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THEN AND NOW: The cast of 'Freaks and Geeks' 22 years later
- NBC's "Freaks and Geeks" is about outcast teenagers navigating their way through high school.
- Many of the series' cast members have since gone on to have incredibly successful Hollywood careers.
- The series marked the big break for James Franco, Seth Rogen, Jason Segel, and Busy Philipps.
It's been over 20 years since NBC's "Freaks and Geeks" made its way into living rooms everywhere for the first time.
Set in 1980, the beloved teen comedy-drama followed a group of misfit high-school students as they dealt with the struggles of growing up and fitting in.
Although the series only lasted for one season, it helped launch the careers of countless A-list stars.
Here's what the cast of "Freaks and Geeks" has been up to over the past two decades:
Linda Cardellini starred as Lindsay Weir, an intelligent mathlete who rebels against her goody-two-shoes label by hanging out with a group of teen burnouts.
Throughout the series, Lindsay struggles to fit in with her new "freak" friends while maintaining her former reputation as a "geek."
Over the next two decades, Cardellini's acting career has flourished.
During the 2000s, she snagged a main role as Samantha Taggart on NBC's "ER," and later earned a recurring spot on AMC's "Mad Men."
Some fans may recognize her as Velma from The "Scooby-Doo" movies. She also recently appeared in the Oscar best-picture winner "Green Book."
As of late, she stars opposite Christina Applegate on Netflix's dark comedy "Dead To Me."
John Francis Daley played Sam Weir, one of the lead geeks and Lindsay's younger brother.
On the show, Sam was known for his caring personality. He was frequently at the center of painfully embarrassing situations, like falling for the wrong girl and getting egged on Halloween.
Nevertheless, Sam always looked out for his sister and his friends.
Following "Freaks and Geeks," he continued to work in Hollywood as an actor and screenwriter.
From 2007 to 2014, Daley portrayed Dr. Lance Sweets on the Fox drama series "Bones."
Daley also cowrote the 2011 comedy "Horrible Bosses" with Jonathan Goldstein, and was credited as a writer for the box-office smash "Spider-Man: Homecoming."
Samm Levine played the funny and confident geek, Neal Schweiber.
Despite Neal's love for science and some "nerdy" things, he believed he was more mature and sophisticated than his friends.
Throughout the series, he also had a secret, ill-fated crush on his best friend Sam's older sister, Lindsay.
Once the show ended, Levine continued acting in comedy films and on TV series.
During the early 2000s, he appeared in several popular films like "Wet Hot American Summer" and "Not Another Teen Movie."
He recently reprised his role as the voice of Arty for the "Wet Hot American Summer" prequel on Netflix.
Martin Starr was Bill Haverchuck, the most socially awkward of the geek troupe.
Between his unusually tall stature, massive spectacles, and bizarre commentary, Bill was the geekiest of his friends.
After "Freaks and Geeks," Starr racked up an impressive roster of television and film roles.
The former "geek" popped up in Judd Apatow's comedy films "Knocked Up" and "Superbad."
In 2012, he reunited with several of his "Freaks and Geeks" co-stars for the movie "This Is The End."
Starr also appeared in the short-lived comedy series "Party Down" and currently portrays Bertram Gilfoyle, a cynical engineer, on the Emmy-nominated HBO series "Silicon Valley."
You may have also recognized him in the latest Marvel "Spider-Man" movies, where he plays a teacher.
Former "Sandlot" star Chauncey Leopardi played Alan, a bully.
Alan frequently tormented Sam and the rest of the geeks.
Leopardi kept acting throughout the decade after the show ended, but he mostly stays out of the spotlight today.
His recognized credits include Dean's friend Kyle on The CW's "Gilmore Girls" from 2003 to 2005. He hasn't acted in many major projects since.
In 2019, he appeared in Logic's music video for "Homicide."
Natasha Melnick was Cindy the cheerleader, and Sam's crush.
By the end of the series, it was clear that Cindy and Sam weren't a great match.
She did some acting after the show ended.
Melnick's most recent role was voicing the character Ruth Cochamet on "Family Guy" from 2005 to 2012.
James Franco got his acting start playing the rebellious bad boy Daniel Desario.
Daniel was never afraid to take risks or get into trouble. As long as he had his on-again, off-again girlfriend Kim by his side and his friends, he was content to do anything.
In the years that followed, he built an impressive career but has also been at the center of a few controversies.
In 2001, Franco won a Golden Globe for his portrayal of James Dean in the Mark Rydell-directed biopic of the same name.
Franco also became well known for frequently acting alongside his former "Freaks and Geeks" co-star Seth Rogen. The pair appeared together in "Knocked Up," "Pineapple Express," "This Is The End," "The Interview," and several other films.
That said, his rise to fame has not been without controversy.
Currently, Franco is being sued by two former students of his now-defunct acting school. They accuse Franco and his business partners of sexually exploiting female students, according to a lawsuit seen by the New York Times.
And, in 2018, five women accused Franco of engaging in inappropriate sexual behavior. Per the Los Angeles Times, Franco's attorney has disputed all of the women's allegations.
Busy Philipps played the brash and reckless Kim Kelly, who picked on Lindsay for being a geek.
Kim never held back her opinions, which made her come off as intimidating to Lindsay and the geeks. She also couldn't get enough of her "stud" of a boyfriend, Daniel.
In the two decades after the show ended, Philipps continued acting and recently hosted her own talk show, "Busy Tonight."
She's best known for her roles on The WB's "Dawson's Creek" and ABC's "Cougar Town."
The actress has also appeared in films like "Maid of Honor" and "He's Just Not That Into You."
From 2018 to 2019 she hosted her own talk-show, "Busy Tonight."
Dave Allen played Mr. Rosso, the long-haired guidance counselor who tried a little too hard to connect with the students.
Mr. Rosso never hesitated to name-drop a rock band he liked in front of the freaks or show off his guitar skills.
Allen is still acting today and he regularly does voice work.
Allen has appeared on dozens of TV shows over the years.
You may have noticed him on Nickelodeon's "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide" and, recently, the Netflix series "Love."
Seth Rogen got his start playing the sarcastic Ken Miller.
Ken was known for his abrasive one-liners, admiration for "tuba girl" Amy, and fervent hatred of all disco music.
Today, he is one of the most popular actors, writers, and producers in Hollywood.
After the show ended, Rogen's comedy-acting career skyrocketed as he appeared in many of Judd Apatow's most iconic films, including "Anchorman," "Knocked Up," and "Funny People."
He also co-wrote and starred in the films "Pineapple Express," "Superbad," and "This Is the End."
Lately, Rogen keeps busy as the executive producer of Amazon's satirical superhero show, "The Boys." He is also the co-founder of Hilarity for Charity, a nonprofit that supports Alzheimer's awareness.
Rogen can also be heard as the voice of Pumbaa in "The Lion King" live-action movie, one of the highest-grossing films of 2019.
Long before he was a Hollywood A-lister, Jason Segel played Nick Andopolis, a burnout stoner who was obsessed with the band Rush.
Nick had dreams of being a drummer in a rock band, but his aspirations were killed by his father's desire to enlist him in the army.
Segel continues to achieve immense success on television and build a prosperous film career.
Following his role on "Freaks and Geeks," Segel portrayed the lovable lawyer Marshall Eriksen on the critically acclaimed CBS sitcom "How I Met Your Mother."
He also starred in the comedy films "Forgetting Sarah Marshall," "The Five Year Engagement," "The Muppets," and "Sex Tape."
Fans also came to love him for his role in the film "I Love You, Man."
On top of that, Segel co-authored the young adult novel "Otherworld," which was released in 2017.
He recently appeared on AMC's "Dispatches from Elsewhere."
Sarah Hagan was Millie, Lindsay's sheltered childhood friend who didn't approve of the freaks' lifestyle.
Millie didn't need drugs to have fun and preferred to "get high on life."
She continued to act on television for a few years after the series ended.
Her most well-known role is perhaps when she played Amanda on The WB's "Buffy the Vampire Slayer."
In the years since, she appeared on a few TV series and starred in a few shorts, like "Breaking Fat."
But acting doesn't seem to be her sole focus these days. Per Hagan's Instagram, she currently works in ceramics.
Steve Bannos played Mr. Kowchevski, the algebra teacher who wasn't too fond of the freaks.
Kowchevski kept the kids at McKinley High School in check.
Following his brief stint portraying another teacher on the Nickelodeon series "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide," he continued to work on TV and appeared in multiple Judd Apatow films.
Bannos had small parts in "The 40-year-old Virgin," "Superbad" and "Pineapple Express."
He most recently portrayed "Frank" on the Netflix series "Love."
Becky Ann Baker played Jean Weir, Sam and Lindsay's kind-hearted mother.
Mrs. Weir believed the best of her kids, even when they weren't being totally honest.
Prior to this role, Becky Ann Baker had acted in stage plays such as "A Streetcar Named Desire," "June Moon" and "The Best Whore House in Texas."
After the show ended, she continued to act in movies and on television.
Baker notably earned a recurring role portraying Hannah Horvath's mom on the HBO series "Girls" and was featured prominently on the second season on the same network's hit drama "Big Little Lies"
Joe Flaherty appeared as Mr. Weir.
Harold Weir is Jean's husband and the head of the household for his two kids, Lindsay and Sam.
He's also the owner of a local sporting-goods business.
In the years following "Freeks and Geeks," Flaherty has mostly remained out of the spotlight. He's had small roles in a range of television shows over the years and has done voice work for shows like "Family Guy" and "American Dad!"
He was also in a few episodes of CBS' "The King of Queens" as a priest in the early 2000s.
Lizzy Caplan got her acting start playing Sara, a disco-dancing student who has a crush on Nick.
During the series finale, Sara miraculously convinces Nick to join the disco-dance team.
Following her standout performance as Janis Ian in the hit movie "Mean Girls," Caplan had a recurring role on HBO's "True Blood" and starred on Showtime's "Masters of Sex."
She also acted alongside former co-stars Rogen and Franco in "The Interview" and appeared in Franco's 2017 film "The Disaster Artist."
Caplan recently appeared on the Hulu drama series "Castle Rock" and the Apple Plus drama "Truth Be Told."
Rashida Jones played Karen, Kim's mean friend.
Karen also bullied Sam and painted the words "pygmy geek" across his locker.
Jones has acted in a lot of movies and on many TV shows since appearing on "Freaks and Geeks."
Today, most fans know Jones as Ann Perkins from "Parks and Recreation."
Jones has also acted in dozens of projects, including NBC's "The Office" and "I Love You, Man," which also starred Segel. She's also worked behind the camera producing multiple projects, like the Netflix series "#BlackAF."
Read More:
- THEN AND NOW: The original cast of 'Grey's Anatomy'
- THEN AND NOW: The cast of 'The Matrix' 20 years later
- THEN AND NOW: The cast of 'Garden State' 15 years later
- THEN AND NOW: The cast of 'Desperate Housewives' 15 years later


text: Free Bicep and Tricep Workout 3Biceps, Triceps, Workout Index |Today's workout will find you burnin up those Biceps and Triceps, and we are doing SUPERSETS and working the negatives!! You are going to love this workout. Make sure to work the negative on your reps and don't hurry through. You want to make those biceps and triceps work. If you don't know what supersets or the negatives are, there is a description of both on the bottom of the workout. Go make those biceps and triceps burn, and Commit 2B Fit today! Printable Workout: Biceps and Tricep WorkoutBookmark(0)Please login to bookmark

subset: commoncrawl


text: Major move from Nike as it features Colin Kaepernick as the face of the Just Do It 30th Anniversary which also features the slogan "Believe in something. Even if it means sacrificing everything." Nike has had Kaepernick on the payroll since 2011 but felt that the 30th anniversary was the perfect time to build a campaign around his efforts. Well played Nike!


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Do you know someone who drinks smoothies all the time, but you just can't get to like them?
Well, a lot of us have been there…When you think about it, smoothies are basically a fruit puree…well, now that we put it that way, that does sound a bit gross. But, with fruit purees on the side, let's discuss why you should incorporate smoothies into your diet and the benefits of smoothies.
But, before we do that, we have a big announcement! We have officially acquired smoothiefairytales.com, so we would like to give all their readers a very warm welcome!
So, Why Should You Start Drinking Smoothies?
There are many reasons why we consume smoothies, but the biggest reason is how versatile they are. They can serve every purpose you need them to serve. You can drink smoothies for weight gain, you can drink green smoothies for weight loss, fat-burning smoothies, detoxing smoothies, smoothies to help you poop, and that list just goes on.
That is the beauty of smoothies, you can create them to suit your goals.
Easy Breakfast
Another great reason for including smoothies in your diet is how easy they are to make, and how nutritious smoothies can be too.
Breakfast smoothies are also perfect on the go. Not many breakfasts travel well. Grabbing a smoothie on a busy morning will save you time, having to cook breakfast and sitting down to eat. This is particularly beneficial for people who are always in the rush in the morning.
Great For Gym Goers
If you like to work out, you will know the importance of proper nutrition.
A lot of gym-goers love protein shakes. It's a nice and easy way to get their protein.
Smoothies, just like protein shakes, can pack a ton of protein. Essentially, all you need to do is add a choice of protein to your usual smoothie recipe, and there you go.
And again, protein shakes and smoothie shakes can be made to fit your goals; some people like low carb, high protein, or high carb and low fat, whatever your purpose and goal is.
More Fruit And Veg
Not all of us like fruit and veg, let's face it. We are constantly told though, that we should be getting our 5 out our 5 a day, in fact, now it's up to 10!
Making smoothies, especially using fruit and veg that you dislike their texture, but love the flavour is even better. They all get blended up, so it's all a drinkable consistency.
Drinking smoothies is a super easy and versatile way of getting your fruit and veg in, sometimes without even realizing it. Your health matters, so have your fruit and veggies!
Finally, Buy That Blender
Blenders aren't just used for smoothies. If you have been on the fence about buying a blender, now is the time. You will not only start making smoothies, but you can use blenders for many purposes.
Did you know that you can make hummus in a blender? And so much more.
Definitely buy that blender, and start making smoothies, soups, and whatever else you fancy!
Let's face it, many people start drinking smoothies to lose weight.
Smoothies have got a great reputation for helping you shed those extra pounds.
Whether you decide to go on the smoothie diet, or just want to incorporate more smoothies, you should expect to see some wonderful results.
We personally went on the smoothie diet and lost a great amount of weight.
So, if we did it, why can't you? Start drinking smoothies and watch your health improve and your waistline become smaller.
Other Options
Once you start drinking smoothies, you open this door to liquid meals/snacks.
Many people, alongside making smoothies, start to juice as well. There are differences between smoothies and juices, but they are both very good for your health, especially if they are homemade.
Juicing tends to be relatively lower in calories, making it an even better weight-loss drink.
However, smoothies do tend to pack more nutrition. Either way, we love making and consuming both smoothies and juices, so, it's definitely a personal preference.
If you have tried smoothies before, but you just can't seem to get into them, try different recipes, using your favourite ingredients.
Smoothies have got so many health benefits. Not to mention their practicality and how easy and quick they are to make.
Give them a go, your health and waistline will thank you!


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Kodak has denied the rumours that they were allegedly discontinuing a series of films, in which they have confirmed with the British Journal of Photography, instead what they have decided to do is to modify the way they distribute them.
Following the many rumours that Kodak had discontinued a large series of films – including the T-Max 400, Tri-X Pan and Elite Chrome – the Rochester-based firm has confirmed to the magazine that it will continue to offer these films, but in different packages. In an email to the longest running photography magazine, a spokeswoman says: "We have only discontinued the ways we package the[se] films and the way we list those packages as catalog items.We have not discontinued the films themselves." Affected by the change will be the T-Max 400 120, which won't be available to purchase in single rolls but will now be sold in "propacks" of five rolls. Similarly, the Tri-X Pan 120 400 films will also be packaged in propacks of five rolls.
Kodak's Max 400 rolls of 12 frames will cease to be offered, with the firm choosing to only market rolls of 24 frames. These rolls will be available to purchase in packs of four in the US, in singles and packs of three throughout the rest of the world. Also affected is Kodak's BW400cn packs of three rolls, which will now be sold in single packs, says the spokeswoman. However, Kodak has confirmed that it will cease to offer the Elite Chrome 100/36 film. "This film has been discontinued," she confirmed, before adding that Kodak's "suggested replacement is the E100G 135-36 or Elite Chrome 100 Extra Color / EBX 135-36." The rumours came several days after Kodak confirmed that it had sold its sensor business, and was now looking to part with its Gallery – an online photo-sharing facility – as it seeks cash to help fund its digital makeover. This confirms that the beloved company is not loosing faith in film, yet I feel as an avid user of Kodak that we should make sure in anyway you can to clearly state to the company that we love film and we want more of it!
They start the treatment with small doses and gradually reduce them at the end of the course. Learn more at https://diazepamshops.com.


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A RESPECTED consultant at Withybush Hospital says she has been forced to "terminate" her employment due to an "unsatisfactory" situation created by the health board - but she hopes the move will result in changes.
Dr Anne Barnes MBE stood down from her role as palliative care consultant at the beginning of the month having returned to ward 10 temporarily after retiring last year.
Dr Barnes and her work at Withybush's cancer care ward is renowned around the county and further afield for being of the highest standard and she is well respected and loved by staff, patients and their families.
But she felt forced to refuse another monthly extension of her fixed term contract, only previously agreed to if a number of conditions were put in place, as these conditions had "never materialised".
"I kept my end of the bargain," said Dr Barnes, adding, "I don't think I can provide a level of service that is satisfactory."
"I had to leave, I think it's the only way that anything's possibly going to happen – hopefully it will be an impetus to change if I'm not there, they'll have to do something," she added.
The conditions Dr Barnes had stipulated included rededicating beds on ward 10 as specifically for oncology and palliative care patients rather than general medicine beds, junior doctors being placed back on ward 10 and herself along with one other clinician named as dedicated cancer care doctors so patients knew they would see one of two doctors.
"This was all in place before I retired. When I retired they hadn't replaced me therefore all these things ceased to exist and have not been reinstated.
"I don't think they will be, I think the plan for the longer term is different from what existed before but my concern is in the immediate term.
"It's not a happy situation, I think it's very stressful for the staff and the patients and their relatives.
"I have seen that Dr Lewis said that it won't affect patient care so either they've got something in place or it would imply that I wasn't doing anything," said Dr Barnes.
In an email to staff, titled, Oncology/Palliative care services at Withybush, Dr Barnes states: "Please be aware that because of a failure to reach agreement with the Health Board in respect of the structuring of the above services in Withybush, in the short to medium term, I have had no choice but to terminate my employment.
"With effect from 1/2/15, therefore, my understanding is that the situation is as follows: "1) Oncology Services at Withybush comprise the Specialist Nurses and the nurse led Chemotherapy Day Unit. There will be no local Medical Oncologist to back up these nurses.
"2) The input from Consultant Oncologists based in Singleton remains uncertain.
"3) There are currently no designated beds for Oncology/Palliative Care in Withybush.
"4) Dr Ray Majer will provide Consultant Palliative Care input at Withybush on Tuesdays and Thursdays for the next 2-3 months.
"5) The Palliative Care CNS's (Macmillan Nurses and Paul Sartori Foundation Nurse) will continue as usual and will provide input into Withybush on 2 or 3 days per week.
"It is my view that the above is entirely unsatisfactory. I have made this plain to the Health Board and have consistently expressed my willingness to find a viable solution. Thus far none has been forthcoming."
Dr Sian Lewis, Acute Services Clinical Director and Consultant in Haematology, said: "Dr Barnes has this week withdrawn from the part-time post in oncology and palliative care. The service model introduced six months ago is unaffected by this and patients will continue to receive oncology, palliative care and chemotherapy services at Withybush Hospital, from a team of doctors and nurses, as they do now."
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text: Born in Kyiv, Ukraine, Andrey's professional career began in 2006. Since then he has appeared on Showtime, Hulu, Fox, and Sirius/XM Radio. He has opened for many legends in the industry across the country, most recently at the 2000 seat iconic "Arlington" Theatre in Santa Barbara. John Cleese once told him "Marvelous performance young lad!" shortly thereafter bonking him on his head. He founded Comedy Hideaway and was a judge for the World Series of Comedy in Las Vegas. He is currently developing a new special in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and is looking forward to the day this line of his bio becomes outdated.


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Dinner and Ceilidh - sponsored by Oxford Nanopore
The conference dinner will be held at the historical Ghillie Dhu, in the centre of Edinburgh
A Ceilidh is a traditional Scottish dance with gaelic music - there will be a series of dances and you will be shown the correct moves! It is very tradtional in Scotland and a lot of fun!
We are excited to announce that Oxford Nanopore will be doing a LIVE DEMO of their MinION sequencing platform as part of the dinner celebrations.
Dinner includes:
- 3 course dinner
- Arrival glass of prosecco
- Half a bottle of wine with the meal
- Live ceilidh band and dancing
Genome Science 2019 will take place in the John McIntyre Conference Centre, situated within Pollock Halls, a University Campus in the South of Edinburgh.
Overlooked by the Salisbury Crags, Pollock Halls is 2 minutes walk away from Holyrood park, home to Holyrood Palace and the world famous Arthur's seat.
The historic city centre of Edinburgh is a mere 20 minute walk or 10 minute bus ride away, with hundreds of restaurants and bars, historic buildings and streets, award-winning whisky and traditional live Scottish music.
Campus accomodation is available through Edinburgh First at a discount rate, and a number of hotels are within walking distance


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What does your overflowing inbox say about you?
Having 400 unread messages at any given time could be a sign you're just too busy and important to read everything. On the other hand, people might perceive that you're not on top of things.
Sure, this statement frequently comes after a vacation of some sort. To be expected, right? Yet this often comes up as a day-to-day refrain among corporate folks. As someone who's had his fair share of full inboxes—and someone who's very curious as to how people manage their email—I'm always intrigued by this statement.
I think the perception people think they're giving off when they repeat this statement to colleagues and their teammates is this:
OK, so I'm embellishing with that second part, but I believe the first part is true.
In my view, here's what that statement really says:
So then my question becomes: Why would anyone ever say this out loud? Especially a leader or manager who may be making the statement to his or her team?
Isn't that borderline offensive? It's kinda like saying:
Now, don't get me wrong; I'm no expert on email inbox management. (I really struggle to manage two inboxes because I have a "work" email and my Gmail account.) I have a simple rule: I try to respond within 24 hours to all messages in my "work" account (not pitches or other out-of-the-blue emails; I'm talking about emails from teammates, clients, or other business associates). If I can't do that, I shouldn't have a job.
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It appears that the Toshiba Thrive is coming to Europe as the AT 100. The Toshiba Thrive has been available in the United States for two months. You can check it out on Toshiba Europe's products website for yourself.
According to Toshiba's website it will run on the Android 3.1 operating system. The AT 100 features a NVIDIA Tegra 250 dual-core Processor and has 1.0 GHz. So far it is only available in the 16 GB model but will include a 5.0 MP camera. With it you will get a full-functional USB-port, an SD card and MMC reader. Additionally it features front and rear cameras and is downright clunky. Toshiba advertises in the specs that it will have a seven hour battery life. We will have to wait to check that out for ourselves.
Official European Product Page: Toshiba AT 100-100
via androidcentral


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What's more gorgeous than the lush tone of an acoustic guitar?
How about an acoustic guitar that's two acoustic guitars!
Well, it's slightly more complicated than that, but that's the basic idea of the 12-string guitar.
As subtle and complex as music can be, sometimes it's really as simple as "the same, but more!" Or in the hilarious words of Frasier, "if less is more, then just think of how much more 'more' will be!"
When it comes to musical instruments it's true. The alto sax was expanded into the tenor, then baritone, then bass sax. The cello is a bigger viola, which is a bigger violin.
And have you ever seen the inside of a piano? As if 88 keys were not enough, each key gets 2-3 strings to strike, for a total of around 230. Little wonder that piano players can't just tune their instruments just like guitarists can.
That of course brings us to the 12-string guitar, and you know that this means you have to be 12 times more careful with the type of strings you'll get.
So, if you're also here to discover the mysteries of the twelve-string guitar and what strings will make it sing as it has never sung before then you're in the right place.
Then again if you want to skip ahead and see which ones made the cut then we got them all right here:
- These strings are made from 80/20 bronze and along with the high-quality wrap wire they offer longevity and durability.
- These extra-light gauge strings will produce a rich, bright tone with both stronger lows and highs.
- You can also get these strings in a bundle which is a real money saver!
- The Earthwood classic materials can get you a bright sound with crystal clear highs.
The Essense Of The Twelve-String Guitar
This "more is more" approach leads us to the 12-string guitar.
The idea of doubling strings in "courses" is nothing new. Classic folk instruments like mandolins and bouzoukis have doubled strings, 4 courses of 2 strings each tuned in unison.
In the mid-20th century, the idea became popular for the guitar, but with a unique twist: a 12-string guitar usually has the E and B strings tuned in unison, but the other four lower strings are paired with an upper octave with a much thinner gauge.
The result is an instrument that sounds enormous. The 12-string guitar has, by its nature, a massive, shimmering tone.
Since the strings are guaranteed to not be perfectly in tune with each other, the instrument has a natural "chorus" effect which sounds like multiple people playing at once.
This is the same reason a choir or string section has a different tone than a solo singer or violinist. The subtle tuning imperfections create power and size.
The result? Well, just listen to Hotel California and hear for yourself.
It's no coincidence Free Fallin' by Tom petty and songs like these share a lush, saturated, billowing sound.
How To Choose The Right Twelve Strings For A 12-String Guitar?
As you might imagine, when it comes to 12-string guitars, it's all about the strings. After all, doubling their number is pointless if they are not great strings with excellent tone.
What's more, the 12-string guitar is not the lowest-maintenance instrument.
It takes twice as long to tune, and acoustic guitars are already particularly high-tension instruments compared to their electric and bass cousins. Doubling the number of strings just exacerbates this concern.
Finally, most acoustic players (present company included) should probably be replacing their strings more often than they are.
I once heard someone put it like this: if you're not sure whether it's time to replace them, it's probably time for new strings.
So read on to make an informed decision about stringing your twelve-string guitar.
String Material
When buying strings, string material is one of the biggest choices you face. The popular materials for 12-string acoustic packs are phosphor bronze and 80/20 bronze alloy.
Phosphor bronze is essentially the default material for acoustic strings in general. Broadly speaking, phosphor bronze strings are associated with a balanced sound, equally parts bright and warm, shimmering and deep.
Comparatively, 80/20 strings are very bright and articulate, but not as warm or deep. In the context of 12-string tone, phosphor bronze strings are known to be thick and even "chunky" whereas 80/20 strings will give you a tone that "sparkles."
Aside from 80/20 and phosphor bronze, you might find some less common materials. Monel was a material that was popular decades ago, but virtually disappeared, and is now experiencing a revival.
Monel is another alloy that contains nickel along with the typical blend of copper and other metals. This translates to a tone that is almost always described as "mellow" compared to other materials. To put it another way, they sound "played in" immediately upon being strung.
The other big choice to make when choosing strings is gauge which is the relative thickness of the strings.
As I mentioned, tension is a particular problem for 12-strings. To the point that many 12-string guitars start to develop bowed necks, high action, and other problems over time.
There are a couple of ways to combat this. One is to buy lighter gauge strings than you normally would. Most 12-string string packs are actually a lighter gauge than their 6-string counterparts.
After all, the extra strings do make up for any tone deficiency you might experience with lighter strings.
And if you want to play a 12-string guitar using the fingerstyle technique then it requires more finger strength- you have to fret two strings at once, so lighter strings help here too.
Alternately, some players buy medium strings, and actually keep the guitar tuned down one, two, or three half steps. You can use a capo to use typical fingerings, or just learn to play in a new tuning!
8 Best 12-String Guitar Strings
To get your twelve-string guitar to sing for you in the right kind of tone and produce the right kind of sound you need a good set of strings.
So, let's take a look at my favorites!
Best Overall: Martin MA180 Authentic Acoustic Extra Light Strings
- These strings are made from 80/20 bronze and along with the high-quality wrap wire they offer longevity and durability.
- These extra-light gauge strings will produce a rich, bright tone with both stronger lows and highs.
Martin is an American brand mostly known and beloved for its acoustic guitars from all the way back to the 1833s. They make acoustic guitars in much the same way Fender makes classic electric guitars.
Nobody can argue with the quality and pride of craftsmanship, and it only makes sense that Martin makes strings worthy of being strung on their own gorgeous instruments.
In fact, Martin really shines with 12-string packs, offering some of the best lines of 12-string options and this Martin SP MA180 also comes at a really good price.
Which makes these strings a great starting point for new 12-string guitar owners.
But what makes them great for everyone is the fact that thanks to their amazing tuning stability and playability you are guaranteed a consistent tone whether you're just practicing on your guitar, or you're performing live.
These Martins are available in extra light gauges and as I mentioned, they actually feel lighter than their comparable 6-string sets.
Each 12-string is made from 80/20 bronze that is corrosion-resistant, but what really makes these bad boys so durable is the high-tensile-strength core wire that is tin-plated.
So you don't have to worry about sweating your hands off while vigorously fingerpicking at the strings.
You also don't have to worry about overusing these strings during long sessions, whether you're a country, blues, rock, or bluegrass twelve-string guitarist.
If you want to learn more about these strings and check today's price on Amazon click here.
Runner Up: Ernie Ball Earthwood 12-String Light Phosphor Bronze
- Both light and custom light gauges produce a more balanced sound between a bright and warm tone.
- The phosphor bronze gives the strings extra durability.
When talking about strings the ultimate choice is really highly personal and subjective.
Some guitarists prefer the tone an 80/20 bronze set offers, while others need that bright tone that still retains the warmth and depth that only Phosphor bronze can give them.
This Ernie Ball Earthwood set made from 92% copper, 7,7% tin, and 0,5% phosphorus wrapped around brass-plated hex-shaped steel core wire will give you just that.
These strings are warmer and airy which can go well with your fingerpicking style on a 12-sting guitar, but they are also more durable and strong thanks to the phosphor which is much tougher than bronze. While I'm sure most of you are aware that each guitar is different even if they have 12 strings, I still want to point out that the materials, design, and age of your 12-string will affect the sound it produces.
Nonetheless, I think when it comes to this Ernie Ball Earthwood line you can expect a good result on most guitars.
Here you have two gauge options for your twelve-string guitar, that's light and custom light with the latter featuring a slightly more mellow sound that still manages to retain clarity.
Just remember that if you're not looking for a warmer sound then this set might not be for you.
At the end of the day, combining the excellent price point of these Earthwood 12-string phosphor bronze strings, the element shield packaging, and the simple fact that phosphor bronze is a little more corrosion resistant you will also get a long-lasting set of strings.
When choosing your gauge be careful to read the description properly so you don't end up with a 6-string pack.
Learn more about these 12-guitar strings and check today's price on Amazon by clicking here.
Best On A Budget: Ernie Ball Earthwood 12-String Light
- You can also get these strings in a bundle which is a real money saver!
- The Earthwood classic materials can get you a bright sound with crystal clear highs.
Ernie Ball strings are The musicians' strings.
I've just never seen strings with as many fans, or enthusiasm, as Ernie Ball seems to inspire. Full disclosure, myself included. Ernie Ball strings are solid, reliable, and good-sounding strings across the board. They also tend to be very reasonably priced, and they always have some of the most expansive options, in any category.
When it comes to a 12-string guitar you have three options, 12-string medium. 12-string customer light and 12-string light.
The Earthwood wound strings are 80% copper and 20% zinc wire that's wrapped around high-carbon steel core wire. This helps them produce a truly bright ringing sound that compliments the natural bright resonance of a 12-string guitar.
Even if your guitar is a bit toned down you will still be able to hear the sparkle coming through as you fingerpick at it. However, with prolonged use, the brightness might give place to a warmer sound, as it usually happens to 80/20 bronze strings.
As you can imagine the sustain is great on these and when it comes to Ernies I'm always happy about the timing stability they offer. What makes these a great starting point for 12-string guitarists is the quality but also the price. More so, with the element shield packaging you can also expect your strings to stay fresh for longer so getting a bundle is simply a bargain!
You can check all three available gauges for your 12-string guitar and today's price on Amazon by clicking here.
Best Coated Strings: Elixir Phosphor Bronze Strings With Nanoweb Coating
- The nanoweb coating technology gives your strings long-lasting protection while keeping the feel real.
- Let your 12-string guitar sing with clarity and brilliance for much longer with these Phosphor Bronze strings.
Elixir is one of the newest string manufacturers on the market, but they have taken players by surprise and by storm.
Elixir's strings are nearly always your most expensive choice, but this is not without cause. Because their selling point is their proprietary coating.
Other brands have introduced coated strings, but Elixir is the real deal and you simply need to give their Nanoweb pack for 12-strings a try.
The strings are phosphor bronze, but the coating extends their working life by a factor of two or three. And I'm not simply talking about the damage that sweat, oil, and grime can cause to your strings, but the coating will also extend the rich and full tone without drowning the clarity of the high tones.
In other words, these strings pay for themselves.
Even if you're not a coated strings kind of guitarist then I still think you need to give these Nanoweb strings a try and see how unexpectedly good they feel on your fingers. There's no squickiness which can be 12 times more prominent in a guitar with so many strings.
You also don't have to wait too long for these strings to settle from the moment you string your guitar.
If you want to try coated strings that feel uncoated then Elixir's Nanoweb is the way to go, you can also check today's price on Amazon by clicking here.
Best For Warm Tones: Martin MM10 Retro Acoustic Strings
- The Monel wrap wire will protect your strings from losing their sound and from the deteriorating forces of everyday use.
- The Extra-light gauge will get you that warm tone while maintaining the bright tone of a twelve-string guitar.
It's true that you have to try a few guitar strings before you can find your one true love and for some of us this feeling changes as we explore the world of music and its genres.
Some of us try to catch that old-school warmth in our fingerstyle that not a lot of strings can reproduce properly, but these Martins can.
And Martin is probably responsible for bringing Monel back to the public's awareness with their Retro line of Monel strings.
If you're seeking a warm vintage tone that will release the unique woody sound that a twelve-string guitar possesses, without completely overshadowing the brightness that is expected. You can thank Monel for the earthy tone these strings produce, but these bad boys are also very durable because this material is much stronger than pure nickel.
In fact, Monel was first developed in the early 1905's and it consists of 66% Pure Nickel, and 31.5% Copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. This consistency is what makes these strings resistant to agents like seawater, and that includes sweat. So, you can expect less rusting and breakages.
The extra light gauge is also easy on the fingers while being durable even during extensive studio sessions or live performances and genres that require a bit of aggressiveness like bluegrass.
You can learn more about these strings by reading the 1,000+ reviews and don't forget to check out today's price on Amazon by clicking here.
Best For Electric 12-String Guitars: Ernie Ball Slinky Nickel Wound Strings
- The light gauge increases playability and all 12 strings feel comfortable to the touch.
- The steel hex core creates a bright sound that is soft but clear.
Twelve-string guitars can thrive in their electric form as much as they do in their more common acoustic form.
With six extra strings, your electric guitar can produce a fuller and more ringing sound.
That symphonic tone is why the 12-string electric guitar is not usually used in a solo like a Fender Telecaster, or even a Gibson Les Paul would, but more as a supporting rhythm instrument.
Much like a bass guitar or drums, the 12-string electric guitar is there to provide a strong beat, and that's a serious role that requires high-quality strings. In this case, you can rely on the Ernie Ball Slinky line. These strings have a nickel-plated steel wire that's wrapped around a steel hex core.
They are uncoated so their life expectancy is not as long, but the element shield packaging will keep them fresh.
Beware that this Slinky custom gauge is quite light, and the tension is low so while these are really comfortable to play, they might not be the best choice if you're heavy-handed.
You also need to be more careful when tuning these and if you are not heavy-handed then winding by hand will get you the best result, especially for the plus octave strings.
When it comes to sound you can expect a balanced tone that is consistent, while still having those shimmery bright notes to help you stand out.
Find out more about the 12-string Ernie Ball Slinky and check today's price on Amazon by clicking here.
Best For Reducing Finger Fatigue: Martin MA500FX Authentic Acoustic Flexible Core Strings
- The flexible core strings reduce finger fatigue while increasing playability and allowing huge bends.
- These strings will bring out the natural brightness of your guitar throughout the high, mid, and bass tones.
Whether you're a beginner or not 12-string guitars can be more than challenging.
You have to take into account the increased string tension, the fact that there are double the amount of strings, and their close proximity.
However, a good set of strings can make things a little less hard. In this case, the Martin Flexible Core strings are perfect for reducing finger fatigue and also allow huge bends.
The secret lies in the construction of the strings of course.
The brand uses a lighter gauge and together with Martin's superior performance core wire that is combined with a heavier wrap wire you get a flexible set that is also very durable.
As you can imagine lighter guitar strings tend to sound brighter, and these Martin's can truly enhance the brightness that your guitar already has.
This is great news for those of you who are seeking that Jazzy tone, but if you're looking for something deeper then these strings are not it.
You can check out the reviews and today's price on Amazon by clicking here.
Best Strings For Studio Recording: D'Addario EJ38 Superb Phosphor Bronze
- The phosphor bronze coating offers longevity, and tunability and produces a warm and bright tone.
- The optimized gauges create a balanced tone across high, mid, and bass tones that are easy to play.
It would be criminal to have a list of strings without including D'Addario, so here we have the creme de la creme of strings.
This brand could perhaps be described as the Levi's of guitar strings, and as we all know Levi's Sure is never a bad choice for jeans, and the company's history is as legitimate as it gets.
By the same token, D'Addario is descended from centuries of Italian string-making families, who resettled in New York.
While they produce mandolin, banjo, and violin strings up until this day they have a loyal following for their guitar strings.
So, it only makes sense to have the D'Addario EJ38 set right in this category, because if you want to perform well and capture your true sound at its finest then these strings are just it!
When it comes to construction these strings have a corrosion-resistant phosphor bronze wire that is wrapped around a high-carbon steel core that is hexagonally shaped.
The hex core actually helps your guitar deliver a brighter tone with a more pronounced attack that represents more of a modern tone actually.
They can definitely come off extra bright at first so before you go into the recording studio you could balance them out by playing for a day.
After that, you should have a nice sound and projection that will simply sound stellar, even if you're just recording in a fully equipped home garage!
You can check out the reviews and today's price on Amazon by clicking here.
Bringing a 12-string guitar to a folk jam is kind of like "bringing-a-gun-to-a-knife-fight" move.
You'll certainly make an impression, not to mention be heard clearly. So you better make sure your strings are worth hearing.
As I said, it's worth the work to find the strings that really match your (and your guitar's) personality. Chances are, once you find them, you'll begin a lifelong relationship.
After that, you just have to work on giving each string their own voice and as the 12-string guitar virtuoso Leo Kottke says here, the whole thing is finger independence!
And even if you are more of a 6-string player, think about repurposing an underloved acoustic as a high-strung (or "Nashville-tuned") guitar.
This is a 6-string acoustic that uses the "other" 6 strings from a 12-string pack. Doesn't sound like much on its own, but dub one or two of them over your acoustic-driven recordings. The result is an expansive, thick, and highly satisfying sonic texture.
12 strings or 6 strings, just remember to keep working, and feel the joy of the music!
Robert is a freelance audio engineer and the lead writer for Range of Sounds. Robert has had a lifelong obsession with dissecting and understanding music and is a self-taught composer, multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, singer, and recording engineer.


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It is an amazing thing – and a privileged position – to be an advisor on a search. You're helping to build a company's team and shape its future. But along the way, both clients and advisors are invariably going to face a huge number of obstacles during a search.
The list of landmines is long and distinguished, but here are eight that we heard go off in a single year:
And this is just a sample of what can go wrong during a search. In all cases, these sorts of events lead to re-launches of searches, setting clients back months and months. And all due to poor management of expectations, timing and resources – all of which could have been avoided by retaining an experienced and truly client-focused search partner in the first place.
© Copyright 2017-2018 Dean Services Corp. d/b/a Dean Executive Search. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Policy
By using this website, You accept the terms and conditions of these Terms of Use in full. If You disagree with any part of these Terms of Use, do not use this website. Dean Services Corp. d/b/a DeanExecutive Search reserves the right to modify these Terms of Use at any time. You should therefore check periodically for changes. By using this website after Dean Services Corp. d/b/a Dean Executive Search posts any changes, You agree to accept those changes, whether or not You have reviewed them.


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Identifying potential modifiers of hereditary breast cancer risk in a large African American family
2020-11-16Type of Degree
Master's ThesisDepartment
General Veterinary Medicine
Restriction Status
EMBARGOEDRestriction Type
FullDate Available
Show full item recordAbstract
Next-generation sequencing technology has advanced such that research discoveries can be accelerated. In the area of hereditary breast cancer genetics specifically, known breast cancer susceptibility genes only contribute to approximately 35% of hereditary breast cancer cases. Additionally, the majority of the findings reported have been discovered in largely Caucasian cohorts. Given that African Americans are underrepresented in research, and are disproportionately affected by research and healthcare disparities, an intentional effort must be made to include this population in research studies. The Alabama Hereditary Cancer Cohort (AHCC) was established as an effort to recruit and study underserved and underrepresented individuals in Alabama. The AHCC provides a diverse cohort for the study of the genetic risk of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer using a next-generation sequencing panel, B.O.P. (Breast, Ovarian, and Prostate). This panel permits the elucidation of potential novel hereditary breast cancer risk modifiers. This panel was used to investigate a large African American family in the AHCC. Results show how variants in a prostate cancer susceptibility gene, MAD1L1, are associated with early-onset/hereditary African American breast cancer risk and modify risk in individuals with a pathogenic variant in a clinically significant breast cancer susceptibility gene.


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PDG David P. Witmer, Jr. 1995-96
David Paul Witmer, Jr., 86, of Camp Hill, passed away on May 6, 2020; born in Hershey on June 27, 1933, the son of the late D. Paul Witmer and Catherine (Baney) Witmer; after graduating Hershey High School in 1951, he joined the Air Force after graduating ROTC from Franklin & Marshall College in 1955. He is survived by his wife Caroline (Manbeck) Witmer of 62 years; two sons, David P. Witmer, III and William C. Witmer and their families.
David served the RCWS as President and will be remembered for his tenacity to preserve and save the club from closing during difficult times. He and Caroline hosted many exchange students. Additionally, they were always with the children during our dictionary project distribution and at all District functions involving children. His stories of aviation, Milton Hershey, travel, skiing, swimming and his love for Caroline will live on. God Bless his Soul.
Please click here to view the full obituary.


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23 'eyes' & panoramic 3D images: Meet NASA's Mars 2020 Rover (PHOTO)
NASA's newest Mars rover will be kitted out with 23 'eyes' to capture more detailed 3D and color images of the Red Planet than ever before.
The camera-laden rover will be able to better show obstacles, capture panoramas and study the atmosphere on its Mars mission. "Camera technology keeps improving," Justin Maki, Mars 2020's imaging scientist said. "Each successive mission is able to utilize these improvements, with better performance and lower cost."
The Mars 2020 rover is being built at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) in Pasadena, California, and is light years ahead of the first Mars Pathfinder in 1997, which was fitted with five cameras.
Armchair astronauts: WALK AROUND on desolate #Mars trails with NASA's new VR project https://t.co/sYC6m1KUDlpic.twitter.com/5fLepMhex3
— RT (@RT_com) October 24, 2017
2020's Mastcam-Z's stereoscopic cameras can support more 3D images and can better capture erosion and the texture of soil from a greater distance.
Previous rovers were built with 1 megapixel engineering cameras, used for planning drives and to avoid hazards, that took monochrome images.
Now, the new rover's nine engineering cameras will capture 20 megapixel color images, with a wider frame. This will save time on missions, as less images will need to be taken.
"Our previous Navcams would snap multiple pictures and stitch them together," JPL's Colin McKinney said. "With the wider field of view, we get the same perspective in one shot."
The Mars 2020 will have seven science cameras and seven entry, descent and landing cameras, NASA said. The cameras will allow the space agency to capture the rover's parachute opening on Mars. There will also be a camera inside the rover where samples will be stored.
One downside to the cameras' ability to capture better quality images is that they'll produce a greater volume of data that will need to be sent back to Earth. The new cameras have the ability to compress images to make them easier to send back.
5 years on Mars: NASA releases time lapse of Curiosity driving https://t.co/T9yFDeW6L0pic.twitter.com/QofP0ego1k
— RT (@RT_com) August 5, 2017
NASA's current Mars rover, Curiosity, has been exploring Mars for five years, even though it was originally scheduled to last two years.
Mars 2020 is timed to launch in July or August 2020, when Earth and Mars are in an optimum position for the landing. It aims to further the ongoing Mars research, and will focus on whether there's life on Mars, collecting more samples and testing oxygen production and the Martian atmosphere.


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Welcome to Sunset Shores Resort, a beautiful place on Kangaroo Lake in Door County
Your search for the perfect vacation destination in Door County is over! Our resort is a fantastic location for Family Reunions, Bachelorette groups, Large Birthday Parties and any other large group that would be interested in being together in this northern paradise. Nestled along over 200 feet of Kangaroo Lake waterfront, the six cottages of Sunset Shores Resort provide just what you are looking for: a quiet, clean, relaxing vacation.
Our resort has a large green space for social gatherings and a lovely fire pit. We have updated the free WiFi throughout the resort. The update allows our guests to stream their favorite shows on rainy days on multiple systems at the same time.
All of our cottages are pet friendly for friendly pets. Come see for yourself why our guests continue to report that Sunset Shores Resort is more than they ever expected!
To view availability to all the cottages, please click on the link www.vacationindoorcounty.com . The Lundquist Vacation Rentals site will give you more information and you can contact them for any current promotions.


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News Brief: WHSTE's Pronoun to perform in Boston
March 26, 2019
As spring sports begin at Wayland High School, a different type of season is coming to an end. The cast of WHSTE's winter one-act, Pronoun, has qualified for and will perform at the METG Drama Festival on March 29 at 8 p.m. after debuting at WHS and competing in the state semi-finals.
"Pronoun, I hope ultimately, is about a love story. It's just through the lens of a transgender teenager," WHS drama teacher and WHSTE director Aidan O'Hara said. "It's not this like heavy play of angst. It's really a love story, a new kind of love story that makes it sort of interesting."
The play focuses upon its main character, Dean. In the act, Dean is in the midst of transitioning from male to female.
"It's about [Dean's] relationships with his parents, his friend group, his school, his boyfriend and how they navigate [his transition]," O'Hara said.
Following Thanksgiving, WHSTE has been working very hard and has devoted many hours into perfecting their performance of Pronoun. Recently, the group performed in the state semi-finals.
"About four weeks ago, we started with about 112 high schools that each has their own play, and now we're down to fourteen at state finals," O'Hara said.
Pronoun's victory at the state semi-finals was a great accomplishment for the WHSTE community, for now, they will have the opportunity to compete even farther.
"I think making state finals is the goal, and now it's this pure festival of fourteen schools sharing their shows, [and] we happen to be one of them," O'Hara said. "Three, however, get picked as state champions."
In Friday's performance, WHSTE hopes to put aside competitiveness for the appreciation of their art.
"I think we really try to downplay the competition [because] theater is such an objective art form," O'Hara said. "It's really about seeing other theater groups, meeting really interesting students from other towns, and just sort of celebrating what it means to do high school theater."
A lack of competition, however, won't result in a decrease in entertainment. Friday night's performance of Pronoun is expected to be an exciting event, and students are encouraged to attend.
"It's going to be electric," O'Hara said. "It's a Friday night show in Boston, and Wayland is performing on a stage with twelve hundred seats, and it'll be unlike anything that one would see. We'd love Wayland to come and cheer us on and take it in."


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HOWPut a few drops into the palms of your hands, rub together for a few seconds, then massage gently into the face and neck.
INGREDIENTSVitis Vinifera (Grape) Seed Oil, Aleurites Moluccana (Kukui) Seed Oil, Rosa Canina (Rosehip) Fruit Oil, Argania Spinosa (Argan) Kernel Oil, Rosmarinus Officinalis (Rosemary) Leaf Extract, Tocopherol (Vitamin E), Rosa Damascena (Rose Otto) Flower Oil, Heilmoor Clay
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text: 'There's a hole in my lifeboat!', was a complaint from a shipping company when it was damaged on a training exercise. The job was booked well in advance because the ship would only be in Newcastle Port for a single day. There was no room for error with the planning because once you're in the Port there is no leaving to fetch a screwdriver or extra material. These are self-propelled lifeboats stowed on a steep angle ready to deploy so all the work was done at this angle. The repairs needed to be certified once completed to comply with the shipping standards. After a full day's work the repairs were completed.


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As an expatriate in Holland, Germany, and Paris and back in the United States, every time Gari Melchers pulled up stakes he was compelled to find a
"Spotlight" on a Melchers Masterpiece
Long before the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C. finally closed its doors in 2014 it was already divesting itself of paintings. One important
Puzzler of a Painting No More!
I'm delighted to provide an update to my earlier post Another Conundrum of Connoisseurship! regarding a painting, Dutch Bachelor at His
Green is the Color of Spring
Hello Belmont Blog readers! My name is Tramia Jackson and as the Education Assistant and newest staff member here at Gari Melcher's Home and Studio at
Let's Face It! Remembering Gari Melchers
Hang around artists long enough and you're bound to have your portrait painted. That explains why there are so many portraits of Gari Melchers by his


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A woman walking through a forest in Costa Rica was scared when she came across a strange stick-like creature hiding on a tree branch.
The video was reportedly shot by Antonieta Mora when she was picking fruit to make juice. Her usual trip to the wilderness took a strange turn when she noticed that something was moving on a tree.
"At first I thought it was a piece of moss," Mora recalled, "then I thought it was a cricket, and then I didn't know if it was a kind of mantis."
Fortunately, she managed to photograph a strange insect resembling a bunch of spiny branches slowly crawling along a tree branch. Amazed at what she was watching, Mora was surprised that she had never seen anything like it, and "she had lived all her life in the countryside."
Wondering what creature she encountered, Mora shared her video on a Facebook group dedicated to Costa Rican insects, and soon the secret was solved by one of the experts.
The mysterious bug was a cricket species known as Markia espinachi. The unique wand-like appearance of this creature is actually just a natural camouflage that protects it from predators.


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Your cholesterol levels have a lot to do with what you eat. But that isn't the only factor. Adopting a more active lifestyle can also help you lower cholesterol to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.
Although researchers aren't entirely sure how exercise lowers cholesterol, they know that it does. Exercise may help with weight management and keep "bad" LDL cholesterol levels lower.
Exercise may help move LDL from the blood to the liver, where it can be converted into bile and excreted during bowel movements. It may also increase the size of protein particles that carry cholesterol through your blood.
The latter may be a key function.
There are different types of LDL cholesterol, and the most dangerous are small, dense particles. These are the ones that accumulate along arterial walls. Exercise seems to increase the size and lessen the density of the particles, allowing them to float through the bloodstream and not bunch up.
Larger, fluffier lipoprotein particles do not have a negative effect on vein or heart health.
Vigorous exercise may be better for lowering cholesterol than moderate exercise. Some research has found that while moderate exercise may prevent LDL levels from rising, it does not lower them. Intense exercise, however, can reduce LDL and increase "good" HDL.
One study that examined exercise and cholesterol in overweight sedentary people found that those who got moderate exercise, the equivalent of 12 miles of walking or jogging per week, saw LDL stay relatively similar. However, those that did more vigorous exercise, about 20 miles of jogging per week, lowered LDL and boosted HDL.
Exercise is part of a healthy lifestyle that can help lower or control cholesterol and potentially contribute to several other positive health outcomes.
But don't rush it.
If you've been sedentary and want to enjoy the cholesterol-lowering effects of exercise, ease into a program. Start with walks or other light/moderate work before increasing intensity. Give yourself a few weeks to get used to it before taking on more.


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Although tarmac and resin are both widely used in car parks and driveway surfacing, both materials are actually rather different. But how do they differ, and which one is right for your needs?
What is Resin?
Resin is a unique material that acts as a glue or adhesive, binding together in order to create a driveway surface that is smooth and even. Unlike tarmac, which is a specific material in and of itself, the resin can be customised to include other colour combinations and materials. Resin is usually created from a combination of gravel, stone, marble and other various rock types.
It is also possible to use resin to create designs and logos, making it suitable for both one of a kind home driveways and corporate car parks too. A durable and long lasting surface, the resin is also permeable, making it easy for water to drain away. Another benefit of resin is that it is easy to adhere to any existing surface for a result that is easy for vehicles to drive across on a frequent basis.
What is Tarmac?
Made from a combination of tar and stone, tarmac is very durable and can withstand extensive amounts of pressure on a regular basis, making it ideal for car parks and driveways alike.
Its combination of small broken stone and tar pieces means that tarmac can be laid easily and smoothly, making it the perfect flat surface for vehicles to frequently drive over. Tarmac is also an extremely malleable choice of surface, which can be laid on its own or on top of other materials, such as concrete, in order to create an even more long lasting flat parking surface.
Which Surface is Right for You?
As resin bound and tarmac surfaces are both great choices when it comes to driveway surfaces, it can be hard to decide which may be right for your needs. Whilst both are very durable and simple to lay, tarmac may be the better choice for those looking for a budget friendly option.
Resin is ideal for those who want to be able to customise their parking area, with more scope for different colour and design options. For more information, Jordans Surfacing provides all you need to know about all types of resin bound and tarmac surface driveways, including the best option for car park surfacing. Contact our expert team today for more information.


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Chocolate Fountain – One of many tastings at Lewisburg Chocolate Festival's Tasting Extravaganza
The sweetest weekend in West Virginia, the 8th annual Lewisburg Chocolate Festival, offers events all day Saturday, Apr. 12. Advance tasting tickets are available for purchase online through Thursday, Apr. 10 and in person through Friday, Apr. 11. A limited number of tickets will be available on Saturday, Apr. 12 at 10 a.m. on a first come, first served basis. Get your tickets early!
On Friday evening, restaurants throughout Lewisburg will offer special chocolate themed entrees and desserts. Participating establishments include: Del Sol Cantina and Grill (304-645-1717), Food & Friends Restaurant (304-645-4548), General Lewis Inn (304-645-2600), The Livery Tavern (304-645-9836), Stella's (304-520-4937) and Stardust Cafe (304-645-3663). Guests are encouraged to call for dining and reservation information.
At 9 a.m. on Saturday morning, the HospiceCare 10K Chocolate Chase begins at the Greenbrier Valley Airport and ends at the Greenbrier County Courthouse. Runners can download a registration form at www.lewisburgchocolatefestival.com. Day-of registration will begin at 8 a.m. at the Greenbrier Valley Airport. A one-mile Fun Walk will begin from the parking lot of First National Bank, 1125 E. Washington Street. For more information contact Missy VanBuren at HospiceCare, 304-645-2700, or via email at email@example.com.
The "All Things Chocolate" Bake-Off, with competition categories of Cakes, Pies, Miscellaneous, Vegan, Teen 12-18 and Children (under 11), will take place in the lobby of First National Bank, 1125 E. Washington Street. Registration for the Bake-Off is at 10 a.m. and costs $5. Judging begins at 11 a.m. The public may taste entries from 11:30 a.m. until 2 p.m. or while supplies last. All proceeds from the Bake-Off benefit the Greenbrier Humane Society. A registration form is available at www.lewisburgchocolatefestival.com.
Perhaps the most popular competition at the festival, the Chocolate Mousse Eating Contest will take place on the patio of the new location of Stella's Restaurant at 208 W. Washington Street. Registration will begin at 10 a.m. and end at 12:30 p.m. One winner will be chosen from three divisions, Children 5-9 years beginning at 1 p.m.; Teens 10-14 years beginning at 1:30 p.m. and Age 15 – Adult beginning at 2 p.m. Only 12 participants are entered in each division and entry is determined through a drawing of registrants.
Washington Street will be closed from 7 a.m. until 4:30 p.m. from Lafayette Street to Church Street. Residents are advised to move their vehicles from the street-side parking spaces on Washington Street on Saturday morning prior to the closing. Vehicles that are not moved will be towed at the owner's expense by the City of Lewisburg.
For more information on these and other events at the Lewisburg Chocolate Festival or to purchase tasting tickets visit www.lewisburgchocolatefestival.com. Tickets may also be purchased in person at Greenbrier Valley Baking Company, 110 S. Jefferson Street; Greenbrier Valley Visitors Center, 200 W. Washington Street; Harmony Ridge Gallery, 209 W. Washington Street and ReMax, 111 E. Washington Street. Ticket sales are going faster than any previous year, and festival-goers are encouraged to purchase their tickets in advance.
The Lewisburg Chocolate Festival is sponsored by First Energy/A MonPower Company, CBS-59, Shoney's, Chapman Technical Group, MidAtlantic Waterproofing, PostNet, Studio 40, High Country Boutique, MedExpress Urgent Care, lovechild, Employee Benefit Services and Commercial Insurance.


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Dear Jesus, when I look back at my life
I recall the many people who have influenced me.
Things that they did or said struck me
and formed part of who I am.
Their kind words, encouragement, even warnings,
and corrections helped me to grow.
Some now have gone on to their reward
while others remain.
I am grateful for who they were and are.
May I, in my own way, help others to appreciate
and cherish Your great love that calls us all to be life givers.
— By a Columban Missionary


text:
Müller Möbelwerkstätten
Müller Möbelwerkstätten can be proud of its long tradition: The label has been manufacturing high-quality furniture in Germany since as early as 1869. The most famous item today is the Stacking Divan Bed by Rolf Heide, which was introduced in 1966 and made design history. Ever since, the Stacking Divan Bed has been offering easy additional sleeping space!
The famous Stacking Divan Bed by Rolf Heide or new designs like Plane by Felix Stark or the Konnex Shelving System by Florian Gross: Simple, yet acutely thought-through lines and an exceedingly functional design make up the unique character of the design furniture by Müller Möbelwerkstätten!
With the Modular closets, which can be combined in a flexible manner, Rolf Heide once again created a top seller for Müller Möbelwerkstätten: It looks great and offers personally customisable stowage space in the nursery, bedroom, or corridor.
Discover all the design evergreens and novelties by Müller Möbelwerkstätten right here and order them now online!


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M ary Lou Kellenberger, 82, lifelong citizen of Sabetha, Kansas, passed away peacefully on December 24, 2020 at the Apostolic Christian Home.
She was born to the late Louis and Tillie (Strahm) Wenger on May 12, 1938, and married her high school sweetheart, Danny Kellenberger, on October 28, 1956.
Her beautiful life will forever be cherished by her husband, Danny, three daughters and two sons-in-law: Vickie and Scott Angell, Marcie Kerr, and Lesha and Rick Koch, and by her seven grandchildren: Trevor and Ashley Angell, Dustin and Lynelle Angell, Gavin and Janice Angell, Jacob and Rachel Kerr, Kelsi and Jacob Strahm, Kaleb and Alyssa Koch, and Kasha and Chris Rebant, and by her 14 great-grandchildren.
Mary Lou and Danny loved to travel and enjoyed taking annual cruises to the Caribbean and combined her love for family and travel with many memorable family vacations and trips with friends. She enjoyed spending her days with her family helping wherever she could, always willing to sacrifice her time and energy to help others, and often seeing what others needed before they were aware of needing help. Mary Lou was very loyal and went above and beyond in caring for her family and friends without expecting anything in return.
She committed her life to the Lord as a young adult and was a long-time member of Northridge Church, Sabetha. She was a member of Chapter EB of PEO, Sabetha, and a stockholder of her family's business, Wenger Manufacturing, serving on the Board of Directors for several years. She was a homemaker and always faithful to "coffee time" with friends.
Mary Lou leaves many family members and friends who will miss her dearly.
Mary Lou will be lying in state on Tuesday, December 29, 2020 from 2:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. and Wednesday, December 30, 2020 from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. at the Popkess Mortuary Chapel in Sabetha.
Private Family Service will be held Thursday, December 31, 2020. The interment will be made in the Albany Cemetery. Memorial contributions may be made to the NorthRidge Church, sent in care of Popkess Mortuary, 823 Virginia, Sabetha, Kansas 66534.
Tuesday, December 29, 2020
2:00 - 5:00 pm
Popkess Mortuary
Wednesday, December 30, 2020
8:00am - 5:00 pm
Popkess Mortuary
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Spintronics in Two-Dimensional Materials and van der Waals Heterostructures
Ahmet Avsar, Newcastle University
December 11, 2020
Electron spin is an important degree of freedom which can complement charge in information storage and logic devices. With respect to the material selection for spintronics, two-dimensional (2D) materials and their van der Waals heterostructures offer new opportunities that are unfeasible in bulk materials. Remarkable recent advances in 2D-based spintronic research allow us to approach the realization of practical applications [1].
In this seminar, I will first discuss the basics of graphene spintronics and our attempts for solving its major challenges. Our advancements include optospintronics functionality and realization of a spin switch effect have been achieved by creating artificial interfaces with other 2D crystals such as boron nitride and transition metal dichalcogenides [2-3]. In the second part of my talk, I will discuss our spin transport measurements performed in a 2D semiconductor material. I will introduce ultra-thin, semiconducting black phosphorus as a promising material for possible spintronics applications requiring rectification and amplification actions [4]. I will demonstrate that its spin transport properties can be manipulated in a transistor-like manner by just controlling the electric field even at room temperature thanks to its semiconducting nature.
1. A. Avsar et al., Rev. Mod. Phys., 92 (2), 021003 (2020).
2. A. Avsar et al., NPG Asia Mater., 8, e274 (2016).
3. A. Avsar et al., ACS Nano, 11 (11), 11678–11686 (2017).
4. A. Avsar et al., Nat. Phys., 13, 888-894 (2017).


text:
"This new tax just announced by President Donald Trump is, from our point of view, totally unfair and discriminatory," said Restoy.
"Unfair because it is an additional obstacle for Spanish wineries, because of a war that has nothing to do with our sector; and discriminatory because it does not affect all European producing countries that sell in the US, which generates an obvious artificial distortion and a competitive disadvantage against our colleagues in other European countries that will not be affected by this policy.
"This decision will have a real and relevant impact at different levels, and it affects us very negatively, because since it is implemented, the prices at which Zamora Company USA imports its products will automatically rise."
Zamora Company says its relationship with the US market is "very close" and after several decades selling its products through different importers, in August 2018 Zamora Company created its own subsidiary company, Zamora Company USA, a new company of about 40 employees.
Since that date, the Spanish family business directly markets its own products in the US market, with the aim of consolidating its global brands in the country.


text:
Should you're on this boat, you're not alone. When you're already on a yo-yo weight loss plan, pondering of ways to transition from yo-yo weight loss program to creating a healthy way of life might allow you to. • Build a positive relationship to meals, train and mealtimes Always read the Meals Substances Labels, if the listing is long you don't need to learn as you already know it's not a Natural product
So, how will we escape this tradition of needing to look, costume and eat a certain manner? We must find the braveness to step away from exterior influences, to look inside and ask ourselves, "Who am I, and what do I actually need from my life?" This addresses one of the fundamental ideas embedded in the American psyche: freedom! Most of us like to assume we're the freest individuals in the world, and in a means, we are.
So what do diabetics have to eat, then?
Wholesome food – You have to have balanced eating regimen in your breakfast, lunch and dinner. Your eating regimen should embody leafy greens and high fiber stuff. 2500 calories is the daily requirement of a healthy individual. If you're taking greater than this, it'll cause obesity. Alternatively taking lower than this quantity will make you malnourished. Taking strenuous workout routines burns quite a lot of calories. In that case you must take more energy to compensate vitality loss. Your food must not comprise an excessive amount of of oil and fats. A variety of greens and fresh fruits will prevent from various deficiency illnesses.
Moreover what's on my doorstep, I found a global paddlesports journal on the web with articles on Raja Ampat, Indonesia, the Vltava River, Czech Republic and sea kayaking the Quirimbas, Mozambique. I have never heard of any of those places earlier than and I'll or might not get to them but there's a complete new world to be discovered and adventures available and that makes me really feel so alive.
They've a weight capability of 1,200 pounds.
Eating vegatables and fruits as a substitute of junk food is a path towards a healthy life-style. It is difficult to maintain a nutritious diet but in case you are constant in consuming nutritious food then treating your self with occasional candies or ice cream can be good. Eating junk meals every day not solely makes you fats but additionally hampers your physique with a number of diseases.
The lengthy-term answer is a way of life change. It can be simpler to do than you assume. The next time you go to the grocery store make sure that your carriage will get filled with gadgets from across the perimeter of the store as an alternative of the center aisles the place the processed and prepackaged meals is. By just staying out of the center aisles the processed meals is not going to get in your carriage, is not going to get into your cabinets, and will not get into your physique. If you are undecided what you can do with most recent greens ensure you exit to a restaurant that provides a menu stuffed with vegetable dishes. If you realize the parents there, or if they appear pleasant sufficient, inform your waiter that you simply would like to pattern a plate of their greatest vegetable dishes. Chances are you'll shock your self at how much you like nicely prepared vegetable dishes. It's a great way to get good concepts about how you can put together comparable dishes at dwelling.
See the distinction? • Build a positive relationship to food, train and mealtimes. In any case, when have you ever seen a fats caveman? Take cost of your reactivity. You may be happier and healthier by doing so. Stress ranges are higher A clear vision creates a pathway for fulfillment.


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The latest Alignable Pulse Poll of 9,500 small business owners from April 24-27, shows 34 percent of small businesses nationwide won't pay May rent in full, of which 84 percent will only be able to pay half of the rent or less next month.
While the majority of small businesses have made arrangements with landlords for reduced or delayed payments, 36 percent can't get their landlords to budge.
And nearly half of business owners who negotiated with landlords were only able to delay rent by one month. Only 22 percent were successful in deferring rent for three months and a lucky 3 percent pushed off rent for six months.
"Given the massive impact that COVID-19 has waged against small businesses, the issue of paying rent every month just intensifies the problems confronting these very dedicated business owners," said Eric Groves, Alignable co-founder and CEO. "It's gratifying to see that nearly two-thirds of landlords have offered some help, knowing they too have loans and expenses to pay. With that in mind, we need to put more pressure on Washington and the banks to get the CARES Act relief in the hands of small business owners."
The industries most affected by rent struggles include retail, personal services, travel, and restaurants, but this problem cuts across all categories at this point.
That's largely because more than 44 percent of all small businesses have closed, according to another Alignable poll, running April 17-26 with 40,000 respondents. It showed that COVID-19 quarantines have been especially difficult on women-owned, minority-owned, and veteran-owned businesses.
According to that poll, more than half of all women-owned businesses (52 percent) report being closed, while similar figures surfaced for minority-owned businesses (48 percent) and veteran-owned companies (44 percent). That's compared to all other businesses, where only 38 percent have shut their doors. On a hopeful note, 98 percent of all of these businesses plan to reopen once the quarantines have ceased.
"The effects of this Coronavirus crisis on women-owned, minority-owned, and veteran-owned businesses are especially devastating to see," said Venkat Krishnamurthy, Alignable's co-founder and President. "It's hard to fathom how so many of these once-vibrant businesses that bring so much to their communities have been forced into hibernation. We plan to investigate more of these issues in future polls."


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President Franklin D. Roosevelt first established Soil and Water Conservation Districts to combat one of America's greatest ecological disasters.
It was 1935, during the height of The Dust Bowl. Farmers watched their farms and their livelihoods dry up. Drought, compounded by poor farming practices, reduced the topsoil to a fine powder that blew away in massive rolling dust storms.
In its wake, the federal government established the Soil Conservation Service to help communities learn how to better manage their natural resources. Today, that program is called the National Resources Conservation Service.
At a community level, that program continues today in Kentucky's 121 Soil and Water Conservation Districts. Though their budgets have shrunk, the role they provide for communities remains important today as Kentucky grapples with impacts of a changing climate.
The Jefferson County Soil and Water District's objective is to conserve and develop the county's natural resources to reduce soil erosion, improve water quality and help landowner's better care for their natural landscapes.
The district continues to serve the county's farmers, but has also expanded to help organize community gardens, plant trees, enhance woodlands and educate youth. District personnel will even come out to your land, assess it and give science-based recommendations on how to best care for the soil and water.
Often, the district works with sponsors and participates in projects that help promote conservation.
Voters decide on board supervisors that govern the district's activities. The board is made up of seven supervisors elected to four-year terms. The positions are unpaid, though they do get small reimbursements for things like driving to attend meetings.
Voters will choose three supervisors to serve the district this November.
So who's on the ballot?
Of the five people running for the office in Jefferson County, three are returning members. The newcomers are Jasmine Woodard and James Howard Rovenski. Neither returned attempts for comment.
Raymond L. Adams Sr.
Ray Adams joined the board of supervisors in 2003 after serving nearly 30 years as an employee for the Kentucky Division of Conservation. He is one of nine state commissioners for the Kentucky's Soil and Water Conservation Commission. Adams is interested in expanding education programs in Jefferson County, minimizing the city's food deserts and increasing awareness of conservation districts.
"We need to make people aware of how close they depend on the soil and water for their daily lives," Adams said.
David W. Kaelin
David Kaelin has served two terms as a supervisor and was most recently re-elected in 2014. Kaelin owns a 58-acre farm around Jeffersontown. Kaelin said the district is beneficial for every landowner in the county. On farms, they offer improvement programs to enhance wildlife habitats and help maintain fertile soil among other services. Kaelin said he would like to see the board become more involved in education programs in Jefferson County schools.
"I just feel that it's such an important overlooked part of our community," he said. "I just operate our family farm and utilize the programs that the conservation district has to do environmental work on the property."
Larry W. Butler
Larry Butler previously served on the board as a vice chairman. Butler is a farmer with a 600-acre property near the Jefferson, Spencer and Bullitt county lines. He farms soybeans, corn, and wheat, and runs a small cow operation with his son. Butler said the district helps to keep the water clean and land properly drained so that the topsoil doesn't erode.
"If I am elected, if they choose to vote for me, I will be working for them not just for myself. I will do the best to represent the people who voted for me," Butler said.


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We currently abstract over mutable property accesses using what I'll call a continuation-based model–the materializeForSet accessor is called before an inout access, and returns a continuation callback that must be called when the inout access is completed. I think a nested-function-based model, if designed correctly, has the potential to be more efficient and easier to implement.
As background for anyone intimately familiar with the implementation, Swift's language model for mutable properties requires a reconciliation step after a mutation occurs. For example, in an inout access like this:
the y or z property may be computed, requiring a getter call before the call to foo and a setter call afterward, or either property may have willSet or didSet observers that fire after foo finishes. If the base x is a class, protocol, or generic value, the implementation of y can`t be statically known, so we need an abstract interface for mutating the property, projecting out the value at the start of the access and committing the mutated value back at the end. Ideally, the interface should accommodate efficient access to both stored and computed properties, avoiding unnecessary copying of stored properties to avoid inducing CoW copies or, in the near future, violating the constraints of move-only types or the borrow model. There are two broad approaches to doing this:
Continuation-based access
The accessor that begins the formal access can return a continuation closure to call when the access is completed. This is the approach Swift currently uses with its materializeForSet accessor pattern. A property under this model compiles to something like this C code:
struct X {
// getter for Y
Y (*getY)(const X *self);
// setter for Y
void (*setY)(X *self, Y newValue);
// materializeForSet for Y
struct MaterializeForSetReturn {
// The projected field
Y *y;
// The function that finishes the access, or null
void (*finish)(X *self, void *buffer);
struct MaterializeForSetReturn (*materalizeForSettingY)(X *self, void *buffer);
void callFooOnXDotYDotZ(X *x) {
// To compile:
// foo(&x.y.z)
// - call the materializeForSet accessor to begin the access to y, giving it a buffer
// to store a computed value or capture state to pass to the end of the access
char alignas(Y) bufferY[sizeof(Y) + 3*sizeof(void*)];
auto materializedY = x->materializeForSettingY(x, bufferY);
// - call materializeForSet to begin access to z
char alignas(Z) bufferZ[sizeof(Z) + 3*sizeof(void*)];
autom materializedZ = materializedY.y->materializeForSettingZ(materializedY.y, bufferZ);
// - perform the access
// - finish the accesses, if we were given a finishing callback
if (materializedZ.finish)
materializedZ.finish(materializedY.y, bufferZ);
if (materializedY.finish)
materializedY.finish(x, bufferY);
A stored property can be exposed through this interface by trivially returning the projected address of the subobject, with no continuation:
struct MaterializeForSetReturn
materializeForSettingStoredY(X *self, void *buffer) {
return (struct MaterializeForSetReturn){&self->y, NULL};
whereas a computed property can call the getter, store the computed value into the buffer, and return a continuation function that calls the setter:
struct MaterializeForSetReturn
materializeForSettingComputedY(X *self, void *buffer) {
Y oldValue = getY(self);
memcpy(buffer, &oldValue, sizeof(Y));
return (struct MaterializeForSetReturn){(Y *)buffer, finishSettingComputedY};
void finishSettingComputedY(X *self, void *buffer) {
Y newValue;
memcpy(&newValue, buffer, sizeof(Y));
setY(self, newValue);
A benefit of this approach is that it maintains the integrity of the source function in the compiled code. On the other hand, in order for the property implementation to transfer state from the start to the completion of the access, the caller must preallocate some stack space; if it's too much, the space is wasted, and if it's not enough, the property implementation must use malloc to get more space for itself. (It's theoretically possible to avoid this with some clever stack pointer accounting.) There's also a code size impact on the caller, which needs to bracket the inout access with a call on each side. The underlying CPU has to execute three or five branches per segment of the access path (calling and returning from materializeForSet, testing for null, and potentially calling and returning from the continuation if there is one).
Nested functions
Alternatively, we can implement the formal access pattern as a series of nested functions. A property under this model compiles to something like this C code:
struct X {
// getter for Y
Y (*getY)(const X *self);
// setter for Y
void (*setY)(X *self, Y newValue);
// mutator for Y
void *(*mutateY)(X *self, void *context, void *(*innerMutation)(Y *y, void *context));
void callFooOnXDotYDotZ(X *x) {
// To compile:
// foo(&x.y)
// - call the mutate accessor for y, with the inner access as a
// function whose pointer gets passed in
x->mutateY(x, NULL, callFooOnXDotY_inner_1);
void callFooOnXDotYDotZ_inner_1(Y *y, void *context) {
// - call the mutate accessor for z
y->mutateZ(y, context, callFooOnXDotY_inner_2);
void callFooOnXDotYDotZ_inner_2(Z *z, void *context) {
A stored property can implement mutate by projecting the physical address of the subobject, tail-calling the subsequent inner function:
void *mutateStoredY(X *self, void *context, void *(*innerMutation)(Y *y, void *context)) {
/*tail*/ return innerMutation(&self->y, context);
and a computed property can bracket the inner mutation in getter and setter calls:
void *mutateComputedY(X *self, void *context, void *(*innerMutation)(Y *y, void *context)) {
Y value = getY(self);
void *result = innerMutation(&value, context);
setY(self, value);
return result;
This makes things easier for the property implementation, which can easily save as much state as it needs to on the stack instead of relying on a preallocated buffer handed down from the caller. There's one fewer branch necessary per segment of the access path compared to the continuation-based model, either three if the accessor has no reconciliation necessary and can tail-call the inner function, or four if it does a normal call. On the other hand, the caller function has to be broken up into many smaller subfunctions, potentially one for every segment of an access path.
Letting nested functions walk the access path
We can reduce the number of nested functions that are needed for a nested access path by designing a convention that allows each mutator to directly call the mutator for the next segment of access. For example, the caller could construct the entire access path as an array of pointers to mutation functions:
typedef void *(*MutatorFunction)(void *base, MutatorFunction *accessPath, void *context);
void callFooOnXDotYDotZDotW(X *x) {
// foo(&x.y.z.w)
MutatorFunction accessPath = {
mutateY(x, accessPath, NULL);
Each property accessor function then loads the next step of the access out of the path, and advances the pointer forward for the nested access:
void *mutateY(X *self, MutatorFunction *accessPath, void *context) {
// Project out y
Y *y = self->y;
// Call the next step of the access path, passing the remainder of the access path
return (*accessPath)(y, accessPath + 1, context);
And the inner function at the end of the access path ignores the access path parameter and performs the access:
void *callFooOnXDotYDotZDotW_inner(W *w, MutatorFunction *_ignored, void *context) {
In this model, only one inner function needs to be broken out of the caller for the innermost inout access, at least for simple property projections. There are only two branches needed per segment, or one for segments that can tail-call the inner access. Parameterized segments such as subscripts can be supported by storing the parameters in the access path buffer as well, and having the subscript accessor advance past the parameters when it consumes them. For example:
void callFooOnXDotYSubIDotZ(X *x, intptr_t i) {
// foo(&x.y[i].z)
uintptr_t accessPath = {
mutateY(x, accessPath, NULL);
void *mutateYSubscript(Y *y, uintptr_t *accessPath, void *context) {
// Get the subscript index out of the access path
intptr_t i = (intptr_t)*accessPath++;
// Get the next step of the access out of the access path
MutatorFunction next = (MutatorFunction)*accessPath++;
return next(&y->elements[i], accessPath, context);
On the other hand, this does push the inner access functions and subscript arguments onto the stack, which is a small amount of overhead. Furthermore, the caller function has to push any state it needs to pass from outside the access to inside on the stack as well, if it isn't able to cram it otherwise into a single context pointer argument.
Machine-level calling convention tricks
To be able to feed a return value from the inner access back to the outer caller, nested mutators would need to preserve all of the return registers potentially used by the inner access on the way out of the access. To minimize the impact on the outer caller, the convention for mutators could also specify that they need to preserve the contents of callee-save registers when they call down to nested accesses. This should allow as much state to be kept in registers between the outer caller and inner access as if they were naturally in the same function, with at most a function call in between.
With these sorts of optimizations, I think the nested function approach has the potential to be competitive with, or even more efficient than, our current continuation-based materializeForSet design.