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Sunday, January 16, 2011
No! It Can't End Yet!
39 comments:
- Quilting Kim said...
Oh that is just so dang cute. Thanks for keeping the momentum going. I pulled out an Alpine tree to decorate and then saw the look of horror on my son's face. I may just gather up some branches and spray paint them white, stuff them into a coffee can and hang some hearts on that. Hmmm.. maybe, I can put together the heart tree skirt as a mat to sit it on....
- January 15, 2011 at 10:07 PM
- Sandie @ crazy'boutquilts said...
Oh that is adorable! I wish the tour would last a few more days too! :-)
- January 15, 2011 at 10:12 PM
- Anita said...
- January 15, 2011 at 10:54 PM
- Shirley--Knot-y Embroidery Lady said...
SweetHeart - Well Done - MI-5 is on - ttyl WooHoo
- January 15, 2011 at 10:56 PM
- Bonnie said...
Very cute as are your other projects. Thanks for posting this to help us get over the end of the blog tour.
- January 15, 2011 at 11:07 PM
- manybooks said...
Cute, cute! I just wanted to tell you that I finished my tablerunner - the one you posted for the Be Mine Blog Tour! I made a couple changes to it based on my stash (i hope that is okay) and I needed it to be narrower so I only did one border, but I DID it (only my second tablerunner ever...) and I like it! I just finished binding it and took a picture, and now I figured out how to use Flickr and uploaded it there. Wooohoooo! What a FUN blog tour, THANK YOU THANK YOU!
- January 15, 2011 at 11:36 PM
- May Kristin said...
Cute! That's the word!
- January 16, 2011 at 2:51 AM
- Donna said...
May Kristin has the right word - Cute! Maybe next year I will have a Valentine tree. Thanks for the pattern.
- January 16, 2011 at 3:52 AM
- LibbiesHome said...
That is adorable! I don't have a valentine tree but now I think I might need one... Thanks so much for sharing this! (And I hated to see the blog hop end, too.)
- January 16, 2011 at 4:32 AM
- JustPam said...
I wish I had a Valentine tree just so I could make this tree skirt-adorable!
- January 16, 2011 at 4:42 AM
- Dorothy said...
Another Great idea -- I might work on that today, Dear Hubby has kept me busy Fri, Sat and today, he invite the neighborhood, yes the neighborhood not just a neighbor or 2 over for the Bears game today!
Thanks for sharing
Dorothy in IL - January 16, 2011 at 4:42 AM
- Brenda said...
You are so creative. Love it!
- January 16, 2011 at 4:55 AM
- Marie said...
Thank you for sharing a great tutorial. This is one I will keep on file.
- January 16, 2011 at 5:43 AM
Cute project! I've got to make one and decorate a tree for Valentines Day. Thanks for another great project with good directions!
Sandy E-H
Bemidji, MN - January 16, 2011 at 5:45 AM
- Cindy said...
It's absolutely adorable!! I love it to go with the heart ornaments.
Thank you so much. - January 16, 2011 at 5:47 AM
- Staci said...
Very cute! It looks like a big flower with heart shaped petals.
- January 16, 2011 at 5:50 AM
- Betsy said...
It is more than cute Kim, it is darling.
- January 16, 2011 at 5:59 AM
- Lori said...
Love the tree skirt! Also love the fabrics you selected.
- January 16, 2011 at 6:06 AM
- Shirley said...
This project is so darn cute! Since I don't have a tree, I think I will make a smaller version for a table runner! Thank you for such a fun Blog Tour. :)
- January 16, 2011 at 6:43 AM
- Unknown said...
I was thinking those ornaments would be darling from my chandelier. But another tree sounds even better!
- January 16, 2011 at 6:47 AM
- Sinta Renee said...
Kim- you amaze me! That is so darn cute! I love it!!!
- January 16, 2011 at 7:36 AM
The end of the Blog Tour would have been a downer EXCEPT that I couldn't visit the Fat Quarter Shop until I knew how much fabric I needed. Love your tree skirt -- bet you are still thinking of more ideas. Thank you for sending the pdf! Florence
- January 16, 2011 at 7:36 AM
- Linda said...
Darling!! I love it and it IS perfect with the cute little heart ornaments! Kim you are a genius! Thanks so much for sharing.
- January 16, 2011 at 7:46 AM
- Nicole said...
What a festive way to finish up the Blog Tour!
- January 16, 2011 at 7:52 AM
- PunkiePie (Jen) said...
Love it!
- January 16, 2011 at 7:59 AM
- Kelly said...
This is adorable!!
- January 16, 2011 at 8:21 AM
- Rosa said...
That`s very cute.I love it.
- January 16, 2011 at 9:47 AM
How cute! Thanks for the bonus. Dori
- January 16, 2011 at 10:27 AM
- Marcia W. said...
Very cute - miss the bemine tour too
- January 16, 2011 at 11:12 AM
That is really cute. I hope somebody does a St. Patrick's Day blog tour because I am part Irish.
- January 16, 2011 at 11:18 AM
- Bia, from Brazil said...
Lovely tree skirt.
Great idea to make the Christmas tree last a bit longer. - January 16, 2011 at 1:38 PM
- Wendy said...
This is adorable! You make it look pretty simple too, so thank you, I might have to attempt it :) ... btw ... love both your beefcakes YUMMIE!! lol Legal secretary? My past life I held that profession ... sometimes I wish I could return to it, but then I'd have to trade in my kids and I wouldn't want to do that ... most of the time! lol Love your blog!
- January 16, 2011 at 1:51 PM
- Kim D. said...
Hi Kim, your heart tree skirt is adorable. I looked for a cute tree at Christmas time to leave out for all the holidays during the year. I just cut out some heart ornaments the other day and I may have to try your pattern to match. Thanks for sharing.
- January 16, 2011 at 2:17 PM
- Dandelion Quilts said...
What a cute skirt!
- January 16, 2011 at 5:31 PM
- WoolenSails said...
What a wonderful idea, I might try that one.
I was thinking of doing a valentine tree and that would be perfect for it.
Debbie - January 16, 2011 at 7:36 PM
- GeeGee said...
Kim, your Valentine tree skirt is adorable. Thanks for the tutorial! Yes, please make a pdf patttern for those of us who are pattern challenged. Thanks!!
- January 16, 2011 at 9:25 PM
- VickiT said...
Oh this is great! Now I have a reason to leave my awesome new purple Christmas tree up even longer. LOL I already asked my husband a week ago if I should start working on Valentine's ornaments....of course, I WAS joking. I wonder what he'd do if I made this. HA
Thank you so much. (I really wish I had pink/red fabrics right now) - January 17, 2011 at 10:27 AM
- Aditi Nayyar said...
Really adorable!! must say very well demonstreat6ed. I wish i could have my hands on one of them right now!
valentine special forums.com - January 20, 2011 at 10:40 PM
- Robin said...
It's the cutest! You're amazing!! Now if I had a Valentine's tree to put it on...BTW, do your kitties leave that tree alone? Are your kitties well behaved enough that they don't jump up on the counters, even when you're away?
- February 13, 2011 at 4:40 AM


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Are you sure that you want to help clean up the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico? In a previous article we documented a number of the health dangers from this oil spill that many scientists are warning us of, and now it has been reported on CNN that the vast majority of those who worked to clean up the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska are now dead. Yes, you read that correctly. Almost all of them are dead.
In fact, the expert that CNN had on said that the life expectancy for those who worked to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill is only about 51 years. Considering the fact that the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is now many times worse than the Exxon Valdez disaster, are you sure you want to volunteer to be on a cleanup crew down there? After all, the American Dream is not to make big bucks for a few months helping BP clean up their mess and then drop dead 20 or 30 years early.
(Bonus: Uncovered BP Document Brags Of Declining Production Costs)
This news clip from CNN is absolutely stunning. If this is even close to true, then why would anyone want to be involved in helping to clean up this oil?….
The truth is that what we have out in the Gulf of Mexico is a "toxic soup" of oil, methane, benzene, hydrogen sulfide, other toxic gases and very poisonous chemical dispersants such as Corexit 9500.
Breathing all of this stuff is not good for your health, but the reality is that the true health toll of this oil spill is not going to be known for decades.
However, the early reports are not encouraging….
*Already, a large number of workers cleaning up the BP oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico report that they are suffering from flu-like symptoms.
*According to another new report, exposure to the oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico has resulted in 162 cases of illnesses reported to the Louisiana state health department.
*In addition, according to one local Pensacola news source, "400 people have sought medical care for upper or lower respiratory problems, headaches, nausea, and eye irritation after trips to Escambia County beaches."
This is going to be something that we all want to keep a very close eye on.
But it is not just oil spill cleanup workers and people who have gone to the beach who are reporting health issues. The following is a report from a reader named Dee….
My 2 friends and I have been sick with headaches and vomiting, also it feels like heartburn, just feeling lousy. We have not been to the Gulf but there is an inlet at the end of our street. We live on the West side of Pensacola FL. near the Bayou. At first I thought it was just me. My 2 friends are having the same symptoms, all at the same time. Right now I have a dull headache, and my stomach is queasy. I have been thinking maybe the chemicals from the oil cleanup or the oil itself is causing us to be ill. It has been raining all day off and on. I started feeling ill late last night. I was wondering if anyone else in Pensacola have the same symptoms.
So what can we conclude from all this?
Well, it is still very early, but when this crisis is all said and done the biggest tragedy of all might be the health devastation that this oil spill has caused.
If the Exxon Valdez oil spill is any indication, a lot of pe0ple are going to end up dying early deaths.
So once again, do you really want to go down there and clean up this oil?
Of course all of this oil is not just going to clean itself up.
But if we all refuse to participate, who will clean it up?
Perhaps BP CEO Tony Heyward and other high ranking BP executives could roll up their sleeves and go down there and start cleaning up all of that toxic sludge.
It's their mess, so let them clean it.
Michael Snyder | Jun. 30, 2010, 12:20 PM
Source: Business Insider


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Red Sox - 220 500 100 - 10 16 0That is not a typo.
Orioles - 001 000 55x - 11 16 1
Who could have guessed when the rain was falling in the middle of the fifth with Boston up 9-1 we should have wished the game would have been wiped out?
As surprising and annoying as this one was, it's still only one loss -- and we come right back with Josh Beckett tomorrow afternoon.
Playing ball again after a 1:11 delay. Masterson in.
Rain delay at 8:36 at end of top of fifth. Baltimore needs to finish the bottom half for the game to be official.
So far, the Red Sox bats have been raining down hurt on the Orioles:
Lugo: 2 hits, 2 runsSmoltz: 4-3-1-1-2, 52.
Pedroia: 2-run double
Yook: HR, double, single, 3 RBI, 2 runs
Ortiz: double, RBI single
Ellsbury: RBI single and solo HR (moon shot crushed to rcf)
Bailey: single, 2 runs
UPDATE: It turns out the Red Sox will not wait until Thursday before making a decision about Mike Lowell. The team put Lowell on the 15-day disabled list today (retroactive to June 28) and called up Jeff Bailey.
John Smoltz (9.00, 51 ERA+) / Rich Hill (6.03, 75 ERA+)
Look for more fastballs tonight from John Smoltz. John Farrell:
It could have been that it was his first time back and he didn't know what to expect velocity-wise. I'd like to see the ability to pitch off his fastball more.In addition to giving Mike Lowell an injection of Synvisc in his right hip*, the Red Sox medical staff drained 15 ccs of fluid from the area. Lowell could return to the lineup as soon as Friday, but, as Terry Francona said, "the worst-case scenario, he goes on the DL just to buy us a couple of weeks where he can get a second wind for the second part of the season."
(*: If Lowell could not play without getting this injection, wouldn't it qualify (broadly-speaking) as a performance-enhancing drug? Of course, this drug is legal and allowed by MLB. But it clearly helps the player better perform his job. And if Lowell's hitting and fielding are superior having had the injection, hasn't his performance been enhanced?) Am I totally off-base?
If I don't have a big improvement in mobility and flexibility and all of that I have to believe their going to think of something DL-wise, but if I feel really good I might play Friday. So Thursday is probably the day we chart what's going on.Francona said that Jacoby Ellsbury could be back in the leadoff spot "in the future", but for now J.D. Drew and Dustin Pedroia "are our two best on-base guys and since Ellsbury's been hitting seventh, he's just been (doing great), and we've been playing great baseball."
Drew, on his eighth-inning at-bat last night:
There's not a player alive who wouldn't know he needed a double for the cycle in that situation. I was trying to hit a double. [And how do you do that?] I don't know ... I was just going to hit the ball and run straight to second.Jonathan Papelbon recorded his 132nd save last night, tying Bob Stanley for the Red Sox's all-time mark. Bot again expressed his awe for Mariano Rivera and his latest milestone:
A (four)-out save for 500 is pretty neat. And an RBI. That's the icing on the cake. Just seeing what Mo did is absolutely incredible. ... He's "The Godfather" of our role ... You're talking about a guy who has 500 saves and has been through countless postseasons. When you're just aching day in and day out -- I don't know, man. ...Steve Buckley notes that "when Rivera was Papelbon's age, he had 84 career saves". That was 11 years ago. Can Papelbon still be closing games in 2020, at age 39?
Jason Bay is 1-for-13 in his past three games.
Orioles starter Hill has been highly erratic this season and hasn't completed five innings in four of his last six starts.


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Manchester United's summer spending spree looks set to continue after they agreed a fee with Ajax for the transfer of Netherlands international Daley Blind.
United confirmed on Saturday morning they had agreed a deal with the Dutch club for the versatile 24-year-old.
Blind is set to fly to Manchester to agree personal terms and undergo a medical.
A statement from Manchester United read: "Manchester United is delighted to announce it has reached agreement with Ajax to sign Daley Blind, subject to a medical and personal terms.
"A further announcement will be made when the process is complete."
Reports from the Netherlands suggest the agreed fee is £14.2million (Dh86.6million)
Blind was part of Louis van Gaal's World Cup squad earlier this summer and is the son of former Netherlands defender Danny Blind.
The Ajax youth academy product can play in a variety of positions, including left-back and in central midfield.
If Blind complete his move to Old Trafford, he will become the club's fifth summer signing.
Van Gaal has already signed Angel di Maria, Luke Shaw, Ander Herrera and Marcos Rojo for a total of around £133million.
After watching his team draw against Sunderland and suffer defeats to Swansea and MK Dons, Van Gaal thinks his squad is in need of an overhaul.
[ Also read: Louis Van Gaal's revolution at Manchester United will take time ]
The 20-time English champions have been linked with a move for Arturo Vidal, but are understood to be cautious about bidding for the Juventus midfielder due to his knee injury.
Another target is Roma's Kevin Strootman, but he is also just coming back from injury.
Van Gaal is expected to sell a number of fringe players before Monday night.
Tom Cleverley is in talks with Aston Villa, Shinji Kagawa has been linked with a return to Borussia Dortmund and Javier Hernandez is a reported target for Juventus.
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Spring Home Maintenance Check List
Winter weather can damage a house in big ways and in small ways. From animals nesting in vents, to leaves that have accumulated in the gutter, to moisture that can accumulate around a house's foundation, there is a lot to check for when the weather turns warm. This list of home maintenance tasks to perform in spring is not exhaustive, but it hits the places that most likely were beaten on by weather. I have not addressed electrical systems in this article; call a licensed electrician to inspect your electrical system.
Give Your Roof a Spring Check Up: According to the National Roofing Contractors Association, these are the parts of your roof that you should inspect in spring and fall. While they recommend hiring a roofing contractor, if you are very cautious about safety, it is possible to do a roof inspection yourself. You'll need to clean your gutters, since debris may have accumulated in them over the winter, and they need to be clear for summer rain storms. Check your shingles for discoloration, missing shingles, warping, peeling, and mold. Inspect around chimneys and pipes for any gaps in the flashing, or rust spots. Check that no animals have nested in your chimney or pipes. They also recommend checking interior walls for water damage, as well as ceilings. Water damage could be related to a leaky roof.
Check Your Outdoor Concrete for Cracks: Check your concrete foundation for cracks. While small cracks are normal, large horizontal cracks or cracks that are wider at the bottom than at the top are signs that your foundation might need to be repaired. Make sure that no water is accumulating around your foundation, and that all drain pipes direct away from it. Check concrete stairs and walkways for signs of damage or rotting, and check for cracks in driveways and sidewalks. Test the railings that are set in concrete steps to ensure that they are stable.
Tune Up Your HVAC System: Climate Makers, a Virginia Beach HVAC contractor, suggests a 40 point spring HVAC tune up and check up. Included on their list is measuring operating pressures, checking controls, and cleaning condenser coils. It's also a good idea to install animal-proof vent closures on your outdoor vents to prevent animals, like mice, from entering your house through your vents.
Inspect and Repair Your Deck: Read our guide to how to clean a deck for detailed instructions. Also read our guide to preparing your deck for summer.
Assorted Other Spring Maintenance Projects: The sky is the limit when it comes to maintaining your house, but here are a few other tasks that it makes sense to do in the spring: Check window screens for rips; clean storm windows and screens; replace storm windows with window screens; sweep and dust your screened-in porch; uncover, clean, and repair outdoor furniture; turn the compost; inspect exterior paint for peeling spot or bubbles; touch up exterior paint; install awnings to shade your house from summer sun; prune hedges and pull weeds; tune up the lawnmower; mow the lawn; and don't forget the spring cleaning.
Are you exhausted just reading this list? Please share your tips for spring home maintenance in the comments.
Chaya Kurtz writes for Networx.com.
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Spiced Honey, Black Forest Preserves, Pickled Jalapenos, Zucchini Pickles, Zesty Zucchini Relish, Corn Relish, Hot Pepper Jelly and Port Wine Jelly. All of which will come packed in a zippered cotton tote bag made by me, perfect for farmers' markets trips!
To be entered in the drawing to win leave a comment on this post. Please, please, please leave an email where we can contact you. A random winner will be picked on Thursday, December 3rd. Sorry, we can only ship to the US or Canada.
© 2007-2009 Kathy Lewinski


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Photo Diary: Haute Couture S/S 07
Capturing every moment of the haute couture collections for Spring/Summer 2007, SHOWstudio Editor in Chief Penny Martin uploaded video and picture updates live via mobile phone from her week at the Paris shows. Showcasing the talents of John Galliano for Christian Dior, Jean Paul Gaultier, Christian Lacroix and Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel – fashion's Formula One, no less – Martin's intimate, off-the-cuff reportage gives an alternative view to the glossy, polished perfection of catwalk shot and magazine editorial.
Capturing every moment of the haute couture collections for Spring/Summer 2007, SHOWstudio Editor in Chief Penny Martin uploaded video and picture updates live via mobile phone from her week at the Paris shows. Showcasing the talents of John Galliano for Christian Dior, Jean Paul Gaultier, Christian Lacroix and Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel – fashion's Formula One, no less – Martin's intimate, off-the-cuff reportage gives an alternative view to the glossy, polished perfection of catwalk shot and magazine editorial.
Travelling back on the Eurostar and leafing through the new Paris Vogue, just spotted the latest fashion photographer to 'do a Juergen/Terry' and publish a nude self-portrait. The question is: who will be next after Mario?!
They started with quite an 80s silhouette, with pronounced Montana-like shoulders, but this softened as the -brief at 10 minutes- show went on, into this more curvaceous, almost Edwardian outline.
Showing in the very chic Romanian embassy, Boudicca unveiled a very sharp and precise collection of trouser-suits and lace evening dresses. The fit was impeccable but in truth, it was hard to see the fabrics as it was very, very dark.
The fabric is threaded through the beads to mould the shawl to the body.
Closest to us, you see the brilliant 'Oil Painting Dress', for which the house has washed three oil paintings to strip the canvas of its gesso, softened them and then pieced them together in this shift, carefully folding them to create a waist. Get a message to Cate: THIS is what she should wear!
Here you are seeing the scene after the Margiela presentation, where a photographer is shooting the models behind apertures in a curved hall of mirrors. In a kind of museological tour, a cropped section of a model's body emerged from the darkness to reveal one of 24 garments in turn; a men's and a woman's to represent a different month of the year. Meanwhile, a voiceover explained the origins and construction of each piece -in the foreground you see a trench made from 40 shopping bags- in three different languages. A brilliant idea that took me back to my museum days!
Risking life and limb for SHOWstudio apparently, Benjamin took a video camera into the Chanel show on Tuesday. He popped by the hotel bar last night to show me the results of his quick little edit.
Mmm, Cate looks interested in this one for her Babel acceptance speech.
This was Giorgio Armani's biggest collection at close to 70 'exits'. There was glitzy sparkle and lustrous fabrics galore, but most of all, it seemed, there were these spiral dresses with asymmetrical hemlines.
From left: ex Bondgirl Rosamund Pike, Cate Blanchet -who was flown in on the Armani jet especially- the Armani niece, whose name is possibly Natalia (?) and of course, friend of Giorgio, Katie. All wearing Armani Prive, naturally.
Yes, really: it's Katie Holmes!
This white lace dress came with an attached lace gimp mask: someone should tell Cantankerous! Such a great fit without being stretchy: brilliant.
These amazing halos -each girl wore one (as seen with this 'bleeding heart dress') fashioned from metal, perspex, feathers and all manner of stuff- are going to be shot to pieces in the coming reason. I mean, who wouldn't look better for a little ray of light around the hairline? Now, which supermodel do we most see one on? How about Naomi...
There were so many angels floating around that as the dresses became more complex, I kept thinking we were witnessing the bride, who is traditionally the final 'exit' in a Couture show. At around 65k each, wedding dresses are key to keeping the industry afloat as they comprise a good proportion of Couture sales.
Once the model wearing this solid gold number descended the staircase onto the runway, she slid open the 'doors' of her mask to reveal her face.
Of course, the classic Gaultier trick is the visual pun: trompe L'Oeil, the trouser-dress or some such cheeky gag. In this afternoon's show, any jokes were played out in the staging, rather than the clothes themselves, which were as elegant and demure as the angels on which the collection's theme was based. This modest suit, for instance, was revved up in the sexy stakes by its model, Dita von Teese, whose appearance in a show about virgin Madonnas was a shrewd move, given her pending divorce to Marilyn Manson.
On arrival, each guest is given a slip with a district of Paris printed on it in exchange for their invite. This is a clever rouse: nobody knows how good their seats are before they get in and so can't make a fuss at the door (London PR Mandi Lennard runs a system like this, only with coloured stickers). I have a hunch I know where the back row is- La Salette: that's what it says on my slip!
Acres of chiffon, tulle and suede trailed in the muck to perfect the late 19th century silhouette.
After an initial section of tailoring – that looked a lot like Ready-to-Wear – but then, I was a few rows from being able to see any perceptible detail, all Riccardo Tisci's attention turned to trains...
Lacroix does two sittings and my ticket was for the latter so I wasn't sure what to make of my friends text to 'expect a nu rave show'. At Lacroix? Really?! The palette was pretty fluoro, yes, and there was a smattering of techno crystal, as seen in this waspie waister, but it wasn't awash with teen spirit, I wouldn't have said.
Oh, the romance! I'd been told to expect a carnation on my seat when I got here. Apparently, they are to throw at Christian Lacroix at the end of the show. The programme notes say this – 40th – collection is about 'scent of a woman'. That's the one where Al Pacino shouts a lot, right?
'Tradition and refinement versus savagery' he said: samurai warriors, crysanthemums and flower arranging and contemporary art were the central themes of the (legendary) research books.
Origami-like folding a key construction theme.
Of course, judging by the get-up of most of the c60-year-old clients sitting on the lacquered, black seats in the audience, it won't be garments like this delightful, poufy sack dress with rope motifs that will be the big sellers in the coming weeks. But such items demonstrate that Galliano is capable of greater modernity and subtlety than has been found in his most recent Couture collections.
Stephen Jones nearly stole the show with his fantastic hats!
John (we're on first name terms since my visit last week...) described getting the diagonal graduation on the hand dying for this dress as like 'mathematics' when he showed me the research books from his preparatory research trip to Japan.
It's quite a trek out here to the Dior venue in the Bois de Boulogne: a far cry from the central setting of the Tuilleries for the Ready-to-Wear.
One thing you can say about Couture: the demographic and attire of the audience is certainly different from Ready-to-Wear!
Here comes the bride, concluding a collection of Roman toga-inspired draping and knife pleated sparkling tulle. In honesty, couldn't see much from the Gods and slightly distracted by all the plastic surgery on show in the audience!


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Actress Viola Davis was nominated for an Academy Award for her portrayal of the maid Aibileen in the film The Help, set in 1960s Mississippi. But not everyone has applauded the film, which has been criticized for its portrayal of black domestic servants in the civil rights era.
Some blogs called Davis a sellout for taking the sort of role that was once the only kind black actresses could get. Tulane University Professor Melissa Harris-Perry, the author of an upcoming book on racial stereotypes, told MSNBC that "what killed me was that in 2011, Viola Davis was reduced to playing a maid."
Even Tate Taylor, the film's director, has said that "the role of Aibileen, in the hands of the wrong actress, could turn into a cliche."
Davis tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross that she absolutely didn't see Aibileen as a character she was reduced to playing — much less a cliche.
"Or else I wouldn't have done it," she says. "You're only reduced to a cliche if you don't humanize a character. A character can't be a stereotype based on the character's occupation."
Davis says she has played one-dimensional characters in the past, but she makes clear that Aibileen — a 53-year-old maid with a sixth-grade education — doesn't fall into that category in her eyes.
"I saw her going on a journey," she says. "I saw her having humor and heart and intelligence. I saw her as having duality. And that's what I look for above anything else. Because usually, that is what's missing."
In the film, Davis' character embarks on a secret writing project with Eugenia "Skeeter" Phelan (played by Emma Stone) and Minny Jackson (played by Octavia Spencer). The three women, who become unlikely friends, work secretly to expose truths about the lives of domestic workers in Mississippi.
Before filming, Davis says, she created an elaborate back story for Aibileen.
"Your job as an actor is to piece together whatever you've learned in your training, or whatever you have experienced in your life, to piece together a person," she says. "Otherwise, nothing that you're doing really has ... value. ... So I imagined everything about her. I imagined her childhood, I imagined what her dreams could have been, I imagined even what her love life was."
Part of her understanding of Aibileen's world, she says, came from her own family members, some of whom had worked as domestic servants.
"My grandmom worked as a maid for most of her life, and she worked in the tobacco and the cotton fields, whatever she could get," Davis says. "My mom would always say that [my grandmother] had employers who treated her very bad — just made her work sunup to sundown, taking care of their children as well as cleaning her homes."
Davis' mother — the oldest of 18 children — also worked in the fields and as a maid. Davis said she talked to her mother frequently about her life while creating Aibileen's character and back story.
"I have to say, it takes years sometimes of constantly asking her the same question [so] that I could finally get her to a place of comfort to reveal even a little something, some secrets," Davis says. "Talking about horrible abuses she suffered, whether they were sexual, emotional or physical," she says. "[She revealed] horrible memories."
Davis' mother recently told her that she couldn't eat pork because of a particularly horrific incident in a slaughterhouse.
"One day, she said, she saw a pig, and they put him in a huge pot of scalding hot oil, and the pig was still alive," she says. "And she remembers the screaming of the pig. And she started telling the story, and she couldn't finish. She said she could not get those screams out of her head.
"And that is the case with many memories of women that lived in that time period — that you just sucked it in. It's part of our history as African-Americans. It's one of the reasons why I loved Aibileen, because I saw all of that life in her, all those repressed memories that she couldn't put into words. But they were there, and they just sat on her."
Interview Highlights
On the life that she imagined for Aibileen to create her back story
"The life I imagined for her really was rooted in her education. She has a sixth-grade education, and when she was in the sixth grade, her teacher told her she was smart, and she had to drop out of school to help her mother with the bills. And the teacher told her, 'You're my best student, so in order to keep your mind alive and awake, you need to write every day.' So ever since Aibileen was 12 — she's 51 in the script — she's been writing. Because I know what that feels like, I just imagined that she wanted to be a writer. ... I think she felt that her writing was really potent, which is why she wrote down all of her prayers. She felt like every time she wrote them down, they came true."
On creating an elaborate emotional history for the character
"You cannot ever imagine what someone's sex life is by looking at them. I always find that probably the most held-back and repressed person probably has the most wicked thoughts going on. And if you've read [The Help], one thing that you notice about Aibileen is that 98 percent of who she was took place in an internal dialogue. She was not the gregarious, demonstrative person — not like Minnie or Skeeter. She absolutely was more repressed. Therefore, I had to create a really rich emotional life for her, because that's where she lived."
On women like her mother and grandmother not talking about their pain
"I think there is a feeling that you just have to live with it. There's no alternative to life. It is a different mentality. It's not a 20th-century so-called liberated-woman mentality. It's a mentality born out of knowing one's place, knowing what one has to do in order to get by and get over."
On crying in Doubt and onscreen
"When you're watching yourself onscreen, it's different from acting the scene. When you're watching yourself, it's about vanity — it's all about how you look, what's not looking right — the lips, the lighting, how big you look in that coat, how you're holding the umbrella. When I first saw the cut, I remember I went back to my house and laid in bed for two weeks until my husband finally said, 'V, you gotta get up.' Doing that [crying] scene [with Meryl Streep in Doubt], it's two people in absolute conflict. You're not so aware of what you look like until the scene is done — it's just two pit bulls in conflict with each other."
On how people perceive her
"I can go into an audition with my makeup and my hair and my lashes and come out with these roles that you say I have. Which goes into the area of perception, and how people perceive black women of a certain hue, and when I say certain hue, I mean black women who are darker than a paper bag. And I'm a dark-skinned black woman who is 46 years old. And I don't know about you, but when I go to see movies, I don't see a lot of women like me in glamorous roles. Not in any mainstream movies, and inevitably when I say that, people mention one person — but usually just one. I don't see a lot of narratives written ... where a woman who looks like me gets to be beautiful and sexualized and upwardly mobile, middle-class, funny, quirky. They're very seldom written."
Copyright 2021 Fresh Air. To see more, visit Fresh Air.


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Possible Complications
When blood glucose (sugar) levels are out of the normal range, complications may develop. These include the following:
Things that can happen quickly:
- Low blood glucose—hypoglycemia
- High blood glucose—hyperglycemia
- Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
- High triglycerides
Things that develop over time:
- Blindness
- Kidney disease, which can lead to a need for dialysis
- Heart disease, including heart attack
- Stroke
- Nerve disorders
- Chronic infections
- Poorly healing wounds
- Depression
- Cognitive decline
Hypoglycemia is more common in people who take insulin to control their glucose levels. It can also occur in people who take oral medication. Hypoglycemia can be caused by any of the following:
- Taking too much insulin or oral diabetes medication
- Skipping or delaying a meal, or eating a smaller meal than usual
- Exercising harder or longer than your usual pattern
Hypoglycemia can be managed if you recognize the symptoms and treat them right away. The symptoms include:
- Shakiness
- Lightheadedness or fainting
- Sweating
- Hunger
- Headache
- Pale skin color
- Sudden moodiness or behavior change
- Clumsy or jerky movements
- Confusion or difficulty paying attention
- Tingling sensations around the mouth
- Seizures
- Loss of consciousness
If you think you have hypoglycemia, test your blood with a blood glucose monitor. If the glucose level is below the range your doctor said was safe, then treat hypoglycemia. Even when you recognize the symptoms, it is best to use the glucose monitor to make sure that the symptoms you have are really due to hypoglycemia.
Safety ranges for glucose levels vary from person to person. The ranges are based on your age and medical conditions. If you do not know what your safe blood glucose range is, ask your doctor.
The goal of treating hypoglycemia is to quickly raise your blood glucose level to within your safe range. Ask your doctor what the best method of quickly treating hypoglycemia is for you. Common methods of self-treating hypoglycemia include eating or drinking some form of sugar, such as:
- 4 ounces (118 milliliters) fruit juice or regular soda
- 2 tablespoons raisins
- 4 or 5 saltine crackers
- 4 teaspoons sugar
- 1 tablespoon honey or corn syrup
To be prepared, you should always have some type of sugar with you. Wait 15 minutes after eating, and then retest your glucose level. If it is still too low, repeat the treatment. If you pass out from hypoglycemia, you will need emergency treatment. At the hospital, the doctor may give you an injectable hormone called glucagon. Your doctor may also give you a prescription for glucagon if you are at risk of hypoglycemia.
If you have symptoms or episodes of hypoglycemia, talk to your doctor. Also, review your medication to see if it needs to be adjusted. Your doctor can help you to find ways to prevent hypoglycemia.
Long-term hyperglycemia is the major cause of many of the complications that occur in people with diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurs when you do not have enough insulin to remove the glucose in your blood, or when your body does not use insulin properly. It can be caused by:
- Taking too little insulin or oral medication
- Eating a larger meal than usual
- Experiencing stress from an illness or from factors in daily life
Hyperglycemia should be treated right away to avoid further complications. The symptoms include:
- Frequent urination
- Increased thirst
- Blurred vision
- Unexplained weight loss
If hyperglycemia is not promptly treated, it can lead to life-threatening ketoacidosis. This condition happens when glucose levels are so high that very little sugar is available in the cells for energy. The body starts breaking down stored fat for energy. The by-products of this fat breakdown are ketone bodies, acids that build up in the blood and cause ketoacidosis. The condition is more common in type 1 diabetes, but it may occur rarely in type 2 diabetes.
Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is a life-threatening complication of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS), in which your body tries to get rid of excess blood glucose by passing it through your urine. In severe cases, seizures, coma, and death may occur.
The symptoms include:
- Very high blood glucose
- Dry mouth
- Thirst
- Warm, dry skin
- Absence of sweating
- Fever
- Leg cramps
- Sleepiness
- Confusion
- Vision loss
- Hallucinations
- Weakness or strange movements on one side of the body with or without seizures
- Frequent urination
It is important to seek medical attention right away if you think you have symptoms of hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.
Chronic high blood glucose levels, as well as high blood pressure, can lead to damage to tiny blood vessels in the retina of the eye. This damage, called diabetic retinopathy, can occur over a long period of time. Cataracts and glaucoma (2 other common eye conditions) occur more often and at a younger age in people with type 2 diabetes than in people without this disease. Signs of eye damage include:
- Blurry or double vision
- Halos, flashing lights, or black spots
- Dark or floating spots
- Pain or pressure in one or both of your eyes
- Trouble seeing things
Some people do not have any symptoms until the damage is significant. Therefore, it is essential to see your eye doctor regularly. Diabetic retinopathy can be treated with laser therapy or surgery. Quitting smoking and controlling your blood pressure are important preventive measures.
Kidney Disease
Between 20%-40% of people with diabetes develop diabetic nephropathy, a form of kidney damage.
High blood glucose levels and high blood pressure damage the kidney's small blood vessels, called capillaries. These capillaries are responsible for filtering waste out of the blood. This damage allows protein to leak out of the blood and causes wastes that should be excreted with the urine to build up in your blood. Having small amounts of protein in the urine is called microalbuminuria, the first sign of kidney damage.
As damage continues, more protein is leaked and more wastes build up. Having larger amounts of protein in the urine is called proteinuria or macroalbuminuria. This damage can eventually progress to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant .
Heart Disease and Stroke
People with type 2 diabetes are more likely to have heart disease or stroke compared to people who do not have diabetes. The most common form of heart disease is called coronary artery disease (CAD), blockage of the arteries that bring oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles. This condition can lead to:
- Chest pain (angina)—This pain or pressure typically starts in your chest and radiates to your arms (especially the left). This type of pain may appear when you exercise or after eating a large meal and it may get better when you rest.
- Cardiomyopathy—This is a general weakening of the heart muscle caused by narrowed, small blood vessels that decrease the blood flow through the heart. This can progress and cause heart failure .
- Heart attack—This is caused by the blockage of a blood vessel in or near your heart. As a result, part of your heart muscle does not receive oxygen and the essential nutrients it needs to function, so it stops working and dies. Symptoms of a heart attack include: chest pain, pressure feeling, nausea, indigestion, extreme weakness, and sweating.
A stroke can also happen as a result of blood not being able to reach the brain. This may be due to a blockage in a blood vessel. Symptoms of a stroke include:
- Sudden weakness or numbness of your face, arm, or leg on 1 side of your body
- Sudden drooping on one side of your face
- Sudden confusion, trouble talking, or trouble understanding
- Sudden lightheadedness, loss of balance, or trouble walking
- Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes or sudden double vision
- Sudden severe headache
Nerve Disorders
Diabetes can also cause mild-to-severe nerve damage, called diabetic neuropathy. Having high blood glucose for many years can damage the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the nerves. High blood glucose can also damage the covering on the nerves. Damaged nerves may stop sending messages. Or, they may send messages too slowly or at the wrong times. This can lead to symptoms that range from pain or tingling, to numbness and loss of feeling. The longest nerves in the body are often affected first, leaving the hands and feet more susceptible to neuropathy.
The combination of repeated injury, poor blood flow, and poor healing leads to a greater risk of foot infections that are often difficult to treat. In severe cases, when circulation is poor and antibiotics fail to cure the infection, foot or leg amputations may be necessary.
Other, less severe consequences of nerve damage include:
- Drop in blood pressure when you stand
- Diarrhea at night
- Constipation
- Difficulty in emptying your bladder
- Erectile dysfunction
Your feet are especially vulnerable to the complications of type 2 diabetes. Damage to the peripheral nerves, which go to the arms, hands, legs, and feet, can impair your experience of sensations, such as pain, heat, and cold.
In addition to nerve damage, type 2 diabetes can also cause a decrease in blood flow. Therefore, if you have a blister or sore on your foot , you may not feel it because of the neuropathy. Because of the lack of sensation, this area on your foot may be continually re-injured. It is essential to wash and examine your feet daily. If your doctor recommends it, you may want to use a special skin thermometer to check the temperature of your feet. High foot temperature may be a sign of injury or inflammation.
It is very common to experience mood changes, especially when you have to manage a long-term chronic condition. Depression can undermine your recovery and put you at risk for other complications. Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in your favorite activities that stay with you for at least 2 weeks should prompt you to call your doctor. Depression is treatable. Your doctor may refer you to counseling to help you better manage your diabetes.
Lower Your Risk of Complications
Take these steps to promote your health:
- Have regular checkups even if you feel fine. Your doctor can often spot early signs of complications.
- Monitor your blood sugars closely. Strive to keep your blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in check. Work with your care team to know which levels are safe for you.
- Follow a sensible diet. Do not skip meals.
- Take your medications (pills and/or insulin) as prescribed by your doctor.
- Do not smoke. If you do smoke, talk with your doctor about how you can quit.
- Get vaccinated against the flu and pneumonia.
- Have a regular exercise routine.
- If you are overweight, talk to your doctor about a safe weight loss program.
- Tell your doctor if you have symptoms of any diabetes complications.
- Keep track of your moods and be alert for persistent depressive symptoms.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the name of a class of medications that are generally used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. These medications work by blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme. This is a protein that helps the body make angiotensin, which in turn raises blood pressure. Thus, by blocking this enzyme the drug works to lower blood pressure.
ACE inhibitors are generally recommended for patients with diabetes who have high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, or kidney damage. This medication may decrease the risk of further kidney damage, and reduce the risk of death and heart attacks.
Talk to your doctor about whether ACE inhibitors are right for you.
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) offers these guidelines on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) "bad" cholesterol and coronary heart disease:
- Make lifestyle changes to lower your LDL cholesterol levels. Reduce the amount of saturated fat and cholesterol in your diet. If you are overweight, lose weight. Increase how much physical activity you do each day.
If you do not have cardiovascular heart disease:
- The goal is to have LDL cholesterol level less than 100 mg/dL.
- If you are over age 40 years old and have at least 1 other risk factor for heart disease, treatment goal is a 30%-40% reduction of LDL regardless of baseline LDL levels.
- If you are younger than 40 years old with other risk factors for heart disease and lifestyle changes fail to achieve the desired lipid-lowering goals, the ADA recommends medication.
If you have cardiovascular heart disease:
- The ADA recommends statins to reduce LDL 30%-40% from original values.
- Lowering LDL cholesterol to below 70 using a higher dose of a statin is an option.
- Lower triglycerides to less than 150 mg/dL and raising high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol to over 40 mg/dL in men and over 50 mg/dL in women are other ADA treatment goals.
The American Heart Association (AHA) offers these recommendations on omega-3 fatty acids:
- All adults should eat fish at least twice weekly.
- If you have coronary heart disease, you should receive at least 1 gram of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) combined every day.
- EPA plus DHA supplement (such as 2-4 grams) is useful in lowering triglyceride levels by 20%-40%.
People with diabetes are at increased risk of getting cardiovascular disease. Taking aspirin may help decrease the risk of having a heart attack in patients who are at risk for heart disease or for those who have heart disease. Talk to your doctor about whether the benefits of daily aspirin outweigh the risks in your case. Aspirin can cause bleeding and interacts with other drugs.
American Diabetes Association. Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes—2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37 Suppl 1:S5-S13.
Diabetes mellitus type 2. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T113993/Diabetes-mellitus-type-2-in-adults . Accessed January 26, 2021.
Heart disease. American Diabetes Association website. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/heart-disease. Accessed January 26, 2021.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS). American Diabetes Association website. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic.html. Accessed January 26, 2021.
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state in adults. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T115340/Hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar-state-in-adults . Accessed January 26, 2021.
Hypoglycemia in diabetes. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T116035/Hypoglycemia-in-diabetes . Accessed January 26, 2021.
Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, et al. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials. Circulation. 2009;119(2):351-357.
Stroke. American Diabetes Association website. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/heart-disease/stroke.html. Accessed January 26, 2021.
Zeitler P, Haqq A, Rosenbloom A, Glaser N, Drugs and Therapeutics Committee of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome in children: pathophysiological considerations and suggested guidelines for treatment. J Pediatr. 2011;158(1):9-14.
2/7/2008 DynaMed Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Armstrong DG, Holtz-Neiderer K, Wendel C, et al. Skin temperature monitoring reduces the risk for diabetic foot ulceration in high-risk patients. Am J Med. 2007;120(12):1042-1046.
9/11/2014 DynaMed Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Tovote KA, Fleer J, Snippe E, et al. Individual mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy for treating depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial. Deabetes Care. 2014;37(9):2427-2734.
12/15/2014 DynaMed Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Rawlings AM, Sharrett AR, Schneider AL, et al. Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(11):785-793.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review BoardNicole S. Meregian, PA
- Review Date: 11/2020
- Update Date: 01/26/2021


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In Girl in forest, Mount Macedon Frederick McCubbin revisits a central theme in his oeuvre: the activities of children in the Australian bush. He had previously painted scenes of children lost in the bush – narratives of innocence and vulnerability within the landscape. McCubbin also explored the magical worlds invented by children through storytelling and imagination. In works such as What the little girl saw in the bush 1904 (private collection, reproduced p. 28) he sought to capture ideas of creative freedom and expression that children unselfconsciously bring to their surrounds.
In Girl in forest, Mount Macedon a young girl wanders through the bush carrying a basket, possibly collecting wildflowers or berries. She is small beside the large trees and thick growth, her white dress setting her apart from her environment. McCubbin has paid close attention to the study of dappled light through trees and foliage. Areas of the canvas appear abstracted and flecks of colour are layered over each other using a palette knife. Moving back from the work the scene comes into focus – a glorious image of gold, pink and violet; bracken, bark and gum.
Girl in forest, Mount Macedon depicts the bush close to 'Fontainebleau', the McCubbin's residence at Mount Macedon about 60 kilometres north-west of Melbourne. The child in the image is the artist's youngest daughter, Kathleen, who posed for her father numerous times.


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Watch our lighting designers turn ordinary rooms into lively and inviting spaces.
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Energy-saving light bulbs, also known as compact fluorescent bulbs, use less energy than classic light bulbs to produce the same amount of light. See how energy savers can create the right light effect and ambience to fit your mood and reduce your lighting bills.
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Super Tenere
The XTZ1200 inherits the spirit of the legendary Ténéré models that drove an era of Yamaha dominance during the 1980s and '90s in the Dakar Rally, widely known as the world's most demanding endurance rally.
The Super Ténéré is designed to achieve a high-level balance of the qualities riders want in an intercontinental long-distance touring, including:
(1) Unmatched long distance capability
(2) Excellent dirt road performance
(3) Light and agile cornering on mountain roads
To realise the three qualities mentioned above, the engine and chassis were designed from scratch with developmental efforts focused on a centralised of mass chassis design, lower centre of gravity and the desired level of front wheel weight distribution.
Powered by a newly developed liquid-cooled 4-stroke 1199cc in-line twin cylinder engine, the XTZ1200 bristles with new control technologies aimed at offering outstanding long-distance touring performance.
The in-line twin-cylinder engine with a 270-degree crankshaft and 4-valve DOHC head sports a side-mounted radiator that contributes to centralisation of machine mass and mounted on a new frame. Also, the YCC-T (Yamaha Chip Controlled Throttle) seen on Yamaha Supersports machines now has traction control and a function enabling the rider to select running modes.
Other state-of-the-art technologies like a 3-position ABS system and adoption of a Unified Brake System are added to realise a higher level of touring performance. This is truly a model worthy of being called an ultimate machine for intercontinental adventure.
*Images are shown for reference only, product specifications and data are subject to change without notice.


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Want to board first on a Southwest Airlines flight? Now you can pay $40 for the privilege.
Southwest Airlines will let people pay to be part of their first boarding group, group "A." The airline does not have assigned seating and lets passengers board in three groups, A, B and C.
Currently, passengers can ensure they board first by buying a special business class ticket or joining a loyalty program. Now, everyone will have that option if spots are available. Passengers will be able to pay at the gate starting 45 minutes before a flight leaves.
Facing higher fuel and other costs, airlines have sought to boost revenue in a variety of ways including charging extra to check a bag or sit next to a loved one.


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Topic Overview
What is pneumonia?
Pneumonia is a lung infection that can make you very sick. You may cough, run a fever, and have a hard time breathing. For most people, pneumonia can be treated at home. It often clears up in 2 to 3 weeks with treatment. But older adults, babies, and people with other diseases can become very ill. They may need to be in the hospital.
You can get pneumonia in your daily life, such as at school or work. This is called community-associated pneumonia. You can also get it when you are in a hospital or nursing home. This is called healthcare-associated pneumonia. It may be more severe because you already are ill. This topic focuses on pneumonia you get in your daily life.
What causes pneumonia?
Germs called bacteria or viruses usually cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia usually starts when you breathe the germs into your lungs. You may be more likely to get the disease after having a cold or the flu. These illnesses make it harder for your lungs to fight infection, so it is easier to get pneumonia. Having a long-term, or chronic, disease like asthma, heart disease, cancer, or diabetes also makes you more likely to get pneumonia.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms of pneumonia may include:
- Cough. You will likely cough up mucus (sputum) from your lungs. Mucus may be rusty or green or tinged with blood.
- Fever, chills, and sweating.
- Fast breathing and feeling short of breath.
- Chest pain that often feels worse when you cough or breathe in.
- Fast heartbeat.
- Feeling very tired or very weak.
When you have less severe symptoms, your doctor may call this "walking pneumonia."
Older adults may have different, fewer, or milder symptoms. They may not have a fever. Or they may have a cough but not bring up mucus. The main sign of pneumonia in older adults may be a change in how well they think. Confusion or delirium is common. Or, if they already have a lung disease, that disease may get worse.
Symptoms caused by viruses are the same as those caused by bacteria. But they may come on slowly and often are not as obvious or as bad.
How is pneumonia diagnosed?
Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and do a physical exam. He or she may order a chest X-ray and a complete blood count (CBC). This is usually enough for your doctor to know if you have pneumonia. You may need more tests if you have bad symptoms, are an older adult, or have other health problems. In general, the sicker you are, the more tests you may need.
Your doctor may also test mucus from your lungs to find out if bacteria are causing your pneumonia. Finding out what is causing your pneumonia can help your doctor choose the best treatment for you. However, often the organism can't be found and a broad-spectrum antibiotic may be given.
How is it treated?
Antibiotics are the usual treatment, because the organism may not be found. But if the pneumonia is caused by a virus, antivirals may be given. Sometimes, antibiotics may be used to prevent complications.
Antibiotics usually cure pneumonia caused by bacteria. Be sure to take the antibiotics exactly as instructed. Do not stop taking them just because you feel better. You need to take the full course of antibiotics.
Pneumonia can make you feel very sick. But after you take antibiotics, you should start to feel much better, although you will probably not be back to normal for several weeks. Call your doctor if you do not start to feel better after 2 to 3 days of antibiotics. Call your doctor right away if you feel worse.
There are things you can do to feel better during your treatment. Get plenty of rest and sleep, and drink lots of liquids. Do not smoke. If your cough keeps you awake at night, talk to your doctor about using cough medicine.
You may need to go to the hospital if you have bad symptoms, a weak immune system, or another serious illness.
How can you prevent pneumonia?
Experts recommend immunization for children and adults. Children get the pneumococcal vaccine as part of their routine shots. Two different types of pneumococcal vaccines are recommended for people ages 65 and older. If you smoke, or you have a long-term health problem, it's a good idea to get a pneumococcal vaccine. It may not keep you from getting pneumonia. But if you do get pneumonia, you probably won't be as sick. You can also get an influenza vaccine to prevent the flu, because sometimes people get pneumonia after having the flu.
You can also lower your chances of getting pneumonia by staying away from people who have the flu, respiratory symptoms, or chickenpox. You may get pneumonia after you have one of these illnesses. Wash your hands often. This helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria that may cause pneumonia.
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Viruses, bacteria, a fungus, or (in rare cases) parasites or other organisms can cause pneumonia.
- In most cases, the specific organism (such as bacteria or virus) cannot be identified even with testing.footnote 1 When an organism is identified, it is usually the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Many types of bacteria may cause pneumonia. Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae is sometimes less severe and called "walking pneumonia."
- Viruses, such as influenza A (the flu virus) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause pneumonia.
In people who have impaired immune systems, pneumonia may be caused by other organisms, including some forms of fungi, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly called Pneumocystis carinii). This fungus frequently causes pneumonia in people who have AIDS. Some doctors may suggest an HIV test if they think that Pneumocystis jiroveci is causing the pneumonia.
How do you get pneumonia?
You may get pneumonia:
- After you breathe infected air particles into your lungs.
- After you breathe certain bacteria from your nose and throat into your lungs.
- During or after a viral upper respiratory infection, such as a cold or influenza (flu).
- As a complication of a viral illness, such as measles or chickenpox.
- If you breathe large amounts of food, gastric juices from the stomach, or vomit into the lungs (aspiration pneumonia). This can happen when you have had a medical condition that affects your ability to swallow, such as a seizure or a stroke.
A healthy person's nose and throat often contain bacteria or viruses that cause pneumonia. Pneumonia can develop when these organisms spread to your lungs while your lungs are more likely to be infected. Examples of times when this can happen are during or soon after a cold or if you have a long-term (chronic) illness, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
You can get pneumonia in your daily life, such as at school or work (community-associated pneumonia) or when you are in a hospital or nursing home (healthcare-associated pneumonia). Treatment may differ in healthcare-associated pneumonia, because bacteria causing the infection in hospitals may be different from those causing it in the community. This topic focuses on community-associated pneumonia.
Symptoms of pneumonia in otherwise healthy people often start during or after an upper respiratory infection, such as the flu or a cold. Symptoms may include:
- Cough, often producing mucus, also called sputum, from the lungs. Mucus may be rusty or green or tinged with blood.
- Fever, chills and sweating, which may be less common in older adults.
- Fast, often shallow, breathing and the feeling of being short of breath.
- Chest wall pain that is often made worse by coughing or breathing in.
- Fast heartbeat.
- Feeling very tired or weak.
When symptoms are mild, your doctor may call your condition "walking pneumonia."
In older adults and children
Older adults may have different, fewer, or milder symptoms, such as having no fever or having a cough with no mucus (a dry or nonproductive cough). The major sign of pneumonia in older adults may be a change in how clearly they think (confusion or delirium) or when a lung disease they already have gets worse.
In children, symptoms may depend on age:
- In infants younger than 1 month of age, symptoms may include having little or no energy (lethargy), feeding poorly, grunting, or having a fever.
- In children, symptoms of pneumonia are often the same as in adults. Your doctor will look for signs such as a cough and a faster breathing rate.
Some conditions with symptoms similar to pneumonia include bronchitis, COPD, and tuberculosis.
What Happens
After you've been infected with a pneumonia-causing organism, it takes as little as 1 to 3 days or as long as 7 to 10 days for symptoms to appear. How severe pneumonia is and how long it lasts depend on:
- Your age and health. Older, sicker people usually have more severe cases. And their cases of pneumonia are more likely to cause complications, such as bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia) or throughout the body (septicemia).
- Whether bacteria or a virus caused the pneumonia. Viral pneumonia usually is less severe than bacterial pneumonia.
- How quickly you treat it. The sooner you treat pneumonia, the sooner symptoms go away.
- Your immune system. People who have impaired immune systems are more likely to have more severe pneumonia than people who have healthy immune systems.
In healthy people, pneumonia can be a mild illness that is hardly noticed and clears up in 2 to 3 weeks. In older adults and in people with other health problems, recovery may take 6 to 8 weeks or longer.
Going to the hospital
If you have severe pneumonia, you may have to go to the hospital:
- In most cases of pneumonia you get in your daily life, such as at school or work (community-based pneumonia), it is not necessary to go to the hospital.footnote 2
- About one-third of people with community-based pneumonia are age 65 or older.footnote 2 Older adults are treated in the hospital more often and stay longer for the condition than younger people.footnote 2 Pneumonia is more serious in this group, because they often have and may develop other medical problems.
Spreading pneumonia to others
If your pneumonia is caused by a virus or bacteria, you may spread the infection to other people while you are contagious. How long you are contagious depends on what is causing the pneumonia and whether you get treatment. You may be contagious for several days to a week.
If you get antibiotics, you usually cannot spread the infection to others after a day of treatment.
What Increases Your Risk
You are more likely to get pneumonia if you:
- Smoke. Cigarette smoking is a strong risk factor for pneumonia in healthy young people.
- Have another medical condition, especially lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.
- Are younger than 1 year of age or older than 65.
- Have an impaired immune system.
- Take medicine called a proton pump inhibitor (such as Prilosec or Protonix) that reduces the amount of stomach acid.footnote 3, footnote 4
- Drink excessive amounts of alcohol.
- Recently had a cold or the flu.
You are more likely to have complications of pneumonia and need to go to the hospital if you:
- Are older than 65.
- Have some other illness (such as COPD, diabetes, or asthma), or have gone to the hospital for a medical problem within the last 3 months.
- Have had your spleen removed or do not have a working spleen (such as in sickle cell disease).
- Have an alcohol use problem.
- Have a weak immune system.
- Reside in a place where people live close together, such as a college dorm or nursing home.
When should you call your doctor?
The faster you get treatment, the faster you will get over pneumonia. This is especially true for the very young, for people older than 65, and for anyone with other long-lasting (chronic) health problems, such as asthma.
Call 911 or other emergency services immediately if you:
- Have chest pain that is crushing or squeezing, is increasing in intensity, or occurs with any other symptoms of a heart attack.
- Have such bad trouble breathing that you are worried you will not have the strength or ability to keep breathing.
- Cough up large amounts of blood.
- Feel that you may faint when you sit up or stand.
Call a doctor immediately if you have:
- A cough that produces blood-tinged or rust-colored mucus from the lungs.
- A fever with shaking chills.
- Difficult, shallow, fast breathing with shortness of breath or wheezing.
Call a doctor if your cough:
- Frequently brings up yellow or green mucus from the lungs and lasts longer than 2 days. Do not confuse mucus from your lungs with mucus running down the back of your throat from your nasal passages (postnasal drip). Postnasal drainage is not a worry.
- Occurs with a fever of 101°F (38.3°C) or higher and brings up yellow or green mucus from the lungs (not postnasal drainage).
- Causes you to vomit a lot.
- Continues longer than 4 weeks.
Also call your doctor if you have new chest pain (more than just discomfort when you cough) that gets worse with deep breathing and if you have other symptoms of pneumonia, such as shortness of breath, cough, and fever.
Watchful waiting
Watchful waiting is a wait-and-see approach. If you get better on your own, you won't need treatment. If you get worse, you and your doctor will decide what to do next.
Home treatment may be appropriate if:
- You have classic cold symptoms (nasal stuffiness, mild body aches or headache, mild fever).
- You cough up mucus that is running down the back of the throat from the nasal passages (postnasal drip). But a cough in which the mucus is definitely coming from the lungs rather than the nasal passages is a more serious problem, and you should contact your doctor.
- You have signs of the flu (high fever, severe muscle aches or headache, and mild respiratory symptoms). For more information, see the topic Influenza.
Who to see
Health professionals who can diagnose and treat pneumonia include:
- Family medicine physicians.
- Pediatricians.
- Internists.
- Infectious disease specialists.
- Physician assistants.
- Nurse practitioners.
- Specialists in lung diseases (pulmonologists).
Exams and Tests
Your doctor will usually diagnose pneumonia with:
- Your medical history.
- A physical exam.
- A chest X-ray, which is almost always done to check for changes in the lungs that may mean pneumonia and to look for other causes of your symptoms. But an X-ray does not always show whether you have pneumonia, especially if it is done when you first get sick. In some cases, the X-ray results may:
- Suggest the type of organism (bacterial, viral, or fungal) causing pneumonia.
- Show complications of pneumonia, such as infection of the heart muscle or the sac surrounding the heart.
- Show conditions that may occur with pneumonia, such as fluid in the chest cavity or a collapsed lung.
- Reveal another condition, such as heart failure, lung cancer, or acute bronchitis.
Lab tests for pneumonia
The need for more tests often depends on how severe your symptoms are, your age, and your overall health. In general, the sicker you are, the more tests you may need. This is especially true for older adults and infants. One example of a test you may have is the arterial blood gas test.
Mucus test
If you are very ill, have severe shortness of breath, or have a condition that increases your risk (such as asthma or COPD), your doctor may test your mucus. Tests include a Gram stain and a sputum culture.
Rapid urine test
This test can identify some bacteria that cause pneumonia. This can help guide treatment for pneumonia.
HIV test
In people who have impaired immune systems, pneumonia may be caused by other organisms, including some forms of fungi, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly called Pneumocystis carinii). This fungus often causes pneumonia in people who have AIDS. Some doctors may suggest an HIV test if they think that Pneumocystis jiroveci is causing the pneumonia.
Other lung tests
If you have severe pneumonia, you may need other tests, including tests to check for complications and to find out how well your immune system is working.
Treatment Overview
Bacterial pneumonia
Doctors use antibiotics to treat pneumonia caused by bacteria, the most common cause of the condition. Antibiotics have a high cure rate for pneumonia.footnote 5
Your doctor will choose your antibiotic based on a number of things, including your age, your symptoms and how severe they are, and whether you need to go to the hospital. The number of days you take antibiotics depends on your general health, how serious your pneumonia is, and the type of antibiotic you are taking.
Most people see some improvement in symptoms in 2 to 3 days. Unless you get worse during this time, your doctor usually will not change your treatment for at least 3 days.
Getting started on antibiotics soon after getting pneumonia may help recovery.footnote 5
If there is no improvement or if your symptoms get worse, you may need a culture and a sensitivity test. These tests help identify the organism that is causing your symptoms. These tests also help your doctor find out whether the bacteria is resistant to the antibiotic.
If you do not need to go to the hospital for pneumonia, it is not usually necessary to identify the organism causing the pneumonia before starting treatment. If you do go to the hospital, you will probably have some testing to identify the bacteria.
You likely will not have to go to the hospital unless you:
- Are older than 65.
- Have other health problems, such as COPD, heart failure, asthma, diabetes, long-term (chronic) kidney failure, or chronic liver disease.
- Cannot care for yourself or would not be able to tell anyone if your symptoms got worse.
- Have severe illness that reduces the amount of oxygen getting to your tissues.
- Have chest pain caused by inflammation of the lining of the lung (pleurisy) so you are not able to cough up mucus effectively and clear your lungs.
- Are being treated outside a hospital and are not getting better (such as your shortness of breath not improving).
- Are not able to eat or keep food down, so you need to take fluids through a vein (intravenous).
Viral pneumonia
Pneumonia also can be caused by viruses, such as those that cause the flu and chickenpox (varicella). Antibiotics do not work to treat pneumonia caused by a virus.
- People who are more likely to get pneumonia after having the flu (for example, pregnant women) may get an antiviral medicine such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) to help relieve symptoms.
- Varicella pneumonia, which is rare, also can be treated with antiviral medicine.
What to think about
In most cases pneumonia is a short-term, treatable illness. But frequent bouts of pneumonia can be a serious complication of a long-term (chronic) illness, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). If you have a severe long-term illness, it may be hard to treat your pneumonia, or you may choose not to treat it. You and your doctor should discuss this. This discussion may include information about how to create an advance directive.
For more information, see:
There are a number of steps you can take to help prevent getting pneumonia.
- Stop smoking. You're more likely to get pneumonia if you smoke.
- Avoid people who have infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia.
- Stay away from people who have colds, the flu, or other respiratory tract infections.
- If you haven't had measles or chickenpox or if you didn't get vaccines against these diseases, avoid people who have them.
- Wash your hands often. This helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria that may cause pneumonia.
Children get the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) as a routine vaccination. Two different pneumococcal shots are recommended for people ages 65 and older. Some people who have long-term (chronic) conditions also need the pneumococcal vaccine.
The pneumococcal vaccine may not prevent pneumonia. But it can prevent some of the serious complications of pneumonia, such as infection in the bloodstream (bacteremia) or throughout the body (septicemia), in younger adults and those older than age 55 who have a healthy immune system.footnote 6, footnote 7
Other vaccines can prevent common diseases that sometimes lead to pneumonia, such as:
- Measles. Vaccination of children for measles can prevent most cases of measles. Adults may need to be vaccinated against measles if they have not had the disease or were not vaccinated during childhood.
- Flu. A yearly flu vaccine may keep you from getting the flu. The flu often can lead to pneumonia, especially in older adults or in people who have other long-term (chronic) diseases. You can get the flu vaccine at the same time as the pneumococcal vaccine.
- Chickenpox. The chickenpox shot (varicella-zoster vaccine) can prevent most cases of pneumonia caused by the virus that causes chickenpox. Consider getting a shot if you are older than 13 and have not had chickenpox.
Home Treatment
Home treatment is important for recovery from pneumonia. The following measures can help you recover and avoid complications:
- Get plenty of rest. Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration.
- Take care of your cough if it is making it hard for you to rest. A cough is one way your body gets rid of the infection. And you should not try to stop your coughing unless it is severe enough to make breathing difficult, cause vomiting, or prevent rest.
- Consider taking acetaminophen (such as Tylenol) or aspirin to help reduce fever and make you feel more comfortable. Do not give aspirin to anyone younger than 20 because of the risk of Reye syndrome. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.
Your doctor may want to see you after a week of treatment to make sure you are getting better. Be sure to contact your doctor if you do not feel better, your cough gets worse, you have shortness of breath or a fever, you feel weak, or you feel faint when you stand up.
Cough and cold medicines
Be careful with cough and cold medicines. They may not be safe for young children or for people who have certain health problems, so check the label first. If you do use these medicines, always follow the directions about how much to use based on age and weight.
Always check to see if any over-the-counter cough or cold medicines you are taking contain acetaminophen. If they do, make sure the acetaminophen you are taking in your cold medicine plus any other acetaminophen you may be taking is not higher than the daily recommended dose. Ask your doctor or pharmacist how much you can take every day.
Doctors use antibiotics to treat pneumonia that is caused by bacteria. Although experts differ on their recommendations, the first antibiotic used is usually one that kills a wide range of bacteria (broad-spectrum antibiotic).footnote 8, footnote 9 All antibiotics used have a high cure rate for pneumonia.footnote 5
There are many types of antibiotics. Your doctor will decide which antibiotic will work best for you. In most cases, a doctor will prescribe antibiotics without first identifying the exact organism causing the illness.
If you don't get better with your first antibiotic, your doctor may add a second antibiotic to cover other bacteria that are not being treated with the first one. Or you may have more testing to identify the specific organism that is causing the pneumonia.
Sometimes doctors use two antibiotics when first starting treatment.
What to think about
More and more bacteria are becoming resistant to certain antibiotics, making them less effective. An example of this is MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which is resistant to many types of penicillin. To help fight antibiotic resistance, ask your doctor how to take your antibiotics correctly, such as always finishing your prescription.
Other Treatment
In most cases of pneumonia in young, otherwise healthy people with strong immune systems, treatment can be done at home. Antibiotics, rest, fluids, and home care are all that you need in order to recover. But people who are having trouble breathing or have other lung problems may need more treatment. Sometimes you may need oxygen or medicines you breathe using an inhaler or nebulizer to help shortness of breath and wheezing symptoms.
If home treatment does not help, if symptoms get worse, or if signs of complications of pneumonia develop, you may have to go to the hospital. Hospital treatment for pneumonia may include:
- Antibiotics given directly into the bloodstream. A small needle is inserted into a vein (intravenous, or IV) to deliver the medicine.
- Fluids given through a vein (IV). They are given if you cannot drink liquids because of shortness of breath or weakness.
- Respiratory therapy, to remove mucus from the lungs. This therapy may include deep breathing exercises, postural drainage, incentive spirometry, and chest physiotherapy, which involves striking the chest with a cupped hand or applying a vibrating device to the chest to loosen mucus. Chest physiotherapy is not needed in most cases. But it may be helpful for people who have other lung conditions, such as bronchiectasis.
- Oxygen therapy. You may need oxygen therapy if your doctor thinks that the cells of your body are not getting enough oxygen. Oxygen can be given through a nasal tube or face mask. For children, oxygen is often given using a tent that fits over the crib.
- Corticosteroids, which may reduce the chance of some severe pneumonia complications. This may make the hospital stay shorter.
- Niederman MS (2004). Pneumonia, including community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. In JD Crapo et al., eds., Baum's Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases, 7th ed., vol. 1, pp. 424–454. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Niederman MS (2004). Pneumonia, including community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia. In JD Crapo et al., eds., Baum's Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases, 7th ed., vol. 1, pp. 424–454. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Laheij RJF, et al. (2004). Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs. JAMA, 292(16): 1955–1960.
- Herzig SJ, et al. (2009). Acid-suppressive medication use and the risk for hospital-acquired pneumonia. JAMA, 301(20): 2120–2128.
- Loeb M (2010). Community-acquired pneumonia, search date January 2010. Online version of BMJ Clinical Evidence: http://www.clinicalevidence.com.
- Moberley SA, et al. (2008). Vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(1). Oxford: Update Software.
- Maruyama T, et al. (2010). Efficacy of 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in preventing pneumonia and improving survival in nursing home residents: Double blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial. BMJ. Published online March 8, 2010 (doi: 10.1136/bmj.c1004).
- Arnold FW, et al. (2009). Improving outcomes in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia by adhering to national guidelines: Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization International cohort study results. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(16): 1515–1524.
- McCabe C, et al. (2009). Guideline-concordant therapy and reduced mortality and length of stay in adults with community-acquired pneumonia: Playing by the rules. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(16): 1525–1531.
Current as of: June 9, 2019
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:E. Gregory Thompson, MD – Internal Medicine & John Pope, MD, MPH – Pediatrics & Adam Husney, MD – Family Medicine & R. Steven Tharratt, MD, FACP, FCCP – Pulmonology, Critical Care Medicine
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content.


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Social Networking Software
Social networking software is a new approach in some academic and public libraries today in order to make libraries not only "cool" in the public's eyes, but also as a third space in which potential library users can participate in an collaborative exchange with their libraries. It also may allow users to build relationships with the library staff and other library users.
Examples of social networking software include MySpace.com, Friendster.com, and Facebook.com. These sites allows users to create pages in which others (potential library users) can view and provide feedback. Some academic and public libraries have created MySpace or Facebook pages in an attempt to promote and extend their library services such as reader's advisory, and third party applications can add increasing usability to to pages.
Examples of libraries using social networking software include:
While most libraries have switched from MySpace to Facebook, the libraries listed have kept their MySpace pages active by connecting it to both their Twitter and Facebook pages.
- Arapahoe Library District: http://www.myspace.com/arapahoelibrary
- The Denver Public Library: http://myspace.com/denver_evolver
- Bryant University Library: http://www.myspace.com/bryantuniversitylibrary
- Florida International University Libraries: http://www.myspace.com/fiulibrary
- Arapahoe Library District
- Alden Library (Ohio University)
- Allen County (IN) Public Library
- DeKalb County Public Library
- Harris County Public Library by Lily Hinrichs
- Hennepin County Library
- The Houston Public Library
- Lane Medical Library, Stanford University by Shannon Meaney
- Livermore Public Library
- Manchester Library and Information Service (UK)
- Martin County Library System (FL)
- National Library of Scotland
- The Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County or Charlotte Mecklenburg Library by Lily Hinrichs
- Marathon County Public Library (MCPL)
- UMASS Boston Healey Library
- University of Pretoria Library Services
- University of South Florida Shimberg Health Sciences Library
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute Gordon Library
- Worthington Libraries
- Florida International University Libraries
- Palm Beach State College Library
3rd Party Facebook Application for the Library
Increasingly, applications are being developed by third party software companies which add greater functionality to Facebook pages. For the library, these applications can create legitimate research portals out of their Facebook pages, transforming what was once a marketing tool into what can now be a research tool.
- San Francisco PL has created a Widgetbox to allow users to search their OPAC through Facebook, and other libraries are following suit.
- Sirsi Dynix has created a fully integrated Facebook solution for libraries for a fee.
- Apps for Fan Pages is a list all of the generic apps that are available for installation on a library's fan page, including Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube. A few apps worth noting for libraries include RSS (to import any feeds from the library, such as a blog or new additions to the collection) Google Maps (for location of the library and events), Feedback and FAQ (to encourage interaction with patrons and improve service). Apps for presentations and file sharing may also be useful for libraries.
Many potentially useful apps are only available for profiles, not for pages. Here is an app that might be useful for librarians with profiles:
- Goodreads for Facebook Timeline populates a users timeline with information from their Goodreads account.
Some apps still work in Facebook but are no longer tied to a profile or fan page. Two such apps include:
- CiteMe for generating citations using information in the WorldCat database.
- WorldCat for finding items at a nearby library.
See: Twitter
- Florida International University - Libraries
link title== Flickr ==
- Allen County (IN) Public Library Flickr page
- DeKalb County Public Library, GA Flickr page
- National Library of Scotland Flickr page
- Denver Public Library Flickr page
- Arcadia Puiblic Library Flicker page
- Nashville Public Library Flickr page
- Seeley G. Mudd Library at Lawrence University Flickr page
- Palm Beach State College Flickr page
Not all libraries, however, use social networking software to promote their services, some libraries view social networking software as too new, too trendy. Some libraries even have the websites for MySpace.com and Facebook.com banned in their libraries. This may be due to funding issues or it may be due to a library's management. See the ALA's information about the role of DOPA
- Cotham School Library
- New York Public Library
- Chicago Public Library
Libraries are not just on social networking websites but are also using them themselves. Librarians are using pinterest as a way to get ideas for events, crafts, SRP, and programs.
- University of Iowa Special Collections
- Somers Library
- W.P.I. George C. Gordon Library
- Westerville Library
- Beverly Public Library
- Sacramento Public Library
- Oklahoma City Community College Library
- University of West Florida Library
- Florida A&M University Library
- Rutgers Library of Science & Medicine
- University of Kansas Libraries
- The New York Public Library
- The Library of Congress
- Topeka & Shawnee County Public Library
- Brooklyn Public Library
- Allen County Public Library
- Arizona State University Libraries
- Pima County Public Library
- Orange County Library System
- Kalamazoo Public Library
- Duke University Libraries - Digital Collections
- The Indianapolis Public Library
- Denver Public Library
- Sacramento Public Library
- Anchorage Public Library
- Washington-Centerville Public Library
- State Library of NC
- Cleveland Public Library
- Mooresville Public Library
- Florida International University Library Channel
- Gwinnett County Public Library (U.S. State of Georgia)
- New York Public Library
- Seldovia Public Library
- Naperville Public Library
- Carnegie-Stout Public Library
- Rapid City Public Library
- New Brunswick Free Public Library
- The Public Library of Brookline
- Moline Public Library
- Hackley Public Library
- Geneva Public Library
Libraries can have profiles on LinkedIn
- Libraries Worldwide with LinkedIn Pages
It can also be used for job or candidate searches, and collaboration through professional associations:
- Skill page for Library Science
- American Library Association Group
Social Media Aggregators
As seen above many libraries are using social media networks to keep their patrons informed, however trying to manage all of them becomes increasingly difficult the more services you subscribe to. One solution is to use a third party aggregator service to manage the all in one place.
- Alternion Manage over 220+ platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Pinterest, Flickr, YouTube, etc.
- TweetDeck Manage your Facebook and Twitter in once place.
Related Articles
Wiki links relating to social networking:
Articles about Facebook and libraries:
- Facebook and Branding
Articles about YouTube and libraries:
- Academic Libraries and YouTube
Articles about Pinterest and libraries:
- Pinterest and Libraries
- 20 Great Ways Libraries Are Using Pinterest
- The Foodie Librarian: Pinterest and Libraries.
- Share and Share Alike: Building Social Collections with Pinterest
Reports relating to Social Networking in Libraries
- State of Social Networking in American Libraries 2012 Annual Report by American Library Association
- State of Social Networking in American Libraries 2011 Annual Report by American Library Association
Blogs/Websites to Watch
For more information, opinions, and links about social networking software and libraries, please see the blog Information Wants to Be Free's May 10th 2006 entry at http://meredith.wolfwater.com/wordpress/index.php/2006/05/10/libraries-in-social-networking-software/
LibraryStream Steve Campion
The Ubiquitious Librarian Brian Matthews at Georgia Tech
Social Networking Librarian AnnaLaura Brown's blog all about social networking in libraries and library 2.0
Social Media at the Mudd Library Seeley G. Mudd Library at Lawrence University has created a web page where all official social networking accounts are listed along with the library's social media mission statement.
Will Richardson's blog - Great information/ideas from an educator's perspective. Will did a recent article in Technology and Learning 2005 called Blog Revolution on the educational benefits of blogging for/with students. Richardson, W. (2005). Blog Revolution. Technology and Learning, 26(3), 48. Retrieved July 1, 2007, from the Wilson Web database.
This webinar, entitled 10 ways to make your library great in 2008 – Using web 2.0 focuses on the basics of social cataloging sites libraything.com and del.icio.us along a professional development theme. It also has a 10 ways Blog associated with it.
Public of Library Science Blog focuses on taking a lead on transformation in research communication. The topics that this blog focuses on is science and medicine. Their mission is to promote greater understanding of the breakthrough technology that is emerging.
Florida International University Libraries Blog FIU Libraries News & Notes...database news...library events...new products...research tips & tricks


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Within 2 minutes, Instantly Ageless reduces the appearance of under-eye bags, fine lines, wrinkles and pores, and lasts 6 to 9 hours.
This specifically designed micro cream targets areas that have lost elasticity — revealing visibly toned, lifted skin.
1. FOREHEAD WRINKLES : Lightly dab cream across the entire forehead, not just the areas with lines.
2. EYEBROWS : For an instant "brow lift," apply just above your natural eyebrow line.
3. HOODED EYES : Apply just below your natural eyebrow; do not apply on the movable eyelid.
4. UNDER-EYE BAGS & CROW'S FEET : Lightly dab cream on the entire under-eye area, from lower eyelashes to upper cheek, and inner to outer corners.
5. FACIAL PORES : Gently pat cream sparingly to target areas.