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October 28, 2011
Sardinian continuity against a backdrop of European discontinuity
There is, however, one population that stands as an outlier against the backdrop of discontinuity: Sardinians. Ghirotto et al. inferred population continuity in Sardinian mtDNA at least until the Bronze Age. Stories about the Tyrolean Iceman, confirmed in the NOVA TV documentary suggest that a 5,000-year old denizen of Central Europe was genetically closest to Sardinians. A study of craniofacial variation confirms population continuity in Sardinia since the Neolithic, with the population of peninsular Italy gradually diverging, consistent with the Iceman findings. Substantial frequencies of Y-haplogroups G and I are found in modern Sardinian newborns, the same two haplogroups detected in Neolithic southern France at Treilles. And, a study of European genetic isolates finds Sardinians to be lacking in some European polymorphic sites, suggesting a degree of genetic isolation compared to mainland Europeans; this is consistent with my own finding that Sardinians are maximally "western" along the east-west Eurasian axis.
Two cryptic bits of revealed information suggest that a major event may have happened in Europe. In an ICHG 2011 talk, David Reich revealed that his lab has unpublished work of ancient admixture in Europe and that "Europeans are anciently mixed just like South Asians." A blog post by Ewen Callaway suggests that Zink's Tyrolean Iceman investigators are asking "whether he and his kin died out and were replaced by migrants from elsewhere, such as the Middle East."
In the absence of concrete data, it is difficult to interpret such hints of things to come. But the idea of an episode of admixture in Europe from the East that would leave a South Asian-like cline of diminishing West Asian ancestry is supported by admixture studies of West Eurasians, showing that the Near-East to Atlantic-Baltic vector captures the principal aspect of variation in this region.
Interestingly, a "West Asian" ancestral component centered on the South Caucasus region has an Fst distance of 0.028 with the main European "Atlantic-Baltic" component, and of 0.058 with a "Southern" component present at non-trivial amount in southern populations from both sides of the Mediterranean and the Near East.
The possibility of a major east-west population movement into Europe that left Sardinians least affected is intriguing. At K=7 Sardinians have almost none of the "West Asian" ancestral component and most of the "Southern" one in Europe. This appears to be consistent with a population that was least affected by population movements from the northern parts of West Asia.
If I had to guess, I would propose that most extant Europeans will be discovered to be a 2-way West Asian/Ancestral European mix, just as most South Asians are a simple West Asian/Ancestral South Indian mix. In both cases, the indigenous component is no longer in existence and the South Asian/Atlantic_Baltic components that emerge in ADMIXTURE analyses represent a composite of the aboriginal component with the introduced West Asian one. And, like in India, some populations will be discovered to be "off-cline" by admixture with different elements: in Europe these will be Paleo-Mediterraneans like the Iceman, an element maximally preserved in modern Sardinians, as well as the East Eurasian-influenced populations at the North-Eastern side of the continent.
In a roundabout manner, the Caucasus and its environs may soon reclaim their position as the fons gentium that Blumenbach, more than two centuries ago, ascribed to them. More than one century ago, Italian anthropologist Giuseppe Sergi, proposed a model of the double origin of Europeans, supposing that the Mediterraneans of southern Europe (a branch of the "Eurafricans") were invaded by peoples from the east, the "Eurasiatics." Naturally, the ideas of Blumenbach and Sergi cannot be adopted today in their entirety, but they do well to remind us that inklings of truth can be found in the most unexpected of places.
And, when one reads this quote from Carleton Coon's classic 1939 synthesis The Races of Europe (section "The western Mediterranean Islands")... "Sardinia and Corsica were peopled at the beginning of the Neolithic by a race of short-statured, dolichocephalic, low-vaulted, brunet Mediterraneans, coming probably from several quarters, including the adjacent European coasts, North Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. Subsequent immigrations of other Mediterranean peoples have affected the racial composition of these islands but little." ... one is inclined to say "Dr. Coon, you were right!"
37 comments:
- Charles Nydorf said...
Is it possible to characterize the Southern, West Asian and Atlantic-Baltic components via cranial morphology?
- Friday, October 28, 2011 11:17:00 pm
- Maju said...
"If I had to guess, I would propose that most extant Europeans will be discovered to be a 2-way West Asian/Ancestral European mix, just as most South Asians are a simple West Asian/Ancestral South Indian mix. In both cases, the indigenous component is no longer in existence and the South Asian/Atlantic_Baltic components that emerge in ADMIXTURE analyses represent a composite of the aboriginal component with the introduced West Asian one".
I do not think that is possible. If in South Asia (a perfectly comparable case, as you say well) the ancestral component (ASI) is still clearly apparent, as well as the ASI-ANI duality, why don't we see anything like that in Europe?
The reason is that there has NOT been any significant West Asian immigration with Neolithic. And therefore the components we see (not always exactly the same but with tendency to repeat across studies) are actually pre-Neolithic stuff, with the West Asian component still apparent as such West Asian (and Red Sea) components.
These still make up (using your K=11 analysis) 44% in South Italy, 40% among Greeks, 36% in Central Italy, 30% among Tuscans, 24% among Romanians, 16% in North Italy, etc.
Alternatively, you seem to be able to discern that the North European component is closes to that of West Asia. Much closer than the Mediterranean or even the Red Sea component. This offers another interesting possibility: that North Europe was the part of Europe which was actually colonized by (blondish?) people from Turkey and such.
I'd rather think this only indicates maybe a second Paleolithic layer but that is what your own analysis has to offer - and not what you are saying.
Sardinians would then be 100% of another component, which may or not have arrived from the East (it's rare in West Asia, excepting Cyprus) and that we could describe as Greco-Italian for the two regions that have it above 30% (although you use the term "Mediterranean" instead).
But I do not dare to say more because I really do not like too much your analysis strategy, discarding important European components and retaining once and again exotic pointless components from Africa and East Asia. - Saturday, October 29, 2011 12:12:00 am
- pconroy said...
Yes, I agree it would certainly seem so!
That means that my prediction over 3 years ago about the possible source of R1b in Western Europe may be right on the money:
pconroy said...
I wonder if R1b in Western Europe is associated with the Cardium Pottery peoples from the Middle East?
Wednesday, July 30, 2008 9:00:00 PM
pconroy said...
Well if not Cardium Pottery people, whose origin was in Lebanon/Syria, then how about the Megalithic people.
It would seem that they might have originated in Southern Armenia, in the Syunik area, as there is a huge ancient megalithic structure there, called Karahunj (aka Zorats Karer, Angelakot) - http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Karahunj - which may date to 8,000 yo, it seems to have also served as an observatory - much like Newgrange in Ireland or Stonehenge in England.
It would also seem that the population of this Southern Armenia area is 40-45% R1b:
Wednesday, July 30, 2008 10:16:00 PM
pconroy said...
Thanks for the data, especially:
56/140 = 0.4000 Syunik
92/215 = 0.4279 Karabakh
So it seems that Southern Armenia was heavily R1b and had some of the earliest megalithic structures.
I disagree that the megalithic structures were religious in nature, they were instead like great stone locks, which were used by agricultural people to measure the passing of the seasons, and determine when planting and harvesting should take place.
Can you point out any "stone circles" that are not associated with some plain, where agriculture took place?
Friday, August 01, 2008 11:36:00 PM
- Saturday, October 29, 2011 12:39:00 am
- Fanty said...
"Is it possible to characterize the Southern, West Asian and Atlantic-Baltic components via cranial morphology?"
Not really.
For example, Scandinavia centered components spread out like Nordid (long skulled, long faced), Faelid (Long skulled, short faced) and Borreby (short skulled, long faced) skull shapes.
There is virtually no component with a spreading pattern comparable to "Alpinoid" (short skulled, short faced)
I am sure, those admixture components are not limited to alleles of a single skull shape.
But 23andMe has a survey running that involves facial (and Nasal) shapes. Possibly some alleles show up that might connect people with certain shapes of face or noses. But its limited to what rough shape the face shows from the front. No lengh of the skull etc.
But its actually possible to ask 23andMe to do surveys of your likening.
About admixture components linked to skull shapes...
the only thong I could imagine is, doing supervised runs with groups of individuals that are of totaly different heritage, but identical skull shape.
the software would be forced to produce components that contain allele patterns that these people share.
But maybe this doesnt work at all and my thinking is off.
*shrugs* - Saturday, October 29, 2011 4:47:00 am
- mooreisbetter said...
On the dead scientists: The theories of those scientists you cited, from days long past, have a remarkable way of staying relevant. The leaps that come from sheer intuition can often dwarf the incremental progress made by scrupulous testing.
I wouldn't quite say that Coon was right though. I do not see much North African component in Sardinians... Lots of Western European and Ancient European.
On the Sardinians: You may want to check out Cavalli-Sforza's two seminal books, in which he covers the Principal Components of European Genetics. In one book, he writes that were he to remain true to the data, he'd have give Sardinians their own pole. (His poles were Anatolia, Finland, Greece/Ireland (axis), Ukraine, and Basque Country).
He went on to say that Sardinians were so unique, they should be characterized as their own type of European really. He did not give them their own pole because it would complicate the data too much (as they were waaay off the charts in terms of uniqueness).
On other ancient Europeans: I believe there is a significant similarlity between Southern Italians from the mountains of Basilicata and North Calabria, with Sardinians. There is a lot of G2 and I2 in those remote areas, which, if you think about it, make sense as a reliquary. Add a Greek and Roman layer by the coasts, and you have the modern Lucano/Cosentino. - Saturday, October 29, 2011 7:13:00 am
- Dienekes said...
I wouldn't quite say that Coon was right though. I do not see much North African component in Sardinians... Lots of Western European and Ancient European.
It is true that Sardinians do not have much _recent_ North African ancestry, i.e., the component centered on Mozabites and labeled "Northwest African" in several iterations of my analyses.
But, at the appropriate level of resolution, Sardinians and Mozabites actually are the two populations with the maximum of a component that is also frequent in North Africans, and which also occurs in Basques and along the Atlantic facade and dissipates toward the eastern Mediterranean.
Here are the top populations for this component at K=8, using the same dataset as 'eurasia7', slightly modified for pruning relatives.
[150,] "Spaniards" "38.1"
[151,] "Portuguese_D" "38.3"
[152,] "Spanish_D" "38.8"
[154,] "North_African_Jews_D" "39.5"
[155,] "Sephardic_Jews" "39.7"
[156,] "Basque_D" "41.2"
[157,] "Morocco_Jews" "41.5"
[158,] "French_Basque" "42.4"
[159,] "Tunisian_D" "43.9"
[160,] "Algerian_D" "46.9"
[161,] "Moroccans" "48.3"
[162,] "Moroccan_D" "52.7"
[163,] "Mozabite" "57.7"
[164,] "Sardinian" "63" - Saturday, October 29, 2011 9:02:00 am
- Dienekes said...
At K=9, this persists, a little altered
[151,] "Morocco_Jews" "34"
[152,] "North_Italian" "35"
[153,] "Portuguese_D" "37.6"
[154,] "Spaniards" "37.7"
[155,] "Spanish_D" "38.2"
[156,] "Tunisian_D" "38.7"
[158,] "Algerian_D" "43.2"
[159,] "Basque_D" "43.2"
[160,] "Moroccans" "43.8"
[161,] "French_Basque" "44.2"
[162,] "Moroccan_D" "49.2"
[163,] "Sardinian" "59.7"
[164,] "Mozabite" "62.8"
At K=10, a specific Mozabite-centered component emerges:
[150,] "Palestinian_D" "4.6"
[151,] "Sephardic_Jews" "5"
[152,] "Ethiopian_Jews" "5.3"
[153,] "East_African_D" "6"
[154,] "Ethiopians" "6.1"
[155,] "Portuguese_D" "6.9"
[156,] "North_African_Jews_D" "7"
[157,] "Egyptian_D" "7.5"
[158,] "Egyptans" "8.1"
[159,] "Morocco_Jews" "8.3"
[160,] "Tunisian_D" "26.8"
[161,] "Algerian_D" "33.4"
[162,] "Moroccans" "39.1"
[163,] "Moroccan_D" "40.9"
[164,] "Mozabite" "83.2"
as well as a Sardinian-Basque one:
[150,] "O_Italian_D" "39.5"
[151,] "C_Italian_D" "40.4"
[152,] "French_D" "41.4"
[153,] "French" "41.5"
[154,] "N_Italian_D" "43.1"
[155,] "Tuscan" "43.5"
[157,] "Portuguese_D" "46.2"
[158,] "North_Italian" "47.2"
[159,] "Spanish_D" "51.1"
[160,] "Spaniards" "51.2"
[162,] "Basque_D" "68"
[163,] "French_Basque" "69.3"
[164,] "Sardinian" "77"
What seems to have happened is that there is a common population stratum in the western Mediterranean, on both continents. In the north side, this was influenced by pre-Neolithic Europeans (whom I called "Ancestral Europeans") who form part of the so-called Atlantic_Baltic component. In the south side, it was influenced by pre-Neolithic Africans as well as Sub-Saharans. A few thousand years of different admixtures and separate evolution has been enough to create a separate blend north and south of the Mediterranean at its western end. - Saturday, October 29, 2011 9:02:00 am
- eurologist said...
"Interestingly, a "West Asian" ancestral component centered on the South Caucasus region has an Fst distance of 0.028 with the main European "Atlantic-Baltic" component, and of 0.058 with a "Southern" component present at non-trivial amount in southern populations from both sides of the Mediterranean and the Near East."
As I posted before, one has to be very, very careful about this. Judging European relations based on the extremes of Sub-Saharan Africans and South-East Asians, East Asians, Siberians, and in the end Amerindians is not fruitful at all.
It looks like the first 3 or 4 or 5 dimensions are defined with these extremes, which means that Fst differences are projected along these extremes, and really have nothing to do with European differences.
We should evaluate such differences based on European bases and components, alone - including Caucasia and perhaps "Red Sea". - Saturday, October 29, 2011 12:19:00 pm
G in Italy is not evenly distributed, it peaks in Alto Adige (South Tyrol)8% and other mountainous areas, it seems a relic of the past.
Dianekes, instead of using the Caterina Murino's pic , try this.
"Fuit enim gens antiquissima Italiae – Primo Italiam habuisse quondam qui Aborigenes appellabantur – Italiae cultores primi Aborigenes fuere"
There's a truth in the ancient oral tradition. It has been reworked and rewritten to policy needs in historical times, but it contains a nut of truth. - Saturday, October 29, 2011 1:37:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
Without knowing what David Reich meant by "Europeans are anciently mixed just like South Asians" I am afraid we can not go beyond speculation on that issue. We do not even know what he meant by European. Maybe he meant all Caucasoids irrespective of continent and region, maybe some of them, just we do not know.
Also we do not know the autosomal genetic analysis results of Ötzi and those of the ancient skeletons from central Europe investigated with him.
In conclusion, we do not what we normally ought to know now just because of the commercial interests of a few, and unfortunately few scientists have the courage and apparently even also the desire to demolish or at least bypass the academic establishment. - Saturday, October 29, 2011 7:20:00 pm
- pconroy said...
There's also this old map by Biasutti:
Which labels Southern Sardinia as, "Forme Europoidi arcaiche", which I think means, "Archaic European Form" - Saturday, October 29, 2011 7:27:00 pm
- Dienekes said...
Without knowing what David Reich meant by "Europeans are anciently mixed just like South Asians" I am afraid we can not go beyond speculation on that issue.
That is why I am attempting to guess what he meant and correlate it with other pieces of information. We'll see what he meant when his research is published. I see a good reason to highlight what was just a passing comment, because Reich and collaborators have an unusually high level of statistical sophistication, and if he decided to say _anything_ about this in public, it's probably something more or less secure.
In conclusion, we do not what we normally ought to know now just because of the commercial interests of a few, and unfortunately few scientists have the courage and apparently even also the desire to demolish or at least bypass the academic establishment.
You are too harsh on scientists. They have to work in a particular system that requires certain tropes to be followed. I don't expect any scientist to turn kamikaze and sacrifice his career and publication record to make a point. Project leaders also have to worry about their postdocs and grad students, and only a fool would say to them all: "You won't get a Nature paper because I decided to make a point about open science". - Saturday, October 29, 2011 7:35:00 pm
- Dienekes said...
Biasutti had identified, within the Mediterranean race, Paleosardinian, Berber, and Atlantic subraces. It may be a coincidence, but the Sardinian-Mozabite component mentions above fractures first into Sardinian-Basque/Mozabite and then into Sardinian/Basque/Mozabite components. Given the material they had to work with, I'd say that the old-time physical anthropologists had much that was interesting to say.
- Saturday, October 29, 2011 7:39:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
You are too harsh on scientists. They have to work in a particular system that requires certain tropes to be followed. I don't expect any scientist to turn kamikaze and sacrifice his career and publication record to make a point. Project leaders also have to worry about their postdocs and grad students, and only a fool would say to them all: "You won't get a Nature paper because I decided to make a point about open science".
Is not open science what all of us wish? They can at least make an effort for that. I know that some scientists are really doing that, but they are apparently in the minority. - Sunday, October 30, 2011 12:29:00 am
- dok101 said...
@ Dienekes
"[T]he old-time physical anthropologists had much that was interesting to say."
Took a look at Henry Field's "Contributions to the Anthropology of Iran." Specifically, the listing of cephalic indices for mostly West Asian groups, but also a few others. The most brachycephalic populations had the greatest frequencies of R-M269, T, and J1* (and possibly other HGs), among the populations listed. Though, it should be noted, Roewer et al. found significant frequencies of R-M269 in some of the northern Iranian minority groups (e.g. Talysh), not listed below. At least not separately.
1 Bakhtiari 88.38 T=13%, Roewer et al.
2 Assyrian avg 88.07 T/hg26~14%, hg1(perhaps 30-35% R-M269)=41.5%, J1*=10+% (Yepiskoposian et al., Mendez et al., Chiaroni et al.)
3 Lezgin 87.77 R-M269=29.6%, J1*=44.4% (Balanovsky et al.)
4 Druze 87.26 T=8%, R-M269 frequencies vary. Most recent=49%. Rough average of past studies, perhaps in the neighborhood of ~20% R-M269? (Mendez et al., Al-Zahery et al.)
5 Armenian avg 86.34 R-M269=26%, T=6%, J1* (mostly xP58) = 12%. Armenian FTDNA Project.
6 Laz 85.6
7 Alawi avg 85.25 R-M269 estimated, based on haplotypes in Dönbak et al, to be at least 30%-35%.
8 Syrian 85.11
9 Lebanese 84.88
9 Turkish avg 84.88
11 Georgian 83.2
12 Ossetes avg 82.17
13 Circassian 82.05
14 Iranian 80.06
15 Kurd avg 79.84
16 Persian avg 78.55
17 Azerbaijani 76
18 Lurs 74.25 - Sunday, October 30, 2011 7:36:00 am
- mooreisbetter said...
One more thought:
Doesn't France hold the key to understanding a lot of this? I mean, I think sometimes even the most balanced and perhaps, um, Grecocentric scientists (I'm ribbing you, friendly, Dienekes) are nevertheless a bit Western-European centric.
Let us not forget that Europe can rather simply be cut into three quadrants: West, Central, and East. In central Europe, I and G are not really "minor" lineages. There is still significant I and/or G in Fennoscandia, Germany, Austria, and Italy.
It is Ireland, Spain, England, etc. where these are not so prevalent.
France has very bizarre laws as to DNA testing, and that means we don't really have good studies there. I would venture that Southern France bears a significant G and I presence to this day. That Bretagne looks like Western Europe, etc. I would even venture a strong, detectable Greek component near Marseilles (Massilia).
If you assume Central Europe had a healthy population of I and G (non R1 peoples) -- the traditional model, of R1 being present on the West-East poles of Europe, then expanding -- remains plausible to this day.
This debate is far from over. - Sunday, October 30, 2011 5:34:00 pm
- bmdriver said...
Could it be that Europeans are closer to north indians? rather than north indians closer to europeans? If the aryan theory is false which it is, then it proves a migration out of india, and not into india, as abrahamic people think.
It seems that Abrahamic people, of whatever faith, have one unity that is to protect the origins of their ancestoral land, middle east, for jews, christians and muslims who believe that the sons of noah civilised middle east first and the sons of ham, the darkies, where civilised by them. It seems that you are very quick to establish that North Indians are closer to europeans but the truth is that Europeans are closer to north indians. That r1a is Indian origin, older in india, and that north indian population in general are alot older than in europe or central asia. - Sunday, October 30, 2011 9:56:00 pm
- dok101 said...
Two interesting bits, in light of the details provided in my previous post, from, "The Urartian Substratum in Armenian." John A.C. Greppin, 2008.
"[I]t was quite likely...that both the Hurrian and Urartian languages were directly related to the languages of the North Caucasus."
And, now, the more intriguing of the two:
"[I]t also became clear that Armenian seems to have its best fit with the Lezgian group of the Daghestani languages."
On a separate, but possibly related note, Aramaic dialects, and specifically Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects, are the only instances of Semitic, that, based on the most recent scholarship, appear to display some form/degree of ergativity. "The Debate on Ergativity in Neo-Aramaic." Edit Doron and Geoffrey Khan, 2010.
Ergativity is also found in (source:Wiki) the following languages. Not intended to be exhaustive:
Northeast and Northwest Caucasian
Several Southwestern Iranian languages, including Davani
Assyrian-Aramaic ("Sûret") is one of the NENA dialects. - Sunday, October 30, 2011 11:50:00 pm
- Maju said...
@Mooreisbetter: What you say might make some sense about I, whose center may well be in Ukraine... but G is actually centered in Southernmost Europe, from Crete to Portugal
Brief list of >7% G samples in non-Caucasus Europe:
·Tirol: 7% (but not elsewhere in Austria)
·Korcula (Croatia): 10%
·Osijek (Croatia): 13%
·Corsica: 12%
·Central Crete: 8%
·Mainland Italy: 3-15% (mostly in the high range, depending on sample)
·Some locations in Sicily, but the island overall is lower than mainland Italy (c. 5%)
·Sardinia: 12-14%
·Malta: 8%
·Gagauzes (Turks) of Moldova: 13%
·Portugal: 7-12%
·Orlovaskaja Oblast (Belarus): 9% (but rare elsewhere in non-Caucasus Eastern Europe)
·Spain: 5-8% (not among Basques however)
As you can easily see, almost without exception these populations with notable Y-DNA G are from the Southernmost zone of Mediterranean climate. The main area of partial exceptions is near NE Italy (Austrian Tirol, Osijek). And then in very small pockets of Eastern Europe.
Actually within the Mediterranean there is a Western trend with this lineage, which is much more concentrated in Iberia and Italy than anywhere else of comparable size. Even Greece falls clearly behind.
Excepting the Caucausus only Turkey and Palestine compare in frequency of Y-DNA G. However diversity is clearly higher in and around the Caucasus (at all phylogenetic levels??? Is this another R1b-like "diversity" fiasco? Worth considering). - Monday, October 31, 2011 12:39:00 am
- Unknown said...
I think we have to be careful here. The genetic similarities between Sardinia and other mediterannean countries are entirely consistent with the southern coastal migration which has been proposed for as far back as I can recall. Nothing new here, its just that the islandic Sardinians were more able to defend their turf from later population flows. They have a reputation for fierceness to this day.
Also as I recall Sardinia has known more recent influxes from Central Europe, from regions rich in G. I cant find the reference but I recall the Sardinian G was associated with (relatively) recent coastal settlements rather than the inland area (where you would expect anything truly ancient).
As I see it we have a southern coastal flow along the mediterranean mostly from the east, that started in the paleolithic (Aurignacian) and continued probably to a lesser extent until Roman times. I expect these were the first folk in Europe.
We have the flow along the central European rivers which would intially have been from the east but was probably two way after the initial flow. With a bias towards the direction of flow of the respective river. Aurignacian to middle ages.
We have the two way flow along the treeline stretching from East Asia to Western Europe and possibly on to pre-Clovis America. Gravettian mostly and a nice source of asian genes for Europe.
Then there is the Kalash/Chuvash component that may South Asian that travelled north, or North Asian travelling south (who knows).
Plus of course the South Asian from the Roma all the place.
And whoever the Finns were percolating across from the East.
And other layers upon layers.
IMO Sardinia evolved mostly from the paleolithic southern Europe. If we have to choose a modern population as a pole it should be Sardinia.
The Basques did also but had more of paleolithic northern Europe in the original mix.
I think G in France/Otzi is from a later coastal wave that only made it to France/Italy in significant numbers. But we shall see. Y haplogroups have proved to be extremely unstable. - Monday, October 31, 2011 3:11:00 am
- eurologist said...
Could it be that Europeans are closer to north indians? rather than north indians closer to europeans?
I think hardly anyone doubts that Europeans ultimately mostly derive from Pakistan/India - the question is, when. Is it mostly 40,000 years ago, or that plus some West Asian in the neolithic, and additional migrations since the bronze age? And conversely, did West Asians and/or Eastern Europeans migrate back into northern India in substantial numbers since the neolithic/bronze age?
Given the many possible layers, it is not that easy to disentangle. To complicate matters even more, until after LGM the climate was extremely dry in much of the subcontinent, which would have naturally led to a split into two distinct northern and southern population. - Monday, October 31, 2011 4:16:00 am
- Maju said...
@Bmdriver: I like the your questioning (on second read):
"Europeans are closer to north indians? rather than north indians closer to europeans?"
That has nothing to do with the Aryan invasion model, which is likely to stand (it has more to do with linguistics than genetics) but may have caused a much smaller genetic impact than though some years ago.
Those that propose a West Asian (not European) origin for the ANI component suggest a Neolithic time frame now, being in that case more likely related to Dravidian (Elamo-Dravidian?) languages than Indo-European, which had not yet began expanding (from the Urals probably).
But your idea of ANI being in fact the source, some 40-50,000 years ago of West Eurasian gene pool could make sense in principle. It would still demand a much older division of the ANI/ASI duality, implying that there would have been two clearly distinct populations in South Asia for maybe 80,000 years, almost never admixing before Neolithic.
This seems hard to argue for, really. But the possibility is there... if only archaeology could support this idea!
Otherwise, I fear we will have to settle for ANI being a distinct Neolithic component from West Asia, what does have some archaeological support indeed.
And this is what raises my eyebrows when it's claimed the same pattern for Europe but with no ANI-like single component that would justify this idea. - Monday, October 31, 2011 12:44:00 pm
- eurologist said...
diversity is clearly higher in and around the Caucasus (at all phylogenetic levels??? Is this another R1b-like "diversity" fiasco? Worth considering)
Last I looked into this I could not find any substantiation that diversity is higher in the Caucasus. In fact, all subgroups present in the Caucasus are rather limited. As for many haplogroups and subgroups, the Caucasus each and every time looks like an ideal refugium - people came and claimed and fiercely defended a valley for millennia. Europe on the other hand seems to have some very old G2a* - pre-LGM (widely distributed there and in Asia) - and more recent G2a3b1*, G2a3b1a1* and G2a3b*, among others, likely from local Balkan sources at the beginning of LBK. - Monday, October 31, 2011 1:31:00 pm
- Pascvaks said...
As the Ice melts, follow the grass, follow the game, follow the hunter, follow the blood. But I have a strong belief that there were those in issolated areas who were well positioned to survive during the LGM in such areas as Sardinia and Sicily, and their blood would be of an older mix than others to the East.
- Monday, October 31, 2011 1:33:00 pm
- Pascvaks said...
FYI - Not sure how accurate this is. Came across an article by a Robert Henvell, "Aspects of Sardinian Genetics", Aug 2011, when searching for more info. He appears to cover a pretty fair swath of history and prehistory in his articles. Link -
http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/aspects-of-sardinian-genetics-5111648.html - Monday, October 31, 2011 7:43:00 pm
- Andrew Oh-Willeke said...
Given the substantial discontinuity between Mesolithic and Neolithic in Europe, you need at least three layers - Mesolithic European, early Neolithic, and late Neolithic, although the "Ancestral European" admixture component could constitute a fixedly admixed combination of the first two.
I suspect that a four major sequential component mix is more accurate: (1)Mesolithic (dominated by a few hgs of mtDNA U), (2) Epipaleolithic Southern Europe/Early Neolithic (Sardinian/Otzi), (3) later Eastern/Central European Dairy Farmer Later Neolithic (this was possibly also a source for the Basque population), and (4) Indo-European starting with Bell Beaker and continuing in multiple sub-waves through the Slavic migration.
I also think that there are something on the order of half a dozen minor waves sprinkled in with the major waves that are distinguishable: (1) Gypsy, (2) Jewish Diaspora, (3) Classical Era Pax Romana North African, (4) Moorish Iberian/Moorish Southern Balkan, (5) Northern migration from North Africa in the Epipaleolithic, (6) Uralic, and (7) Turkic in parts of Turkey in the Caucusas. - Monday, October 31, 2011 7:48:00 pm
- bmdriver said...
Pre-ANI-ASI split stage, the Ancestral Indians, located diffusely from Gujarat/ Sind to the South Indian tip. Yet one of its limb extended along Narmada, to the Sone river. Then along Sone to Ganga, then along Ganga to Brahma-Putra. Then Along BrahmaPutra river into Tibet. That is why we get some of the oldest genes like Y-hg D in Tibet.The other limb proceeded coastally to Kerala, then reached Andhra coast, then Orissa, then Bengal and then moved into the SEA. The Indian tribes (Austro-Asiatic Speakers) originated at North Andhra-Orissa-Chattisgarh-Jharkhand region. The northwest Indians evolved the Indo-European languages, and the South Indians developed the Dravidian languages.
ANI is thousands of years older than (contemporary) Europeans and Central Asians, and ANI is not any existing gene pool, but a re-constructed hypothetical gene pool, just like the Proto-Indo-European language. Now if we assign the term "Ancestral Indians" or AI to the first Indian settlers they were the first Eurasian people outside Africa.
Soon they expanded to fill the whole of India. Because of geo-climatic barriers within India, this population developed regional genetic diversions/mutations/ features, and these genetic changes can now be identified by means of DNA technology, because we can determine the age of the DNA mutations. For example mitochondrial DNA haplogroup M2 should be considered to have originated within ASI and M3 within ANI from Ancestral Indian M*.However, we get a mixture of both ANI and ASI genes or DNAs in modern Indian population.
The European, West Asian and Central Asian DNAs match with DNAs identifiable with ANI. This is because these populations emerged out from the population inhabiting North India before ANI and ASI admixture took place in India. These migrations took place between 55,000 years and 30,000 years back. With a more recent migration out of India into central asia, and europe, with the onset of agriculture.
Sahoo et al had actually written the following words:"The perennial concept of people, language, and agriculture arriving to India together through thenorthwest corridor does not hold up to close scrutiny.Recent claims for a linkage of haplogroups J2, L, R1a,and R2 with a contemporaneous origin for the majority of the Indian castes' paternal lineages from outside the subcontinent are rejected, although our findings do support a local origin of haplogroups F* and H." .They also rule out arrivals from Southwest Asia because West Asian haplogroups (like Y-Hg G) are not found in India.
Kivisild's findings (2003) too had shown that humans could not have arrived from West Asia into Indiabecause of lack of West Asian Y-hgs E, G, I, J* and J2f. Kivisild
et al wrote,"When compared with European and Middle Eastern populations (Semino et al. 2000), Indians (i) share with themclades J2 and M173 derived sister groups R1b and R1a, the latter of which is particularly frequent in India; and (ii) lack or show amarginal frequency of clades E, G, I, J*, and J2f."
Even terminology, such as Indo-European, would be better classified as North Indian language group. Because the western world had Military domination over Asia, it has written history in his image. So in other words, If India had conquered Europe, and Central Asia in modern times, today it would be known as a North Indian language group instead of a Indo-European classification.
Lets JUST accept for one moment that European culture is derived from North Indian population. That means a direct contradiction to the religous ideology of Jews, Christians and Muslims.
That changes everything,in history, in politics, in culture and most importantly it challenges the VERY basis of Abrahamic faiths, as being nothing more than a very old branch of indic culture.A connection diluted on purpose to give more support to a local middle eastern/ biblical home of jews, christians and muslims.
Thanks. - Monday, October 31, 2011 9:43:00 pm
- Unknown said...
"Given the substantial discontinuity between Mesolithic and Neolithic in Europe"
We cannot overlook the probable impact of air and cremation burials on Europe. These are likely (given the climate and legends) to be the dominant local practice. And they leave no DNA. - Monday, October 31, 2011 10:41:00 pm
- Maju said...
Caucasus and surroundings (I said and I meant): Turkey, Iran... Highland West Asia may be a better name.
The rarer high tier G subclades (G1, G2*/G2b, G2c) are all located in that area. And that is higher basal diversity at the G and G2 levels.
But how is it for the G2a level and downstream? After all I expect G to be some 40-50 Ka old (being an F basal derivative in West Asia), so G2a could well be half that age (for example).
However the largest subhaplogroup under G in Europe is G2a3a (all the rest seem to have West Asian/Caucasus focus again), and this one, still shows up in West Asia and the Caucasus. As do all relevant clusters I can find under this node.
So in the end we are surely before a true Neolithic marker as far as I can discern because we can hardly take apart the Palestinian, Turkish, Caucasian or European lines within.
My question was if it could be a problem of low resolution, but I can find nothing justifying this, unlike within R1b. But in this late case it took many years, a much greater gene pool to study and also huge popular interest. So there is still a possibility that the G2a case is also misunderstood - that's what I meant.
But on second thought, after revisiting some of the known data, I'd say that the possibility is slim (tell me if I am wrong and why). - Monday, October 31, 2011 11:54:00 pm
- Maju said...
@Bmdriver: the Indoeuropean language family is extremely solid (if that fails all linguistics is nothing but junk because it's the best studied and most debated family ever) and within it Indo-Iranian is clearly a single branch (trees vary but this is consistent across all tress, as is Balto-Slavic and as is the larger Western branch including Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic and Celtic).
However, this, I insist, has nothing to do with ANI in principle. Languages can spread regardless of genes (we are both speaking English and none of us have English ancestors we can discern, for example - at least not I).
I do not think we can estimate the age of ANI but we can estimate pretty well the genetic distance of ANI and ASI among them and with third components such as the West Asian one.
However I was under the induced belief that ANI was closer to West Asia/Europe component(s) but, reviewing what has been written on the matter I can find not a single demonstration of that claim. The closest I found was this old GNXP post (and graph in it) but seems quite inconclusive (and in fact they seem to claim ANI as WEA-SA admixed and not a genuine distinct component).
So you may well be onto something when pointing out that ANI is a genuine South Asian specific component, just that distinct from the dominant one in the Southern/SE part of the subcontinent (ASI). And you may (at least tentatively) be right when suggesting that ANI is ancestral to West Eurasian genetics, at least in a sense (ASI would not).
That makes good sense and is consistent with haploid genetics but I do not know how to research/demonstrate it. - Tuesday, November 01, 2011 12:14:00 am
- Andrew Oh-Willeke said...
"Lets JUST accept for one moment that European culture is derived from North Indian population."
It is more plausible to reason that European genetics are derived from India, but that the culture we think of as Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic (and non-Indo-European) at much more shallow time depth are distinct. - Tuesday, November 01, 2011 1:46:00 am
- Doug1 said...
I'm curious as to whether you're a Greek American, or blogging from Greece - or another place.
I suppose this is just idle curiosity.
You may have said, but I've only recently starting reading more than an occasional blog post of yours usually linked from a Razib blog post. - Tuesday, November 01, 2011 2:19:00 am
Dienke, an interesting paper.
gd tms. - Tuesday, November 01, 2011 5:18:00 am
- formerjerseyboy said...
"Lets JUST accept for one moment that European culture is derived from North Indian population. That means a direct contradiction to the religous ideology of Jews, Christians and Muslims."
May I ask what does this have to do at all with population genetics?
The rant about "Abrahamic faiths" glosses over the fact that adherents of Islam/Christinity/Judaism have spent more time and energy fighting amongst themselves, and have never exhibited the degree of solidarity that would be necessary to agree on and pursue any political agenda. In the absence of a more persuasive argument, why would it make sense to replace a so-called "Abrahamic bias" with an India-centric one? - Tuesday, November 01, 2011 6:28:00 am
- eurologist said...
My question was if it could be a problem of low resolution, but I can find nothing justifying this, unlike within R1b. But in this late case it took many years, a much greater gene pool to study and also huge popular interest. So there is still a possibility that the G2a case is also misunderstood - that's what I meant.
Maju, I believe there is some very dilute upper-level G present at extremely wide distribution, and that attests to its ancestry. Conversely, I agree most G2 in Europe is neolithic, although some of it may very well originate from the Balkans (i.e., was present there from pre-neolithic contact with the general Black Sea/ Anatolia region - this conforms to my model that LBK picked up a lot of local middle-Danubian haplogoups which then ballooned, but later got overwhelmed by the haplogroups at the fringes). In that sense, a finer sampling of G could be very useful to understand some details of Cardium and LBK. (Sorry, I did not get your "surroundings" qualifier.)
Your message to Bmdriver:
So you may well be onto something when pointing out that ANI is a genuine South Asian specific component, just that distinct from the dominant one in the Southern/SE part of the subcontinent (ASI). And you may (at least tentatively) be right when suggesting that ANI is ancestral to West Eurasian genetics, at least in a sense (ASI would not).
That pretty much agrees with my model of the subcontinent, based on the expected climate-induced split into two distinct and largely separated niches. - Tuesday, November 01, 2011 12:23:00 pm
- Maju said...
But it's a good criticism: Coon specially but also other Nordic anthropometrists were blinded by their own ethnic perceptions, being able to discern subtle differences between various kinds of "Nordoids" and then dumping all Mediterraneans in one huge blank category (same in other regions of the World).
Some people claim that "all Chinese look the same". This is obviously not the case but for a non-Chinese (or non-East Asian) it may be a tempting easy trap: it's a lot easier to discern within a context you are familiar with since childhood than in a context that is alien to your personal experience. - Sunday, November 06, 2011 1:12:00 pm
- Pascvaks said...
@askatasunaren said...
People are people. The BIG question is 'Why'? - Monday, November 07, 2011 7:47:00 pm


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The song appears on the Achtung Baby album. All royalties from this single went to AIDS Research and the cover, of buffaloes falling over a cliff, was a photograph by artist David Wojnarowicz. The b-side included a cover of Lou Reed's Satellite of Love featuring background vocals by Gavin Friday.
U2 premiered the song for the first time on February 27, 1992 in Lakeland, Florida while rehearsing for the upcoming Zoo-TV tour. The performance was broadcast that same evening on Top of the Pops. Adam and Larry joined Michael Stipe and Mike Mills of REM for an acoustic performance of One at the MTV Rock & Roll Inaugural Ball on January 20, 1993. They billed themselves as Automatic Baby. Violinist Jo Shankar and percussionist Stefan Rager joined Bono and The Edge for a performance of One at the Festival Against Racism in Hamburg, Germany on January 31, 1993. Bono, The Edge, and Brian Eno as Passengers performed an orchestral version at the Pavarotti and Friends: Together For The Children of Bosnia in Modena, Italy on September 12, 1995 to benefit the War Child charity. It was also one of 5 songs played when U2 performed at the Tibetan Freedom Concert on June 8, 1997 on Randall's Island, New York. A 3-CD enhanced set for this concert was released featuring U2 performing One and an interview with Bono.
The Tea Party performed the song live and Robbie Williams when he headlined the Slane Festival in 1999. Bono, accompanied by Zucchero, performed One for the NetAid concert at Giant's Stadium on October 9, 1999 to raise money and awareness for the Drop The Debt campaign.
Bono and Daniel Lanois performed an acoustic version on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to celebrate America's Millennium Gala. U2 performed the song live when they received the Freedom of City award.
A medley of One/Unchained Melody from the November 27, 1993 Sydney concert appeared on Hold On/The BBC Radio 1 FM Sessions. Many artists have recorded a version of One including: Information Society on We Will Follow: A Tribute to U2; the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra on Pride:The RPO Plays U2; Straitjackets on Zoovenir-A Tribute to U2; and Studio 99 on The Best of U2-A Tribute. British soul singer Mica Paris also released a cover of One featuring several remixes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Which probably has you wondering, "Just how much more ridiculous can it get? It's a simple word! Sure, you might forget a letter, or switch a few up, but that's it, right?"
[shaking head] Oh, ye of little faith.
Why yes, yes it does.
And note how the 'q' was added on later, as if that somehow fixed the problem.
This may not be a huge error, but it's definitely one of the most fun to read out loud. Bipthday. It trips drunkenly off the tongue, don't you think?
Of course, there's the momentary distraction, and then there's this:
I love imagining what happened between the "t" and the "L." Some kind of digestive emergency? A phone order? Or was it just break time?
Speaking of imagination, you'll need yours to decipher this next one:
Regardless, Edgar must be one really colorful character.
This next one isn't so much switching letters around as it is playing word jumble with them:
This is why you don't order a cake when you have a cold:
And finally, what could very well be my new favorite (narrowly edging out "epi burf day"):
Bill F., Ashley J., Bev, Teresa V., Cassie P., Hannah W., & Lester H., great job. Period.
- Related Wreckage: Cake Writing 201: Congratulations
Note: For those of you keeping count, that's 18 different misspellings of "birthday" so far. Eighteen. Parents, if you have a new baby in the house, this could even be your yearly checklist. Just sayin'.


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Naturally fermented red wine is patiently fermented again into vinegar. A traditional health food containing 'mother' of vinegar, a quality indicator that may appear as cloudiness. Raw and unpasteurized. Rich color, fruity bouquet, and smooth flavor. Amber glass protected. 5% acidity. No additives or sulfating agents.
Eden Red Wine Vinegar is made with patience. After the primary fermentation changing grapes into wine, a secondary fermentation uses oxygen to activate the acetobacter present in wine that changes the alcohol into acetic acid. This natural process takes about 100 hours until the acidity is at five percent. We never speed up fermentation with additives and never add sulfating agents. When fermentation is completed the vinegar is bottled in amber glass to protect its flavor and nutritional integrity. Perfect for salad dressings, marinades and for pickling.
Eden Red Wine Vinegar contains 'mother' of vinegar, appearing as cloudiness in the final product. Its presence indicates raw unpasteurized vinegar, a traditional healthy food. Mother is actually cellulose produced by the harmless vinegar bacteria. Most manufacturers pasteurize vinegar to prevent these bacteria from forming mother while sitting on the grocery store shelf. This needless cosmetic practice kills the bacteria and denatures vinegar's health qualities.
'Vinaigre' in French means sour wine, reflecting the ancient discovery that a cask of wine gone past its time had turned to a wonderful new product. Vinegar has provided good health and zest to people for over 7,000 years.
Most commercial vinegars are highly denatured through the use of extreme heat and chemical solvents. Most wine vinegar contains sulfating agents. They are formulated rather than fermented and are not fit for human consumption although they make a fine window cleaner. For the flavor and benefit of true vinegar choose Eden.
Eden Red Wine Vinegar is excellent for making dressings, sauces, and in salsas. Try in Quinoa Salsa Salad in the recipe section of this site.


text:
The Robot Heart
Self-Titled Album
Bleeding Heart
The Robot Heart is a quartet described by lead vocalist Tom Marsh as a "family of musicians", resulting in a real intimacy. Born out of Marsh's struggles with substance abuse, heartbreak and the deaths of several close friends, it's reflective, but ultimately affirming material.
Lyrically simple, somewhat repetitious in places – this music achieves a lot of its emotional resonance through an emphasis on melody and haunting vocal harmonies performed by Marsh, Astra Forward, Bob Dingle and Dan Ladd. Indeed, Raining Stones, devoid of lyrics save a lush intermingling of "ahs" and "heys" by the four voices, arguably sums up what The Robot Heart does best: gentle acoustic music to relax to, made just challenging enough by its subtly insistent drum beats and occasional forays into electronica.
This is not to say that the album serves only as background music; it should also be appreciated in greater depth, as a deeply personal and surprisingly soothing meditation from a man who, to quote the title track, is Singing to the Ghost of his past. www.myspace.com/therobotheart
Grace Henderson


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About CCSE
The Canadian Center of Science and Education (CCSE) is a private for-profit organization delivering support and services to educators and researchers in Canada and around the world.
The Canadian Center of Science and Education was established in 2006. In partnership with research institutions, community organizations, enterprises, and foundations, CCSE provides a variety of programs to support and promote education and research development, including educational programs for students, financial support for researchers, international education projects, and scientific publications.
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The jobless rate has declined a bit in the past year, but among veterans who have served in conflict since 2003, it is increasing. The unemployment rate for vets serving since the Iraq war began has risen 1.5 percentage points to more than 12 percent in the past year.
Many veterans say they face a tougher job market than civilians. Tom Tarantino spent a decade in the military, where he served in Iraq and led a platoon. But when he separated from the military in 2007, he spent nearly a year looking for a job.
Tarantino says that although corporate America says it wants to hire vets, so far it's amounted to little more than talk.
"This is the first generation of business leaders in America that has largely never served in the military," he says.
As a result, he says, vets and prospective employers often don't see eye to eye. Tarantino says he once explained to an interviewer that he had been a company commander in the military, running an organization with 400 employees and three multimillion-dollar budgets.
"The next sentence [the interviewer] said was, 'Well, you know, if you took this job you might run a group of up to 30 people. Do you think you could handle that level of responsibility?' "
Tarantino says it's not just the cultural disconnect. Military drivers and medics, for example, aren't automatically licensed to do the same job in the private sector once they leave the military. That makes the job transition harder.
Tarantino is now a legislative advocate for Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America. He says he hopes the recently enacted Hire Heroes Act will provide more counseling and vocational training. It also gives tax incentives to employers who hire vets.
But David Loughran, a senior economist at the Rand Corp., says tax credits won't likely make much of a difference. And he says history shows that over the longer term, vets actually have an employment advantage.
"The evidence shows us that, while veterans have a period of unemployment following separation, they rejoin the civilian labor market within a relatively short period of time," Loughran says. "In the long run, if you look at veterans compared to comparably educated people in the civilian labor market ... in fact they have lower unemployment."
The jobless rate in October for vets of the first Gulf War was 5.9 percent. For earlier conflicts, it was 7.2 percent — in both cases, lower than the 9 percent rate for the population overall.
But the hope of eventual improvement provides little comfort to 31-year-old Nick Workman, who served four years in Iraq as an infantryman. The military experience was incredibly challenging training, he says.
"You're able to plan, you're able to supervise the execution of that plan, you know how to work well within a team — not only within the team, but in charge of the team," Workman says.
He thought attaining the rank of captain would be like getting an advanced degree.
"This is what the Army was telling me," he says. "The pitch was: That is essentially equivalent to a master's degree, in the eyes of an employer."
But since returning in 2006, Workman hasn't found any job requiring a college degree. Last month, he was laid off from a bookstore. Workman says employers seem worried that vets might be struggling with PTSD or other injuries that might affect their work.
"I get that sort of trepidation, that timid [attitude], walking on eggshells around certain questions," he says.
Veteran's advocate Tarantino says the public, and vets, may be weary of hearing about war.
"What worries me, what does keep me up at night is that the American people are going to stop paying attention. They're going to stop caring. And in turn our leaders in Congress are going to stop paying attention and caring," Tarantino says.
And that apathy, he says, may prove to be a vet's worst enemy yet.
Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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...in which the Dodgers lost today:
1. The Dodgers lost Andre Ethier to a strained left oblique. If Ethier goes on the DL and Matt Kemp doesn't return soon — like, right after the All-Star break — then it's sellin' time.
2. The Dodgers lost in their attempt to avoid being Tim Lincecum's rebound team. This was only Lincecum's third win, and his first in which the Giants didn't give up a run.
3. The Dodgers lost the game. Which seems like more of an afterthought right now.
4. The Dodgers lost the series by getting swept. The Giants outscored them 13-0. That's right, it was a scoreless sweep.
5. The Dodgers lost sole possession of first place and it looks like they'll lose it altogether...soon.
6. The Dodgers have lost 8 of their last 9. Up next are the Mets, who beat the Cubs 17-1 today. Who's up for more futility?


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For all of you who complain about me not designing things for boys... well... here you go! :)
The color that this sweater is knitted in is called "Chipmunk". I've never seen a dark green chipmunk myself... (except for this one) but anyways.. this colorway is what inspired the campfire theme. I found these amazing handmade tree branch buttons on Etsy, and I think that they really made the sweater extra special.


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Noahpinion asks: "[W]hy did Asian-Americans break so strongly for Obama? I provide my (slightly different) answer.
As Noahpinion observes, given Asian American's higher than average income, the Romney-esque argument that the group is one of "takers" not "makers" cannot be correct (of course, there is little empirical content to this particular thesis, anyway). 2012 was not an isolated event, by the way.
Source: Orange County Register.
I am not a political scientist, and so am not particularly well-qualified to provide a proper quantitative analysis. But I can at least relay some thoughts based upon my own experiences on why some Chinese-Americans of a certain background might not feel comfortable with the Republican party. First, consider the composition of the party leadership, as represented by the new House Committee Chairmen:
Source: DailyKos.
Of course, it's the policies that matter more. And here, I think the key factor of importance to Chinese-Americans is pragmatism (the generation of my parents — who came from China — saw enough rigid, dogmatic ideology run amok, thank you very much), and a belief in progress by way of science and technology. In this vein, Richard Posner speculates that Asian-Americans lean toward the Democratic party, despite the low-tax rate stance of the Republican party, because:
… being well educated as a group, Asian Americans may be disturbed by the hostility to science, particularly evolutionary biology, which Republican supporters and politicians have exhibited of late.
Charles Murray tries to explain Asian-American voting as pure mis-apprehension, to wit:
…Republicans are seen by Asians—as they are by Latinos, blacks, and some large proportion of whites—as the party of Bible-thumping, anti-gay, anti-abortion creationists. Factually, that's ludicrously inaccurate.
I'll let readers decide if that characterization is so ludicrous. In any case, data on comparative education and income in shown below.
Source: Pew Research Center
In other words, for the Republican party to make inroads into the Asian-American voting bloc (which split 73-26 in favor of Obama), they will need to do more than make some vague noises about greater ethnic inclusion. They will need to think more deeply about whether the age of the earth is closer to 4000 or 4 billion years, whether females can negate unwanted pregnancies merely by willing it, and whether statistical theory and/or the central limit theorem is bunk.
On a personal note, I would add that ads like this do not endear the Republicans to Chinese-Americans (and I suspect to other Asian-Americans). I am uncertain, however, that an ever more ethnically and geographically concentrated Republican party will be able to resist resorting to such appeals in the future.
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text:
It's been a long four years, but AMD has finally hits its stride after its acquisition of ATI Technologies way back in 2006. After agreeing to purchase ATI for $5.4B, AMD was besieged with quarterly losses stemming from the purchase, constant pressure from NVIDIA in the graphics market, and beatdowns from Intel (who wasn't exactly playing by the rules of fair business) in the processor market.
With most of its troubles now behind it, AMD is looking to kill off the long-standing ATI brand and bring Radeon and FirePro graphics solutions solely under the AMD umbrella according to AnandTech.
According to AMD's own research in markets from around the world, it came to the following three conclusions:
- AMD preference triples when respondent is aware of ATI-AMD merger
- AMD brand [is] stronger than ATI vs. graphics competitors
- Radeon and FirePro brand awareness and consideration [is] very high
The move will also help to further consolidate AMD's branding which has pretty much gotten out of hand in the past few years [see figure on right]. AMD will begin the transition later this year to phase out ATI branding and move to a more simplified product branding lineup. By 2011, AMD's product lineup will consist of AMD's Opteron for server processors, Vision (which consists of a CPU/GPU hybrid) for consumer processors, and Radeon/FirePro for graphics.
With AMD now taking the discrete graphics market lead from NVIDIA (51.1 percent for AMD versus 44.5 percent for NVIDIA) and preparing to take the fight straight to Intel with three new CPU designs, the next year should be a fruitful one for enthusiasts.
Source: DailyTech


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Read our communication regarding new measures our team is enacting in this critical time.
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Since 1975, the experts at John Nugent & Sons have been providing quality electrical services throughout Alexandria, VA, including ceiling fan installation in Alexandria, VA. If you're looking for a great way to keep your home more comfortable while reducing your energy bills throughout the year, call John Nugent & Sons today!
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Benefits of Ceiling Fan Installation in Alexandria, VA
While many people think ceiling fans just keep your home cool, the reality is that they can keep you comfortable all year long! During the summer, strategically placed ceiling fans will push cool air around, improving airflow and making your home feel cooler without actually lowering the temperature.
During the winter, you can reverse the direction of your ceiling fan to improve airflow from your furnace! Warm air rises, and a ceiling fan will blow that warm air across the ceiling and down the walls of your home, keeping more of it where it counts-wherever you are.
Best of all, ceiling fans come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and styles, meaning you can put one in just about any room in your home. They are especially nice in bedrooms during the summer and work well in main living areas.
For ceiling fan installation in Alexandria, VA, call John Nugent & Sons today at 703-291-1926 or click here to contact us online!
Why call John Nugent & Sons for electrician services?
John Nugent & Sons has been family owned and operated since 1975. We pride ourselves on providing the high quality of service and very personal touch that only a family company can offer. It is our belief that each and every customer deserves to be treated with the same respect and honesty as a member of our family. Our top-ranked customer service and superior quality of work can be attributed to this belief. In 1975 we started small, but over the years, more and more people have accepted our offer to join the family. While we've grown to meet the expanding needs of these customers, we're always careful not to jeopardize the value and quality of service that have been our trademarks since the beginning. Our commitment to excellence is what got us this far and we plan on honoring this commitment long into the future.
Each employee of John Nugent & Sons is empowered with this same commitment. It is what drives our search for more and better ways to serve our customers in the most effective way possible while offering the highest quality products possible. We are also committed to educating our employees so that every technician that enters your home is the most qualified technician available. We evaluate our programs regularly to ensure that our employees remain current on changing technology. It is our sincere desire to enhance our services and improve our performance for your benefit.
John Nugent & Sons is licensed, bonded, and insured.


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Dakine is a Hawaiian slang or Pidgin term that can be used to indicate just about anything, but it has come to be associated with items of high quality, and this is the meaning that best suits the name of Dakine™ water sportswear. Dakine rashguards, Dakine surf hats and a number of different Dakine bags are just a small portion of all that Dakine has to offer.
Dakine was born in Hawaii in 1979 when Rob Kaplan manufactured the first Dakine surfboard leash, a surf leash built to withstand even the most brutal Hawaiian surfing conditions. The Dakine surfing leash set the standard for Dakine's innovative and high quality products. Specific to surfing, they carry Dakine Traction pads, Dakine surf bags, Dakine surf hats, and Dakine rashguards. For Stand Up Paddle boarding (SUP) they have a Dakine SUP paddle bag, Dakine SUP paddle sock, Dakine waterproof duffel bag and a Dakine hydration pack.
Dakine offers a wide variety of durable, fashionable, and eye-catching surf style bags for the extreme athlete at reasonable prices.If you are looking for a Dakine wallet, Dakine backpack, Dakine duffle bag, Dakine travel bag, Dakine hip pack or even a Dakine skim board bag, you are in luck. If you're an extreme athlete who demands quality and style, Dakine has your back.


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Supreme Court skeptical of federal Defense of Marriage Act
WASHINGTON (AP) - The Supreme Court is indicating it could strike down the law that prevents legally married gay couples from receiving a range of federal benefits that go to married people...
WASHINGTON (AP) — The Supreme Court is indicating it could strike down the law that prevents legally married gay couples from receiving a range of federal benefits that go to married people.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, often the decisive vote in close cases, joined the four more liberal justices Wednesday in raising questions about the provision of the federal Defense of Marriage Act that is being challenged at the Supreme Court.
Kennedy said the law appears to intrude on the power of states that have chosen to recognize same-sex marriages. Other justices said the law creates what Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg called two classes of marriage, full and "skim-milk marriage."
The federal law affects a range of benefits available to married couples, including tax breaks, survivor benefits and health insurance for spouses of federal employees.
It still is possible the court could dismiss the case for procedural reasons, though that prospect seemed less likely than it did in Tuesday's argument over gay marriage in California.
The motivation behind the 1996 federal law, passed by large majorities in Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton, was questioned repeatedly by Justice Elena Kagan.
She read from a House of Representatives report explaining that the reason for the law was "to express moral disapproval of homosexuality." The quote produced an audible reaction in the courtroom.
Paul Clement, representing the House Republican leadership in defending the law, said the more relevant question is whether Congress had "any rational basis for the statute." He supplied one, the federal government's interest in treating same-sex couples the same no matter where they live.
Clement said the government does not want military families "to resist transfer from West Point to Fort Sill because they're going to lose their benefits." The U.S. Military Academy at West Point is in New York, where same-sex marriage is legal, and Fort Sill is in Oklahoma, where gay marriages are not legal.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press.


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British artist Conrad Martens, who arrived in Sydney in 1835, is best known for his accomplished watercolours of early settlement around Sydney and Brisbane. Martens's mastery of watercolour technique informs this luminous oil painting of Sydney Harbour. He has used oil paint to convey the atmospheric conditions of the sea and sky, and the subtlety of light and tone.
The view is from the north, most likely from Cremorne Point. Martens had settled with his family close by in St Leonards in 1844. Framed by a foreground of native bush, we look over the glistening harbour towards the settlement of Sydney Cove. The distant horizon of the ocean divides the picture, a light-filled sky adding to the beauty of the harbour. Some of the early landmarks of Sydney are visible in this work, including the spire of convict-architect Francis Greenway's Church of St James (constructed in 1824), Government House and Fort Macquarie at Bennelong Point (now the location of Sydney Opera House).


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Tory Burch Handbags and Purses. Zac Posen Handbags & Purses. Montblanc Starwalker Extreme Fountain Pen 111037. This fountain pen crafted in stainless steel with PVD coated inlays. This Montblanc fountain pen features a platinum-coated clip and fittings and a 14K gold, rhodium plated nib.
Certified Watch Store is a family owned business with over 10 years in the Jewelry and Watch industry. We pride ourselves on our ability to source and deliver authentic watches and luxury goods at phenomenal prices. Our goal is to earn our customers trust and complete satisfaction. We aim to expand our catalog daily by adding products in different categories such as handbags, Sunglasses and Fashion Accessories. We want you to be totally confident while shopping with us.Our headquarters are located in Brooklyn New York, which puts us minutes away from the NYC diamond district with our warehouse in NJ. This gives us access to a large group of authorized dealers and esteemed industry distributors. Every product we sell is 100% authentic.
Each item goes through a rigorous quality control process in our state of the art facility. Every product we sell is: 100% genuine and Authentic guaranteed. Our website is scanned daily by trustguard and our customer reviews speak for themselves. Please see our feedback on Shopperapproved, and resellerratings. V Your information is protected & is never shared.
UPS does not deliver to PO Boxes or APO addresses. Please select the US Postal option for APO and FPO addresses. We will do our best, though, to get there as soon as possible.
Gucci G-Chrono Quartz Movement Black Dial Men's Watch YA101205. Frederique Constant Heart Beat Automatic Movement Ladies Watch FC-310HBAD2PD4. Longines Primaluna Quartz Movement Mother Of Pearl Dial Ladies Watch L81124876. Pandora Moments Smooth Silver 6.3 inches Bracelet 597806-16. This listing is currently undergoing maintenance, we apologise for any inconvenience caused. This item is in the category "Collectibles\Pens & Writing Instruments\Pens\Ballpoint Pens\Montblanc". The seller is "certified-watch-store" and is located in this country: US. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, China, Sweden, Korea, South, Indonesia, Taiwan, South Africa, Thailand, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Republic of, Malaysia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Barbados, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Brunei Darussalam, Bolivia, Egypt, French Guiana, Guernsey, Gibraltar, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jersey, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman Islands, Liechtenstein, Sri Lanka, Luxembourg, Monaco, Macau, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay.


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Now that we're in the kitchen, we're on the scene where American meals are planned and made. Here, the fat content of many meals can be cut or multiplied.
The truth is you can get flavor without fat. You just have to use different techniques and seasonings.
For instance, season your chicken with lemon, some garlic, a dash of pepper, and a little salt or salt substitute or whatever spices you like. Then, instead of frying it, broil it. And before eating it, remove the skin.
For those fat-saturated hush puppies, why not substitute some fresh corn on the cob with a little liquid margarine? Vegetables taste great if they're steamed, and seasoned with herbs.
And guess what? If you prepare your foods in low-fat ways, you can eat even more food but still get a lot less fat. Let's take a look at what you were going to eat.
That meal contains about 740 calories, 34 grams of fat, and 9 grams of saturated fat. With the other meal, you still eat 740 calories, but it only has 18 grams of fat, and 3 grams of saturated fat. As you can see, a few changes can mean big fat savings.
Cooking food low in fat and cholesterol can be as fun and easy as you make it. Here are some more tips.
Try steaming foods. Broiling meats is a good no-fat cooking method. Other methods include microwaving and baking, and trim excess fat from meat before cooking.
For seasoning, use fat substitutes. Try a butter-flavored powder or liquid instead of the real thing -tastes great on noodles or baked potatoes. Or try some salsa to liven things up.
Also, use light mayonnaise on your sandwiches, and trim the fat from your salads by using low-fat or no-fat salad dressings. When you do use fats, use them sparingly. Here are a few ideas:
Add just a little oil when stir-frying. Rather than pouring dressing over your salad, dip your fork in the dressing and then into the salad. Add just a touch of mayonnaise to your sandwich. In your recipes, replace each egg yolk with two whites, or use a commercial egg substitute.
Remember, there are many low-fat cookbooks and cooking classes now available, so take advantage of them.
Now, let's look at some practical examples of how to make low-fat eating a part of your life.
For breakfast, skip the sausage, cheese and egg biscuit. Instead, have pancakes with syrup or fruit, and low-fat milk and juice. Or lose the bacon and eggs and biscuit, and choose a bowl of cereal with non-fat milk, a banana and a bagel with fat-free cream cheese.
At lunch, instead of a big cheeseburger and fries, substitute a grilled chicken breast sandwich with lettuce and tomato, a side salad with low-fat dressing and some fresh fruit.
At dinner, instead of half a pepperoni pizza, have two slices of vegetable pizza, and a bowl of minestrone soup.
Still hungry? Add a large salad with fat-free salad dressing.
Instead of stir-fried Kung Pao chicken with an egg roll, try chicken chow mein with steamed rice.
If you have any questions on choosing and preparing foods wisely, a registered dietitian can help.
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