text:
Gregory the Great, |
ON THE SONG of SONGS
Commentary on the Song of Songs |
Expositio in Canticum Canticorum |
1. WHEN the human race was banished from the joys of paradise, it embarked upon the pilgrimage of this present life with a heart blind to spiritual understanding. If the divine voice were to proclaim to this blind heart, "Follow God!" or "Love God!"--as it was proclaimed to it in the Law--once it was uttered, the frigid sluggishness of spiritual insensitivity would have prevented it from grasping what it heard. |
Postquam a paradisi gaudiis expulsum est genus humanum, in istam peregrinationem uitae praesentis ueniens caecum cor ab spiritali intellectu habet. Cui caeco cordi si diceretur uoce diuina: sequere deum uel dilige deum, sicut ei in lege dictum est, semel foris missum et per torporem infidelitatis frigidum non caperet, quod audiret. |
And so, a divine discourse is communicated to the frigid, sluggish soul by means of enigmas and secretly teaches such a soul the love that it does not know by means of what it knows. | Idcirco per quaedam enigmata sermo diuinus animae torpenti et frigidae loquitur et de rebus, quas nouit, latenter insinuat ei amorem, quem non nouit. |
2. ALLEGORY functions as a device to lift the soul that is far from God to God. This is possible because allegories employ enigmas. When the soul recognizes something familiar to itself in the words of an enigma, it comes to understand in the deeper meaning of the enigma's words what is not familiar to itself and is thereby separated from the earth by means of earthly terminology. |
Allegoria enim animae longe a deo positae quasi quandam machinam facit, ut per illam leuetur ad deum. Interpositis quippe enigmatibus, dum quiddam in uerbis cognoscit, quod suum est, in sensu uerborum intellegit, quod non est suum, et per terrena uerba separatur a terra. Per hoc enim, quod non abhorret cognitum, intellegit quiddam incognitum. |
By approaching what it already knows, the soul comes to understand what is unknown to it. To create allegories, the divine thoughts are cloaked with what we know; by examining exterior language, we attain an interior understanding. |
Rebus enim nobis notis, per quas allegoriae conficiuntur, sententiae diuinae uestiuntur et, dum recognoscimus exteriora uerba, peruenimus ad interiorem intellegentiam. |
3. For this reason the Song of Songs employs language characteristic of sensual love to reheat the soul using familiar expressions to revive it from sluggishness and to spur it onto the love that is above using language typical of the love here below. |
Hinc est enim, quod in hoc libro, qui in canticis canticorum conscriptus est, amoris quasi corporei uerba ponuntur: ut a torpore suo anima per sermones suae consuetudinis refricata recalescat et per uerba amoris, qui infra est, excitetur ad amorem, qui supra est. |
This book mentions kisses and breasts and cheeks and thighs. We must not ridicule the sacred description of these terms but reflect upon the mercy of God. |
Nominantur enim in hoc libro oscula, nominantur ubera, nominantur genae, nominantur femora; in quibus uerbis non irridenda est sacra descriptio, sed maior dei misericordia consideranda est: |
For this book goes so far as to extend the meaning of the language characteristic of our shameful love in such a way that our heart is set on fire with yearning for that sacred love. |
quia, dum membra corporis nominat et sic ad amorem uocat, notandum est quam mirabiliter nobis cum et misericorditer operatur, |
By discussing the parts of the body, this book summons us to love. Therefore we ought to note how wonderfully and mercifully this book is working within us. |
qui, ut cor nostrum ad instigationem sacri amoris accenderet, usque ad turpis amoris nostri uerba distendit. |
However, from where God lowers himself by speaking, he lifts us up there by understanding. |
Sed, unde se loquendo humiliat, inde nos intellectu exaltat: |
We are instructed by the conversations proper to sensual love when their power causes us to enthusiastically burn with love for the Divinity. |
quia ex sermonibus huius amoris discimus, qua uirtute in diuinitatis amore ferueamus. |
4. Moreover, we ought to consider this book shrewdly lest we become stuck on exterior perceptions when we hear the language of exterior love and the very device employed to lift us up instead weighs us down and fails to lift us up. In this exterior, sensual language we must seek whatever is interior and discuss the body as if we were apart from the body. |
38 Hoc autem nobis sollerter intuendum est, ne, cum uerba exterioris amoris audimus, ad exteriora sentienda remaneamus et machina, quae ponitur ut leuet, ipsa magis opprimat ne leuemur. Debemus enim in uerbis istis corporeis, in uerbis exterioribus, quidquid interius est quaerere et, loquentes de corpore, quasi extra corpus fieri. |
Gregory the Great presents the Scholia
on Job |
The Book of Pastoral Rule |
Gregory to His Most Reverend and Most Holy Brother and Fellow-Bishop, John. |
Reverentissimo et sanctissimo fratri Joanni coepiscopo, Gregorius
. |
WITH kind and humble intent you reprove me, dearest brother, for having wished by hiding myself to fly from the burdens of pastoral care; | Pastoralis curae me pondera fugere delitescendo voluisse, benigna, frater carissime, atque humili intentione reprehendis; |
[And] in regard to these [burdens], lest to some they should appear light, I express with my pen in the book before you all my own estimate of their heaviness, in order both that | quae ne quibusdam levia esse videantur, praesentis libri stylo exprimo de eorum gravedine omne quod penso, ut et |
he who is free from them may not unwarily seek them, and that he who has so sought them may tremble for having obtained them. |
haec qui vacat, incaute non expetat; et qui incaute expetiit, adeptum se esse pertimescat. |
THIS book is divided into four separate heads of argument, that it may approach the reader's mind by allegations arranged in order-by certain steps, as it were. | Quadripartita vero disputatione liber iste distinguitur, ut ad lectoris sui animum ordinatis allegationibus quasi quibusdam pastibus gradiatur. |
For, as the necessity of things requires, we must especially consider | Nam cum rerum necessitas exposcit, pensandum |
[1] in what way a person should come to high leadership; [2] and, having attained it, in what way he should live; [3] and, living well, in what way he should teach; [4] and, teaching rightly, with how great consideration he should daily become aware of his own infirmity; |
valde est ad culmen quisque regiminis qualiter veniat; atque ad hoc rite perveniens, qualiter vivat; et bene vivens, qualiter doceat; et recte [0013B] docens, infirmitatem suam quotidie quanta consideratione cognoscat, |
[1] humility fly from the approach, [2] or life contradict with the arrival, [3] or teaching be absent the life, [4] or presumption unduly exalt the teaching. |
ne aut humilitas accessum fugiat, aut perventioni vita contradicat; aut vitam doctrina destituat; a ut doctrinam praesumptio extollat. 2 |
[1] first let fear temper the desire; [2] but afterwards, authority being assumed by one who sought it not, let his life commend it. [3] But then it is necessary that the good which is displayed in the life of the pastor should also be propagated by his speech. [4] And at last it remains that, whatever works are brought to perfection, consideration of our own infirmity should oppress us in their own regard, test the swelling of elation extinguish even them before the eyes of hidden judgment. |
Prius ergo
appetitum timor temperet: post autem magisterium quod a non quaerente suscipitur, vita commendet; ac deinde necesse est ut pastoris bonum quod vivendo ostenditur, etiam loquendo propagetur. Ad extremum vero superest ut perfecta quaeque opera consideratio propriae infirmitatis deprimat, ne haec ante occulti arbitrii oculos tumor elationis exstinguat. |
inasmuch as there are many, like
me in awkwardness, who, while they do not know how to measure themselves, are covetous of teaching what they have not learned; who estimate lightly the burden of authority in proportion as they are ignorant of the pressure of its greatness; |
Sed quia sunt plerique mihi imperitia similes, qui dum metiri se nesciunt, quae non didicerint docere concupiscunt; qui pondus magisterii tanto levius aestimant, quanto vim magnitudinis illius ignorant; |
let them be reproved from the very beginning of this book; | ab ipso libri hujus reprehendantur [0013C] exordio; |
so that, while, unlearned and precipitate, they desire to hold the citadel of teaching, they may be repelled at the very door of our discourse from the ventures of their precipitancy. |
ut quia indocti
ac praecipites doctrinae
arcem tenere appetunt, a
praecipitationis suae ausibus in ipsa locutionis nostrae janua repellantur. |
CAPUT XXXVIII [Al. LXII.] |
That sometimes lighter vices are to be left alone, that more grievous ones may be removed. |
Quod aliquando leviora vitia relinquenda sunt, ut graviora subtrahantur. |
But since, when the sickness of two vices attacks a man, one presses upon him more lightly, and the other perchance more heavily, it is undoubtedly right to haste to the correction of that through which there is the more rapid tendency to death. And, if the one cannot be restrained from causing the death which is imminent unless the other which is contrary to it increase, the preacher must be content by skilful management in his exhortation to suffer one to increase, to the end that he may keep the other back from causing the death which is imminent. When he does this, he does not aggravate the disease, but preserves the life of his sufferer to whom he administers the medicine, that he may find a fitting time for searching out means of recovery. For there is often one who, while he puts no restraint on his gluttony in food, is presently pressed hard by the stings of lechery, which is on the point of overcoming him, and who, when, terrified by the fear of this struggle, he strives to restrain himself through abstinence, is harassed by the temptation of vainglory: in which case certainly one vice is by no means extinguished unless the other be fostered. |
Sed quia plerumque dum duorum vitiorum languor irruit, hoc levius, illud fortasse gravius premit; [123B] ei nimirum vitio rectius sub celeritate subvenitur, per quod festine ad interitum tenditur. Et si hoc a vicina morte restringi non potest, nisi illud etiam quod existit contrarium crescat tolerandum praedicatori est, ut per exhortationem suam artificioso moderamine unum patiatur crescere, quatenus possit aliud a vicina morte retinere. Quod cum agit, non morbum exaggerat, sed vulnerati sui, cui medicamentum adhibet, vitam servat, ut exquirendae salutis congruum tempus inveniat. Saepe enim quis a ciborum se ingluvie minime temperans, jamjamque pene superantis luxuriae stimulis premitur, qui hujus pugnae metu territus, dum se per abstinentiam restringere nititur, inanis gloriae tentatione fatigatur: in quo nimirum unum vitium nullatenus extinguitur, [123C] nisi aliud nutriatur. |
Which plague then should be the more ardently attacked but that which presses on the man the more dangerously? For it is to be tolerated that through the virtue of abstinence arrogance should meanwhile grow against one that is alive, lest through gluttony lechery should cut him off from life entirely. Hence it is that Paul, when he considered that his weak hearer would either continue to do evil or rejoice in the reward of human praise for well-doing, said, Will you not be afraid of the power? Do that which is good, and you shall have praise of the same (Rom. 13. 3). For it is not that good things should be done in order that no human power may be feared, or that the glory of transitory praise may be thereby won; but, considering that the weak soul could not rise to so great strength as to shun at the same time both wickedness and praise, the excellent preacher in his admonition offered something and took away something. For by conceding mild ailments he drew off keener ones; that, since the mind could not rise all at once to the relinquishing of all its vices, it might, while left in familiarity with some one of them, be taken off without difficulty from another. | Quae igitur pestis ardentius insequenda est, nisi quae periculosius premit? Tolerandum nunquam est ut per virtutem abstinentiae interim arrogantia contra viventem crescat, ne eum per ingluviem a vita funditus luxuria exstinguat. Hinc est quod Paulus, cum infirmum auditorem suum perpenderet, aut prava adhuc velle agere, aut de actione recta humanae laudis retributione gaudere, ait: Vis non timere potestatem? bonum fac, et habebis laudem ex illa (Rom. XIII, 3). Neque enim ideo bona agenda sunt ut potestas hujus mundi nulla timeatur, aut per haec gloria transitoriae laudis sumatur. Sed cum infirmam mentem ad tantum robur ascendere non posse pensaret, ut et pravitatem vitaret simul et laudem; praedicator egregius ei, admonendo aliquid [123D] obtulit, et aliquid tulit. Concedendo enim lenia, subtraxit acriora; ut quia ad deserenda cuncta simul non assurgeret, dum in quodam suo vitio animus familiariter relinquitur, a quodam suo sine labore tolleretur. |
CAPUT XXXIX [Al. LXIII]. |
That deep things ought not to be preached at all to weak souls. |
[124A] Quod infirmis mentibus omnino non debent alta praedicari. |
But the preacher should know how to avoid drawing the mind of his hearer beyond its strength, lest, so to speak, the string of the soul, when stretched more than it can bear, should be broken. For all deep things should be covered up before a multitude of hearers, and scarcely opened to a few. For hence the Truth in person says, Who, thinkest thou, is the faithful and wise steward, whom his Lord has appointed over his household, to give them their measure of wheat in due season? (Luke 12. 42). Now by a measure of wheat is expressed a portion of the Word, lest, when anything is given to a narrow heart beyond its capacity, it be spilt. Hence Paul says, I could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto carnal. As it were to babes in Christ, I have given you milk to drink, and not meat (1 Cor. 3. 1, 2). Hence Moses, when he comes on from the sanctuary of God, veils his shining face before the people; because in truth He shews not to multitudes the secrets of inmost brightness (Exod. 34. 33, 35). Hence it is enjoined on him by the Divine voice that if any one should dig a cistern, and not cover it, and an ox or ass should fall into it, he should pay the price (Exod. 21. 33, 34), because when one who has arrived at the deep streams of knowledge covers them not up before the brutish hearts of his hearers, he is adjudged as liable to penalty, if through his words a soul, whether clean or unclean, be caught on a stumbling-stone. Hence it is said to the blessed Job, Who has given understanding unto the rooster? (Job 38. 36). For a holy preacher, crying aloud in time of darkness, is as the rooster crowing in the night, when he says, It is even now the hour for us to arise from sleep (Rom. 13. 11). And again, Awake ye righteous, and sin not (1 Cor. 15. 34). But the rooster is wont to utter loud chants in the deeper hours of the night; but, when the time of morning is already at hand, he frames small and slender tones; because, in fact, he who preaches aright cries aloud plainly to hearts that are still in the dark, and shows them nothing of hidden mysteries, that they may then hear the more subtle teachings concerning heavenly things, when they draw near to the light of truth. |
Sciendum vero est praedicatori, ut auditoris sui animum ultra vires non trahat, ne, ut ita dicam, dum plus quam valet tenditur, mentis chorda rumpatur. Alta enim quaeque debent multis audientibus contegi, et vix paucis aperiri. Hinc namque per semetipsam Veritas dicit: Quis putas est fidelis dispensator et prudens, quem constituit dominus super familiam suam, ut det illis in tempore tritici mensuram (Matth. XXIV, 45; Luc. XII, 42)? Per mensuram quippe tritici exprimitur modus verbi, ne cum angusto cordi incapabile aliquid tribuitur, extra fundatur. Hinc Paulus ait: Non potui vobis loqui quasi spiritalibus, [124B] sed quasi carnalibus. Tanquam parvulis in Christo lac vobis potum dedi, non escam (I Cor. III, 1). Hinc Moyses a secreto Dei exiens, coruscantem coram populo faciem velat (Exod. XXXIV, 33), quia nimirum turbis claritatis intimae arcana non indicat. Hinc per eum divina voce praecipitur (Ibid. XXI, 33), ut is qui cisternam foderit, si operire neglexerit, corruente in ea bove vel asino, pretium reddat; quia ad alta scientiae fluenta perveniens, cum haec apud bruta audientium corda non contegit, poenae reus addicitur, si per verba ejus in scandalum, sive munda sive immunda mens capiatur. Hinc ad beatum Job dicitur? Quis dedit gallo intelligentiam (Job. XXXVIII, 36)? Praedicator etenim sanctus dum caliginoso hoc clamat in tempore, quasi gallus cantat in nocte, cum [124C] dicit: Hora est jam nos de somno surgere (Rom. XIII, 11). Et rursum: Evigilate justi, et nolite peccare (I Cor. XV, 34). Gallus autem 100 profundioribus horis noctis altos edere cantus solet; cum vero matutinum jam tempus in proximo est, minutas ac tenues voces format, quia nimirum qui recte praedicat, obscuris adhuc cordibus aperta clamat, nil de occultis mysteriis indicat, ut tunc subtiliora quaeque de coelestibus audiant, cum luci veritatis appropinquant. |
Translation adapted from that of D.Hurst, Gregory The Great: Forty Gospel Homilies, (Cistercian Studies 1990) 332-338
[...] Or what king, going to join battle against another king, does not first sit down and take counsel whether he is able with ten thousand to meet him who comes against him with twenty thousand? And if not, when the other is still some distance away, he sends a delegation and asks for terms of peace. (Luke 14:16-33) |
Aut quis rex iturus committere bellum adversus alium regem, non sedens prius cogitat si possit cum decem millibus occurrere ei qui cum viginti millibus venit ad se? Alioquin adhuc illo longe agente, legationem mittens, rogat ea quae pacis sunt. |
A KING comes to do battle against another king the equal of himself. But if he considers carefully that he is unable to hold out, he sends a delegation and begs for terms of peace. |
Rex contra regem ex aequo venit ad praelium, et tamen si se perpendit non posse sufficere, legationem mittit, et ea quae pacis sunt postulat. |
With what tears should we hope for pardon, who in the dreadful inspection do not come to judgment with our king as an equal! Our status, our weakness, our cause reveal us as inferiors. |
Quibus ergo nos lacrymis veniam sperare debemus, qui in illo tremendo examine cum Rege nostro [1278C] ex aequo ad judicium non venimus, quos nimirum conditio, infirmitas, et causa inferiores exhibet? |
Perhaps we have already cut away the sins of our wicked deeds, already made an outward change from everything wrong. Are we able to offer an explanation of our thoughts? One is said to be coming with twenty thousand, and another coming with ten thousand cannot hold out against him. Twenty thousand is double ten thousand. If we are making great progress, still we hardly preserve our external works from error. Even if we cut away all outward dissipation, we have still not entirely removed it from our hearts. |
7. Sed fortasse jam mali operis culpas abscidimus, jam prava quaeque exterius declinamus; nunquid ad reddendam rationem cogitationis nostrae sufficimus? Nam cum viginti millibus venire dicitur is contra quem minime sufficit iste qui cum decem millibus venit. Decem millia quippe ad viginti millia simplum ad duplum sunt. Nos autem si multum proficimus, vix exteriora nostra opera in rectitudine servamus. Nam et si jam luxuria carnis abscissa est, tamen adhuc a corde funditus abscissa non est. |
BUT the one who will come as judge judges outer and inner matters alike; he weighs deeds and thoughts equally. And so the one who examines us, we who are scarcely ready in works alone, on our works and thoughts alike, comes with an army twice the size of ours. | Ille autem qui judicaturus venit exteriora simul et interiora judicat, facta pariter et cogitationes pensat. Cum duplo ergo exercitu contra simplum venit, qui nos vix [1278D] in solo opere praeparatos simul de opere et cogitatione discutit. |
WHAT must we do, my friends, when we perceive that we are unable to hold out with an army half his size, except send a delegation and ask for terms of peace when he is still some distance away? He is said to be some distance away because we do not yet see him present for judgment. |
Quid ergo agendum est, fratres, nisi ut dum nos cum simplo exercitu contra duplum illius sufficere non posse conspicimus, dum adhuc longe est, legationem mittamus, et rogemus ea quae pacis sunt? Longe enim esse dicitur, qui adhuc praesens per judicium non videtur. |
Let us send him our tears as a delegation, |
Mittamus ad hunc legationem lacrymas nostras, |
let us send him works of mercy. |
mittamus misericordiae opera, |
Let us slaughter propitiatory victims on his altar. |
1631 mactemus in ara ejus hostias placationis, |
Let us acknowledge that we cannot contend with him at the judgment; |
[1279A] cognoscamus nos cum eo in judicio non posse contendere; |
let us consider the power of his strength, [and] |
pensemus virtutem ejus fortitudinis, |
[let us] ask for terms of peace. |
rogemus ea quae pacis sunt. |
This is our delegation, that reconciles the king who is coming. |
Haec est nostra legatio, quae regem venientem placat. |
Consider, my friends, how fortunate it is that the one who can vanquish us at his arrival is slow in coming. Let us send our delegation to him, as I have said, by weeping, by bestowing alms, and by offering holy sacrifices. |
Pensate, fratres, quam benignum sit quod is qui suo adventu valet opprimere tardat venire. Mittamus ad hunc, ut diximus, legationem nostram, fluendo, tribuendo, sacras hostias offerendo. |
The sacrifice of the altar, offered with tears and generosity of heart, pleads in a unique way for our forgiveness, | Singulariter namque ad absolutionem nostram oblata cum lacrymis et benignitate mentis sacri altaris hostia suffragatur, |
because the one who, himself rising from the dead, will never die again, (Rom 6:9) is even now suffering for us anew through this sacrifice in his own mysterious way. | quia is qui in se resurgens a mortuis jam non moritur, adhuc per hanc in suo mysterio pro nobis iterum patitur. |
As often as we offer him the sacrifice of his passion, we renew his passion for our forgiveness. | Nam quoties ei hostiam suae passionis offerimus, toties nobis ad absolutionem nostram passionem illius reparamus. |
IT is the case, or so I think, dearly beloved, that many of you know the story that I want to recall to your memories. It is related how not long ago a certain man was captured by the enemy and transported far away. He was held for a long time in chains, and when he did not return from captivity his wife considered that he had died. |
8. Multos, ut arbitror, vestrum, fratres charissimi, [1279B] contigit nosse hoc quod volo ad memoriam vestram narrando revocare. Non longe a nostris fertur temporibus factum quod quidam ab hostibus captus longe transductus est (Lib. IV Dialog., 57); cumque diu teneretur in vinculis, eum uxor sua cum ex eadem captivitate non reciperet, exstinctum pulavit. |
She took care to offer the sacrifice for him every week, as for one already dead, and as often as she offered the sacrifice his chains were unshackled in his captivity. | Pro quo jam velut mortuo hostias hebdomadibus singulis curabat offerre. Cujus toties vincula solvebantur in captivitate, quoties ab ejus conjuge oblatae fuissent hostiae pro animae ejus absolutione. |
WHEN after a long time he returned, he revealed to his wife, since he wondered greatly at it, how on certain days in each week his chains were unshackled. Considering which days and hours these were, she realized that his chains were loosened whenever she remembered him in the sacrifice offered for him. Think carefully of this, dearly beloved, and draw from it a realization of the power the holy sacrifice has to loose the bonds of our hearts, if when one person offered it for another it was able to loose the chains on his body. |
Nam longa post tempora reversus, admirans valde suae indicavit uxori quod diebus certis, hebdomadibus singulis, ejus vincula solvebantur. Quos videlicet dies ejus uxor atque horas discutiens, tunc eum recognovit absolutum, cum pro eo sacrificium meminerat [1279C] oblatum. Hinc ergo, fratres charissimi, hinc certa consideratione colligite, oblata a nobis hostia sacra quantum in nobis solvere valeat ligaturam cordis, si oblata ab altero potuit in altero solvere vincula corporis. |
MANY of you, dearly beloved, know Cassius, bishop of the city of Narni., It was his practice to offer the sacrifice to God every day, so that scarcely a day of his life passed without his offering God the propitiatory victim. And his life corresponded to the sacrifice: after giving away all that he had in alms, when he came to the time to offer the sacrifice, entirely dissolved in tears he offered himself with great compunction of heart. |
9. Multi vestrum, fratres charissimi, Cassium Narniensis urbis episcopum noverunt, cui mos erat quotidianas Deo hostias offerre, ita ut pene nullus dies vitae ejus abscederet quo non omnipotenti Deo hostiam placationis immolaret (Lib. IV Dialog., cap. 56). Cui cum sacrificio valde etiam concordabat vita. Nam cuncta quae habebat in eleemosynis tribuens, cum ad horam offerendi sacrificii venisset, velut totus in lacrymis defluens, semetipsum cum magna cordis contritione mactabat. |
I learned of his life and death from a deacon of venerable life whom Cassius had trained. He said that on a certain night the Lord stood by his priest in a vision and said: 'Go and tell your bishop: Continue to act as you are acting; do what you are doing. Don't let your foot or your hand stop working. On the Apostles' day you will come to me, and I will pay you your wages.' The priest arose; but because the day of the Apostles was near, he feared to report to the bishop that the day of his death was so close. The Lord returned on another night, strongly rebuked his disobedience, and repeated his command in the same words. The priest rose intending to go ahead, but again his heart weakened and prevented him from declaring the revelation. He refused to yield to the command, which had already been repeated once, and failed to make known what he had seen. |
Cujus et vitam et exitum, quodam venerabilis vitae Diacono, qui fuerat ab [1279D] eo nutritus, referente, cognovi. Aiebat enim quod quadam nocte ejus presbytero per visum Dominus astitit, dicens: Vade et dic episcopo: Age quod agis, operare quod operaris, non cesset pes tuus, non cesset manus tua; natali apostolorum venies ad me, et retribuam tibi mercedem tuam. Surrexit presbyter, sed quia e vicino apostolorum natalitius dies imminebat, tam propinqui exitus diem episcopo nuntiare pertimuit. Alia nocte Dominus rediit, ejusque inobedientiam venementer increpavit, atque eadem jussionis suae verba retexuit. Tunc presbyter surrexit ut [1280A] pergeret, sed rursus infirmitas cordis impedimento facta est indicandae revelationis; et ad admonitionem quoque iteratae jussionis obduruit pergere, et quae viderat manifestare neglexit. |
BECAUSE when grace is rejected great anger follows upon former kindness, the Lord appeared for a third time in a vision of punishment. He now added blows to his words, and gave him such a severe beating that the wounds to his body vanquished his stubbornness of heart. He therefore arose, taught by the blows, and proceeded to the bishop whom he found waiting, as was his custom, to offer the eucharistic sacrifice beside the tomb of the blessed martyr Juvenal. He asked to see him apart from those standing around, and prostrated himself at his feet. When the bishop had with difficulty raised the weeping man, he was eager to learn the reason for his tears. The priest, to reveal the course of the vision, first removed the clothing from his shoulders to disclose the blows his body had received. He showed as what I might call witnesses to the truth and to his sin how severely the blows he had received had cut into his body, and the wounds they had caused. When the bishop saw them, he was horrified, and inquired with astonishment who had ventured to do such things to him. The priest answered that he had endured them for him. The bishop's amazement and his alarm grew stronger. Without further delay the priest disclosed to him the secret revelation, and told him the words of the Lord's command which he had heard: 'Continue to act as you are acting; do what you are doing. Don't let your hand or your foot stop working. On the Apostles' day you will come to me, and I will pay you your wages.' On hearing this the bishop fell prostrate in prayer, with great compunction of heart; he who had come to offer the eucharistic sacrifice at the third hour postponed it until the ninth, owing to the length of his protracted prayer. |
Sed quia magnam mansuetudinem contemptae gratiae major se qui 1632 solet ira vindictae, visione tertia Dominus apparens, jam verbis addidit verbera, et tam districta caede mactatus est, ut in eo duritiam cordis emollirent vulnera corporis. Surrexit ergo eruditus ex verbere, perrexit ad episcopum, eumque jam ex more juxta beati Juvenalis martyris sepulcrum ad offerendum sacrificium consistentem reperit, secretum a circumstantibus petiit, seque ejus pedibus prostravit. Cumque eum ubertim flentem episcopus vix ad se levare potuisset, lacrymarum causas cognoscere studuit. [1280B] Ille vero, relaturus ordinem visionis, prius vestimento ex humeris devoluto, detexit plagas corporis, ut ita dicam, testes veritatis et culpae, monstravit quanta animadversione districtionis membra illius accepta verbera, livore inflicto, sulcaverant. Quae mox ut episcopus vidit, exhorruit, et quis sibi talia facere praesumpsisset cum magnae obstupefactionis vocibus inquisivit. At ille respondit, haec se pro ipso fuisse perpessum. Excrevit cum terrore admiratio; sed nullas jam presbyter inquisitioni ejus moras adjiciens, secretum revelationis aperuit, eique jussionis dominicae per ea quae audierat verba narravit, dicens: Age quod agis, operare quod operaris, non cesset manus tua, non cesset pes tuus; natali apostolorum venies ad me, et retribuam tibi [1280C] mercedem tuam. Quibus auditis, episcopus se in orationem cum magna cordis contritione prostravit, et qui oblaturus sacrificium ad horam tertiam venerat, hoc pro extensae orationis magnitudine ad horam nonam usque protelavit. |
FROM that day the riches of his devotion increased; he became as steadfast in his work as he was certain of his recompense, and he who had been under obligation to the Lord now began to have the Lord under obligation to him, because of his promise. It had been his practice to go to Rome every year on the Apostles' day. Now, apprehensive because of the revelation, he decided not to go according to habit. He was watchful at the same time during the second year too, and the third, in expectation of his death, and felt the same uncertainty during the fourth, fifth and sixth years. He could almost have lost hope in the truth of the revelation if the blows had not given credit to the words. |
Atque ex illo jam die magis magisque aucta sunt ei lucra pietatis; factusque est tam fortis in opere quam certus ex munere, quippe qui eum, cui ipse debitor fuerat, ex ea promissione jam coeperat habere debitorem. Huic autem consuetudo fuerat, annis singulis, natalitio apostolorum die Romam venire; jamque ex hac revelatione suspectus, venire juxta morem noluit. Eodem ergo tempore sollicitus fuit, secundo quoque anno vel tertio in mortis suae exspectatione suspensus, quarto, quintoque, et sexto similiter. Qui desperare jam de veritate revelationis [1280D] poterat, si verbis fidem verbera non fecissent. |
In the seventh year he had reached the eve of the awaited feast of the Apostles unharmed, but a slight fever beset him then. His flock was expecting him to carry out the solemn mass on the Apostles' day, but he refused, saying that he could not. But because they were equally apprehensive of his departure from this life, they came to him in a body, binding themselves in a unanimous agreement that they would not take part in the celebration of the solemn mass on that day unless their bishop would be their mediator in the presence of God. Then he, constrained to do so, celebrated mass in the bishop's oratory, and distributed with his own hand the Lord's body, and gave the kiss of peace to all. |
Cum ecce anno septimo usque ad exspectati natalis sacras vigilias incolumis pervenit; sed lenis hunc in vigiliis calor attigit, atque ipso die natalitio filiis suis se exspectantibus, missarum solemnia implere se posse recusavit. Illi vero quia de ejus erant pariter egressione suspecti, simul ad eum omnes venerunt, sese unanimiter astringentes ut die eodem nequaquam acquiescerent missarum solemnia celebrari, nisi pro eis apud Dominum 1633 idem antistes suus intercessor accederet. Tunc ille, compulsus, [1281A] in episcopii oratorio missas fecit, et manu sua corpus dominicum pacemque omnibus tribuit. |
WHEN the sacrificial offering had been completed, the bishop returned to his bed. As he lay there, and saw his priests and minsters standing round, he gave them a kind of last farewell. He counseled them concerning the preservation of the bond of love, and commended the great harmony that ought to unite them. In the midst of these words of exhortation he suddenly cried out in a terrible voice, 'It is the hour,' and immediately gave with his own hands to those standing by him the linen cloth which according to custom is placed over the face of the dying. When it was in place he sent forth his spirit, and so the holy soul, reaching eternal joys, was freed from the corruption of the body. |
Qui cuncto ministerio oblati sacrificii peracto, ad lectulum rediit, ibique jacens, dum sacerdotes suos ac ministros circumstetisse cerneret, quasi vale ultimum dicens, de servando eos vinculo charitatis admonebat, et quanta debuissent concordia inter se uniri praedicabat. Cum subito inter ipsa sanctae exhortationis verba, voce terribili clamavit, dicens: Hora est. Moxque assistentibus ipse suis manibus linteum dedit, quod ex more morientium sibi contra faciem tenderetur. Quo tenso, spiritum emisit, sicque sancta illa anima, ad gaudia aeterna perveniens, a carnis corruptione soluta est. |
WHOM, dearly beloved, did that man imitate in his death if not the one he had contemplated during his lifetime? When he said, 'It is the hour', he went forth from his body. Jesus too, when everything had been completed and he had said, 'It is finished', bowed his head and gave up his spirit.(Jn 19:3016) What the Lord did because of his power, his servant did because of his call. |
Quem, fratres charissimi, quem vir iste in morte sua imitatus est, nisi eum [1281B] quem in vita sua fuerat contemplatus? Dicens enim: Hora est, de corpore exiit, quia et Jesus, peractis omnibus, cum dixisset: Consummatum est, inclinato capite, tradidit spiritum (Joan. XIX, 30). Quod ergo Dominus ex potestate, hoc egit famulus ex vocatione. |
See what great peace and grace the delegation made up of the daily sacrifice, sent with almsgiving and tears, brought about with the king who was on his way! | 10. Ecce quotidianae hostiae illa cum eleemosynis et lacrymis missa legatio quantam cum Rege veniente gratiae pacem fecit. Relinquat ergo omnia qui potest. |
Let one who can do so abandon everything [i.e. vowed poverty], but let one who cannot do this send a delegation of his tears and his almsgiving while the king is still some distance away, and let him offer the gift of the sacrifice. | Qui autem relinquere omnia non potest, cum adhuc longe est Rex, legationem mittat, lacrymarum, eleemosynarum, hostiarum munera offerat. |
The one who knows that we cannot bear his wrath wants to be appeased by our prayers. | Vult enim placari precibus, qui scit quia portari non possit iratus. |
The delay in his coming shows that he is awaiting a delegation of peace. He would have come already if he had wanted to, and would have slaughtered all his adversaries. He reveals how fearful he will be when he comes, and yet that he is slow to come, since he does not want to find any to punish. |
Quod adhuc moram facit venire, legationem pacis sustinet. Venisset jam namque si vellet, [1281C] et cunctos suos adversarios trucidasset. Sed et quam terribilis veniet indicat, et tamen ad veniendum tardat, quia non vult invenire quos puniat. |
So therefore, everyone of you who does not renounce all that he possesses cannot be my disciple. And yet he bestows the remedy of the salvation we are to hope for. He whom we cannot endure because of his anger desires to be appeased by the delegation of peace he has begged for. And so you must wash away the stains of your sins with your tears, dearly beloved, you must wipe them away with your almsgiving, and atone for them with the holy sacrifice. You must not possess by desiring them the things you have not yet abandoned because you need to use them. |
Reatum nobis contemptus nostri denuntiat, dicens: Sic ergo omnis ex vobis qui non renuntiat omnibus quae possidet, non potest meus esse discipulus; et tamen sperandae salutis remedium confert, quia qui per iram non potest ferri, per postulatae pacis vult legationem placari. Lavate ergo, fratres charissimi, lacrymis maculas peccatorum, eleemosynis tergite, sacris hostiis expiate. Nolite possidere per desiderium quae adhuc per usum minime reliquistis. |
Put your hope in your Redeemer alone. Pass in your heart to your eternal homeland. If you possess nothing in this world by your love for it, even though you have possessions you have abandoned everything |
Spem in solo Redemptore figite, ad aeternam patriam mente transite. Si enim nil in hoc mundo jam amando possidetis, etiam possidendo cuncta reliquistis. |
May he who has bestowed upon us the remedies for eternal peace grant us longed-for joys, Jesus Christ our Lord, who lives and reigns with the Father in the unity of the Holy Spirit, God for ever and ever. Amen. |
Ipse nobis gaudia [1281D] desiderata concedat, qui nobis aeternae pacis remedia contulit, Jesus Christus Dominus noster, qui vivit et regnat cum Patre in unitate Spiritus sancti Deus, per omnia saecula saeculorum. Amen. |
Gregory the Great & Leander |
Gregory to
Gregoria, |
Gregorius Gregoriae cubiculariae Augustae. |
I have received the longed for letters of your Sweetness, in which you have been at pains all through to accuse yourself of a multitude of sins: but I know that you fervently love the Almighty Lord, and I trust in His mercy that the sentence which was pronounced with regard to a certain holy woman proceeds from the mouth of the Truth with regard to you: Her sins, which are many, are forgiven her, for she loved much (Luke 7. 47). And how they were forgiven is shown also by what follows afterwards; that she sat at the Lord's feet, and heard the word from His mouth (Luke 10. 39). For, being rapt in the contemplative, she had transcended the active life, which Martha her sister still pursued (Luke 10. 40). She also sought earnestly her buried Lord, and, stooping over the sepulcher, found not His body. But, even when the disciples went away, she remained standing before the door of the sepulcher, and whom she sought as dead, Him she was counted worthy to see alive, and announced to the disciples that He had risen again. And this was by the wonderful dispensation of the loving-kindness of God, that life should be announced by a woman's mouth, because by a woman's mouth had been the first taste of death in Paradise. And at another time also, with another Mary, she saw the Lord after His resurrection, and held His feet. |
Desiderata dulcedinis vestrae scripta suscepi, in quibus vos omnino de peccatorum multitudine studuistis accusare; sed scio quia omnipotentem [877C] Dominum ferventer diligitis, atque in ejus misericordia confido quia illa de vobis sententia ex ore Veritatis procedit, quae de quadam sancta muliere dicta est: Dimissa sunt ei peccata multa, quoniam dilexit multum (Luc. VII, 47). Quomodo autem fuerint dimissa, in hoc etiam monstratum est quod postmodum est secutum, quia ad pedes Domini sedebat, et verbum ex ore illius audiebat (Luc. X, 39). In contemplativa enim vita suspensa, jam activam transcenderat, quam adhuc Martha illius soror tenebat (Ibid., 40). Sepultum quoque Dominum studiose quaesivit, ad monumentum inclinata corpus illius non invenit. Sed etiam recedentibus discipulis ipsa ante januam monumenti plorans perstitit, et quem mortuum quaerebat, viventem videre meruit, et quia [877D] resurrexisset discipulis nuntiavit (Matth. XXVIII, 1; Luc. XXIV, 1, seq.). Et hoc mira dispensatione pietatis [878A] Dei fuit, ut ex ore mulieris nuntiaretur vita, quia ex ore mulieris mors fuerat in paradiso propinata. Quae alio quoque tempore cum Maria altera Dominum post resurrectionem vidit, et accedens pedes ejus tenuit. |
Bring before your eyes, I pray you, what hands held whose feet. That woman who had been a sinner in the city, those hands which had been polluted with iniquity, touched the feet of Him who sits at the right hand of the Father above all the angels. Let us estimate, if we can, what those bowels of heavenly loving-kindness are, that a woman who had been plunged through sin into the whirlpool's depth should be thus lifted high on the wing of love through grace. It is fulfilled, sweet daughter, it is fulfilled, what was promised to us by the prophetic voice concerning this time of the holy Church: And in that day the house of David shall be an open fountain for ablution of the sinner and of her that is unclean (Zach. 13. 1). For the house of David is an open fountain for ablution to us sinners, because we are washed from the filth of our iniquities by mercy now disclosed through the son of David our Savior. | Duc, rogo, ante oculos, quae manus, cujus tenuerunt pedes. Illa mulier quae fuerat in civitate peccatrix, illae manus quae fuerant iniquitate pollutae, illius tetigerunt pedes qui ad Patris dexteram super angelorum verticem sedet. Pensemus, si possumus, quae sint ista supernae pietatis viscera, ut mulier, quae in profundum voraginis fuerat demersa per culpam, ex amoris penna sic in altum levaretur per gratiam. Impletum est, dulcis filia, impletum quod de hoc sanctae Ecclesiae tempore prophetica nobis voce promissum est: Et in die [878B] illo erit domus David fons patens in ablutionem peccatoris, et menstruatae (Zach. XIII, 1). Domus enim David nobis peccatoribus fons patens in ablutionem est, quia ab in quitatum nostrarum sordibus per David filium Salvatorem nostrum aperta jam misericordia lavamur. |
But as to what your Sweetness has added in your letters, namely that you will continue to be urgent with me till I write that it has been revealed to me that your sins are forgiven, you have demanded a difficult, nay even an unprofitable thing; difficult indeed, because I am unworthy of having a revelation made to me; but unprofitable, because you should not to become secure about your sins, except when in the last day of your life you will be able no longer to bewail them. But, until that day comes, you should, ever suspicious and ever fearful, to be afraid of faults, and wash them with daily tears. Assuredly the apostle Paul had already ascended into the third heaven, had also been caught up into Paradise, and heard secret words which it was not lawful for a man to speak (2 Cor. 12. 2, ff.), and yet, still fearful, he said, I keep under my body, and bring it into subjection, lest that by any means, while preaching to others, I myself should become a castaway (1 Cor. 9. 27). One who is caught up into heaven still fears; and shall one whose conversation is still on earth desire already not to fear? Consider, most sweet daughter, that security is wont to be the mother of carelessness. You should not, then, in this life to have security, whereby you may be rendered careless. For it is written, Happy is the man that is always afraid (Prov. 28. 14)And again it is written, Serve the Lord in fear, and rejoice unto him with trembling (Ps. 2. 11). In short, then, it must needs be that in the time of this life trembling possess your soul, to the end that it may hereafter rejoice without end through the joy of security. May Almighty God fill your soul with the grace of His Holy Spirit, and, after the tears which you daily shed in prayer, bring you to eternal joys. | Quod vero dulcedo tua in suis epistolis subjunxit importunam se mihi existere, quoadusque scribam mihi esse revelatum quia peccata tua dimissa sunt, rem difficilem etiam et inutilem postulasti: difficilem quidem, quia ego indignus sum cui revelatio fieri debeat; inutilem vero, quia secura de peccatis tuis fieri non debes, nisi cum jam in die vitae tuae ultimo plangere eadem peccata minime valebis. Quae dies quousque veniat, semper suspecta, semper trepida [878C] metuere culpas debes, atque eas quotidianis fletibus lavare. Certe Paulus apostolus jam ad tertium coelum ascenderat, in paradisum quoque ductus fuerat, arcana verba audierat, quae homini loqui non liceret (II Cor. XII, 2, 3, 4), et tamen adhuc trepidans, dicebat: Castigo corpus meum, et servituti subjicio, ne forte aliis praedicans, ipse reprobus efficiar (I Cor. IX, 27). Adhuc timet qui jam ad coelum ducitur, et jam temere non vult qui adhuc in terra conversatur? Perpende, dulcissima filia, quia mater negligentiae solet esse securitas. 870 Habere ergo in hac vita non debes securitatem, per quam negligens reddaris. Scriptum est enim: Beatus vir qui semper est pavidus (Prov. XXVIII, 14). Et rursus scriptum est: Servite Domino in timore, et exsultate [878D] ei cum tremore (Psal. II, 11). In pauco ergo hujus vitae tempore mentem vestram necesse est ut tremor [879A] teneat, quatenus per securitatis gaudium sine fine postmodum exsultet. Omnipotens Deus sancti Spiritus sui gratia mentem vestram repleat, et post fletus, quos quotidie in oratione funditis, ad gaudia vos aeterna perducat . (Cf. Joan. Diac. l. IV, n. 60.) |
This Webpage was created for a workshop held at Saint Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, California in 2004


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Currey and Company Coraline Table Lamp 6000-0659
Coco Chanel couldn't have put together a more sophisticated take on black and white than our Coraline Table Lamp does. Made of white ceramic in a pod-like pose, the body perches on a beautiful black optic crystal base that echoes the depth of the hardware in a glossy black finish and the black shantung shade. The striations in the lamp bring it a light textural feel.
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This doesn't create too much pressure
Yeah, I think my mom and dad would be happy [about this policy]; and they would say that it's a good thing to have such a policy in our university because all these things could be happening behind our back and then someone will speak up or report and they could have, like, both options. This doesn't create too much pressure like, "Oh yeah, I have to be bullied, and with all the people around, my information is going to be exposed," or, "then I'll have to face everyone." That would not be the case, because they could be complete strangers to people, but they're still getting good counselling and all those things, and if they are really strong enough to stand for them, they could report the case and probably, you know, make sure that the person who is doing such a horrible thing is being punished. So, I think my parents would have a good reaction to it, like, "Oh yeah, it's a really good thing to have in a university where students might face things and they're able to speak up about it."
Develop a one-page document for parents/guardians of students that highlights key policy points and links to sexual assault resources and supports available in Canada.
Describe possible legal and institutional consequences for respondents found to have engaged in sexual violence. Provide indication of the range of consequences likely to follow a range of policy violations.
Provide students with information about what can serve as evidence of sexual assault for the purposes of a university investigation. This information should appear in the policy itself and in educational materials about the policy.
In the policy itself and in materials and presentations promoting the policy, define "confidential" and "anonymous," and explain how these concepts pertain to the policy, university-based sexual assault services, and the limits on confidentiality and anonymity.


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Hogwarts Legacy Gameplay Showcase Shows Off Character Creator, Combat, and Lots of Other details
Avalanche Software also offers more insight into classes while teasing what lies beyond Hogwarts.
Avalanche Software and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment showed off a host of new gameplay during a new Harry Potter: Hogwarts Legacy showcase earlier today, including the character creator, the combat, the user interface, and more.
It constituted the deepest look so far at the open-world Harry Potter game, which casts the player as a fifth-year student within Hogwarts. It revealed how the new game will bring Hogwarts to life, starting with the Hufflepuff Common Room and continuing on through various parts of the castle.
The tour included fresh details on the various quests, collectibles, and other aspects that should be familiar to fans of open-world games and RPGs. One of the main conceits is that the main character is behind other students, so they have to complete a variety of mini-quests to catch up. These quests are catalogued in the Wizard's Field Guide, which tracks elements surrounding combat, quests, collections, and rooms of requirements.
Classes, meanwhile, will be optional sidequests, providing players an opportunity to advance their spells and learn more about the various professors.
The showcase also included a look at the character creator, which includes a variety of hairstyles, including dreadlocks and cornrows, as well as freckles and other options. The hero is shown wearing a Victorian bowtie, waistcoat, and duster. The developers confirmed that you'll be able to change your appearance in-game by going to a barber shop in Hogsmeade.
Along the way, the developers acknowledged some of the elements the team couldn't include, such as Quidditch, Gobstones, and Wizard's Chess. While they weren't able to include everything, they said, they tried to include most of these elements in the narrative in some way.
The showcase concluded with a brief look at the combat as the player battled a dummy in the dueling club, which is housed in the Hogwarts clock tower. The developers also hinted at what lies beyond the walls of Hogwarts, promising that players will be able to visit every area they can see while looking over the vast Scottish landscape below.
Warner Bros. showed comparatively little of Hogwarts Legacy's gameplay ahead of this showcase, instead focusing on story elements like the inclusion of the Unforgivable Curses. Like the rest of the Harry Potter franchise, Hogwarts Legacy has been swept up in the controversy surrounding J.K. Rowling's continued attacks on transgender people, which has split fans and even the cast of the movies.
Harry Potter: Hogwarts Legacy is under development by Avalanche Software for Xbox Series X|S, Xbox One, PS5, PS4, Nintendo Switch, and PC. It is set to release on February 10.
Kat Bailey is a Senior News Editor at IGN as well as co-host of Nintendo Voice Chat. Have a tip? Send her a DM at @the_katbot.


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The Third Edition includes the latest changes in the law plus additional content affecting Foreign Domestic Workers (FDW's). The new title reflects this edition's shift in focus to this population of workers. The change reflects the expertise we have developed with a caseload focused on FDW's.
Changes in this Edition include:
– A new section on contractual breaches specific to FDWs;
– An expanded look at the torts that might be committed against FDWs;
– New sections on Illegal Deployment and the Overcharging of Agency Fees;
– A new section on Evidence Collection and other practical considerations
Our Hong Kong Practitioner's Manual is Also Available for Free.
Foreign domestic workers who are victims of exploitation and human trafficking in Singapore struggle to bring claims against their abusers. Many cannot stay in the country to seek legal action, and going home almost always means going without compensation. Unscrupulous employers and brokers thus get away with theft or worse.
JWB has developed comprehensive legal resources in Singapore and Hong Kong on how to identify, develop and bring civil claims against exploiters even after such workers have returned home. These guides help caseworkers abroad and in clients' home countries screen cases for potential legal claims, while helping host country lawyers prepare litigation for their clients.
Together, these products seek to help bridge the gap between legal aid abroad and victims at home, enabling workers to get help wherever they happen to be.
The Third Edition was published in November 2018, with Bahasa Indonesia translation to come. The Second Edition has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia, available here.
The Singapore Practitioner's Manual was the product of countless hours of work by pro bono lawyers, law students and other volunteers. Please consider a donation in support of JWB's programmes for migrant workers when you download the Manual. Our suggested donation levels in USD are:
Publication Patron: $100
Publication Sponsor: $75
Publication Supporter: $50
Or give an amount that's right for you
Download the Singapore Practitioner's Manual in English
JWB's Practitioner's Manuals seek to help those returning home to bring claims against their abusers in Singapore or Hong Kong. Gathering the experiences and know-how of local and international lawyers and advocates in the field, the manuals guide legal and non-legal service providers through the process of seeking just compensation in Singapore or Hong Kong courts on behalf of exploited migrant workers. Topics include:
What legal remedies are available for the most common forms of exploitation?
From non-payment of wages to battery and sexual assault, the Practitioner's Manuals describe in detail what can be claimed in Singapore and Hong Kong courts.
How to bring these claims when a victim returns home?
Many procedural and logistic hurdles stand between a victim and just compensation. The Practitioner's Manuals map out these roadblocks and explains what is needed to overcome them.
How to find a partner in the client's home country—or in Singapore?
For lawyers and NGO advocates in Singapore and Hong Kong, finding a reliable partner in the victim's home community is vital to keeping in contact and continuing the case in the victim's absence. The Practitioner's Manuals describe the key organisations and individuals that advocates can reach out to, whether in Indonesia, the Philippines, or elsewhere. For advocates in the victim's home country, finding a partner in Singapore or Hong Kong is vital for helping returnees pursue their claims from abroad.


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Tempur-Pedic TEMPUR-Adapt Medium Hybrid 11" Mattress with Ergo 2.0 Smart Base
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Indian Blonde Hair
250 USD ($)/Kilograms
Product Details:
- Product Type Blonde Hair
- Used By Women, Girls
- Accessory Type Others
- Hair Grade Remy Hair
- Human Hair Type Indian
- Color White-Golden
- Supply Ability : 1000 Kilograms Per Month
- Click to view more
Price And Quantity
- 250 USD ($)/Kilograms
- 1 Kilograms
Product Specifications
- White-Golden
- Indian
- Blonde Hair
- Others
- Remy Hair
- Women, Girls
Trade Information
- Cash Advance (CA)
- 1000 Kilograms Per Month
- 3-4 Days
- Australia, North America, South America, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia, Central America
- All India
Product Description
Owing to our rich industrial experience, we have been a well known manufacturer of Indian Blonde Hair in the market. This is a straight hair extension which is easy to fix with your own hair to give a more stylish and vogue look. Indian Blonde Hair can be availed from us at highly competitive prices.
Enter Buying Requirement Details


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These snowflakes look like gingerbread cookies, but they are actually homemade graham crackers! Made with whole wheat flour and honey.
Graham Crackers
- 1 cup whole wheat flour
- 1 1/2 cups all purpose flour
- 1/2 cup dark brown sugar, packed
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon baking soda
- 1/2 cup cold butter, cut into cubes
- 1/4 cup honey
- 1/4 cup water
- 1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1 1/2 cups powdered sugar
- 1–2 tablespoons water
Graham Crackers
- In the bowl of a stand mixer, mix together flours, sugar, salt, cinnamon, and baking soda. Mix on low speed to combine.
- Add cold cubed butter and mix on medium speed until a course crumb is formed
- In a small bowl, mix together honey, water, and vanilla extract and stir to combine.
- Add the honey mixture to the flour mixture until a dough forms and pulls away from the sides of the bowl.
- Between two pieces of parchment paper, roll out dough and cut out into shapes.
- Place the shapes on a Silpat lined baking sheet, and preheat the oven to 350 degrees.
- I like to put my cut out dough into the freezer to chill while the oven is preheating because I think it helps them retain their shape when baking.
- When oven reaches 350 degrees, bake for 15 minutes. Cool on a cooling rack completely before icing.
- Measure out powdered sugar and whisk in 1 tablespoon of water. If icing is too thick add a tiny bit more water until the consistency is good for icing. It should be similar to the consistency of toothpaste.
Keywords: iced graham cracker snowflakes, homemade graham crackers, Christmas baking


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It's hard to simply refer to an artist as "versatile," especially when there's no foreseeable limit to that artist's talent. Take one Herb Heinz, for example. Whether he's working as a guitar-playing sideman and backing up a musician such as singer-songwriter Teressa Wilcox, or playing straight-ahead rock 'n 'roll, reggae, and other styles with his band, the Turbines, this unassuming guy mystifies to the core. Heinz can and does play everything, with a composer's attention to detail and a matador's bravado. Olé.
Herb Heinz and the Turbines play Thursday, January 9, 8 p.m. at Three Heads Brewing, 186 Atlantic Avenue. $5. 244-1224. threeheadsbrewing.com.


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Sculptris is a virtual sculpting software program, with a primary focus on the concept of modeling clay. Users can pull, push, pinch, and twist virtual clay. It is geared toward character sculpting and "organic" models. Sculptris has been discontinued by Pixologic Inc. and replaced with ZBrushCoreMini.
Tag: sculptris pro
ZBrushCoreMini is designed for new artists of all ages, with a streamlined interface that lets anyone jump right in and start sculpting without needing to spend time learning a bunch of menus, palettes, and settings. ZBrushCoreMini includes Sculptris Pro. This is a ground-up redesign of the tesselation sculpting system that put Sculptris on the map.


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Amal Hindash
Why did you decide to study at Heriot-Watt University?
Heriot-Watt University, Dubai has the programme I've been looking for: BSc (Hons) Psychology with Management. Moreover, I like that it provides the opportunity of going abroad to study at one of their campuses for a semester or a year.
What do you enjoy most about your programme?
I enjoy how the learning are portrayed - they are very interactive and interesting - as well as the mix between psychology and management.
What will being a graduate of Heriot-Watt University do for your future?
It opens up opportunities in my field of study.
What's been the highlight of your time here so far?
I definitely enjoy my time with my friends and even with my professors. I got to meet good people and I learned so much about myself.
Describe Heriot-Watt University in four words:
Diverse, memorable, exciting, bold.


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It didn't take Alexandre Lacazette long to get off the mark for us - 15 minutes to be exact - as he met Alex Iwobi's cross to double our lead against Sydney FC at ANZ Stadium.
Arsene Wenger feels that although the match was a friendly, it could be a key moment in helping the France international settle into life at the club.
"It is important for him to get that [first goal] off his shoulders because you expect to score if you are a striker," Wenger said in his post-match press conference.
"You could see that he was happy but overall what we were looking for was to play at pace and to develop our collective game and for long periods in the game that was quite good for us. We had tough opposition because they fought for every ball but at the end of the day their goalkeeper was the man of the match."
Wenger was also pleased with Danny Welbeck's display as he went close several times during a bright performance.
"I would say that he worked very hard," the manager said. "He made many chances in the first half and was so keen to score that sometimes he looked too much for power.
"He put into the game what we expect of him. He's a great team player and I expect him to have big season. He was out for such a long time that I hope this will be a positive season for him."
Copyright 2024 The Arsenal Football Club Limited. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source.


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The outstanding Kazakh biologist Kunsulu Zakarya entered the world ranking of women who contributed the most to the development of vaccination, reported the national portal "Adyrna".
Techcollectivesea wrote about it.
Kunsulu Zakaria is one of the dev..
Makpal Orynbetova, a Dzhetoksanchi, defended her rights and she was recognized as a victim of political persecution. She wrote about this on her Facebook page, the national portal "Adyrna" reported.
According to the conclusion of the inter-district c..
Today is the 96th anniversary of the birth of academician-writer Zeynolla Kabdolov.
Zeynolla Kabdolov was born on December 12, 1927 in the village of Gozdikara, Kyzylkoga district, Atyrau region, in a middle-class, simple family. He is a writer, Doct..
According to Polina Lyon, director of the sustainable development department of Rosatom Corporation, Rosatom is discussing with Uzbekistan the possibility of using the "dry cooling tower" technology (a modern device for cooling water) in the project ..
Latest news
First meeting. The President received the new Prime Minister
A 7-year-old boy saved his drowning friend in Astana
A bus caught fire in Zhambyl region
Tokayev gave a number of tasks to the mayor of Abay region
It was reported that an official who was twice the vice minister of culture and sports was detained
Successful fruits of cooperation
The Taliban invaded Turkmenistan
Development and opportunities of tourism in Kazakhstan
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded to Shoigu's criticism
Putin ordered to increase funding for the development of the Russian language
Aliya Nazarbayeva was suspected of raiding
"He gives his money with interest and receives a commission for it." The deputy criticized the "Otbasy Bank" system
"We are against the gay parade." Kazakhstan sent an active appeal
The court recognized Zhakiyanov's application as groundless
A storm warning was issued in 10 regions of Kazakhstan on Thursday
The Minister said when he would send the proposal to Bektenov in connection with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
"We should be an example for students." The secondary school teacher of physical education mentioned a number of achievements and problems
Astana administration announced that it has started buying trains for LRT
The electricity tariff will increase in Almaty
After the vaccination at school, the pupils felt bad
The average amount of pension has increased in Kazakhstan
Officials who have been receiving illegal salaries for three years have been detained
Kazakhstan became a "regional leader" in terms of access to the Internet
Those who beat the ambulance driver were arrested
After the war in Gaza. The Palestinian government resigned
A young Kazakh man who set out for Ombi is being searched
Starlink has reached Kazakhstan
The number of food poisoning cases has increased in Mangistau region
A fire broke out at a machine-building plant in Karagandy
"Kazakh Media Association" made an appeal regarding "Adyrna" portal
It's been 2 years since the war in Ukraine. Armenia announced the suspension of its membership in the CSTO
0.5% with Halyk QR - The lowest commission on the market for QR payment for entrepreneurs
Biden met Navalny's wife
Kazakhstan and Russia are going to strengthen cooperation in the fight against corruption
An agreement on cooperation in the field of rescue was signed between Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan
Two Kazakh girls were freed from slavery in Thailand
Dinara Zakiyeva spoke about the draft law on family-domestic violence adopted by Majilismen
Putin offered Shaimiev to name the plane. Shaimiev is his representative
The number of senators will decrease in Uzbekistan
The Taliban refused to participate in the conference on Afghanistan in Doha
"Case closed". The department issued a statement regarding the DALA INSIDE controversy
Millions of corruption. The current minister refers to the former minister
Ashimbaev admitted that the transfer program from the south to the north did not bring any results
School start times may vary
The general director and chief engineer of the Atyrau oil refinery resigned
The West Kazakhstan region will cover its needs for liquefied gas
Kairat Zhanabayev: Zhyrau is an unsolved phenomenon
Students of Taldykorgan NIS at Model UN in Qatar
The light went out in all the districts of Semey
After the Rector's speech. The Russian Ministry invited the ambassador of Uzbekistan
The Department of Emergency Situations issued a warning to the residents of Almaty
1 billion tenge was embezzled during the modernization of the Ekibastuz thermal power station
The former director of the Sports Development Directorate was arrested
The head of a large mining company was arrested in Kazakhstan
Dimash Kudaibergen was a UN goodwill ambassador
KTZ terminated the contract with Aliya Nazarbayeva's company
"We demand that the must be punished." The Decemberists held an anti-LGBT campaign
Antikor arrested the mayor of Satbaev
The minister reacted to the personal information of the students
Kaztalov had a shelter for med. workers
For the first time, African teachers started taking lectures in Kazakhstan
"Concussion". In Almaty, a madrasah employee beat a 15-year-old boy
A new head of the Financial Monitoring Agency was appointed
Japarov asked the US not to interfere in the internal affairs of Kyrgyzstan
Ethnic Kazakh Adilet Tolebayev will perform under a neutral flag at the European Championship
The young singer from Kazakhstan won the international competition
After the new government took office. Deer shooting has been banned again in Kazakhstan
Cotton and grain harvested in Uzbekistan in 2023 showed a record - Mirziyoyev
Prepared an illegal document. Employees of the PSC were detained in Taraz
Livestock is dying in Akmola due to heavy snow
Three buses and a car. There was a major traffic accident in Almaty
Won out of seven
An American journalist published an interview with Putin
The deputy head of the department was detained in Almaty
The son of the vice-minister was appointed the head of "Baiterek" holding
Turkish residents "don't want to move out of their yurts"
I believe that systematic work will be established and those who encroach on budget funds will decrease"
295 containers swallowed drugs. Two foreigners were detained at Aktau airport
There are no restrictions on freedom of speech and human rights in Kyrgyzstan - Sadyr Japarov
Almaty executive committee helps to bury the family died in the mudslide
"Are we retreating?..." Biden made a statement regarding Ukraine
Kazakh fighters impressed the fans in Dubai
The Turks presented the PARS technique to the exhibition in the Arab country
Mass fight against corruption is necessary - Tokayev
Import of vehicles in Uzbekistan. China is leading the way
An extended meeting of the Government began with the participation of the President
The pedestal of the Nazarbayev monument was also demolished
The Minister of Defense was reappointed
Kunsulu Zakaria became one of the outstanding scientists of the world
Minister of Foreign Affairs. Murat Nurtileu was reappointed
Galymzhan Koyshibaev - Head of the Government Office
A new head of the Presidential Administration was appointed
It was told that the King of Great Britain had cancer
The name of the new prime minister of Kazakhstan will be announced today
The route of three planned metro lines has been determined
Bektenov's candidacy was proposed for the post of prime minister
"He took a bribe." The head of the "Ertys Forest" reserve was arrested
Zelensky thanked to Tokayev
The Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan urgently flew from Almaty to Bishkek
Tokayev accepted the Chairman of the Supreme Judicial Council
Main news
Today, July 20, at the opening ceremony of the 15th International Aerospace Salon MAX, Russian President Vladimir Putin noted Kazakhstan as a partner of Russia in the field of aviation, the national portal "Adyrna" reports.
"I would like to emphasize that the Republic of Kazakhstan is participating in this event as a partner of Russia. "We consider it necessary to strengthen technological ties with Kazakhstani partners and other members of the Eurasian Economic Union," Putin said.
According to h
The state of Lithuania refused to issue visas to 1164 citizens of the Russian Federation and Belarus for supporting the war against Ukraine. "Supporters of the war" were recognized as a threat to the security of the republic, the national portal "Ady..
Today, July 20, at the opening ceremony of the 15th International Aerospace Salon MAX, Russian President Vladimir Putin noted Kazakhstan as a partner of Russia in the field of aviation, the national portal "Adyrna" reports.
"I would like to emphasize..
"Nursultan Nazarbayev told how the money allocated for the construction of Turkestan was spent", the national portal "Adyrna" reports. He told this in the documentary "Turkestan: the bridge of the past and the future" on the National Channel "Kazakhs..
Most read
Meirzhan Bakytovich Yusupov has been appointed as the Vice Minister of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the national portal "Adyrna" reports with the reference to the press service of the Prime Minister.
He graduated from Middle East Technical University in 2001 with a degree in Economics and Management. He graduated from Ryskulov KazEU, London School of Economics in 200..
Elections in the United States officially ended at 00.00 in Washington (12.00 Nur-Sultan time) with the closure of polling stations in Alaska, according to the national portal "Adyrna" with reference to RIA Novosti.
However, in Pennsylvania and a number of other states, ballots will be accepted and counted within a few days of the official end of the election.
On November 3, general elections were held in the United States. The president and vice..
In recent years, many young people are leaving the country abroad. Among them are ambitious and very talented young people and scientists who can make a significant contribution to the prosperity of our country. Why has the number of young people going abroad increased? Talgat Narikbayev, the head of the ADAL BILIM project office of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, recently told the media about the futur..
Since the beginning of the year, 9 governors of Kazakhstan at the district and regional levels wanted to give up their positions, but six of them have resigned, Sputnik.kz reports with the reference to the Anti-Corruption Agency.
Currently, the resignation of Kurmangazy district governor of Atyrau region is being considered. His deputy was convicted.
According to the agency, within nine months, 9 governors of district and regional levels w..
Main news
Kurbanbi Rakhmonova, the 64-year-old sister of the Tajik president, died yesterday, Adyrna reports quoting RIA Novosti.
According to the Ministry of Health, Rakhmonova contracted a coronavirus infection and was treated at № 5 clinical hospitals in Dushanbe.
He will be buried tomorrow in the southern Dangara region.
It's worth noting that on July 5, Uzbekbi Asadulloyeva, the wife of the President of Tajikistan, died from coronavirus symptoms.
National portal "Adyrna"
Kurbanbi Rakhmonova, the 64-year-old sister of the Tajik president, died yesterday, Adyrna reports quoting RIA Novosti.
According to the Ministry of Health, Rakhmonova contracted a coronavirus infection and was treated at № 5 clinical hospitals in Du..
Recently, one of the most topical issues in society is the state of transport in the country. As the topic of passenger cars heats up, let's take a look at the statistics of this issue.
How many cars are there in the country?
Number of Kazakhstan
The next interview of the national portal "Adyrna" was with the famous singer, cultural figure of Kazakhstan, laureate of the "Serper" award Omirkul Ainiyazov.
- Mr. Omirkul, how did you come to art?
- I aspired to art since childhood. After all, our..
Most read
Talgat Narikbayev, the head of the project office "ADAL BILIM" under the Ministry of Education and Science, shared the "flow of knowledge", the main way to stop the outflow of young people abroad, according to the national portal "Adyrna".
In recent years, more than 100 thousand graduates have left the country. Among them are some talented young people, researchers, ambitious, talented new generation who will make a significant contribution to th..
The final of the scientific and communication competition FameLab Kazakhstan was broadcast, which was attended by 10 young scientists from Kazakhstan. Eight participants are representatives of Nazarbayev University.
The winner of the competition, Nurlan Suleimenov, received a prize of 750,000 tenge and the right to represent Kazakhstan in the international competition FameLab-2020. Shokhista Ismailzhanova and Assel Akhmetova, who won the second a..
Today, within the framework of the State programs "City without suburbs" and "Zhasyl kala", the State Fund for the Development of Youth Policy of the city of Almaty with the support of the Department of Social Development of the city of Almaty, together with the Department of Ecology and the executive commitee of the Alatau District, held the Action "Eco-Almaty". On the territory of the SC "Almaty Arena" by the forces of the Youth Resource..
"No grants for projects, scholarships and awards with medals will attract anyone to the scientific environment" - administrator of the ADAL BILIM project office Sergey Pen.
"Without a direct scheme for personalized financing of scientists' salaries, no project grants, scholarships and awards with medals will attract anyone to the scientific community and the academy," Sergei Pen noted in his Facebook post.
This proposal was previously a..
Main news
According to Fyodor Uspensky, a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a doctor of philology, paying close attention to one's ancestors or knowing their ancestry is a value not only for the medieval Vikings, but also for today's Scandinavians, especially Icelanders.
Probably because of the small population, it is clear that most Icelanders today prefer to trace their ancestry and genealogy to the famous Icelandic storyteller and storyteller Egill Skallagrímsson, who lived in
According to Fyodor Uspensky, a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a doctor of philology, paying close attention to one's ancestors or knowing their ancestry is a value not only for the medieval Vikings, but also for today's ..
Obviously, we have seen and heard about a heroine named Mulan in Chinese cartoons or movies. However, this heroine, known around the world as "Chinese", is a descendant of a nomadic country. Daniyar Baidaraly, a writer, artist, architect and historic..
A monument to the educator, scientist Ybyrai Altynsarin was built in the central square of Kostanay. This was reported by the national portal "Adyrna" with reference to Kazinform.
The monument, unveiled on the eve of the 180th anniversary of Y. Altyn..
Most read
185 years ago, on November 3, 1835, the first Kazakh scientist, educator, historian, ethnographer, traveler and diplomat Shokan (Mukhamedkhanafiya) Chingizovich Valikhanov was born. He was born in the family of Chenghis, the grandson of Abylaikhan, at the Kushmurun station in the present-day Auliekol district of Kostanay region. The national portal "Adyrna" presents a short biography of the great scientist on his birthday.
Shokan is one of the de..
Zhakyp Akbayev is an Alash intellectual, fighter, activist, member of the Alashorda government, lawyer. Master of Law, was born on October 25, 1876 in Tonirektas, Karkaralinsk district, Semipalatinsk region, in a rich family. In 1886 he studied at the Kazakh boarding school in Karkaralinsk, in 1889 he entered the Omsk grammar school, where he studied for 7 years, then transferred to the Tomsk grammar school, where he studied for a year, graduatin..
The main tradition of Kazakhs, which eventually transformed into a feature of national character, is hospitality. In the Kazakh society, there is an unofficial law voiced in ancient times, which says "Meet a guest as the God's messenger".
Hospitality is considered a sacred duty in the Kazakh society. At all times, the steppe inhabitants did their best to please their guest. Therefore, each traveller knew that he or she would be welcomed anywhere..
When Russia invaded Ukraine one year ago, the region of Sumy, just northeast of Kyiv, came under intense bombardment, endangering the house where Anton Chekhovspent two halcyon summers working on his play The Wood Demon, as well as several short stor..
by Timothy Walsh
Kazakhstan is an ancient land with a fascinating culture little known in the West. Even though it is the ninth-largest country in the world, few Americans can place it on a map. It is where humans first domesticated the horse and the..
Most read
A professional boxing evening took place in the capital's Zhaksylyk Ushkempirov Martial Arts Palace on Independence Day, Adyrna reports citing Kazinform.
The professional boxing evening "Battle of the Nomads" was organized by the promotion company "S..
The rating of the most expensive football players in Kazakhstan has been updated, Adyrna correspondent reports citing vesti.kz.
According to Transfermarkt, Jacek Guralski from Poland, who plays for Kairat, has become an expensive player. His transfer..
Kazakh traditional Assyk games are an ancient tradition in Kazakhstan. Each player has their own set of 'Assyks', traditionally made out of the talus bone of a sheep, and a 'Saka' dyed in bright colours. Players use their Assyk to knock out other Ass..
Most read
Adyrna.kz ұлттық порталының маңызды ақпараттарына жазылу
Соңғы жаңалықтар туралы хабардар болыңыз


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Corbel Eaves Vent - 3012
Primary roof ventilators, corbel vents are specifically designed for use with corbelled brickwork details and used for roof eaves ventilation on roofs where ventilation equivalent to a continuous 10mm opening is required. Also for use on roofs where the eaves are finished with corbelled masonry or on roofs which do not incorporate a soffit or fascia board. Can be installed without having to drill the brickwork by using the special fixing clips provided and building them into the perp mortar joints.
Length: 2.4m
Free Airflow: 10,000mm² per metre
Fixing Clips Per Length: 8


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Witch Hazel Bark Powder 1oz
This herb is commonly used for acne, insect bites, stings, teething pain, hemorrhoid relief, itchiness, pain, irritation on the skin and more! Ingredients: Hamamelis virginiana L. (Witch Hazel) Bark Powder Organic herb raised without the use of chemicals or radiation. 1.0 oz (28.0 g) in zip lock bag *This information has not been evaluated by the FDA.This information is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.


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If you'd like to view my portfolio, please send me a note - I'd love to talk and discuss how my acumen can impact the solutions you're after.
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Copyright © 2023 Andre Minoli - All Rights Reserved.


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Careers Opportunity in Google
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Software Engineer
Note: By applying to this position your application is automatically submitted to the following locations: Mountain View, CA, USA; San Bruno, CA, USA; Sunnyvale, CA, USA; San Francisco, CA, USA
High-level Synthesis Design Engineer, Consumer Hardware
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Industrial Designer, Hardware
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Watch full episodes and play Splash and Bubbles games at http://pbskids.org/splashandbubbles !
Splash, Bubbles, Dunk, and Ripple travel to the Antarctic and meet a new friend, Dive, a Gentoo Penguin who can live in and out of the water.
Watch and play more games at http://pbskids.org or download the *FREE* PBS KIDS Video and Games app at http://pbskids.org/apps/