text:
While it's not fair to say that The Taken King is what Destiny should have been a year ago, the sprawling expansion resolves every compunction I had against recommending the game—except one.
The Taken King is the result of constant feedback from critics and Destiny's rabid fans about dearth of content, a lackluster story, and systems of advancement tied to luck and repetition, all of which were huge letdowns after Bungie and Activision had promised an epic adventure and delivered nothing of the sort in September 2014.
While some abandoned the game after that early disappointment, others trucked on because there was something compelling about Destiny despite its flaws. The art design was gorgeous. The graphics were some of the best we've seen on the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with realistic shadows and lighting effects and a polished smoothness.
The shooting was tight. The movement was precise and responsive. The craft of Destiny's construction—the scaffolding on which Destiny's story and systems were built—was beyond reproach.
The first expansion, The Dark Below was light on content but began to fill out the game's lore and introduced a new quest system. The second, House of Wolves took meaningful steps to fill in the narrative, introduced fresh activities, opened several new spaces for players to explore. Now The Taken King has addressed almost all of Destiny's shortcomings.
The Taken King, in its first 10 minutes, has more personality than Destiny's entire debut, and delivers moments that may shock veteran players who care about the Destiny universe and its lore. Nathan Fillion delivers a wonderful performance as the Exo robot Cayde-6, with Fillion's trademark, roguish charm.
Understanding the value of your weapons and armor and how to level your character is intuitive. Players have been given agency in how their characters evolve. Even simple changes to inventory management do wonders to make Destiny easier to play by giving players fewer systems to wrestle against.
That one remaining reservation about recommending Destiny? You really need some friends to play it with. If you're not a social online gamer, Destiny might not be for you. The Taken King has made the need for a three-player Fireteam more important that it's ever been.
There are six story missions in The Taken King that advance Destiny's timeline from Year One, into the new world of Year Two.
The Guardians are warriors brought back from the dead by Ghosts—floating artificial intelligences—to defend humanity from the threat of extinction. The Guardians have spent the past year defending Earth, the Moon, Venus, and Mars from four-armed Fallen pirates, the necromantic Hive, time-traveling Vex, and militaristic Cabal.
Now, as Year Two begins, a disabled Hive Dreadnaught floats within a hole it blasted out of one of Saturn's rings, and the Guardians have invaded the ship.
The inside of the Dreadnaught is yellow with decay, filled with monstrous statues and glowing portals and wicked chains hanging from the ceiling like something out of Hellraiser. The scene draws perfectly on everything Destiny players have learned about the undead-looking soldiers and dark sorcerers of the Hive.
Oryx, the Hive King who commands the Dreadnaught, has also raised an army of Taken, enemies who were ripped out of our dimension and transformed into far more dangerous versions of themselves, armed with abilities that Destiny players have not yet had to face.
The arrival of the Taken is preceded by a translucent black smog shortly before liquidy blots of Darkness appear as a portal that disgorges Taken. They show up in old Strike missions, making oft-repeated content fresh again. They pop up all over the original four maps. You might be patrolling the Mothyards, the gravesite of old transport planes in the Cosmodrome on Earth, and suddenly the Taken appear and come rushing at you.
When the six main story missions have ended, The Taken King's quest system opens up, and almost all of Destiny's supporting characters dish out quests. They're precisely what you'd expect from a massively multiplayer online game: a chain of missions to kill things or retrieve stuff, followed by a reward.
While questing is old hat to MMOs in general it's new to Destiny, and the sheer number of quests we've been hit with over the past week is almost overwhelming. Where Destiny has been criticized for a lack of things to do, now there is no shortage of things to do.
Destiny's lore has to date been buried in the Grimoire, a series of short stories that players unlock by achieving certain tasks. Anyone who wanted to read about the world of Destiny in the Grimoire had to either head to Bungie's website, or start using the official Destiny app for iOS and Android devices.
To get the most out of some of the quests, you really need to have done your reading in the Grimoire. That's a bummer for new players who will miss out on context as they may not have read the Grimoire, but for veteran players who are read up on Destiny's lore, some of these quest missions finally place the lore into the game, where it belongs.
Each of Destiny's three character classes—Hunters, Titans, and Warlocks—now each have an additional subclass with new powers and abilities. Hunters earn a bow that traps enemies, for crowd control. Titans summon flaming mallets that can be arced into the sky like mortars or used to smash enemies at close range. Warlocks turn into something reminiscent of Emperor Palpatine from Star Wars, floating through the air and shooting bolts of lightning that make short work of just about everything.
Character experience levels are still in the game, and still feel as extraneous as ever. Year One characters could be a maximum level of 34. The Taken King raises the level cap to 40. You'll possibly hit that during the six story missions alone. Bungie may as well ditch the traditional MMO leveling system altogether.
What actually matters is your Light level, a measure of how much damage you do and how much damage you can take. Light used to be tied exclusively to what armor you were wearing, and the high-level armor you needed for a high Light level was difficult to come by.
Now, your Light level takes into account every piece of gear you're wearing and every weapon you have equipped. Your Light level is the average between all those numbers, and the potency of every item is measured on the same scale. If you want to access Destiny's best content, you want to achieve a Light score of 290.
Where Destiny mostly worked on systems of luck and random chance in Year One, now the game acknowledges your Light level and more often drops gear that might actually be useful to you. Compare this to a year ago, when Destiny was first released and players were shooting into caves out of desperation to score gear.
Finding gear is still a very important aspect of Destiny, but it's no longer what primarily defines the game.
All of these systemic improvements are important to why The Taken King is a successful expansion, but it's the little things that make The Taken King so enjoyable.
In the past, when you summoned your Ghost to check mission objectives, it merely floated in your palm. Now, Ghost will scan objects in the world, and the scans reveal tidbits of story and context.
Maybe it's a computer terminal in a Cabal warship. You hear a little beeping noise, Ghost's icon appears in the corner of the screen, and when you summon your Ghost, he turns to look at the object he wants to scan. Where Ghost was previously just a UI element, now he feels more like part of the world you inhabit while you're running missions.
In Year One, managing your vanity items like Jumpships and decorative Shaders and Emblems, was a pain the ass at best, juggling them between up to three characters, or moving them in and out of your vault, or, in the worst scenario, having to delete them to make room for new ones. The Taken King introduces a kiosk system that allows players to access every vanity item they ever unlocked. None of it needs to stay in your inventory if you don't want it to.
Bounties—small objectives that eventually lead to big rewards—also used to be an annoyance. You could only accept 10 at a time, and then had to return to the Tower (the home of the Guardians) to turn the bounties in and get the rewards. Now you can take up to 14 bounties at once, and when they're completed turn them in right from the UI, without having to interrupt whatever else you're doing.
Where Destiny used to have a dozen different currencies for buying and upgrading items, now there are only three truly important currencies. All of this streamlining and optimization of systems in The Taken King means players have fewer headaches getting in the way of enjoying the content.
The lingering problem with Destiny is its continuing lack of proper social support for players, which in a typical MMO is unthinkable.
"Shield Brothers" and "The Sunless Cell," the two new three-person Strikes in The Taken King, play with the Strike formula. One of them pits Guardians against multiple boss characters, while another plays with light, darkening players' vision and making them wonder where the giant Hive creature with the giant sword is lurking.
The new multiplayer mode, Rift, is like a version of capture-the flag, where teams fight to collect a Spark, and then use it to light up the other team's Rift. Making sure the fastest player on a team—different character classes can be faster than others, and equipment can also increase a player's speed—carries the Spark is a good idea.
A new cooperative activity called the Court of Oryx, located on the Dreadnaught, allows players to summon Hive mini-boss enemies for short battles that take place on a timer. Each mini-boss, or combination of mini-bosses (they appear simultaneously in some cases) have a unique strategy that players must employ in order to win the battle.
All of these new activities benefit greatly from teamwork. It would be useful for Destiny players to have some sort of in-game tool to find other players to form groups for the new Strikes, or Rift battles, or the Court of Oryx. But the best Destiny provides are open chat channels that let strangers jump in together, and anyone with experience on PlayStation Network or Xbox Live may hesitate to jump into an open chat and face the potential verbal abuse from other gamers.
Then there are Raids, which are impossible to succeed at with random players and no voice chat. You can't even get into the new Raid, King's Fall, without a group of people because it's locked against entry by individuals.
Websites like the100.io and DestinyLFG.net can help you meet new players if your friends aren't already into Destiny. The challenge, then, for new players is finding people who aren't Year One veterans more interested in playing the new content than helping out fresh players to the game. It's the classic problem faced by all MMOs. When an expansion comes out, it renders all the previous content obsolete and stratifies the player base.
Destiny is ultimately a game about community, and you need to decide whether you're willing to put time into a game you can't fully experience on your own. If you step into the official forums on Bungie.net, become active on the Destiny subreddit, or participate in the Planet Destiny community, eventually you'll find a stable group of Guardians to form Fireteams. But you're going to have to put the work in.
Destiny is also a game that requires a significant amount of time to get the most out of it. Year One veterans cite numbers like 700 hours total play time. I've put in 1,100 hours, myself.
If you've never wanted to play World of Warcraft because you think it will take too much of your life, the same concern applies to Destiny.
If you're willing to do the social networking and accept the time commitment that Destiny requires to reach its endgame content, you'll be treated to the first massively multiplayer online game built around the core of first-person shooter gameplay, a unique entry in the world of video games, and a growing universe where you and your fellow Guardians are all that stand between the Light, humanity's last hope, and the Darkness that threatens to wipe us out forever.
Disclosure: Our Xbox One review copy of Destiny: The Taken King was provided by Activision.
Illustration courtesy of Activision


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text:
Gregory E. Reynolds
Ordained Servant: April 2018
Also in this issue
by Alan D. Strange
The Drama of Preaching by Eric B. Watkins: A Review Article
by Alan D. Strange
How to Preach and Teach the Old Testament for All Its Worth by Christopher J. H. Wright
by Stephen J. Tracey
by John R. Muether
By Night When Others Soundly Slept
by Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672)
There are so many different kinds of sermons and preachers, and those preachers have such a variety of training, backgrounds, and ecclesiastical traditions and settings.[1] How can God, the Good Shepherd, speak through such a variety of imperfect men and their messages? It is clearly a supernatural work that requires the presence of the Spirit of the risen Christ, the Good Shepherd of his sheep.
Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, that we might understand the things freely given us by God. And we impart this in words not taught by human wisdom but taught by the Spirit, interpreting spiritual truths to those who are spiritual. The natural person does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for they are folly to him, and he is not able to understand them because they are spiritually discerned. The spiritual person judges all things, but is himself to be judged by no one. "For who has understood the mind of the Lord so as to instruct him?" But we have the mind of Christ. (1 Cor. 2:12–16)
There once was a fiddler named John Skinner. He wanted to upstage a famous preacher. So he placed a ladder outside of the church next to an open window near the pulpit. He was quiet as the text was announced. He began to tune his violin during the Scripture reading, hoping to annoy the preacher. But the power of the preached Word so affected him that he never began to play. The gospel pierced his heart with an irresistible power. He listened to the entire sermon and became a new man. The preacher was George Whitefield.
Today preaching has reached its lowest point since the Reformation, at least in much of the Western world. Electronic media are competing for the attention of God's people, and seducing many into thinking that preaching is an inferior form of communication. The entire Bible makes it plain that this is not true. Preaching is the main means that God has chosen to convert and edify his people. We are not here to blow our own horns. We are called to sound the trumpet of the Lord with confidence in the face of much that seeks to distract us, distort our preaching, and discourage us.
14 ¶ How then will they call on him in whom they have not believed? And how are they to believe in him of whom they have never heard? And how are they to hear without someone preaching?
15 And how are they to preach unless they are sent? As it is written, "How beautiful are the feet of those who preach the good news!"
16 But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Isaiah says, "Lord, who has believed what he has heard from us?"
17 So faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ.
18 ¶ But I ask, have they not heard? Indeed they have, for "Their voice has gone out to all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world."
19 ¶ But I ask, did Israel not understand? First Moses says, "I will make you jealous of those who are not a nation; with a foolish nation I will make you angry."
20 ¶ Then Isaiah is so bold as to say, "I have been found by those who did not seek me; I have shown myself to those who did not ask for me."
21 ¶ But of Israel he says, "All day long I have held out my hands to a disobedient and contrary people."
Look at the Pauline sequence in verses 14 and 15: to call upon the Lord one must believe; to believe one must hear the voice of Jesus, the one he is called to believe; to hear this voice there must be a preacher preaching Jesus the Christ; and for there to be a preacher one must be called and sent by Jesus, the Good Shepherd, to preach.
This call is often misunderstood in American evangelicalism today. Many appoint themselves preachers of the Word of God. Presbyterian and Reformed churches practice the more biblical idea of calling by distinguishing between the internal and external call. As Paul tells Timothy, "The saying is trustworthy: If anyone aspires to the office of overseer, he desires a noble task" (1 Tim. 3:1). But this inner aspiration is necessary but not sufficient to constitute a call to office. The character and gifts of ministry must be recognized by the church, especially its officers. Hence the portrait Paul paints of what an overseer ought to look like in the next six verses in 1 Timothy 3:2–6. The Good Shepherd is the divine sender.
WSC 89 "How is the Word made effectual to salvation?
A. The Spirit of God maketh the reading, but especially the preaching of the word, an effectual means of convincing and converting sinners, and of building them up in holiness and comfort, through faith, unto salvation.
Preaching is central throughout Scripture, but comes into its own in the New Testament. We see Moses the preacher, then the Prophets, who look forward to the New Covenant era in which John the Baptist announces the final preacher, a greater prophet than Moses, Jesus the Christ. The prophetic ministry of the Son worked proleptically in the Old Covenant era:
Concerning this salvation, the prophets who prophesied about the grace that was to be yours searched and inquired carefully, inquiring what person or time the Spirit of Christ in them was indicating when he predicted the sufferings of Christ and the subsequent glories. (1 Pet. 1:10–11)
The preaching ministry of the Apostles is a continuation of the Son's prophetic ministry as Luke informs us in Acts 1:1 "In the first book, O Theophilus, I have dealt with all that Jesus began to do and teach" (Acts 1:1). The Book of Acts is chock full of preaching. It ends with Paul teaching from prison, "proclaiming the kingdom of God and teaching about the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness and without hindrance" (Acts 28:31).
Based on the completed apostolic foundation, faithful preaching of the Word became the first mark of the true church. "I charge you in the presence of God and of Christ Jesus, who is to judge the living and the dead, and by his appearing and his kingdom: preach the word; be ready in season and out of season; reprove, rebuke, and exhort, with complete patience and teaching" (2 Tim. 4:1–2).
Notice the public and churchly nature of this task. It stands contrary to the individualistic tendency in our culture that believes that personal Bible reading is a sufficient motivation and guide to the Christian life. "Until I come, devote yourself to the public reading of Scripture, to exhortation, to teaching" (1 Tim. 4:13).
Paul quotes Isaiah's description of the gospel preacher: "How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him who brings good news, who publishes peace, who brings good news of happiness, who publishes salvation, who says to Zion, 'Your God reigns' " (Isa. 52:7). What is it about the messenger's feet that makes them beautiful? In and of themselves feet are usually not beautiful. In the ancient Middle East sandaled feet were often filthy. The beauty of the preacher's feet is in the swift-footedness of the messenger coming to captive Israel with good news of the coming liberation of God's people. The character of the message, not the anatomy of the messenger, is what is beautiful.
This made the feet of the apostles beautiful: "We are ambassadors for Christ, God making his appeal through us. We implore you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God" (2 Cor. 5:20). The beautiful message of amnesty from the bondage of sin and death.
While the modern church is tempted to fashion its ministers after secular models, such as the CEO, celebrity, or psychologist, faithful churches and their leaders must free their pastors to focus on preaching, so that every other aspect of the pastors' work flows from it. The apostles protected this central task: "It is not right that we should give up preaching the word of God to serve tables. . . . we will devote ourselves to prayer and to the ministry of the word" (Acts 6:2, 4).
This is a supernatural calling. Ministers are first of all accountable to the Good Shepherd of the sheep. This does not mean he is above criticism. The faithful preacher must always humbly seek to grow in his ministry. Constructive criticism will help him in this development. He must have the prayerful support of elders and people in order to prosper in this great work (Eph. 6:18–20).
Preaching is not the same as a lecture and it certainly is not the preacher's opinions on Bible. So then what is preaching? Two basic words are used by Paul to describe preaching. Kerux is the noun form of the verb (kērussontos κηρύσσοντος) used in Romans 10:14 to describe this activity, "someone preaching," and in Romans 10:15 "to preach" (kēruxōsin κηρύξωσιν). This is an authoritative public proclamation by a spokesman or herald for a king like Caesar. The second word Paul uses is Evangel, the root for our English word evangelism. It is the noun form of the verb (euangelizomenōn εὐαγγελιζομένων) translated by the phrase "preach the good news" in verse 15. The noun "gospel" (euangeliō εὐαγγελίῳ) occurs in verse 16. It is a public announcement of military victory, also the work of a herald.
So we may define biblical preaching as an authoritative proclamation of the victory of Jesus Christ over sin and death, or as Puritan Thomas Hooker described preaching: "open publication of heavenly mysteries." In Romans 10:17 "the word of Christ" reminds us of the nature of a herald, in contrast to the persuader desired by some in the Corinthian church.[2] A herald was a public proclaimer of the message of another with authority over the message and messenger. The preacher, then, comes with the message given by God in his Word; he "brings good news, who publishes peace, who brings good news of happiness, who publishes salvation" (Isa. 52:7).
Preaching is the voice of the Good Shepherd. Charismatics are not the only ones to claim that God speaks today. The difference, of course, is that the Reformed have always believed that God speaks through the reading and preaching of Scripture, not through special new extra-biblical revelations. The Second Helvetic Confession puts it this way: "preaching of the word of God IS the word of God" (emphasis added).
In most translations Romans 10:14 puts an unnecessary distance between Christ and the hearers of the gospel. Instead of "of whom" it should be "whom." The New American Standard Version of 1995 gets it right: "How will they believe in Him whom they have not heard?" Commentators John Calvin, John Murray, and William Hendricksen agree, "Christ speaks in the Gospel proclamation."[3] The speaking Son is to be listened to: "a voice came out of the cloud, saying, 'This is my Son, my Chosen One; Listen to him!'" (Luke 9:35). He told the preaching apostles: "The one who hears you hears me, and the one who rejects you rejects me" (Luke 10:16). Christ is immediately present as the true speaker in the preaching moment. Preaching is not speaking about Christ, but Christ speaking to his people.
Preaching conceived of in this way exalts the Lord not the preacher. In as much as he preaches scripturally it is the voice of Jesus. He is not six feet above criticism. But beware of the opposite egalitarian spirit which resists authority in every form. Christ addresses his people thru the official means of gospel proclamation. This was Paul's confidence as a preacher: "When you received the word of God, which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men but as what it really is, the word of God" (1 Thess. 2:13).
WLC Q. 159. How is the Word of God to be preached by those that are called thereunto?
A. They that are called to labour in the ministry of the Word, are to preach sound doctrine, diligently, in season and out of season; plainly, not in the enticing words of man's wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit, and of power; faithfully, making known the whole counsel of God; wisely, applying themselves to the necessities and capacities of the hearers; zealously, with fervent love to God and the souls of his people; sincerely, aiming at his glory, and their conversion, edification, and salvation.
Preachers, you must trust the Spirit of Christ in the preaching moment:
praying at all times in the Spirit, . . . making supplication for all the saints, and also for me, that words may be given to me in opening my mouth boldly to proclaim the mystery of the gospel, for which I am an ambassador in chains, that I may declare it boldly, as I ought to speak." (Eph. 6:18–20)
Preachers, you must believe that you are proclaiming God's Word as Paul did in Thessalonica (1 Thess. 2:13). The "boldness" Paul asks for Ephesus is not brash or pulpit pounding; in the New Testament bold preaching is preaching with confidence in the message and the God who gave it.
Preachers, you must not give in to discouragement. There are many sources of ministerial discouragement: the moral and spiritual decay in our culture; the lack of concern for ultimate and spiritual realities, even in the church; the electronic distraction that steals attention with its many voices drowning out the preacher's words; and the pervasive belief that preaching is an inferior form of communication. But I am here to tell you that there is nothing more important than what you do even if to only five or ten people. Eternal destinies depend upon it. We have our marching orders: "Preach the word; be ready in season and out of season; reprove, rebuke, and exhort, with complete patience and teaching" (2 Tim. 4:2).
WLC Q. 160. What is required of those that hear the Word preached?
A. It is required of those that hear the Word preached, that they attend upon it with diligence, preparation, and prayer; examine what they hear by the Scriptures; receive the truth with faith, love, meekness, and readiness of mind, as the Word of God; meditate, and confer of it; hide it in their hearts, and bring forth the fruit of it in their lives.
People of God: we are told in this passage, Romans 10:14–21, that Israel heard but did not heed Christ's Word. Israel refused the righteousness that comes by faith in Jesus Christ, even though it has been preached to them. As we see in Romans 10:16 the problem is Israel's unbelief, "But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Isaiah says, 'Lord, who has believed what he has heard from us?'" (Isa. 6:8). Romans 10:21 sums up the problem of unbelief: "But of Israel he says, 'All day long I have held out my hands to a disobedient and contrary people'" (quoting Isa. 65:2). There is no salvation without preaching, but hearing must be mixed with faith. Both the message and the medium of proclamation are foolish according to Paul, thus the gift of faith is required. "For since, in the wisdom of God, the world did not know God through wisdom, it pleased God through the folly of preaching to save those who believe" (1 Cor. 1:21, my translation). Again, both message and the act of preaching are folly to the unbeliever. But, "everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved" (Rom. 10:13, quoting Joel 2:32). There have been plenty of messengers sent to Israel, so there is no excuse. Just as the creation leaves everyone without excuse, "Their voice has gone out to all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world" (v.18, quoting Ps. 19:4, cf. Rom. 1:20). The gospel is being preached throughout the creation, as Paul says of the apostolic preaching, "the gospel that you heard, which has been proclaimed in all creation under heaven, and of which I, Paul, became a minister" (Col. 1:23).
In Romans 10:19–20 Paul tells us that ironically, the nations, once condemned by general revelation, now respond to the gospel, while Israel, who knew God's plan for the nations, rejects the gospel in favor of idols. Moses warned of this, as seen in the context of Paul's quotation of Deuteronomy 32:21 in Romans 10:19: "They sacrificed to demons that were no gods, to gods they had never known, to new gods that had come recently, whom your fathers had never dreaded" (Deut. 32:17). Because Israel turned from the Lord and worshiped the "no gods" of the nations, so the Lord turns to those who are "not a nation" with the gospel to make Israel jealous. He is saving those who neither sought nor asked to be saved (v.20, quoting Isa. 65:1). This is exactly the picture Paul gives of the Thessalonian reception of the gospel: "you turned to God from idols to serve the living and true God" (1 Thess. 1:9).
So, people of God, heed the message from the messenger. True hearing is obedient hearing, hearing that changes the inner life. Don't let personal or doctrinal differences with the preacher prevent obedient hearing. Come prepared to receive the Word, as well- rested and prayerful Bible readers, expecting to hear the voice of the Good Shepherd.
True hearing requires a messenger gifted and called by the head of the church. This in turn requires the visible church and its public worship. Be whole heartedly committed to the visible body of Christ and its mission. From the church the Lord sends out messengers to all nations. And don't accept substitutes for preaching: TV, MP3, Internet—or even fellowship or private devotions. For only through the public reading and preaching of Scripture will you hear the voice of the Good Shepherd.
[1] This article is based on a sermon that I preach at the end of my media ecology conferences, "Christian Living in the Electronic Age," last delivered on February 25, 2018 at the Granite Seminar sponsored by the Granite State School of Theology and Missions at Amoskeag Presbyterian Church.
[2] See Gregory E. Reynolds, "A Medium for the Message: The Form of the Message Is Foolish, Too," in Confident of Better Things: Essays Commemorating Seventy-Five Years of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, John Muether, ed., (Willow Grove, PA: The Committee for the Historian of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, 2011), 311–34.
[3] John Murray, The Epistle to the Romans: The English Text with Introduction, Exposition and Notes, vol. 2 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1968), 58.
Gregory E. Reynolds serves as the pastor of Amoskeag Presbyterian Church (OPC) in Manchester, New Hampshire, and is the editor of Ordained Servant. Ordained Servant Online, April 2018.
Contact the Editor: Gregory Edward Reynolds
Editorial address: Dr. Gregory Edward Reynolds,
827 Chestnut St.
Manchester, NH 03104-2522
Telephone: 603-668-3069
Electronic mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Ordained Servant: April 2018
Also in this issue
by Alan D. Strange
The Drama of Preaching by Eric B. Watkins: A Review Article
by Alan D. Strange
How to Preach and Teach the Old Testament for All Its Worth by Christopher J. H. Wright
by Stephen J. Tracey
by John R. Muether
By Night When Others Soundly Slept
by Anne Bradstreet (1612–1672)
© 2024 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church


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text: As Ted notes below, today the Supreme Court smote arbitrary restricitons by state governments on internet sales of wine. Thanks to the the merry band of litigators at Institute for Justice! "This landmark ruling is a victory for consumers and small businesses and a defeat for economic protectionism. It demonstrates that in the era of the Internet, the Court will vindicate the principles of free trade that made this country great." . . . "This victory is about much more than wineââ?¬â??it is about the freedom of small businesses to operate without arbitrary and anti-competitive government regulation getting in their way. Now that we have set this important precedent, we'll work to expand on it to help other entrepreneurs who face similar government-imposed good-old-boy networks."


text:
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Senate allows small public tours to resume in the Capitol
The building has been closed off to most members of the public since the pandemic began
The Senate sergeant-at-arms has relaxed its pandemic policy on public tours in the Capitol, saying some guests can once again visit the building.
The new guidance allows small staff-led tours in a limited area on the Senate side. Two tours of up to six guests each will be open to visitors every half-hour between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. Monday through Friday, according to a memo circulated to Senate offices and obtained by CQ Roll Call.
The tours are limited to 30 minutes and will be allowed to include only the Crypt, the Rotunda and the Brumidi Corridor. Areas like the Capitol Visitor Center, the Old Senate Chamber and the Old Supreme Court Chamber will remain off-limits.
Offices will be capped at two tours per week. All guests must complete a health screening before visiting and be advised of CDC recommendations that people should wear masks indoors, the guidance said. It did not say whether visitors must be vaccinated. The office of the Senate SAA did not respond to a request for comment.
Staffers must send the names of those invited on tours at least 24 hours in advance. Members of the public seeking a tour would start by submitting a request to their home state senator's office.
The new policy represents a shift from existing protocol, which allowed Senate staff to meet visitors with official business and escort them to meetings. Sometimes the route meandered through the Rotunda or other more scenic parts of the Capitol, but a formal public tour policy provides a more sanctioned policy for allowing people into the building.
The change also reflects the piecemeal nature of the sprawling complex. The House side has made no announcement that it will allow offices to welcome constituents eager to see the sights.
The iconic Capitol Visitor Center, where public tours originated before the pandemic, remains closed to tours. The red coat-wearing tour guides, a staple of pre-pandemic public tours of the Capitol, are still largely absent from the building, though the CVC does offer virtual tours.
Fully reopening the Capitol to members of the public would be a decision made by the House and Senate SAAs in consultation with the Office of the Attending Physician, taking into account both concerns related to COVID-19 safety and post-Jan. 6 security considerations.


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Join us Saturday, February 9th from 1:00 – 3:30 p.m. for An Afternoon of Hostas!
Joy Pierzynski, director of the OSU Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic, will present "Top Three Scourges of Hosta: Causes and Management". Learn to identify and manage: virus X, foliar nematodes, and petiole rot on hosta.
Bob Liames, President of the Miami Valley Hosta Society, will present "Hostamania" a guide on the culture, care and many uses of hosta.
Gene Wogoman, retired hosta grower, will present "Hosta and Companion Plants" a look a using other plants to compliments hosta plantings.
Saturday, February 9, 2019 - 1:00 - 3:30 p.m.
Location: OSU Extension Greene County, 100 Fairground Road, Xenia, Ohio 45385
Cost: $10 (includes educational materials). See the Flyer.
Contact information: Kim Hupman, email@example.com or 937-372-9971 ext. 128
Registration: Pre-registration is requested online at go.osu.edu/greenehosta or by contacting Kim.


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Boston authorities are adding 15 social workers to a team that helps police respond to calls involving people with mental health problems, and other difficult situations, more than quadrupling the number of such clinicians. The city is funding the new posts through money reallocated from BPD's overtime coffers in the most recent operating budget, according to officials.
The clinicians are being hired and contracted through Boston Medical Center but are answerable to Boston police in a process that is ongoing, said Councilor Annissa Essaibi-George on Friday. A timeline for when the new clinicians would be hired and start work was not immediately clear Friday.
She welcomed the incoming additions to the Boston Emergency Services Team, or BEST. The new positions would bring the number of BEST clinicians assisting police in the city to 19 from four.
"We know that so many of our residents don't need a police response, they need a mental health response," said Essaibi-George.
Among the new posts, authorities are considering adding a clinical supervisor; more district-level clinicians where needed; and positions that would focus on street outreach and family justice, which would include sexual assault and human trafficking; according to a presentation that Jenna Savage, the deputy director of the department's office of research & development, gave to a city council committee on Thursday.
"Increasing the size of the BEST team, in my opinion, is essential for city services," said Boston police Sergeant Peter Messina, of the department's street outreach unit during Thursday's hearing. "I only see positives to it."
In 2019, Boston police responded to at least 9,600 calls involving an "emotionally disturbed person," or EDP, and the department also responded to "many other types of calls that involve mental health and/or substance abuse," according to Savage's presentation.
"People wanted clinicians because they realized so many of these calls were about mental health," Assaibi-George said on Friday. "I believe cops don't want to arrest our way out of these problems. They want residents to get the help they need."
In a Friday statement, Councilor Andrea Campbell said the clinicians also will respond to incidents involving homelessness, substance abuse, domestic violence, and "other issues involving health and trauma." Expanding the number of clinicians, she said, "is absolutely critical to shifting our overall approach to public safety away from an approach that relies too heavily on policing and incarceration and toward a community health and service approach."
"The BEST team has an amazing partnership with our police department that I'd like to see continue to expand," said Campbell.
Earlier this year, Mayor Martin J. Walsh announced he would be reallocating $12 million of the Boston police overtime budget to "make a significant investment in equity and inclusion." Those investments included $2 million for additional clinicians and "mental health supports" at the department.
"Community engagement is at the heart of our public safety work in Boston, and that includes providing mental health services," Walsh said in a statement Friday. "I'm proud our budget will continue to support and expand these services as we put people first, and increase mental health services for those in the most need."
That proposal came amid calls, both in the streets and during council hearings, for substantial change that would help dismantle systems that perpetuate racism.
After a fierce debate about police reform, the council passed the mayor's budget, which included the police overtime reallocation, with some councilors opposing the budget, saying it did not do enough to fight economic and racial inequalities and help communities of color.
Danny McDonald can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him @Danny__McDonald.


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With most students learning that the possibility of returning to school before the end of the regular school year seeming very slim, Comcast has stepped up to offer their Internet Essentials program to families in need to internet access for continuity of learning experiences for their children.
Comcast, has been looking for ways to help through their Internet Essentials program, which is the nation's largest and most comprehensive broadband adoption program for low-income Americans. Since 2011, it has connected millions of individuals to the Internet.
A hallmark of this program has been the flexibility in adjusting Internet Essentials to meet the needs of low-income residents. Currently they have put in place two substantial program enhancements to help these families deal with this crisis.
- They want make it even easier for low-income families who live in a Comcast service area to sign up by offering new customers 60 days of complimentary Internet Essentials service, which is normally available to all qualified low-income households for $9.95/month.
- Also, they are increasing Internet speeds for the Internet Essentials service from 15/2 Mbps to 25/3 Mbps for all new and existing customers, which will be the speed of the service going forward. In this way, they will ensure that Internet Essentials customers will be able to use their Internet service for all their increased needs as a result of this health crisis.
Their goal is to make it as fast and simple as possible to access this service:
- To receive the increased Internet speeds, existing customers will not need to do anything. The new speeds will be rolled out nationally over the next few days.
- They'll send all new customers a free self-install kit that includes a cable modem with a Wi-Fi router. There will be no term contract or credit check and no shipping fee.
- To sign up, applicants can simply visit www.internetessentials.com. The accessible website also includes the option to video chat with customer service agents in American Sign Language. There are also two dedicated phone numbers 1-855-846-8376 for English and 1-855-765-6995 for Spanish.
Comcast has also reached out to our thousands of governmental and nonprofit partners to help us spread the word. It's their hope that broader access and faster speeds will help all Internet Essentials customers more easily work from home, access educational resources, obtain important government health care alerts, and stay in contact with their families during this difficult time.


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What I Learned from These 3 Amazing Companies about Color and Branding
Coca-Cola, UPS, and AT&T all have one thing in common: a brand that works. Put in the color behind the brand, and it'll speak to the consumer louder than their product and services.
So, why does color matter?
It's a calling card on television commercials, advertisements, and yes, their logos and packaging. Companies rely on your senses for the ultimate sale. What feels good for you mean enormous gains for businesses.
So, let's talk about the psychological aspect of color. Ignyte Brands, an award-winning agency that specializes in brand psychology, states:
Now, take a moment to think about your favorite brand. What attracts you to this company? Is it their selling point on efficiency? Or the promise of excellent customer service? Or a product stating positive results? Or their ads look catchy?
It's all right if you've chosen the latter. It only proves the company succeeded in evoking emotions to attract you to their ads. It's called: great marketing.
To elaborate, here are a few examples defining the psychology of colors, courtesy from the graphic design website, Canva:
Yellow — optimist, playful, and happy.
Purple — royalty, majesty, luxury, and opulence.
Scarlet/Red — courage, passion, heat, and joy.
White — goodness, spirituality, purity, and sacredness.
Black — sadness, mourning, creativity, and sophistication.
Hot Pink — femininity, sweetness, and romance.
Known for its breathtaking models, this company displays its product, clothing lines, and fragrances to a demographic about style and comfort. But, as a small business owner and author, who relies on my brand as a calling card, it goes beyond superficial; I go by results.
In 2020, after losing some of their brick-and-mortar stores due to the pandemic, VS, a parent to L Brands, did better than expected in the third quarter last year, generating $2.32 billion in revenue, according to CNBC.
So, when my brand grows up, I want it to persevere like Victoria's Secret. I want it to stay strong despite the changing of times. Opportunities will continue to knock as long a company knows how to evolve consumer's tastes.
VS has also taught me that femininity, playfulness, and sophistication belong to every woman from every spectrum. It's about understanding your audience. And as an author and creative who writes Women's Fiction, I should continue to follow suit and advance with the future.
One name, three syllables, and a brand color named after its corporation: Tiffany Blue.
Their famous fan comes from Audrey Hepburn's character in the 1960s hit, "Breakfast at Tiffany's," Holly Golightly — the social darling that falls in love with a writer. She's in a sleek black dress in the opening scene, munching on a pastry, window shopping like any woman.
This total sophistication conveys by the icon still makes me want to fly to New York, stroll on Fifth Avenue, wearing my best evening gown.
However, when I watched this movie in my twenties, I dared to dream like the character. I knew my budget did not fit in the scope of the clientele. Yet, the brand evoked an essential emotion: "If the character is doing it, I want to do it, too."
It's one of the oldest selling points in marketing.
Like the color: Tiffany Blue, synonymous with deep refinement for class and finesse, has inspired me to use monochromatic as the scheme in my brand — soft, refined, sensual, and maturity, gearing to a demographic with the zeal for books and self-care.
My soft pink may not amount to Tiffany's unique blend of greenish-blue, but I hope mine would stand out and represents my business' mission to serve readers and clients.
Okay — I need to admit this before I go further. I've never owned an iPhone nor a Mac, or an iPad. I'm a proud Android user. But when I see something special in a brand, I take notice.
Case and point: the logo.
Have you taken a look at the simplicity of the design? How no color makes a statement.
When I first laid eyes on the detail, I kept staring; I couldn't help it. And I've seen many logos full of vivid colors to catch the eye, but Apple? Modern-day innovators innovate the most recognizable brand in the world.
However, there are theories of the logo's true meaning. From a man who laid the foundation of the modern-day computer during World War II, revealing later he died from taking a bite into an apple laced with cyanide. Moreover, facing jailed time for indecency and failed estrogen injections to cure his 'homosexuality,' spurring the creators to give Alan Turning due respect with its logo.
I know, sad.
But there are other theories, namely linking the bitten apple to knowledge. Some believers think it's Issac Newton's reference to the falling apple, and others point to the Biblical story of Adam and Eve.
Whichever you believe is true, you have to agree the logo itself has become an urban legend. And not to mention a reported revenue-generating at $91.8 billion at the closing of the 2020 fiscal year.
Talk about walking the walk.
It's why I admire and respect Apple's game. Like the earlier American titans, such as Andrew Carnegie, they're to steel and John D. Rockefeller to oil. Products the public relies on daily. Apple may not be considered a necessity, but phones, tablets, music, and now TV, revolutionized the industry.
Innovation is their brand.
So, creatives, what brand color you've taken notice of, and why? Had it inspired you with your business? Tell me about it. Your answer might inspire the next up-and-coming entrepreneur.


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Moratorium on new Tennessee liquor stores expires
May 17, 2021
The law prohibiting issuance of new liquor store licenses will expire on July 1, 2021. At that time, the Tennessee ABC can issue new retail liquor store licenses.
How did this happen?
Many observers expected the Tennessee General Assembly to extend the moratorium or make the moratorium permanent during the 2021 legislative session. The thinking was that retail liquor stores suffered from wine in grocery stores (which we affectionately called WIGS).
The moratorium on new licenses was seen as a way to potentially create value in retail liquor store licenses, at least in cities and towns with strong economic growth.
We were beginning to see a market for retail liquor store licenses, albeit in its infancy. A few prospective store owners were willing to pay tens of thousands of dollars extra to acquire an existing liquor license, rather than wait to see if the legislature extended the moratorium.
We suspect that there may have been a lack of agreement within the retail liquor store association. At least some members wanted to open another store.
Legislators in rapidly-growing areas such as Murfreesboro, Johnson City and Clarksville may have been feeling pressure not to continue to limit the number of retail liquor stores, where demand was becoming pent up. The moratorium can be viewed as anti-competitive.
What does the expiration of the moratorium mean?
The old rules will be back in place starting July 1. One merely needs to apply for a Certificate of Compliance from the city and a retail liquor store license from the Tennessee ABC. The two-store limit and all local location restrictions remain in place. And, of course, the applicant must meet all of the legal requirements.
The Tension between WIGS and Retail Liquor Stores
The moratorium was one of the more recent legal developments to compensate retail liquor stores for the loss of business from WIGS (wine in grocery stores).
From time immemorial, Tennessee state law required that a Tennessee resident could own only one liquor store.
In connection with the passage of WIGS, state law was changed to allow ownership of an unlimited number of stores. In addition, liquor stores were granted the right to sell a long list of items, making them more competitive with grocery and convenience stores.
Remember the days when a liquor store couldn't sell a corkscrew or mixers?
Conjures up "I Threw Away the Rose," by Merle Haggard:
Once I lived a life of wine and roses
And I drank a lot back then for one concern
Success for me lay just around the corner
After WIGS, along came a big box liquor retailer, which prompted a new limit on the number of stores. An owner can now own only two retail liquor stores.
A long running battle over the constitutionality of the Tennessee residency requirement for ownership of a retail liquor store was ultimately resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court, paving the way for licensing retail stores by out of state owners, including said big box retailer.
When grocers pushed for Sunday sales of wine, retail liquor stores saw little benefit. As part of the deal allowing Sunday WIGS sales, and New Year's Eve and Fourth of July, the moratorium was imposed. At the same time, a 10% minimum mark up was added for spirits, which we see as a step towards SIGS - spirits in grocery stores.
Although the our crystal ball is broken and needs a new set of batteries, at some point, SIGS seems inevitable. So do more changes to the laws concerning retail liquor stores.
When you subscribe to the blog, we will send you an e-mail when there are new updates on the site so you wouldn't miss them.


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Maraton'un Ürün Müdürü Kaan Kozacıoğlu, Maraton'u efsanevi kılan tarihini, rahatlığını ve ihtiyaca göre özelleştirilebilen tasarımını anlatıyor.
Maraton is the firstborn of TEMSA's coach family. The first line of Maraton hit the road in 1987. The last generation of this legendary vehicle began to grade in 2015 while they were just prototypes. Then in 2016, mass production of the newest generation started. Until now, almost two thousand Maratons have been produced. Because of its premium position, we can state the Maraton is the flagship model of TEMSA. Depending on the needs of our customers the 2+1 or 2+2 seat layout can be adjusted thanks to the flat interior trim. By focusing on the close relationship between human and design, we wanted to make passengers speak like they're in their own home especially considering the long journeys. You might want to eat, sleep, read or just want to have a conversation. Maraton will help you in any of those situations. Another difference from our competitors is the customizable digital cluster, tailor-made for fleet operators.


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Handouts And Protocols:
References And Links:
- Dr. Jack and Mary's Clinic
- What is GAPS?
- The Weston A. Price Foundation
- Learn more about Standard Process
- GAPS Recipes
- What is NUCCA?
- Selene River Press
Thank you for offering your protocol pdfs. They are extremely helpful! I have one question about the use of Standard Process products- I love the idea of using a completely food based supplement program and would love to try out some of your protocols. However, as I was researching some of the Standard Process products I noticed that they include synthetic vitamins as well. Such as Folic Acid and cyanocobalamin. These in particular concern me because I have read numerous sources saying that these forms of synthetic b vitamins can be harmful to people with a mthfr gene mutation (some estimate up to 40% of the population has this defect) and the methylated versions are much safer and more beneficial. Could you please comment on your opinion of this? Thank you!!
I have been trying to understannd edema for a couple of years now. I had never heard of collinsoinia root, or even stone root as something that helps until now. I have read many times about horse chestnut for vascular support. Is this a good thing or bad and should you use them together?
I have a broken blood vessels in my left eye. What is good for that?


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Amy L. Simmerman and Ryan J. Greecher are partners and Brian Currie is an associate at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati. This post is based on a WSGR memorandum by Ms. Simmerman, Mr. Greecher, Mr. Currie, and Richard C. Blake, and is part of the Delaware law series; links to other posts in the series are available here. Related research from the Program on Corporate Governance includes The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance (discussed on the Forum here) and Will Corporations Deliver Value to All Stakeholders?, both by Lucian A. Bebchuk and Roberto Tallarita; For Whom Corporate Leaders Bargain by Lucian A. Bebchuk, Kobi Kastiel, and Roberto Tallarita (discussed on the Forum here); and Restoration: The Role Stakeholder Governance Must Play in Recreating a Fair and Sustainable American Economy—A Reply to Professor Rock by Leo E. Strine, Jr. (discussed on the Forum here).
The past two years have seen a dramatic shift in practice relating to the Delaware public benefit corporation (the PBC)—a corporate form that requires the board of directors to balance stockholders' monetary interests, the best interests of those materially affected by the corporation's conduct, and a particular public benefit purpose selected by the corporation. The balancing requirement replaces the focus of traditional Delaware corporations, which is ultimately promoting stockholder value.
In 2020, the Delaware legislature made it much simpler for an existing corporation to become a PBC, by, among other things, lowering the required statutory stockholder approval to a simple majority vote. In 2020 into 2021, our firm advised the first two major public companies—Veeva Systems and United Therapeutics—that decided to convert to the PBC form. We have also worked with many private companies as they have converted to the PBC form, navigated life as a PBC, and approached M&A in the PBC context. At the time of this post, there are 15 public PBCs and thousands of private PBCs in existence. Several PBCs, including Lemonade, Inc., have successfully gone public as a PBC. These developments all dovetail with an increasing focus on Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG) issues and the proper role of the corporation in society.
The increased prevalence of PBCs in the marketplace has caused more and more boards of directors of Delaware corporations, both public and private, and some that may have previously questioned the likely success of a conversion, to consider a conversion to the PBC form. The process to convert to a PBC, like any major corporate decision, should be taken seriously and evaluated with the assistance of corporate advisors, including experienced legal counsel. This post provides a broad overview of the development of the PBC form, the mechanics of what it means to be a PBC, the steps to convert from a traditional Delaware corporation to a PBC, and some of the practicalities of operating as a PBC.
I. Brief History of the PBC Form
Under Delaware law and the well-established business judgment rule, the board of a traditional Delaware corporation has broad latitude in how to run the day-to-day affairs of the corporation. At the same time, Delaware law also provides that a board's decisions must ultimately relate to the purpose of advancing stockholder value. In practice, this means that Delaware boards can consider various interests and constituencies, but their decisions must ultimately tie to promoting and protecting stockholder value. This rule narrows in the context of a sale of control, where a board may only consider the best short-term value available to stockholders.
The PBC form alters these rules. The ultimate end of a PBC is not the promotion of stockholder value, but rather advancing and balancing 1) stockholder value, 2) the best interests of those materially affected by the corporation's conduct, which captures a potentially wide universe of stakeholders, such as employees, customers, suppliers, and local communities, and 3) a public benefit purpose selected by the corporation.
Until 2013, Delaware did not have a statute that permitted corporate fiduciaries to directly consider non-stockholder interests as ends in themselves, such as the "constituency" statutes enacted by other states. However, in 2013, the Delaware legislature amended the General Corporation Law (DGCL) to implement an alternative approach to this issue: the PBC. The PBC provisions of the DGCL were enacted to give corporations the flexibility to opt in to a new corporate form that would not only permit but mandate that directors balance different stakeholder interests and corporate objectives when acting as a board—while still maintaining many of the governance features of a traditional Delaware corporation.
Part of the recent increase in the popularity of the PBC form owes to the reduction of statutory barriers to becoming a PBC. Under the original version of Delaware's PBC statute, the ability to convert from a traditional corporation to a PBC (and vice versa) was extremely limited as a practical matter. In 2013, a corporation had to obtain approval by 90 percent of its stockholder voting power to become a PBC, and dissenting stockholders would have been entitled to pursue appraisal rights (a court-based determination of fair value) in connection with a conversion. The statute was subsequently amended in 2015 to reduce the stockholder vote requirement to two-thirds and eliminate the associated appraisal rights for some public companies. Finally, in 2020, the statute was amended to eliminate appraisal rights triggered simply by a conversion and to require only a simple majority for stockholder approval (absent greater requirements in a company's governing documents). Today, PBCs largely follow the same technical rules and statutory provisions applicable to traditional corporations—but with important additional obligations imposed by the PBC statute.
II. The Mechanics of a Public Benefit Corporation
A Delaware PBC is governed by a fairly spare set of statutory provisions that can be found in Subchapter XV of the DGCL. In all other respects, the PBC is governed by the remainder of the corporate statute applicable to traditional corporations. The special statutory rules that apply to a PBC distill down to a few essential categories, described below.
A. The Balancing Requirement and the Certificate of Incorporation
The core requirement for establishing a PBC under Delaware law is that the corporation provide in its certificate of incorporation that it is a PBC and set forth the specified public benefit purpose of the corporation. The statute offers a great deal of flexibility regarding what qualifies as a "public benefit":
a positive effect (or reduction of negative effects) on 1 or more categories of persons, entities, communities or interests (other than stockholders in their capacities as stockholders) including, but not limited to, effects of an artistic, charitable, cultural, economic, educational, environmental, literary, medical, religious, scientific or technological nature.
The statute provides that the public benefit purpose, balanced with stockholder pecuniary interests and the interests of those materially affected by the company's conduct, will guide various corporate decisions. The statute also provides more generally that a Delaware PBC should be operated so as to produce public benefits and operate in a "responsible and sustainable manner."
From a ministerial standpoint, the statute requires that the heading of the certificate of incorporation clearly state that the corporation is a PBC. The statute no longer requires that a corporation change its name to reflect its PBC status—and in our experience most PBCs choose not to change their name.
B. PBC Reporting Requirements
The Delaware statute requires that, at least every other year, a PBC provide its stockholders with a statement as to the PBC's promotion of its public benefit purpose and the best interests of those materially affected by the PBC's conduct. The report must include certain required information, such as an assessment of the PBC's success in fulfilling its purposes, objectives, and standards established by the board, and factual information relating to the attainment of those standards and objectives. PBCs have a great deal of flexibility, however, in fashioning their reports, and practice is still evolving. The statute also provides that a PBC can choose to provide the report more frequently, make it available to the public, or use a third party to certify or assess the attainment of its goals. Many companies that publish sustainability reports may choose to leverage such reports in designing a PBC report, albeit with an eye to what the DGCL specifically requires.
Aside from the formal report, the statute requires that every notice of a PBC's stockholder meetings contain a statement that the corporation is a PBC. The corporation's stock certificates (or if a corporation's shares are uncertificated and kept in book entry-form, notices provided in lieu of certificates) must state that the corporation is a PBC. If a PBC is not publicly traded and the name of the corporation does not contain a reference to its PBC status, then, whenever the PBC newly issues stock, it must provide notice to the resulting stockholder that the company is a PBC; if the PBC is publicly listed, no such additional action is needed.
C. Stockholder Lawsuits
A noteworthy feature of the Delaware PBC is that only stockholders can enforce the Delaware law-based obligations of a PBC's board, including the core balancing requirement of a PBC. The statute expressly provides that other stakeholders cannot bring such actions. In addition, the statute specifies that in a lawsuit to enforce the balancing requirement, the stockholder plaintiffs must individually or collectively own at least two percent of the PBC's shares, or in the case of a publicly listed PBC, the lesser of that percentage or a market value of $2,000,000. Aside from these rules, the statute also contains various protections for directors, providing, among other things, that a director generally will not be deemed to have a conflict of interest merely because he or she owns stock and, in effect, that the business judgment rule applies in the PBC context.
III. How to Convert to a PBC
To convert to the PBC form, a company will want to keep in mind several steps and considerations. Of course, a newly formed corporation can become a PBC from the start, and various aspects of the discussion in this post will be pertinent for such a corporation as well.
A. Legal Paths for Becoming a PBC
To become a Delaware PBC, a company must be identified as such in its certificate of incorporation and set forth a public benefit purpose in its certificate. For an existing Delaware corporation, the simplest (and in our experience, the most common) technical path to becoming a PBC is likely to amend its certificate of incorporation, depending on the company's vote requirements in its governing documents and other related structural considerations. A corporation could also become a PBC by merging with an existing PBC, and an entity formed outside of Delaware could additionally consider domesticating as or converting to a Delaware PBC. This post generally envisions amending the certificate of incorporation to become a PBC.
B. Board Approval and Decision-Making
The decision to become a PBC generally begins with the board of directors. The board should approach the decision seriously, taking into account the pros and cons of converting to the PBC form, soliciting views from management, and using advisors as appropriate. The board's decision is governed by its current fiduciary duties. Accordingly, for a traditional corporation formed under Delaware law, the board will need to discharge its duties of care and loyalty in making the conversion decision. Fundamentally, the board must determine that the conversion is in the best interests of its stockholders—that is, that the conversion promotes stockholder value.
To this end, the board of directors should evaluate how the PBC structure will relate to and advance the company's business and maximize stockholder value in the long run. In our experience, companies that have converted to the PBC form view the conversion as aligning the company's legal form with how the business is already run and what makes the business successful. In most cases, we would expect the decision to become a PBC to be protected by the business judgment rule, as long as the board carefully considers the conversion.
C. Crafting the Public Benefit Purpose
Once the decision has been made to pursue a PBC conversion, the board of directors, with the assistance of management and outside advisors, should craft an appropriate public benefit purpose to include in the company's certificate of incorporation. The language of the statute provides a great deal of flexibility in designing a suitable public benefit purpose, although that designing is a balancing act. The corporation's public benefit purpose will guide future decision-making at the company. Accordingly, the public benefit purpose should be specific enough to guide such decision-making, but not so narrow as to unnecessarily constrain the corporation's future conduct or quickly become unable to accommodate an evolving business. Because the public benefit purpose is contained in the corporation's certificate of incorporation, making changes after it has already been implemented will require a charter amendment and new board and stockholder approvals. Experienced legal counsel can assist in the preparation of an appropriate statement of public benefit purpose.
D. Stockholder Approval
Once the board approves the conversion to the PBC form and before the conversion can become effective, the corporation's stockholders will need to approve the conversion (i.e., in many cases, the charter amendment). Private corporations can often choose to obtain this stockholder approval by providing appropriate disclosures to stockholders and soliciting stockholder approval by written consent in lieu of a meeting. Public companies will, in most cases, need to obtain stockholder approval at a stockholder meeting, which requires filing a preliminary proxy statement with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which is subject to review and comment, and filing and mailing a definitive proxy statement to stockholders.
For both private and public companies, boards and management considering a conversion to the PBC form will of course want to think ahead to investor support and whether sufficient support will exist, now and in the future.
For private companies, in our experience, many investors are willing to consider supporting the PBC form and will want to hear why a conversion is advantageous to stockholders and the business. Assessing such support is critical both for the company's ongoing financing needs and for purposes of obtaining approval of the conversion. Private companies will also need to navigate their web of governing documents to determine which approvals will be needed. Where stockholders act by written consent, appropriate notices will need to be provided after the fact to stockholders who do not provide consent.
For public companies, our experience is, again, that many investors are willing to consider supporting the PBC form. Both Veeva and United Therapeutics received overwhelming support from their stockholders. Investors will want to understand why a conversion is in the best interests of investors and fits in with the "story" of the business. Investors will likely also consider other aspects of the company's governance structure and the existing rights and protections of the public stockholders. In this regard, public companies should consider whether to engage a public relations firm to build investor support.
Public companies will also want to think ahead to several related factors. One is the reaction of proxy advisory firms. Such firms have shown willingness to support conversions, but will consider them on a case-by-case basis, in light of the company's business and existing governance practices and structures.
Another consideration relates to anticipating potential reactions from the SEC on disclosures to stockholders. Here again, Veeva and United Therapeutics are helpful examples, as the proxy statements filed by both withstood SEC review and comment.
The required stockholder vote to add the public benefit purpose to the certificate of incorporation is the same as would apply to any other charter amendment under a company's governing documents. Once the amendment has been approved, the corporation need only file the amendment with the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware, and the conversion to a PBC is complete.
E. Other Preparations
Beyond the very important approval process, a company considering a conversion to a PBC will want to plan ahead on other fronts.
A company converting to the PBC form will want to think about outreach to employees, customers, suppliers, and local communities to inform them of the conversion—including where, for example, those constituencies are important stakeholders whose interests helped animate a decision to convert.
A company considering a conversion should also work with legal counsel to consider whether other appropriate changes should be made to the company's governing documents—for example, to other provisions of its charter, its bylaws, its form indemnification agreement for directors and officers, and any corporate governance guidelines or committee charters that are in place.
A company will, of course, also want to think ahead to what life would look like for the company as a PBC. One important consideration for any PBC is how to approach the required biennial report to stockholders on the company's attainment of its PBC goals—for example, the presentation of the report, the stakeholder interests that will be reported on, who at the company will be responsible for producing the report, and what data will be used in the report. Another is how the board will organize and document its deliberations to ensure that it is thinking about the appropriate balancing requirements and how that can best be demonstrated in (among other things) meeting minutes, resolutions, and actions by written consent.
A related consideration is whether the board will use a third party, such as B Lab, to assess or certify the company's compliance with its PBC goals. Becoming a PBC and becoming B Lab-certified (or seeking certification from another third party) are two different, independent decisions.
Finally, the company will want to keep in mind housekeeping requirements with regard to stock certificates and notices to stockholders, as discussed above.
IV. Practicalities of Operating a PBC
A. Legal Guidance Concerning PBCs
Although several examples of successful conversions now exist and the statutory provisions on PBCs are fairly clear, the Delaware courts have not yet had the opportunity to analyze the unique nature of PBCs. In contrast to the traditional corporate context—where thousands of cases exist and help guide corporate behavior—there is no case law addressing PBCs specifically. This is an important item to consider when contemplating a conversion.
That said, despite the lack of direct guidance from the judiciary, we believe certain existing governance principles should apply in the PBC context. Initially, the business judgment rule—the Delaware principle that judges will not scrutinize or disturb most of the informed business decisions of disinterested directors—should apply to many decisions of a PBC board, as it would in the context of a traditional Delaware corporation. The PBC statute codifies this principle by providing that an informed decision by PBC directors will be deemed to have satisfied the statutory tripartite balancing obligation as long as the directors are disinterested and act in an informed manner and their decision is "not such that no person of ordinary, sound judgement would approve." The fiduciary duties of care and loyalty applicable to directors of a traditional Delaware corporation should likewise apply to the directors of a PBC. However, the application of these principles in specific cases differ for PBCs given the different considerations and requirements confronting corporate fiduciaries of a PBC.
B. PBCs in the M&A Context
As practitioners and investors have noted, despite many of the anticipated similarities in litigation involving PBCs and traditional corporations in many contexts, the expectations for board members in M&A situations will likely differ for PBCs. When the board of a traditional corporation decides to sell control of the company, the focus of the board's fiduciary duties shifts to obtaining the best monetary value for stockholders in the short term; other constituencies cannot be considered (the imposition of this narrow obligation is often referred to as the "Revlon" doctrine). Courts will evaluate a traditional Delaware corporation's board under an enhanced standard of review in this context.
In the PBC context, however, the applicable standard of review will be different in many respects. Instead of focusing solely on short-term stockholder gain, the board of a PBC would still engage in the tripartite balancing required by the statute—such that aspects of the "Revlon" doctrine would not apply to PBCs.
V. Conclusion
For a company that is interested in becoming a PBC, enough examples now exist to provide insight into when a conversion may make sense and the process that likely lies ahead. From those examples, we know that a successful conversion can be achievable, even for an already public company, depending on a company's business, its governance profile, and its investor base. Board members and management will want to consider, however, what is most sensible for the business: remaining a traditional corporation, with the latitude the business judgment rule typically affords in the course of promoting stockholder value, or embedding within the corporate form a public benefit purpose and the consideration of stakeholders as ends in themselves.


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There are eight types of homeowners insurance options available, and the one that's right for you will be based on your coverage needs and the type of home you have. The types of home insurance policies include HO-1, HO-2, HO-3, HO-4, HO-5, HO-6, HO-7, and HO-8.
However, not all homeowners insurance policies are created equal, so it's best to shop around and read carefully to find a policy that will best fit your needs. For instance, there are policies available for unique living situations. This includes those living in a condo or mobile home, those renting a home, or those who own an older or historically significant home.
Below, we break down what you need to know about home insurance policies and terms to make the best decision for you.
The most common type of homeowners insurance, special form insurance (HO-3) includes dwelling, belonging and, liability coverage. This means that your insurance company will help you financially when repairing or replacing your home's structure (including additional structures on the property), your personal belongings (even when it's not inside your home) and any costs associated with injuries that occur at your home. This includes both resident and guest injuries, as well as protection in the event of legal action.
Special form homeowners insurance follows an open peril policy for dwelling protection. Though this means the structure of your home is covered for all different types of damage, your personal belongings are under a named peril policy. Special form protection for personal belongings typically don't cover events such as earthquakes, floods, government seizures, mudslides, ordinance updates, sewer backups and sinkholes.
Basic form (HO-1) coverage only offers dwelling protection. This means that while the structure of your home is covered, your belongings and personal liability are left unprotected. In recent years, this basic policy has become less common, as most lenders don't consider them to provide sufficient coverage for homes.
Basic form is also a named peril policy, meaning you will only receive coverage for damage from the following named disasters: damage from an aircraft or vehicle, explosion, fire, hail, lightning, riots or civil commotion, smoke, theft, vandalism, volcanic activity and wind.
The coverage of broad form (HO-2) policy's extends beyond basic form's (HO-1) to include personal belongings and additional perils. In addition to the basic form (HO-1) events, broad form policies also cover named perils such as artificial electrical current, cracking or other damage to pipes, falling objects, freezing, water or steam overflow and weight of snow or ice.
It's important to note that broad form homeowners insurance is fairly uncommon, and is not usually recommended by lenders as it doesn't include liability protection. This is because of the high cost associated with medical and legal fees that often occur in the event of a personal injury on the property and accompanying lawsuits.
Although not available with all insurance companies, comprehensive insurance (HO-5) is typically only considered for brand-new homes. This open policy includes more coverage than the special form (HO-3), but often excludes earthquake, flood, mold and nuclear damage. It also has higher limits to choose from for personal belonging and liability coverage.
Excluded events typically include animal damage, corrosion, earthquake, flood, foundation damage, fungus, government seizure, landslide, mold, mudslide, nuclear hazard, ordinance upkeep, rot, rust, sinkhole and smog.
HO-4 insurance policies were created specifically for renters, as they benefit from personal property and liability coverage but don't need coverage on the home itself. Often renters insurance will provide the same disaster coverage as a basic or broad form, and can even help you pay for lodging should you have to leave your rental due to unforeseen circumstances.
A full list of named perils covered include artificial electrical current, damage from an aircraft or vehicle, explosions, falling objects, fire, freezing, hail, lightning, riots or civil commotion, smoke, theft, vandalism, water damage from plumbing or HVAC overflow, water heater damage, weight of snow or ice and windstorms.
Condo insurance (HO-6) covers limited parts of the structure of the condo, the items inside and the owner's personal liability. Condo insurance's named peril policy covers common events such as damage from an aircraft or vehicle, explosions, fire, hail, lightning, riots or civil commotion, smoke, theft, vandalism and windstorms.
When purchasing condo insurance, it's important to first determine what protection your building owner will provide. While most complex owners will protect external walls and common areas such as hallways and trash rooms, double-checking their coverage limitations can help save you headaches down the line. This way, you can ensure you aren't paying double for coverage you already have through your building owner, or that there aren't any gaps in your protection in case of an emergency or natural disaster.
A mobile home (HO-7) policy offers a very similar level of coverage as the special form (HO-3), but for mobile homes instead of standalone houses. Mobile home insurance includes an open peril policy for the structure of RVs, mobile homes and trailers.
Coverage for personal belongings, however, is a bit more limited and runs on a named peril policy including damage from an aircraft or vehicle, explosions, fire, hail, lightning, riots or civil commotion, smoke, theft, vandalism and windstorms.
An HO-8 policy offers a more robust coverage option for older and historically significant homes that often need more repairs and have higher costs associated with replacements and repairs. Dwelling, belongings and liability coverage are all included in a named policy that covers damage from an aircraft or vehicle, explosions, fire, hail, lightning, riots or civil commotion,
If you don't find yourself fitting into any of the situations above, you may need a more unique insurance policy. Luckily, there are plenty of outlier protection plans available to suit your needs. Make sure to talk to your insurance provider about your situation to determine which option is right for you.
smoke, theft, vandalism and windstorms.
The three main types of property insurance coverage include actual cash value, replacement cost, and extended replacement cost.
Actual cash value coverage means that the insurance company will pay to replace the structure or personal belongings, but will deduct some money from their total payment due to depreciation on said items. Replacement costs take this policy a step further by agreeing to pay for the damaged home or items inside at their value when first purchased, no depreciation deduction taken.
Finally, extended replacement cost means that the insurance company will cover the full cost to repair or replace a damaged dwelling for a covered peril regardless of the policy limits. This can be especially helpful for homeowners after a natural disaster or when supply prices suddenly jump.
Not all homeowners insurance policies are the same. There are a variety of coverage and payout amounts available depending on the type of home you have and the items you want protected. It's best to consider all belongings and structures on your property, as well as the daily wear and tear on your home before deciding which policy to move forward with.
To determine what type of homeowners insurance is right for you, it's important to know what type of coverage you want and what deductible limits you can afford. Getting the proper coverage for your home can make or break how easy it is to recover from setbacks such as theft or fire. It's also important to take into consideration how vulnerable your home may be, as you might need to add on additional peril coverage or increase your policy limits.
Determining the policy that fits your need takes a lot of consideration and shopping around, but rest assured the effort is worth it. Protecting your property and belongings is crucial to long-term home health and can help prevent a dip in your savings should a major repair arise. By taking factors such as market rates, customer service, coverage amounts and costs into account, you can ensure you're making the best decision for your needs.
Ready to upgrade your coverage for total home wellness? Reach out to our home insurance experts to learn about our smart home and virtual maintenance packages that come standard with each policy provided by Hippo.
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Get Instant Quote *Estimated premium savings based on state rate comparisons of Hippo's prices as compared to average industry price.(800) 585-0705[email protected]We are here around the clock from Monday to Friday. We're closed from 6 pm CST on Saturday and resume service at 5 am CST on Monday. If you need assistance outside of these hours, please don't hesitate to email us at [email protected] or call us during our regular hours.
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The other day, I was speaking with a new potential coaching client, the CFO of a local nonprofit. We began to explore why she had sought out a coach, and she shared that she was looking for help with time management. I've learned that these days when someone says they need help with time management it can mean a wide range of topics. It can mean anything from an inability to utilize Asana or Evernote (two popular time management apps) to very real challenges around prioritization and focus.
As we took a deeper dive, this executive explained that she loved her work, spent many hours on the job, and experienced tremendous fulfillment from serving her community. Yet her partner was constantly telling her she lacked work/life balance. This was causing a substantial amount of strain on the relationship.
"What do you think about your work/life balance?" I asked. My potential client got very quiet. After several moments of silence, where it was clear she was struggling, she admitted that she had no idea as to what the "right" amount of work/life balance looked like to her; or her partner for that matter.
This is not an unusual topic and one that comes up often in coaching conversations. Rarely can anyone provide the perfect definition of work/life balance. I'll add that I've actually made similar comments to my wife, an extremely talented and hard-working professional (and yes, I'm a bit biased!) So, as I considered my potential client's plight as well as what I've said to my wife on more than one occasion, an important realization hit me:
Work/Life Balance is a thought created construct used to judge someone through our own lens and way of being in the world: When I tell someone they don't have work/life balance, I'm saying they're not living to MY standard of the amount of time one should work, play, relax, and engage in other activities. It has nothing to do with what they are satisfied with. If I'm being assertive, I'll work to have them believe my standard is the right one. And if I'm being downright forceful, I'll get them to commit and live by my definition of work/life balance.
How to Observe Your Time
Have you experienced what I'm referencing on either side of the equation? If you're thinking you want to move into a different mindset about how you look at your time and work/life balance, here are a few possibilities:
Think about time as a commodity. You get to make choices about how you invest and spend it. When I discuss time with clients, I invite them to notice when they're investing and where they're simply spending it. There's value in both. Investing time means there may be an element of an ROI or return on investment – that could be financial or social. For example, my potential client got a tremendous social/personal return from the time she invested in her work. As a personal example, while my time playing guitar or running might not offer an apparent return, it replenishes my creative spark and amps up my overall energy.
Take two weeks to track your time: One of the first things I do with clients concerned about work/life balance is to ask them to track their time. I also ask them where they make their most valued contributions in the various areas of their life. While I encourage them to treat the exercise seriously, I also offer that they keep it light – don't track minute to minute; just look for broad strokes. Most importantly, I encourage them not to change anything – for now. This exercise typically provides some aha moments and wakes them up to opportunities to make shifts about where they invest and spend.
And finally…
Create and live into your own definition of work/life balance: Only you know what lights you up and lets you live to your full potential.
Happy Exploring!
If you're ready to learn more skills to help you manage your time and work/life balance, then join our Foundation Course or Coaching for Personal & Professional Mastery program.
About the Author:
Robert Grabel is committed to serving others with a career that has included work in both the for-profit and nonprofit sectors. After growing his practice in financial services, he has spent over two decades in the nonprofit arena doing everything from launching his own start-up charity to serving in senior leadership roles where he helped raise millions in support of a wide range of causes including senior care, healthcare, homelessness, education reform, and youth development. He is a passionate advocate for the nonprofit sector, writes and speaks on a wide range of industry topics, and volunteers for organizations in his own community.
Robert created Nonprofit Now! (www.yournonprofitnow.com) to provide organizations and their leaders with the support they need to change the world. From Executive Coaching and Board Development to Fundraising Consulting and Development, Nonprofit Now! offers leaders customized services nonprofits need to grow and thrive.
He completed his coach training with the Newfield Network and earned his Coaching for Personal and Professional Mastery certification. Robert has also participated in Intentional Prosperity for Coaches, a group program led by Melissa Ford focused on growing a prosperous coaching program.
Robert recently completed his first book, Just Do The Work: The Portable Nonprofit Coach.
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Choose any classic arcade game for your graphics. Please send me a message to place your order.
You will be the only one on your block with this NEW custom arcade machine. Your name will be in lights on the top marquee which, will look great with the full graphics wrap. You will be transported back in time with classics like Donkey Kong, Mario, Pac-Man, Galaga, Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter, Mettle Slug, and more than 10,000 games right at your fingertips.
You will remember the day you got your first system when you discover long lost games you haven't played in decades. You'll find just about any game you could want from arcade games to Playstation 1 and Nintendo 64 classics. You don't need to worry about a thing because this machine is easy to wall mount and there's even an instructional video.
This machine is lightweight and durable. Dimensions: H 33" W 22.5" D 12. Controls: 2 player, 6 button, LED Lighted. Graphics: Yes (You choose a classic arcade game). Custom Marquee: Yes (Your name printed on the marquee).
Adjustable Volume, Bass, and Treble: Yes. Be sure to let me know the name you wish to appear on the marquee at checkout in the notes section (easily visible). Please, be sure to double check the spelling. Or, feel free to send me a message with any questions you may have. The item "Omega-Cade Arcade Machine Custom Bartop or Wall Mount Pick Graphics and Marquee" is in sale since Monday, May 18, 2020. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Arcade, Jukeboxes & Pinball\Arcade Gaming\Video Arcade Machines". The seller is "millergamingco" and is located in High Springs, Florida.This item can be shipped to United States.


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Did you know that you can celebrate every day of the year! You can even create your own National Holiday! We thought it might be fun to look into some of these unique holidays as a way to brighten the days ahead and support our local businesses at the same time! This week we are celebrating the following holidays:
Feb 9 – National Pizza Day featuring Pza Parlour! Celebrate and be adventurous with The PEI Wedding (features a lobster and roasted potato) or The Gio (gorgonzola, mozzarella, and pear).
Feb 10 – National Umbrella Day featuring Historic Downtown Cochrane! What is your favourite selfie spot in HDC? Pick up an umbrella and share your celebration with us using #visitcochraneab or #explorecochrane!
Feb 13 – National Tortellini Day featuring The Boot! Celebrate and enjoy their Tortellini Norcina – Prosciutto stuffed Tortellini in Creamy Sauce with Home Made Sausage. Yum!!
Feb 14 – Check out the local Valentine offerings and support our local businesses as you celebrate!!
Each week, we will be adding to the celebration! We hope you will join us in our weekly celebrations and stop by the local businesses to show your support!!