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While it's not clear what causes migraines, one of their lasting effects may be brain lesions triggered by poor blood flow.
Researchers report in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) that women, who are three times as likely as men to experience migraines, may suffer from other consequences of the painful headaches apart from the common symptoms of nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light. Women who have migraines are twice as likely as non-sufferers to show structural changes, or lesions, due to inadequate blood flow in certain parts of the brain.
The role that these lesions may play in health, however, still aren't obvious. "Patients should not live with the idea that each migraine attack is potentially 'damaging' their brains," corresponding study author Mark Kruit says in an email to TIME discussing the results. "Patients should know that the [volume] of changes is small, and that they are not related to worse cognitive function. [T]here is no need for changes in the way migraine patients are treated, based on the study results."
(MORE: Study: Migraines May Raise the Risk of Depression in Women)
Previous MRI brain scans of migraine patients found unusual "hyperintensities" — bright areas suggesting areas of poor blood flow. But those studies could not determine which came first — whether people with migraines tend to develop brain lesions, or whether the brain lesions trigger migraines. Those studies also could not track whether each successive migraine would expand the size of the brain lesions, leading to worsening symptoms.
So Kruit, a radiologist and neurologist working in Leiden in the Netherlands, joined with a Dutch team of doctors to study migraine in nearly 300 adults living in that country. Most of the participants suffered from migraines, but some did not. Researchers scanned the brains of all of the participants at the start of the study, in 2000, and again in 2009. By comparing the images taken in the same year, Kruit and his colleagues could measure differences in brain lesions between the migraine patients and those who did not suffer from the headaches. And by comparing scans for the same patients taken nine years apart, they could also record whether those with migraine history are more likely to develop new brain lesions over time, whether existing lesions grow faster among people with more migraine attacks, or whether the lesions are linked to declines in cognitive skills.
(MORE: Botox Treatments Not So Effective for Migraine Headache Relief)
The researchers found no difference in outcomes among men. Both men with migraines and those without the headaches were equally likely to show hyperintensities on the MRI scans.
But it was a different story for the women. Both in 2000 and in 2009, women with migraines had higher lesion volume than those without migraines, and during the study period their lesions also progressed faster than those among women without migraines. However, the growth of these lesions was not associated with the frequency or intensity of migraines, or to the presence of aura — the vision disturbances and other sensory changes that may precede migraine headaches. That, say the researchers, suggests that the lesions are not part of the collateral damage resulting from the migraine attacks but rather related to whatever is responsible for the headaches.
The lesions that were especially common among women with migraine are called deep white matter hyperintensities. These have been linked in the past to dementia and stroke, but when the Dutch researchers conducted cognitive tests on the migraine participants, they did not observe any declines in cognitive ability or increased stroke risk among headache sufferers in their study relative to those without migraine.
(MORE: Can High Heels Trigger Migraines?)
So while women who experience migraines are more likely than other women to develop unusual structural changes in the brain, those changes don't appear to have any clinical effect.
In fact, as Dr. Deborah Friedman, a neurologist at University of Texas Southwester Medical Center and Dr. David Dodick, in the department of neurology at Mayo Clinic, write in an editorial accompanying the study, the results may actually be "reassuring for patients and their physicians on several levels" since "the overall lesion burden was quite small and most likely clinically insignificant."
Still, the link between migraines and brain lesions warrants more study, since they appear to be connected to the root cause of the headaches and may help scientists to understand the biology behind them. And that may ultimately lead to better treatments as well.


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subset: commoncrawl


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These Terms of Use, together with any and all other documents referred to herein, set out the terms of use under which you may use this website www.topographical.co.uk and other websites operated by Survey & Mapping UK Ltd. ("Our Site"). Please read these Terms of Use carefully and ensure that you understand them. Your agreement to comply with and be bound by these Terms of Use is deemed to occur upon your first use of Our Site and You will be required to read and accept these Terms of Use when signing up for an Account. If you do not agree to comply with and be bound by these Terms of Use, you must stop using Our Site immediately. These Terms together with the specific Terms of Contract supplied with a quotation by Us constitute the complete agreement to any sale/supply of service by Us.
1. Definitions and Interpretation
1.1 In these Terms of Use, unless the context otherwise requires, the following expressions have the following meanings:
"Account" |
means an account required for a User to access and/or use certain areas of Our Site, as detailed in Clause 4; |
"Content" |
means any and all text, images, audio, video, scripts, code, software, databases and any other form of information capable of being stored on a computer that appears on, or forms part of, Our Site; |
"Paid Content" |
means digital content made available for sale via Our Site; |
"User" |
means a user of Our Site; |
"User Content" |
means any content submitted to Our Site by Users including, but not limited to, survey specifications, previous survey drawings, base mapping and project information. |
"We/Us/Our" |
means Survey and Mapping Group Ltd, a company registered in England under company number 10706110, whose registered address is 35 Charles Avenue, Nottingham, NG9 2SH. |
2. Information About Us
2.1 Our Site, www.topographical.co.uk, is owned and operated by Survey & Mapping UK Ltd. Our VAT number is 273 2435 11.
2.2 We are regulated by Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS)
2.3 We are also members of the Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors.
3. Access to Our Site
3.1 Access to Our Site is free of charge.
3.2 It is your responsibility to make any and all arrangements necessary in order to access Our Site.
3.3 Access to Our Site is provided "as is" and on an "as available" basis. We may alter, suspend or discontinue Our Site (or any part of it) at any time and without notice. We will not be liable to you in any way if Our Site (or any part of it) is unavailable at any time and for any period.
4. Accounts
4.1 Certain parts of Our Site (including the ability to purchase Paid Content from Us) may require an Account in order to access them.
4.2 You may not create an Account if you are under 18 years of age.
4.3 When creating an Account, the information you provide must be accurate and complete. If any of your information changes at a later date, it is your responsibility to ensure that your Account is kept up-to-date.
4.4 We require that you choose a strong password for your Account, consisting of minimum 10 characters and we recommend you use a combination of lowercase and uppercase letters numbers and symbols. It is your responsibility to keep your password safe. If you believe your Account is being used without your permission, please contact Us immediately at email@example.com. We will not be liable for any unauthorised use of your Account.
4.5 You must not use anyone else's Account without the express permission of the User to whom the Account belongs.
4.6 Any personal information provided in your Account will be collected, used, and held in accordance with your rights and Our obligations under the law, as set out in Clause 16.
4.7 If you wish to close your Account, you may do so at any time. Closing your Account will result in the removal of your information. Closing your Account will also remove access to any areas of Our Site requiring an Account for access.
4.8 If you close your Account, any user content you have created on Our Site will be deleted or anonymised by removing any link to your personal information.
5. Intellectual Property Rights
5.1 With the exception of User Content (see Clause 6), all Content included on Our Site and the copyright and other intellectual property rights subsisting in that Content, unless specifically labelled otherwise, belongs to or has been licensed by Us. All Content (including User Content) is protected by applicable United Kingdom and international intellectual property laws and treaties.
5.2 Subject to sub-Clauses 5.3 and 5.6 you may not reproduce, copy, distribute, sell, rent, sub-licence, store, or in any other manner re-use Content from Our Site unless given express written permission to do so by Us.
5.3 You may:
5.3.1 Access, view and use Our Site in a web browser (including any web browsing capability built into other types of software or app);
5.3.2 Download Our Site (or any part of it) for caching;
5.3.3 Print pages from Our Site;
5.3.4 Download extracts from pages on Our Site; and
5.3.5 Save pages from Our Site for later and/or offline viewing.
5.4 Our status as the owner and author of the Content on Our Site (or that of identified licensors, as appropriate) must always be acknowledged.
5.5 You may not re-use any Content printed, saved or downloaded from Our Site for commercial purposes without first obtaining a licence from Us (or Our licensors, as appropriate) to do so. This does not prohibit the normal access, viewing and use of Our Site whether by business users or consumers.
5.6 Nothing in these Terms of Use limits or excludes the fair dealing provisions of Chapter III of the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988 'Acts Permitted in Relation to Copyright Works', covering in particular the making of temporary copies; research and private study; the making of copies for text and data analysis for non-commercial research; criticism, review, quotation and news reporting; caricature, parody or pastiche; and the incidental inclusion of copyright material.
5.7 Use paid content within the contract terms and license provisions of the Terms and Conditions of Contract accepted by you before commencement of works.
6. User Content
6.1 User Content on Our Site includes (but is not necessarily limited to) survey specifications, access arrangements, previous survey drawings, base mapping and project information.
6.2 An Account is required if you wish to submit User Content. Please refer to Clause 4 for more information.
6.3 You agree that you will be solely responsible for your User Content. Specifically, you agree, represent, and warrant that you have the right to submit the User Content and that all such User Content will comply with Our Acceptable Usage Policy, detailed below in Clause 11.
6.4 You agree that you will be liable to Us and will, to the fullest extent permissible by law, indemnify Us for any breach of the warranties given by you under sub-Clause 6.3. You will be responsible for any loss or damage suffered by Us as a result of such breach.
6.5 You (or your licensors, as appropriate) retain ownership of your User Content and all intellectual property rights subsisting therein. When you submit User Content you grant Us an unconditional, non-exclusive, fully transferrable, royalty-free, perpetual, worldwide licence to use, store, archive, syndicate, publish, transmit, adapt, edit, reproduce, distribute, prepare derivative works from, display, perform and sub-licence your User Content for the purposes of operating and promoting Our Site.
6.6 If you wish to remove User Content from Our Site, the User Content in question will be deleted or anonymised by removing any link to your personal information. Please note, however, that caching or references to your User Content may not be made immediately unavailable (or may not be made unavailable at all where they are outside of Our reasonable control).
6.7 We may reject, reclassify, or remove any User Content from Our Site where, in Our sole opinion, it violates Our Acceptable Usage Policy, or if We receive a complaint from a third party and determine that the User Content in question should be removed as a result.
6.8 We are not responsible for the content or accuracy, or for any opinions, views, or values expressed in User Content. Any such opinions, views, or values are those of the relevant User and do not reflect Our opinions, views, or values in any way.
7. Links to Our Site
7.1 You may link to Our Site provided that:
7.1.1 you do so in a fair and legal manner;
7.1.2 you do not do so in a manner that suggests any form of association, endorsement or approval on Our part where none exists;
7.1.3 you do not use any logos or trade marks displayed on Our Site without Our express written permission; and
7.1.4 you do not do so in a way that is calculated to damage Our reputation or to take unfair advantage of it.
7.2 You may link to any page of Our Site but in respect of paid content, you must comply with the Terms and Conditions of Contract specific to the works in question, specifically in relation to license terms.
7.3 Framing or embedding of Our Site on other websites is not permitted without Our express written permission.
7.4 You may not link to Our Site from any other site the main content of which contains material that:
7.4.1 is sexually explicit;
7.4.2 is obscene, deliberately offensive, hateful or otherwise inflammatory;
7.4.3 promotes violence;
7.4.4 promotes or assists in any form of unlawful activity;
7.4.5 discriminates against, or is in any way defamatory of, any person, group or class of persons, race, gender, religion, nationality, disability, sexual orientation, or age;
7.4.6 is intended or is otherwise likely to threaten, harass, annoy, alarm, inconvenience, upset, or embarrass another person;
7.4.7 is calculated or is otherwise likely to deceive another person;
7.4.8 is intended or is otherwise likely to infringe (or to threaten to infringe) another person's privacy;
7.4.9 misleadingly impersonates any person or otherwise misrepresents the identity or affiliation of a particular person in a way that is calculated to deceive (obvious parodies are not included in this definition provided that they do not fall within any of the other provisions of this sub-Clause 7.4);
7.4.10 implies any form of affiliation with Us where none exists;
7.4.11 infringes, or assists in the infringement of, the intellectual property rights (including, but not limited to, copyright, trade marks and database rights) of any other party; or
7.4.12 is made in breach of any legal duty owed to a third party including, but not limited to, contractual duties and duties of confidence.
7.5 The content restrictions in sub-Clause 7.4 do not apply to content submitted to sites by other users provided that the primary purpose of the site accords with the provisions of sub-Clause 7.4. You are not, for example, prohibited from posting links on general-purpose social networking sites merely because another user may post such content. You are, however, prohibited from posting links on websites which focus on or encourage the submission of such content from users.
8. Links to Other Sites
Links to other sites may be included on Our Site. Unless expressly stated, these sites are not under Our control. We neither assume nor accept responsibility or liability for the content of third party sites. The inclusion of a link to another site on Our Site is for information only and does not imply any endorsement of the sites themselves or of those in control of them.
9. Liability and Disclaimers
9.1 Nothing on Our Site constitutes advice on which you should rely. It is provided for information purposes only. Professional or specialist advice should always be sought before taking any action on the basis of any information provided on Our Site.
9.2 Insofar as is permitted by law, We make no representation, warranty, or guarantee that Our Site will meet your requirements, that it will not infringe the rights of third parties, that it will be compatible with all software and hardware, or that it will be secure.
9.3 We make reasonable efforts to ensure that the Content on Our Site is complete, accurate, and up-to-date. We do not, however, make any representations, warranties or guarantees (whether express or implied) that the Content is complete, accurate, or up-to-date. Please note that this exception does not apply to information concerning Paid Content for sale through Our Site. Please refer to the specific Terms of Contract of your quote for more information.
9.4 To the fullest extent permissible by law, We accept no liability to any User for any loss or damage, whether foreseeable or otherwise, in contract, tort (including negligence), for breach of statutory duty, or otherwise, arising out of or in connection with the use of (or inability to use) Our Site or the use of or reliance upon any Content (including User Content) included on Our Site.
9.5 If you are a business user, We hereby exclude all implied conditions, warranties, representations or other terms that may apply to Our Site or Content. We will not be liable for any loss of profits, sales, business or revenue; loss of business opportunity, goodwill or reputation; loss of anticipated savings; business interruption; or for any indirect or consequential loss or damage.
9.6 If you are a consumer user, (please note that Our Site is intended for business use only, however) if, as a result of Our failure to exercise reasonable care and skill, any digital content from Our Site damages your device or other digital content belonging to you, you may be entitled to certain legal remedies. For more details on consumer rights, please contact your local Citizens Advice Bureau or Trading Standards Office.
9.7 We neither assume nor accept responsibility or liability arising out of any disruption or non-availability of Our Site resulting from external causes including, but not limited to, ISP equipment failure, host equipment failure, communications network failure, natural events, acts of war, or legal restrictions and censorship.
9.8 Nothing in these Terms of Use excludes or restricts Our liability for fraud or fraudulent misrepresentation, for death or personal injury resulting from negligence, or for any other forms of liability which cannot be excluded or restricted by law.
9.9 The limitations of liability included in this Clause 9 apply only to the use of Our Site and not to the sale of Paid Content, which is governed separately by the Terms of Contract on a case by case basis..
10. Viruses, Malware and Security
10.1 We exercise all reasonable skill and care to ensure that Our Site is secure and free from viruses and other malware.
10.2 You are responsible for protecting your hardware, software, data and other material from viruses, malware, and other internet security risks.
10.3 You must not deliberately introduce viruses or other malware, or any other material which is malicious or technologically harmful either to or via Our Site.
10.4 You must not attempt to gain unauthorised access to any part of Our Site, the server on which Our Site is stored, or any other server, computer, or database connected to Our Site.
10.5 You must not attack Our Site by means of a denial of service attack, a distributed denial of service attack, or by any other means.
10.6 By breaching the provisions of sub-Clauses 10.3 to 10.5, you may be committing a criminal offence under the Computer Misuse Act 1990. Any and all such breaches will be reported to the relevant law enforcement authorities and We will cooperate fully with those authorities by disclosing your identity to them. Your right to use Our Site will cease immediately in the event of such a breach.
11. Acceptable Usage Policy
11.1 You may only use Our Site in a manner that is lawful and that complies with the provisions of this Clause 11. Specifically:
11.1.1 you must ensure that you comply fully with any and all local, national or international laws and/or regulations;
11.1.2 you must not use Our Site in any way, or for any purpose, that is unlawful or fraudulent;
11.1.3 you must not use Our Site to knowingly send, upload, or in any other way transmit data that contains any form of virus or other malware, or any other code designed to adversely affect computer hardware, software, or data of any kind; and
11.1.4 you must not use Our Site in any way, or for any purpose, that is intended to harm any person or persons in any way.
11.2 When submitting User Content (or communicating in any other way as a result of using Our Site), you must not submit, communicate or otherwise do anything that:
11.2.1 is sexually explicit;
11.2.2 is obscene, deliberately offensive, hateful or otherwise inflammatory;
11.2.3 promotes violence;
11.2.4 promotes or assists in any form of unlawful activity;
11.2.5 discriminates against, or is in any way defamatory of, any person, group or class of persons, race, gender, religion, nationality, disability, sexual orientation or age;
11.2.6 is intended or otherwise likely to threaten, harass, annoy, alarm, inconvenience, upset, or embarrass another person;
11.2.7 is calculated or is otherwise likely to deceive;
11.2.8 is intended or otherwise likely to infringe (or threaten to infringe) another person's right to privacy or otherwise uses their personal data in a way that you do not have a right to;
11.2.9 misleadingly impersonates any person or otherwise misrepresents your identity or affiliation in a way that is calculated to deceive (obvious parodies are not included within this definition provided that they do not fall within any of the other provisions of this sub-Clause 11.2);
11.2.10 implies any form of affiliation with Us where none exists;
11.2.11 infringes, or assists in the infringement of, the intellectual property rights (including, but not limited to, copyright, patents, trade marks and database rights) of any other party; or
11.2.12 is in breach of any legal duty owed to a third party including, but not limited to, contractual duties and duties of confidence.
11.3 We reserve the right to suspend or terminate your access to Our Site if you materially breach the provisions of this Clause 11 or any of the other provisions of these Terms of Use. Specifically, We may take one or more of the following actions:
11.3.1 suspend, whether temporarily or permanently, your Account and/or your right to access Our Site;
11.3.2 remove any User Content submitted by you that violates this Acceptable Usage Policy;
11.3.3 issue you with a written warning;
11.3.4 take legal proceedings against you for reimbursement of any and all relevant costs on an indemnity basis resulting from your breach;
11.3.5 take further legal action against you as appropriate;
11.3.6 disclose such information to law enforcement authorities as required or as We deem reasonably necessary; and/or
11.3.7 any other actions which We deem reasonably appropriate (and lawful).
11.4 We hereby exclude any and all liability arising out of any actions (including, but not limited to those set out above) that We may take in response to breaches of these Terms of Use.
12. Privacy & Cookies
12.1 Use of Our Site is also governed by Our Privacy Policy, available from www.topographical.co.uk/privacy.This policy is incorporated into these Terms of Use by this reference.
12.2 What is a cookie? A cookie is a small file that asks permission to be placed on your computer's hard drive. Once you agree, the file is added and the cookie helps analyse web traffic or lets you know when you visit a particular site. Cookies allow web applications to respond to you as an individual. The web application can tailor its operations to your needs, likes and dislikes by gathering and remembering information about your preferences.
12.3 We use a feature of your internet browser called a 'cookie' on this website. We do not use 'cookies' to retrieve personal information about you from your computer. We will only gain such information if you have knowingly and willingly provided such information to us. We understand how important it is to treat the data we capture correctly. We do not, nor will we ever sell, rent or loan any data to 3rd parties that identifies you without your consent.
12.4 We use traffic log cookies to identify which pages are being used. This helps us analyse data about webpage traffic and improve our website in order to tailor it to customer needs. We only use this information for statistical analysis purposes and then the data is removed from the system.
12.5 Overall, cookies help us provide you with a better website by enabling us to monitor which pages you find useful and which you do not. A cookie in no way gives us access to your computer or any information about you, other than the data you choose to share with us. You can choose to accept or decline cookies. Most web browsers automatically accept cookies, but you can usually modify your browser setting to decline cookies if you prefer. This may prevent you from taking full advantage of the website.
12.6 Google. We use Google Maps to provide an easy to use quotation service to you. As prompted on the Google Maps screen, you use this service subject to the Google Terms of Service. We use Google Analytics to allow us to collect anonymous information about how visitors use our website. It allows us to identify trends, popular types of content and make informed decisions on how to improve the site. It is not linked to any data that allows us to identify users individually.
12.7 Cookie Maintenance. You can set your browser to accept or reject all specific 'cookies'. You can also set your browser to alert you each time a 'cookie' is presented to your computer. You can delete 'cookies' that have been stored on your computer but remember, if you prevent us from placing 'cookies' on your computer during your visit, or you subsequently delete a 'cookie' that has been placed, it will not be possible for you to use our website effectively. By disabling your 'cookies' from the browser settings, you will be restricting the 'cookies' that We use to manage the website and this will have an impact on how the website will function. This will apply to all websites once 'cookies' are disabled via your browser settings and not only Our website.
13. Changes to these Terms of Use
13.1 We may alter these Terms of Use at any time. Any such changes will become binding on you upon your first use of Our Site after the changes have been implemented. You are therefore advised to check this page from time to time.
13.2 In the event of any conflict between the current version of these Terms of Use and any previous version(s), the provisions current and in effect shall prevail unless it is expressly stated otherwise.
14. Contacting Us
To contact Us, please email Us at firstname.lastname@example.com or by using any of the methods provided on our Contact page.
15. Communications from Us
15.1 If We have your contact details (if, for example, you have an Account) We may from time to time send you important notices by email. Such notices may relate to matters including, but not limited to, service changes, changes to these Terms of Use, Our Terms of Sale, and changes to your Account. Please see the Privacy Policy for more information.
15.2 Any and all marketing emails sent by Us include an unsubscribe link. If you opt out of receiving emails from Us at any time, it may take up to 10 business days for Us to comply with your request. During that time, you may continue to receive emails from Us.
15.3 For questions or complaints about communications from Us (including, but not limited to marketing emails), please contact Us at firstname.lastname@example.com
16. Data Protection
16.1 All personal information that We may use will be collected, processed, and held in accordance with the provisions of EU Regulation 2016/679 General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") and your rights under the GDPR.
16.2 For complete details of Our collection, processing, storage, and retention of personal data including, but not limited to, the purpose(s) for which personal data is used, the legal basis or bases for using it, details of your rights and how to exercise them, and personal data sharing (where applicable), please refer to Our Privacy Policy.
17. Law and Jurisdiction
17.1 These Terms of Use, and the relationship between you and Us (whether contractual or otherwise) shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, English law.
17.2 If you are a business, any disputes concerning these Terms of Use, the relationship between you and Us, or any matters arising therefrom or associated therewith (whether contractual or otherwise) shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales.
17.3 If you are a consumer, any disputes concerning these Terms of Use, the relationship between you and Us, or any matters arising therefrom or associated therewith (whether contractual or otherwise) shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of England, Wales, Scotland, or Northern Ireland, as determined by your residency.
Revision Notes: -
25th May 2018 – GDPR compliancy update


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Anti-Christian violence spills into Kenya as Somali Muslims attack in Nairobi.
NAIROBI, Kenya (Compass Direct News) -- Among at least 24 aid workers killed in Somalia this year was one who was beheaded last month specifically for converting from Islam to Christianity, among other charges, according to an eyewitness.
Muslim extremists from the al Shabab group fighting the transitional government on Sept. 23 sliced the head off of Mansuur Mohammed, 25, a World Food Program (WFP) worker, before horrified onlookers of Manyafulka village, 10 kilometers (six miles) from Baidoa.
The militants had intercepted Mohammed and a WFP driver, who managed to escape, earlier in the morning. Sources close to Mohammed's family said he converted from Islam to Christianity in 2005.
The eyewitness, who requested anonymity for security reasons, said the militants that afternoon gathered the villagers of Manyafulka, telling them that they would prepare a feast for them. The people gathered anticipating the slaughter of a sheep, goat or camel according to local custom.
Five masked men emerged carrying guns, wielding Somali swords and dragging the handcuffed Mohammed. One pulled back Mohammed's head, exposing his face as he scraped his sword against his short hair as if to sharpen it. Another recited the Quran as he proclaimed that Mohammed was a "murtid,†an Arabic term for one who converts from Islam to Christianity.
The Muslim militant announced that Mohammed was an infidel and a spy for occupying Ethiopian soldiers.
Mohammed remained calm with an expressionless face, never uttering a word, said the eyewitness. As the chanting of "Allah Akubar [God is greater]†rose to a crescendo, one of the militiamen twisted his head, allowing the other to slit his neck. When the head was finally severed from the torso, the killers cheered as they displayed it to the petrified crowd.
The militants allowed one of their accomplices to take a video of the slaughter using a mobile phone. The video was later circulated secretly and sold in Somalia and in neighboring countries in what many see as a strategy to instill fear among those contemplating conversion from Islam to Christianity.
Unconfirmed reports indicated that a similar incident took place in Lower Juba province of Somalia in July, when Christians found with Bibles were publicly executed. Their families fled to Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya, and such killings are forcing other Christians to flee to neighboring Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti.
Somalis Attacking Somalis
Somali refugees to Kenya include Nur Mohammed Hassan, in Nairobi under U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees asylum. In spite of the protection, two weeks ago five Somali Muslims broke into Mohammed Hassan's house and beat him and his family, he told Compass.
"On Oct. 14 five Muslims entered my house around 10 o'clock in the night and forced us out after beating us indiscriminately,†Mohammed Hassan said, adding that the youngest of his eight children suffers from a liver disease. "Thank God the police arrived immediately and saved our lives. For two days now we have been sleeping outside in the cold. We have been receiving police security, but for how long will this continue?â€
Mohammed Hassan now lives in Eastliegh, Nairobi with his wife and children. He had fled Mogadishu after Muslims murdered his sister, Mariam Mohammed Hassan, in April 2005, allegedly for distributing Bibles in the capital.
"We are nowadays no better than our fellow Somali Christians inside Somalia who are killed like dogs when discovered to be Christians,†Mohammed Hassan said. "We are not safe living here in Eastleigh. The Muslims killed my sister in Mogadishu, and now they are planning to kill me and my family.â€
The last three years in Nairobi, he said, he has suffered many setbacks at the hands of other Somali immigrants.
"Indeed the situation for the Muslim Christians in Kenya and Somalia is disastrous and horrifying – we are risking our lives for choosing to follow Christ,†he said. "My family is in danger. No peace, no security. We are lacking the basic necessities of life.â€
One of the most dangerous countries in the world, Somalia is subject to suicide bombings, sea piracy and routine human rights violations. Islamic militants object to foreign troop intervention, especially those from neighboring Ethiopia. Christians and anyone sympathetic to Western ideals are targeted, with foreign aid workers especially vulnerable in the past year.
Aid groups have counted 24 aid workers, 20 of them Somalis, who have been killed this year in Somalia, with more than 100 attacks on aid agencies reported. In their strategy to destabilize the government, the Islamic militants target relief groups as the U.N. estimates 3.2 million Somalis (nearly a third of the population) depend on such aid.
Somali Islamic clerics such as Ahlsunna Waljamea have condemned the killing of aid workers in Somalia.
Copyright © 2008 Compass Direct News


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When it comes to campaign strategy, everyone's an expert. And as the brouhaha over Mitt Romney's tax returns drags on, the experts — from Haley Barbour to Ron Paul to an array of seasoned Republican strategists and commentators — are all offering the same sage advice: Release the additional documents. A sizable majority of Americans agree, according to a poll by USA Today. They're wrong.
The logic underpinning the disclosure argument seems sensible enough. Romney is getting battered by the Obama campaign, which has seized on the topic to cast the Republican as a shadowy rich guy concealing something potentially sinister. Releasing the returns would invite a stretch of potentially damaging stories as reporters and opposition researchers pore over the documents. But soon enough the tempest would blow through. Transparency would stanch the steady stream of speculation about what the candidate may be hiding.
(Counterpoint: Romney Should Totally Release His Tax Returns!)
The first flaw in this argument is there's no evidence to support the contention that releasing the documents would hasten the end of this brutal news cycle. Though the campaign has been tactically coy on the subject, it's likely that Romney intends to name his No. 2 at the beginning of August, when he returns from his trip abroad. That selection will surely swallow all talk of tax havens, offshore accounts and carried interest. Until then, the topic is certain to linger, no matter how many shiny objects Camp Romney offers up to distract reporters. (And you have to hand it to them: between Matt Drudge's preposterous VP floats and John Sununu's "American" dog whistle, they've been rather inventive.) Unless, of course, additional years of returns yield no politically problematic revelations. And even then, Democrats would just keeping asking for more.
If disclosure wouldn't quash the topic, the operative question is whether the stories about Romney's reluctance to release the returns are more damaging than stories about what the returns actually contain. Millions of pixels have been expended on speculation about what skeletons are lurking. Theories abound: Did Romney use additional tax shelters? Take advantage of perfectly legal but politically unpalatable accounting? Were there years when he paid zero taxes? (No, his spokeswoman said.) Is there a room somewhere in Gstaad crammed to the ceiling with gold, like Harry Potter's vault at Gringotts? Nobody but Romney, his wife and probably a small retinue of trusted aides know what the filings contain.
Which is why the logic journalists like Erin Burnett have used to argue for disclosure is so strange. "If he refuses to release them, it is because one, he had a lot more money in tax shelters in prior years than he does now," she said. "Two, he did something shady. Or, three, he's stupid." Romney's not dumb. And his returns passed muster with the IRS, which is just one reason it's highly unlikely they contain anything untoward. Which, as Burnett noted, leaves us with some variation of No. 1: the existence of politically problematic material.
(MORE: Romney's Tax Returns Show He Paid More in Taxes than He Owed)
Romney is the best authority around on whether the downside of disclosure outweighs the downside of the slow drip of stories extinguishing his momentum. He's apparently made up his mind. "In the political environment that exists today, the opposition research of the Obama campaign is looking for anything they can use to distract from the failure of the President to reignite our economy," he told National Review. And I'm simply not enthusiastic about giving them hundreds or thousands of more pages to pick through, distort and lie about."
Set aside the moral or civic cases for the virtues of transparency. From a purely political perspective, Romney should dig in his heels on this position, particularly if we assume he's correctly weighed the consequences of his options. Suppose, to pick one possibility at random, that Romney paid a very low tax rate for one or more years. Such a disclosure wouldn't end the discussion; it would fan the flames. The Obama campaign would cut more ads casting Romney as a rapacious capitalist, except these would be buttressed by new facts in place of mere insinuations.
(PHOTOS: The Rich History of Mitt Romney)
That would be bad not just for Romney but also for congressional Republicans, who would be thrust into the awkward position of explaining why Romney was perfectly within his rights to minimize his exposure. More broadly, it would force a conversation about creative destruction, the merits of unfettered capitalism and income inequality — topics on which even Republicans with strong ideological convictions would concede do not favor them at the polls. The pundits counseling Romney to come clean don't have to litigate these arguments within the confines of a 30-second debate answer. And as reporters Kevin Hall and David Lightman point out, even members of Congress calling for Romney to release additional returns don't think the same standard of transparency should apply to them: just 17 of the 535 members of Congress complied with McClatchy's request for their tax documentation.
(MORE: 5 Hypothetical New Taxes That Americans Actually Support)
Romney is within his rights to do the same. John McCain released only two years of tax returns in 2008. The fact that George Romney released 12 years is an unfortunate juxtaposition for his son, but it hardly requires him to follow suit. "There is no standard," Joseph J. Thorndike, director of the Tax History Project at Tax Analysts, a nonprofit, nonpartisan publisher of tax information, tells Factcheck.org. "Some candidates have released a lot more returns, and others about the same number. It depends on the particular politics at the time and if they are trying to pressure the people they are running against to release more of their returns. Someone will release a lot of returns when they think they have an advantage over their opponent."
Clearly, Romney believes further disclosure puts him at a disadvantage. At the same time, he might accrue benefits from demurring. Already dogged by the dreaded flip-flop cliché, Romney knows that a reversal would give fodder to critics in his own party who accuse him of serially caving to political pressure. For the conservative base, which is eager to see Romney engage Obama — hence the honking-bus gimmickry, the rally crashing, the penchant for bracketing the President's events — sticking to his guns would be a gesture of defiance.
Finally, the chorus of critics has overstated the level of damage Romney has sustained. The horse race is static. The Republican ad bombardment is coming. After weeks of getting pummeled in the press, Romney remains in decent shape. Acceding to pressure would make things worse, not better.


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Read on for the latest installment in UFC.com's weekly series of articles on proper nutrition from the biggest names in mixed martial arts...this week, Chris Weidman
Unlike many top fighters, Chris Weidman isn't obsessive or super-strict about what he eats. The 28-year-old New Yorker, whom many regard as the greatest threat to middleweight king Anderson Silva's throne, hasn't been forced to reform any aspect of his diet or training thanks in large part to racking up a perfect 9-0 pro record. Opponents have yet to pinpoint Weidman's weakness inside the cage, but the Hofstra University grad recently spoke with UFC.com and revealed plenty of weakness at the dinner table.
Dude With A Sweet Tooth:
I remember in high school I would eat three things: Toasted strudels, French toast sticks and chocolate chip waffles. Amazing! Besides that I ate peanut butter and honey all day long. I literally grew up on peanut butter and honey. My mom always made us dinner and home-cooked meals. A lot of time I got yelled at because I would eat peanut butter and honey instead. I just love peanut butter.
Ethnic Grubbing:
I'm German-Irish, so my mom would cook German and Irish food to keep my dad happy. As far as Irish dishes, she would make corned beef, Irish soda bread, mashed potatoes and things like that.
Got a Jones for This These Days:
I still eat peanut butter and honey, peanut butter and bananas, all day long. That's my thing. Very rarely do I get to eat the Toasted strudels or French toast anymore. I can't handle it. I'll be dead for the day. Most mornings, I eat four eggs over easy with Rye toast, with tomatoes and onions on the side. Usually I'll go to a local deli and they hook me up.
But I love the peanut butter, man. I love peanut butter, honey and bananas. Any time I'm at home – if I'm making food myself – that's what I'm making.
Not really, man, I need to do better with that. I do protein, fish oil, glucosamine, a multi-vitamin.
Daily calories:
Weidman: I usually eat five meals a day. If I get home late at night and I'm still hungry and I'm trying to be good with my diet then I'll eat a scoop of organic peanut butter. Because there's something in peanut butter, in the fat, that makes you feel full.
Cutting to 185:
It's only tough when I have short notice. When I have full notice it's not too bad at all. I eat all the way up until weigh ins pretty much. Maybe the day of the weigh in, leading up to the weigh in, I will only eat a little something. I wrestled at 197 at Hofstra.
Could you make 170 pounds if you tried?
No way, that'd be ridiculous.
Trying to pack on weight?
I try to lift every once in a while. I've always tried to get a (bigger) chest; it just never happened though! I have a genetic failure with my chest, I guess. Fortunately, in fighting, you don't need a big chest. It's more of a beach muscle thing, right?
I have a strength coach and I do those workouts two or three times a week. I also do cardio stuff, not stereotypical weightlifting.
My strength coach is actually a nutritionist, too, so he helps me with that. But for the most part I just eat healthy. I stick with the same thing. I do everything smart; I'm not slacking off, I'm work hard. So as long as I know I'm working hard in the gym the other stuff is just small.
Eat Like a New Yorker:
Bagels and pizzas are my kryptonite, man. I love having sausage, egg and cheese, salt, pepper and ketchup on a croissant in the morning. Or bagels with cream cheese, I love lox with cream cheese on an everything egg bagel. I love all that stuff.
I actually like water and I drink it a lot. I'm not a big soda guy but I'll have a Diet Coke every once in a while for the caffeine.
Rating His Diet on a 1 to 10 scale:
I'll give it an 8 and ½ (straight-faced). I'm working out at the same time and I feel good, so I think it's an awesome diet. I feel good, and if you feel good, what else are you going to do?


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Frankie Morello © Copyright 2013
The idea
The basic idea springs from a long-held passion: Pierfrancesco Gigliotti's love of architecture and specifically the subject of his degree dissertation, i.e. clothing as architecture of the body. And so the new Frankie Morello collection becomes literally a building, an abode not only for a man's body, but also for his ideas, his character, story and interests.
The collection
The red-brick houses in New York's West Village are transformed into Gobelin prints. The photos of the brand's creative spaces are tattooed on the fabrics as if they were the pages of an interior décor magazine. The inlaid marble of Florentine flooring turns into grisaille patterns. And the curved wood becomes a decoration on backpacks and accessories. Lastly, illusion is three-dimensional: the T-shirts are sewn with box-like corners, the knitwear includes mirrors as if it were the end of a corridor.
The celebrity
The guest star and symbol of the collection could be no other than Fabio Novembre. His way of balancing fashion, design and architecture, merging the disciplines through the leitmotiv of creativity, is the core around which each look in the new collection is centred.
The criticism
Under the clothing, apart from the prints, there's a provocation. Being literally clothed in a creative process, visually dressing in design is also a denunciation of those who cynically copy the creativity of others without considering the research, work, dedication and know-how that are behind an outfit and go beyond a collection. It's the desire to dress in a criticism through the power of imagination.
Frankie Morello © Copyright 2013


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Word! X-ray
Article Translations: (Spanish)
Say: eks-ray
X-rays are special pictures of the inside of your body. A doctor will decide when you need an X-ray and what body part needs to be X-rayed. An X-ray machine, not a camera, is used to take these pictures. When the picture comes out, it won't like the ones in your photo album, but doctors have learned how to look at these pictures. Doctors can see broken bones, lung infections, and more. Superman may have X-ray vision, but your doctor has an X-ray machine!
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995-2024 KidsHealth ® All rights reserved. Images provided by iStock, Getty Images, Corbis, Veer, Science Photo Library, Science Source Images, Shutterstock, and Clipart.com


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Francis Derwent Wood RA (1871 - 1926)
RA Collection: Art
These caricature portrait sketches by the sculptor Francis Derwent Wood were mostly carried out between 1919 and 1923. They were presented to the Academy by the artist's widow in 1945 and a note kept with the drawings reveals that Derwent Wood made most of the caricatures at "Royal Academy banquets and Chelsea Arts Club dinners".
In his History of Caricature, Bohun Lynch described this group, on display in London during the 1920s, remarking; 'It must have come with a great surprise to admirers of the late Derwent Wood, R.A., for all his versatility, to find...that in odd moments he had made a large number of shrewd caricatures. There, amongst signs of manifold activities, sculptures, landscapes, studies from the nude, architectural designs, are a few framed and a large number of merely mounted drawings of various friends and notabilities. They are made upon odd scraps of paper, upon envelopes and so forth. Most of them were drawn at dinner-parties and consist of pencil sketches, tinted here and there, with a drop of port wine smudged on with a finger. In one case, a victim is given an actual buttonhole of a leaf of smilax from the table decorations, and thrust through a little slit in the paper. They are eminently the caricatures of an accomplished and academic artist. That is to say, that while the likeness to the individual is sometimes grievously at fault the actual line, hastily scribbled, has that deft assurance, that spontaneity, that meaning, which can only come of long practice and great accomplishment in a more deliberate manner. There is Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, and Mr. Edmund J. Sulllivan, that genius of black and white drawing, looking dour and discontented; Mr Charles Ricketts, seriously serene; Sir Frederick Ponsonby and Mr. Fiddes Watt. They are only jokes, eked out with a felicitous dexterity by such pigments and accessories as the dinner table afforded. But they must have been great fun to do, just as they provide great fun to look at.'
Derwent Wood's caricatures were rapidly sketched on letter paper, envelopes and other scraps. However, most of them are not quite as spontaneous as Bohun suggests in that they are drawn with chalks and crayons, pen and ink and other materials that the artist apparently carried around with him for the purpose rather than simply making do with what he found on the table at RA banquets and Chelsea Arts Club dinners. The caricatures may be flippant in character, yet they were carefully mounted - apparently by the artist - and kept together as a group. It is possible that, presented in their wash-line mounts, these humorous sketches were partially intended to mimic George Dance's famous 'heads', produced at the end of the 18th-century and kept in the Royal Academy Library. Like Dance, Derwent Wood drew a large number of his fellow Academicians as well as other public figures, including politicians, clergymen, connoisseurs and aristocrats.
129 mm


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I am a totally addicted to Pad Thai, a super tasty stir-fried noodle dish, so when I came across the idea of a pad Thai soup on Domestic Fits I just had to make my own! At its base pad Thai contains rice, noodles that are stir-fried with an egg, meat commonly shrimp and/or chicken and bean sprouts and it is garnished with cilantro, peanuts, green onions and lime juice. Pad Thai gets it flavour from a tasty sauce that is made with tamarind, fish sauce, sugar and chilies creating an amazing balance of sour, salty, sweet and spicy! With these things in mind I started the soup off with chicken broth that I simmered with the shrimps shells to impart their flavour to it. I then added all of the ingredients from the pad Thai sauce, the tamarind, fish sauce, sugar and chilies, to form a tasty broth for the soup. Next up I added some shiitake mushrooms which are also good in pad Thai along with the noodles and bean sprouts to fill out the soup. That left the egg which is great in fried rice or fried noodle dishes like pad Thai and since I love the texture that an egg adds to egg drop soup I decided to add the egg in that fashion. With the soup done, all that was left was to garnish it with cilantro, peanuts, chilies, lime juice and optionally some fried shallots and enjoy it!
This is one really tasty soup and perfectly satisfying on a cold winter day like today!
Pad Thai Soup
A tasty shrimp noodle soup inspired by the flavours of pad Thai.
- 6 cups chicken broth
- 1/2 pound shrimp, shelled and deviened, shells reserved
- 1 large shallot, finely diced
- 2 cloves garlic, chopped
- 1 tablespoon tamarind concentrate or 1/4 cup lime juice
- 3 tablespoons fish sauce or soy sauce
- 3 tablespoons palm sugar or brown sugar
- 2 birds eye chilies, sliced (or chili sauce such as sriracha to taste)
- 4 ounces shiitake mushrooms, sliced
- 2 eggs, lightly beaten
- 6 ounces rice noodles
- 2 cups bean sprouts
- 2 green onions, sliced
- 1/4 cup peanuts, toasted and coarsely chopped
- 2 tablespoons cilantro
- Bring the broth and shrimp shells to a boil in a large sauce pan, reduce the heat, simmer covered for 10 minutes and strain the solids from the broth and return to heat.
- Meanwhile, prepare the remaining ingredients.
- Add the shallot, garlic, tamarind concentrate, fish sauce, sugar, chilies and mushrooms to the broth and simmer for 10 minutes.
- Meanwhile cook the noodles as directed and divide between 4 bowls.
- Add the shrimp to the soup and simmer until cooked, about 3 minutes.
- Pour the eggs into the soup in a thin stream while stirring/swirling the soup.
- Add the bean sprouts and remove from heat.
- Ladle the soup over the noodles and garnish with green onions, chopped peanuts and cilantro.
Pad Thai
Pad Thai Omelette
Thai Chicken Noodle Soup
Tom Yum Goong Soup (Thai Hot and Sour Shrimp Soup)
Spicy Peanut Sauce Pad Thai
Pad Thai Shrimp Burgers
Spaghetti Squash Shrimp Pad Thai
Thai Peanut Chicken Noodle Soup
Chicken Pad Thai Nachos
Shrimp Wonton Soup
Shrimp Creole Soup with Bacon and Cheddar Dumplings
Cajun Sweet Potato Seafood Chowder


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Rafik Hariri Center & Middle East programs Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative


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P0305 is a fairly common trouble code with the Honda Odyssey. It's and OBD2 code and stands for:
P0305: Misfire Detected → Cylinder 5
P0305 is certainly a cause for concern, and should be considered a threat to the drivability your Odyssey. The nice thing about P0305 is that it's a cylinder specific trouble code, which makes diagnosing the problems simpler than P0300, which means that the cylinders are randomly misfiring.
It will often be accompanied by codes P0301, P0302, P0303, P0304 etc…. These particular codes indicate that there is a misfire in cylinder's one, two, and three respectively.
Fixing P0305 should be considered a high priority. Unlike a lot of the OBDII codes, this code has to do directly with engine combustion. It also can cost money to ignore it, since driving with a misfire can damage the vehicle's catalytic converter. The engine is also not firing all of the fuel, so raw fuel is also passing through Cylinder 5 into the exhaust. Mileage may suffer as well when your Odyssey has P0305 as well.
Honda Odyssey P0305 Definition
P0305 is a cylinder specific misfire code, which means that Cylinder 5 is misfiring and causing it. An important thing to understand when finding the location of Cylinder 5 is that it's going to be the fifth cylinder in the firing order. It won't be the fifth cylinder that you might see when looking at the engine.
Odyssey P0305 OBDII Code Symptoms
- The P0305 trouble code will trigger the Odyssey's service engine soon light.
- The vehicle itself may begin to run rough. It depends on how serious the misfire is.
- The vehicle may produce excess vibration, especially at lower RPM.
- Fuel mileage may suffer.
- You may smell raw gas coming from the tailpipe.
- The vehicle may backfire.
P0305 Trouble Code Diagnosis- Honda Odyssey
There are quite a few things that can cause the P0305 trouble code to trigger the Honda Odyssey. Here are the most common problems that may cause it. They are presented somewhat in order from most to least likely to be causing the code:
- Bad Spark Plugs– Spark plugs are one of the most common causes of P0305. Take a look at the electrodes and see if they are in good shape. Most vehicles now come with iridium plugs that need changed very infrequently. That being said, the plugs are a great place to start. Here's a great video on how to see if a spark plug is bad.
- Spark Plug Wires– On most modern engines, the plug wires are not nearly as long as they once were, but they can still go bad. Here's how to tell if your plug wires are bad (video).
- Coil Packs– Coil packs rarely go bad, but when they do, they can certainly cause P0305 in your Honda Odyssey. Replacing a set can be very expensive. Here's how to test them.
- Bad Fuel Injector– If you have a fuel injector that has gone bad, it won't be able to properly atomize the fuel and you'll get the P0305. Here's a good video on how to diagnose an injector, it can be a little tricky. This is definitely not the place to start.
- Vacuum leak– If your Odyssey has a vacuum leak, it can be very difficult for it to get the right air/fuel mixture. This will cause the cylinders to misfire and it'll throw the P0305 if the leak is around that specific cylinder on the intake manifold. It's easy (and kind of fun) to chase one down. Popular Mechanics: How to find a vacuum leak.
- Cam or Crank Sensors– This one is very unlikely, but it does happen. If the ECU is not getting the right signal from these sensors, the vehicles timing is not going to sync up and it'll misfire.
- Low Compression– If you have a leaking head gasket, bent valve, cracked head, etc.. that would cause compression to not be as high as it should, you're going to get P0305. You should also feel the vehicle is down on power as well.
Most Common P0305 Fixes
If you follow the items listed above you should be able to fix the P0305. Here's how to go about it:
Inspect and test the parts of the ignition system around the cylinder to determine whether or not you need to replace the coil packs, plugs, or wires. Most of the time one of those three things will end up being the problem.
You need to reset the trouble codes and swap the coil pack, wire, and plug from Cylinder 5 to another cylinder. If you get a different P030X code, you'll know that one of those three components is bad, since by moving those components you have changed which cylinder the trouble code has registered in. After that, Go ahead and replace them or have them tested. It's an easy, and cheap method of determining if your ignition components have gone bad.
After that you would want to test the fuel injection system. There are links above that'll show you how to do that. If that doesn't work, it may be time to do a compression test and see if you have a leak in that cylinder.
Is P0305 a Serious Concern?
P0305 is cause for concern and left unfixed can leave you stranded or make the vehicle virtually un-drivable. Fixing the problem causing the code to fire can save you time and money and keep your Honda Odyssey from breaking down. Quick action may also save your catalytic converter from going bad. Good luck diagnosing the issue. If there is anything that you would like to add please leave a comment below.


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I've been going to the gym fairly often lately. I like the facility, the equipment, the ability to watch the hockey game while I do crunches.
Most of all I like the childcare center. The staff members are fantastic, and Erin likes them all a lot (not that she has any stranger anxiety anyway). She gets a chance to play with other kids for an hour, and because I tend to go at the same time every day she usually gets to play with the same kids.
I also get to play with the same kids…er…"work out alongside the same adults". There are the two moms who always come in around 11:30, one of whom, S, I know from outside the gym; she ran some New Parents groups at the local parenting center and Erin and I used to go there a lot. There's the middle-aged banker-looking guy who always comes in at 11:15 and runs on the treadmill for half an hour (I hate him for his ability to run for a longer period of time at 50 than I ever could at 16). And there's the forty-ish (I actually know exactly how old he is; he's 46, but more on that later) looking guy who comes in and works with one of the trainers for an hour, pulling piles of weights across the room, balancing on half-spheres and shadow-boxing, or doing a gamut of stair drills.
I always watch this guy when he's working out; he's built like a tank and doesn't seem to be working out to lose weight or tone up or get rid of a spare tire. He's working out like it's a job and he needs to be able to move as many mountains as possible in a short period of time. He always seems to be in while I'm there, and I feel really really guilty about not trying to lift the stationary bike over my head or do somersaults down the stairs; the guy is working out like he means it and it keeps me from feeling good about putting in my hour on the elliptical and doing chest presses and ab exercises.
We finished up about the same time today, meaning I got up from the mat where I was doing very little, and he put down the elephant he was using for bicep curls. We went out to the water jug, poured some water, and then I went upstairs to clean up while he went out the door.
"Bye Steve," said the desk attendant.
After I showered and picked Erin up from the day care center (where she has taken to signing at them when she would like her diaper changed) I walked out to the car. The two moms were just getting into a minvan across the street and as they pulled away S waved, rolled her window down, and said: "So…working out with Steve Young today huh?"
"So that's who that was."
Steve Young. Former quarterback for the 49ers. Former SuperBowl winning quarterback for the 49ers. Hall of Famer.
This guy:
Maybe he'll babysit Erin sometime for me. If I spot him with that anvil he's doing bench presses with.
At the very least, I think I need to stop staring at him. He probably thinks I'm a fan and that I recognized him. Nope, I'm just self-conscious about what a gym-wimp I am when I try to work out next to him (or anybody else). It's all about me really.
Even in a room with a 46 year-old Hall of Fame quarterback, it's all about me.


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Naked Photos Of Nikki Bella
A woman who is looking for a one night stand in Kendall
Naked Photos Of Nikki Bella
First name: Sezen,
Age: 43 yo,
City: Kendall (FL)
In reality, I don't have a particular taste in my one night stand partners. However, it is mandatory that this lover be primarily libertine. I need foreplay because I love taking my time before we fuck. A one night stand should make me come. I want a man who is a good licker. I'm also addicted to anal sex but gentle. I'm not against a date in nature if you're an exhibitionist. I want a lover who will guide me during our night of sex. I'm here for the sex. I am usually free to meet up with you at the end of the day. We can see each other on Kendall and its surroundings. In conclusion, I think I'm going to have some good dates with a cutie. You must contact me first. I hope to meet you soon! The doctor will see you now.
I'm a young, wild girl looking for some hot sex in a hotel room in Rio Rancho
Naked Photos Of Nikki Bella
First name: Gerardina,
Age: 27 yo,
City: Rio Rancho (NM)
For this hookup, I'm available on the weekends. I would prefer to set up a meeting with you at the restaurant so that we can get to know each other. I just want to find a man for a one night stand because I like to have casual sex with strangers. I personally like to try new things, so I want a guy who is imaginative and experienced. I don't really have a style for one night stands. However, it is mandatory that this lover be primarily a libertine. I love long foreplay because I adore being all excited before we make love. I hope to soon have a date without taboos in Rio Rancho. I'm sure I'll have fun with you. I'm already super hot at the idea of seeing you. Kisses.
Looking for a hot afternoon in North Richland Hills. I'm a young, wild girl who loves to have fun!
Naked Photos Of Nikki Bella
First name: Justyna,
Age: 32 yo,
City: North Richland Hills (TX)
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Not so long ago the guys here at CP announced a new Cross Platform .NET section. At the time I was working completely with Windows based applications using C# and the .NET platform so, while the thought of getting to play around with C# apps on other platforms was interesting, it wasn't something I had the time to do. Nevertheless, fate has once again stepped in, this time in the form of a new project, and soon I'll be working on systems that will no doubt require some cross platform goodness. Since the majority of the development will still be for the Windows platform the technology set will be staying as is and the happiness that exists when developing .NET applications will remain.
Anyway, it dawned on me that I didn't really know all that much about cross platform development with .NET. Sure, I had heard of Mono, Rotor and Platform.NET and had read some things here and there but I didn't have any practical knowledge about using any of these. After a bit of research I decided that Mono was the most promising choice for the upcoming project and I decided to give it a go. I am fairly familiar with Linux and have developed applications, albeit basic ones, for Linux using C, C++ and Java when in college. However, many weblog postings from bemused Windows developers who had attempted to get Mono up and running on Linux had me slightly worried before I began. Much to my surprise, it was actually a painless experience and getting Mono running on Linux was easy. Setting it up and running it on Windows was even easier again.
When Microsoft unleashed .NET onto the world they were nice enough to hand the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), along with the C# language, to the people at the European Computer Manufactures Association, better known to most as the ECMA. This allowed for an ECMA standards for the CLI and C# to be developed and, eventually, these ECMA standards also became ISO standards. At this stage you might be thinking "So, what has this got to do with what Mono is?" Relax, slow down, I'm getting to it. This standardization meant that details about how a CLI implementation should work, and also details about the C# programming language, where publicly available and anybody with the time and desire could implement their own CLI, essentially making their own version of .NET. Mono was born.
Mono is an "open source development platform based on the .NET framework that allows developers to build Linux and cross-platform applications with unprecedented productivity". At the time of writing this article the latest stable version of Mono is 1.0.5 and it provides the following features:
Although it may not sound like much to many, what the people behind the Mono project have achieved is quite impressive. The set of class libraries available with mono include implementations of ADO.NET, ASP.NET, and System.Windows.Forms as well as many other aspects of the BCL that .NET developers will be familiar with. Added to this is the Gtk# library which is a fully featured library that allows for the development of GUI apps on top of the gtk+ toolkit. All in all, quite impressive.
With Mono you can develop and run .NET applications on Linux, Windows and other platforms. You can build and deploy ASP.NET application on Linux servers. You can even run applications that you compiled using the Microsoft C# compiler on the Mono runtime and vice versa.
This article is the first in a series of articles that I will be writing about developing cross platform applications using Mono. Its purpose is to explain how to get up and running with Mono on Linux and on Windows. I'll explain how you install Mono and then I'll show you how to use the C# compiler to compile and run what might be your first cross platform .NET application. I'll also list some of the ancillary tools that come with Mono. Finally, I'll show how you can run applications created using Mono on the Microsoft .NET Runtime and vice versa.
Unfortunately I haven't had a chance to play with Mono on a Mac so I won't be covering it in this article. However I will try to cover it, along with Platform.NET, in a future article. No promises though.
This article is not going to show you how to program in C#. This is something that you will have to learn yourself. There are many good introductory articles here on CP that you can read to gain a firm understanding of the ins and outs of the language.
An understanding of what the .NET Framework and what it is is not necessary, but it would definitely be beneficial.
Before you can develop anything using Mono you first need to get it up and running on your desired platform. Since this article is in the Cross Platform .NET section and one of the main uses of Mono is the development and use of cross platform applications, I cover installing Mono on both Windows and Linux. I'll look at installing on Windows first even though, to be perfectly honest, it's a bit of a no brainer. As I mentioned above, the latest stable version of Mono at the time of writing this article is 1.0.5 and I will be working with this version. The download page for the latest Mono releases is http://www.mono-project.com/downloads/index.html[^] but I will be giving direct links to the files I download in each of the sections.
If you would prefer to skip installing Mono on Windows then you can go straight to the Installing Mono on Linux section below.
The Windows version of Mono runs on Windows 2000 and above. I'm working on Windows XP Professional with Service Pack 2 installed. It probably doesn't make a difference but I just wanted to mention it in case my instructions on installing Mono on Windows differs slightly from the procedure you need to follow for your own setup. Just follow these steps and you should be up and running in no time:
The above list of instructions is probably too verbose. Most people would have been fine just clicking on Next the whole way through. However, I normally take my time when installing things. You never know what people slip into an installer and it's always good to know exactly what you have put on your machine.
At this stage you can keep reading and learn how to install Mono on your Linux machine or if you don't have a Linux installation, or just want to develop on Windows for the time being, you can skip ahead to the Your Mono toolset section.
Linux is a great operating system. There is no doubting that. However, there are some basic problems with the Linux platform that have stemmed from the fact that the kernel and most of the supporting software is open source. The problem is a simple one; there are so many different Linux distributions that there is no single set way of installing software on them. Why should you care about this? Well, depending on the distribution that you use, it could end up making your life a little more complicated then it needs to be when installing Mono. You'll see what I mean below.
To get Mono up and running I decided to go for one of the more popular Linux distributions. Partly because I was familiar with it and partly because there was already an iso of the installation DVD on one of the internal FTP servers in work. No point in downloading a different distribution if I have a perfectly good one here. So, what did I choose? SuSE 9.2 Professional. I used Microsoft Virtual PC 2004 to create two identical virtual PCs. Two because I wanted to try two different ways of installing and configuring Mono that were not mutually exclusive. I didn't want them to interfere so I decided that two separate virtual PCs was the way to go. I mounted the installation DVD iso in the virtual PCs and went about installing an identical system on both virtual PCs. I chose to install with ACPI disabled, which is one of the first options you get to choose, and I went for the default package selection. Nothing fancy. Just the basic, default system that SuSE 9.2 Professional suggested.
If you have a different Linux distribution (have a look at http://www.distrowatch.com/ for a good list of the different distributions available) then chances are that the installation instructions below will differ slightly for you.
As the name suggests, this way is, well, easy. The problem with this way however, is that it will not work on all Linux distributions. If you have a look at the Mono download page (http://www.mono-project.com/downloads/index.html[^]) you will see that there are a packages available for some versions of the more common Linux distributions including Red Hat, SuSE, Fedora, and Novell Linux Desktop. Now a lot of Linux distributions will be compatible with some of these installation packages but specifying which ones are and which ones are not is well outside the scope of this introductory article. Unfortunately, if you are not using one of the listed distributions you'll have to either find out from your distributions documentation which of the packages are compatibly or you can download the Mono source and build Mono from that (covered in the Not for the faint hearted section below). If you are not familiar with Linux I would recommend trying your best to avoid the latter option as it can get messy.
So, you have a Linux distribution that the Mono download page seems to like. Great. You're in luck as this is going to be painless:
If you are inquisitive, bored, or if the above instructions didn't work for your distribution then the next section runs over how to build and install from the source. In general this should be a painless procedure but as you will see, it turned out to be less then painless with the default SuSE 9.2 Professional install that I decided to work from.
When you went to the packages page you probably noticed downloads for Gtk#, XSP and a number of other things that the Windows installer installed by default. For the time being you can ignore these. In future articles I will need you to have these packages installed but if and when the need arises, I will run through the installation process.
If you have Mono installed on your Linux distribution at this stage then you can skip ahead to the Your Mono toolset section. That is, of course, unless you are interested in finding out how I spent two hours getting the source to compile.
Ok. So you want to compile Mono from the source and then install it. No problem. This "should" be a simple process. I have configured, compiled and installed applications from the source code numerous times on Linux without problem. Not this time. In this section I'm going to explain to you how things "should" work from the source. I'll then show you how things worked for me when I configured, compiled and installed from Mono Source. Here goes:
sudo bash
tar -xvzf mono-1.0.5.tar.gz
cd mono-1.0.5
./configure --prefix=/usr
make install
Now, that is how things should work. And, if I had installed a version of SuSE 9.2 Professional with the development tools installed, then that is what would have happened. However, as I have mentioned before, I opted for the default installation. I wanted to see how things would be for somebody who was coming from Windows and was more accustomed to OS installs that require the minimum of configuration.
The following, rather long set of steps, is what I had to do to configure, compile and install the Mono Runtime source. It not that it is a complicated process. Everything is actually quite simple. It's just that it can be rather daunting to someone with very little Linux experience to see their initial ./configure --prefix=/usr fail when all the documentation for the Mono install tells them to do is type three commands: ./configure --prefix=/usr then make and finally make install. I was in two minds about whether I should add my experience with the Mono source as it is quite long and it might not add anything to the article. However, since I was having these issues I was sure that others would too and hopefully my experience can help you if you are faced with similar problems. Feel free to skip the rest of this section if you already have Mono installed.
So. Here's what I done, and all just for you!:
./configure --disable-csharp
The above set of steps that I had to go through to get the source compiled might seem a little daunting to some but to be perfectly honest it was an easy enough procedure. The main issue was the time taken. For example, the ./configure for Mono could take around 2 or 3 minutes each time. Each ./configure for the other items that had to be compiled and installed had similar time periods and generally speaking the make command took longer than its accompanying ./configure. There was also the time spent looking for, downloading and decompressing the source files for the different items that needed to be installed. Oh, and I had to actually restart SuSE before I could use the installed tools.
At this stage you've either given up or you're in for the long haul. Not that there is much left to do. We have Mono installed and the tools that we need to compile and run C# applications are ready to be used. Before we start to actually write and compile applications I thought it might be a good idea to have a quick overview of some of the tools the you should have available to you at this stage. I'm not going to go into any detail on the tools as in this article, and over the rest of this series, I will explain the details of the tools as they are needed.
Remember, this is only a subset of the tools that are available. If you are interested in exactly what tools are available you should have a look on the Mono homepage.
Also, when using Mono on Windows it would be a good idea to add the <Mono_Install_Dir>\bin\ and <Mono_Install_Dir>\lib\ directories to your path (C:\Program Files\Mono-1.0.5\bin\ and C:\Program Files\Mono-1.0.5\lib\ on my system). This will allow you to use the above tools directly from the command line regardless of which directory you are currently working in.
About time! To get to this point should not have taken you all that long, unless of course you ended up installing Mono on Linux from source and ran into the trouble that I did. So let's get on with it.
The proverbial "Hello World!". You've no doubt seen a hello world application in C#, or other languages, numerous times in the past and you are once again going to see it. It's kind of a tradition and who am I go against tradition?
Anyway, fire up your favorite text editor, be it notepad on windows or joe on Linux. Type in the code below, or even easier, copy it from the article and paste it in.
using System; namespace Dela.Mono.Examples { public class HelloWorld { public static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Hello World"); } } }
Save this as HelloWorld.cs and get ready to witness the wonders of Mono. To compile this application simply go to the command line and type mcs HelloWorld.cs and hit enter. Note that the previous command assumes that your command prompt is working in the same directory as the HelloWorld.cs file and that the Mono directories have been added to your path if you are using Windows. If all goes well you should be presented with the "Compilation succeeded" text. Congratulations. You've just compiled your first C# application on Mono.
mcs HelloWorld.cs
To execute the application using Mono simply type mono HelloWorld.exe and hit enter. You'll be greeted by the text "Hello World". What you have done here is loaded the Mono JIT Runtime which JIT compiled the IL code inside the HelloWorld.exe assembly and executed the instructions. You could have also executed the application by running mint HelloWorld.exe. This would have used the Mono Interpreter to convert all the IL of the application directly to x86 instructions before executing. This is similar to using the ngen.exe application with .NET.
mono HelloWorld.exe
mint HelloWorld.exe
If you are running Mono on Windows you may have noticed that you can also execute the application by simply double clicking on it. You may not see this as being special in any way but what you have done is taken an application created with the Mono C# compiler and executing it on the Microsoft .NET Runtime. More about this below in the .NET and Mono interoperability section.
Hello World is the traditional first program, but in all honesty it doesn't really do much. The next example is a bit contrived but it shows a few more of the features of Mono including the System.Net, System.Text, and System.Text.RegularExpressions namespaces. I also know that the code is all lumped into the Main method and that it should be refactored but as I said, this is just a contrived example, and not a lesson in code style.
The example simply takes a string that you want to search on http://www.google.com/ for and then displays the first five results that comes back. Nothing major but it does show an ever so slightly more complicated example than the Hello World example above. Anyway, once again, fire up your favorite text editor, type in the code below or copy it from the article and paste it in.
using System; using System.Net; using System.Web; using System.Text; using System.Text.RegularExpressions; namespace Dela.Mono.Examples { class GoogleSearch { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.Write("Please enter string to search google for: "); string searchString = HttpUtility.UrlEncode(Console.ReadLine()); Console.WriteLine(); Console.Write("Please wait...\r"); // Query google. WebClient webClient = new WebClient(); byte[] response = webClient.DownloadData("http://www.google.com/search?&num=5&q=" + searchString); // Check response for results string regex = "g><a\\shref=\"?(?<URL>[^\">]*)[^>]*>(?<Name>[^<]*)"; MatchCollection matches = Regex.Matches(Encoding.ASCII.GetString(response), regex); // Output results Console.WriteLine("===== Results ====="); if(matches.Count > 0) { foreach(Match match in matches) { Console.WriteLine(HttpUtility.HtmlDecode( match.Groups["Name"].Value) + " - " + match.Groups["URL"].Value); } } else { Console.WriteLine("0 results found"); } } } }
Save this file as GoogleExample.cs and go back to the command line. The command to compile this application is a little different to the one we used for the Hello World example. This application makes use of the HttpUtility class which is defined in the System.Web.dll assembly. That means we need to reference this assembly when compiling. To do this you simply use the -r switch. This is the full command you need to type to get this application to compile: mcs GoogleExample.cs -r System.Web.dllOnce again, the previous command assumes that your command prompt is working in the same directory as the GoogleExample.cs file and that the Mono directories have been added to your path if you are using Windows.
mcs GoogleExample.cs -r System.Web.dll
As with the Hello World example you can run this application from the command line using mono GoogleExample.exe or mint GoogleExample.exe - Take your pick. The same compiled assembly will run on Windows and Linux. You can test this by compiling it on Windows, copying the assembly to a Linux machine and running the mono GoogleExample.exe command there.
mono GoogleExample.exe
mint GoogleExample.exe
I mentioned in the Hello World example above that you can simply take the assembly created by the Mono compiler (HelloWorld.exe in that example), double click on it in a Windows environment with .NET installed, and it would execute. How exactly does that work? Well, it's simple really. The Mono C# compiler, and the Microsoft C# compiler, compile code into an intermediary form known as IL. When you execute an assembly the runtime interprets and executes the IL code. So you can take an assembly compiled from VB.NET code, or any .NET language, and run it on Mono and vice versa. There is however one small issue with this; Mono doesn't have a complete implementation of the .NET class libraries so not all of your applications can be run using Mono. Don't worry too much about that now as over the next few articles in this series we'll see what can and can't run and hopefully examine why.
Hopefully this article has shown you how to install Mono and get your first Mono applications up and running on Windows and on Linux. That's not all that much though. You'll obviously want to do more than just create simple console applications. As I've said throughout this article, this is just the first in a series of articles that I'll be writing about Mono and Cross Platform .NET development using Mono. So, what's on the cards for the next article? Well, I know it would probably be best to jump in a start creating cross platform GUI apps but before we look at this I want to do an introduction to Web Application and ASP.NET development using Mono, which is what the next article will be about; writing your first ASP.NET application that runs on both Linux and Windows.
June 8th, 2005 - Corrected details about Mono tool "mint".
March 1st, 2005 - Updated some language mistakes and changed to install Mono in the /usr directory when installing from source on Linux.
January 25th, 2005 - First Posted.
This article has no explicit license attached to it but may contain usage terms in the article text or the download files themselves. If in doubt please contact the author via the discussion board below.
A list of licenses authors might use can be found here
How would I create a simple web based compiler that runs on Linux machine. Takes a simple C# code as input text box and shows result. No fancy GUI, no input, simple text box with a button to run. The interesting part is to run C# code in back-end on a Linux machine using compiler like Mono ( <a href="http://www.mono-project.com/docs/about-mono/languages/csharp/">http://www.mono-project.com/docs/about-mono/languages/csharp/</a> ) or some other tool. Since this project requires extra system privileges, free hosting servers can't be used.
VickyC# wrote:Mono is a nice tool but not as good design/intuitive as of that of Microsoft's Visual Studio.
VickyC# wrote:Does the above means that you work for free for Novell?
VickyC# wrote:However, contributions are free work. So it is labor free for Novel.
VickyC# wrote:So by just looking the aboce statement it is a fuzzy statement
VickyC# wrote:So it is not as intuitive tool or group of tools as Visual Studio, sorry I can not help that. There is nothing wrong with that.
VickyC# wrote:That is one of the largest Open Source projects does not make it as intuitive.
VickyC# wrote:Anyhow, it is good effort, I wonder who really benefits from that.
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