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Extracting rate changes in transcriptional regulation from MEDLINE abstracts
BMC Bioinformatics volume 15, Article number: S4 (2014)
Time delays are important factors that are often neglected in gene regulatory network (GRN) inference models. Validating time delays from knowledge bases is a challenge since the vast majority of biological databases do not record temporal information of gene regulations. Biological knowledge and facts on gene regulations are typically extracted from bio-literature with specialized methods that depend on the regulation task. In this paper, we mine evidences for time delays related to the transcriptional regulation of yeast from the PubMed abstracts.
Since the vast majority of abstracts lack quantitative time information, we can only collect qualitative evidences of time delays. Specifically, the speed-up or delay in transcriptional regulation rate can provide evidences for time delays (shorter or longer) in GRN. Thus, we focus on deriving events related to rate changes in transcriptional regulation. A corpus of yeast regulation related abstracts was manually labeled with such events. In order to capture these events automatically, we create an ontology of sub-processes that are likely to result in transcription rate changes by combining textual patterns and biological knowledge. We also propose effective feature extraction methods based on the created ontology to identify the direct evidences with specific details of these events. Our ontologies outperform existing state-of-the-art gene regulation ontologies in the automatic rule learning method applied to our corpus. The proposed deterministic ontology rule-based method can achieve comparable performance to the automatic rule learning method based on decision trees. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our ontology in identifying rate-changing events. We also tested the effectiveness of the proposed feature mining methods on detecting direct evidence of events. Experimental results show that the machine learning method on these features achieves an F1-score of 71.43%.
The manually labeled corpus of events relating to rate changes in transcriptional regulation for yeast is available in https://sites.google.com/site/wentingntu/data. The created ontologies summarized both biological causes of rate changes in transcriptional regulation and corresponding positive and negative textual patterns from the corpus. They are demonstrated to be effective in identifying rate-changing events, which shows the benefits of combining textual patterns and biological knowledge on extracting complex biological events.
Living cells are the product of gene expression processes which involve regulated transcription over thousands of genes. Transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins binding to specific promoter sequences. The biochemical process by which a collection of regulatory proteins associates with genes across a genome can be described abstractly through a transcriptional regulatory network. There are time delay or lag during the process where the change of expression of the regulator is transmitted to the change in the target gene expression. Gene regulation with time delay is due to the intermediate processes between the product and repressor/inducer. Time delay is thus an important element in the construction of a transcriptional regulatory network [1]. However, the validation of time delay in gene regulation is a challenge as existing biological databases always lack time-related information of gene regulation.
There is an abundance of biological knowledge and facts in scientific articles [2–5]. Due to the ever-increasing corpus of scientific articles, it is difficult, if not impossible, to manually extract these knowledge. Text mining tools can help to automatically extract biological events from literature. For example, a number of relation extraction methods have been applied to extract gene regulation events [6–13].
The simplest approach is the co-occurrence based method [13], which predicts the relation between co-occurring entities at the sentence or abstract resolution. The rationale is that entities that are repeatedly mentioned together are somehow related. Prediction results of the co-occurrence methods typically have a high sensitivity but low specificity. Besides this limitation, details of the regulation such as direction and types cannot be easily determined using this method.
Pattern based extraction methods search for textual patterns of events with the help of predefined rules. Rules can be manually compiled [6] or learned from a training corpora [8, 9, 14]. To extract and fire a rule, multiple ontologies have to be consulted in addition to bio-entity vocabularies [9, 10, 14, 15]. Concept ontologies, for example, are constructed from text corpora by using formal concept analysis [14]; the BioInfer project provides an ontology for diverse biological events [8, 9]; Gene Regulation Ontology [10] is designed to model complex events that are part of the gene regulatory processes. Compared with the co-occurrence based methods, pattern based ones increase the specificity at the expense of a decreasing sensitivity.
Semantics analysis using natural language processing tools can help to extract complex rules from underlying sentences. For example, the RelEx relation extraction system [7] uses a simple set of rules to extract relation paths from dependency parse trees. A set of hand-compiled rules were proposed for linguistic analysis and conceptual inference over semantic structures [12]. The rule-based system then matched syntactic-semantic patterns to the dependency structures. However, extracting rules manually from semantic structures is time-consuming and cannot be done easily on large-scale corpora. A current trend in feature design is to learn the semantic rules automatically via machine learning methods. For example, previous work investigated the performance of different Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) feature sets for biomedical relation extraction in a supervised learning setting [11]. Positive and negative regulation relations in biomedical pathways were learned from the lexical semantic annotations in [16]. Rich graph-based feature sets were proposed to extract complex biological events [17, 18].
In this paper, we first construct a corpus by extracting transcriptional regulation rate changing events for yeast from PubMed abstracts. To automatically extract such events, we need to extract the related textual patterns, but there are rarely obvious textual patterns about rate changes in transciptional regulation. We thus create two ontologies from the corpus, based on the biological analysis of sub-processes that may result in rate changes in the transcriptional regulation, and the summarization of the positive/negative textual patterns/rules for describing such sub-processes. We then adopt the effective information retrieval (IR) tools to detect target events. Both automatic rule learning method and simple decision rule based method are used to test the effectiveness of the generated ontologies on identifying rate changes in transcriptional regulation. We also extend the ACE-Style features [11] and graph-based features [17, 18] based on our ontologies to obtain a set of conceptual, semantic and sentence graph structure features which can be used to learn the direct evidence for detecting transcriptional regulation rate changing events. The effectiveness of the proposed features has been verified experimentally. A decision tree trained with the proposed features achieves 71.43% F1-score over ten-fold cross-validation.
Text preprocessing
Collecting abstracts and trigger words
We downloaded 181,517 abstracts related to yeast from PubMed [19] on September 30, 2012. The downloaded abstracts contain any of the terms "yeast", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", or "S. cerevisiae" in (i) title, abstract, article fields, or (ii) the head of a Medical Subject Headings (MeSH, a controlled vocabulary for manually annotating PubMed articles) term for the article.
We collected the vocabulary of words related to gene regulations from the BioInfer relation ontology [9] and used heuristics to manually create a list of trigger words relating to rate changes. We then extracted only those sentences from the abstracts that contain both trigger words about gene regulation and rate changes. To find out which trigger words are commonly used in PubMed, we randomly chose hundreds of sentences containing different trigger words and manually pruned them. The trigger word lists were pruned by removing relation words unrelated to regulation and extending the rate change word list with more words.
Word normalization
To identify all the genes of yeast, we obtained a list of synonyms and identifiers from the Saccharomyces Genome Database [20]. We also manually created a dictionary to cluster semantically similar trigger words together, using a stemming method like in [7]. We then performed word normalization by (i) replacing all gene names with a placeholder word "genename" to eliminate the differences between diverse genes; and (ii) replacing all keywords in the dictionary with their stemmed counterparts, i.e., the words in the first column of the dictionary. Word normalization helps removing the diversity of textual information, especially the article keywords. It is therefore helpful for summarizing textual patterns or rules for events.
Sentence filter
Since information extraction methods work poorly on irrelevant raw data, we need text filtering to help reduce the variability of textual data. It is commonly assumed that the desired information is local to a sentence [7–9, 14]. We thus constrain the event extraction at the sentence resolution.
Using gene regulation and rate change trigger words as filters, relevant sentences were filtered from yeast gene regulation and time related PubMed abstracts. The MEDLINE abstracts were first segmented into individual sentences by using Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) [21] sentence tokenizer. Afterwards, the sentences are tokenized by NLTK word tokenizer into word tokens. The final set of sentences must satisfy all of the following conditions: (i) there are at least two occurrences of gene/protein names tagged as noun in the sentence; (ii) the sentence matches many words from the "regulate" keyword list; and (iii) the sentence matches many words from the rate change keyword list.
The first filter is easy to implement. To implement the other two filters, we used the cosine similarity to quantify the occurrence of keywords in the sentence. Cosine similarity uses normalized counts that help to remove the bias caused by the overlong sentences. Thus, it can capture more informative sentences than by using occurrence counts. Specifically, each trigger word list (i.e., "regulate" or temporal information) is written as a unit vector y. Each sentence is written as a binary vector × which has a one in the dimension corresponding to a matched word in the sentence from the trigger word list. Vectors × and y have the same dimension as the number of keywords in the trigger list. The cosine similarity of the sentence with the keywords list is then computed as
where x · y represents the inner product of vectors x and y; and ∥∥ represents the L2 vector norm.
There are altogether 114,375 sentences that score above zero in both two similarity scores. Since it is infeasible to manually label all of them, we choose only sentences whose cosine similarity to the "regulate" list exceeds 0.1 and whose similarity to the temporal list exceeds 0.15. The final corpus includes 1309 sentences, which are then used as inputs to the next information extraction task.
Corpus annotation
Records of transcriptional regulation rate changing event
To the best of our knowledge, we are the first group to extract time-delayed gene regulation evidence from literature. Since specific/quantitative time-related information is not common in literature, much less in abstracts, we detect the events of rate changes in transcriptional regulation instead. The detected rate changes provide qualitative evidence (i.e., shorter or longer) for inferring time delays in transcriptional regulation. Table 1 gives two examples about transcriptional regulation rate changing events. The positive instance shows that "when glucose repression of MTH1 expression is prevented", degradation of MTH1 is slowed, and a delay occurs in "induction of HXT3 expression in response to glucose", thus contains transcriptional regulation rate changing event. As a comparison, the negative instance indicates that "dynamical activities of the key components" undergoes rate changing, but the words "translational control in the expression of cycle proteins Cdc13 and Cdc25" indicates that it is in translational process instead of transciptional process.
Note that the rate-changing regulation events are different from positive/negative regulations, which have been studied by others [11, 12]. The positive regulation (GO:0010628) and negative regulation (GO:0010629) defined in the Gene Ontology [22] correspond to biological processes that modulate gene expression to increase or decrease, respectively. Both positive and negative regulations belong to gene regulation process. In contrast, the rate-changing regulation studied here refers to a change in the speed or duration of the regulation process. As such, both positive and negative regulations may have rate changes as well.
Corpus annotation
We annotated the corpus by manually labeling sentences containing transcriptional regulation rate changing events as positive instances and others as negative instances. For positive instances, we identified trigger words that indicate mentions of transcriptional regulation processes or rate changes of the processes. These words were annotated to facilitate the creation of our time-delay (transcriptional regulation rate change) ontology. In the negative class, the sentence may only include information about gene regulation without rate changes or about a biological process other than transcriptional regulation.
Both direct and indirect evidences exist in the positive instances. We thus further annotate the positive class with two types of events: (i) events with specific information about regulator, regulatee and rate changes in transcription regulation, and (ii) indirect evidences for transcription regulation rate changing events.
A biological practitioner was employed to annotate the corpus. Since there is a single annotator, we are unable to report the inter-annotator agreement score about our annotation. However, during the ontology extraction process, whenever we found annotations inconsistent with the extracted ontologies (biology knowledge), the annotator was asked to double check and correct all annotations (especially the positive class) again.
Biological knowledge driven ontologies for rate changes in transcriptional regulation events
By combining statistical analysis on the annotated trigger words with biological knowledge on gene regulation, we were able to create two ontologies. The first ontology, as shown in Figure 1, summarizes the textual patterns and biological reasons for rate changes in transcriptional regulation. The second ontology summarizes the negative rules as illustrated in Figure 2.
In order to make our ontologies consistent with previous work, we also provided logical relations between subclasses, events, or processes. Following the convention used in the Gene Ontology database, is − a represents the subtype relation and part − of is part-whole relation. Following the Gene Regulation Ontology [10], result − from refers to the result of some processes or explanations. We also list transitive rules among these relations, which is consistent with the Gene Ontology relation [23] and Gene Regulation Ontology as follows.
∀ relation r ∈ {is − a, part − of , result − from}, we have rules r ○ is − a → r and is − a ○ r → r; moreover,
where r1 ○ r2 → r3 means if A has relation r1 with B, and B has relation r2 with C, we can infer that A has relation r3 with C. Thus, according to these transitive rules, we infer more relations between two terms if an inferred relation path exists between them according to the method in [24].
Biological knowledge based analysis about rate changes in transcription regulation
The stages in which gene expression is regulated typically include: (i) Chromatin domains; (ii) Transcription; (iii) Post-transcription; (iv) Translation; and (v) Post-translation. The first two stages are mostly related to transcriptional regulation. We thus analyze the causes in these processes that may result in transcriptional regulation rate change. The textual patterns for transcriptional regulation rate changes related to these two processes are as follows.
(i) Chromatin domains. Unlike prokaryotic, eukaryotic linear DNA moleculars coil with nuleosomes tightly and package into choromosomes. When some genes are to be expressed, the region of the activation zone is unpacked, the nuleosome is decomposed, and then transcription related proteins come inside to form transcription complex and perform transcription initialization. Choromosome unpacking is often related to several events such as nuleosomes composition and decomposition, and chromosome structure modification. Thus, all of these events are the sub-events that result in transcriptional regulation rate changes. Some chemical modifications around histones may change the chromosome structure, which can eventually affect transcription [25]. The processes that modify histones include DNA methylation, microRNA, or DNA-binding of proteins. Example-1 in Table 2 indicates that gene "Mdm2" ubiquitylates chromatin proteins around the area of target promoter and controls the transcription level of the target gene. The Example-2 in Tabel 2 indicates that gene "chz1" relates to the ubiquitination of histone H2B and di-methylation. As a result, the rate of binding process of "Sir3p, and Sir4p" is increased.
(ii) Transcription. Transcriptional regulation controls when transcription happens and how many copies of RNA are synthesized. Transcription factors help RNA polymerase bind to the target region. In this process, protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions are involved. Factors that affect the function of transcriptional factors or RNA polymerase eventually lead to transcriptional regulation rate changes, e.g., promoter activity, RNA polymerase activity, and RNA polymerase binding event. Example-3 in Table 2 indicates that cofactor genes np14-1 and ufd1-2 are related to the expression of gene cln1 by affecting the activity of the cln1 promoter.
Negative rules for transcriptional regulation
We have applied the transcription rate change ontology on the corpus with the goal of predicting transcription regulation rate changing events. We obtained satisfactory recall value. But there were many false positive counts. By analyzing false positive samples, we discovered some trigger words in the ontology, such as regulation, binding, reducing, and delay, which are widespread in many biological processes, but are not related to transcription. We thus generated the negative transcriptional regulation ontology based on the analysis of trigger words in the false positive sentences. The negative rules for transcriptional regulation are shown in Figure 2. They are primarily derived from three types of events, namely the cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, and regulation of other biological processes.
Cell cycle is the process of cell-division, which is sophisticatedly regulated by a series of cell signaling events and gene regulation. Thus, when we apply "regulate" class of rules, we need to combine it with cell cycle negative rules. Example-4 in Table 3 contains several keywords associated with activation but its target is not transcription. The regulation here refers to the cell-cycle as indicated by the terms "nuclear segregation" and "anaphase I spindle".
In DNA replication processes, chromosomes must be decomposed and nucleosomes need to re-deposited to form newly-synthesized histones. Thus, when we use rules of histone and chromosomes behaviors, we consider DNA replication based negative rules. Example-5 in Table 3 includes keywords about chromosome behaviors such as "chromatin-remodeling"; however, these behaviors actually relate to DNA replication instead of gene expression. The keyword "replication fork" positively confirms this to be a process of DNA replication.
Specific biological processes other than transcription are also included in the negative rules. Example-6 in Table 3 contains the term "codon", which indicates it to be translation process.
The negative transcriptional regulation ontology helps filter out events that are textually similar to transcription regulation events. Note that each sentence in our corpus contains both trigger words for regulation and rate changes. Hence, the negative transcriptional regulation ontology is based on the analysis of sentences that have similar textual patterns with rate-changing regulation events but are in fact not. They can help reduce the number of false positives from using the regulation ontology alone.
Statistical analysis on ontologies
To test the coverage of the textual patterns embedded in both ontologies, we shuffle the sentences and plot the average cumulative fraction of textual patterns that occur in randomly ordered sentences in Figure 3. The figure shows that the first 20% randomly selected sentences contain 60% of the transcriptional regulation rate change rules embedded in the regulation ontology, and 53% negative rules listed in the negative ontology. This demonstrates that our ontologies have a good coverage.
Figures 1 and 2 also list the number of matching sentences in each subclass of the two ontologies. For example, the two largest counts in the rate change ontology come from promoter activity (101) and transcription behavior (343). Some sub-classes have just a handful of instances, such as nuclear change (13), chromatin remodeling (12), DNA structure changes (1), chemical reaction (11). However, due to their important biological implication on the transcriptional regulation or negative events, we also include them into the ontology. This makes our ontology biologically more feasible and complete.
A large number of sentences contain process descriptions that resemble regulation but are in fact non-transcription regulations. This can be seen in the large counts of non-regulation processes. Keywords such as "regulate", which are used in transcription regulation, are in fact quite generic, i.e., they are used to describe other regulation processes like cell cycle regulation (71), translation (35), DNA replication and repair (49). This demonstrates the necessity of having a negative ontology of rules.
Identifying transcriptional regulation rate changing events with rule-based methods
evaluating ontologies by automatic rules learning method
We compared the proposed ontologies with two benchmarks: BioInfer ontology [9] and GeneReg ontology [10]. The former has been used to recognize diverse biological events [8, 9]. The latter is designed to model complex events that are part of the gene regulatory processes [10]. We extracted gene regulation rules from the BioInfer ontology. We then extracted trigger words from both ontologies as our regulation rules. To ensure a fair comparison, we extracted trigger words indicating rate changes from our ontologies. The extracted trigger words are listed in Table 4.
We used the decision tree from the Weka machine learning package [26] as a tool to evaluate the discriminative power of these ontologies on identifying the transcriptional regulation rate changing event. Specifically, we built several decision trees, each of which uses a specific ontology-based rules as rule bases (features). For the BioInfor ontology and the GeneReg ontology, we incorporated them with rate change trigger words as the rule (feature) set. For the proposed regulation rate change ontology and negative rules, besides testing them individually, we also evaluated a combination. These decision trees are trained on a subset of the aforementioned corpus. They actually act as an automatic rule pruning process [27]. After training, the refined rules are tested over another portion of the corpus. By comparing the testing results, we see the discriminative power of various ontologies.
Table 5 reports ten-fold cross-validation results of training decision trees with rule sets derived from various ontologies. It can be seen that our ontologies outperform the two benchmarks on all metrics. The proposed regulation rate change ontology can predict the positive class with high precision and recall. The proposed negative rules can help reduce the false positive rate and improve precision of regulation rate change ontology; the combined ontologies thus achieve the highest F1-score of about 76%. This demonstrates the effectiveness of both our regulation rate change ontology and negative rules.
Deterministic rule-based methods
The proposed ontologies can be used to derive rules for identifying transcriptional regulation rate changing events. A straightforward rule is to treat sentences in the corpus as a positive instances if they contain sub-events from the regulation rate change ontology. We name this as "Regulation-based Rule". Table 6 shows the results of predicting transcriptional regulation rate changing events using this method. Venturing a step further, we also explored the feasibility of combining both the regulation rate change ontology and negative rules based ontology. Specifically, the following rules are used to predict transcriptional regulation rate changing events.
If a sentence only contains sub-events from the regulation rate change ontology, it is classified as a positive instance.
If it also contains sub-events from the non-regulation ontology, in addition to containing sub-events from the regulation rate change ontology, we classify it as a negative instance.
If no sub-events from the regulation rate change ontology exist in the sentence, it is classified as a negative instance.
The performance of the "Combined Rule" approach is shown in Table 6.
From Table 6, it can be seen that both methods are able to identify transcriptional regulation rate changing events with reasonable accuracies. By comparing false positive (FP) counts of the "Regulation-based Rule" with the "Combined Rule", we see that non-regulation ontology has successfully reduced the false positive counts from 223 to 158. Both precision and F1-scores are improved, with a slight degradation (3%) in recall. We also notice that the performance of our deterministic rule-based methods are comparable to that of the decision tree approach using "Combined ontologies" as shown in Table 5. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our ontology on discriminating transcription regulation rate changing events from other regulation events.
Identifying direct evidences for events by machine learning methods
The above rule-based methods are capable of identifying transcriptional regulation rate changing events, but fail to identify specific details of the rate-changing regulation events. The details are important as they are indispensable for extracting gene regulatory network (GRN) from literature. To extract detailed information, we need to consider the position of genes and their relations such as part-of-speech (POS) tags and grammatical relations between keywords, etc.
Direct and indirect evidence records for events
Through manual inspection of the transcription regulation rate changing events, we discovered that there are direct or indirect evidences of transcription regulation rate changing events. The direct evidences provide complete information about the regulator, regulatee and rate changes of the event. The indirect evidences in the positive class have following two subclasses:
Subclass I: incomplete regulation information. The sentence provides incomplete or partial regulation information. For example, according to the snippet "a decrease in the amount of HSP12 and HSP104 mRNAs" of Example-7 in Table 7, we know that the expression of "HSP12 and HSP104" changes. However, we are not sure about the regulation relationship and regulation rate change. Thus, we need more information to confirm it as a regulation rate changing event.
Subclass II: genetic engineering manipulation. The sentence may include information about gene regulation and transcription that are unnatural, which means that the gene information included in the sentences are not necessary the original genes in our target organism. As Example-8 shown in Table 7, "multicopy plasmid" and "GalIME1 construct" indicates that the related genes are external or went through some engineering manipulation. Thus, this type of events only provide indirect evidence for our target event; more information is needed to confirm that the genes are indeed original.
To extract detailed information about transcriptional regulation rate changing events, we need to detect direct evidence from indirect evidence. As indicated by the examples shown in Table 7, direct and indirect evidence have similar textual patterns. We thus need to formulate semantic structural features to extract the direct evidence.
Learning direct evidences by decision tree
We propose a feature-based method that incorporates diverse lexical, syntactic and semantic features to automatically extract transcriptional regulation relations. Inspired by the Automatic Content Extraction (ACE) program features [11] and state-of-the-art rich graph features [17, 18], which have proven useful in detecting relations between entities, we define three classes of features, bag-of-words, graph and shortest path features as follows:
Keyword-tag: a combination of the keywords defined in our ontologies, and their POS tags, which indicate their grammatical roles in sentences. The keywords in the features are normalized to reduce the diversity of words with the same tags.
Word-relation-word: two words concatenated by the name of their dependency relation type. The relation is extracted from the shortest relation path between genes and keywords in the dependency tree derived from the Stanford NLP parser [28].
Gene-keyword-distance: a triplet of gene, keyword, and length of the shortest relation path between them in the dependency tree.
Compared with the classical window scoping and chunking entity recognition approach [11], we extract more concise and informative word features (keywords) by using our structured ontologies. We also consider the tag types of keywords in addition to considering the entity type [11]. In [11], the full parsed features include the path of phrase and phrase labels between two entity mentions in the parser tree. To consider relational trigger words, they also exploit features indicating whether the top phrase in the parse path between the entity mentioned contains the relation triggers. We also consider these two kinds of features, but express them differently with the help of the informative trigger words. Similar to the full parsed features in [11], we consider the dependence relations between entity genes and the relation trigger words. Specifically, we denote the shortest path in the full parse tree between them as the "word-relation-word" form. Thus, all phrase labels are in fact shown independently and the phrase words are also included. We summarize the shortest path length between gene and keywords as the "gene-keyword-distance" feature. Hence, we in fact re-formalize and improve the ACE features in [11] to use our ontology for improved automatic relation extraction.
With the help of the informative keywords provided by our ontologies, the proposed features actually incorporate the state-of-the-art rich graph features [17, 18]. Specifically, "keyword-tag" feature is the combination of "token features" and "POS of tokens" in [17, 18]. Instead of using all tokens in the path, we choose more informative keywords from our ontologies. The "word-relation-word" feature combines the 2-gram consecutive tokens and their "edge feature" (i.e., dependency type of the edge) in the path [17, 18]. And "gene-keyword-distance" feature covers the "frequency feature" which is the length of the shortest path [17, 18]. Thus, the proposed features in fact cover state-of-the-art features [17, 18] and are more informative due to our ontologies. In fact, we also implemented the experiment that adding all tokens in the path and their POS into our features, but it didn't improve any performance. This indicates that the keywords from our ontologies provide enough information of tokens.
After extracting the graph features, we perform following post-processing to reduce the diversity of features: (i) for the dependency type of edge in the path, we use generic types (i.e., the dependency types in the second level of hierarchy tree of typed dependencies as shown in [29]) instead of more specific ones; and (ii) for the length of the shortest path, we use three nominal features (i.e., near, moderate and far) instead of the specific value. If the length is less than three, it is treated as "near"; if the length ranges from four to six, it is treated as "moderate"; and if the length is larger than six, it is treated as "far". Moreover, to reduce the word diversity in the features, we also performed word normalization by using their normalized representation instead of original forms in texts. Experimental results show that applying post-processing on extracted features can improve the performance.
There are 357 sentences in total, where 211 sentences belong to direct evidence classes, with the remaining belonging to indirect evidence classes. To evaluate the proposed feature-based approach, we performed tenfold cross-validation on the rate-changing transcriptional regulation events by using the decision tree as the classification method. The results are reported in Table 8 with the row header "Combined Features".
As a baseline, we implemented the ACE features as described in [11]. They use all words between entities/keywords mentions as word features. Parser related features among entities/keywords are also included. The results of this method are shown in Table 8 with the row header "Baseline features". To show the performance of ontologies on identifying direct evidences, we treated all textual patterns from the two ontologies as features. The results are listed in Table 8 with the row header "All rules features". To verity the effectiveness of post-processing, we implemented the experiment on combined features without applying post-processing. The results are shown in Table 8 with the row header "Original combined features", which also indicate the performance of using graph features in [17, 18]. Benchmarking against these baselines is important as it shows whether the proposed features are more effective than baseline features [11], and in fact necessary to identify direct evidences.
As shown in Table 8, the proposed "Combined features" significantly improve the recall (about 26% improvement) compared to the baseline. It demonstrates the importance of incorporating semantic patterns in the features. Besides, the proposed features achieved an F1-score of 71.43%, which is about 11% better than the baseline. This shows that the proposed features are effective in mining patterns from direct evidence instances.
When direct evidence records are detected, the specific information of rate-changing transcriptional events are identified automatically from the regulation, gene/protein name, and rate change related trigger words. The rate change directions are intuitively identified from the class of rate changes related trigger words as shown in Table 4. As suggested in [11], we can use the 13 frequent textual patterns between "agent" and "patient" to identify regulator and regulatee from gene/protein names. Besides, the effective sentence simplification rules described in [30] can be adopted to remove the irrelevant information, i.e. the noisy genes or keywords.
In this paper, we manually created a corpus containing events of rate-changing transcriptional regulation, which can be downloaded from https://sites.google.com/site/wentingntu/data. By statistically analyzing the textual patterns of positive instances, combined with biological reasoning over the transcriptional regulation rate change, we cataloged sub-processes and their textual patterns into a transcriptional regulation rate change ontology. Similarly, we established an ontology to collect negative transcriptional regulation textual patterns. Experimental results show that our ontologies outperform state-of-the-art gene regulation ontologies when used together with our decision tree based rule learning method on our corpus. We also proposed some deterministic decision rules by using two established ontologies to identify the events. Experimental results show that this deterministic rule-based method can achieve comparable performance with the automatic rule learning method. This demonstrates the effectiveness of our ontologies and deterministic decision rules on identifying the transcriptional regulation rate changing events.
Since both direct and indirect evidences exist in the transcriptional regulation rate changing events, we need to figure out direct evidence to confirm the final transcriptional regulatory network with rate changes. However, ontology based rules fail to identify direct evidence due to the similarity of their textual patterns with indirect evidence. We thus proposed effective feature extraction methods based on the ontologies to identify direct evidence of events. Experimental results show that it achieves a 71.43% F1-score for ten-fold cross-validation. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed feature mining methods to identify direct evidences.
The detected transcriptional regulation rate changing events can be used as a guidance on detecting time delays from gene expression data [31]. It is also easy to use our corpus and ontologies to collect other related events. As our ontology catalogs sub-events of transcriptional regulation rate changing events, it can be applied for sub-events detection, e.g., promoter activity, expression changing events, etc. How to combine the context information to help predict the event information from the indirect evidence remains an open problem.
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Hahn U, Tomanek K, Buyko E, Kim J-j, Rebholz-schuhmann D: How feasible and robust is the automatic extraction of gene regulation events? a cross-method evaluation under lab and real-life conditions. Workshop on BioNLP. 2009, Boulder, Colorado, 37-45.
Barbosa-Silva A, Soldatos TG, Magalhaes IL, Pavlopoulos GA, Fontaine JF, Andrade-Navarro MA, Schneider R, Ortega JM: Laitor - literature assistant for identification of terms co-occurrences and relationships. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010, 11 (70):
Cimiano P, Hotho A, Staab S: Learning concept hierarchies from text corpora using formal concept analysis. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. 2005, 24: 305-339.
Moreno A, Isern D, Fuentes ACL: Ontology-based information extraction of regulatory networks from scientific articles with case studies for escherichia coli. Expert Systems with Applications. 2013, 40: 3266-3281. 10.1016/j.eswa.2012.12.090.
Zambach S, Lassen T: A lexical framework for semantic annotation of positive and negative regulation relations in biomedical pathways. Semantic Mining in Biomedicine. 2010, Hinxton, United Kingdom
Björne J, Heimonen J, Ginter F, Airola A, Pahikkala T, Salakoski T: Extracting contextualized complex biological events with rich graph-based feature sets. Computational Intelligence. 2011, 27 (4): 541-557. 10.1111/j.1467-8640.2011.00399.x.
Li L, Wang Y, Huang D: Improving feature-based biomedical event extraction system by integrating argument information. Proceedings of the BioNLP Shared Task 2013 Workshop. 2013, 109-115.
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Liu W, Chang K, Zheng J, Divya J, Kim J-j, Rajapakse JC: Gene regulatory networks from gene ontology. International Symposium on Bioinformatics Research and Applications. 2013, 87-98.
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Marneffe M-cD, Manning CD: Stanford typed dependencies manual. 2008
Miwa M, Satre R, Miyao Y, Tsujii J: Entity-focused sentence simplification for relation extraction. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 2010, 788-796.
Hettne KM, Boorsma A, van Dartel DAM, Goeman JJ, de Jong E, Piersma AH, Stierum RH, Kleinjans JC, Kors JA: Next-generation text-mining mediated generation of chemical response-specific gene sets for interpretation of gene expression data. BMC Medical Genomics. 2013, 6 (2):
This research was supported in part by Singapore's Ministry of Education Academic Research Tier 2 fund MOE2010-T2-1-056 and Tier 2 grant of ARC9/11.
The publication costs for this article were funded by Singapore's Ministry of Education Academic Research Tier 2 fund MOE2010-T2-1-056 and Tier 2 grant of ARC9/11.
This article has been published as part of BMC Bioinformatics Volume 15 Supplement 2, 2014: Selected articles from the Twelfth Asia Pacific Bioinformatics Conference (APBC 2014): Bioinformatics. The full contents of the supplement are available online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcbioinformatics/supplements/15/S2.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
WL developed and implemented the method. KM annotated the corpus and helped extract the ontologies. GL contributed to the processing of full-text articles. WL wrote the manuscript. KC and JCR helped revise the manuscript. GL and JZ gave feedback to the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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Liu, W., Miao, K., Li, G. et al. Extracting rate changes in transcriptional regulation from MEDLINE abstracts. BMC Bioinformatics 15 (Suppl 2), S4 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-S2-S4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-S2-S4

subset: commoncrawl


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HEATHER is a classic rib top made from our lovely "wool with a kiss of cashmere quality" – an exceptionally soft and durable high-quality wool and cashmere blend.
The soft top has a nice tight fit and is a true wardrobe essential that you will never want to be without.
Can be used both as home wear, doing yoga or to wear on a daily basis.
Style it with leggings from the same series, layers of soft cashmere on top or a chunky cardigan.
The top is designed to have a tight fit and fits perfectly with one of our soft, comfy and chunky cardigans for slow days at home.
HEATHER is certified handmade and made on an old-fashioned hand knitting machine without use of electricity in our social workshop in Kathmandu, Nepal.
90:10 wool:cashmere
Size guide
Tight fit. True to size.
The model is 170 cm. and is wearing a size S.
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Developer Jan Ostman let us know that he's released source code for an Arduino-based Minipops 7 clone.
The Korg KEIO Minipops was featured prominently in Jean Michel Jarre's classic electronic album, Oxygène.
Ostman says that the code should work unmodified on any Arduino.
Ostman notes:
Tempo and 16 pattern select CV input.
8 drum mute inputs.
Run/stop input and clock/reset outputs.
You can easily add a CD4067 AMUX chip for driving an analog sequencer in parallel with the rhythm pattern.
See Ostman's site for additional demos and the source code.
If you give this a try, let us know about your project in the comments!


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Variation in relation to the definition of "finance lease" in s YA 1 of the Income Tax Act 2007
Lessors and lessees may have agreed to extend lease terms (or intend to do so) due to the financial impacts of COVID-19. The time period in the definition of "finance lease" has been extended using s 6I of the Tax Administration Act 1994 to allow certain extended leases to continue to be treated as operating leases.
Tax Information Bulletin Vol 32 No 11 - December 2020
Tax Administration Act 1994: ss 6H and 6I
Income Tax Act 2007: s YA 1, paragraph (b) of the definition of finance lease


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ARTICLE BY Minh Vuong
The adidas BC Trainer is Revived by size?Release: 20 December 2019 Style Code: N/A
Colourway: Orange
Style Code: N/A
Colourway: Orange
Classic terrace sneaker, the adidas Baltic Cup, is a highly collectible model within the Three Stripe–fanatic crowd. UK retailer size? have a particular penchant for bringing back silhouettes such as the renamed BC Trainer.
It's named as such because of an apparent licensing condition that prevents usage of the Baltic Cup moniker, but the model is more or less the same. Low-cut in orange suede, the maroon stripes and lining contrast nicely, bolstered further by the essential gum rubber sole.
If the last few size? x adidas releases are anything to go by, these will likely sell out on the spot. Get ready for December 20.


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Handmade by our master Italian craftsmen. With a very elegant, neutral design and its natural palette, "Club" armchair is a wonderful addition to several room schemes. You can try to place it in your living room for a smart, discreet and yet sumptuous look or even in your bedroom. "Club" Lounge Armchair can also have excellent performances both in reception lobbies or as occasional Lounge Armchair.
- Armchair
This elegant and clean shaped design armchair is the testimonial of modern and elegant luxury. Volumes are perfectly balanced and in perfect harmony. Its refined figure is created with a quality solid wood frame, which is glued, dowelled, reinforced by stainless steel screws.
Frame is upholstered with multi-layer high resilience polyurethane foam and it is covered by a white color second double thickness protective fabric.
As final covering we suggest our fabulous natural tone fabrics. Otherwise if you wish to add to your armchair even more richness and glamour why not considering one of our genuine leathers?
Seat base is filled with several densities of high resilience polyurethane foam, wrapped with fiber and protected by a white natural fabric cotton cover. Exactly same process and materials for the back support to offer best seat comfort and, last but not least, to ensure longer life possible maintaining original comfort. Clean and ergonomic design provides an irresistibly sumptuous spot to relax in.
Armchair: W. 76 cm. x D. 85 cm. x H. 60 cm. Seat Height 40 cm.
For bespoke on demand please ask to firstname.lastname@example.com
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Hand Made to order.
Fabric cover is removable for dry cleaning. Quite easy to remove it and to put it back. Washing fabric covers, please follow instructions you will receive together with your Lounge Armchair. Our Genuine Nabuk Leather is rich, soft and naturally processed. Please avoid to expose leather to the sun light and also keep it away from heat sources. Surface is not protected by artificial substances and by using the product leather will assume a lived-in-look typical of genuine natural leather. We suggest dusting regularly with a soft and dry cloth.
Our prices are quoted Ex-Works our plant. Product will be ready to be collected or shipped within 5/6 weeks from date of reception of deposit. About instructions and delivery to your address please contact firstname.lastname@example.com or check on "Terms & Conditions".


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Introducing the Heritage Cable Sweater, our take on the iconic fisherman sweaters of days gone by. This piece is timeless, elevated and luxurious in craftsmanship. We love to pair this piece with vintage denim and our favorite boots or over a silk slip dress with heels. It's just the piece you've been looking for and with it's soft yarns, you won't want to take it off.
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Made with 68% Baby Alpaca, 32% Pima Cotton Handmade in Peru Hand wash, lay flat to dry.
Meet the Model:Brit wears size S.Bust - 32"Waist - 27"Hip - 34"Dress-2Height - 5'9"
Kait wears size S.Bust - 33"Waist - 27"Hip - 37"Dress-4Height - 5'8"
Click here to view our size guide
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How to Choose an LPN Program near Sahuarita Arizona
Once you have chosen a fulfilling vocation in the field of nursing, it's important that you find a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) school near Sahuarita AZ that will furnish the appropriate education. If you reside in Texas or California, then you will be searching for a Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN) school instead. There is no difference, other than the names, between an LPN and an LVN. They both undertake the same job functions and work in medical facilities under the supervision of Registered Nurses (RN) or Doctors. But their responsibilities do vary depending on the state they practice in, which we will cover in the following section. When initiating their search for LPN schools, many future nursing students begin with those that are the nearest to their houses or that are the least costly. Even though price and location are important considerations, they are not the only qualifications that you should base your decision on. Other concerns, for example if the schools are accredited or have high pass rates on the licensing exam are extremely important as well. There are additional questions that you should ask potential schools before enrolling in an LPN program that we will cover later in this article. But to start with, let's have a look at the role of an LPN and what is involved in the education and licensing process.
What is an LPN in Sahuarita AZ?
Licensed Practical Nurses have many duties that they complete in the Sahuarita AZ medical facilities where they are employed. As their titles imply, they are mandated to be licensed in all states, including Arizona. While they may be accountable for supervising Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA), they themselves normally work under the oversight of either an RN or a doctor. The medical facilities where they work are numerous and varied, for instance hospitals, medical clinics, schools, and long-term care facilities. Anyplace that you can encounter patients seeking medical attention is their dominion. Every state not only regulates their licensing, but also what duties an LPN can and can't perform. So depending on the state, their daily work activities may include:
- Measuring vital signs
- Giving medications
- Setting up IV drips
- Observing patients
- Taking blood or urine samples
- Keeping patient records
- Assisting physicians or Registered nurses with procedures
In addition to their occupational functions being controlled by each state, the healthcare facilities or other Sahuarita AZ healthcare providers where LPNs work can additionally limit their job roles within those parameters. In addition, they can practice in different specialties of nursing, for instance long-term care, critical care, oncology and cardiology.
LPN Programs in Arizona
There are basically two scholastic credentials available that provide instruction to become an LPN. The one that can be finished in the shortest time frame, usually about 1 year, is the certificate or diploma program. The second choice is to attain a Practical Nursing Associate Degree. These programs are more comprehensive in nature than the diploma option and usually require 2 years to finish. The benefit of Associate Degrees, along with supplying a higher credential and more extensive training, are that they provide more transferrable credit toward a Bachelor's Degree in nursing. Regardless of the type of credential you seek, it needs to be state approved and accredited by the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) or some other national accrediting organization. The NLNAC attests that the core curriculum adequately prepares students to become Practical Nurses, and that most graduates pass the 50 state required NCLEX-PN licensing exam.
Online LPN Programs
Attending LPN programs online is growing into a more popular way to receive instruction and earn a nursing certificate or degree in Sahuarita AZ. Some schools will require attendance on campus for a component of the training, and nearly all programs require a certain amount of clinical rotation hours carried out in a local healthcare center. But since the balance of the training may be accessed online, this alternative may be a more convenient solution to finding the free time to attend classes for many students. Regarding tuition, some online degree programs are less costly than other on campus options. Even supplementary expenses such as for commuting and study materials can be minimized, helping to make education more easily affordable. And a large number of online programs are accredited by U.S. Department of Education recognized organizations. Therefore if your job and family commitments have left you with very little time to pursue your academic goals, it could be that an online LPN program will make it more convenient to fit a degree into your busy schedule.
What to Ask LPN Programs
Once you have decided on obtaining your LPN certificate, and if you will attend classes on campus or on the internet, you can utilize the following pointers to begin narrowing down your options. As you no doubt realize, there are a large number of nursing schools and colleges near Sahuarita AZ as well as within Arizona and throughout the United States. So it is essential to reduce the number of schools to select from so that you will have a manageable list. As we earlier pointed out, the site of the school as well as the expense of tuition are most likely going to be the initial two things that you will consider. But as we also emphasized, they should not be your only qualifiers. So before making your ultimate selection, use the following questions to see how your selection measures up to the other schools.
- Accreditation. It's a good idea to make sure that the certificate program along with the school are accredited by a U.S. Department of Education recognized accrediting agency. Besides helping make sure that you receive a premium education, it may help in acquiring financial aid or student loans, which are oftentimes not available for non-accredited schools near Sahuarita AZ.
- Licensing Preparation. Licensing prerequisites for LPNs are different from state to state. In all states, a passing score is required on the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-PN) along with graduation from an accredited school. Certain states require a certain number of clinical hours be performed, as well as the passing of additional tests. It's imperative that the school you are enrolled in not only delivers a top-notch education, but also prepares you to satisfy the minimum licensing requirements for Arizona or the state where you will be working.
- Reputation. Check internet rating companies to see what the evaluations are for all of the LPN schools you are considering. Ask the accrediting organizations for their reviews too. Additionally, check with the Arizona school licensing authority to determine if there are any complaints or compliance issues. Finally, you can speak with some local Sahuarita AZ healthcare organizations you're interested in working for after graduation and ask what their opinions are of the schools as well.
- Graduation and Job Placement Rates. Find out from the LPN programs you are considering what their graduation rates are as well as how long on average it takes students to finish their programs. A low graduation rate may be an indication that students were displeased with the program and dropped out. It's also essential that the schools have high job placement rates. A high rate will not only confirm that the school has a favorable reputation within the Sahuarita AZ healthcare community, but that it also has the network of contacts to assist students attain a position.
- Internship Programs. The most effective way to get experience as a Licensed Practical Nurse is to work in a clinical environment. Virtually all nursing degree programs require a specified number of clinical hours be completed. A number of states have minimum clinical hour prerequisites for licensing also. Find out if the schools have a working relationship with local Sahuarita AZ community hospitals, clinics or labs and assist with the positioning of students in internships.
Considering LPN School in Sahuarita Arizona?
Sahuarita, Arizona
Sahuarita /sɑːwəˈriːtə/ is a town in Pima County, Arizona, United States. Sahuarita is located south of the Tohono O'odham Nation and abuts the north end of Green Valley, 15 miles (24 km) south of Tucson. The population was 25,259 at the 2010 census.[2]
The first known human inhabitants of the Sahuarita region were the Hohokam people, which may be the ancestors of the modern day Tohono O'odham nation. The Hohokam were known for their highly innovative and extensive use of irrigation. The Hohokam were a very peaceful people, they had extensive trade routes extending to mesoamerica, and showed many cultural influences from their southern neighbors.[6]
The Sobaipuri were possibly related to the Hohokam, and occupied the Southern portion of the Santa Cruz, with the Pima to their North and South. While Coronado passed just East of Sahuarita in 1521, it wasn't until Eusebio Kino's 1691 journey along the Santa Cruz River that he met the leaders of the Sobaipuri people. Kino was a true champion of the indigenous Indians, opposing forced labor in mines by Spanish overseers. Kino would later go on to found the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1699, just north of Sahuarita. In 1775, Francisco Garcés would follow the same path, laying the groundwork for the founding of Tucson.[6]
In 1775, after building a series of missions in the region, the Spanish established a fort in the Tucson region to control the Native American settlements nearby. This just north of Sahuarita, which effectively placed the region under Spanish control. Eventually a town came to be and was named Tucson. After the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the region came under Mexican control until they sold the land to the United States as part of the Gadsden Purchase.
Pick the Right LPN Program near Sahuarita AZ
Enrolling in the right Licensed Practical Nurse school is arguably the most important step to starting a new career in the medical care field. There are various factors that you need to consider when choosing a nursing school. These aspects will be prioritized differently depending on your existing career objectives, obligations, and financial situation. As we have stressed in this article, it is essential that you select an RN college and a degree program that are each accredited and have outstanding reputations within the medical community. By utilizing our list of qualifying questions, you will be able to create a shortlist of schools to select from so that you can make your ultimate selection. And with the appropriate degree and training, combined with your dedication and drive to succeed, you can become an LPN in Sahuarita AZ.
More Cities of Interest in Arizona
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Visits will be made to all neighborhoods of Benidorm in which associations and neighborhood groups will participate
City Council and Neighborhood Council launch a campaign to promote participation
The departments of Citizen Service, Ana Pellicer, and Urban Space, José Ramón González de Zárate, together with the vice-president of the Neighborhood Council, Teresa Garrido, this morning have toured La Cala de Benidorm in the company of members of the two neighborhood associations of there , La Cala and Mont Benidorm. In the itinerary have also intervened representatives of municipal concessionary companies and City Council technicians.
The person in charge of Citizen SAervice has indicated that it is the "first route of a campaign" that the City will promote in collaboration with the Neighborhood Council "to know first-hand the needs and suggestions that associations and neighbors want to send us." To take the pulse of the city, "every Thursday," Pellicer said, "we will visit a different neighborhood and we will announce it in advance so that the neighbors can send us their suggestions."
In this first journey, the associations of La Cala have made suggestions and proposed specific actions for the area, especially in terms of street cleaning, accessibility and urban planning. The route has begun in Torre Morales on Villajoyosa Avenue, has continued through the area of Hotel Bali, Plaza de las Tiendas and has ended at the access stairs to Paseo de Tamarindos.
The councilors have taken note of the proposals, which will be evaluated by the municipal technical departments. Ana Pellicer recalled that "since 2016 the Participatory Budgets have been presented and approved", which allocate a minimum of 5% of the Municipal Budget to actions proposed by the neighbors. With this campaign, the City Council also wants to inform neighborhood groups about "this tool" to "win in proximity and make neighborhood participation more effective".


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At the launch event of the RV 300 and the RV 400, Revolt Motors teased its next product, a café-racer-style electric motorcycle. The teaser gave a clear glimpse at the styling of the upcoming model.
Also Read: Revolt RV 300 and Revolt RV 400 sold out till October 2019
Regular readers would know that the RV 400 is based on the Chinese electric motorcycle, Super Soco TS. A unit of the retro-style Super Soco TC was also spotted somewhere in Noida and it is safe to assume that the upcoming Revolt café-racer will be based on the Super Soco TC. Based on the information available, we asked our in-house digital artist Shoeb Kalania to create a digital rendering of the upcoming motorcycle.
In terms of styling, the upcoming café-racer will pack spherical headlight design with LED lighting and a brushed silver finish to the mask. The blinkers and the taillight, too, will be full-LED units. The ride-related information will be available on a digital display, and the upcoming café-racer will most likely feature a retro-style, round screen.
The retro-style Revolt product, as seen in the teaser image at the launch, will feature clip-on handlebar for sportier ergonomics. The handlebar will feature tan-leather grips for enhanced retro looks. The fuel tank will pack pronounced recesses to lock the knees.
Being a café-racer, the upcoming Revolt motorcycle will feature a rider-only saddle setup. The pillion seat will be replaced by a cowl at the back. The rear number plate and blinkers, similar to the Super Soco TC, will occupy the space on the rear fender for a clear and a premium look.
The hardware on the café-racer will most likely retain the same specifications as the current RV 400. Thus, the shock absorption department will be handled by inverted forks and a monoshock at the front and back respectively. The braking setup will comprise 240 mm front and 180 mm rear discs, while the safety net will include combined braking system (CBS). The motorcycle will come with a smartphone app and all the features that are available on the RV 400.
The electric motor on the RV 400 draws power from a 3.24 kWh battery pack. The engine works in three modes – Eco (45 km/h top speed and 150 km range), Normal (65 km/h top speed and 100 km range) and Sport (85 km/h top speed and 80 km range). We expect to see a similar setup on the upcoming café-racer. We may see a relatively lower-spec variant of the café-racer – a strategy that is currently implemented for the RV range – that will carry an affordable price tag.
Also Read: Revolt RV400 First Ride Review
The launch details are scarce at the moment, although we may see the new model in our market in 2020.


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Do you know we can actually manifest what we desire for our own life? Imagine what you want for your life, believe that you can achieve your goals, and take action in alignment with those beliefs to make it a reality. And, self-mastery takes this to its highest level. When you fully understand who you really are, everything unfolds throughout your life.
This episode will guide us to that path, with our very special guest, Rhonda Byrd. She is an incredibly amazing goddess, she teaches methods to discover one's inner gifts, talents, and natural abilities. Her Goddess classes have taken women on a journey of self-discovery, learning practical manifestation skills to create the life that they deserve and desire. Listen to what she has to share with us on how to live boldly in our life's purpose.
Make sure you tune into this episode, share it with friends and family as you enter The Healer's Realm, where your spirit will find peace.
(Refer to the Chapter Markers tab for timestamped highlights)
About Rhonda Byrd
Rhonda has been known as a noteworthy leader in the spiritual self-development space for over 10 years. Her teachings uncover hidden truth around the beliefs and conditionings in cultural expectations and societal programming to reveal one's inner truth.
You may know Rhonda from the knowledge of self-classes titled The Goddess in training or Goddess classes. These classes help individuals define themselves and live boldly in their life's purpose.
Get in touch with Rhonda here:
Thank you so much for joining us on today's episode. As promised, get your FREE GIFT HERE! If you liked listening to this episode, don't forget to SUBSCRIBE so you'll never miss out! You may also follow us on Facebook and Instagram to uncover more about the world of healers.
Have you missed the last episode? Take a listen here >> A Reading of the Akashic Record, Your Personal Book of Life, with Yumie Zein (S2, Ep2)


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If you think it's time for your garden to have an upgrade, especially now that summer is on its way, you're not alone. A lot more homeowners are opting for garden upgrades in the form of a garden summer house, and it's a wonderful investment if you want your garden to look appealing and become more functional as well. Summer houses have been around for a long time, but it's only recently that they have become even more popular because homeowners are seeing their use and purpose for different things, be it as a simple place where they can get away from it all and relax, a place where they can entertain friends, a place to work or exercise, and so on. But what exactly is the appeal of a summer house? Here's everything you should know about garden summer houses – and their benefits.
- A good way to transform and upgrade your garden
Summer houses are the perfect choice if you are looking for a way to transform and upgrade your garden. Truth be told, there's nothing more attractive than a garden filled with plants and flowers – and then finding a 'surprise' at one end in the form of a summer house. You can transform and upgrade your garden with the addition of a summer house that is not just pretty and charming, but functional and relaxing as well! You don't even have to make an effort to change or adjust the current landscape, because there are plenty of garden summer houses that are already pre-made, and you can simply choose a design and style that suits you and your available space. It's much easier now to integrate a beautiful summer house into your garden because there are companies that offer pre-built ones and will even install them in your garden for you.
- Expand your relaxing and living space
Summer houses today can become luxurious havens indeed, and it's a worthy investment because it allows you to expand your relaxing and living space. You can outfit your summer house just as you please, whether you make it into a beautiful spa, a yoga den, a games room, a recording studio, an arts and crafts studio, a home office, or an extra dining area for your family. Some property owners have also turned their summer houses into playrooms or study areas for their kids, and you can turn yours into a reading room, a gym, and anything else that suits your fancy. You can enjoy quality time with your loved ones in your summer house, and since summer houses are constructed with lighter materials than brick and stone, the space can be warmer and more welcoming and you can choose to have bigger windows that let in much-needed light. It can truly be a place where you can relax and let your hair down.
- Additional storage for your things
Let's face it – we all acquire a good number of things, and these things can take up a lot of space in our homes and even become clutter if we don't find a spot where we can store them. Your summer house can serve a more practical purpose by doubling as a storage area for various items, be it sports or music equipment, toys, games, hobby items, collectables, and the like.


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A Pop Art Portrait of Anna Nicole Smith
'Star Dust'
Towards the end of June I began to paint this Anna Nicole Smith portrait. After several weeks of working on it I knew I was close to finishing, but I was too on top of the painting and not seeing it properly anymore; I couldn't see the wood for the trees so to speak. So I rolled it up and put it away for some weeks whilst I eagerly began the next painting which was impatiently awaiting to be released from the think tank. This week I decided it was time to finish it, so with just a few hours of work left to do on it I am really pleased that it's finally finished and I can now share it with you.
As some of you may recall Anna Nicole passed away in 2007 at the age of 39. She was married to US oil tycoon billionaire J. Howard Marshall, she was a Guess Jeans model, a Reality TV Star and a former Playboy Bunny. But mostly we remember her for being fabulous in every sense of the word!
Find out more information on this painting here
As more and more customers turn to online shopping to buy art these days the importance of leaving a review of your shopping experience is essential for both the seller and future buyers. A healthy review can put a potential customers mind at ease and encite trust when they're thinking about investing in an artwork based upon an image they're seeing on their screen and from an artist they've never met before. It also encourages the seller to go above and beyond, not only with their product, but also with their packaging, speedy shipment and professionalism. It's a win-win for everybody and should not be easily overlooked.
A happy customer in the United States had this to say about her recent purchase of my painting 'A Posie of Pollies':
"I love, love, love this painting. It is a true original - how you thought it up I have no idea, but it is brilliant. It is already hung in my living room and I'm confident I'll treasure it always. Thank you for sharing your talents!" - Kristi Eversole, Utah.


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According to the executives from GameStop, their PlayStation VR pre-order was the quickest sellout in the company's history where the company's PlayStation VR pre-order went out of stock within 5 minutes. Even at Amazon, the initial stock of Sony PlayStation VR, which was a 'launch bundle' also sold out within 10 minutes after the deal went live.
PlayStation VR – The First VR Headset for a Console
Sony announced PlayStation VR at the E3 event this year and will be launched in October this year. The upcoming PlayStation VR Headset will be used with the current generation PlayStation 4 as well as the upcoming PlayStation Neo. PlayStation VR will be the first VR headset compatible with a gaming console. The HTC Vive, which has already made its way into the market and the upcoming Oculus Rift are exclusive to PC users only.
The PS VR headset features a 5.7-inch display inside supporting 1080p resolution. PlayStation VR has LEd lights on it which will help the PlayStation Camera to track its movement and project in the VR accordingly. Sony said that while PS VR can be used as a display unit as well, users would have to use the PlayStation 4 DualShock 4 controllers in some VR games and PlayStation Move controllers in others.
PS VR Game Titles, Another Sign of Success
Sony announced that more than 230 different game developers and publishers are currently working on various gaming titles for the upcoming PlayStation VR.
Moreover, up to 50 titles will be ready till the launch of the VR headset. Some of the launch titles include Eagle Flight, VR Worlds and EVE: Valkyrie.
PlayStation VR cheaper than Oculus and HTC Vive
Seeing the $799 price tag for HTC Vive and $599 for Oculus Rift, Sony's PlayStation VR seems pretty cheap with a price tag of $399. And to have a VR-Ready PC is pretty expensive and the total cost of the VR setup can easily reach above $1,000. However, Sony's VR setup should cost a lot less. A PS4 can be bought for as low as $350, the PS VR headset is priced at $399, Move controllers are available for around $50 and the PS Camera is also available at $50, making the total cost of Sony's VR setup no more than $850. Even if you add the pricing of the PS Plus subscription and the price of games, the total cost still remains a lot less than a PC VR gaming setup.
If you can still get your hands on the PlayStation VR 'launch bundle' it would still be a good deal to grab since the bundle includes the PS VR headset, 2 Move controllers, PlayStation Camera, cables including headphones etc. for just $399. If you buy these separately, it will cost you more. Currently, majority of the retailers have PlayStation VR out of stock and there is no word from any of them when it will be restocked again.
What does this mean for VR Fitness?
It's obvious that with PlayStation coming into the fold of the virtual world, that VR is becoming more mainstream than ever. As all gaming consoles have already learned in their efforts prior to VR, fitness is an eventual necessity for true market expansion and this VR endeavor will be no exception. While you can now really be Batman in a game and focus on his detective skills, it will take some time for even PlayStation and the many developers they have on board to truly capture a superhero worthy experience that will lend itself to fitness, but that notwithstanding is further proof that it is coming and an obvious path that this new system will follow—and this will blow PlayStation Move out of the water!
-Michael De Medeiros
Is there a new gadget that you think we should cover? Leave a comment below and we'll get right on it!


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Carbone Lorraine, a France-headquartered provider of graphite materials and solutions, has acquired Calcarb, the second-largest manufacturer of rigid graphite felt for the solar industry. According to Carbone Lorraine, Calcarb's reputation for high-quality products will enable Carbone Lorraine to make a strong and profitable growth in the graphite insulation market and strengthen its position in the solar energy market.
Sales growth is expected to occur at a rate of 15% per year based on demand in the solar energy market, and the new division is expected to generate sales of $50 million from its products in 2009. Rigid felts are used as insulation for the extremely high-temperature furnaces found in the semiconductor and solar energy markets.
Carbone Lorraine will acquire 60% of the company's shares by Dec. 31, 2008, and has an option to increase its stake to 100% that can be exercised at any time in 2009. The acquisition is financed by debt.
SOURCE: Carbone Lorraine


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Leading paint brands have cast their votes for the color of 2022 and the winner is… [drum roll] … green! In tune with the world's environmentally friendly and wellness-focused tendency, the color green encourages our connection with nature and evokes a refreshing, revitalizing and calming influence. In the new year, we're welcoming soothing, restoring and optimistic shades to accompany us as we start afresh.
Green: The Basics
Conjuring images of lush forests and rolling hills, the color green in interior design is a symbol of nature, health, growth, hope, vitality and renewal. In feng shui, green belongs to the wood element and is associated with new beginnings, and abundance in health and wealth. In recent years 'green' has also become a verb, meaning to make something, or someone, more environmentally friendly and aware.
A secondary color produced from mixing blue and yellow, green carries both the energizing trait of yellow, and the calming effect of blue. In fact, scientific studies show that verdant environments have a relaxing effect both mentally and physically, decreasing the heart rate and alleviating depression, anxiety and stress. Of course, the tonal variety of the color greatly influences its effect; greens with a yellow undertone, such as lime, spring green or chartreuse, are stimulating and revitalizing, whereas greens with a blue or grey undertone, like celadon, sage, and jade are deeply soothing. Bear in mind, the same color can vary in appearance in different rooms and even on each wall, depending on the cardinal direction and natural light as it changes throughout the day.
The 'On Trend' Shades of Green
Forge a deeper connection to nature with these reassuring green hues:
Benjamin Moore: October Mist
Fresh and uplifting, this nature-inspired shade evokes the silver-green stem of a flower. The mellow sage hue is a refreshing neutral, making a soothing and reliable foundation on which to get creative with endless color combinations. Benjamin Moore's Color Trends 2022 palette helps you do just that, with 14 diverse colors (including October Mist) which can all be effortlessly combined in a unique individual expression. Create a warm, earthy palette with Wild Flower red, or brighten up a north-facing room with soft Pale Moon yellow accents.
A sophisticated gray-green shade, Evergreen Fog gently anchors and revives both modern interiors and exteriors. The versatile shade excels both as areassuring base color and a comforting statement hue. For a dark, rich, cozy feel, use it in a north-facing room that receives less natural light; in a south-facing room the shade will appear lighter and it's greige undertones will come through to complement modern decor.
The natural hue forms part of the Sherwin-Williams Method palette, formed of a combination of organic neutrals that take inspiration from art deco, modern organics and postmodernism.
PPG: Olive Sprig
Inspiring new beginnings, this organic midtone evokes a feeling of harmony and peace of mind, making it the perfect backdrop for a serene sleep sanctuary. The versatile green shade is perfect for subtly lifting the mood in north-facing rooms, without overpowering the space. Liven up the grey-green canvas with soft floral accents and hints of brass, and use layers of natural textures and wooden furniture to ground the nature-inspired scheme.
Delectably creamy and gloriously grammable,this invigorating shade is true to the popular avocado-based Mexican dip it was inspired by. A spirited green, the yellow undertone infuses a space with energy and a sense of health and rejuvenation, making it the perfect color to spice up your kitchen decor. The hue works miracles in north-facing rooms, as it bounces light around the space.
Farrow & Ball: Breakfast Room Green No. 81
One of Farrow & Ball's five trending paint colors, this cheerful green hue is nostalgic, comforting and humble. The color's vigor shines through in both sunlight and candlelight, though it is particularly uplifting and revitalizing at first light. Use it on walls and woodwork to maximize the color's invigorating energy and make a striking statement.
Behr: Breezeway
Inspired by the pastel-colored sea glass washed up on sandy shores, this cool silver-green shade is deeply refreshing. Welcoming the new year on a hopeful note, the light tone inspires new beginnings, a sense of restoration and healing, and the pursuit of untapped passions. The versatile color makes pairing a breeze, with colors like blush pink, taupe and laurel working particularly nicely. It's cool undertones mean it's destined for a south-facing room.
Dulux and Graham & Brown have opted for a blue hue as the color of the year, however green doesn't escape their trending palettes. Whilst Dulux features familiar, soothing green shades such as Calming Meadow and Fresh Foliage, Graham & Brown have put forward Restore Emerald, a strikingly rich wallpaper with exotic botanical prints that instantly transport you to the depths of a throbbing tropical rainforest.
5 Ways to Decorate with 2022's Verdant Palette
1. Follow nature's lead with a green-based neutral
The predominant color of the natural landscape, green is without a doubt nature's neutral, so why can't it be yours too? A refreshing alternative to gray, beige, taupe and cream, soft shades of green - like Benjamin Moore's October Mist or Sherwin-Williams' Evergreen Fog - make a soothing and versatile backdrop. A green-based neutral can make even the tiniest drop of color pop. And, when considering the abundance of natural botanical pigments, we can see almost all colors pair well with the easy-going hue.
To pull off a neutral green understated chic scheme, the key is to inject interest and depth into the space with an abundance of texture. Consider trendy and sustainable rattan and bamboo, natural wood elements, linen, velvet and chunky knits. Add a spot of color and a dash of pattern through cushions, throws and lampshades and look for furniture or decor with grounding black and/or metallic features.
2. Dress up your scheme with green accessories
Add a verdant punch to your color scheme with refreshing green accents. Bright, vibrant and eye-catching colors tend to work best, like Glidden's Guacamole or Graham & Brown's emerald shade. Think of accents as the accessories of your scheme; complementary or contrasting, they are used in small quantities to create visual contrast and interest, add personality, and complement the overall look.
A conventional way to accent is with decorative accessories such as lamps, cushions, plants, vases, or maybe even a headboard or slipper chair. For a more playful technique, consider highlighting small, interesting architectural features like paneling, dado rails and picture rails, skirting boards, or window frames. Unexpected splashes of color in wall niches, alcoves or built-in bookshelves also liven up a space and infuse it with unique character.
3. Harmonize walls and woodwork with one verdant shade
If you're looking for ways to make a room feel bigger or more high-end, listen up! Pick your preferred verdant shade and spread it across both walls and fitted furniture. By blending built-in cupboards and shelves seamlessly into the room's perimeters, it will appear less crowded, more spacious and create a cohesive feel.
The same technique works magic on non-fitted furniture too; from shelves and cupboards, to benches or desks. Give it a lick of paint to match the wall color and it will immediately have that sophisticated, built-in look. Any green shade will work, it depends on the mood you want to create. For a comforting, tranquil living room try Olive Sprig, or opt for a livelier shade like Breakfast Room Green, destined for the east-facing room it's named after.
4. Put your stamp on the scheme with green pattern
When it comes to creating a scheme, there is nothing that sings louder than pattern. It has the power to transport you around the globe, or time-travel back to an era you wish you'd lived. Let your imagination run wild with Graham & Brown's Restore Emerald wallpaper, or transport yourself to 18th Century France with a green vintage toile de Jouy. For can't-go-wrong timeless patterns, think classic stripes, refined fretwork, or blurry ikat.
Use as much pattern as you feel comfortable with. If you find patterns stimulating, use them on the wall to make a feature or focal point. Beware that excessive use of prints and bold designs can feel overwhelming. In this case, look for a subtle pattern, or use prints sparsely on soft furnishings.
5. Pair red and green for a complementary scheme
Before you scroll on and dismiss red and green as a combination reserved for Santa's grotto, let us show you how you can turn it into a statement combination, year-round. Firstly, forget about saturated hues, opting instead for muted tones, like Benjamin Moore's deliciously comforting October Mist and Wild Flower red. Choose one as a dominant color and use the other as a secondary or accent. Then, break them up with a light neutral and add depth with a darker shade.
Sitting opposite each other on the wheel, green and pink are a killer combination for a modern or country-style interior, and present the perfect opportunity to introduce florals and botanicals. For a restorative space, pair a dominant mellow sage green with accents of deep pink, or use a baby pink backdrop to make dark green accents pop.


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The Women Of Liberia Mass Action For Peace
Grassroots Engagement for Peace[edit]
In 2003, the bottom-up project started by the Women in Peace building Network issued a statement of intent stating that "in the past we were silent, but after being killed, raped, dehumanized, and infected with diseases, and watching our children and families destroyed, war has taught us that the future lies in saying NO to violence and YES to peace! We will not relent until peace prevails". The organisation initiated a peaceful act in which thousands of Liberian women of different religions, ethnic identities, ages and social backgrounds sang, danced and prayed for peace every day for months in a fish market. The act forced President Charles Taylor to take part in peace negotiations in Ghana. During the talks between the President and the rebel groups, a delegation of Liberian women went to Ghana to continue their struggle for peace. They continued to apply pressure on the negotiators until a peace agreement was reached. This peaceful and successful action has been noticed and awarded all over the world, not least by the Nobel Peace Prize of 2011. Not only did their actions help Liberia to reach peace, but it also lessened tensions and fostered increased tolerance between the different groups of the society.


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Where's Maynard: Minnesota Spirit
Here's the whole twist...
Maynard Hint #1:
Maynard is generally very small. About the size of a puzzle piece knob. He often appears as a watermark. Can you find him?
Maynard Hint #2:
Maynard loves Minnesota. Loves smelling fresh flowers near "Little House on the Prairie." Can you find him?
Maynard Hint #3:
Maynard has always been impressed with the world's largest ball of twine. Stares at it constantly. Can you find him?
Scroll down to see Maynard revealed...
Are you done searching for him?
Ready for the reveal?
You'll find Maynard hiding:
What did you think of the jigsaw puzzle?
Please let us know by writing a review.


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Odds in favor of DI team
DI team advances to Globals
April 23, 2015
This year the Destination Imagination team competed in the improvisational category, the improv games. They placed fourth at state and are moving onto Globals in Knoxville, Tennessee. Globals is the highest level of competition. The DI team is comprised of seniors Nico Champion, Joci Guerra, Christian Vieira, Elias Martinez, and Kade Ferguson.
There are three points of interest for the improv challenge. Teams must create three independent improvisational sketches, research and incorporate improvisational games and street performances, and practice integrating randomly selected situations and settings. Since it is an improv category, many elements in the team's performance are learned the day of the competition. Once their surprise elements have been drawn, the team has one minute to prepare a skit, then they have two minutes to present.
"There's two improv games called sound effects and dubbing, and we have the entire team acting out a skit while one team member has to be the voice for all of us," Guerra said. "So it's kind of crazy, but Nico handles it pretty well."
The team has drawn situations like the sun not rising, a team member losing an arm, and several others.
"[The skits] are usually pretty hectic," Champion said. "Sometimes we'll get four things that entirely counteract each other and we have to make some pretty bizarre skits to fit it all in."
At the Regionals competition before State, the team placed first in both the improv category and extreme DI. Champion and Guerra have been on the same team for seven years and since then the team has grown, but no one on the team has ever been to Globals.
"Just being able to advance, we gave each other the biggest hug ever," Guerra said. "Even though we weren't able to be there for the Globals announcements, it was only Nico who was able to be there, as soon as we saw each other, [we were] reunited and [there were] lots of hugs."
Globals are May 20-23 in Knoxville, Tennessee. There are 1,400 teams from 45 states, 7 Canadian provinces and 13 countries that compete in Globals.


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Sue Peterman and her husband Mark were concerned about their daughter. This is what they discovered. Their teen aged daughter gave birth at home,
Legalism Wasn't Healthy- Mona Palompo
Mona Palompo spent most of her adult life in ministry with her husband. They raised three children. She shares heartfelt insights. Mona explained that
God Hears Our Prayers
Bernie Hvidding was desperate at the birth of his twin girls. One girl, Rebeka, was without oxygen. God heard Bernie's cry for help. Rebeka survived.


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Barbara's estranged husband, Robert, becomes the prime suspect after the police learn she had blackmailed him, but Anne's hunch points to a gardener who had taken Barbara home drunk. A lead suspect in the Isefort murders is announced in the press.
Up Next in Dark Woods Season 1
Episode 3 – The Double Decker
Four years later, the Weesenburg police have moved on from the case with no arrests, assuming Robert was responsible but have no proof. Still suspicious of Jürgen the gardener, Anne digs into his past and discovers a troubling history.
Episode 4 – The Promise
While searching Jürgen's house, Anne and her team find handcuffs with traces of what appears to be blood and excavate a car from the ground. Jürgen goes on the run but is eventually caught. Will Anne and Thomas finally get answers?
Episode 5 – The Forbidden Room
It's now 15 years later and Thomas is retired. Still unable to shake his sister's disappearance, he revives the case with the help of Anne and his old colleague Frank. Together they make a breakthrough when they interview Jürgen's old friend Heiner.


text: From Institutional Entrepreneurship to Institutional Work: The World Bank in Ghana, 1957-1985 LocationDanford Room, 2nd floor, Arts Building (R16 on the campus map) DatesWednesday 18 October 2017 (16:30-18:30) Add to my calendar This paper offers a historical case study of institutional entrepreneurship and institutional work in Africa. Our empirical interest is in analyzing the evolution of western economic development strategies in Ghana from 1950 to 1980. Our theoretical interest is in understanding the role of agency in processes of institutional change. Our historical analysis of development practices in Ghana reveals a distinct shift in its repertoire of agency, beginning with a highly functionalist notion of direct control (i.e. hyper-muscular agency) and ending with a much more distributed and negotiated form of agency. We describe this process as a shift from an early focus on institutional entrepreneurship to a later adoption of the ethos and character of institutional work. Our core theoretical contribution is to elaborate the differences and similarities between these two conceptions of institutional change and offer a conciliatory explanation of how they might fit together. Stephanie Decker is Professor of Organization Studies and History at Aston Business School in Birmingham, UK, and co-editor of Business History. Her research combines approaches from organization studies and history, and focuses on the history of business in Africa, the uses of the past by organizations, and historical methodology for social sciences. Her work has been published in a range of journals, including Academy of Management Review, Journal of Management Studies, Organization, Business History Review, and Business History. Speaker: Stephanie Decker (Aston) Part of the Africa Talks Seminar Series Autumn 2017. All welcome. Full seminar programme


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Assessment by Exhibition
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Does your school want to use Exhibitions to showcase student learning?
This stand-alone course offers users an introduction to assessment via exhibition within a personalised learning approach.
It is designed for use in project and enquiry-based learning with an emphasis on authentic, student-centred assessment.
The course consists of 4 Sessions and a Course review:
- What is Exhibition?
- Roles and Responsibilities
- The Exhibition Process
- Evaluating and Reflecting
- Course Review
Also included:
- Video case studies of Australian students presenting at exhibitions
- Interactive activities with comprehensive feedback
- Downloadable fact sheets and templates
$550.00 - including GST
Regular price: $550.00
Member price: $220.00