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Travel Categories: Train Stations and Trains
- Description
The train station Saint-Étienne-Carnot is a French railway station on the line: Saint-Georges-d'Aurac <=> Saint-Étienne-Châteaucreux, located at Place Sadi Carnot right in downtown Saint-Étienne, in the department: Loire in the region: Rhône-Alpes. Its latitude and longitude geographic coordinates are 45° 26′ 49″ North, 4° 23′ 06″ East with an altitude of 513 m.
It is on the train line Saint-Georges-d'Aurac – Saint-Étienne-Châteaucreux with 2 tracks and 2 side platforms serving 142 324 (2015) per year.
- AddressPlace Carnot
France - Map
Sorry, no tourism or travel suppliers are registered yet for this service at this destination. Please adjust your search criteria, try something nearby. You can also change the category to Travel, Lodging, Attractions... or go to the homepage map and categories for other options.
Google Map Not Loaded
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- Ticket Counters & Distributors
No train ticket counter.
Automatic rail ticket distributors available at this station. - Online, secure, quick, easy train reservation
With OMIO, compare Book the fastest and cheapest Train, Bus and Air itineraries in France and Europe. We've got your back with client service all the way. Reserve 90 days before you travel for the most savings and peace of mind. Check Real-Time Schedules, Prices, and Travel Times and make A SECURE PURCHASE.
Train and bus travel offer you downtown to downtown comfortable and efficient service. No hassle with early arrivals, delays, and luggage security checks. You can take unlimited weight and reasonably bulky items on board. European rail is the way to travel and really see the French countryside. The bus is an excellent cheaper alternative, especially for youth and student travel.
Enter your Departure City, Arrival City, and Dates of Departure and Return for immediate information.
Here's the link if you have a train travel account with RailEurope.
Here's the link if you have a rail account with Trainline.
- Buy Train Passes and Reservations
When you, a couple, or a group travel by train on 3 different days or more in one or a few European countries, buying a European Rail Pass could be your budgetary advantage compared to point-to-point tickets. Click here, or on the banner to see your best options to enjoy more and save money.
- Reserve your train
- Local Transport
Tramway is available Buses are available for local transit.
Coaches are available for interurban transit. Buses are available for local transit. Network STAS
- Local Car Services: Parking, drop-off
There is parking for cars
- Local Bicycle Services: Parking
There is parking for bikes: Secure individual bicycle racks are freely available
- Reserve intercity and long distance Buses
FlixBus offers safe and comfortable long-distance travel in Europe. Since its founding in 2013, FlixBus has created the largest transport network in Europe, covering 26 countries and serving more than 60 million passengers. Jump on board one of our green buses and travel throughout Europe. Choose your route from our extensive network; with over 2,500 destinations in 38 European countries, you really can explore Europe!
Planning a backpacking trip in Europe? Want to go on a last minute city break? Or a holiday with your family or friends? No problem at all! We'll take you from A to B at an unbeatable price. With our bus journeys you can choose from France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain and many more countries! – FlixBus provides the travel you want, when you want it!
If you already have an account with Busbud or want to easily compare various companies and find cheap bus tickets for your next trip.
- Reduced Mobility
Accessibility: Reduced Mobility: If you're travelling with TGV or Intercite Call 'Acces Plus' 48 hours in advance of travel to enquire and reserve: +33 (0)8 90 64 06 50 available from 6:00am - midnight. For assistance boarding your train, arrive at the platform at least 30 minutes before departure time. Wheelchairs and boarding ramps are available if required.
If you're travelling with TER, (Regional Trains) or Transilien (Paris and Ile-de-France) click here for more information
- Luggage Storage
- Lost & Found
Declare your lost property. Give a precise description. An email will confirm your claim:
- Internet: Create or use your account and declare your claim This page is in French but is accessible from anywhere ... especially when you're visiting France and Europe.
- Telephone: +33 (0) 8 92 35 35 35 (open 7/7 from 8h00 to 20h00 to answer questions and register your claim) or in France 36 35 (0,40 € / minute) then #22
- At a train station: see the map at the bottom of this page for station details
A national database registers all lost and found objects in real time. Search for your object will continue for one monnth. There's a charge of 5/10 Euros, depending on object's value, for restitution of an item.
Got a question about train travel in France and Europe? Click here and get the answer.
Whether it's about the time needed to transfer trains in a station, savings with train passes, seat reservations, pets or bicycles, etc. these answers have got you covered.
- Don't miss these specials
- Photos


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Are you looking for Plumbing Installation in the Anchorage area?
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Plumbing Installation is just one of the many services we provide in the area of plumbing and heating repair.
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If you're not satisfied with your purchase, please return the item(s) for an exchange, refund or credit. All returns must be made within 30 days of placing your order. We don't accept returns or exchanges after the 30 day period.
Indicate what you're returning and why. Please let us know if you would like to return your item(s) for an exchange, refund, or credit. In order to process your return, please include your name, email address, and order number along with the items that you are returning.You'll be responsible for the shipping charges associated with sending the return back to us.
If you're asking for an exchange, we'll send your replacement item(s) at no charge. If the item(s) you request is not available when the return is processed, we will issue you credit instead. If you do not want the credit, you can email us and change it out for a refund or a different item(s). If you're asking for a refund, you'll only be reimbursed for the item(s) returned. The original shipping cost is non-refundable.
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I'm happy to announce that a major update of "Texture – A hydrocolloid recipe collection" is now available for download. Version 3.0 of Texture features many new recipes, , more pictures (A big THANK YOU to all contributing photographers!), a new chapter on non-hydrocolloid gels + many minor additions and corrections. Given the many recent books about molecular gastronomy and modernist cuisine I have certainly asked myself: Is there a need for a revision of Texture? Since you read this I obviously landed on a "yes". As a toolbox for chefs and amateur cooks I still believe that this collection is unique for several reasons: the ranking of recipes according to the amount of hydrocolloid used, the texture index and the total number of recipes (339 in total). To the best of my knowledge no other cook books have taken the same approach to collect and systemize recipes this way. And judging by the feedback I have received many chefs and food enthusiasts around the world have found Texture to be a useful resource in the kitchen (to which the 80.000 downloads from Khymos alone also testify). I do not regard Texture as a competitor to the numerous books available, but rather as a supplement. Inspiration for cooking is best sought elsewhere, but if Texture can inspire to experimentation with the texture of foods I believe it has fulfilled its mission.
Download full pdf file (5.7 MB):
Texture – A hydrocolloid recipe collection (v.3.0, February 2014)
Let me know what you think – and please spread the word!


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Editorial policy
JMdict/EDICT Editorial Policy and Guidelines
These guidelines are intended for people preparing new entries or amendments for the JMdict/EDICT files. Typically these entries or amendments will be made via the JMdictDB on-line database system.
Before Starting
Before proposing a new entry or an amendment, you should:
- familiarize yourself with the style of the dictionary, particularly the way the English meanings are typically worded;
- make very sure it is not already an entry. An amazing number of "new" entries turn out to be in the dictionary already, or variants of existing entries. If it is a variant, add it to the existing entry. Check such things as:
- common variants of writing 外来語, e.g. using either ー or イ for extending vowels, having a ー at the end (コンピューター/コンピュータ), etc.;
- common okurigana variants, e.g. 生花/生け花;
- modern and old kanji, e.g. 合気道/合氣道
- check you have written it correctly. Has it the correct kanji? Is the reading correct, with the vowel length right, ず/づ issues resolved, etc.?
- verify the source. There are excellent online dictionaries available, e.g. the Sanseido dictionaries at the Goo site, and the various collections at the Kotobank site. The Eijiro dictionary at the ALC site is also useful. If the word or phrase can't be found in a dictionary, WWW references to where it is used may suffice, but the meaning and context has to be clear. Dictionary and other reference information must be included in the "Reference" section in the form. Include the precise URL - just "weblio" or "wiki" is no use at all to the editors. Note that if the page you are referencing is not about the proposed entry, include an extract from the reference text to help the editor(s) establish the validity of the proposed entry.
- verify that the word or phrase is common enough to include in the dictionary. The counts from the Google WWW n-gram corpus can assist here. (Counts from Google searches tend not to be very reliable.)
- decide whether it is really worth having as an entry. Some expressions are so obvious that it just clutters the dictionary to include them. (See the section below.)
Note that it is not necessary to have an account and log in before proposing a new entry or a change to an existing entry. The login is really only for members of the Editorial Board. Changes can be proposed anonymously, but as explained below, we prefer if people identify themselves by name or nickname.
Dictionary Entry Fields
Kanji/Special-Character Forms
The Kanji section of the entry form contains the form of the Japanese word/phrase which contains kanji, special characters or letters from non-Japanese scripts (e.g. MP3プレーヤー). The word/phrase should written in full-width characters (e.g. it is not MP3プレーヤー).
There may be more than one version of the word or phrase in this section. The usual reasons for having more than one version (also known as "surface forms" or "orthographical variants") are:
- alternative kanji in the word, e.g. 合気道 and 合氣道
- variations in okurigana, e.g., 生け花 and 生花
- part of a word being written either in kanji or kana, e.g., 言い付ける and 言いつける
Where there are multiple forms of a word, enter them with the most commonly used form first, and then order them in decreasing frequency of use. Provided the frequencies are equivalent, give preference to terms using 常用漢字. In general irregular or incorrect forms, e.g. those tagged iK, io or ik, should be placed to the rear of the surface form list, even if they are commonly used on WWW pages.
Synonyms should not be included here. Instead they should be entered as separate dictionary entries, and a cross-reference inserted to them.
Some other points to note:
- in the case of na-adjectives (形容動詞), the な is NOT included in the entry (some Japanese dictionaries include it.) Use a part-of-speech of "adj-na".
- as most adverbs are derived from either regular adjectives (く form) or na-adjectives (に), there is no need to have an entry unless the adverb is not apparent from the adjective.
- for verbs formed from adding する to a noun, do not include the する in the headword - instead use the part-of-speech of "vs". The exception to this is the group of single-kanji-plus-する verbs such as 愛する. For these include the complete verb and use the "vs-s" part-of-speech.
- for adverbs that are indicated by と, e.g. まざまざと, do not include the と, instead note the part-of-speech as "adv-to".
- for adjectives that use たる (and と in the adverbial form), e.g. 依然たる, 依然と, omit the たる and と and use "adj-t" as the part-of-speech.
- for the -さ (-ness) and -く (adverb) inflections of adjective, only include them if the meaning is not obvious from the gloss of the adjective itself.
A set of tags, e.g. iK or oK, can be applied to the words in this section. These should be used sparingly.
In this section enter either:
- the reading(s) of the word/phrase in the Kanji section, or
- the word itself if it is written only in kana, such as a 外来語 or a word/phrase written only in hiragana.
Readings associated with kanji should normally be in hiragana; the main exceptions being:
- Chinese or Korean words and names, which are often transliterated using katakana;
- the names of biological species which should be entered in both katakana and hiragana (if there is also a kanji form.)
- older loanwords such as 硝子 (ガラス: glass) and 加里 (カリ: potassium). Included in this are some country names such as 加奈陀 (カナダ), 英吉利 (イギリス) and 亜米利加 (アメリカ).
More than one reading can be entered where alternatives are possible. This can occur when
- a kanji has alternative readings;
- where there are different transliterations of 外来語, e.g., ダイヤモンド and ダイアモンド;
- where a species name is being recorded; in these cases both hiragana and katakana forms should be entered. The katakana form must have "[nokanji]" after it to indicate that it is used without the kanji form, and a "[uk]" should be included in the Meanings field. Place the hiragana form first (client software such as WWWJDIC will display the katakana form first.)
- where a katakana form is commonly used and is identical to one of the readings (e.g. 仏陀-ぶっだ-ブッダ). Here also place "[nokanji]" after the katakana version and place it at the end of the readings.
Where alternative readings are restricted to particular variants of the kanji form, specify this using the [restr=KKK] pattern after the reading. As in the Kanji section, place the more common reading(s) first.
外来語 (in katakana) are entered in this section. Do not enter them in the kanji section. Where a 外来語 is a transliteration of several source words, include versions with and without a separating "middle dot", e.g. "アームレスチェア;アームレス・チェア". Note that the JIS middle-dot must be used - there are other Unicode middle-dots that are not accepted.
If a 外来語 (e.g. ベースボール) means the same as a native Japanese word (e.g. 野球), do not include the 外来語 form as a reading of the kanji. Instead, create a separate entry and create cross-references between them. Similarly, if two kana-only words have the same meaning, do not place them in the same entry unless they are related, e.g. spelling or pronunciation variants.
If the kanji part contains katakana (e.g. 一眼レフ), use katakana in the Reading as well for the matching portion (いちがんレフ).
A set of tags, e.g. ik or ok, can be applied to the words in this section. These should be used sparingly.
Reading Field Simplification
Until mid-2021, if the kanji field of an entry included both kanji and katakana for part of a form, e.g. アカバナ科 and 赤花科, then the reading field typically had matching kana forms, in this case アカバナか and あかばなか, with restrictions to align the kanji/readings pairs. This was done to assist with the generation of the legacy EDICT format. This is no longer a major issue and it is now considered acceptable to have a single reading (i.e. あかばなか) in such cases.
The Meanings section of the entry form is divided into senses, i.e. distinct meanings. These are indicated by a sense number: [1], [2], etc. Each sense can have a number of part of speech tags (POS), e.g. [n], [adj-i] and miscellaneous tags, e.g. [abbr] and [col].
The meanings consist of one or more short translations or explanations of the Japanese word or phrase.
- do not copy translations, especially longer ones, directly from other dictionaries. For simple terms there may not be much in the way of alternatives, but for longer explanations use you own words, reword things, etc. Significant copying carries a risk of charges of plagiarism or copyright violation.
- where the Japanese has more than one distinct meaning, break the section into senses.
- make each translation a separate item, i.e. place a ";" between them. This makes reverse look-up and exact match on the English possible. Some examples:
- abbreviations: "three letter acronym; TLA" not "three letter acronym (TLA)"
- conjunctions: "rice field; rice paddy" not "rice field or paddy"
- where different forms of English use different terms, include all major variants (e.g. both "snow pea" and "mange tout" or "tap" and "faucet".)
- do not use capital letters unless referring to a proper name (person, place, etc.) Japanese theatrical forms should be given as "noh" and "kabuki"; not "Noh", "Kabuki", etc.
- do not precede the meaning with the articles "a", "an" or "the" unless it is absolutely necessary to make the meaning clear.
- when putting numbers into translations be consistent and concise. In general:
- if the numbers are in the context of a formula, quantity, measurement, etc. use figures (e.g. 1.5 kilograms);
- if the numbers are in something more descriptive or narrative, in general use words for numbers up to ten (e.g. three kings, five flowers), and figures for numbers over ten (e.g. 147 angels). In some cases, such as the 三十三所 entry, "thirty-three temples" looks more natural than "33 temples".
- avoid mixing figures and words, even if it means relaxing the advice above. Writing "eat five to twenty raisins" or "eat 5 to 20 raisins" is fine, but "eat five to 20 raisins" looks unnatural.
- make the translations as international as possible. For example, use "university" rather than "college" when referring to tertiary education, as outside the US the word "college" has much wider usage.
- include both "British" and "American" spellings. For short meanings it is better to repeat the meaning with the alternative spelling, however it is also acceptable to just put the alternative at the end in parentheses, e.g. "full colour (color)". Do not use patterns such as "colo(u)r" as they can't be searched for successfully.
- when using "e.g." to expand on the meaning of a word by giving examples, or when using "i.e." to qualify the meaning of a word, place the expansion in parentheses after the initial translation. For example say "hand game (e.g. rock, paper, scissors)", not "hand game, e.g. rock, paper, scissors". Also, do not include a comma after e.g. or i.e.
- best not to use "etc" with a one-item list. It such cases, "e.g." is preferable.
- as with the use of "e.g." and "i.e." above, it is OK to add a few words of extra information in parentheses after the translation. The situations where this is done include:
- providing some context for the term;
- short disambiguations;
- short explanations for technical words or words where the meaning might not be clear to a literate user;
- scientific names of species (but only when it is following a common name). This is explained more fully below.
- provide useful explanations where appropriate. "type of card game" is not very useful - in such a case explain briefly what the card game entails
- never create an English meaning purely based on the translation of the meanings of the kanji making up a word. Sometimes it will be correct, but there are many cases where the result would be quite wrong. (魂柱 does not mean "spirit pillar").
- when entering the scientific name of a plant, animal, etc. put it in brackets after the first common English name, e.g. "spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)". Note that the first word of the scientific name will have a capital letter. (See the note on "Names of biological species" below.)
- put any context in brackets, e.g.: "consulting (the oracle)" not "consulting the oracle".
- when indicating a field or domain for an entry, e.g., "comp" or "ling", state it using the [fld=xxxx] pattern. The full list of field tags is here. For example:
- [fld=comp] floating-point
- when entering the name of a species of animal, plant, etc. do not use the "zool", "bot" field tags, as this should be obvious. Those tags are really to establish the context of a technical term.
- short explanatory notes can be included as part of a sense. Use the pattern [note="this is a note"]. These should be kept short, and only used when it is necessary to include some information that can't go in a gloss. In general it is best to word the glosses so that further explanation is not needed. (These explanatory notes are not carried through to the legacy EDICT format of the dictionary, so it is permissible to have Japanese text in them.)
- where the English meaning is an obscure technical term, add a short explanation in lay terms after it in parentheses. Do not add such explanations where the English meaning should be clear to a literate user (this is not an English dictionary.)
- it is sometimes useful to indicate the literal meaning of an idiomatic expression, etc. In this case:
- place "[lit]" at the front of the gloss;
- place this gloss last, after the real translation(s).
- note that the "[lit]" tag should not be used for such things as literal translations of the kanji in a jukugo.
- if a gloss has a figurative meaning, this can be indicated by placing "[fig]" in front of it.
- on occasions the usual translation may be a bit opaque, and a more complete explanation would be helpful. In this case add a more explanatory gloss with "[expl]" in front of it. Keep these to a minimum (it's a dictionary; not an encyclopedia.) The "[expl]" tag is usually not used if it is the only gloss in the sense.
(At present the "expl", "lit" and "fig" tags are only used in the database - they are not yet exported to JMdict or EDICT.)
Which Reference Is Best?
On occasions references (see the list of dictionaries, etc. below) will differ as the the meanings of entries, and which senses are more important than others. Here are some suggestions for handling this:
- our goal is to reflect modern Japanese, so precedence should be given to sources that indicate up-to-date usage;
- the major Japanese-English dictionaries tend to be more up-to-date and focussed in their translations than the 国語辞典;
- 広辞苑 lists its meanings in historical order, so use its material with caution;
- in general 大辞林's meanings (especially in recent editions) appear to be more topical than those in 大辞泉 or 日国;
- if a term only appears in 大辞泉 or 日国, consider tagging it "obsc" or "arch" as appropriate, unless it gets a reasonable n-gram count or number of WWW hits. If a term is only found in 日国 it should be supported by other references or evidence of non-archaic use;
- WWW pages can give confirmation of modern contexts, although quite a few pages may have to be scanned. Sometimes looking at the associated images can give a quick indication of which sense is dominant
Part-Of-Speech (POS) Issues
- where a term can be used in multiple roles, e.g. as a noun, adjective, adverb, etc., the part-of-speech tags should usually be ordered with the most common role(s) first.
- many nouns in Japanese can also be, or act as adjectives (e.g. tagged as adj-na, adj-no, or adj-f in JMdict.) These terms should generally have "n" as the first part-of-speech tag and be given a noun meaning. Exceptions can be made when the adjective usage is obviously much more common*, e.g. with 複雑, or when it's difficult to translate the term as a noun in English, e.g. スポーツ万能. The approach taken by major Japanese-English dictionaries can be a guide, as can the n-gram frequency counts.
- in a number of cases where terms are usually used as adjectives, some Japanese dictionaries will label them as "[名・形動]" or equivalent. In such cases, we typically tag them as "adj-na,n", etc. however if noun use is rare and one or more Japanese dictionaries have only 形動 the "n" tag can be omitted.
- many nouns in Japanese can also be, or act as adjectives (e.g. tagged as adj-na, adj-no, or adj-f in JMdict.) These terms should generally have "n" as the first part-of-speech tag and be given a noun meaning. Exceptions can be made when the adjective usage is obviously much more common*, e.g. with 複雑, or when it's difficult to translate the term as a noun in English, e.g. スポーツ万能. The approach taken by major Japanese-English dictionaries can be a guide, as can the n-gram frequency counts.
- in general the form of the meaning should agree with the first part-of-speech tag for the sense. If the Japanese word is marked as a noun, don't make the translation a verb (e.g. to xxxx) or an adjective.
- do not list verb translations for nouns that can also be used as verbs (i.e. [n,vs]). See the 料理 entry, which has: "cooking; cookery; cuisine", not "cook".
- if the verb sense is not easily derived from the noun form, include a second sense with a POS of "vs" in which meaning will be "to ...".
- if the POS of an entry is "vs" alone, the meaning will be given as a verb (such entries are rare.)
- when entering a verb, use the infinitive in English (to run, to jump, etc.)
- for adjectives, the English entry should be just the adjective, not the adjective and copula:
- "lucky" not "be lucky" or "is lucky"
- for entries marked "adj-no" or "adj-na", do not include "adj-f" as well, as the dropping of the の and な particles is quite common.
- there is a range of archaic POS tags available, e.g. the ones associated with the 二段 and 四段 verb types (v2* and v4*). Most modern verb equivalents have an archaic verb equivalent, i.e. most verbs that are "v5k" could also be marked as "v4k", and most "adj-na" entries could also be flagged as "adj-nari". For most words such extra tags are quite redundant. The old verb, etc. POS tags should only be used for archaic words which never use a modern conjugation, e.g. 崇まふ.
Word Source
If the word or term comes from another language, mark this at the beginning of the sense(s) to which it applies. The format is [lsrc=lng:], where lng is the three-letter code from the ISO 639-2:1998 "Codes for the representation of names of languages" standard, e.g.:
- アルバイト [1][n,vs][lsrc=ger:Arbeit] part-time job
- アールデコ [1][n] [lsrc=fre:"art déco"] art deco
Don't do this for (i) common Sino-Japanese vocabulary, (ii) loan-words from English where the source word is among the translations; (iii) words/terms which are translations from other languages. If the word or term in the source language is identical to the translation, don't repeat it in the [lsrc:...] field. Note that where a loan-word from English was originally from another language, e.g. ベランダー/verandah, the usual practice is not to indicate a source language.
Non-English source languages are usually indicated in the major 国語辞典 such as Daijrin and Daijisen, and also in 外来語 dictionaries such as the Gakken カタカナ 新語辞典. In cases of disagreement or doubt, e.g. where a term may have come from either English or French, omit any source language marking.
Source words in languages that use a non-Latin script should be given in Latin transcription. Diacritical marks can be used. For the following languages, use these transcription systems:
- Chinese: Pinyin (with tonal marks)
- Russian: BGN/PCGN
- Korean: Revised Romanization of Korean (not Yale or McCune–Reischauer)
- Sanskrit: IAST
The language markings apply both to loanwords (外来語), as with the examples above, and to transliterations (音写), typically the Buddhist terms taken from Sanskrit, which are not usually regarded as loanwords.
Note that where ISO 639 discriminates between historical forms of a language, e.g. "grc" for Classical Greek and "gre" for Modern Greek, the modern tag is to be used as the discrimination cannot easily be applied at the word level.
Cross-references can be made to other dictionary entries where this enhances the value of the entry to the typical dictionary user. Examples of such useful cross-references are:
- where one entry is an abbreviation of another, e.g. 学割 and 学生割引 (see below).
- where the words are commonly associated or contrasted, e.g. 先輩/後輩, 税別/税込み, etc.
- where there is a derivational relationship between words that it is useful to highlight, e.g. between かっけー and 格好いい, or between オケる and 空オケ.
At present two classes of cross-reference are supported: a general "see" and an "ant" for antonyms.
Specify the cross-reference using the pattern [see=言葉] or [ant=何等] (see the detailed instructions). Where the reference is to a particular headword/reading combination, use the format: kanji・reading, e.g., [see=金本位・かねほんい]. Where the target word has a kanji form, that form should be used. For targets that are a particular sense of the target word use the format [see=漢字[2]]
Please note that the "ant" (antonym) tag should only be used for genuine opposites. Words such as "short" and "tall" are antonyms; "short person" and "tall person" are not - use the regular "[see=...]" form for these. (For more information, see the excellent Wikipedia article on this.)
Avoid adding cross-references to words which simply mean the same (or opposite), as it adds a lot of clutter to the entries without necessarily being helpful to users. There are related systems such the the Japanese WordNet which specifically provide details of large numbers of synonyms. Some systems such as WWWJDIC link to the Japanese WordNet as part of the entry display.
Many Japanese terms are abbreviations of longer terms, for example 学割 is an abbreviation of 学生割引. When creating an entry for such an abbreviation:
- add the tag "[abbr]" to indicate it is an abbreviation;
- add a cross-reference to the full form (add an entry for the full form if necessary.) For example "[see=学生割引]".
If appropriate, a cross-reference back from the full form to the abbreviation may be appropriate.
Romanized Japanese
Romanized forms of Japanese words may be used within meanings in the following situations:
- words such as "karate", "samurai" or "kimono" which have become part of the English lexicon. These would typically be the first meaning or gloss of the sense;
- Japanese proper nouns such as Tokyo and Meiji;
- romanized forms of Japanese terms which are in reasonably common use in particular contexts, e.g. "wasei eigo". These would not usually be the first meaning or gloss for the entry, but would follow more explanatory meaning(s).
The Hepburn romanization system, in particular the revised (aka modified) version, will be used. That page can be taken as a guide, with the key points being:
- where appropriate long vowels will be indicated using macrons (not circumflexes). Thus the era name 養老 should be written as "Yōrō"; not "Yourou", "Yooroo" or "Yoro".
- where a Japanese term or name is commonly used in English, such as "tofu" and "judo", macrons would typically not be included on the long vowels. It may be appropriate to include the version with macrons in parentheses at the end of the gloss, e.g. "somen (sōmen)". Terms that are not regularly used in English should use macrons, e.g. "man'yōgana".
- where ambiguities may occur, e.g. in words such as ほんやく or しんいち, apostrophes should be used to make the underlying kana forms clear, e.g. "hon'yaku" and "shin'ichi".
Old and Rarely Used Terms
Several miscellaneous tags are available for indicating that terms are no longer in current use or are rarely used. They are:
- "arch" (archaism). This is typically used to indicate that the term was primarily used during or before the Edo period.
- "obs" (obsolete). This is typically used for terms that were in use in the Meiji and early Showa periods, but are no longer in general use, e.g. they have been supplanted by another term.
- "rare". This is used to indicate that a term, although in current use, is rarely encountered. A term that is included in one or more 国語辞典 but is not in Japanese-English dictionaries and has low occurrence levels in n-gram corpora would be a candidate for this tag. It is also particularly appropriate to add it to a term if there are other more common terms with the same meaning.
- "dated". This is used to indicate an old term that is still used but sounds old-fashioned and is possibly inappropriate in modern contexts.
The "hist" (historical) term does not fall into this category. It refers to a past event (e.g. battle, ceremony) or concept (e.g. an art-form common in the 18th century), but the term itself is still in current use.
Numbers with Units and Symbols
In general where a number is followed by a unit or symbol, the following spacing rules should be followed:
- a space should be used between numbers and associated units. Please use "100 km"; not "100km".
- where a number is followed by a symbol, do not include a space. Examples of this include "15°C" and "9%". Note that 5 cents would be "5c" as the "c" is treated as a symbol.
Date and Time Formats
For the sake of consistency, the same format should be used when recording specific dates. The preferred formats are:
- March 17 (where the year is not included)
- March 17, 2019 (where the year is included)
For the dates of individual people, e.g. in the named-entity dictionary, use the YYYY.MM.DD format for the sake of brevity, e.g. "Yukio Mishima (1925.1.14-1970.11.25)".
Similarly, for specific times of the day, use the "2am" and "12:30pm" styles, both to be consistent and to use the minimum amount of space.
For classifying years in dates, use the secular BCE (Before Common Era) and CE (Common Era). In dates after 1,000 CE the "CE" is usually omitted.
Capital Letters
Capital letters should generally be confined to proper nouns, e.g. specific countries, places, people, products, etc. Astronomical objects such as the Sun, Saturn, etc. will have capitals, but moonlight and sunshine will not.
Use of French, etc. Diacritics
(in progress)
This is where you indicate the sources for the entry or amendment. It helps establish its validity, enables editors to check out the accuracy, e.g. of the translation from a 国語辞典, and leaves a record for other people to know where the entry and translation came from.
- for proposed new entries supporting reference information MUST be provided. Proposals without any such information may be summarily rejected by an editor;
- for amendments to existing entries, straightforward suggestions such as spelling changes or rewording of translations need not have references, but more substantial changes must be accompanied by references and/or a case for the change in the Comments field.
The best references are to other dictionaries, and the more the better. Sometimes just the name of the dictionary will do, where the proposed entry is already an entry in the reference, however if the entry in the dictionary is readily visible online it is better to include the URL. Editors and regular contributors have developed a set of abbreviations and mnemonics for some of the popular sources:
- koj: Kôjien, 広辞苑 - a major medium-sized 国語辞典.
- daijr: Daijirin, 大辞林 - another major medium-sized 国語辞典.
- daijs: Daijisen, 大辞泉 - another major medium-sized 国語辞典.
- nikk: Nikkoku 日国/日本国語大辞典 - a major multi-volume 国語辞典. (Online sites usually only have the abridged edition.)
- meikyo (or mk): Meikyo Kokugo Jiten, 明鏡国語辞典 - small-sized 国語辞典
- sankoku: Sanseido Kokugo Jiten, 三省堂国語辞典 - small-sized 国語辞典
- iwakoku: Iwanami Kokugo Jiten, 岩波国語辞典 - small sized 国語辞典
- smk: Shinmeikai Kokugo Jiten 新明解国語辞典
- GG5: Kenkyusha 新和英大辞典第5版 - major Japanese-English dictionary (translators often refer to this as the "Green Goddess", hence the "GG".)
- KOD追加語彙: addenda to the GG5, available via the Kenkyusha online dictionary site
- chuujiten: 新和英中辞典: medium Kenkyusha JE dictionary
- ルミナス: Luminous ルミナス和英辞典 - medium Kenkyusha JE dictionary
- prog: プログレッシブ和英中辞典 Progressive J-E dictionary
- saito: Saito's Japanese-English Dictionary, NEW斎藤和英大辞典 - large Japanese-English dictionary published in 1928
- GJD: 日本語大事典 (The Great Japanese Dictionary) - medium-sized 国語辞典 with brief English glosses
- リーダーズ+プラス: medium-sized Kenkyusha English-Japanese dictionary. (Sometimes abbreviated as "RP".)
- 新英和大辞典: large Kenkyusha English-Japanese dictionary
- 新英和中辞典: medium-sized Kenkyusha English-Japanese dictionary
- カタカナ新語辞典: a useful dictionary of loanwords from Gakken.
- JWN: Japanese WordNet
- LSD: Life Sciences Dictionary - major biomedical terminology dictionary
- Unidic: morpheme dictionary from the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL)
- eij or alc: Eijiro, 英辞郎 - large word/phrase collection, available online at the ALC site. In general this resource is not suitable as the sole reference for a proposed term (see the comment below).
- jitsuyo: 実用日本語表現辞典, which is often used by the Weblio aggregator. This site is useful for helping understand expressions, etc. but should not be used as a sole reference for a proposed entry.
- DDB: Digital Dictionary of Buddhism - online Buddhism dictionary
- DBJG/DIJG/DAJG: A Dictionary of Beginner/Intermediate/Advanced Japanese Grammar - grammar dictionaries by Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui
- NN, CN, S&H, Halpern: the New Nelson, Classic Nelson, Spahn & Hadamitzky (The Kanji Dictionary), Jack Halpern (New Japanese-English Character Dictionary). These are the main 漢和字典 with example words with English meanings. Note that these are included as examples of the use of kanji and are not necessarily common or topical. Many of the examples in the Nelson dictionaries are quite old and are not really suitable as dictionary entries.
Some of the above references are available via aggregator or reference WWW sites such as Goo, Weblio, Yahoo, etc. In such cases please make sure the reference URL is to the specific term on the site, and add the name of the actual dictionary being used for the reference (大辞林, 日国, etc.)
If the references include online resources such as a dictionary entry or a Wikipedia article, quote the relevant URL. Please note that a Japanese Wikipedia article by itself is not necessarily a good source for a dictionary entry. Some articles are simply translations from an English page and not evidence that a term is in use in Japanese. Sometimes an article only covers one aspect of a term's usage, and there are other senses which need to be covered. It is best to check the term in other sources and state that in the References section.
If the sources for the entry are other WWW-based documents, quote the URLs of at least one (preferably several), and use the Comments field to state your case for it being included.
As noted above, the Eijiro glossary should not be the sole source of references for a proposed entry, although it may be used as a supplementary reference for confirming meanings. This is because the glossary is a collection of Japanese-English pairs which have apparently been collected from translations. In a Japan Times article Daniel Morales described it as "a smorgasbord of reibun and definitions, some of which err on the side of slang, often delighting the expat community. For example, the entry for nyūbō (乳房, breasts) has no fewer than 51 English options, including the ever-so-mature "funbags." And kyūryōbi (給料日, payday) lists "when the eagle flies" (an American tribute to governmental pay), among other more colorful renditions."
Use this field to enter any additional information you think will help the editors when they assess the entry or amendment. These comments are kept with the entry as a record of the discussions. The Comments field will also be used by editors when providing feedback.
Name/Email address
While is not mandatory, it is best if you include your name. Editors get to know who are regular contributors of amendments and new entries, and it is easier to establish some rapport if the contributor is identified. Also, having an email address enables editors to contact a contributor directly if there is a question they wish to raise. Note that email addresses cannot be seen by people browsing the database; they are only visible to editors who have logged into the system.
Other Issues/Policies
Anonymous Submissions
There is no requirement for people submitting new entries or amendments to identify themselves. It is preferred, however, that people making regular contributions provide some identification, either their name or a pen-name, as it will add to the sense of community among the participants, and also enable the editors to take into account the quality of previous contributions when examining a proposal.
Character Codes
Although the database supporting the dictionary uses Unicode coding and can contain any character from that set, the distributed forms of the dictionary are more constrained, in particular:
- the (legacy) EDICT format can only contain characters in the JIS X 0208 set. This includes 6,356 kanji, alphanumerics and the Greek and Russian alphabets, but does not include Latin alphabet characters with diacritics, such as é and ö.
- the EDICT2 format used by WWWJDIC and some other applications can contain characters from both JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212. As well as containing an additional 5,801 kanji, JIS X 0212 adds a range of other characters including Latin alphabet characters with diacritics.
The JMdict database is in Unicode and thus can contain any valid Unicode characters.
Care needs to be taken with the inclusion in the database of characters outside the JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212 codesets as this has implications for the EDICT and EDICT2 versions of the data. In particular:
- any non-JIS208/212 character(s) will be removed. This means that if such characters are used, e.g. some hangul in a note, then the romanized version should be included as well.
- for EDICT (but not EDICT2) alphabetics with diacritics will be replaced as appropriate, e.g. ö will be changed to oe.
- if a kanji or reading part of an entry contains non-JIS characters. then the part will be removed entirely. JIS X 0212 kanji are retained in EDICT2, but in EDICT the entire kanji part is removed.
Kanji which lie outside the JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212 codesets, e.g. the additional kanji in JIS X 0213, can be included in the database and will be in the JMdict distributions, however, they will not be propagated into the EDICT/EDICT2 distributions.
Merging Entries/Two-out-of-three Rule
On occasions, two or more entries may be merged when there are grounds for assuming they are variants of each other. The basic principle that is applied is a "two-out-of-three" rule (first described in a paper in 2004). For the candidate entries, if at least two out of the (a) kanji-headword, (b) reading and (c) meaning fields are the same, the entries may be merged. Otherwise they must be separate entries. It is often not a simple decision, as there may be kanji-headwords which only apply to some of the readings.
Where the entries have multiple kanji parts or readings, this rule really applies only to the major/common forms. Mergers should not be carried out on the basis of a rare or archaic kanji form or reading. Common sense must apply.
Two entries with no kanji could be merged if they have the same meaning and the kana forms are related, e.g. are variants of each other, such as ダイアモンド and ダイヤモンド.
Is it worth including?
An important issue is whether a possible entry is worth including. This question primarily arises with expressions such as XXXのYYY/XXXがYYY/etc. or compound nouns/multi-word expressions. Clearly, we want to include entries that are useful and relevant, but we don't want to clutter the dictionary with things that are obvious. It is inevitably a value judgement and often leads to some debate between editors before a proposed entry is accepted or rejected. All dictionaries have to deal with this issue. It is worth reading the Wiktionary Criteria for inclusion as it discusses many of the issues in considerable detail. The following is a list of criteria being used by the editors to assess whether a proposed entry should be included. Generally passing one or more of these criteria is needed.
- is its meaning not obvious from the component parts? Note that many words/expressions have additional senses or nuances that cannot be deduced from the constituent parts (the former entry "僧になる" was removed because it failed this test, as well as the others)
- is it not what someone reasonably proficient in Japanese would come up with when trying to express the English meaning in Japanese? (For example, 未収入金 is a reasonably common Japanese compound noun meaning "accounts receivable", but it is not necessarily what would be the result of translating "accounts receivable" into Japanese from scratch.)
- is it already in one or more dictionaries? (Other dictionaries have had to address this issue, and if their editors have decided it is worth including, that is a good signal. Note that inclusion in Eijiro alone is not a good indication, as its coverage is vast and rather indiscriminate.) If a term is only in one or more 国語辞典 and has a low n-gram count and/or few WWW hits it should be tagged as "arch" or "obsc" as appropriate to signal that it is not in common use.
- does it have a reading which is not obvious from the constituent kanji? (Some expressions use unusual or irregular readings, often because they are based on archaic forms.)
- is it very, very common, with squillions of hits in WWW pages, etc.? (This is a rather weak test, and is mainly used with idiomatic expressions.)
Loanword Variants
Many loanwords (外来語) in Japanese have multiple surface forms which reflect such things as alternative mappings from the source language, variant vowel lengths, etc. Examples include ダイヤモンド/ダイアモンド, コンピュータ/コンピューター and ヴァイオリン/バイオリン. In general, all variants that are in regular use should be included; ranked in order of use (an n-gram corpus can be used to determine this.) Rarely-used variants can be omitted, or included with an "ik" (incorrect kana) tag.
Search-only Forms
From August 2022 a number of surface forms are being included in the dictionary database purely for the purpose are enabling them to be used as search keys. The editors have identified a number of these forms which, although not considered appropriate for inclusion and display in dictionary entries, are used "in the wild" enough for them to be useful for looking up entries. This practice of having search-only forms can be seen in several online dictionaries, for example the Kenkyusha site allows the 手古摺る entry to be found using 手こずる as a search key although that form does not appear in the entry.
Examples of the types of forms that are in this category include:
- kanji typos (変換ミス);
- uncommon 混ぜ書き forms;
- uncommon itaiji and kyūjitai;
- uncommon variant 外来語 forms;
- uncommon irregular okurigana forms;
- uncommon irregular readings.
These search-only forms are being added at the ends of the sets of surface forms and are being given the tags/attributes of "sK" for forms containing kanji and "sk" for kana-only forms.
It is strongly suggested that developers of dictionary apps and sites use these forms for searching purposes, but not show them as part of the full entry. The forms do not participate in the restriction structure and there is nothing to indicate whether they are irregular (e.g. 変換ミス) or just uncommon (e.g. itaiji). Displaying them alongside the non-sk/sK forms would be confusing and unhelpful for users. (This concealment approach is currently implemented in the WWWJDIC server, where a search for 三蜜 will retrieve the 3密/三密 entry but does not show 三蜜 as part of the entry.)
In general, the dictionary is not the place for recording extended text passages, but there is scope for including short, pithy passages which are recognized as useful in Japanese. Tests that will be used by editors when assessing such passages for inclusion include whether they are clearly in common use in Japanese, and/or are included in one or more of the major 国語辞典.
With regard to quotations and proverbs, the following guidelines are suggested for the use of the tags:
- [quote] - used for entries that are passages from some text, either originally in Japanese or a translation from another language. Typically a ([note="..."]) note would be included to indicate the source/author.
- [proverb] - used for entries which consist of a proverb, maxim, aphorism, pithy saying, etc. The popular Japanese ことわざ would also be tagged with this. Note that 四字熟語 have their own [yoji] tag and do not also get marked with the [proverb] tag.
Some entries consist of a term or passage based on or derived from part of a historical text. These should not be marked as [quote] unless they are an actual translation. Where appropriate a note can be included indicating the original text, e.g. "deriv. from 史記 passage".
Proper Names
In general, the JMdict/EDICT dictionary is not intended to include proper names as these are included in the companion ENAMDICT/JMnedict dictionary. It is common, however, for small numbers of high-profile proper names to be included in general dictionaries, and this is the case with JMdict. Proper names included in JMdict are primarily place names, with emphasis on the names of significant places within Japan, and on the Japanese names of countries and major cities. (The proper names in JMdict will be in ENAMDICT/JMnedict as well.)
The proper names considered appropriate for inclusion are:
- Japanese prefectures
- major Japanese cities, in particular, the designated cities and the capitals of prefectures
- Japanese regions (近畿, 北陸, 東北, etc.)
- major Japanese geographical features, e.g. 本州, 北海道, 富士山, 能登半島, 琵琶湖, etc.
- the former provinces in Japan
- other countries and their capital cities and other significant cities
- major geographical features (continents, oceans, major seas, lakes, mountain ranges, etc.)
- states and provinces of English-speaking countries and their capital cities (if significant)
- provinces of China, major Chinese cities, and major cities in Korea
- deities and other major religious figures of Japanese religions and other significant religions, in particular, the Abrahamic faiths
- significant religious texts, Japanese works of literature, and reference books such as dictionaries
- a select number of extremely important historical, scientific, literary, musical, etc. figures known worldwide (Gandhi, Einstein, Darwin, Confucius, Hitler, Shakespeare, Beethoven, etc.)
- ministries, government departments and major organizational units, especially in Japan.
- company names where they also refer to common services/platforms/products (e.g. Google, Twitter, Facebook, Netflix, LINE).
The above covers most of the proper names in JMdict. Some other names have been included, e.g. major newspapers, and there is discussion as to whether that can be retained under a "grandfather" principle, or confined to ENAMDICT/JMnedict.
The tags such as "place", "work", "person", etc. which are used to classify named-entities in the JMnedict database may also be used for proper names in JMdict however they should only be used when the nature of the entry is not clear from the gloss itself. For example "バルセロナ (n) Barcelona (Spain)" does not need the addition of the "place" tag.
Since mid-2023 a selection of almost 7,000 entries from the JMnedict database has been included in the JMdict XML distribution. These entries are mainly from the company/organization/work categories. Care should be taken not to duplicate such name entries.
As with other transcriptions of Japanese terms, the modified Hepburn system will be used. In most cases macrons will be used for long vowels, the only exceptions being cities such as Tokyo, Osaka and Kobe which are commonly used in English without macrons.
Names of biological species
The rules we are using for biological species are:
- Whenever possible, both the common name and the scientific name (using binomial nomenclature) of a species should be provided. The preferred format is: common_name (scientific_name), e.g. European magpie (Pica pica). If the common name is unknown, the preferred format is: scientific_name (description), e.g. Mola mola (a species of sunfish).
- Common names should be written in dictionary form. This means that only proper nouns and proper adjectives should be capitalized, even for officially standardized common names. e.g. "American kestrel", not "American Kestrel".
- Generic names (and names of higher taxa) are always capitalized; specific epithets are never capitalized. e.g. "Tyrannosaurus rex", not "tyrannosaurus rex" or "Tyrannosaurus Rex"
- Where applicable, subspecific taxonomic categories should be written out fully using ICZN or ICBN rules.
- For animal subspecies, this consists of merely writing the subspecific epithet. For example, the cinnamon bear, a subspecies of American black bear, should be submitted as: "cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus cinnamomum)"
- For plant subspecies, the abbreviation "subsp." should be used before the subspecific epithet. For example, occluded blindweed, a subspecies of hedge bindweed, should be submitted as: "occluded blindweed (Calystegia sepium subsp. erratica)"
- For varieties, the abbreviation "var." must be used.
- For forms, "f." must be used.
- Cultivar epithets should be capitalized and placed in single quotes. (e.g. Taxus baccata 'Variegata')
- Do not submit the author name. e.g., raspberry (Rubus idaeus), not raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) (The "L." stands for Linnaeus.)
- Whenever possible, junior synonyms should not be submitted. Submit only the single scientific name currently accepted as the senior synonym. Wikipedia and The Encyclopedia of Life are good resources for finding the most up-to-date classifications.
- Submissions should include the Japanese name in kanji, hiragana, and--in the vast majority of cases--katakana. Biological names are very often written in katakana, and thus a (uk) tag is usually warranted. Nevertheless, the katakana reading should always be placed after the hiragana reading. For example, 銭形海豹 [ぜにがたあざらし,ゼニガタアザラシ] (n) (uk) harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)/harbour seal/common seal
- where the katakana name is a transcription of an English name, e.g. ブルシャーク, also include the form with the components separated by a middle-dot, e.g. ブル・シャーク.
- Names of higher taxa should include the headword written entirely in kanji, even though it may be only rarely used in practice. Reading restrictions will be used where appropriate. For example, セリ科,芹科 [セリか(セリ科),せりか(芹科)] (n) Apiaceae (parsley family of plants)/Umbelliferae
- When unsure of a kanji headword, it is often easy to determine based on the English translation or the appearance of the species. For example, the white-cheeked pintail (Anas bahamas) is known as ホオジロオナガガモ in Japanese. This word does not appear in any Japanese dictionary, but it is rather obviously written as 頬白尾長鴨. Include a kanji headword whenever it can be determined in this manner, but never guess.
Note that in Japanese a genus is always denoted by the use of 属/ぞく, as in:
(n) Lespedeza (genus comprising the bush clovers)
These guidelines were developed originally by ReneMalenfant 21:05, 25 August 2009 (UTC) and revised by (most recently) JimBreen (talk) 00:21, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
Sensitive Terms
As in any language, there are words and terms in Japanese which need to be used with care and sensitivity, as they may be blunt, cause offence in some contexts, etc. In JMdict there is a "sens" tag which may be associated with one or more senses of an entry to indicate that the term should be used with a degree of caution. Determining which terms should be regarded as sensitive is quite difficult. In general the major Japanese-English and English-Japanese dictionaries do not attempt to indicate them, probably because they are usually compiled for Japanese users who do not need to be told this.
A useful reference is a list of problem terms (放送問題用語) based on a 1983 publication by NHK. That list, for example, includes virtually every term which includes 盲/めくら (blindness), so for 盲窓/めくら窓, it advises that "外見だけの窓" be used instead. Some of the prohibitions seem extreme; for example, 医者 is on the list, with the advice that 医師 or お医者さん be used instead, however, foreign learners of Japanese are usually taught 医者 without any qualification. Note that the list is over 30 years old, and there are reports that it is not being followed completely now. The list is categorized according to whether terms are banned (×), have some reservations (△) or are uncertain (?), and the "×" tag is applied to 122 terms.
While there can be no hard and fast rules, it is suggested that people submitting or amending entries apply the following guidelines when considering whether the entry should include a "sens" tag.
- if the term is already tagged as "derog" (derogatory) or "vulg" (vulgar", there is no need for any additional "sens" tag. In fact, it is preferred that where appropriate "derog" or "vulg" tags be used;
- inclusion on the NHK list referenced above, particularly if it has an "×" tag, may indicate the need for a "sens" tag, however, it needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The list, for example, says that 新平民 should not be used, but since it is an archaism there is no need to state it is sensitive. The list includes 板前 (chef) and recommends 板前さん be used instead, but it is clear from word frequencies that 板前 alone is much more widely-used;
- where appropriate consider a note indicating preferred alternatives, e.g. for 医者, a note "pref. 医師, お医者さん" may be appropriate.
Hyphens and Similar Characters
In the Unicode character set, there are nine characters that represent some sort of mid-line bar. Only three of these are to be used in the JMdict database. They are:
- the "normal" ASCII hyphen "-" (hex 2d, Unicode U+2d). This is to be used in the Meanings field for all situations. It is also to be used in the Kanji field in situations such as "CD-ROM".
- the long vowel symbol "ー" which is used mainly with katakana and occasionally with hiragana (JIS hex 213c Unicode U+30fc). This is only to be used in the appropriate Japanese text contexts such as "ローマ字".
- the minus sign "−" (JIS hex 215d Unicode U+2212). The minus character is only to be used in algebraic or arithmetic contexts.
For details of the other characters see the JMdict issue on the topic.
Issues Forum
There is an JMdict Issues forum where matters such as structure, format, policies, tags, and other issues concerning dictionary content can be raised and discussed (currently hosted on GitHub.) Do not use this forum to discuss specific entries as these should be raised in the database itself.


text:
Peer pressure in politics
It's a force to be reckoned with in voting or campaign funding
Many people believe that idealism motivates them to open their wallets for a favorite candidate or that civic duty motivates them to go to the polls to vote. But don't discount peer pressure as an important factor in elections, a political scientist says.
"We operate as a family, a neighborhood, a team," said Betsy Sinclair, an assistant professor at the University of Chicago. "Family, friends, and neighbors affect" choices involving "the candidate, issues to support, the political party to identify with, whether to donate to political candidates, and whether we turn out to cast a ballot."
Sinclair, author of the new book "The Social Citizen: Peer Networks and Political Behavior," spoke Thursday at Harvard Law School's Austin Hall about how social networks enforce behavior in American politics. Her lecture was titled "Mind Sciences and the Election: The Social Citizen."
Why we write a check or cast a ballot is often for the same reason that we buy Girl Scout cookies or Tupperware: pressure to conform with a group. Sinclair came to that realization after observing a fundraising coffee session for a 2009 Democratic U.S. House candidate from Illinois, Julie Hamos.
The coffee klatch was held in an affluent, politically engaged Chicago district. The two previous election cycles, this group backed another candidate. But this time, the hostess invited Hamos to speak. When the candidate finished her remarks, the hostess asked everyone to get out their checkbooks. Many wrote checks, according to Sinclair.
The candidate lost. Sinclair, in her post-mortem, learned that many guests regretted backing the loser.
Sinclair called the pressure to back Hamos "the Tupperware effect," where people are invited to a party for the plastic container ware and drink coffee, hear testimony about its worth, and then pony up money for their own plastic ware, just like at the campaign meeting.
"People reported a sense of social obligation," Sinclair said. "Campaigns know this works."
Indeed, Sinclair pointed to another congressional candidate fundraiser invitation. It listed the names of all the invitees to pressure as many people who knew others on the list to attend as possible.
Fundraising is one thing. No one believes his or her vote can be influenced. Yet, Sinclair said, we all believe we can persuade an acquaintance to vote for the candidate we support. The ability of one person to influence another person can be demonstrated by analyzing a get-out-the-vote effort.
In 2009, Sinclair put her theory to the test after U.S. Rep. Rahm Emanuel stepped down from his seat to take a job in the Obama White House. She picked a tiny nine-digit ZIP code in his district to test voter turnout. Democrat Michael Quigley ran unopposed to fill the seat, so turnout would be low.
She contacted residents with a mailing that showed their lackluster voting record in previous elections. (Voting records are public.) It asked them to do their "civic duty and vote," and pointed out they'd failed to make it to the polls in the past two elections.
Sinclair's target wasn't the mailing's recipients, though. It was the person they shared their home with and who voted regularly.
Someone who lived with a rare or infrequent voter was less likely to make it to the polls. But Sinclair noticed that people voted when they lived with someone who always goes to the polls.
"There's a shame effect," Sinclair said. "It's not the message but the messenger that matters."
This election cycle, some people have learned through Facebook that their social networks aren't politically uniform, leading to nasty arguments and "unfriendings." Sinclair contends that people forge online relationships outside of politics. But holding onto those bonds with people who surprise and enrage can be politically enlightening.
"That's the person most likely to hear what you're saying and engage you about what you're saying," Sinclair said.
The Student Association for Law & Mind Sciences, Harvard Law School Republicans, Harvard Law School Democrats, and the Harvard Law School American Constitution Society sponsored the lecture. J.D. candidate Rebecca Matte '14, vice president of the Student Association for Law & Mind Sciences, introduced Sinclair.


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Past Worlds
Free with admission
A sequence of snapshots in time spanning hundreds of millions of years depicts a range of Utah's ancient environments and their changing life forms.
Utah's past worlds are brought to life in displays that capture plant and animal diversity, sights, sounds and smells long lost ecosystems. Participate in the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry mystery by "casting your vote" on the theory you agree with most, be a paleontologist for a day in our dinosaur dig, and be a guest at an Ice Age dinner party. In this gallery there are dozens of skeletal reconstructions on display, including a Gryposaurus (duck-billed) dinosaur made of original fossil material, and the world's largest display of horned dinosaur skulls.
Stop by and watch our staff and volunteers as they prepare specimens for research and display in the Museum's active S.J. and Jessie E. Quinney Foundation Paleontology Preparation Lab. Browse our mineral reference collection and a display on Triassic plants in the Ruth Eleanor Bamberger and John Ernest Bamberger Memorial Foundation Learning Lab.
The Past Worlds exhibition is located in the George S. and Dolores Doré Eccles Gallery.
Credit: Exhibit sounds and sound design provided in part by Jeff Rice and Dr. Kevin J. Colver in association with the Western Soundscape Archive at the University of Utah J. Willard Marriott Library.
Explore the Past Worlds exhibition on a Virtual Field Trip.


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Learn More About Volleyball Equipment & Gear
Get in the Game with Volleyball Equipment
It's all about performance on the court. Shop volleyball equipment for the apparel, footwear and gear you need to dominate the game.
Whether you're playing beachside or in a gymnasium, get the volleyball gear it takes to keep the game going. Discover performance-ready volleyball shoes, clothing and competition-grade volleyball nets and game equipment. Boost your game with the help of volleyball training aids and weighted volleyballs.
Pick up gear from some of the best brands in the sport, like Asics®, Mizuno®, Mikasa®, Tachikara®, Under Armour®, Nike® and Wilson®.
Gear Up with Volleyball Essentials
Get total playability, durability and impact with a variety of volleyballs, including indoor volleyballs and beach and outdoor volleyballs. Select from official-size balls or those that are lighter in weight for beginning players or heavier training volleyballs that build hand and finger strength through repetitive use. Ensure your volleyball is crafted for superb air retention with a composite leather material for touch and control.
Move around easy in the right volleyball apparel. Choose lightweight shorts with a stretch fit. Antimicrobial gusseting on your volleyball shorts ensures comfortable, no-bunch wear. Outfit with volleyball shirts that deliver the airy feel you need. Choose volleyball clothing designed with a four-way stretch construction for complete mobility and flatlock seams that prevent uncomfortable chafing.
Pull on a pair of volleyball shoes and socks that absorb impact and let you move with ease. Choose socks that provide arch support and shoes designed with a contoured, Phylon or EVA midsole for cushioning. The rubber outsole of your volleyball shoes should have a strategic traction pattern for grip on hardwood.
Prep for the game with carts, volleyball nets and accessories. Competition-grade volleyball nets are built for durability and hassle-free set-up.
Volleyball knee pads are essential for your game. Look for a pair that features a lightweight, form-fitting sleeve with foam padding for protection. Your knee pads should protect but never inhibit your movement.


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This deliciously simple rhubarb recipe is from Diane Roupe's new book Blue Ribbon Country Canning. Diane is a preserving legend, having won numerous blue and red ribbons and the Iowa State Fair - the real deal in American canning country!
Last year, I was lucky enough to shoot all the photographs for Diane's book. Working on Blue Ribbon Country Canning was an amazing creative endeavor, and so different from my own book project - I loved the challenge of honoring another author's vision through photography. After 12 months, it feels fantastic to finally touch the pages and see all the work that went into the book become a reality.
When shooting Diane's book, I fell in love with her rhubarb and knew I had to share this recipe with all of you. Diane's rhubarb maintains a wonderful tart bite while being just sweetened enough by a bit of sugar. Imagine nestling little bits of puckery ruby-hued rhubarb onto a bowl of vanilla ice cream... yum!
INGREDIENTS adapted from Diane Roupe's Blue Ribbon Country Canning from Egg + Dart Press
{printable recipe}
- 2 1/4 pounds rhubarb
- 3/4 cup granulated sugar
Trim ends from rhubarb and slice stalks into 2 inch x 1/4 inch batons. Place cut rhubarb in a large stainless stockpot or dutch oven. Toss rhubarb with sugar. Cover and let rhubarb macerate for 4 hours to release its liquid. ( I occasionally stirred the rhubarb during this maceration phase.)
After 4 hours, place pot holding the rhubarb (and all of its released liquid) onto the stove top. Turn the flame to medium-high. Stir regularly while bringing the pot to a boil. Once boiling, count to 10 and remove the pan from the heat. (If you cook the rhubarb any longer, the fibers really break down and the consistency gets soft and mushy like stewed rhubarb. The flavor and texture are still delish, just not as firm as Diane's intention.)
Using a slotting spoon, immediately place rhubarb into jars and pour liquid over the top. Seal jars. For more information on this important phase of canning, please consult Diane's book, or your favorite canning guide. Keep in mind: you can also make this recipe and store the rhubarb in clean lidded containers in the fridge. Unsealed rhubarb should be eaten within 2 weeks.
Let jars cool to room temp and rest for 12 hours.
Serve rhubarb on something sweet and creamy like vanilla ice cream...
I thought you might enjoy a peek at some shots from the book...


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West 40 Auto Sales is a pre-owned auto dealer in Cambridge Ohio.
We carry a great selection of used cars for sale, as well as used trucks, vans, and SUVs. Call today or apply online for our Guaranteed credit approval! We now have the best auto financing in Guernsey county with Buy here Pay here, bank financing, special financing and companies that specialize in sub prime and first time buyers car loans. Drive away in your new car today! West 40 Auto Sales is located at 250 Glenn Hwy, Cambridge OH 43725. We offer the best deals in southeast Ohio. It doesn't matter if you live in Zanesville, Caldwell, Barnesville, New Philadelphia, Canton, Akron, Columbus, Newark, Marietta, or anywhere in Ohio or even in West Virginia or Pennsylvania if you need a clean dependable new car we will get you financed or give you a great deal if you are paying cash. All of our cars carry Warranty unless specified otherwise, our warranties can protect you from having payments to make on a car you can't afford to fix. So even if you have bad credit or no credit, remember we have the best financing around Ohio and the best warranties that are still affordable and will pay your local shop whether it is in Muskingum, Guernsey, Noble, Tuscarawas, Perry, Morgan, Coshocton, Belmont or licking county, or even if you are out of state you don't have to bring it back to the car dealer where purchased to have fixed. And remember, we always have more used cars for sale and used trucks for sale that may not have made it to the web-site yet.
Also if you want to make sure you are going to get the best deal on your used car or truck please check out our rating at the better business bureau. We are a certified member and carry an A+ rating.
This page has been visited 6,356,877 times since August 09th, 2007
West 40 Auto Sales | Bad Credit Car Loan Specialists | Used BHPH Car Dealer has been visited 16,581,958 times.


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XStoreColor(display, colormap, color)
Display *display;
Colormap colormap;
XColor *color;
XStoreNamedColor(display, colormap, color, pixel, flags)
Display *display;
Colormap colormap;
char *color;
unsigned long pixel;
int flags;
XStoreColors can generate BadAccess, BadColor, and BadValue errors.
The XStoreColor function changes the colormap entry of the pixel value specified in the pixel member of the XColor structure. You specified this value in the pixel member of the XColor structure. This pixel value must be a read/write cell and a valid index into the colormap. If a specified pixel is not a valid index into the colormap, a BadValue error results. XStoreColor also changes the red, green, and/or blue color components. You specify which color components are to be changed by setting DoRed, DoGreen, and/or DoBlue in the flags member of the XColor structure. If the colormap is an installed map for its screen, the changes are visible immediately.
XStoreColor can generate BadAccess, BadColor, and BadValue errors.
The XStoreNamedColor function looks up the named color with respect to the screen associated with the colormap and stores the result in the specified colormap. The pixel argument determines the entry in the colormap. The flags argument determines which of the red, green, and blue components are set. You can set this member to the bitwise inclusive OR of the bits DoRed, DoGreen, and DoBlue. If the color name is not in the Host Portable Character Encoding, the result is implementation-dependent. Use of uppercase or lowercase does not matter. If the specified pixel is not a valid index into the colormap, a BadValue error results. If the specified pixel either is unallocated or is allocated read-only, a BadAccess error results.
XStoreNamedColor can generate BadAccess, BadColor, BadName, and BadValue errors.


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LOS ANGELES (AP) — Port clerks returned to work Wednesday, jubilant in the knowledge that an eight-day strike that paralyzed the nation's busiest shipping complex had won them — at least for now — guarantees that their jobs won't be outsourced to China, Arizona or other places.
The 600 clerical workers at the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach represented by the International Longshore and Warehouse Union won only modest increases in wage and pension benefits over the life of a new four-year contract.
But more importantly, said union spokesman Craig Merrilees, they extracted promises from management that, as workers retire or leave the ports during the next four years, no more than 14 jobs will be outsourced. Companies also must continue to fill vacant positions when workers are absent for vacations or other reasons.
"The key issue in this whole strike was the outsourcing of good jobs, and they won protections against outsourcing abuses," Merrilees said.
He acknowledged that the issue would likely be front and center in negotiations when the new contract expires in 2016.
Shippers denied outsourcing jobs, but strikers insisted they had proof.
Trinnie Thompson, a union shop steward, said workers have seen invoices and emails showing some of their responsibilities being usurped by people in offices in Costa Rica, Shanghai, Colorado and Arizona.
"They take a job here in California where the average salary is $65,000 and are paying only $30,000 in a state like Arizona," she said.
The clerks handle such tasks as filing invoices and billing notices, arranging dock visits by customs inspectors, and ensuring that cargo moves off the dock quickly and gets where it's supposed to go.
The increasing computerization of such tasks, which allows them to be performed in cities far from the ocean, makes the clerks especially vulnerable, say labor experts.
"These are fairly complicated jobs, you can't just hire anybody to do them, but nevertheless they can be done from other places," said Nelson Lichtenstein, director of the Center for the Study of Work Labor and Democracy at the University of California, Santa Barbara, said Wednesday.
Moving such jobs overseas or to states that pay less, and where unionization is not as strong, is something that has been a trend in the United States for decades, he said, giving as an example large company customer call centers that have been relocated to India.
"What's remarkable about this is that the union struck, they shut down the ports and they won," he said, adding it showed what the strong labor movement that still exists in the shipping industry is capable of accomplishing.
The clerks make average salaries of $41 an hour, or about $87,000 a year. They also receive pensions and several weeks of vacation a year. Their health insurance is fully paid and includes zero doctor co-pays, giving them among the best salary and benefits packages of any blue-collar workers.
The deal, reached late Tuesday night, must still be ratified by union membership, but both sides expect that to happen in the coming weeks.
Meanwhile, gates reopened at the ports and thousands of workers got busy unloading everything from cars to clothing, and television sets to computers from ships that had been idling in the ocean. Goods were placed on trains and trucks, to be delivered across the country.
"It's going to take a few days, maybe a week or two to get back to normal," said Long Beach port spokesman Art Wong.
During negotiations, shippers fought vigorously against the job guarantees, maintaining that would force them to keep people on the payroll that weren't needed.
Ultimately, they compromised to end the devastating strike that shut down 10 of the 14 terminals at the ports and cost the region billions of dollars.
"At the end of the day, it was important to reach compromise to get people back to work, and we agree the deal will extend growth at the ports," said Steve Getzug, a spokesman for the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association, which represented the shipping companies.
In just a week, the strike had begun to create concerns there would be shortages of everything from retail merchandise needed for next month's post-holiday sales to repair parts for Redbox video kiosks.
Christmas merchandise had already arrived before the strike began.
During the walkout, officials estimated roughly $760 million worth of cargo a day failed to move through the ports. Twenty ships headed to other ports in California and Mexico, while some simply didn't sail from their home ports. Still others idled at sea.
Clerical workers walked out Nov. 27 after working without a contract for 30 months.
Although the strikers numbered only about 450, thousands of dockworkers represented by a sister union refused to cross the picket lines, stalling work at the complex that handles 44 percent of all container traffic that arrives in the U.S. by sea.
The new contract calls for a $1 an hour raise immediately and another $1 an hour bump next year, with raises in the contract's third and fourth years still to be determined. Employees will also receive $4,000 lump sum payments for the 30 months they worked without a contract.
Their pension benefits will increase slightly, and their vacation and health benefits will remain unchanged.
When their contract expires in 2016, Merrilees said, they should expect to face the outsourcing issue again.
"This problem is one that's rampant across the country," he said. "It's great that port workers were able to get this problem in these ports subject to more controls, but meanwhile the impacts of outsourcing are still being felt across the country."


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Panic At The Disco Merchandise
Just barely out of high school, emo-pop outfit Panic! at the Disco (or PATD, P!ATD, Panic!, P@TD) burst out of suburban Las Vegas in 2005 with their full-length debut, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out. Taking their name from a line in Name Taken's "Panic," the group materialized when friends Spencer Smith (drums) and Ryan Ross (guitar) grew tired of covering blink-182 tunes together and thus recruited classmates Brendon Urie (guitar/vocals) and Brent Wilson (bass) to complete the quartet. Crafting pop-influenced songs with theatrical touches, quirky techno beats, and perceptive lyrics, Panic! at the Disco posted some demos online and soon caught the attention of Decaydance, the Fueled by Ramen imprint headed by Fall Out Boy's Pete Wentz. Even though the band had yet to play a live show, they subsequently became the first band signed to the label. With their record issued in September 2005, the guys hit the road that fall on the successful Nintendo Fusion Tour alongside Fall Out Boy, Motion City Soundtrack, Boys Night Out, and the Starting Line. As their single "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" found its way into TRL hearts (and the Top 40) by the early months of 2006, the band kept the momentum going on the road with the Academy Is..., Acceptance, and Hellogoodbye. Proving to be a popular lineup, the tour consistently sold out venues across the country. Wilson was fired from the group mid-year; Panic! pressed on with their friend Jon Walker on board for a full summer of headlining dates around the country that culminated with appearances in Chicago at Lollapalooza and overseas at the U.K.'s Reading and Leeds festivals. Their second single from Fever, "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage," also began making waves on radio and TV, as the guys picked up Video of the Year at MTV's yearly VMA ceremony, beating out heavy hitters like Madonna and the Red Hot Chili Peppers. A collector's boxset version of Fever, full of random Panic paraphernalia and a DVD, came out just in time for the 2006 holiday season.