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Old Calendarists
Old Calendarists are Orthodox Christians who oppose the use of the Revised Julian liturgical calendar (a calendar with similarities to the Gregorian, combined with the Orthodox Paschalion) in the early 20th century to the extent of breaking or limiting Communion with those Orthodox who use the Revised Julian calendar. Citing the 16th-century anathemas against the Gregorian calendar issued by three Patriarchal and Pan-Orthodox Synods in Constantinople, as well as various condemnations by multiple local synods, they have become some of the most vocal critics not only of the new liturgical calendar, but of ecumenism in general, which is seen as the ultimate cause of the calendar revision.
In 1920, the Patriarchal Locum Tenens, Dorotheus of Prusa, issued the Encyclical "Unto the Churches of Christ Everywhere"[1], which officially marked the entrance of Orthodox participation in the Ecumenical Movement. (See Ecumenism.) The Encyclical, tied to the formation of the League of Nations and with that end in mind, gave eleven suggestions so "that above all, love should be rekindled and strengthened among the churches, so that they should no more consider one another as strangers and foreigners, but as relatives, and as being a part of the household of Christ and "fellow heirs, members of the same body and partakers of the promise of God in Christ" (Eph. 3:6)." (par. 6.) The first of the suggestions was "By the acceptance of a uniform calendar for the celebration of the great Christian feasts at the same time by all the churches."
In 1921, a council was called in Athens, led by Metropolitan Germanos of Demetrias, the Vice-President of the Holy Synod, deposing Archbishop Meletios (Metaxakis) of Athens, who had previously known for ecumenical activity, for recognizing the revolutionary Venizelos government in Greece. Meletios was recognized as Patriarch of Constantinople on November 21, 1921, where he began his programs anew, though previously his candidacy was declined by the Holy Synod of Constantinople in 1912.
In 1923, a "Pan-Orthodox Congress" (not a normal term for any Orthodox meeting of hierarchs) was held under the presidency of Meletios composed of members, specifically six Bishops, two laymen, and an archimandrite, of a few of the local Churches (none of the members of the Pentarchy save Constantinople sent representatives). Metropolitan Anastassy of the Russian Church Abroad attended its initial meeting, having been in the area. He declared that the Synod had given him no instructions on the matter and soon departed. In total, less than half of the local Churches were represented by anyone.[2] The purpose of the meeting was to implement the suggestions of the 1920 document, along with other proposals that were largely rejected, such as the elevation of married men to the Episcopate and the remarriage of widowed priests (sessions three and four). Representatives of the Anglican Church were present at the final meetings, specifically former Bishop Gore of Oxford. At these meetings, it was decided that nothing stood in the way of Orthodox-Anglican ecclesiastical union. In response, a five-member commission in Greece (of whom then Archimandrite, later Archbishop, Chrysostom Papadopolous of Athens) determined to study the question of the use of the New Calendar and found that "Not a single one of them [local Orthodox Churches] can separate from the others and adopt the New Calendar without becoming schismatic in relation to the others."[3]
The True Orthodox Church of Greece
In 1924, the bishops of the Church of Greece, under Archbishop Chrysostom (Papadopoulos), implemented the calendar change discussed at the "Pan-Orthodox Congress" of 1923. In response, Metropolitan Germanos of Demetrias, retired in protest. The "Old Calendarist" movement arose to oppose the adoption of the Revised Julian calendar. The movement was sustained by Athonite monks that encouraged the rejection of the calendar change, hundreds of parish clergy that refused to recognize the calendar change, as well as dozens of monasteries throughout Greece. Lay groups and brotherhoods formed to keep the use of the Julian calendar alive, despite state persecution.
In 1925, perhaps the most well-known phenomenon in the Old Calendar movement occurred: a large cross over an secret Old Calendar Church in 1925 during the feast of the exaltation of the Holy Cross, witnessed by approximately two thousand people, including police intent on arresting the clergy of the group, many of whom converted that night.[4]
In 1935, after more than 10 years, three Metropolitans, Germanos of Demetrias, the former Metropolitan of Florina, Chrysostom (Kavouridis) and Chrysostomos (Demetriou) of Zakynthos declared the Archbishop of Athens as schismatic and declared:
"Those who now administer the Church of Greece have divided the unity of Orthodoxy through the calendar innovation, and have split the Greek Orthodox People into two opposing calendar parts. They have not only violated an Ecclesiastical Tradition which was consecrated by the Seven Ecumenical Councils and sanctioned by the age-old practice of the Eastern Orthodox Church, but have also touched the Dogma of the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. Therefore those who now administer the Greek Church have, by their unilateral, anticanonical and unthinking introduction of the Gregorian calendar, cut themselves off completely from the trunk of Orthodoxy, and have declared themselves to be in essence schismatics in relation to the Orthodox Churches which stand on the foundation of the Seven Ecumenical Councils and the Orthodox laws and Traditions, the Churches of Jerusalem, Antioch, Serbia, Poland, the Holy Mountain and the God-trodden Mountain of Sinai, etc....That this is so was confirmed by the Commission made up of the best jurists and theologian-professors of the National University which was appointed to study the calendar question, and one of whose members happened to be his Blessedness the Archbishop of Athens in his then capacity as professor of Church History in the National University...Since his Beatitude the Archbishop of Athens has by his own signature declared himself to be a Schismatic, what need do we have of witnesses to demonstrate that he and the hierarchs who think like him have become Schismatics, in that they have split the unity of Orthodoxy through the calendar innovation and divided the Ecclesiastical and ethnic soul of the Greek Orthodox People?"[5]
From April 23rd to April 26th 1935 the ordination of four new bishops took place. Ordained were the Archmandrites: Germanos (Barikopoulos) as Bishop of Kyklades, Christoforos (Hatzis) as Bishop of Megaris, Polycarp (Liosis) as Bishop of Diavleia, and Bishop Matthew (Karpathakes) of Bresthena).[6]
The Florinite/Matthewite schism
By the 1940s, two parties had formed within the Church of Greece: the Florinites (under Metropolitan Chrysostom (Kavourides) of Florina) and the Matthewites (under Bp. Matthew (Karpathakis) of Bresthena). The schism originated in Metropolitan Chrysostom's hesitation to consider the mysteries of the State Church as graceless, whereas the adherents of Bishop Matthew (the "Matthewites") maintained the rigorist position: that State Church was schismatic and therefore graceless.
In 1948, Bishop Matthew singlehandedly consecrated another bishop, and together they made more new bishops, furthering the rift and causing many former Matthewite clergy to join ranks with the Florintes. After the death of Bishop Matthew, however, Chrysostom of Florina reaffirmed the decision of 1935 declaring the New Calendar State Church as schismatic. The declaration had as its motivation to heal the Matthewite schism. Nonetheless, the irenic gesture went unheeded and the Matthewites proceeded to elect Archbishop Agathagelos to the rank of Primate of Athens in 1958.
The Florinites
After the death of Metropolitan Chrysostom, the Florinites had no bishops, and Metropolitan Chrysostom advised his flock to go under the protection of the Matthewite bishops. Fearing the repercussions, however, the Florinites opted to seek a new hierarchy and appealed to Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia to help them. In 1960, Archimandrite Akakios Pappas was made a bishop with the title of Bishop of Talantion for these communities without the official blessing of the ROCOR Synod by Archbishop Seraphim (Ivanov) of Chicago[7] and Bishop Theophilus (Ionescu), an anti-communist Romanian bishop under the ROCOR, whose parishes followed the new calendar. The following year, the ROCOR elected and ordained Archimandrite Petros Astyfides as Bishop of Astoria in order to serve as archpastor of the Greek Old Calendarist immigrant communities in the United States and Canada. Later Bishop Akakios of Talantion and Archbishop Leontius (Filipovich) of Chile[8] of ROCOR ordained five more bishops in Greece. Thus in 1961, Akakios of Talantion became the new First-Hierarch of the restored Florinite Synod. He died, however, in 1963. The Synod thus proceeded to elect Auxentios Pastras, Bishop of Gardikion, to be their new leader as Archbishop of Athens. The ROCOR under Metropolitan Philaret recognized the validity of the consecrations in 1969.
Divisions within the Florinites
The Restored Florinite Synod of the True Orthodox Church of Greece was fraught with problems by the 1970s, and two major separations occurred during the lifetime of Archbishop Auxentios. However, few doubt that Archbishop Auxentios himself was of a saintly character, albeit a poor bishop. Recently there have been attempts to rehabilitate his memory (Archbishop Auxentios died in 1994); most of his synod, barely held together by the 1980s. In 1979, two Florinite Metropolitans, Kallistos of Corinth and Antonios of Attica, unilaterally consecrated seven Archimandrites to the episcopacy in an attempt to counteract the irregularities they perceived in the administration of Archbishop Auxentios. This led to the formation of the short-lived Kallistite Synod, most of whose members reconciled themselves with the main body of the Florinite Synod by 1985.
The Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece: In 1986, Archbishop Auxentios was removed from the Archdiocese of Athens and the leadership of the Old Calendar Church of Greece. The Florinite Synod chose in 1986 a new leader in Archbishop Chrysostom (Kiousis), who demonstrated rather effectively that the True Orthodox in Greece were a force to be reckoned with. Choosing to take on the Greek legal system, court cases were held where it was demonstrated that the Old Calendarists of Greece were not schismatics. Though their public reputation had been tarnished over nearly two decades of divisions, their legal existence was, and is presently, safe. The synod of Archbishop Chrysostom of Athens represents today the main body of the True Orthodox Church of Greece. IN 2010, Archbishop Chrysostomos fell asleep in the Lord and was succeeded by Archbishop Kallinikos (Sarantopoulos).
The Auxentios Synod: Archbishop Auxentios was removed in 1986 by the Florinite Synod on account of a series of controversial episcopal ordinations conducted in the early 1980s with his apparent consent. Having the support of the dissenting minority of bishops, Auxentios proceeded to form a counter Synod. He died in 1994, having failed to reconcile with the Florinite Synod under Archbishop Chrysostom. The remaining parishes of the Auxentios Synod, however, elected Archbishop Maximos of Kephalonia as president in 1995. However, after a series of questionable ordinations and maladministration by Archbishop Maximos, the Auxentios Synod dissolved in the mid 1990's. In 2006, clergy and a bishop (Metropolitan Athanasios of Larissa) from the Auxentios Synod reconciled themselves with the main body of the Old Calendar Church in Greece and were admitted into the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom. In North America, the parishes loyal to Auxentios under the American Bishops organized around Holy Transfiguration Monastery in Boston (HOCNA), left the Synod, and elected Makarios of Toronto as locum tenens of the see of Athens. Since 2008, HOCNA has been in a cordial dialogue with the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom in hope of establishing closer ties.
The Synod-in-Resistance of Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili: The Synod in Resistance has its origins in the short-lived Kallistite Synod of 1979-1985. While its official ecclesiology is peculiar, the amount of work that Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili and his synod have done to assist the True Orthodox Church of Greece throughout the world is impressive, and must be noted. The church itself is rather small, but has been very effective in presenting intellectual arguments against the Church of Greece. It is headed by another defector from the Auxentios Synod, Cyprian (Koutsoumbas) of Fili, and holds an ecclesiology of "sick" and "healthy" churches, thus avoiding the repercussions that inevitably follow referring to the majority as subject to a schismatic body. Their ecclesiology is considered heretical by some of the more rigorist elements of the True Orthodox, although they were condemned on an ecclesiological basis by the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom of Athens in 1986. In 2008, the Synod in Resistance and the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom met for a number of high-profile meetings in the hope of developing closer ties.[9]
The Makarian (Lamian) Synod: In 1995, a resistance faction of six bishops formed within the synod of Chrysostom (Kiousis) and separated itself over what they claimed to be a series of canonical infractions, headed by Metropolitan Kallinikos (Hatzis) of Lamia. The charges related to the trial of Metropolitan of Thessaloniki Euthymios (Orphanos), who had been charged with moral infractions, and the election of Bishop Vikentios (Malamatenios) of Avlona as Metropolitan of Peiraeus. By early 1997, the movement had fragmented into three groups, one of which reconciled with Archbishop Chrysostom (Kiousis). A second group, Paisios Loulourgas (Met. of America) and Vikentios Malamatenios (titular Bp. of Avlona), submitted to the Ecumenical Patiarchate. Later that same year, Kallinikos of Lamia and Euthymios of Thessaloniki proceeded to ordain five titular bishops in an attempt to create a new synod. In 2003, they finally decided to elect a primate, and elected Makarios (Kavakides) of Athens. A good deal of their membership was then lost, as many who did not see themselves as separate from the Kiousis synod were forced to decide between the two.
The Matthewites
For all the negative press the Matthewites have received over the years due to the strictness of their position, their church has been strangely free from long lasting schisms. Only two separations are worthy of note from the main body, and while they had the potential to destroy the unity that exists within the Matthewite True Orthodox Church of Greece, they did not. The first Primate of Athens selected by the Matthewites was Agathangelos of Athens, who reposed in 1967. Andreas of Athens, one of the original three bishops made, was elected to the primacy in 1972; unitl his death in 2005 he was one of the oldest and longest-reigning of Orthodox bishops in the world.
Divisions within the Matthewites
The Synod of Archbishop Nicholas: In February, 2003, Archbishop Andreas of Athens retired, and Archbishop Nicholas of Athens, considered by many to have a progressive vision for the Matthewite church, was elected. Extremely popular with younger Matthewites, Archbishop Nicholas seems generally poised to keep the Matthewite synod united. However, it has been advanced that Archbishop Andreas retired in violation of the canons.
The Gregorian Synod: Under the primacy of Andreas of Athens, there were virtually no divisions in the Matthewites until 1995, when Metropolitan Gregory of Messinia separated with a small majority of the synod (five versus four), ostensibly over the issue of the "God the Father" icon and the related issues of Western-style icons in general. However, with the deaths of three of their bishops, the remaining two split, one remaining completely alone from the eldest hierarch, and the with Gregorios of Messinia naming three more bishops (Abramios, Pavlos, and Nectarios).
The Synod of Metropolitan Kirykos: Originally not a schism proper, Metropolitan Kirykos and two other bishops of the synod refused to recognize the retirement of Archbishop Andreas or the enthronement of the new Archbishop, but continued to remain a member of the Synod of Archbishop Nicholas. Finally, in 2005, after several attempts, the Synod of Abp Nicholas endeavored to depose Metropolitan Kirykos, who has since added five Bishops to his Synod in a number of countries.[10]
The True Orthodox Church of Romania
In 1924, Metropolitan Miron of the Church of Romania introduced the New Calendar for use in the Church. Although most Romanians accepted the change, the skete of the Protection of the Theotokos in northern Moldavia rejected it. In 1925, led by Hieromonk Glicherie, some of the brethren left the skete to start an Old Calendarist group. When, in 1926 and 1929, Metropolitan Miron ordered Pascha to be celebrated according to the Gregorian Paschalion, a large number of faithful, including Russian émigrés, left the Church of Romania and joined the Old Calendarists. By 1936, the Old Calendarists numbered about 40 parishes. Beginning in 1935, at the order of Metropolitan Miron, the Old Calendarists were under persecution. By 1940, ten Old Calendarist priests had died in prison, and all of the Old Calendar churches had been shut down. Hieromonk Glicherie was imprisoned, but, at the beginning of World War II, released. By 1950, with the release of Hmk Glicherie and other priests from prison, many of the churches were rebuilt. In 1955, Metropolitan Galaktion left the Church of Romania to serve the Old Calendarists, and immediately ordained new priests and deacons. However, he was soon arrested, and placed under house arrest in Bucharest. While under house arrest, Metropolitan Galaktion consecrated three other bishops, including Hmk Glicherie, who, in 1957, became the Metropolitan of the True Orthodox Church of Romania. Since 1980, the Synod has been in full communion with the Synod of the True Orthodox Church of Greece presided by Metropolitan Kallistos of Corinth, then with the Holy Synod in Resistance presided by Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili. The Synod also maintains communion with the Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria, headed by Bishop Photii. From 1994 to 2007 there was full communion with the Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia (ROCOR), but with the rapprochement between the ROCOR and the Moscow Patriarchate, communion with the ROCOR was severed.
The majority of the faithful are in communion with the Synod in Resistance (see "Metropolitan Cyprian of Fili" above) and the Romanian Old Calendar Orthodox Church, but are an autonomous Church - The Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria - and comprise a few dozen parishes under Bishop Photii of Triaditsa.
Ecclesiastical status
The ecclesiastical and canonical status of the various Old Calendarist jurisdictions is complex. Some regard themselves as being the only true Orthodox Christians and thus view the mainstream Orthodox Church as being in apostasy. As such, they do not share either communion or concelebration with the mainstream churches. Other Old Calendarists (typically those "in resistance") have suspended concelebrations with mainstream clergy, but will still commune the faithful of mainstream jurisdictions. They thus see themselves as a reform movement within the Orthodox Church. The question of canonicity follows much the same sort of patterns.
Views from the mainstream Orthodox on the Old Calendarists range from trying to heal the various breaks in communion or concelebration to outright declarations that such groups are themselves apostates, that is, no longer Orthodox.
Alternative Hierarchies
These churches refrain from both concelebration and communion with the mainstream Orthodox churches, regarding the hierarchies of the official churches to have apostasized and placed themselves outside Orthodoxy. In response, they have fully developed Synods in contrast to the official Church: for example, as there is an Archbishop of Athens, a rival Archbishop of Athens is elected to the see. With few exceptions, the Russian groups have not done the same due to the political climate, although the Rus-OC under Metropolitan Damascene of Moscow claims jurisdiction over the territory of the Patriarch of Moscow.
Such a claim is usually accompanied by the position that the corresponding official body is completely schismatic.
Churches "in resistance" or "walled off"
These churches refrain from concelebration with the mainstream Orthodox churches, but do not consider themselves schismatic, nor have they formally declared the mainstream churches without grace. In general, they set up alternative hierarchies that use the names of sees that are not used by the state Church in question[11].
It is said that they would also communicate the faithful of those churches after confession. A notable exception is the Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Romania, who receive members of the New Calendar Churches by Chrismation.
Churches listed by Country or Jurisdiction
North America
These are the dioceses of larger Synods in North America:
- Genuine Greek Orthodox Church of America, Metropolitan Diocese of America (Synod of Archbishop Chrysostom)
- The Center For Traditionalist Orthodox Studies: Spiritual and monastic center for the Synod in Resistance in the U.S.
- Matthewite Parishes in America under Abp Nicholas of Athens
- Matthewite Parishes in America under Metr Kirykos of Mesogaia
Groups claiming "Autonomous" status within America
These are bodies which claimed independence from their parent churches.
- Genuine Orthodox Church of America, under Archbishop Gregory of Denver
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/photii_2.aspx Bishop Photii of Triaditsa, "The 70th Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress", Orthodox Life, 1&2, 1994
- ↑ Journal of the Government of the Greek Kingdom, chapter 1, 24/25. 1. 1923, No. 8, see also OEM, 1989, Chapter 17, p. 73, as noted in [2]
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ [4] Cited in Moss, New Zion in Babylon, Part 3, p. 92
- ↑ [5]
- ↑ [6]
- ↑ [7]
- ↑ [8]
- ↑ The Genuine Orthodox Church of Greece under the Omophorion of Metropolitan Kirykos of Mesogaias and Lavreotikis.
- ↑ [9]
- Vladimir Moss, New Zion in Babylon: A History of the Orthodox Church throughout the World in the Twentieth Century (2010), Part II
- Vladimir Moss, New Zion in Babylon: A History of the Orthodox Church throughout the World in the Twentieth Century (2010), Part III
External links
General Information
- Paradosis: The Original Internet E-mail Forum for Traditionalists
- The Euphrosynos Café: A Portal and Forum for all Old Calendar Orthodox Churches
- (Greek)
Christodoulos (Paraskevaides) of Athens. "ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟΝ ΠΕΜΠΤΟΝ. - ΙΙ. ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΣ ΔΕΥΤΕΡΑ 1935-1947: Η ανταρσία των τριών Μητροπολιτών και αι μακροπρόθεσμοι συνέπειαι αυτής." In: ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΚΑΝΟΝΙΚΗ ΘΕΩΡΗΣΙΣ ΤΟΥ ΠΑΛΑΙΟΗΜΕΡΟΛΟΓΙΤΙΚΟΥ ΖΗΤΗΜΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΤΕ ΤΗΝ ΓΕΝΕΣΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΕΛΙΞΙΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΕΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΙ. Myriobiblos.gr. Retrieved: 2013-08-14.
- (Discussion of the three bishops who in 1935 declared their separation from the official Church of Greece: Metr. Germanos (Mavrommatis) of Demetrias (1907–1935); Metr. Chrysostom (Kavourides) of Florina (1926–1932), a retired bishop; and Metr. Chrysostomos (Demetriou) of Zakynthos)
Relevant Articles
- The Calendar Question, by Fr. Basil Sakkas
- The Old Calendar Greek Orthodox Church: A Brief History, by Bishop Ambrose of Methone
- 1973-2003: Thirty Years of Ecclesiastical Developments, by Bishop Makarios of Petra
- An Ecclesiological Position Paper for Orthodox Opposed to the Panheresy of Ecumenism, by Metropolitan Cyprian of Oropos and Phyle
- The Ecclesiological Position of the Old Calendar Orthodox Church of Bulgaria, by Bishop Photii of Triaditsa
- The True Orthodox Church in Opposition to the Heresy of Ecumenism: Dogmatic and Canonical Issues, a text drawn up by the True Orthodox Churches of Greece and Romania, and the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad
- The Problem of Conservative New Calendarism, by Hieromonk Maximos (Maretta)
- Abbot Gabriel of Dionysiou Monastery on Mount Athos, Greece, on the calendar issue and the Old Calendarists
- Anti-Patristic: The Stance of the Zealot Old Calendarists, by Monk Basil of the Holy Monastery of Saint Gregory (Grigoriou), Mount Athos
- Old Calendarist Responses to the above link:
- A Rejoinder to Fr. Basil Gregoriates and an Apology for Breaking Communion with Ecumenist Bishops. by Hieromonk Maximos (Maretta)
- The Deficient Scholarship of Monk Basil's Comments on the Allegedly Anti-Patristic Stand of the So-Called Old Calendarist Zealots, by Hieromonk Patapios (Barker)
- A Response to the above article by Hieromonk Patapios:


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"My mother just gets … impulsive. She has these ideas about things …"
That's 17-year-old Norman Bates (Freddie Highmore) in the premiere episode of "Bates Motel," explaining to his admiring new teacher, Miss Watson (Keegan Connor Tracy), why he's been bounced around to five different high schools. His mother Norma (Vera Farmiga) has just moved them from Arizona to White Pine Bay, a sleepy coastal Oregon town, following the tragic (accidental?) death of her second husband. Apparently Norma has valid reasons for her impulsive behavior. Either that, or … she just goes a little crazy sometimes.
We've heard that line before; it's from Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 horror/suspense classic "Psycho," in which motel owner Norman (now in his twenties and played by Anthony Perkins) is revealed to be a homicidal psychopath, driven to murder by an extreme case of split personality.
Inspired by Hitchcock's film (and to a lesser extent, Robert Bloch's 1959 novel, which describes Norman as a pudgy, bald 40-ear-old), "Bates Motel" is being billed as "a contemporary prequel," allowing an exploration of teenage Norman's unraveling psyche in a present-day setting. It's a savvy ploy by veteran TV showrunners Carlton Cuse ("Lost") and Kerry Ehrin ("Friday Night Lights"), combining pre-"Psycho" history with new twists and turns while catering to all the commercial obligations (pop song soundtracks, social-net promotions, etc.) of TV in the age of Facebook and Twitter.
Forget about those good-and-bad "Psycho" sequels and that ill-conceived "Bates Motel" TV movie from 1987; this "Bates Motel" is a stand-alone series with its own set of unsolved mysteries. Some of Hitchcock's iconic imagery remains: The 12-room motel and adjacent Gothic house (exterior sets that have been a centerpiece of the Universal Studios tour for decades) have been faithfully recreated, and the perfect casting of Highmore ("Finding Neverland") makes it easy to connect the troubled-teen Norman with Perkins' memorable original. We also get a hint of Norman's future hobby: taxidermy, another connection to Perkins' character.
A sampling of the first three episodes reveals a few other subtle nods to Hitchcock, and by lucky coincidence, Farmiga (especially with her blonde hair pulled back in a bun) is a physical match for the stuffed corpse that is shockingly revealed in the climax of "Psycho."
That we're familiar with Norma's fate adds another layer of spooky psychology to "Bates Motel." We know this story won't end well for Norman and his mother, but their "Psycho" destinies are still years in the future, and "Bates Motel" is subtly propelled by an underlying sense of dread and foreboding.
The show's original plot elements are more conventionally designed to appeal to TV's most coveted, young-skewing demographic, placing "Bates Motel" on a pop-cultural continuum with series created and/or produced by Kevin Williamson ("The Vampire Diaries"), Joss Whedon ("Buffy the Vampire Slayer") and Cuse's "Lost" partner J.J. Abrams ("Alias"). The high school setting is distinctly Whedon-esque, with popular, good-looking kids like Bradley Martin (Nicola Peltz) toting smartphones and playing nice with new-kid Norman while nerdy classmate Emma (Olivia Cooke) copes with Cystic Fibrosis (requiring constant use of an oxygen tank) and recruits kindred-spirit Norman in her quest to solve White Pine Bay's darkest mystery.
It's here that "Bates Motel" introduces plot elements that may (or may not) ensure its viability a an ongoing series. After a violent intrusion by the motel's disgruntled previous owner (who lost the property to foreclosure), Norma and Norman suddenly have a capital crime to conceal, just as the entire town is hiding secrets of its own. White Pine Bay is Oregon's answer to Humboldt County, California: its thriving economy is built on huge, carefully guarded pot-growing farms. And while Sheriff Romero (played by "Lost" alumnus Nestor Carbonell) pursues a possibly sinister agenda, Deputy Shelby (Mike Vogel) finds himself attracted to Norma -- and harbors a cellarful of secrets that give Buffalo Bill's (from "The Silence of the Lambs") a run for their money.
Add some underground sex trafficking — not to mention the unwelcome arrival of Norman's black-sheep half-brother Dylan (Max Theriot) — and you've got enough bad behavior to keep "Bates Motel" percolating for at least its debut season, but anything beyond that remains to be seen (or ordered). Directed by series coproducer Tucker Gates, the premier episode effectively introduces character dynamics that hold promise for revelations to come: Norman is clearly struggling with intensifying "mommy issues," and raging hormones only add to his bottled-up anxieties.
Norma has her own problems: She's a maternal menace, an overprotective manipulator with a martyr complex. When she's not guilt-tripping Norman as he yearns for high-school normalcy, she encourages intimacy with her boy that's too close for comfort. "We belong to each other," she reminds Norman, fueling the Oedipal complex that Hitchcock subtly alluded to in "Psycho."
The role hints at tantalizing possibilities, and it's safe bet that the fiercely talented Farmiga (an Oscar nominee who earned well-deserved praise for directing and starring in "Higher Ground") would not have signed on without assurances of sustainable quality. Based on its first three episodes, "Bates Motel" is off to a promising start. Whether it lasts until Norma's inevitable rendezvous with mortality is, at this point, anybody's guess.
90 minutes
Nicola Peltz as Bradley Martin
Vera Farmiga as Norma Bates
Freddie Highmore as Norman Bates
Mike Vogel as Deputy Zach Shelby
Olivia Cooke as Emma Decody
Keegan Connor Tracy as Miss Watson
Max Theriot as Dylan Massett
Nestor Carbonell as Sheriff Alex Romero


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An editorial board of distinguished academic specialists, including the Library's Americana curator Victor Hugo Paltsits and historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, endorsed the publication's pioneering method. In turn, the series helped legitimize non-textual documents as scholarly resources and interpretive tools. The Pageant also made scholarship accessible to a popular audience in an engaging, intelligent manner, an approach subsequently employed successfully by other publishers that extends today into the realm of documentary film and public television.
The organization presents a rich if uneven visual history of the United States to the start of the Modern Era; it also provides a window into the early historiography of the field of American history and American studies. The folders of "unpublished" photographs may also represent the residue of editorial selection: a promisingly labeled folder may turn out to contain very little of pictorial value.
Ralph Henry Gabriel (1890-1988), Yale University history professor (and founder and past president of the American Studies Association) was one of the first academic historians to recognize and promote the research value of documentary pictorial materials. He was especially sensitive to their role in interpreting history to an educated general audience. In addition to The Pageant of America, he edited the Library of Congress's Series in American Civilization, served actively in the American Historical Association, and was the author of several high school and college history texts.
For each thematic Pageant series volume, Gabriel and his authors gathered potentially suitable photographs, grouped them topically, selected them, and, chapter by chapter, researched them for publication. Gabriel was enterprising in his quest for images and acquired historical prints as well as contemporary photographs. The original photographic prints consist of original albumen, platinum, and silver gelatin prints ranging from mid-19th century cartes-de-visite portraits and Civil War views to 1920s news agency coverage of post-World War I economic summits and college football. At the high end, they include work by such major photographers as Alexander Gardner, William Henry Jackson, Timothy O'Sullivan, Rudolph Eichmeyer, Edward S. Curtis, and Man Ray.
File prints from commercial photo agencies such as Brown Brothers and from government bureaus such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Army Signal Corps, are also well represented as are prints from the public relations offices of industrial corporations such as Consolidated Edison and International Harvester. Often, gelatin silver copy photographs represent earlier works in notable public and private archives including non-paper formats such as daguerreotypes. (Not surprisingly, the Library was also a source-copy photographs from the Spalding Baseball Collection are numerous.) Many of the prints in the 'published' series bear crop-marks and printer's instructions. However, only a portion of the photographs assembled by Gabriel and his co-authors were actually reproduced in the volumes; the unpublished remainder had been rejected or deleted for inclusion for a variety of reasons, but was not discarded.
When viewed as an entire archive, the published photographic images (visually accessible to researchers via several editions of the printed volumes) are substantially amplified and enriched by photographs that were collected but not selected for reproduction. (A much smaller cache of reproductive and printed pictorial materials in the original archive was transferred into the Picture Collection and the Print Collection.)
Some topics within the unpublished materials simply do not appear in the printed volumes at all. For example, volume 10, American Idealism by Luther A. Weigle (1928), an historian of religion, emphasizes the role of organized religion. However, within the unpublished photographs for that volume reside folders concerning secular Reform Movement subjects treated lightly if at all in the published series, e.g. folders "Child Labor," "Prison Reform," and "Housing Conditions (Tenement)."
Other topics exist in multiple locations within the unpublished materials or are treated in a different published volume altogether; for example, volume 10, American Idealism, has unpublished photograph folders headed "Abolition" and "Slavery," topics actually dealt with in volume 13, Builders of the Republic by Frederic Austin Ogg (1927), and in volume 9, Makers of A New Nation by John Spencer Bassett (1928), which also have corresponding folders on those topics. And, again in volume 10, the "Portraits" folder includes cabinet card portraits of suffragists Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton whose cause is entirely absent from that printed volume. (Folders of unpublished "Portraits" exist for nearly all fifteen volumes.)
Gabriel's thematic framework is expressed in the organization of the volume titles, in the published chapter headings, and -- significantly -- in the folder titles of the unpublished photographs. Through the original archival order it is possible to explore and study the deeper workings of the series's evolution. The selection, rejection, and re-assignment of particular themes and topics for which pictures were assembled -- preserved in the collection's arrangement -- welcomes further analysis resulting in a deeper understanding of Gabriel's and his collaborators' perception of American history.
Gabriel, Ralph Henry, ed. The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States. Independence edition. [1925-29] 15 v.


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Are you passionate about the fight against Alzheimer's? Do you want to get more involved with the Alzheimer's Association and Walk to End Alzheimer's - Greater Omaha? Join the Greater Omaha Walk Planning Committee and help shape the movement to end this disease.
Committee members are the heart of the event, planning everything from the kick off to the wrap up. Some members focus on growing the event by recruiting teams and sponsors, others coordinate logistics and some work on promoting the event in the community. There's a role for everyone!
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20 Halloween Pumpkin Fails
Between your foolproof stencil of Justin Bieber's face and an endless supply of premium 99 cent carving tools, you probably envisioned yourself minutes away from that dreamy pop star pumpkin glowing all over your neighbors' jealous faces. What could go wrong?
Everything. One false measurement, too many slices, a couple spilled pumpkin ales and your foxy glowing Bieber just morphed into a festively plump Barbara Walters. You are not alone my friend.
We did some deep digging and soul searching and found other failed Halloween masterpieces that suck almost as bad as yours. Check out our special collection of pumpkins and owners who've also failed to reach their true carving potential.
Justin Bieber...or ellen degeneres?
We're pretty sure this artist was aiming for a Justin Bieber carve. Sure we've got a few lines of sweeping hair, but who wants to pinch the cheeks of a football shaped head? Not this guy. This ones for all you "Beliebers" out there and absolutely no one else.
Team Jacob? edward? who knows?
This artist titled their piece 'My Ode to Twilight' so we'll go ahead and assume Edward Cullen and Bella Swan are somewhere in there. Or at least they used to be before some 'Twilight' hater came along and kicked a hole in the pumpkin. Either way, extra points for the bloody ketchup tooth.
A Tribute (?) to Steve Jobs
The late Steve Jobs may have come to appreciate this stern pumpkin likeness of himself. We bet $5 the iPhone 6 will be able to carve a better one all by itself.
biggie smalls or boss hog?
Carved by someone with the "coincidental" moniker 'Christopher Wallace,' this is a grand attempt at replicating the image of Notorious B.I.G. While his features are a bit on the narrow side, maybe it's hard to find a pumpkin large enough to contain Biggie Smalls. Either way, let's chop some more Benjamins and scantily clad ladies up in there, shall we? Otherwise he looks a lot like the rotund bad guy who played the Duke Brothers.
stay classy, san diego
We think this one is supposed to be Ron Burgundy, Will Ferrell's 'Anchorman' character, but honestly we're not sure. Could be 'Magnum PI,' Geraldo, or possibly Hall from Hall and Oates. That's between the pumpkin builder and his god.
tanooki mario or carmen miranda?
This little number was found appropriately titled 'My Tanooki Mario with Down's Syndrome.' Since it's doubtful that a chromosomal condition was in the artist's initial plan for Mario's pumpkin fate, we have to toss our Italian plumber friend here in the fail pile. Friends don't let friends eat Goomba mushrooms and carve.
drunk obama
According to pumpkin carver juliemar: "My attempt at Obama ... kinda looks like he got socked in the nose and his eyes went goofy but hey, it works." We don't know about a fist fight, but it sure looks like those White House recipes for home-brewed beer are coming in handy.
pumpkin meets patrick bateman
Yep, we have no idea what this pumpkin was supposed to be as creator sycamade apparently "over-carved and it just went downhill from there." Just goes to show when life gives you lemons, stab them to death with kitchen tools until they look pretty.
hungry demon dog
Not all folks go for the gusto of celebrity pumpkin carving. People love their pets. They love their pets so much they want them on their pumpkins. With dogs toys in their mouth. Like a.. umm.. err.. a squeeky rocketship. Also, we're not totally convinced this dog isn't Zuul from 'Ghostbusters.'
try to carve yoda, you did
Here we have Yoda. He may have gone a little more Jabba on us here but never forget word of the wise: "Size matters not. Look at me. Judge me by my size, do you? Hmm? Hmm. And well you should not. For my ally is the Force, and a powerful ally it is." Or Yoda got depressed, ate many ice creams and salad toppings he did.
toaster cylon or frankenberry?
As stated by artist soozums, "It started out as a toaster Cylon [from 'Battlestar Galactica']. Ended up looking like what would happen if Darth Vader, Predator, Frankenstein and a Cylon all hooked up at a really rockin' party." Cylon or not, you and your failed nerd pumpkin are appreciated.
Bieber Pumpkin Returns
On to Bieber attempt part deux. So we yet again have sweeping hair, plus girly lips, and a few more details than the last. We just can't seem to get lost in the big holes that have replaced those chocolate brown Bieber peepers. We could be falling for Tinkerbell, Ellen, or even half of that cute lesbian couple that lives down the block. Who knows?
jenny from the pumpkin patch
This pumpkin, titled 'J-Lo,' gives us no doubt that Jennifer Lopez herself is sitting before us. Looking classier than ever with her Gucci diamonds, gummy eyeballs and four sets of false teeth, we can't help wondering if this Puerto Rican pumpkin is the real Jenny come back to the block.
kim kardashian, nightmarish pumpkin
This pumpkin beauty in her long black weave and bikini is none other than beloved reality star Kim Kardashian. Proving that when all else fails with carving, paparazzi photos and fake golden pumpkin boobies will surely save the day.
does snooki pumpkin love pumpkin ale?
This masterpiece was found titled "Snooki," so "Snooki" it shall be. Up on her tan and topped with a Guidette hair poof, the lack of leopard print and fist pumps has us wondering if this is an Italian-American hotel staffer or the Chiquita Banana lady sans fruit bowl. Question: if Snooki Pumpkin ferments, can she get drunk on herself?
michael jackson or ashton kutcher?
'Thriller'-loving hopefuls Alex and Mina noted: "Michael Jackson kinda turned into Neil Diamond, but we still love him." Agreed. Maybe next time try carving him while rocking a sweet crystal rhinestone glove on one hand. We hear they have magical carving powers.
d'oh! freaky homer pumpkin
These folks named him "Homer," but we think there may be a circus or two in this pumpkin's future. The bright eyes and bloated lips make him seem more at home on a tightrope than at Moe's. Well, at least as a freaky clown pumpkin he might still scare the Jujubes out of little children on Halloween. Mmmm...Jujubes.
can't read my pumpkin face
Fuzzy boa and vented glasses, all hail miss Lady Gaga pumpkin. The pumpkin who gets a big fail stamp for not being covered in meat with at least six other costume changes ready to go. The little monsters will be so disappointed.
hunka burnin' fail
A pumpkin titled "Elvis" gets kudos for a sweet black rockabilly pumpkin hairdo, with a thumbs down paint job. (It looks a bit like Rosie O'Donnell.) We vote someone slap a lip snarl on there quick before old broads with gambling addictions start throwing themselves on your Wayne Newton pumpkin stage of a porch.
ultimate pumpkin fail
Herpes. The worst pumpkin ever.


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Today's Names to Know: Pats-Colts, Ben Roethlisberger, MLB Instant Replay, Curt Schilling, Greg Maddux, Derrick Rose, Dennis Franchione, Jason Terry, Steelers fans and More!
Sports Media: The Pats-Colts game drew the highest TV rating for a Sunday afternoon game since 1987, which is as far back as CBS' records go. This could confirm that Pats-Colts 2007 was not just the Game of the Year in the NFL, but the regular-season Game of the Century (this or last). In an era of extreme consumer fragmentation, this is one of the most remarkable statistics I have seen in a long time.
The Colts deny they artificially create noise in the RCA Dome: Sure they deny it. Wouldn't want to ruin that pristine image by admitting that they cheat. (The NFL cleared the Colts of any chicanery. Of course, the NFL has a vested interest in maintaining the facade that the Colts are the league's golden boys, in contrast to the Pats, who are the new Raiders.)
Steelers thump Ravens: I think
MLB GM Meetings: I can't understand the resistance to instant replay. They're talking about home-run "in-or-out" calls foul-line "in-or-out" calls. That's a start. (They need plays at the plate, but that will never happen.) Regardless, I can imagine this as a clusterf--- waiting to happen, because you know the implementation will be brutal. (Here's my think about instant replay: If it's good enough for the NFL and college football -- and even the NBA, at end of quarters -- then I'm not quite sure how it's not good for MLB.
MLB Hot Stove: Curt Schilling returning to Red Sox? That makes sense. (Plus, he's managing the Red Sox in the Sporting News' Strat-o-Matic recreation of the 1986 season, in which I'm managing the Cubs. Here's a link. The season starts today, and my Cubs begin with a series against their rival St. Louis Cardinals, managed by one of their most prominent fans.)
Greg Maddux IS returning to the Padres: 1Y/$10M, to extend his Hall of Fame career. Get to the ballpark to see this legend while you still can.
College Hoops: The Derrick Rose Era has begun. It will be a one-year stop in
The "official" AP preseason All-America team was announced: Hansbrough, Hibbert, Lofton, Neitzel, Collison. I would agree with Hansbrough and Lofton (and maybe Collison), but I'm not so sure about the rest.
More CFB: I/we will blissfully take a break from analyzing the BCS rankings. (But here is my weekly Deadspin CFB post, if you haven't seen it yet.)
NBA: Are the Rockets this year's breakout team? In a game against their in-state rivals from
Business: The Steelers may have been bumped from the top as


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Home » Art-Historic » EFI XIROU. IANNIS XENAKIS: Charisma X
EFI XIROU. IANNIS XENAKIS: Charisma X
A documentary film that presents the visionary work and ideas of Iannis Xenakis - structured around musical performances, interviews and testimonies from his collaborators. With performances by Sylvio Gualda, Elisabeth Chojnacka, Benny Sluichin, Frances-Marie Uitti, Lori Freedman, Christophe Roy, and Spiros Sakkas. Xenakis speaks and is seen in rare archival footage of performances of Polytope de Mycenae, La Legénde d?eer and the opera Oresteia. It examines his architecture, including the Philips Pavilion at Expo 58, the convent of La Tourette and his own house in Corsica, and investigates the UPIC - Xenakis? pioneering system which allowed music to be composed by drawing on a computer screen - a culmination of his quest to turn forms realised in space into sound.
Code: Mode218DVD
Price: £18.75


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It's not every LACMA staffer who is involved in putting together an exhibition and who also finds his face in the show. Such is the case for Ryan Linkof, Ralph M. Parsons Curatorial Fellow in the Wallis Annenberg Photography Department, and the current exhibition The Sun and Other Stars: Katy Grannan and Charlie White. Unframed's Stephanie Sykes walked through the exhibition with Ryan to discuss what the inclusion of his school portrait means to the exhibition.
Installation view, The Sun and Other Stars: Katy Grannan and Charlie White, © Charlie White, photo © 2012 Museum Associates/LACMA
How did you end up as part of Charlie White's exhibited research material?
I helped Charlie and his assistant put together this piece, which is a purpose-built installation of teen ephemera, dating from the 1940s through the present day. The images are taken from teen and tween magazines and vintage advertisements that Charlie has collected over the years. Some of it he'd had for decades; some of it he got on eBay; some of it he had his assistant buy that day from Walgreen's. His intent was to show the production and manufacture of the blonde teenager as a central part of the American mythology of youth.
As I was helping him, I was looking at a picture of Ricky Schroder from the mid-1980s and jokingly mentioned that I looked a little bit like him as a child. He laughed and said, "I can imagine," and asked me to send him a picture. I knew I had this school portrait that was a point of shame and embarrassment for me for a long time, but which now I quite like. I used to fear that my friends would see it because it highlights all the naïve tween vulnerability that I really wanted to dispel in my later teen years. There's something about those feathered bangs and pink and purple lettering that doesn't exactly shout masculinity, which is something I worried about as a teenager.
I sent him the image, and he immediately said he wanted to include it. So, there I am.
How do you feel your image sits amongst the others?
It fits well within the piece. There's a naïve, blonde, happy quality that I'm exuding that is definitely part of the celebrity culture Charlie captures. A lot of this exhibition plays with the real versus the prosthetic. At what point does the mythology of teen life become reality, and vice versa? This picture is not contrived for public distribution, and I was very much that pink-cheeked child. The fact that I resemble so closely these other produced identities—which are carefully designed and marketed for mass consumption—speaks to the ways in which the manufactured image and the lived reality of a particular type of youth experience is often one and the same, both feeding off of one another.
It's interesting that this image was in some ways a source of shame for you, yet here it sits in an installation examining the idealized American youth. When you were younger, did you have any concept of your pop culture appeal? Did you realize you were a part of this culture?
I was an avid consumer of all these things. I had an older sister and read all these magazines, so in some way I was absorbing this visual culture.
It's hard to say if I was aware of my role within the system of pop culture back then. At a certain point in my life, I really wanted to be in the entertainment industry, so yes, I suppose in some way I wanted to be part of it and wanted to look like that. I mean, look how happy I seem!
Installation view, The Sun and Other Stars: Katy Grannan and Charlie White, © Charlie White, photo © 2012 Museum Associates/LACMA. Ryan's photo is in the lower right corner.
The Sun and Other Stars: Katy Grannan and Charlie White fixates on the aspirational. I see that in your picture as well. The Yale sweatshirt reveals a desire to be more than just a pretty face, to show that there's a brain to go with it.
I grew up in a really small rural town in Oregon with poor public schooling, so the notion that I was going to go to Yale was a big hope and dream. It's a slightly different aspiration than what's happening in the exhibition's other works, which is really more of a desire to be famous or seen or known, but there's still an element of desire that I think is similar.
Aspiration is a large fixture of Katy Grannan's section of the exhibition, the idea of hoping against hope that the impossible can be possible. That especially comes to play in her film piece, The Believers.
Now that you're all grown up and no longer wearing your Yale sweatshirt, whose series of portraits do you relate to more: Katy's or Charlie's?
I still have so much pop culture in me. I love teen movies and sugar pop music, but at the same time I have a serious academic side and really appreciate eccentricity. There is something about the uniformity of this celebrity culture that is nauseating and even dangerous, but is also part of its appeal. I think that's Charlie's interest—not that he's celebrating the culture, but examining the power of the recycling of visual tropes. My heart is really with Katy's subjects in the sense that she's interested in individuals, and Charlie's quite the opposite, looking for uniformity and the evacuation of individuality. Seen like this—with all of these blue eyes staring out at you—there's something even ugly about this kind of unblemished beauty. These kids are part of a machine designed to tell people how they should and shouldn't look.
Which is literally what Charlie White's A Life in B Tween discusses: that life is more beautiful when it comes at you through a machine.
Yes, and through a camera, which is a part of the logic in Katy's contribution to the exhibition. For some people, life is only fulfilling when they're being photographed. They only exist if someone is there to document them.
That's certainly true of the woman who plays and lives as Marilyn Monroe (Melissa Weiss). She seems only to truly be herself when she's in front of the camera, ironically, when she's performing someone else's identity.


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Mirror spell of illusion
This spell tricks the person that you like to trick in there mind.
Casting Instructions for 'Mirror spell of illusion'
You will need the following items for this spell:
- Three black candles.
- Two red candles.
- One white candle.
Candle Colors
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Chinese legal activist Chen Guangcheng has said to The Associated Press that "he was told Chinese officials would have killed his wife had he not left [the U.S.] embassy," the wire service reports.
It also writes that "Guangcheng says a U.S. official told him that Chinese authorities threatened to beat his wife to death had be not left the American Embassy."
And the AP adds that he "says he now wants to leave China [and] fears for [his] family's safety."
Also, "activist Zeng Jinyan told The Associated Press on Wednesday via Skype that Chinese officials forced Chen to choose between going into exile alone or staying in China with his family."
Those accounts vary from the word earlier today, via U.S. officials, that Chen had freely decided to leave the U.S. embassy, where had been staying for the past week or so following his escape from house arrest, and that Chinese officials had made assurances that he would be safe.
The latest news underscores, though, the expressions of unease we reported about earlier.
Update at 4:25 p.m. ET. So, What's Going On Here?
Assistant Secretary of State Kurt Campbell, who was at the center of the negotiations over Chen after the activist arrived at the U.S. embassy, told NPR's Michele Kelemen today that:
"I probably was in 30 or 40 hours of conversation with him. Every single discussion was about the possibility of how to go back and live a more normal life in China and what we could do to help in that effort. Never once did he talk about asylum or coming to the United States. And I think he fully recognizes what are some of the challenges that people who come to the United States in these circumstances face.
"I do believe that he has anxiety about the period ahead, but I also know from my discussions with him that he feels that the United States and the people that he's worked with and others and nonprofits, just an enormous number of supporters will be behind him as he goes forward. And I think in this set of circumstances, that's the best you can ask for.
NPR's Corey Flintoff adds this from his reporting today:
"Veteran China watchers say that the U.S. officials who negotiated the deal for Chen to leave the embassy and the Chinese officials who approved the deal may be feeling burned by later Chen's statements.
" 'This was really hard for the Chinese to do,' says Susan Shirk, head of the 21st Century China Program at the University of California. Shirk says the deal was apparently made over the objections of 'hard-line voices at the top' of China's political hierarchy.
" 'It was pretty amazing diplomacy by the two sides—achieving the outcome Chen wanted,' she adds.
"Jeffrey Bader, who served in the Obama administration as a National Security Council adviser on China, says there's good reason to believe the State Department officials who say they never conveyed any threat from the Chinese to Chen.
"Bader, now a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, notes that the Americans negotiated as a multi-member team, so there wouldn't be any ambiguity about what was agreed upon.
"On the other hand, Bader says, Chen is a dissident who was beaten and jailed, 'so he has a reasonable basis for concern.'
"Bader adds that Chen and the people he's associated with have at least two good reasons to keep him in the spotlight: to keep attention on his cause and also, to assure him of some measure of safety by keeping him under media scrutiny."
Update at 3:05 p.m. ET. Chen Tells CNN He Wants To Leave China:
Chen has told CNN that "if he stays here, he will not live," the news network's Stan Grant just said on the air. Chen also said he "feels he's been let down by the United States," Grant reported, because while in the embassy he was "cut off from the news and was encouraged to leave." After leaving the embassy, Chen told CNN, he learned from his wife about ongoing threats to her life from authorities.
Update at 1 p.m. ET. U.S. Says It Did Not Relay Any Threats:
NPR's Michele Kelemen reports that the U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland says in an email that "at no time did any U.S. official speak to Chen about physical or legal threats to his wife and children. Nor did Chinese officials make any such threats to us."
Nuland adds, though, that "U.S. interlocutors did make clear that if Chen elected to stay in the embassy, Chinese officials had indicated to us that his family would be returned to Shandong, and they would lose their opportunity to negotiate for reunification."
Nuland also says that:
"At no point during his time in the Embassy did Chen ever request political asylum in the US. At every opportunity, he expressed his desire to stay in China, reunify with his family, continue his education and work for reform in his country. All our diplomacy was directed at putting him in the best possible position to achieve his objectives."
Our original post — "Will China Follow Through On Assurances About Activist's Safety?"
The dramatic news that U.S. officials have escorted blind Chinese legal activist Chen Guangcheng to a hospital after receiving assurances that he won't be put back under house arrest raises a key question:
Will Chinese authorities follow through on those assurances?
"He was escorted from the [U.S.] embassy to the hospital. But, frankly, he can't be escorted around China for the rest of his life," Richard McGregor, Washington bureau chief for The Financial Times said earlier on Morning Edition.
As he pointed out, "in the past, Chen was actually snatched from the capital" by authorities from his home city. "Who's to say what can happen in the future? ... Assurances only go so far."
As NPR's Louisa Lim added, "a lot depends on how this now plays out."
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has gone to China for previously scheduled discussions, seemed to acknowledge the uncertainty in a statement sent to reporters:
"I am pleased that we were able to facilitate Chen Guangcheng's stay and departure from the U.S. embassy in a way that reflected his choices and our values. I was glad to have the chance to speak with him today and to congratulate him on being reunited with his wife and children.
"Mr. Chen has a number of understandings with the Chinese government about his future, including the opportunity to pursue higher education in a safe environment. Making these commitments a reality is the next crucial task. The United States government and the American people are committed to remaining engaged with Mr. Chen and his family in the days, weeks, and years ahead."
For his part, Chen told Clinton, "I want to kiss you," during a phone call following his departure from the U.S. embassy — where he had been staying since escaping from house arrest on April 22.
Chen, a self-trained lawyer, had run afoul of authorities in recent years because of his work to expose a campaign of forced abortions. He reportedly injured himself during his flight from house arrest.
Chinese authorities have asked the U.S. to apologize for allowing Chen to seek shelter at the U.S. embassy in Beijing. Until today, American officials had not acknowledged their role in the affair.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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I tried different variations of Yellow cake lookalikes,but never got around to baking the real one.Having several trusted recipes up my sleeve,I knew I shouldn't delay it further.I got the perfect excuse to bake when we got invited to a friends' place for lunch.I also had to use up some dark chocolate ganache remaining from the cake I made for a friends' birthday.
This recipe is named My favourite Yellow Cake and is from PW's Tasty Kitchen.
Yellow Cake -
Yields 2 8' cakes-I halved the recipe
Sugar - 2 cups
Oil - 1 cup
Vanilla Extract - 1 tsp
Eggs - 4
All-purpose Flour - 2 1/2 cups
Baking Powder - 2 tsp
Salt - 1/2 tsp
Milk - 3/4 cup
Sour Cream - 4 tbsp(I used Yogurt)
Preheat oven to 175C.
Grease/Line an 8' round pan.
Beat in eggs one at a time.
Add flour mixture and milk/sour cream alternately to the sugar mixture.Mix until combined.
To Serve
Chocolate Ganache - 1/2 cup
Smear the top and sides of the cake with the ganache and swirl with a palette knife lightly.You could also fill the cake with the ganache.
- I used normal granulated sugar and had to beat for a couple of minutes for the sugar to mix well(after adding the eggs).Next time I am using fine sugar or else sugar powdered in the mixie.
- The cake stays soft and moist even after refrigerating because of the oil added,but if you are frosting the cake with the ganache,leave it outside to come to room temperature and then serve.
- Use good quality vanilla extract which most of the times masks the eggy smell entirely.I find beating the eggs for a while till they turn light and fluffy makes the cake devoid of the eggy smell too.Having said that,this cake does not smell eggy at all.(too many eggy in one sentence,sorry:)


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Azelaic acid is effective in treating a number of skin conditions, such as acne, inflammation and hyperpigmentation. It is naturally present in the skin and is also found in other sources, including wheat, rye and barley.
The Acne Treatment
Azelaic Acid is naturally antibacterial which makes it a great treatment for acne. When applied topically, it reduces the growth of bacteria in a follicle, helps to reduce inflammation and remove dead skin cells to prevent future acne breakouts.
Azelaic Acid can be used on just about any skin type, including sensitive skin, as it has the ability to reduce inflammation. Anyone with rosacea, especially those with acne rosacea, will find it makes an excellent treatment for calming and soothing their inflamed skin.
How Does Azelaic Acid Work?
Although Azelaic acid is often manufactured industrially for use in products, the ingredient is produced by several species of grain, including wheat and barley. In its natural form, azelaic acid performs a vital role in protecting the cells of plants. When a species of plant that produces azelaic acid comes in contact with a potentially harmful pathogen or substance, the plant releases azelaic acid, which triggers the production of another substance known as salicylic acid, an important chemical that is necessary for fighting off the potential threat.
Azelaic Acid can be used on just about any skin type, including sensitive, as it has the ability to reduce inflammation.
In industrial settings, azelaic acid is made by passing ozone through oleic acid. This important raw material may be obtained from one of the natural source grains for azelaic acid, from another plant or animal that makes oleic acid or through industrial synthesis. After manufacturing, azelaic acid is combined with additional ingredients to produce creams, lotions and gels.
Skin care brands and pharmaceutical companies that produce azelaic acid make formulations with specific concentrations of azelaic acid and indicate the concentration by a percentage. For example, a cream that contains 4% azelaic acid would receive 4% of its volume from the presence of the ingredient.
Can I Get It Without a Prescription?
Azelaic acid is available both with and without a prescription. Prescription strength versions of azelaic acid are sold under more than five different brand names and typically are of 15% -20% concentration. Over-the-counter formulas usually contain 10% azelaic acid. Beauty brand Rodial are very popular for packing this key ingredient into their products:
Fighting Acne
In 2002, the FDA approved azelaic acid for the treatment of acne. The most common skin care problem in the world, acne occurs when the pores become clogged and an infection develops. Often, bacteria are among the debris that forms the clogs. Upon its application to the skin, azelaic acid penetrates the pores and causes bacterial cells to die.
Although doctors do not fully understand how the phenomenon occurs, many believe that azelaic acid prevents bacterial cells from producing proteins that are necessary for their survival. Once the bacteria cells die, the infections in the pores clear up quickly, leading to the disappearance of acne.
Azelaic Acid is naturally antibacterial which makes it a great treatment for acne.
However, those who do not suffer from acne due to bacterial infections receive no benefit from using the ingredient. For this reason, physicians typically recommend discontinuing the use of azelaic acid if results are not seen within one to two months of starting treatment.
Lightening the Skin
Since 2007, azelaic acid has found a secondary use in the skin care industry. Clinical studies indicate that the acid has the ability to lighten the skin. Scientists believe this occurs because the ingredient interferes with the production of melanin. This skin pigment is responsible for giving the tissue its natural color and when over-produced, is responsible for discoloration. Azelaic acid's ability to reduce the amount of melanin in a specific region of skin tissue makes it popular in products meant to treat melasma, age spots and freckles.
Some products contain 20% azelaic acid in combination with 2% glycolic acid. The latter ingredient is an alpha hydroxy acid, a substance that dissolves the chemical bonds between skin cells. Products that contain azelaic and glycolic acids decrease the amount of melanin in the skin while exfoliating the discolored cells. As a result, they have the potential to eliminate hyperpigmentation much more quickly.
Although azelaic acid is not known to pose a risk for serious health complications, the ingredient can cause minor side effects. Among the most common complaints associated with the use of the ingredient are redness, stinging, burning and dryness. Side effects are more common with higher concentrations of the ingredient.
Love Skincare? discover our edit of the mandelic acid skin benefits. |


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It'll be springtime for Mel Brooks when the American Film Institute presents him with its highest honor, the Life Achievement Award.
The writer and director of comedy classics including "The Producers," ''Blazing Saddles," ''Young Frankenstein" and "History of the World: Part I" will receive the award at a gala tribute next June, AFI announced Friday.
The 86-year-old Brooks is the 41st recipient of the honor, which has gone to Hollywood legends including Orson Welles, Bette Davis, Elizabeth Taylor, Steven Spielberg, Meryl Streep and Morgan Freeman. He's one of only 14 people to have won an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar and Tony award.
The AFI ceremony will air in late June on TNT and Turner Classic Movies.
Copyright AP - Associated Press


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The first night in the hospital after Divine was born the nurse came in with a screaming, inconsolable infant and said, "Your baby is hungry."
What? Who? Mine? It was so strange to hear those words: "your baby". Such a huge adjustment to have this helpless little baby so entirely dependent on you, and it's unlike anything because there's no school, no degree, nothing to truly prepare you for something so life altering, not to mention significant.
Like how after a wonderful, thick full head of hair during pregnancy sometimes falls out to the point of panic after the baby is born. Or how all you have to do to get rid of the flakey scalp on a newborn is add a bit of baby oil and lightly rub during bathtime. Or how just when you think I can't do it anymore, your baby will give you a little smile, making all the sleepless nights and dirty diapers worth it.
I could see (and smell) instantly why she loved it so much. Boudreaux's Butt Paste doesn't have a medicine-y smell like so many other diaper ointments do, and it works. Period. It stays, it protects and it makes that pesky diaper rash go away or never even attempt a visit in the first place. I've used it on all 6 of my kids and love to share that little bit of advice if any mom ever asks me if I've got a good solution.
Boudreaux's Butt Paste can be found on Facebook. Not only do the people at Boudreaux's keep your baby's bottom happy, they want to make you smile as well. Watch their video for an instant laugh.
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Foreclosure v.s. Power of Sale
Tuesday Dec 27th, 2016
ShareIn the unfortunate circumstance that a homeowner is past-due on their monthly mortgage payments, they pave the way for a "foreclosure" on their property. In today's market, banks and other lenders do not turn to foreclosure to take away the homes of homeowners who are in arrears. Instead, they perform a "Power of Sale" which is wholly different from a Foreclosure. What is a Foreclosure? Foreclosures are laborious, grueling, and costly to both the... [read more]


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Secretary of State John Kerry is asking China's government to help ease tensions on the Korean peninsula, where North Korea has issued threats of war as it tests its weapons systems. The top U.S. diplomat met with Chinese President Xi Jinping in Beijing just days before a North Korea-promised missile test.
"That meeting with the president ran over by quite a lot," NPR's Louisa Lim reports from Beijing. "And afterward, Kerry said it couldn't have been more constructive, and more forward-leaning."
The United States and China will "underscore our joint commitment to the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula in a peaceful manner," Kerry said, according to the AP.
Kerry has said his goals include getting China to stop the flow of money into North Korea, which operates under international sanctions but counts China as its main economic and political ally. It isn't clear whether Kerry was able to get Chinese officials to promise to apply pressure on North Korea; no details of any possible agreements were released.
But as The Washington Post reports, Kerry's bargaining chips in Saturday's discussions included "the possibility that if North Korea gave up its nuclear weapons capability the United States might reverse military moves in the region that have unnerved China, including additional missile defenses in Guam and Japan."
Kerry's meetings included a session with Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi, who said, "China is firmly committed to upholding peace and stability and advancing the denuclearization process on the Korean Peninsula."
That sentiment isn't a new one for China, as Louisa tells Weekend Edition Saturday host Scott Simon.
"China's top priority is stability," she says. "It wants the status quo. It wants North Korea as a buffer state between it and South Korea. So it might not be willing to do anything that might destabilize North Korea."
Kerry will travel to Japan Sunday, as his tour of East Asia continues.
North Korea's missile test is timed to coincide with the anniversary Monday of the birthday of its founder, Kim Il Sung, grandfather of current leader Kim Jong Un.
As the Two Way reported Friday, it remains possible that North Korea's young leader "might soon declare 'victory' and stand down," after U.S. and South Korean military forces conclude joint exercises in the region.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Reducing greenhouse gases and saving the polar bears tend to dominate discussions on climate change. But to the booming world population, one climate change issue may be even more pressing – hunger.
A new report by a leading international relief agency warns that climate change will increase the risk of large spikes in global food prices in the future, and lead to more hungry people in the world. That's because extreme weather like droughts, floods and heat waves are predicted to become much more frequent as the planet heats up.
"Our planet is boiling and if we don't act now, hunger will increase for millions of people on our planet," says Heather Coleman, climate change policy adviser for Oxfam America, which released the report today.
The combination of the severe drought in the U.S. this summer and droughts in Eastern Europe led to a sharp increase in world food prices in July, according to the World Bank. And the world's poorest are particularly vulnerable to spiking food prices, because they use most of their income on food.
As we reported last month, some of the sting may be yet to come. The drought in the U.S. is particularly hard on animal feed, and increases in meat prices may be on the way as a result, although they are not predicted to be as high here as you might expect.
Still, any price increases can make it difficult for poor families to get enough food, even in rich countries. For example, before the recession in 2008, one in 10 U.S. households couldn't find enough food. (The government calls them "food insecure.") For 2010 and 2011, as Pam Fessler reports, that number has increased to one in seven households.
But poor countries in Africa and the Middle East stand to suffer most. That's due in part to the fact that different countries handle price spikes differently.
For example, price swings between 2007 and 2008 resulted in an 8 percent increase in the number of malnourished people in African nations, according to a report by the Food and Agriculture Organization.
Meanwhile, large, stable countries like China were able to stabilize grain prices for their people, but smaller countries were vulnerable to high global prices.
In 2010, when an extreme drought in Russia shriveled its crops, food prices there increased, so Russia banned wheat exports, which sent global grain prices soaring.
As climate change makes extreme weather events even more common, the Oxfam report warns that spikes in global food prices may "become the new normal."
As we reported earlier this year, the relationship between climate and hunger is a complex one.
But there are ways people are trying to protect the most vulnerable from the effects of climate change, says Siwa Msangi, a fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute.
Investments in water storage and irrigation systems can help countries get through droughts. Paving roads and improving ports can help prevent floods from disrupting food supplies. Better feeding programs can also help poor people keep their families fed despite price spikes, Msangi says.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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It's National S'more Day, so you've got a good reason to indulge in the gooey goodness.
But what if you're nowhere near a campfire? How can you replicate the taste of a chocolate-marshmallow-graham cracker s'more fired up and fashioned en plein air?
Autumn Martin has a solution: Smoke the chocolate chips, create a s'more cookie. At her bakery in Seattle, Hot Cakes Molten Chocolate Cakery, she does just that. "The taste of a campfire," she swears.
Smoking has been a way of cooking and preserving food for about as long as man has been cooking with fire. Native Americans smoked fish. Jews smoke brined meat and made pastrami. Then there's the smoked brisket of the American South.
Martin grew up with smoked meats in Brier, Wash. Her dad is a woodworker who smoked steelhead, deer and bear. "I love the process. I love the flavor," she says.
And even though the technique is usually associated with savory foods, early on in her culinary career, Martin decided there had to be something a pastry chef could do.
It took her awhile to get the hang of it. Martin once tried smoking orange slices and failed — she says they tasted terrible. But at Seattle's Theo Chocolate, where she was head chocolatier, she melted and smoked chocolate for a creation she christened the Big Daddy: Handmade graham cracker crust, vanilla-infused caramel and a marshmallow, all covered in chocolate and drizzled with a smoked chocolate flourish.
When she struck out on her own, she knew she wanted to keep smoking chocolate, but it had to be different.
She opted to use a cold smoking process, the way one would go about making say, lox. Heat is still involved because, well, you can't make smoke without fire. But the food is neither cooked nor heated, which is what Martin wanted. She wanted her chocolate chips intact.
In the smoker Martin uses, alder chips are heated electrically. The smoke is then captured and diverted via tube, which cools it down. The smoke is then redirected into a different container where chocolate chips lie on racks.
She smokes 40 pounds of chocolate chips at a time in a process that takes between five and seven hours. After trying hickory wood ("too bitter") and cherry ("too tangy"), she settled on alder.
"It's very subtle but still smoky," she says.
Back at Hot Cakes, where she sells pitchers of milk as well as grilled chocolate sandwiches, her s'more cookie is listed for sale with a special "Thank you!" to the Girl Scouts.
The exact origin of the s'more is unknown, but its invention and popularization is largely credited to the Girl Scouts, says spokeswoman Michelle Tomkins.
A 1927 book, Tramping and Trailing with the Girl Scouts, actually features a "Some More" recipe. Here's an excerpt:
8 bars plain chocolate ("any of the good plain brands")
16 marshmallows
8 sticks
Toast two marshmallows over the coals to a crisp gooey state and then put them inside a graham cracker and chocolate bar sandwich.
Though it tastes like "some more," one is really enough.
Which prompts the question: Why don't the Girl Scouts make a s'more cookie?
No one in the Girl Scouts organization has yet figured out how to mass produce a proper-tasting s'more cookie for sale, says Tomkins, — unless you count the s'more cookie by Autumn Martin, former member of Girl Scout Troop 1492 back in Brier.
Copyright 2012 KNKX Public Radio


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We are super excited for you to join us on our first LCSR so cial event of this spring term! We are planning to get together for an ice -skating session on Thursday January 26th @6:00 pm< /em> at the JHU ice rink\, followed by an informal happy hour at the Charles Village Pub (we are not providing fo od or drinks this time). The ice rink on the night of the 26th is dedicated to JHU grad students\, so it's a good opportunity to mingle w ith peeps from other departments as well! If you are intereste d in joining us\, please sign up on this google form – we will be taking in people on a first co me first serve basis.
We currently have 27
available tickets open only to LCSR students. However\, you are free to b
ring in extra guests by signing them up yourselves at this link<
/a> (please read through JHU's policy on bringing in non JHU affiliated gu
ests on their website). We will be meeting up at Hackerman breezeway
Lastly\, we wanted to emphasize that the aforementioned d ate is TENTATIVE and weather dependent. Should t he clouds bless us with rain on that Thursday\, we will need to postpone t he event. We will send an email on Monday January 23rd to confi rm the final date\, but it will most likely be a Thursday or Friday either the week of January 23 or 30.
Looking forward to cruisi ng with you soon ⛸⛸!
\nTickets: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAI pQLSf35TqIHkRdGBtobJCT-4t5E-Bw8DE6sFffGxIxjF5489vW_Q/viewform.
DTSTART;TZID=America/New_York:20230126T180000 DTEND;TZID=America/New_York:20230126T193000 SEQUENCE:0 SUMMARY:GSA Ice Skating Social URL:https://lcsr.jhu.edu/events/gsa-ice-skating-social/ X-COST-TYPE:external X-TAGS;LANGUAGE=en-US:gsa X-TICKETS-URL:https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf35TqIHkRdGBtobJCT- 4t5E-Bw8DE6sFffGxIxjF5489vW_Q/viewform END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT UID:firstname.lastname@example.com DTSTAMP:20240625T212722Z CATEGORIES: CONTACT: DESCRIPTION:Bagels!
DTSTART;TZID=America/New_York:20230206T103000 DTEND;TZID=America/New_York:20230206T130000 SEQUENCE:0 SUMMARY:GSA: Bagel Day URL:https://lcsr.jhu.edu/events/gsa-bagel-day/ X-COST-TYPE:free X-TAGS;LANGUAGE=en-US:gsa END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


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About Us
Western Horseman: Yesterday and Today
By Randy Witte
Western Horseman magazine began in 1936, which makes it one of the oldest horse magazines in the world. To glance back at the magazine's history is to survey much of the history of the horse industry in North America, because Western Horseman was there to champion the formation of breed associations and registries, research and record horse history, and publish accounts of the care, breeding, and use of horses through the decades.
When the first issue was printed and distributed in January 1936, interest in horses was waning in the United States. Founding Editor and Publisher Paul Albert knew it all too well as he watched horses being displaced by automobiles and tractors, and promptly dispatched to the slaughterhouses.
Paul later wrote of that era: "Horses were worth practically nothing and thousands were being slaughtered each year for dog food, the dog having replaced the horse in public affection and the machine having discarded the horse in transportation and power." He created The Western Horseman as a voice for the horse, to show people that horses were still useful in a variety of ways on farms and ranches, and that they could have a bright future as recreational animals. The magazine's motto was, "For the Admirer of the Western Stock Horse."
Paul, his wife, Worth, and a secretary and friend named Dorothy Smith made up the magazine staff. They worked "within the lighted circle of the kerosene lamp," Worth later wrote, in the Albert's' ranch house. Their ranch was located in the rolling hills near Lafayette, Calif., about 20 miles from San Francisco. There Paul and Worth ran a small herd of cattle, bred Arabian horses and did their best to keep western riding alive. They operated a "one-day dude ranch" on weekends, hosting visitors who paid 75 cents for an hour's horseback ride.
By the time that first issue of The Western Horseman appeared, Paul had quit his job as a traveling salesman for heavy equipment to devote full time to the ranch and to publishing the magazine. Worth recalled that "finances were nil. But with the idea and a stubborn determination, scraping here and pinching there, we finally managed $200 to edit and print our first issue."
That first issue of the magazine sold for 30 cents per copy, with subscriptions listed at $1 per year. Included was news on horse shows and rodeos, technical advice, and the first in a series of well-researched articles written by Paul and titled "The Romance of the American Stock Horse."
Bob Denhardt was an early contributor to the magazine, and served years later as its editor, after he had been instrumental in the formation of the American Quarter Horse Association. He was a student at the University of California at Berkeley when The Western Horseman was launched, and came to the Albert's' ranch looking for a place to ride.
In the January 1937 issue, author F.D. Haines wrote about the remnants of a breed of horse called the Palouse, a name which some had corrupted into Appaloosa, he explained. There weren't many Appaloosas left, he wrote, and urged those who had them to "register and establish the type before it is too late." The Appaloosa Horse Club was organized in 1938.
Paul wrote an editorial in that same 1937 issue urging preservation of the Western horse. Remember, this was prior to the formation of the American Quarter Horse Association (in 1940), and even the name Quarter Horse was not affixed to a particular type of horse.
"A West without cow horses would be a disappointment to everyone," he wrote. "It would pay us to well consider this thought. Some (people) stand calmly by, never lifting a hand to save our gallant friend and greatest attraction, the Western horse. The pages of The Western Horseman are dedicated to this work. It is a good work and an unselfish one."
In the fifth anniversary issue, Paul noted that with the aid of publicity from The Western Horseman, four new horse organizations had formed: the Palomino Horse Association, the Appaloosa Horse Club, the Albino Horse Club and the American Quarter Horse Association.
Paul was only 40 when he died of cancer, and his magazine was only seven, but he lived long enough to see his efforts on behalf of the Western horse begin to pay off. W.K. Albert replaced P.T. Albert on the masthead of the January-February 1943 issue, and Worth remained editor for the next four issues of the magazine.
The Western Horseman was sold to John Ben Snow in the summer of 1943, and moved to the Speidel headquarters in Reno, Nevada. This came about because John Ben was an avid horseman throughout his life, and a top executive at Speidel, a chain of newspapers spanning the country. The Speidel staff put the magazine out until John Ben decided to move it to Colorado Springs in 1948. He lived in town, had a horse and cattle ranch north of the Springs, and felt he could best take the magazine under his wing and help it grow if it was close by. He arranged for construction of the magazine's office on the north side of town in 1949. The two-story structure is patterned after the well-known Palace of the Governors in the old town square in Santa Fe, New Mexico, and is a familiar Colorado Springs edifice in its own right.
The magazine has continued to grow and evolve through the years. The Western Horseman became simply Western Horseman in later years. Logo type, layout and design also have changed whenever the staff felt there was a reason for it, and circulation has expanded to nearly 200,000 subscribers and newsstand buyers. What hasn't changed through the years, however, is the magazine's philosophy. Through 12 editors and four changes in ownership, Western Horseman has remained dedicated to horses and the people who use them, primarily in the West.
After John Ben Snow's death in 1973 at age 89, the magazine became employee-owned, and stayed that way until 2001, when the Western Horseman board of directors and employees voted unanimously to sell to Morris Communications.
Morris owns several newspapers throughout the country, as did Speidel (which later was acquired by Gannett). But Morris also has a variety of magazines, including a handful of horse publications. The Western Horseman staff felt that Morris Communications, headed by W.S. "Billy" Morris III, a dedicated horseman himself, was an ideal company to carry on the philosophy and tradition of Western Horseman in the 21st century.
Western Horseman has been the leader in its category through the years partly because the people who have worked for the magazine also have been involved in the horse industry, with interests ranging from horse shows and rodeo, ranching, trail riding, polo and cutting. No other horse publication carries such a wide variety of topics, which include equine health care, training, breeding, competition, packing and trail riding, ranching, horse and human personality features and historical articles.
Western Horseman has stayed true to its roots, and readers of the publication in 1936 - those who are still with us, typically feel "at home" with the magazine today. Contemporary readers who run across those early issues find them fascinating.


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One week after pausing with about 40 feet to go, Russian scientists today announced that they have successfully drilled through two miles of ice to reach Lake Vostok — a body of water the size of New Jersey that hasn't been touched for millions of years.
The Google translation from Russian on this webpage is a little rough, but you can see that the team says the breakthrough came over the weekend.
Now, as The New York Times reports, the Russians say that an initial spurt of water that rose up from the lake has frozen in the drill hole — as expected. It's likely that water has been contaminated with some of the chemicals used during the drilling. The plan is to return next December and only then draw clean water from the lake.
As NPR's Richard Harris and others have reported, the drilling has been going on for about many years. Scientists are eager to see if anything might be living in the lake and might add to evolutionary science.
Lake Vostok is warmed by geothermal energy. According to The Associated Press, "scientists from other nations hope to follow up this discovery with similar projects. American and British teams are drilling to reach their own subglacial Antarctic lakes."
Update at 3:30 p.m. ET. The Russians Essentially Stuck A Straw Down There; If Anything's Living, It's Likely A Microbe:
"The real goal of the Russians was to pop a hole in that was kind of like a straw," says Robin Bell, a research scientist with the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University. She spoke this afternoon to NPR's Audie Cornish.
The idea is that it will "be like they're sucking on the straw and lake water would come rushing up and none of the contaminants would go in," she said.
Next, when Spring arrives in Antarctica, the Russians have "set it up so they can get a fresh sample of lake water ... when they drill into that frozen straw." They will also "drop in strings of instruments."
As for what, if anything, is living down there: "What we're most likely to find is little microbes who've figured out how to exist in a really isolated, low energy environment," Bell said. And if microbes are down there, studying them might tell us something about the likelihood of life on the moons of other planets.
More from Audie's conversation with Bell is due on today's All Things Considered. Click here to find an NPR station that broadcasts or streams the show.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Better Brakes
It's true that some classics have inadequate brakes – but very few were built with them. The vast majority of cars built since WW2 have been fitted with brakes plenty good enough to mix with modern traffic without embarrassment: you have to go back to the early 1920s, when most cars only had rear-wheel brakes, to find braking that really was inadequate.
That doesn't mean that such cars are inherently dangerous: it means the driver has to be much more alert and capable of anticipating. Try driving your modern car using just the handbrake to get a feel for it – it's perfectly possible and you will soon discover that revving the engine and changing down a gear doubles the retardation. That's a good tip for later classics too, especially if you're putting undue strain on the brakes, such as when descending mountain passes – engine braking can make the difference between a trouble-free, rapid descent and one brought to an early end by fade or boiling fluid.
Another simple tip is – push harder. From the 1970s, servo effort was steadily increased until many accidents were caused by cars skidding with brakes locked: it was too easy for insensitive drivers to lock up, and the rapid adoption of ABS was vital to address this. Classics may not have ABS but they do have your brain and your right leg muscles, which can be better than you might think. Clearly, you can safely apply a great deal more pressure in the dry than in the wet or on ice. If your brakes are capable of locking the wheels in the dry when stamped on hard, don't upgrade them.
Tires also have a direct effect on braking: if your tires are old and hard, they will have lost 50 percent or more of their ability to grip, especially in the wet – so if you want better brakes, fit better tires.
Before planning to upgrade, try overhauling your standard braking system. It's common for wheel cylinders to seize up, sliding cylinders or shoes to get stuck, or oil to get onto friction surfaces. Getting it all working perfectly with new friction material and clean, rust-free surfaces can transform a poorly braked car
Unsuitable brake linings can render a system almost useless too. Have you any idea what friction material is in your brakes? Older linings contain asbestos and generally work well, but can go off with age, while some early substitutes for asbestos were pretty hopeless. Modern alternatives such as EBC Green Stuff pads can greatly increase effectiveness without detrimental side effects.
Of course, there are circumstances where you may need better brakes – especially if you've upgraded the engine so the car goes faster. Often, convenient swaps can be made with components from later models.
Be careful not to go too far, however – if the stomp test in the dry has the front wheels locking, go back a stage. Consider also fitting a power brake booster to reduce the pedal effort required. Unless you're racing or descending mountain passes, when there's not enough time between applications for drum brakes to cool down, there should be no need to fit discs to a car designed to run with drums.
Published Dec 7th, 2015