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Packs around the country are preparing to hold their annual Pinewood Derby. There are many ways to make your Pinewood Derby car go faster. Here are some of them.
Basic Guidelines for Pinewood Derby Car Design
The possibilities are endless when it comes to picking a shape for your Pinewood Derby car. Before you begin, consider the following general guidelines:
Avoid designs with a pointed nose. A pointed nose will make it difficult for your Pinewood Derby car to rest on the pin at the starting gate. It may also cause your Pinewood Derby car to get bumped around when the pin drops, and it can create problems for electronic timing systems.
Leave enough wood in the rear of the Pinewood Derby car so you can place additional weight there. You will end up placing most of the weight in the rear of the Pinewood Derby car.
Make the maximum weight. Your car should weigh as much as it's allowed. In most races, a Pinewood Derby car's weight is limited to 5 ounces. If your car weighs less than that, add coins or other weights.
Be sure that it is very clear which end of your Pinewood Derby car is the front and which end is the back. In many races, the race officials —- not you -— will actually place each Pinewood Derby car on the track. Sometimes the officials put the Pinewood Derby car on the track backward because they can't tell which end is which.
Choose a design that allows the air to move over and around the Pinewood Derby car body in a smooth manner. Pinewood Derby cars with aerodynamic profiles go faster.
Click here to see photo galleries of hundreds of Pinewood Derby car designs.
Designing and Building a Winning Pinewood Derby Car
You don't have to strive for the fastest Pinewood Derby car to have fun competing in your Pinewood Derby. But if you and a helpful adult are willing to put in the extra time and effort, these tips are for you.
1. Bake the Block: Start with your block of wood, and before you do anything else, bake it in the oven at 250 degrees for around two hours to remove moisture and make it lighter. This will allow you to place more weight to the rear of the Pinewood Derby car where you actually want it.
2. Create the Design: Draw the outline of your Pinewood Derby car on a sheet of paper, cut it out and attach it to your block of wood.
Remember, a rectangular car is not an aerodynamic design. The most basic aerodynamic design is a simple wedge. If you don't have time to design a complex car, a wedge will work just fine.
Click here to download a Pinewood Derby car template PDF to help you create your design.
3. Rough Cut the Design: Use a coping saw to cut out the rough shape of your Pinewood Derby car. You can also ask a responsible adult to make these cuts using a power tool.
4. Shape Your Car: Use sand paper to smooth your car's edges and shape it to your design. An adult can also use a rotary tool or other tool to help you.
5. Sand and Paint the Pinewood Derby Car: Make it smooth to reduce friction and paint an awesome design to make it look great.
Click here for tips on painting your Pinewood Derby car to give it a shiny finish.
6. Install Axles and Wheels: Make sure they are aligned perfectly straight. You can test the alignment of your axles by pushing your car across a smooth floor or table. It should roll smoothly in a straight line.
— Make a Three-Wheeler: Raise one wheel about 1/16 inch higher so it never actually touches the track. Less friction = more speed. Rules vary from pack to pack, so make sure this is allowed in your race.
— Extend the Wheelbase: The front and rear wheels should be as far apart as possible. Again, make sure this is allowed in your race.
Click here to learn about polishing Pinewood Derby axles and wheels to reduce friction.
7. Create Glue Holes: Glue the axles firmly in their holes to ensure that they stay perfectly placed, but make sure you don't get glue on your wheels.
8. Add Weight: Remember to make your Pinewood Derby car as heavy as the rules allow. In general, it's best to place weight to the rear of your car because a heavier rear increases speed.
Click here for scientific Pinewood Derby speed tips from a former NASA engineer
9. Lubricate the Wheel Well: Add graphite or another dry lubricant to reduce friction. The less friction between the body and wheel, the better.
And finally, remember the No. 1 rule of a Pinewood Derby is that it's supposed to be fun. While you should always strive to do your best, don't get caught up in winning or having the fastest car. Just enjoy the ride.
Adapted from the book "Pinewood Derby Speed Secrets," DK Publishing, $12.95 softcover.
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Forsyth County Spay Day - A One Day Event!
$10 Spay/Neuter Vouchers
When: Saturday February 22, 2014 1:00 PM -3:00 PM
Where: Six locations:
In recognition of SPAY DAY 2013 local private and public organizations have formed a partnership, and combined resources, to reduce pet overpopulation in Forsyth County by providing spay/neuter vouchers to very low-income residents of Forsyth County.
Each year Forsyth County Animal Control shelters over 8,000 animals. Only about 1,700 will be recovered by their owners, or find new homes. Approximately 3,000 of these dogs and cats are turned over to the shelter by their owners and one third will be a puppy or kitten. The leading animal welfare organizations in the nation have determined that spaying and neutering is a fundamental element of responsible pet ownership and the key to reducing the number of unwanted pets. This voucher program is a great opportunity to save some money and make a difference!
What You Need to Bring: If you qualify, please come to one of the above locations on the date/time above and bring the following:
There is a limit of 3 vouchers per household. Surgeries will take place at the Central Spay, Neuter and Wellness Clinic in Kernersville, and SPOT, a mobile spay/neuter service, at the Forsyth County animal Control Department. Appointments for the surgeries will be made at the time the vouchers are issued. Only pets between 3 months and 6 years of age are eligible.
Forsyth Spay Day Coalition:
AARF, Forsyth Co. Animal Control, Forsyth Humane Society, Forsyth Veterinary Medical Association, Fur-Ever Friends of NC, Humane Solution Spay/Neuter Program, and Project Pearl

subset: commoncrawl


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Paul Walker, 'Fast & Furious' star, killed in crash
| Los Angeles
A fiery car crash north of Los Angeles has killed 40-year-old Paul Walker, the star of the "Fast & Furious" movie series, and one other person in the vehicle.
Deputies found a Porsche Carrera GT engulfed in flames when they responded to a report of a collision Saturday afternoon in the community of Valencia, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department said. Two people who were found in the car were pronounced dead at the scene.
Walker's publicist Ame Van Iden confirmed the actor's death. A statement on Walker's Facebook page said he was a passenger in a friend's car, and that Walker was in the area to attend a charity event for his organization Reach Out Worldwide.
The Sheriff's Department said that speed was a factor in the crash.
The Santa Clarita Valley Signal reported that the Porsche crashed into a light pole and tree and burst into flames. The fundraiser, to benefit victims of Typhoon Haiyan, took place at a nearby racecar shop. Attendees rushed to put out the flames with fire extinguishers to no avail.
"All of us at Universal are heartbroken," Universal Pictures, which has released the "Fast & Furious" franchise, said in a statement. "Paul was truly one of the most beloved and respected members of our studio family for 14 years, and this loss is devastating to us, to everyone involved with the 'Fast and Furious' films, and to countless fans."
His "Fast & Furious" co-star Vin Diesel posted a photograph of him and Walker arm-in-arm on Instagram with the message: "Brother I will miss you very much. I am absolutely speechless."
Walker rode the "Fast & Furious" franchise to stardom, starring in all but one of the six action blockbusters, beginning with the first film in 2001. The blond-haired, blue-eyed Los Angeles-native brought California surfer good-looks and an easy, warm charm to the popular street-racing series.
The son of a fashion model and a sewer contractor, Walker grew up in a working class, Mormon household in Glendale, California. The oldest of five siblings, Walker'smother began taking him to auditions as a toddler. He was a child model beginning at the age of 2.
Walker has said the early induction to show business wasn't to start him on a career path, but as a way to help provide for the family.
After a string of TV roles as a child in the '80s, including small roles on "Who's the Boss" and "Charles in Charge," Walker made his feature film debut in the 1998 comedy "Meet the Deedles." Supporting roles in the films "Pleasantville," ''Varsity Blues" and "Flags of Our Fathers" followed.
His performance in the 2000 thriller "The Skulls" caught the eye of producer Neal H. Moritz, who cast him in "The Fast and the Furious" as undercover police officer Brian O'Conner. Adapted from a Vibe magazine article about underground street races, the film became an unexpected hit.
In the sequel, "2 Fast 2 Furious," Walker moved to center stage with Diesel temporarily dropping out. Walker, a self-described "gearhead," kept his character's sports car from the film.
Walker starred in other films, including the crime thriller "Running Scared," the Antarctic adventure "Eight Below" and the heist film "Takers." Though his stardom didn't make as much of an impact outside the "Fast & Furious" series, Walker continually drew praise from his co-stars and directors as a kind-hearted and eager collaborator.
"Your humble spirit was felt from the start," Ludacris, Walker's "Fast & Furious" co-star, said on Twitter. "Wherever you blessed your presence you always left a mark, we were like brothers."
"Fast & Furious" proved unusually enduring. Released in May, "Fast & Furious 6" was the most lucrative of them all, grossing more than $788 million worldwide. The seventh installment began shooting in September, with a release planned for July. The film's production was on break with more shooting to be done.
Walker stars in the upcoming Hurricane Katrina drama "Hours," which Lionsgate's Pantelion Films is to release Dec. 13. He also stars in "Brick Mansions," a remake of the French action film "District B13" in post-production that Relativity plans to release next year. "Paul was an incredibly talent artist, devoted philanthropist and friend," Relativity President Tucker Tooley said in a statement.
He formed Reach Out Worldwide in 2010 to aid people struck by natural disasters.
A friend of Walker's who attended the fundraiser Saturday, Bill Townsend, told AP Radio, "He was very happy. He was smiling at everybody, just tickled that all these people came out to support this charity. He was doing what he loved. He was surrounded by friends, surrounded by cars."
Walker is survived by his 15-year-old daughter.


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Here's a name back in the news: R. Allen Stanford. In the midst of the financial crisis he was charged with running a $7 billion Ponzi scheme against thousands of investors in the United States and Latin America. Now his trial is set to begin today in Houston.
From member station KUHF, Andrew Schneider has more.
ANDREW SCHNEIDER, BYLINE: Stanford's trial has been delayed repeatedly, in part because he's fired his legal teams multiple times. The judge ultimately froze Stanford's assets and ordered him to stick with the attorneys he has now.
Adam Gershowitz of the University of Houston Law Center says those delays could now work against Stanford.
ADAM GERSHOWITZ: In these kinds of white collar cases, where you've got very wealthy defendants, oftentimes you've got a defense team that's in a position to outmatch the government and make it really tough for them. Here, you're in a different boat.
SCHNEIDER: But the amount of money involved and the complexity of Stanford's offshore dealings raise the bar for the government.
Geoffrey Corn is a professor at South Texas College of Law.
GEOFFREY CORN: The challenge of the prosecutors in a case like this is to demystify it and to boil it down to its bare elements, which is, you lied to get people to give you money, and then you used that money to lie to the people who had already given you money that that was their profit; the classic pyramid scheme.
SCHNEIDER: And, Corn says, not to mention siphoning huge amounts off for personal gain.
For NPR News, I'm Andrew Schneider in Houston. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Product Description Hyperlite Broadcast WakeSurfer:
Note: Extra shipping charges will be applied on this item because it is an oversized package.
The Broadcast boards are crafted with more of a traditional wakeboard rail for a deeper ride in the water. They are preferred by riders that want to surf the way they wakeboard. They offer quicker reacting, harder edging with more of a centered weight distribution for a knifing style of bottom turn. Broadcast boards are available in two sizes with a fast rocker prepared for the endless summer.


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Christina Bellantoni is the politics editor for "PBS NewsHour." She joins us to talk about the latest from Washington. Christina, welcome.
CHRISTINA BELLANTONI: Thanks for having me.
RATH: So first, let's talk about how this is playing out politically. There's been a lot of talk about who's to blame for the shutdown. Polls are showing most Americans blame the Republicans in the House. But do you think that's going to continue, if the shutdown drags on?
BELLANTONI: Everything that we've learned historically about shutdowns is that the longer it happens, the more people generally blame Washington. But overall, as you point out, the polls do show that Republicans are taking the blame. And then the president has this enormous bully pulpit, so he's able to really pin them and say they're the ones who are stopping the government funding from going on. And the Democrats - across the board - are seeing enormous fundraising right now. They're getting all kinds of online fundraising. The Democratic National Committee raised $1 million just in one night of the shutdown.
RATH: Wow. So this is a tool. Obviously, it's being used right now by Tea Party Republicans. But it could be used by the other side. First off, how do we get to the situation where this tool is actually being used in this way, and how can we get out of it?
BELLANTONI: Well, one way is because people don't pay attention to their politics, and what's happening behind the scenes, as policy is set. And you've had really over the last, I'd say, 10 years or so, there's been this sort of back and forth - we're not going to give on anything. People dig in. So to get attention out there in the country, you have to be extreme. I mean, think about the beginning of the health care debate. A member of Congress shouts at the president, you lie. That was Republican Congressman Joe Wilson, of South Carolina - right?
He raised so much money off of that, and he became this sort of hero and also, a villain for the left. The left raised plenty of money on him. And so it started to send this signal that extreme measures, those things get attention. And then you have to start to think about the philosophy here. I mean, these are - they seem very shallow sometimes, and there's a lot of name-calling. But these are deep philosophical disagreements about what the size of government should be. Instead of trying to come to some sort of middle ground on that, you're just seeing these dug-in sides. And that creates the short-term budgeting.
RATH: It just looks so bleak. And I think for a lot of people watching the stalemate from a distance, it just feels like there's no way out. We have the president and Democrats, they won't negotiate on a health care law till the Republicans pass a spending bill. And on the other side, the Republicans won't pass a bill until the Democrats negotiate. Where do we go?
BELLANTONI: Yeah. Well, the way - what probably will happen is John Boehner's going to have to make a choice. He might have to defy the majority of his Republican Party, and put something on the floor that he knows the Democrats would vote for. But in the meantime, it's a lot of nastiness, it's a lot of bitter rhetoric - and not a lot of talking.
You know, when President Reagan and Tip O'Neill were even, you know, bitter political rivals, they were still talking every single day even when they went through several government shutdowns over spending issues.
RATH: Christina Bellantoni is the politics editor for the PBS NewsHour. She joined us from the epicenter of the shutdown, Washington. Thank you, Christina.
BELLANTONI: Thank you. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Perfect Tenses and Modals
Offered By
About this Course
This is the first course in the Learn English: Intermediate Grammar specialization. In this course, you will learn about important intermediate verb tenses, including present perfect, present perfect progressive, past perfect, and past perfect progressive. You will also learn about common modal verbs used in English. This course is designed for learners who have a basic understanding of English grammar but who want to learn more and improve their skills for everyday speaking or writing, as well as for academics. It will be a fun class with lots of entertaining and informative video lectures.
Tamy Chapman
Instructor, International Programs
Emily Wong
Instructor, International Programs


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Mansher Singh, MD
The Real Specialists In Plastic Surgery
Dr. Singh is a Harvard- and Hopkins-trained Plastic Surgeon and is American Board of Surgery certified. Through his training with visionaries and leaders in Plastic Surgery, he has mastered complex cases involving facial, breast, and body aesthetics and reconstructive procedures. He is the editor of the 'Aesthetic surgery Journal', a high impact journal that specializes in aesthetic surgery. He has published over 65 peer-reviewed research articles. Dr. Singh is passionate about providing his patients with customized care. He understands how personal plastic surgery can be and is committed to helping you navigate your transformation with honesty and integrity.
New York most commonly refers to: New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York New York may also refer to: == Film and television == New York (1916 film), a lost American silent comedy drama by George Fitzmaurice New York (1927 film), an American silent drama by Luther Reed New York (2009 film), a Bollywood film by Kabir Khan New York: A Documentary Film, a film by Ric Burns "New York" (Glee), an episode of Glee == Literature == New York (Burgess book), a 1976 work of travel and observation by Anthony Burgess New York (Morand book), a 1930 travel book by Paul Morand New York (novel), a 2009 historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd New York (magazine), a bi-weekly magazine founded in 1968 == Music == New York EP, a 2012 EP by Angel Haze "New York" (Angel Haze song) New York (album), a 1989 album by Lou Reed "New York" (Eskimo Joe song) (2007) "New York" (Ja Rule song) (2004) "New York" (Paloma Faith song) (2009) "New York" (St. Vincent song) (2017) "New York" (Snow Patrol song) (2011) "New York" (U2 song) (2000) New York, a 2006 album by Antti Tuisku "New York", a 1977 song by the Sex Pistols from Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols == Places == === United Kingdom === New York, Lincolnshire New York, North Yorkshire New York, Tyne and Wear === United States === ==== New York state ==== New York metropolitan area, the region encompassing New York City and its suburbs New York County, covering the same area as the New York City borough of Manhattan New York, the US Postal Service address designating the Manhattan borough New York University Province of New York, the British colony preceding the state of New York ==== Other states ==== New York, Florida, an unincorporated community in Santa Rosa County New York, Iowa, a former town in Wayne County New York, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Ballard County New York, Missouri, a ghost town in Scott County New York, Texas, an unincorporated community in Henderson County New York Mountain, a mountain in Colorado New York Mountains, a mountain range in California === Ukraine === New York, Ukraine, a settlement in Donetsk Oblast == Ships == Many ships have been named after the city or state of New York.


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Glow in the Dark, ADA Braille In Case of Fire Do Not Use Elevator Use Stairs Sign – 12″h x 9″w
Every Braille bathroom sign we sell is 100% ADA Compliant and comes with grade 2 'contracted' Braille. In addition, we guarantee our Braille bathroom signs meet both Federal and California ADA requirements. This means you can be sure of passing those really fun building inspections, easily and quickly. Plus, when you order online from Alpha Dog ADA Signs, you can choose a number of sign options. For example, you can select from 4 standard color options and up to 4 sign sizes – 6×8, 6×9, 8×8, and 8×9. Not to mention, you get bulk discounts up to 20% off!
And if you're not sure what type of ADA bathroom signs you need, you can check out this ADA document – 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design. By following these ADA standards, you can be assured you're on the right track. However, that said, see the note below. There may additional ADA requirements imposed by other state or local entities.
You can also read our ADA Braille sign installation blog if you're not sure where to mount your tactile signs to be compliant.
Please note, standard production is 7 business days or less. But you can expedite production by selecting a faster option during checkout. For example, we offer Hurry (3 business days), Rush (next business day) and Lightspeed (same business day) production options for an additional fee. Please note, production times DO NOT include shipping. To see how many days standard shipping will take, you can check out these UPS and USPS shipping maps. Along with production, you can also expedite shipping by selecting a faster option during the checkout process.
** IMPORTANT: Always check with your local state/city/county resources for additional requirements before buying your ADA compliant bathroom signs. In some cases, you may need to customize your text, Braille, color, etc., to ensure compliance.


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By Dan Merica, CNN
(CNN) — Kevin Kloosterman, a former Mormon bishop, said he "came out" last year — just not in the way that many people associate with coming out.
"I came out and basically made a personal apology to (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) folks for really not understanding their issues, not really taking the time to understand their lives and really not doing my homework," Kloosterman said in an interview with CNN.
Though not speaking on behalf of the church, the then-bishop stood in front of a crowd of gay and straight Mormons at a November conference on gay and lesbian issues in Salt Lake City, Utah, where the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is headquartered.
Donning a suit and tie, Kloosterman was visibly shaken, struggling to find the right words as tears welled up in his eyes.
"I'm sorry — deeply, deeply sorry," Kloosterman told the group in a speech that was captured on video. "The only thing I can say to those of you who have been so patient, and have gone through so much, is for you to watch and look for any small changes with your loved ones, with your wards (Mormon congregations), with your leaders. And encourage them in this repentance process."
Kloosterman's apology was just one example of what many Mormons and church watchers see as a recent shift in the Mormon community's posture toward gays and lesbians, including by the official church itself.
Though the church's doctrine condemning homosexuality has not changed, and the church remains opposed to same-sex marriage, many say the church is subtly but unmistakably growing friendlier toward the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, including voicing support for some gay rights.
Students at the church-owned Brigham Young University recently posted an "It Gets Better" video about the gay and lesbian community there, while a gay Mormon in San Francisco was selected last year for a church leadership position.
A new conference series on gay and lesbian Mormons — the same one Kloosterman addressed last year — is seeing an uptick in popularity.
Church spokesman Michael Purdy would not comment on whether church members are changing their stance toward gay and lesbian issues but said in an e-mail message: "In the Church, we strive to follow Jesus Christ who showed immense love and compassion towards all of God's children."
Purdy wrote, "If members are becoming more loving and Christ-like toward others then this can only be a positive development."
'It is definitely getting better'
The Brigham Young students who taped the pro-gay video this month were contributing to a popular video series meant to inspire hope in young people who are struggling to come to terms with their sexuality identity.
The video featured students telling stories of being gay at Brigham Young, sharing tales of heartache, loss and even suicide.
"It kind of is a very different world to be gay and Mormon because it feels like neither community accepts you completely," said Bridey Jensen, a fifth-year senior and acting president of Understanding Same Gender Attraction, the group that posted the video.
"We put out the message for youth that are going through this, and we want them to know that we were them a few years ago, and it gets better and there is a place for you," she said.
Though chastity is a requirement at Brigham Young, gay and lesbian students say they are under more scrutiny. The school's honor code says that "homosexual behavior is inappropriate and violates" the code.
But Jensen said reaction to the video, which has been viewed almost 400,000 times on YouTube, has been "overwhelmingly positive."
Carri Jenkins, an assistant to Brigham Young's president, told CNN that the production of the video is not a violation of the honor code and that the students will not be punished.
The honor code, Jenkins said, is "based on conduct, not on feeling and if same-gender attraction is only stated, that is not an honor code issue."
Jensen said that while gay and lesbian Mormons face a tough road, she sees a shift toward greater acceptance. It is definitely getting better within the church, she said. "They are not so quick to judge. They understand that they don't understand everything. I am glad I can be a little part of it."
Some scholars of Mormonism, such as Columbia University's Richard Bushman, said they see the very existence of such a gay rights group at Brigham Young as a step toward greater acceptance of gays and lesbians.
"The last 10 years have been a huge sea change in terms of willingness to accept homosexuals," Bushman said. "Gay kids are still going to have a tough time in the church, but this level of acceptance and acknowledgment — that is really that last decade I would say."
Most gay Mormons point to 2008's push for Proposition 8 in California, which banned same-sex marriage in the state but has faced legal challenge in the courts, as a low point in the relationship between the church and gay and lesbian community.
Mormons make up 2% of California's population, but they contributed half of the $40 million war chest used to defend Proposition 8, according to a Time magazine report.
The church's Proposition 8 activism angered many gay rights groups around the country, with some labeling the church "bigoted," "homophobic" and "anti-gay."
But church officials pushed back against the perception that the Proposition 8 backlash has provoked a Mormon softening on gay and lesbian issues.
"Many positive relationships have come from the Church's experience in supporting traditional marriage in California," Purdy, the church spokesman, said in an e-mail exchange with CNN.
Purdy draws a distinction between being against same-sex marriage and against equality for gays and lesbians.
He reiterated that the church was "strongly on the record as supporting traditional marriage," but he said its stance should never be used as justification for violence or unkindness.
"The Church's doctrine has not changed but we certainly believe you can be Christ-like, loving and civil, while advocating a strongly held moral position such as supporting traditional marriage," Purdy wrote in an e-mail message.
"We do not believe that strong support of traditional marriage is anti-gay," he wrote. "We love and cherish our brothers and sisters who experience same gender attraction. They are children of God."
Church doctrine says that sex outside marriage is a sin and can lead to excommunication. Since gay people cannot be married in the church, any sex for them would be premarital and, therefore, sinful.
"The distinction between feelings or inclinations on the one hand, and behavior on the other hand, is very clear," the church's website says. "It's no sin to have inclinations that if yielded to would produce behavior that would be a transgression. The sin is in yielding to temptation. Temptation is not unique. Even the Savior was tempted."
Openly gay and a church leader
Mitch Mayne seems to relish his role as a lightning rod.
Mayne, an openly gay Mormon who blogs about homosexuality and the church, received the calling — a term Mormons use for being invited into a church position — in August.
Mayne is now executive secretary in a San Francisco ward of the church.
"I view myself as gay and being completely whole as being gay," Mayne said.
Many observers of Mormonism say Mayne's calling marked a unique moment in church history. Purdy said that Mayne's appointment is "not unique," but it's hard to find precedent for an outspokenly gay executive secretary.
Mayne said he sees his job as building bridges with the gay community in San Francisco and showing them "there are pockets in the Mormon Church where you can be yourself."
The biggest obstacle toward building those bridges is the threat of excommunication, said Mayne, who told CNN that in some wards just being gay can lead to expulsion from the church.
According to church doctrine, a formal disciplinary council can be called at the request of church leader.
While the leaders of the church mandate councils called for murder, incest or apostasy, it has a long list of reasons to call a disciplinary council.
According to the church's website, the list of reasons includes "abortion, transsexual operation, attempted murder, rape, forcible sexual abuse, intentionally inflicting serious physical injuries on others, adultery, fornication, homosexual relations. …"
Some wards are observing that guidance while others aren't, Mayne said.
"Here in the Bay Area … we are no longer seeking out LGBT members of the church and excommunicating them," Mayne said. "Our role is to bring people closer to the Savior, so if we are routinely excommunicating people, then we are really not doing our job."
Mayne said he believes the challenge is to convince church leaders that they don't ever have to excommunicate gay members.
And he said the Proposition 8 campaign was the "least Christ-like thing we have ever done as a church."
"Not only did we alienate gays and lesbians, but we alienated their parents, their friends, those who support them — the ripple effect went way beyond the gay community, and I don't think we were prepared for such a negative fallout," Mayne said. "I think the church deserved the black eye they received."
He added, "As a result of that really horrible time, I think we are entering a really good time to be a gay Mormon. It is getting better."
'Mormonism doesn't simply wash off'
When the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints speaks, the City Council of Salt Lake City listens. At least the council seemed to in 2009 when it voted on an ordinance to make it illegal to discriminate against gay and transgendered residents in housing and employment.
"The church supports these ordinances because they are fair and reasonable and do not do violence to the institution of marriage," church spokesman Michael Otterson told the council.
Shortly after the church's expression, the City Council approved the measure unanimously.
Many gay rights activists said they saw the move as an olive branch after the Proposition 8 debate.
"The tone and the culture is evolving, and the way the LGBT people are being treated is changing. I don't think the church's policy has caught up to that change in culture," said Ross Murray, director of religion, faith and values at the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "The Mormon church hasn't gotten nearly as politically involved as they had since 2009."
Though Murray sees the church lobbying for anti-discrimination laws as a positive step, he said the church's shift is more about style than substance.
"It is going to take a lot of intentional effort to actually prove they are different," Murray said. "That burden, because of the really public nature of their support of Prop 8, falls harder on the Mormon church than others."
Joanna Brooks, a popular Mormon blogger and president of Mormon Stories, a nonprofit group that facilitates conversations on Mormon issues, echoes Murray's sentiments.
She said she sees the church's stance as challenging gay Mormons to choose between the religion they most likely grew up with and their desire for romantic companionship.
"Mormonism doesn't simply wash off," she said, adding that the church can't make it that "either you are gay or you are Mormon, or either you support gay rights or you support the church."


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Trophies raised at the 2012 U.S. Youth Soccer National Presidents Cup
Champions were crowned and trophies raised at the 2012 US Youth Soccer National Presidents Cup. Drama, disappointment and delight were all on displayat the Cherry Island Soccer Complex in Sacramento, Calif. Region IV led the way with five champions on the day. Region III claimed two titles and Region I claimed one.
2012 National Presidents Cup Champions
Under-14 Girls | NC Boca | CA-S |
Under-15 Girls | GUSA Navy | NC |
Under-16 Girls | Platinum FC Cleary | CA-S |
Under-17 Girls | Arsenal Colorado Royal | CO |
Under-14 Boys | Metuchen Rover Juniors | NJ |
Under-15 Boys | FC Golden State White | CA-S |
Under-16 Boys | United Strikers | N-TX |
Under-17 Boys | Brasil Coachella | CA-S |
Championship matches | Game recaps
Little separated Under-14 Girls NC Boca (CA-S) and JASA Coastal Surge (NC) on day one as that game ended in a 0-0 draw. Finals day was much the same as regulation ended at 0-0 and it took overtime to name a champion. In the just first minute of overtime, Katelynn Traver broke the stalemate and netted the game and tournament winner for NC Boca.
On the boys side of the draw was much the same. Metuchen Rover Juniors (NJ) had to beat their finals-day opponent Georgia Mountain YMCA (GA) Saturday to advance and did so convincingly. The championship was a much closer match. Defensive stops repeatedly thwarted offensive strikes at both ends of the field and the game entered overtime knotted at 0-0. Jake Longo played the hero as he struck in the 79th minute to claim the trophy for Metuchen.
It was another close game between Dallas Texans 97 (N-TX) and GUSA Navy (NC) as they met for the third time in a month, this time to decide the U-15 Presidents Cup champion. Despite being reduced to 10 players for much of the game, GUSA struck first on a Eynde Frazier goal in the 47th minute. Just three minutes later, the teams were back level thanks to Dallas Texans Connor MacKenzie. In overtime, Allexis Taylor netted her fourth and most important goal of the week to lift GUSA to victory. For her performance, Taylor was also named the Most Outstanding Player for the tournament.
In U-15 Boys Play, FC Golden State White (CA-S) avenged a day two loss to Rage Gunners 96 (E-PA) with a 3-0 victory in the final. After a scoreless first hour of play, Javier Jasso struck first for FC Golden State. With Rage Gunners pushing for an equalizer late in the game, FC Golden State scored twice more just before the final whistle on goals by Yezid Lopez and Edgar Esquivel.
Platinum FC Cleary (CA-S) came up with a championship performance when it counted in the U-16 Girls final. After falling to Houston Express 96 (S-TX) on the opening day of play, Platinum FC was victorious on Sunday. Just minutes after the whistle to begin the second half, tournament Most Outstanding Player Stacie Moran struck for Cal South, her fifth goal of the tournament. That goal was the difference on the day and earned Platinum FC the gold medals.
The U-16 Boys age group was closely fought all week and finals day was no different. LA Premier FC Black (CA-S) got an early lead over United Strikers (N-TX) as Nicholas Pereira struck in just the 8th minute. Pereira would double that lead just before the halftime whistle. United Strikers rallied back on a great individual effort by Oscar Gudiel in the 61st minute. Just three minutes later, his teammate Alfredo Molina struck a swerving free kick and leveled the game at 2. It took penalties to decide a winner, and United Strikers converted all its spot kicks to claim the title.
The U-17 Girls championship match pitted undefeated Crusaders (MA) and Arsenal Colorado Royal (CO). Arsenal made some tactical changes in hopes of reversing its 2-1 loss to Crusaders on day two and the changes paid off on Sunday. Alex Klema scored the lone goal on the day for Arsenal and the tournament's Most Outstanding Keeper, Grace Ramsden led a strong defensive effort to ensure the shutout and the victory.
Emotions ran high between Brasil Coachella (CA-S) and Indiana Invaders Black (IN) as they met to decide the U-17 Boys National Presidents Cup title. Cal South Hugo Vinales was feared all week for his striking ability, and he proved the difference on the day for Brasil. Ten minutes into the second half, Vinales collected the ball in the final third, created space and bent the ball into the far post to claim the trophy for his team. Vinales also was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player.


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If your on this site your obviously interested in football … and in particular football memorabilia. We do of course have thousands of items for sale which can be found using the links on the left hand side, however we thought it might be helpul to set up a page outling exactly what is available overall in the world of football.
The football memorabilia market is absolutely huge, ranging from little football pin badges that you can pick up for a couple of pound outside the ground through to a rare old football programme that could set you back thousands !!!
So where DO you start – Maybe you want to specialise in a certain era, a certain genre of memorabilia (cigarette cards, badges, programmes, trading cards etc) or more likely it will be your love of a particular football team that drives your collection and you will end up collecting a multitude of different items of your teams memorabilia, whichever it is there is such a massive range of football memorabilia out there that you will probably never ever stop once you get into it !!
That is why these pages are not intended to cover in great detail every aspect of the football memorabilia market, that would be impossible as it is too vast a subject to do any justice to, what we will do though is give you an idea of the various collectables and the sort of item you will find.
If you would like to get a bit more detail than that shown in the various sections I have also added a few links at the bottom of this page to some other more specific pages dedicated to the various areas of football memorabilia.
Of course in the broadest sense of the word memorabilia probably brings to mind old items, perhaps relating to teams from the 60s and 70s, however the good thing about football memorabilia is that is not necessarily the case. Yes, an item relating to the 1966 World Cup Final is going to have a high value, but then again so is something from this years FA Cup Final, especially if your lucky enough to support the team that won it !
So you see age isn't perhaps such a big factor in what is and isnt collectable. It really is down to the individual what sort of memorabilia they want and cannot be defined by age alone.
One thing we can guarantee is that no matter how old or young you are, no matter which team you support, no matter which area of football memorabilia you concentrate on there is always going to be another item you will want to get hold of so if your going to get into football memorabilia be prepared for it to become an obsession !!
Hopefully this site may well give you an idea of the various items of memorabilia available and how and where to pick them up, we will also try and flag up a few of the pitfalls awaiting you as well if your not careful about what you buy.
Areas of football memorabilia;
Football Badges
Sections to follow …….


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Why does Joakim Noah hate KG so much?
During last year's playoffs KG was suspended for throwing an elbow at Miami's Quentin Richardson. Despite having nothing to do with the incident, Noah took a shot at him:
"It's unbelievable. He's a dirty player. It's one thing to be competitive and compete. But don't be a dirty player, man."
Now, Noah is unleashing even more unprovoked hatred for KG. In a report on ESPNChicago.com, Noah is quoted on the Waddle & Silvy show as saying, "He's a very mean guy...Where's the love? None at all. Ugly, too".
So why is it that Joakim Noah has all of this hatred for Kevin Garnett? Apparently, he hurt Noah's feelings.
Noah said what makes the relationship difficult is how big a fan he was of Garnett before entering the NBA in 2007.
"I had his poster in my room," Noah said. "I used to wear his jersey. And the truth is my rookie year, I was in admiration of this guy, and he kind of shut me down.
"And he was very mean to me my rookie year. And he's only mean to the young guys and the [European players], for some reason. I don't know why, but that's who he doesn't like. He's not nice. I talk a lot of trash out there, but c'mon, be a little sensitive. Be sweet."
Get over it, Joakim.


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The Daisy Heritage Collection Story
Our kind of daisy. A simple statement worthy of extravagant expression. This humble blossom has been glamorously interpreted by Asprey jewellers over generations, but never more magnificently than now: the new Daisy Heritage Collection, with petals of brilliant marquise-cut diamonds and aquamarines, more than holds its own among the rarest hothouse species.


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LOS ANGELES (AP) — All that's left of Doodles are his ashes, a clay impression of his paw and a whole lot of questions owner Patricia Cassidy has about his mysterious death.
Doodles is believed to be one of 580 dogs in the U.S. that have died in the past six years from eating pet jerky from China. Baffled by the cause and seeing another surge in illnesses, the Food and Drug Administration reached out to owners and veterinarians Tuesday to help it find the poison behind the sickening of at least 3,600 dogs and 10 cats since 2007.
Within hours of eating the suspect jerky, pets lost their appetite, became lethargic, vomited and had diarrhea and other symptoms. The strips made of chicken, duck, sweet potatoes or dried fruit were sold under a variety of brand names.
There was a decrease in 2007 after some products were voluntarily removed from the market, but the FDA said it didn't want to conduct a recall without a definitive cause. Those products included Milo's Kitchen Chicken Jerky Treats and Chicken Grillers, made by Del Monte, and Waggin' Train and Canyon Creek Ranch dog treats, made by Nestle Purina.
But in the years since, the FDA has gotten complaints from pet owners and veterinarians who have seen repeated cases of kidney failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and a rare kidney disorder, the FDA said.
The FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine has run more than 1,200 tests, visited pet treat manufacturing plants in China and worked with researchers, state labs and foreign governments but hasn't determined the exact cause of the illness.
Testing is complicated because the poison may have come from the manufacturing plant, shipping, transportation or anywhere along the way. Scientists have to know what they're looking for to test for it.
"I grew up watching 'Quincy' and 'CSI' and they have given us this look at forensics — you put samples in and answers come out the other end," said Dr. Tina Wismer, medical director of the Animal Poison Control Center of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. It doesn't work that way."
That's little consolation to Cassidy in Chattanooga, Tenn. Doodles died Sept. 9 at the age of 6. In just three months, he turned from a vibrant 16-pound shih tzu into a frail, 6-pounder who couldn't eat or drink and had so little left in him he could only vomit yellow bile.
"He was such a loving little guy and so cute. Every day my daughter will say, 'Mom, I don't know when the holes in our hearts will be repaired.'"
Cassidy promised Doodles she would wage war as long as it took to get the products off store shelves or, at the very least, labeled so people know it might be deadly.
The jerky mystery is the worst case of tainted pet food from China since 2007 when there was a nationwide recall of food made by Menu Foods and 1,950 cats and 2,200 dogs died. Kidney failure caused all of those pet deaths and the poison was found to be tainted melamine from plastic packaging in the wheat gluten. About 150 brands of dog and cat food were recalled and included some of the biggest names in pet food.
A federal grand jury indicted two Chinese nationals and the businesses they operate, as well as the U.S, company ChemNutra Inc. and its CEO for their roles in importing the poisonous products. A class-action lawsuit awarded more than $12.4 million in compensation to pet owners whose pets died from the poisoned food.
Veterinarians can only tell pet owners they don't know what's causing their animals to get sick and that's hard to do, said Dr. Karl Jandrey, an emergency and critical care vet at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis. They have treated several dogs for what they believe was poisoning from the treats, but no patient has died, he said.
Dexter, a 3-year-old, 19-pound miniature schnauzer also survived, but it cost owner Rich Phillips of North Richland Hills, Texas, about $1,200, he said.
In April, Dexter started throwing up and couldn't stop. He spent the night at an emergency clinic and the next day at the vet's. Test after test was inconclusive. The dog was given an IV and anti-nausea medicine and sent home. That's when Phillips saw the package of chicken jerky treats and knew that was the cause. "We were lucky we caught him quick," Phillips said. Dexter had only had about two of the treats and has been fine ever since that night.
No one knows how many treats a pet has to eat before it starts getting sick, said Dr Amy Bowman, regional medical director for Banfield Pet Hospital in Reston, Va.
"Some say it's a single serving, some say the whole bag," she said. Her advice is to avoid jerky treats if the label says it comes from China. There are all kinds of healthy treat substitutes, including apples, uncooked green beans and carrots, she added.
A lot of pet owners transfer food and treats into other containers at home to keep pets and pests out, but Wismer suggested keeping labels with lot numbers and manufacturers.
Imported pet food is inspected when it arrives in the United States but only randomly and to check for things like mold, Wismer said.
Dr. Barry Kellogg, senior adviser to the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association, called for increased testing and stricter guidelines on labeling of imports. If only part of a product is from China and it is put together here, labels don't have to say made in China, he said.


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From the kitchen of One Perfect Bite...I love to make this cake when I have a gang to feed. It is not difficult to prepare and the recipe produces a light, moist cake that is mildly orange flavored and quite refreshing. It works well for a morning coffee or an afternoon tea. I really like cakes that are citrus flavored and this recipe can do double duty. If you prefer lemon flavored desserts, feel free to substitute lemon yogurt, zest and extract for the orange ingredients called for in this recipe. I use a 11 x 15 x 2-inch pan to bake this cake because I like the height it produces and it allows me to feed about 30 people. If you use a larger or smaller pan, cooking time becomes variable and you'll have to monitor the cake as it bakes. I frost the cake while it's in the pan, but it can be turned out it you want a more classic presentation. I've also found I can get neater slices if the cake is cold when it is cut. I hope you will try this recipe.I know that those of you who do, will not be disappointed. Here's how the cake is made.
Orange Blossom Sheet Cake...from the kitchen of One Perfect Bite inspired by Family Circle magazine
1 tablespoon baking powder
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/4 teaspoon baking soda
3/4 cup unsalted butter, softened
1-3/4 cups sugar
4 eggs
3/4 cup milk
1/4 cup orange juice
1 6 ounce container blood orange or other orange-flavored yogurt
1 tablespoon orange zest
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1 1 pound box confectioners' sugar
2 tablespoons orange juice
2 tablespoons milk
1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract
1/2 teaspoon orange extract
1) Heat oven to 325 degrees F. Grease and flour an 11 x 15 x 2-inch baking pan.
2) Whisk flour, baking powder, salt and baking soda together in a large bowl. Set aside.
3) In a second large bowl, beat butter until creamy. Add sugar and beat until fluffy, about 2 minutes. Add eggs, 1 at a time, beating well after each addition.
4) In a medium-size bowl, mix together milk, juice, yogurt, zest and vanilla.
5) With mixer on low speed, beat flour mixture into butter mixture in 3 additions, alternating with orange juice mixture. Beat on medium speed for 2 minutes. Scrape batter into prepared pan.
6) Bake for 35 to 40 minutes, or until toothpick inserted in center of cake come out clean. Cool cake in pan on a wire rack.
7) While cake is cooling, beat butter in a large bowl until fluffy, about 1 minute. Add confectioners sugar, orange juice, milk and extracts. Beat on low speed for about 2 minutes until blended, smooth and of spreading consistency. If it is too stiff to spread, thin with an additional milk.
8) When cake is at room temperature, spread top with frosting. Yield: 25 to 30 servings.
One Year Ago Today: Roasted Strawberries and Cream Cheese Cake
Two Years Ago Today: Strawberry Tea Bread
Three Years Ago Today: Circassian Chicken - Cerkez Tavugu


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Some new undocumented features of Windows Phone Tango
Windows Phone 8773 still has a few hidden things in it
While users around the world are slowly getting the Windows Phone Tango 8773 update, a few under-the-hood changes are being noticed by users. We forced manually installed the update onto our Focus 2, Titan II and Lumia 900 with the Focus 2 (review) being our main device these days. As a result, we have had some experience running Tango and noticed a few little nuggets which we'll share below.
- New wallpapers – We first noticed this on our Tango-fied Lumia 610 but Microsoft is now including those new "nature" themed wallpapers in the Tango ROM
- Faster numeric PIN response – At least on our 8112 devices (Titan II, Focus 2, Lumia 900), when we would attempt to unlock our PIN on our phone it would sometimes be very slow and not register, requiring you to re-enter the number. While minor, it was annoying. That was fixed by updating all our devices.
- Send ringtone via MMS – We can now attach and send ringtones to others via MMS. You can only send custom ringtones though and nothing that is "in ROM". This in addition to the new "send voice note" and attach multiple images in an MMS that's found in Tango too.
- Letter indexing – On Windows Phone 7.x after a user installs 45 apps, the app list will automatically index, giving you the "letter picker" to jump to find your favorite app. The problem, albeit minor, was if you went below 45, the "letter picker" would not disappear. It was odd behavior and nothing we ever experienced but Tango evidently fixes this. [Forum]
- More reliable notifications – Many users are reporting better notifications, both Tile and Toast, with the Tango update. To be honest, we feel this has more to do with "flushing the system" than any actual optimizations, though perhaps there are a few.
Users can now share custom ringtones over MMS
Another anecdotal fix may be related to "the Internet Sharing bug" which sometimes causes normal WiFi to stop working, then forces users onto cell data unknowingly. This only occurs if you've enabled internet sharing at some point on the device. We've seen this on our Lumia 900 and so far it seems better to us under Tango, though we're still evaluating.
Things not available that were thought to be:
- Static IP for WiFi- We haven't seen this but you can reportedly enable it via a registry hack. Bad news is you need a rooted phone to do that. Some Nokia users supposedly have this though we assume it's tied to the firmware [Forum]
- Location icon – This actually not a part of Tango (8773) despite previous reports, but is part of 8779+, so don't look for it or expect it
- Export contacts to SIM – Not available though you can enable it via a registry hack, assuming you have a routed device [Forum]
Did we miss anything—specifically any new features or options? We get a lot of "this is now faster" reports but those are near impossible to verify, so we're only looking for actual new additions to Tango 8773. If you have some, let us know in comments.
New nature-themed wallpapers are now included in "Tango"
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All the latest news, reviews, and guides for Windows and Xbox diehards.
Finally, we have not seen a Tango update for any of our AT&T phones, including the Focus S, despite some isolated and unverified reports. Sorry, folks. Thanks, rockstarzzz, for the forum links
Daniel Rubino is the Editor-in-chief of Windows Central. He is also the head reviewer, podcast co-host, and analyst. He has been covering Microsoft since 2007, when this site was called WMExperts (and later Windows Phone Central). His interests include Windows, laptops, next-gen computing, and watches. He has been reviewing laptops since 2015 and is particularly fond of 2-in-1 convertibles, ARM processors, new form factors, and thin-and-light PCs. Before all this tech stuff, he worked on a Ph.D. in linguistics, watched people sleep (for medical purposes!), and ran the projectors at movie theaters because it was fun.


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Vip Escort Fortuna, California
Vip Escort Fortuna, California
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We've been passionate about libertine dating for a few years now. We test out new practices between libertines from time to time, these days it's voyeurism. We post a libertine ad with the intention of playing with a good lay during an evening of crazy fun without limits. I'm a free-spirited woman who's good at getting cocks hard. We are free mostly on weekends. My boyfriend and I can host you at our place. We look forward to seeing you soon. See you soon.
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Thank you very much for stopping by the site!
Please send any questions, comments, or bug reports, to .
Blogs, etc.
Follow us on Twitter as @ourairports: we post news, updates, etc. there.
You can read more about this site's creator in David Megginson's flying blog, Land and Hold Short.


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Director of the Project on Law and Mind Sciences at Harvard Law School (PLMS), Professor Jon Hanson has long combined social psychology, economics, history, and law in his scholarship. After PLMS hosted several conferences featuring leading mind scientists and legal scholars, Hanson collected the work of many of the contributors in a book he edited, "Ideology, Psychology, and Law" (Oxford University Press). [Introductory chapter available, here].
In the following Q&A, he speaks about the new book, the connection between law and mind sciences, and his own work in a field that has grown rapidly over the past 20 years.
What sparked your interest in the study of mind sciences and the law?
My interest has evolved through several stages. Although I studied economics in college, I did so with special interest in health care policy, where the life-and-death decisions have little in common with the consumption choices imagined in neoclassical economics. Purchasing an appendectomy through insurance has little in common with buying a fruit at the market.
After college, I spent a year studying the provision of neonatal intensive care in Britain's National Health Service, attending weekly rounds with neonatologists at London hospitals, meeting with pediatricians in rural English hospitals, interviewing nurses who were providing daily care for the infants, some of whom were not viable, and speaking with parents about the profound challenges they were confronting. Those experiences strengthened my doubts regarding the real-world relevance of basic economic models for certain types of decisions.
In law school, I studied law and economics, but tended to focus on informational problems and externalities that had been given short shrift by some legal economists at the time. After attending a talk by, and then meeting with, the late Amos Tversky, I became an early fan of the nascent behavioral economics movement.
It wasn't, however, until I spent a couple of years immersed in cigarette-industry documents in the early and mid 1990s that I felt the need to make a clean break from the law's implied psychological models and to turn the mind sciences for a more realistic alternative.
What was it about the cigarette documents that had that effect?
Well, they made clear that the tobacco industry articulated two views of their consumers – an inaccurate public portrayal, and a more accurate private view.
The first, which the industry conveyed to their consumers and to lawmakers, was of smokers who are independent, rational, and deliberate. Smokers smoke cigarettes because they choose to, because smoking makes them happier, even considering the risks. The industry thus gave consumers a flattering view of themselves as autonomous, liberated actors while assuring would-be regulators that there was no need to be concerned about the harmful consequences of smoking. Smokers were, after all, just getting what they wanted.
The second view of the consumer, which was evident in the industry's internal documents, was of consumers as irrational, malleable, and manipulable. The industry's confidential marketing strategy documents, for instance, made clear that the manufacturers theorized and experimented to discover how to target, persuade, lure, and chemically hook young consumers to take up and maintain the smoking habit. That internal understanding of consumers had nothing in common with the industry's external portrayals.
I came to the realization that, unfortunately, the latter view of the human animal is far more accurate and, furthermore, that failure to understand the actual forces behind human behavior may be contributing to injustice.
How did that realization influence your research?
In the late 1990s, I put my writing down and devoted a couple of years to learning what I could about the mind sciences – social psychology, social cognition, cognitive neuroscience, and the like. Those fields, coincidentally, were blossoming with new theories, new methodologies, and new findings and insights, most of which created challenges to the fundamental assumptions in law and legal theory.
What were some of those insights?
To keep things simple, I'll boil them down to two big ones.
First, mind scientists had learned that most people in western cultures operate with a naïve and commonsensical model of human psychology that presumes that an individual's actions reflect a stable personality or disposition and little else. From that perspective, people are presumed to be in control of, and responsible for, their behavior and its consequences.
By the way, that's the same model of human behavior that is employed in law and conventional legal theory. And it's the same model that the tobacco industry actively promoted.
The second big insight was that that model of human behavior is fundamentally wrong. People are moved less by a stable disposition and more by internal and external forces that generally go unnoticed in our causal stories. The errors go beyond our causal assessments of other people's behavior; we confuse and deceive even ourselves, believing our own reasons, when social science reveals those reasons often turn out to be mere confabulations.
What does that mean for the law?
Exactly. That's the big question. My briefest answer is: a lot. The book is one place where the contributors and I begin to sketch some of the answers.
Given the large gap between what the law assumes and what the mind sciences have shown to be true, my initial goal has been to understand the breadth and contours of that gap and to develop a better understanding of the psychological and contextual forces behind human behavior. I have resisted the strong urge to focus on only those psychological tendencies that can lead to straightforward but narrow implications for law.
Having said that, abandoning the familiar, if wrong, conception of human behavior is daunting and unsettling; it calls for establishing new knowledge structures and being open to some humbling truths about ourselves and some uncomfortable truths about our justice system.
I expect that several generations of lawmakers, legal academics, and lawyers will be grappling with the implications of what mind scientists are discovering about human behavior. Indeed, they will have to do so, if we are ever going to find meaningful solutions to many of our thorniest policy challenges.
Is this entirely new terrain?
I shouldn't give the impression that I am alone in the wilderness. The approach I've taken has its origins in the legal realism movement, and there is actually significant overlap with parts of more recent legal theoretic schools of thought, from law and economics to critical legal studies.
Furthermore, there are other scholars around the country exploring this terrain, and I have been extraordinarily lucky to work with a number of remarkable students over the years, including Melissa Hart, Doug Kysar, David Yosifon, Ronald Chen, Adam Benforado, Michael McCann, and Mark Yeboah. Most of those students have gone on to make their own path-breaking contributions to law and mind sciences.
Can you say more about how the field has evolved and your involvement in it over the last 20 years?
Well, 20 years ago, only a small but important corner of psychology known as "decision theory" or "behavioral economics" was getting much attention among legal theorists. Roughly, the research and evidence in that field disputed the "rationality" assumption of the "rational actor" model. I co-authored several articles arguing that those insights suggested that market actors could, would, and do manipulate the risk perceptions of consumers.
A decade ago, I co-wrote a pair of law-review articles ("The Situation" and "The Situational Character") introducing some of the broader insights of mind sciences and speculating on some of their implications for law. The articles were among the first of their kind, and contested even the "actor" portion of the "rational actor" model. At the time, many readers from legal academia found the research we reviewed to be foreign and hard to fathom.
Five years ago, I began the Project on Law and Mind Sciences. With then-Dean Kagan's support, some technical know-how from Michael McCann, and the aid of many outstanding students, I set up a website and blog and began holding annual conferences intended to help bridge the gap between the law and the mind sciences. In the meantime, numerous books have popularized the mind sciences, and several new law school programs and projects have been established around the country reflecting and reinforcing this burgeoning interdisciplinary approach.
As of today, the mind sciences are, well, hot. There is now almost too much scholarship for me to keep up with, judges are beginning to cite such research in their opinions, and student groups are springing up in law schools, including the vibrant Student Association for Law and Mind Sciences (or "SALMS") at Harvard Law School. Every year, I hear from more 1Ls who tell me they chose Harvard Law School because of the exciting work that we've been doing.
Are other members of the HLS faculty now employing mind sciences in their work?
Absolutely. Alan Stone has been writing and teaching about the law and psychiatry since the 1960s. Cass Sunstein and Christine Jolls, when here, were prominent leaders of the economic behavioralism movement. Several other members of the faculty employ mind sciences in elements of their scholarship and teaching. Lani Guinier, Bob Bordone, Martha Minow, Duncan Kennedy, Charles Ogletree, Bob Mnookin, Larry Lessig, Diana Feldman, Bruce Hay, Yochai Benkler, Glenn Cohen, and David Cope come to mind, and I'm surely forgetting some. Among our visitors this year, Dan Kahan and Martha Chamallas are prominent leaders in this interdisciplinary approach.
Many of us are interacting more often and more collaboratively with mind scientists in other departments of this University and beyond, and I would be surprised if we didn't add a social psychologist to our faculty in the next decade, as other law schools have.
Your book has more than 20 contributors representing different disciplines. Does their work share a common theme?
First, let me emphasize that the book reflects the work of many students and my assistant, Carol Igoe, who helped organize the conferences on which much of the book is based and who helped in the initial editing stages as part of a seminar that I taught.
To your question, I need to be quite abstract to locate one common theme. If there is a single thread running throughout the book, it is that "how we think" affects "what we think" about law. Many of the contributors – social psychologists, political scientists, legal scholars among them – also consider the effects of "what we want to believe" on "how we think."
More concretely, some authors examine the implications of the dispositionist conception of the person for the law. Others scrutinize and challenge the ideological premises of prominent legal goals, including utilitarianism and instrumentalism. Some consider the harmful effects of the "free market" ideology. Others look at the implicit motives underlying political ideologies – that is, left and right – while a few summarize evidence regarding the effects of political ideology on judicial decision-making. That's a sample.
You write that the legal system is built on a dubious ideological framework. How so?
There are several ways in which that is true. Construing "ideology" broadly to refer to shared understandings of human behavior, I'll answer by echoing what I've already highlighted. The legal system presumes that a person's behavior is the manifestation of little more than a stable set of preferences, combined with a given supply of information, activated by the person's will. Such perceived truths about what makes people behave as they do shape beliefs about why some groups are advantaged or disadvantaged or about how well certain systems or institutions operate. Unfortunately, those shared understandings are often incorrect.
How do ideology and psychology influence judicial decision making?
That's another great question, which calls for a bigger answer than I can muster here. What I can say is that there seems to be little disagreement among observers of the legal system that judicial decision making is influenced by ideology. Although some point to Roe v. Wade while others point to Citizens United as their exemplar, the disagreement is over when and how judges are swayed by ideology.
Social psychology and social cognition help us see that there is no escaping the influence of ideology, any more than a person can speak without an accent. Although we tend to hear the accents and perceive the ideologies of those who don't share our own, we all have both. So ideology is inescapable; pretending that we operate outside of ideology probably makes us more, not less, subject to its biasing influence.
More important, mind scientists have discovered some of the implicit motives and situational factors that push us toward one ideology or another, including political ideologies or legal-theoretic ideologies.
Will an awareness of mind sciences help an attorney in practicing the law?
I hope so.
Having an awareness of the power and effects of psychology and ideology on the law, a lawyer can better predict the outcomes of cases and more ably persuade jurors or judges to see a case their way.
An imperfect analogy is to a doctor who understands the underlying causes of a disease and not simply its symptoms. A lawyer who understands what is moving the law is like the doctor who understands the disease and its processes. Such a lawyer can be effective in taking on the tough, novel cases on the frontiers of the law.
Understanding the remarkable insights being generated by mind scientists similarly can help lawyers to understand and work with their clients or even to recognize and articulate injustices that might otherwise be missed.
My own teaching reflects my strong belief that law students will make better lawyers if they learn some psychology. At the very least, they will learn something about themselves.


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Amateur Telescope Making - Vol 1 [By Ingalls]
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Manufacturer Description
Title: Amateur Telescope Making - Volume 1, Subjects covered: Newtonian Telescope Mirror Making; Optical Testing; Workshop Wisdom; and Observatory
Author(s): Albert Ingalls
Other Info: 6.0" by 9.0", 590 pages, Hardbound, 2 lb item wt.
First, some history about how the Amateur Telescope Making books came to be. In the early 1920s a naturally curious fellow, Albert Ingalls, happened to read an article in an obscure magazine by an even more curious fellow, Russell Porter. The article was about the "Poor Man's" telescope and told the story of how a group of Vermont villagers built their own reflecting telescopes. It was to be a fateful event because Albert Ingalls was an editor of Scientific American magazine and telescope making was about to gain a much larger audience through America's preeminent science magazine. Ingalls and Porter would, during the next 30 years, create and inspire from others a body of literature that would eventually span a three-volume set of books.
Many people are surprised when they find out that the optics for a 6 or 8 inch Newtonian reflecting telescope can be made by hand using the simplest of tools and materials. Since the invention of the telescope about 400 years ago, telescope making has always had an amateur component. Some amateur telescope makers were fascinated by the process itself, while others (like the great observer of the night sky, William Herschel) became amateur telescope makers as a means to their ultimate objective of exploration.
Inevitably some of the more accomplished amateurs became professionals and made instruments for others, but these instruments were never cheap. Until the discovery of methods to coat glass with silver in the mid-1800s the telescope of choice was the refractorâin spite of its price. By the time aluminum replaced silver in the late 1930s, reflectors had almost completely replaced refractors in popularity. This series of books is one of the reasons why.
The ATM books were originally published at a time when it was costly to rearrange the contents once it was set in type, so with each edition and printing new material tended to be added at the back. Over the years they grew larger and less well organized. Yet, because they contained so much valuable information, telescope makers, even today, considered them to be the bible of telescope making.
These books are a rearrangement of the original three-volume work. Insofar as possible similar items are now grouped together; each as a Chapter within a descriptive Part. Chapters are usually divided into sections, subsections, etc. While the Table of Contents for a typical "ATM" of old was 2 pages it is now 3 to 5 times larger. The Index has similarly been expanded. The objective was not to rewrite but to logically rearrange the text into a more user-accessible format. Spelling, hyphenation and usage have been standardized, and errors-in-fact corrected, but almost all the original text remains fundamentally unchanged (pendulum clocks and vacuum tube photoelectric photometry articles were cut) and now makes up nearly 1,800 pages of text and illustrations devoted to practical telescope making.
Amateur Telescope Making - Vol 2 - Click Here
Amateur Telescope Making - Vol 3 - Click Here


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I have tried making baked rice dishes several times. When it comes to cooking dishes, I have a tendency not to follow the recipes closely. Somehow, I do not have the habit of measuring the ingredients, I simply estimate the amount needed. As a result, sometimes the rice will be too dry, sometimes the combination just didn't seems to be right...most of the time it turned out to be too bland or not creamy enough.
This time round, I still didn't follow the recipe exactly, but at least, I took the effort to measure the amount of cream, and the amount of chicken stock required. This actually paid off. The rice was not dry at all and it was creamy enough, though I should have added more black pepper.
My kids love the golden cheesy crust and both saved it till the last to finish off. In fact, they had a bigger rice portion than what they usually take if it they were given plain rice. I reserved a portion for my better half, and when he called to say he would be home soon, I added the cheese toppings and popped the dish into the oven. When he returned, he was pleased to have a piping hot baked rice fresh from the oven...the only thing he complained was, his portion was too small ;)
(serves 4)
1.5 cups uncooked rice
2 chicken thigh
100g fresh mushrooms of your choice , sliced thickly
some minced garlic
1 cup cream (dairy)
1/2 cup chicken stock
1 teaspoon salt (adjust according to taste)
some black pepper
some grated mozzarella cheese
dried parsley
- Wash and cook rice with rice cooker.
- Bring a pot of water to the boil, put in the chicken thigh and boil till the chicken is almost cooked. Let cool and shred the chicken into bite sizes. Reserve half cup of the chicken stock.
- Heat up a deep pan, with some cooking oil (or butter) stir fry minced garlic and mushrooms. Add in the shredded chicken meat. Add pepper and salt to taste. Continute to stir fry till the mushrooms become soft.
- Add in the cream, stir well. Add in the chicken stock and bring to a boil. (Note, always add cream BEFORE the chicken stock, otherwise the mixture may not be smooth.)
- Add in the cooked rice. Stir and let it cook for a few mins or until the sauce is almost fully absorbed by the rice.
- Place rice into a heatproof baking dish. Cover top with grated cheese.
- Bake in a pre-heated oven at 200 degC, till the cheese turns golden brown. Sprinkle with some dried parsley. Serve immediately.