hours spent on Pinterest as I try to keep building my plan for better social marketing to work towards my ideal life...that is just around the corner. Two thirds of the way back down from the top of the Dixience Dam, we came across Chapel Saint Jean. The small stone chapel was built in 1930 by workers during the first stage of construction of the dam. It was built to accommodate the deeply faithful Italian workers who dedicated years of their lives on construction of the dam. The chapel was small but beautiful with detailed craftsmanship inside and out. The benches inside would only accommodate a very few men at any given time, but in sitting in the quiet of the tiny sanctuary, one could gather a sense of the peace that those who sat in prayer must have embraced. Where are the places that you go to find that same sense of peace in your life? Is it in the sanctuary of a church? In the quiet of the space you where you meditate? Or is it walking in nature? For me, its either overlooking the view I have of the Assiniboine Valley here at home, or being close to a body of water. But on that day, peace found me in the mountains of Switzerland, and the quiet of that little church. We continued our journey down the mountain, and continued the adventure of exploration, grateful for all the magic we've been allowed to experience! There have been many times in my life where passion and hope were non existent, where the darkness that had developed around me seemed to be as relentless as the pain that had caused it. I will not say for a moment that life has been easy, or struggle free. No life is...no life is meant to be. But what I have learned that even the darkest, bleakest of times will and do pass...just as the good ones will as well. I've learned that we need to live in the moment, knowing good or bad, the moment is just that...a moment in time, there to give us what it is we need, often without our knowing that we needed it, and all that we truly have. With each moment, ask yourself what is this teaching me? Giving me? Showing me? If you can adopt an attitude that nothing happens to you, instead everything happens for you, you begin to open yourself up to the events as they happen, knowing it's for your greater good. You learn to trust that you are not the one who really knows what your greater good really is, but rather it's a source much beyond your control knows that much better than you do. So what do we do when the bad times surround us? Remember they will pass. Remember that your reaction to events, and not the events themselves, often determine the outcome you will experience emotionally and mentally. Do your best to make your reaction and attitude a positive one, creating a chain of positive energy moving forward through it. And when the bad time passes, and the good times come into your life again, remember that these too are impermanent, and that you must relish and drink in all that they have to offer, in the moment that they are there offering them to you! Don't miss the moment, good or bad. Instead, take it all in, drinking deeply from the fountain of experience that they offer you. Trusting deeply that whatever is happening is part of the plan you made for this journey long before you started it, as you try to unravel the mystery of all that is going on about you. The power to come through it is in you, it is you, so know that you can manage whatever the current situation is. Let each moment be part of what it is that leads you to being exactly who you are meant to be, that is....'Truly You'. |
Welcome to My Passionate Life!
The Passion Test supports you to live your life more passionately, creating the life you dream of, doing the things you love! Archives
May 2019


text:
If you are someone who is plagued by chronic pain—sciatica for instance, or fibromyalgia—then you may have found a way out from it—through exercise. Studies show that people suffering from chronic pain—pain that exceeds three months in duration—could benefit from exercise including cardio, stretching, and strength building and relaxation exercises.
Even though exercising with chronic pain can be challenging in itself, but inactivity has proven to weaken and damage muscles and joints over time. In contrast, orthopedic surgeons advice that exercise releases endorphins, which help to block pain signal reaching the brain.
Moreover, exercise helps to reduce inflammation, increase the flow of blood and oxygen to inflamed muscle and increase mobility, all without the use of additional medication.
Here are some exercises that can be incorporated by chronic pain sufferers to manage their condition: –
Table of Contents
Stretching, if done properly, helps to loosen the stiff muscles, and increases flexibility. Stretching helps to increase the range of motion in muscles and thus improves mobility and agility. Exercises like hamstring stretches relieve back of leg muscles and get rid of back pain.
Swimming and water aerobics are great forms of exercise for people who have trouble walking. It prevents undue stress on joints and keeps you moving while being pain-free. It is a great form of low-impact cardio that is therapeutic for people with chronic pain.
3-Relaxation exercise:
Relaxation exercises like deep breathing and visualization require no equipment and can be done anywhere. This exercise not only decreases pain in people with chronic issues but also reduces their stress level.
4-Weight lifting:
Lifting weight can strengthen the muscles. This type of strengthening can combat chronic joint pains by building up the muscle around the affected joint. Be sure to consult a physical therapist who can guide you how much weight to start with, and how many reps to do.
Walking is another form of cardio, which can benefit people with chronic pain. This is a light exercise that boosts energy and decreases pain by increasing oxygen flow to the muscles. Studies show that fibromyalgia patients can benefit greatly from walking, as can people with back pain.
Strengthening exercises like Pilates can help strengthen not only the abdominal muscles but also the back muscles. The focus of Pilates is on alignment, and thus this simple exercise can help people with chronic back pains. However, Pilates should be done with an experienced instructor so as not to worsen your condition. Consult the best orthopedic surgeon in Rawalpindi before starting any strenuous exercise
Hatha yoga has been proven to reduce psychological as well as physical symptoms of chronic pain. This was shown by a study in Journal of Pain Research, whereby symptoms of conditions like fibromyalgia improved over time with yoga. Moreover, aerial yoga is also found to be helpful to manage chronic pain conditions, which are gentle exercises that put less stress on joints.
If you are suffering from chronic pain conditions, then consult a professional now to help you deal with this pain. Book an appointment with a top orthopedic surgeon in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad through oladoc.com, or call our helpline at 042-3890-0939 for assistance to find the RIGHT professional for your concerns.


text:
Please tick here to confirm, for the purposes of the General Data Protection Regulation, that you give consent to the holding and processing of personal data provided by you to Creative England Ltd. We will need to process your information as set out below:
Creative England regards the lawful and correct treatment of personal information as very important to successful working, and to maintaining the confidence of those with whom we deal. We may be required to share data with other parties, such as our funders, partners, service providers and public services.
Thank you for reading the above information regarding Data Protection. As you are applying for one of our programmes, we would like to be able to contact you in the future about other funding opportunities, events and information that we feel may be relevant to you. We will not spam you, and we'll try our best to always send you opportunities we think you'd be interested in. If you change your mind, you can opt out of these emails at any time. Yes please – keep me up to date on any relevant Creative England opportunities and information. No thank you – I would not like to receive any updates on future programmes, funds or news from Creative England. Finally, please tick here if you are happy for us to disclose your personal data to carefully selected third parties so that they can provide you with information about their services or open opportunities. This includes Creative England partners such as the BFI.


text:
As parents of three lovely and spirited young ladies, my wife and I have about 6000 photos and home videos of family fall outings when the girls were in various stages of pumpkinhood. Essentially, I have enough goofy looking photos of them dressed as Indian corn, Brittany Scarecrows and Real House Witches of New Jersey to blackmail them for the rest of their lives. So stop asking me for money! But I digress…
Yes there is definitely something in the air as October rolls around. After a summer at the shore there is a different feel in the air; the sights, the smells, the sweaters. It feels good to be outdoors without sunblock on a bright Autumn day. And BTW, they don't call us the Garden State for nothing. We grow things here. Pumpkins, berries, corn, apples… From the Skylands to Cape May, fall festivals, harvest celebrations, scarecrow contests and pumpkin picking will be happening again for all those young and not-so-young families. We've all been lost in a corn maze. We've all taken those slow-moving hayrides through the fields and forests. We've all dressed up like Frodo and stolen squash. What, no? Never? Just me then… So here are our editor's choices for the best ways to spend your days in October… All of the following feature hayrides, pumpkin picking and corn mazes. Some have a few extras.
Peaceful Valley Orchards, Pittstown
(908) 730-7748
Feed animals, get your face painted and jump in a straw pit.
Horse Sleigh Farms Fall Festival, Washington
(908) 283-0721
A bounce house, corn cannon and hay mountain.
Von Thun Farms Fall Festival, Monmouth Junction
(732) 329-8656
Live country music, tatoos and rubber duck racing.
Ninth Annual Garden State Garlic Gathering, Lafayette
(973) 209-4903
I'm guessing this has something to do with warding off vampires and ex-girlfriends.
Tenth Annual Fall Festival, Salem
(856) 935-3469
Scarecrow Hollow Corn Maze. In Salem. Yup, Salem.
And my number one pick…
Last Fling Pumpkin Sling, Harmony Township
(908) 283-0721
A competition where students in junior high, high school and in civic groups build catapults that can sling a pumpkin. Like Braveheart. With jack-o-lanterns. "Tell them they may take our candy and our ghosts, but they will never take away our PUMPKINS!"


text:
1751 views 12 likes 1 dislikes
Channel: Creto Seal
https://cretoseal.com/ Concrete barbecue countertop DIY made and custom stained and finished. This project came out amazing and shows how creative and unique concrete staining can be. Purchase some of the products used by visiting the link above. Thanks!
Video length: 3:00
Category: People & Blogs
0 comments
* This video was originally published here
Find a local concrete contractor in your area to help you with your concrete flooring needs by searching here on Concrete Floor Pros.


text:
If I read Astagfiru-l-Laaha-l Azim allazi la ilaaha illa huw al-haiy al-Qaiyyum wa attubu ilayhi 3 times, are all my sins major sins and minor sins forgiven? And shirk too because I have commited shirk before, and if not how to repent from all those sins.
2 Answers
You don't need to read any dua to ask for forgiveness, you just have to do a simple thing , you just have to repent and ask for forgiveness to allah in your own language and at that time you have to keep it in your mind that you will never do that sin again, allah will forgive your all sins even shirk,
Which you read istighfar is enough to make tawba inshaAlloh. You should regret for your sins and do not repeat sins. Saying dua or istighfar with tongue is not enough, they should be said by heart. If you said istighfar with heart, you did tawba


text:
I am a chemical engineer with a passion for teaching. I am currently busy studying my Masters degree in chemical engineering at the university of Pretoria and working part-time for a Germany-based software company. I spend my time balancing my passion for languages, piano, fitness and continuous learning to better my qualifications. Nice to meet you!
Natasha speaks Afrikaans and English
I am a software engineer and publications analyst and creator for a German software company. I have worked on a variety of different types of projects that have given me experience in the field of contractual law and analysis, data handling, coding, debugging, business rescue, marketing and sales, proof-reading, research compilation and translation work
I completed my undergraduate degree in chemical engineering at TUKS. I graduated second in my class of 2018. I specialized in pyrotechnics and environmental engineering in my final undergraduate year.
I have a mathematically oriented mind. I have just finished my engineering degree and can also help with higher level mathematics if need be. It was an enjoyable experience in learning and helping others.
Natasha teaches Mathematics at High School and Primary School level(s)
I have done french for 15 years. I started in primary school. I have successfully completed first year french at the University of Pretoria with distinction. I am busy preparing for my DELF French exam.
Natasha teaches French at High School and Primary School level(s)
I studied German in university, I have my A1 certificate from the Goethe Institut SA, where I received 88% for the exam. I am currently preparing for my B1 exam. I also work for a Germany-based company.
Natasha teaches German at High School, Primary School, and University/College level(s)
I got a distinction in matric for this subject and am a qualified chemical engineer with a good understanding of chemistry. I have past experiencing tutoring chemistry and have completed several university modules in chemistry as part of my degree.
Natasha teaches Chemistry at High School and Primary School level(s)
I got a distinction in matric for this subject and am a qualified chemical engineer with a good understanding of both physics and chemistry, with several years of experience doing these subjects. I have tutored several students in this subject and am able to explain difficult concepts very well.
Natasha teaches Physical Science at High School and Primary School level(s)
I matriculated with a distinction and I have completed BA languages first year, majoring in French, German and English grammar. I enjoy the English language and dedicate some of my free time to reading in order to improve my skills. I am also a proof-reader and quality-controller for documents for my company.
Natasha teaches Grammar at High School, Primary School, and University/College level(s)
I've got a passion for languages and English has always been an enjoyable subject for me. I have a good understanding of the grammar and can teach it in a very understandable manner. I can also assist with literature and creative writing if need be.
Natasha teaches English at High School and Primary School level(s)


text:
Intel Security Focus 16: Spotlight On Threat Defense, Tech Partnerships
Intel Security's Brian Dye: "We need to know where we're going to be best in world, then partner for everything else."
November 2, 2016
INTEL SECURITY FOCUS 16 — Chris Young, senior vice president and general manager of Intel Security Group, kicked off Day 1 of Intel Security's Focus 16 conference, which brought together 3,500 customers, partners and employees at the Aria in Las Vegas. Young will be the CEO of McAfee when Intel Security completes its spinoff from parent Intel. That $4.2 billion separation, expected to close in the second quarter of 2017, will make McAfee an independent company; Intel will maintain a 49 percent share, with the remaining 51 percent owned by private equity group TPG.
Intel acquired McAfee for $7.68 billion in 2010 to beef up its security software and services and to build better security into its hardware.
The company will also officially revert to the McAfee brand, which it never completely shed. That move is popular with partner attendees we spoke with, who say the Intel Security name created some confusion, especially with global customers. Attendees also said that it's been "business as usual" since the spinoff announcement.
Brian Dye, corporate VP of global products, told Channel Partners that the pending spin off will benefit partners.
"The only impact will be acceleration," said Dye. "We will hold a very high R&D investment level."{ad}
The theme of the Focus 16 conference is "The Second Economy," based on a book authored by Intel Security CTO Steve Grobman and VP of marketing and communications Allison Cerra. The concept is that the physical dollars-and-cents economy now depends on a connected network of vulnerable digital systems that constitute a "second economy."
Young said the upshot is a world where more than money is at stake, and where the private and public sectors must work together.
"In 2011, 2012 it was all about APTs," said Young. "Fast forward to today: We're still talking APT but there's a new threat — ransomware is up 127 percent this year."
Young said that by the April 2017 spinoff, McAfee will be one of largest pure-play security companies, and he's hoping customers and partners will take a fresh look.
"I talk to my team all the time about being a new McAfee," said Young. "Our goal to be your No. 1 security partner doesn't change."
He threw out some stats: The company will employ 7,500 cybersecurity professionals, including 3,000 engineers – up 21 percent – and hundreds of threat researchers. It will spend $500 million in R&D and triple its investment in UX. Young says McAfee and its 10,000 channel and 125 Security Innovation Alliance (SIA) partners will serve 90 percent of the Fortune 100 and 62 percent of the global 2000. Many of those partners were in attendance on a packed expo floor anchored by Atos and Optive. The company holds more than 800 patents.
Still, it faces stiff competition from …
… traditional endpoint competitors such as Symantec and Kaspersky, as well as Cisco and a huge ecosystem of startups on the network and cloud side. What's on offer to help its partners win in the market?
To start, 18 product and partner innovations. The company on Wednesday announced 10 products around its threat defense life cycle – protect, detect, correct – and will roll out alliance partner news Thursday, as well as expand on the open DXL platform.
Young says his team is focused on bridging the gap between the desire of business users to have admin rights and the need for least-privilege control.{ad}
"We have a cloud-first mentality," said Young. "We have 125 alliance partners now; almost all have integrated with EPO. More are integrating with open DXL. There [are] no more excuses."
As to the challenge of partners finding skilled security talent, he cites automation and machine learning.
"We're going to be relentless in equipping you with better analytics," he said, so human intelligence can focus on finding the needles in haystacks.
McAfee execs outlined a unified architecture umbrella with dynamic endpoint, pervasive data protection, data center and cloud defense, and intelligent security operations components.
A complete rundown of Wednesday's product announcements is here. For partners, most we spoke with were interested in dynamic endpoint protection via McAfee Endpoint Security 10.5 and McAfee Active Response 2.0. That service is the bread and butter for many McAfee partners. High points include:
Dynamic application containment to spot what execs call "patient zero" endpoints that introduce ransomware and other malware to the network. The product intercepts post-malicious process actions based on file reputation.
Advanced persistent threat protection with containment and machine learning provides machine-learning-based malware classification from the cloud using both static pre-execution analysis and dynamic post-execution analysis. The goal is to detect and stop zero-day malware without relying on signatures.
Integrated web and endpoint protection enables partners to leverage endpoint clients and web gateways to detect and stop zero-day malware.
The McAfee Active Response 2.0 cloud-based software is about figuring out what happened and preventing the same problem from hitting the network again. Partners can trace process behavior and threat context, respond from the console and set automated responses to prevent future attacks.
"This is the most comprehensive endpoint solution on the market today," said Young, adding that his goal is to make it easy for partners to sell and administer.
"The best is yet to come," said Young. "Don't pigeonhole us based on our past."
He asked attendees to let the new MacAfee prove it can deliver: "We won't rest until we're your No 1 security partner."
Follow editor in chief Lorna Garey on Twitter.
Read more about:
AgentsAbout the Author(s)
You May Also Like


text:
1st Edition
The Responsibility to Protect in International Law An Emerging Paradigm Shift
This book will consider a rapidly emerging guiding general principle in international relations and, arguably, in international law: the Responsibility to Protect. This principle is a solution proposed to a key preoccupation in both international relations and international law scholarship: how the international community is to respond to mass atrocities within sovereign States. There are three facets to this responsibility; the responsibility to prevent; the responsibility to react, and the responsibility to rebuild.
This doctrine will be analysed in light of the parallel development of customary and treaty international legal obligations imposing responsibilities on sovereign states to the international community in key international law fields such as international human rights law, international criminal law and international environmental law. These new developments demand academic study and this book fills this lacuna by rigorously considering all of these developments as part of a trend towards assumption of international responsibility. This must include the responsibility on the part of all states to respond to threats of genocide, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansings and large-scale war crimes. The discussion surrounding aggravated state responsibility is also explored, with the author concluding that this emerging norm within international law is closely related to the responsibility to protect in its imposition of an international responsibility to act in response to an international wrong.
This book will be of great interest to scholars on international law, the law of armed conflict, security studies and IR in general.
Acknowledgements Table of Cases Table of Treaties Introduction Part 1: The Theoretical Roots of the Responsiblity to Protect 1. From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect 2. International Society Part 2: The Evolution of the Responsibility to Protect within areas of International Law 3. State Responsibility: Obligations on State in International Law 4. International Human Rights Law: Rights and Responsibilities 5. International Criminal Law: Responsibilities within the International Criminal Justice System 6. International Environmental Law: The Responsibility to Save the Planet Part 3: The Responsibity to Protect in Practice 7. The Responsibility to Prevent 8. The Responsibility to React 9. The Responsibility to Rebuild 10. Responsibilites Iqnored? Syria and Iraq Conclusion Bibliography
Susan Breau is Professor Law at the University of Reading, UK


text:
Hohmann, Pierre; Jones, E. Eirian; Hill, Robert A. and Stewart, Alison (2011) Understanding Trichoderma in the root system of Pinus radiata: associations between rhizosphere colonisation and growth promotion for commercially grown seedlings. Fungal Biology, 115 (8), pp. 759-767.
- Published Version
- English
Limited to [Depositor and staff only] 457kB |
Two Trichoderma isolates (T. hamatum LU592 and T. atroviride LU132) were tested for their ability to promote the growth and health of commercially grown Pinus radiata seedlings. The colonisation behaviour of the two isolates was investigated to relate rhizosphere competence and root penetration to subsequent effects on plant performance. Trichoderma hamatum LU592 was shown to enhance several plant health and growth parameters. The isolate significantly reduced seedling mortality by up to 29 %, and promoted the growth of shoots (e.g. height by up to 16 %) and roots (e.g. dry weight by up to 31 %). The introduction of LU592 as either seed coat or spray application equally improved seedling health and growth demonstrating the suitability of both application methods for pine nursery situations. However, clear differences in rhizosphere colonisation and root penetration between the two application methods highlighted the need for more research on the impact of inoculum densities. When spray-applied, LU592 was found to be the predominant Trichoderma strain in the plant root system, including bulk potting mix, rhizosphere and endorhizosphere. In contrast, T. atroviride LU132 was shown to colonise the root system poorly, and no biological impact on P. radiata seedlings was detected. This is the first report to demonstrate rhizosphere competence as a useful indicator for determining Trichoderma bio-inoculants for P. radiata. High indigenous Trichoderma populations with similar population dynamics to the introduced strains revealed the limitations of the dilution plating technique, but this constraint was alleviated to some extent by the use of techniques for morphological and molecular identification of the introduced isolates.
EPrint Type: | Journal paper |
Type of presentation: | Paper |
Keywords: | Ecology, Health and growth promotion, Pinus radiata, Population dynamics, Rhizosphere competence, Root penetration, Tree nursery, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma hamatum |
Subjects: | Crop husbandry > Crop health, quality, protection |
Research affiliation: | New Zealand |
Deposited By: | Hohmann, Dr. Pierre |
ID Code: | 30436 |
Deposited On: | 19 Sep 2016 08:52 |
Last Modified: | 19 Sep 2016 08:52 |
Document Language: | English |
Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Peer-reviewed and accepted |
Repository Staff Only: item control page


text:
Dear Client,
This is to inform you that Safaricom will carryout a scheduled M-PESA maintenance on the night of Saturday 18th July 2020, starting from 2200 hrs to Sunday 19th July 2020 1000 hrs
During that period we will not be able to process payment transactions.
Kindly ensure that your service is running as expected after the maintenance.
In case of any anomalies please reach out to [email protected]
Regards, Africastalking Team


text:
I salute you all in the name of the father and of the son and of the holly spirit. To all sons and daughters of the almighty God, Jah Jehovah, I bring good news from the omnipresent and the omnipotent. You see, God manifested himself to me. God spoke to me last night. He instructed me to pass a series of messages and commands to every earthly Nigerians.
First, God is not happy with
Second, God wonders why you have consistently failed to donate 15% of your earnings (tithe) to his house and his cause. Those who are ready to start, or continue, should at once contact me. Cash, checks, credit and debit cards accepted. I am God's son on earth.
Third, you may also deed your houses, cars, planes and other worldly possessions to me. God told me you will not need any of these things in paradise. All you do in his kingdom is sing, praise his name, dance and have your share of a dozen virgins. Fine-fine omoges.
Fourth, he directed me to tell you not to worry about earthly possessions and position; and that you need not worry about the ways and means of politicians. And that no matter the offence committed by your president, governors, commissioner — all will be well.
Fifth, God said that you need not worry yourselves whether or not these politicians dipped their hands into the public treasury. For instance, the governor is the government; and whatever belonged to the government and the people also belonged to the governor.
Sixth, the Lord instructed me to warn Nigerians against calling Ibori, Odili, Igibinedion, Atiku, Tinubu, Olusegun Obasanjo and others thieves. Oh no, these men are not thieves. You must obey the law and since no court has adjudged them guilty, they are not guilty.
Seventh, Hallelujah? Hallelujah!! God almighty is angry at most of you for insinuating that Chief Michael Andoakaa is aiding and abetting criminals like James Ibori. He sees the hand of Mallam Ribadu. God said "all na lie…SAN no dey chop or take G-M-G."
Eight, God said Nigerians must recommit themselves. He said Nigerians must pledge allegiance to President Yar'Adua as Yar'Adua was installed by God (not by any man). The President is God's favored and most trusted child. All must bow before him!
Nine, to think that President Yar'Adua is beholden to Ibori or Odili will be considered a sin by God. Your hearts must be clean of such thoughts. No one donated to his campaign. There was never a back-door or behind the scene deal involving the president. No, never!
Ten, God does not understand why you all hate and despise Olusegun Obasanjo. He does not understand why you think of him as corrupt, inept and wasteful. He was not. God said that without OBJ there never would have been a
Eleven, Yo hommies, God said if you piss him off, he is going to make military coup d'etat possible in
And finally, God wants to know why Dr. Okey Ndibe is always hassling, rubbishing and giving Brother Andy wahala. Andy Uba is a man with triple advanced degrees: JD, MBA, PHD. God asks: "Why the jealousy? Nna, na wetin happen….wetin Andy do you sef?"
Sha, me I am taking a break from this site: I am on my way to


text:
How to Increase Brand Awareness
What are B2B companies? This is a question that many people don't know the answer to. In case you're not sure, B2B companies are businesses that sell their products and services to other businesses. Compared to B2C companies (businesses that sell their products and services to consumers), B2B companies have a much smaller target audience. This can make it more difficult for them to create brand awareness. Aspekt Digital will discuss how B2B companies can increase brand awareness and stand out from the competition!
The first thing that BCompany can do to increase brand awareness is participate in tradeshows and events that are relevant to their industry. This will allow them to meet potential customers and partners, as well as network with other businesses. Additionally, they can use social media platforms like LinkedIn to connect with potential customers and create valuable content that will help them establish themselves as an expert in their field.
Finally, BCompany should consider working with a marketing agency that specializes in BtoB marketing. By working with experts, they can create a comprehensive marketing strategy that will help them reach their target audience and achieve their desired results.
Social media presence is critical for any business in today's digital world.
But for BtoB companies, LinkedIn should be a primary focus. LinkedIn is a platform where businesses can connect with one another and build relationships. In addition to LinkedIn, BCompany should also consider using Twitter, as it can be a great way to share news and content with potential customers.
When creating content, it's important to focus on quality over quantity. BCompany should create blog posts, infographics, ebooks, and other types of content that will be valuable to their target audience. By providing high-quality content, they will be able to establish themselves as a thought leader in their industry.
Marketing agencies have the experience and expertise needed to develop an effective marketing strategy. They can also provide guidance on how to best use social media platforms like LinkedIn and Twitter. If BCompany is serious about increasing brand awareness, they should consider working with a marketing agency that specializes in BtoB marketing.
If you're a B Company looking to increase brand awareness, we hope this blog post has been helpful! Be sure to implement the tips we've discussed, and if you need any assistance, don't hesitate to reach out to us.


text:
Kilimanjaro Climbs in 2019
If you are trying to gather the correct information you need to contact us. Here are just a few blog posts you need to read. Looking for all the information you need to climb Kilimanjaro. If you want to find out what is the best route click on the link. How should you be training and the BEST TIPS out there for your Kilimanjaro climb. Follow our Facebook page and BLOG.
The Lemosho route on Kilimanjaro has given us a 95% SUCCESS RATE. Personally this is our favorite route with the best acclimatization and scenery on the mountain. The trek through the rain forest is stunning and you feel like you are really out there off the beaten track, the trail is raw and beautiful. You also get three days to yourself as you trek out of the rain forest and across to Shira Plateau towards the summit of Kilimanjaro. We feel this route gives the best acclimatization for your attempt on Kilimanjaro so if you want to enjoy the experience and get to the top this has to be the route for you. CLICK HERE for our 2020 Everest Base Camp Treks. Climb Kilimanjaro in 2020 and give yourself the best chance at successfully making the summit of Africa's highest peak.
Kilimanjaro Climbs in 2019
CLICK HERE and watch our Kilimanjaro packing video, CLICK HERE and learn more about training to Climb Kilimanjaro. Ian has climbed Kilimanjaro 30+ times now and want to make sure you have the information you need to make your trip a success, CLICK HERE for my Top 10 Tips for climbing Kilimanjaro.


text:
Mini sandwiches are one of my favorite appetizers to serve at parties! I also love serving Pinwheel Sandwiches because of how easy they are to serve.
Both mini sandwiches and sliders are super easy to make ahead of time making them the perfect party sandwiches for a crowd!
It's not easy to mingle at a party with a plate full of food and utensils. So why not serve a selection of mini sandwiches as an appetizer or even the main course!?
Layer a few savory ingredients, add a delicious spread or some cheese, and a few bites later, your guests will be asking for more.
I mean, who doesn't like a good slider? Mini sliders are a great way to keep your guests satisfied, without needing a plate or a chair to sit down! They are easy to eat, filling, simple to prepare, and can be made in advance!
Plus, there are endless combinations for sliders. Beef, turkey, chicken or even vegetarian sliders are all delicious combinations!
Funeral Sandwiches (Hot Ham n' Cheese Sliders)
Funeral Sandwiches aka hot ham and cheese sliders, are one of the easiest party sandwiches you can prepare in advance for a crowd. They're filling, absolutely delicious and so simple to make!
Prep Time: 15 minutes
Cook Time: 15 minutes
Slow Cooker Honey Buffalo Chicken Sliders
These slow cooker honey buffalo chicken sliders are from Recipe Tin Eats. They are made using a slow cooker and cooked in an awesome sweet and mildly spicy Buffalo sauce!
Prep Time: 15 minutes
Cook Time: 4 hours
Mini Bacon Cheeseburger Sliders
Melted cheese, juicy beef and savory bacon make a perfect combination.
Filling and easy to eat, these mini bacon cheeseburger sliders will be gone in a minute.
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 30 minutes
Mini Turkey BBQ Burger
This mini burger will spice up the party! The barbecue flavor and kick from the jalapenos will have a lasting impression. The perfect little sliders!
Prep time: 15 minutes
Cook time: 10 minutes
Philly Cheesesteak Pull Apart Sliders
Who wouldn't want to enjoy a cheesy and savory Philly cheesesteak? Putting these down is way too easy. The King's Hawaiian rolls make these sliders soft, tender and super juicy!
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 20 minutes
Comfort food is always a big hit and when it comes to meatloaf. It is timeless but always delicious. Serving these mini sandwiches at your next party would be an absolute show stopper, no forks required!
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 30 minutes
Simple and satisfying. No need for fancy toppings or sauces since it is all about the juicy chicken here.
Prep time: 5 minutes
Cook time: 15 minutes
Slow Cooker Honey Sriracha Mini Chicken Sliders
These definitely fit the bill for as a party appetizer. Easy to make, sweet and spicy, and gone in one or two bites. You can add a little more flavor with some ranch or blue dipping sauces.
Prep time: 5 minutes
Cook time: 4 hours
Mini Parmesan Pesto Chicken Sliders
Big Italian flavors in a small bite! Your guest will enjoy the flavorful herbs in the pesto complemented by the parmesan cheese.
Prep time: 20 minutes
Cook time: 50 minutes
The ham and cheese are just the foundation. The warm butter, caramelized onions, and poppy seeds really bring this recipe to another level.
Prep time: 20 minutes
Cook time: 20 minutes
Turkey Bacon Avocado Mini Sandwiches
Bacon and avocado are the perfect turkey companions. Colby jack and provolone are great complementing cheeses for these mini sandwiches.
Prep time: 15 minutes
Cook time: 25 minutes
Maple Bacon Turkey Mini Sandwiches
More bacon! Turkey and bacon make a great pair. Top them off with Dijon mustard, smoked paprika and maple syrup.
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 18 minutes
Mini Meatball Sandwich Sliders
A change of sauce here, a change of topping there, and meatball sliders can be extremely versatile. Check out these cute small meatball sandwich ideas!
Mini Waffle Meatball Sandwiches
Your sandwich bread doesn't have to be boring!
Bring a little fun to your party food with these mini waffle meatball sandwiches.
The barbecue meatballs are tasty and will be gone in one bite.
Prep time: 20 minutes
Cook time: 20 minutes
Instant Pot Mini Meatball Sandwiches
Who doesn't enjoy a good meatball sub? They are easy to prep in advance and easy to assemble! If they are made bite-sized, they are also easy to eat!
Prep time: 2 minutes
Cook time: 4 minutes
The Korean glaze and crunchy slaw really set the tone for these sliders. In just one bite you will get a hint of sweetness and crunchiness.
Prep time: 8 minutes
Cook times: 2 minutes
More Unique Mini Sandwich Ideas
Here are some different flavor combinations and presentations that will make your appetizer table fun and your guests happy.
These bites are a great way to change up your party appetizers especially for those who are low carb. Three ingredients and they are ready!
Prep time: 2 minutes
Cook time: 2 minutes
One-Bite Bombay Vegetable Sandwiches
These mini sandwiches are full of flavor! The Indian spices and vegetables give it hearty tones and
Prep time: 20 minutes
Cook time: 15 minutes
Turkey & Cheese Roll Ups with Creamy Thyme Dressing
These turkey and cheese roll ups are a delicious way to serve your traditional turkey sub but a mini version. The homemade thyme dressing is what will have guests licking their fingers clean.
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 0 minutes
Mini Pepperoni Pizza Sliders
Pizza is a popular party food so how can you go wrong with mini pizza sliders. The classic pizza flavors will have your guest coming back for more! You can always leave out the pepperoni to create a mini cheese pizza slider that is vegetarian friendly!
Prep time: 5 minutes
Cook time: 15 minutes
Hosting a brunch or maybe a tea party? This mini open-faced sandwiches have a simple and clean presentation. In every bite you get the freshness of the cucumbers and the bold flavors of the cream cheese ranch spread.
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 10 minutes
Ditch the those carbs and let cucumber be the bread! These cucumber bites have a delicious bacon herbed filling sandwiched between two light and crunchy cucumber slices. Another fresh and light appetizer alternative!
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 10 minutes
French Onion Mini Grilled Cheese
Kick the flavors up a notch with these French onion grilled cheese stackers.
The caramelization of the onions will give the sandwich a sweeter taste.
You can't ever go wrong with an extra cheesy mini sandwich.
Prep time: 15 minutes
Cook time: 20 minutes
The famous American sandwich turned bite-sized! These adorable but flavor-packed sloppy joe bites will be gone in one bite!
The classic are somehow bigger in little appetizers.
Prep time: 15 minutes
Cook time: 20 minutes
Roast Beef Tortilla Mini Rollups
Mini tortilla sandwiches are easy to make and fun to eat! These roast beef pinwheels require zero cooking making them ideal for brunch or taking on the go.
Prep time: 10 minutes
Cook time: 0 minutes
Final Tips
You can go with a theme or mix it up when it comes to your appetizers! The more variety, the better! The key is to make it easy for you to prepare but delicious so your guests will enjoy each bite!
Make sure to check out these Finger Food Ideas For Your Next Party!
Other Recipes You Might Like
Grilled Carne Asada Quesadillas
Air Fryer Meat Free Loaded Nachos (5 Minutes!)
Love Make Appetizers in Advance?
I have an Ebook I created with my top make-ahead appetizers you'll LOVE! Get it here!