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This is MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. Good morning. I'm David Greene.
And I'm Steve Inskeep.
Americans now have a little more information on which to base their debate about Trayvon Martin. The teenager's killing in Florida - where he was shot by a man named George Zimmerman - prompted an intense and politically charged national discussion about violence, about gun laws and about race.
What we haven't had was a fuller record of the evidence. And now prosecutors have released documents, audio and photos, as well as video from their investigation.
NPR's Greg Allen reports from Miami.
GREG ALLEN, BYLINE: The material includes Trayvon Martin's toxicology report done at the time of his autopsy. It shows that at the time of his fight with Zimmerman, he had marijuana in his system.
GREENE: There's also a report from Sanford police investigator Christopher Serino dated March 13th asking prosecutors to charge George Zimmerman with negligent homicide. In his report, Serino writes: All of Zimmerman's past suspicious persons calls identified black males as the subjects. The encounter between Zimmerman and Martin could have been avoided, Serino writes, quote, "if Zimmerman had remained in his vehicle and awaited the arrival of law enforcement." It wasn't until nearly a month later, however, that Zimmerman was charged with second-degree murder.
ALLEN: There's other material here that would seem to bolster Zimmerman's defense. Here's an interview taken by investigators the night of the shooting from a witness who saw much of the altercation. His name, and the names of all the witnesses, were redacted by the court.
ALLEN: This witness said he didn't see how the fight started, but says the person on top - who from his description, appears to be Trayvon Martin - was raining punches on Zimmerman.
Investigator Serino also says that the person heard calling for help in 911 calls was George Zimmerman. Two days after the shooting, Serino says he played the 911 call for Tracy Martin, Trayvon's father. When he asked him if that was his son's voice, Serino said Martin, quote "clearly emotionally impacted by the recording, quietly responded no." Later, both Tracy Martin and Trayvon's mother Sybrina Fulton said the voice on the 911 tape calling for help was their son.
Also in the discovery material, photos and an interview with a paramedic that shows Zimmerman's nose was broken, and he had two-inch long lacerations on the back of his head.
One of the most important witnesses may be one who was not in Sanford that day. Prosecutor Bernie de La Rionda interviewed Trayvon Martin's girlfriend, who says she was talking to him on and off throughout the day until minutes before his death. The girlfriend, who's not identified in the court material, says Trayvon put his hoodie up when he was returning from the 7-11 with Skittles and an iced tea because it was raining. At first, she says, the 17-year-old told her he saw George Zimmerman watching him from his car. She told Trayvon to run to his father's house. When he ran, she says Zimmerman pursued him on foot. Eventually, she says, Trayvon stopped running and confronted Zimmerman.
This is prosecutor Bernie de la Rionda.
ALLEN: The girlfriend says she could tell Trayvon was scared. She was shouting into the phone: Trayvon, what's going on?
ALLEN: Shortly after that, the phone went dead. The next hearing in the case is not until August. In the meantime, George Zimmerman is out on bail, awaiting trial on second-degree murder charges.
Greg Allen, NPR News, Miami. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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GRAND JUNCTION - The referee slapped the mat and Wyatt Wade sprang to his feet thrusting a right fist into the air.
Satisfied, yes. Relieved, definitely. Expected, you bet.
For the past four years, Wade has taken three regional titles. But this was by far the most satisfying. After a season of torment and frustration last year, Wade returned to the top of the podium.
Smiling, joking, his eyes full of satisfied joy, Wade seemed to be the happiest guy in the Class 2A Regional Tournament.
That's because he probably was.
"Coming back from last year, having health problems, I feel great," he says, smiling.
The senior battled through a crater of self-doubt following the 2012 season when he placed third at regionals and fourth at state in the 126-pound division.
He struggled with blood sugar problems that sapped his energy and his strength. He faded at the end of matches, always leaving the mat pouring sweat.
As a sophomore, Wade earned a second-place state medal at 112 pounds. Expectations soared for his junior season but then came the energy-draining blood sugar issues. He was in a confused haze after losses and even some of his hard-fought victories. Confused, frustrated and tormented. Win or lose, he wasn't having fun.
Beating Dove Creek's Dalton Randolph in the 145-pound finals was a reason to celebrate, but Wade has been celebrating all season. Celebrating the burial of torment and memories of last year.
He's having fun on the wrestling mat again.
"We finally got my body figured out. We changed my tempo on the mat and things are good," he says.
He admits that he's not packed with energy but he's now wrestling more efficiently.
"I have learned how to conserve (energy) better and execute what I need to when I need to," he says.
The regional final was a great example. With Wade leading 5-4 in the third, he saw an opening and pounced like a hungry lion.
In a flash, he rolled Randolph onto his back and listened for the glorious sound of the referee's hand slapping the mat.
The smile, his playful enthusiasm is back. However, his mood turns serious when he thinks about 2012.
"Last year was so frustrating," he says. "It wasn't because I lost, I was just so frustrated. Frustrated with my body. I couldn't do what I wanted to do."
It wasn't fair. Teenage athletes shouldn't have to worry about their body and how it will react.
The smile pops back as he talks about this season.
"I'm not stressed at all, I'm not cutting weight, everything is good," he says.
He's now a supremely confident wrestler.
"Taking first in leagues and first at regionals, and now I'm ready to take first at state," he says, the smile refusing to go away. "I'm totally confident that I'm going to take state."
The season didn't start that way for Wade.
First there was a crash while being pulled behind a boat on the lake that resulted in a broken leg. That ended his football season. Then there was the doubt as wrestling season started. Would those health issues return? Would his energy be sucked dry again?
"From the start, I was wondering if it was going to be another tough year. I was working out in the gym and doing whatever I could to get ready," he says.
But always lurking was the doubt and the worry that his body would be the opponent he couldn't defeat.
As the season progressed, the doubt vanished and confidence grew. He has lost only three matches this season. Last year, he went into state with 12 losses.
Wade's work in the weight room is evident by his muscular build and he's jumped from 126 pounds to 145 this year.
"I feel great at 145."
His final shot at a state title began Thursday and anything less will be a disappointment. But his satisfaction, relief and fun that he's had during his senior year to this point, has already made it an overly successful season.
"I've got my body figured out - that's the biggest thing. I wrestle because I love it, the winning is just another plus," he says.
Winning may not be everything to Wade. But after what he's gone through, he may appreciate it more than any other wrestler.
He smiles again.
"I'm just focused on state, take one match at a time and keep going."
Self-doubt gone. Frustration buried. Confidence to spare.
A wrestling medal at state - it would be priceless.

subset: commoncrawl


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Herpes Zoster (Shingles) If you ever had chickenpox, you're at higher risk of developing shingles later in life. Shingles can affect many parts of the body. If it travels to your eyes, your cornea can become inflamed and even scarred. Corneal damage might not be apparent until months after the shingles
Read more


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You left the car window down or the sunroof open and there's a water stain in your car's leather seat….or your girlfriend spilled here red wine in your leather car seat on a night out on the town….or your kids decided they were a soon to be artist and tried their techniques out on your leather car seat with a pen, arrggg. Got kids myself, so feel your pain. Stain removal in leather seats can be tough, here's a few tricks to help get you going.
As a professional leather repair specialist I'm here to tell you that there are not to many products that can be used on a leather car seat that won't remove the finish before removing the stain. Most leather in today's cars is a finished leather with a water borne urethane leather dye applied to it and is pretty susceptible to chemicals and can be removed pretty easily with a solvent cleaner. So when in doubt call a professional.
Water stains in Leather Seat….this is a pretty hard one to get rid of. I recently had reader send me an email on how he could get the water stains out of his car after leaving his sunroof open. This part is kinda for him considering I think I lost his email with pictures, I did get to see them though, so not all was lost. The pictures showed a crease that ran along the middle of the leather seat where the water had puckered the leather. In this type of situation there are two things we could do, one is sand the crease out and with some fillers and dye make the seat new again, this is where a leather professional comes in to play, or replacement of the section that is creased, that's where an upholstery shop comes in. In these type of situations there aren't any leather conditioners or cleaners in the world that will remove a creased or puckered leather, what happens is the actual structure of the fibers in the leather have been altered and what you see is what you have.
If the water hasn't puckered the leather and has just left a stain, a little trick I learned from my good friend Dwain Berlin with Leather Craft Secrets, and you go to your bread box in the kitchen for this one. Take a piece of bread and roll it up into a ball and rub and blot the area with the bread ball, works pretty good. Dwain has a lot of great advice for leather care, and if your interested in some great fun with leather go check out his book, it's quite impressive and I myself learned a few things.
Most of the time water will just evaporate and with no problems and the stains will disappear. If your car leather gets wet dry it as best you can with a towel and then condition it with your Lexol Conditioner. One way to dry the cars leather is by leaving the windows down and setting it in the sun to dry, or crack the windows and turn your car on with the heat on full blast and let it run for about 30 minutes. I'm not real hip on that one cause it's a waste of gas but it does work to dry things out better. But always condition, some rain waters are pretty dirty and harsh and the leather needs those extra nutrients to keep it soft.
If the stains are just too bad then new leather dye is the only way to bring it back then call your local leather professional like me to come and make it new again.
Mold Stains in Leather Seat….Or mildew which ever. This one kinda goes along with the water stains. Take and mix a cup of water and a cup of rubbing alcohol and mix them together, take a towel and rub a small amount of the solution onto the stained areas, until the spot is gone, again watch for dye lift, this trick works pretty well and usually removes the mildew pretty quick without dye removal.
Food Stains in Leather Seat….This one can be an easy one if you just don't eat in your car, but I'm just as guilty as most and eat on the run. A mild dish soap and warm water with a rag or scotch brite pad will do the trick in most cases. Most automotive leather is finished and food stuffs usually will wipe right off. If you run into a stubborn one though try a little all-purpose degreaser on a rag, don't rub too much or dye may lift. If the stain on your leather car seat from food doesn't come up with this then the dye from the food has penetrated the fibers of the leather and has dyed it, so it's time for a professional leather dye job.
Aniline leather or NuBuck leather is a different story though, thats the soft stuff you see as an inserted piece usually in the middle of the seats. You can use the soapy solution but water spots sometimes show up, so a special cleaner works best for this kind of leather. One I suggest is from the guys over at Leather Magic, they have a NuBuck Leather Care Kit that is the answer to all your NuBack needs. This kit includes cleaners and conditioners for the soft stuff, this type of leather is delicate and should be treated as such. Don't use your usual leather cleaners and conditioners on this type of leather due to fact of the oils in them will damage the look of the leather, then no more soft feeling NuBuck, so definitely check out Leather Magics NuBuck Kit.
Ink, Marker, and Crayon on Leather Seat….Urgent!!! Get to it as soon as you can! If the ink is fresh you have a better chance of removing it from the leather then not. Rubbing alcohol, with a little bit of acetone added will sometimes get it. I've heard of hairspray, tried it with not much luck. Usually when an ink pen and leather come together they marry and don't split to easily. Ink is a dye and is made to penetrate whatever it comes into contact with. Most ink spots I've ran into I've usually had to dye the leather to cover the spot.
Crayon on a leather seat can be a booger if it's melted in the seat, you can try this but be careful not to burn or pucker your leather. Take an iron and a paper towel and lay the paper towel over the crayon and with a low heat rub the iron over the paper towel over the crayon. The crayon will melt into the paper towel, move the towel around to clean spots until the crayon is gone, a little of rubbing alcohol should remove the remaining. This trick works on carpet and cloth too. If they're just marks on the leather seat a little soap and water should do the trick or even a little rubbing alcohol on a towel works good to. If all fails there is a product from Protective Products Corp. that is all natural with no solvents that will remove crayon and lipstick it's called Solv-It, but just like anything try a spot in an unsuspecting spot to see if it removes dye.
One last trick that I've read about around the net and am in the process of testing it, but it the Mr. Clean Magic Eraser, they do work around the house, so why not the car too. I've removed crayon and marks on my walls before with them, I do notice it take a little paint with it though, but they do work. If you use one, be careful and don't go ape rub it then look, rub it then look, they will remove dye, so when using it take your time and check it as you go. mens wash bag


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Please allow up to 5 business days for us to process your return once delivered. You will usually receive the refund credited to your account within 3-5 business days after return approval and inspection, depending on your card issuer's policies. At this time exchanges will be handled as a refund
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For all other normal wear and tear issues, we may be able to assist in repair for a nominal fee. For more information on how to request a repair assessment, please email us at email@example.com with full detail of your repair needs.


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Orders placed by 12 noon EST typically ship same day but allow up to 1-2 Business Days. During new releases or sales when order volumes are higher than normal, please allow an additional 1-2 business days processing time.Once shipped, Priority Mail orders take 2-3 days to arrive within the U.S. This time can be shorter or longer depending on the Method you choose at Checkout.For Next Day shipping, select Priority Mail Express, but please be advised, while packages get to most U.S. addresses in 1 Day, it could take 2 days using this shipping method. Also, keep in mind processing time.
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This inspired Hoodie runs true to size. @lailanni_m is wearing a size 3/4.


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Medication Search - Act-Celecoxib
Common Name:
How does Act-Celecoxib work? What will it do for me?
Celecoxib belongs to the group of medications called selective COX-2 inhibitors, which is a kind of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs work by reducing a substance in the body that leads to inflammation (swelling) and pain.
Celecoxib is used to treat the symptoms of osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and rheumatoid arthritis in adults.
It is also used to treat moderate-to-severe pain for a short-term period (less than 7 days), such as pain due to surgery, sprains, or tooth extractions.
Celecoxib will only treat symptoms and decrease inflammation as long as you are taking the medication. It will not change the progress of the disease causing the pain and inflammation.
This medication may be available under multiple brand names and/or in several different forms. Any specific brand name of this medication may not be available in all of the forms or approved for all of the conditions discussed here. As well, some forms of this medication may not be used for all of the conditions discussed here.
Your doctor may have suggested this medication for conditions other than those listed in these drug information articles. If you have not discussed this with your doctor or are not sure why you are taking this medication, speak to your doctor. Do not stop taking this medication without consulting your doctor.
Do not give this medication to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you do. It can be harmful for people to take this medication if their doctor has not prescribed it.
What form(s) does Act-Celecoxib come in?
100 mg
Each hard-gelatin capsule with white opaque cap with a blue band and white opaque body with "100" reverse printed on the blue band contains 100 mg of celecoxib. Nonmedicinal ingredients: crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, povidone, and sodium lauryl sulfate; capsule shell: gelatin, titanium dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, shellac, and FD&C Blue No. 2 Aluminum Lake.
200 mg
Each hard-gelatin capsule with white opaque cap with yellow band and white opaque body with "200" reverse printed on the yellow band contains 200 mg of celecoxib. Nonmedicinal ingredients: crospovidone, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, povidone, and sodium lauryl sulfate; capsule shell: gelatin, titanium dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, shellac, and yellow iron oxide.
How should I use Act-Celecoxib?
The amount of celecoxib and how long it is taken varies according to the condition being treated. It should be used at the lowest dose possible for the shortest possible length of time to achieve pain relief.
Osteoarthritis: The usual recommended daily dose is 200 mg taken as a single dose or as 100 mg twice daily.
Ankylosing spondylitis: The usual recommended daily dose is 200 mg taken as a single dose or as 100 mg twice daily.
Rheumatoid arthritis: The usual recommended starting dose is 100 mg twice daily. This may be increased to 200 mg twice daily as directed by your doctor.
Moderate-to-severe pain: The usual recommended dose is 400 mg as a single dose on the first day, followed by 200 mg once daily. Treatment should not exceed 7 days. The maximum recommended dose is 400 mg a day.
Celecoxib may be taken with or without food.
Many things can affect the dose of a medication that a person needs, such as body weight, other medical conditions, and other medications. If your doctor has recommended a dose different from the ones listed here, do not change the way that you are taking the medication without consulting your doctor.
It is important that this medication be taken exactly as prescribed by your doctor. If you miss a dose, take it as soon as possible and continue with your regular schedule. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. If you are not sure what to do after missing a dose, contact your doctor or pharmacist for advice.
Store this medication at room temperature and keep it out of the reach of children.
Do not dispose of medications in wastewater (e.g. down the sink or in the toilet) or in household garbage. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medications that are no longer needed or have expired.
Who should NOT take Act-Celecoxib?
Do not take this medication if you:
- are allergic to celecoxib or any ingredients of the medication
- are allergic to sulfonamides (sulfa medications; e.g., sulfamethoxazole)
- are breast-feeding or planning to breast-feed
- are in the third trimester of pregnancy (28 weeks or more)
- are planning to have or recently have had heart surgery
- have an active stomach or intestinal ulcer or active gastrointestinal (stomach and intestines) bleeding
- have bleeding in the brain
- have experienced asthma, hives, or allergic-type reactions after taking acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or other NSAIDs (e.g., naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, meloxicam)
- have high blood potassium levels
- have inflammatory bowel disease
- have severe, uncontrolled heart failure
- have severely decreased kidney function or kidney function that is getting worse
- have severely decreased liver function or active liver disease
- have high levels of potassium in your blood
What side effects are possible with Act-Celecoxib?
Many medications can cause side effects. A side effect is an unwanted response to a medication when it is taken in normal doses. Side effects can be mild or severe, temporary or permanent.
The side effects listed below are not experienced by everyone who takes this medication. If you are concerned about side effects, discuss the risks and benefits of this medication with your doctor.
The following side effects have been reported by at least 1% of people taking this medication. Many of these side effects can be managed, and some may go away on their own over time.
Contact your doctor if you experience these side effects and they are severe or bothersome. Your pharmacist may be able to advise you on managing side effects.
- dizziness
- drowsiness
- heartburn
- increased sensitivity to sunlight
- nausea
Although most of the side effects listed below don't happen very often, they could lead to serious problems if you do not seek medical attention.
Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur:
- blurred vision or other vision changes
- confusion
- digestive system problems (e.g., vomiting, ongoing indigestion, nausea, stomach pain, or diarrhea)
- fatigue
- headaches or stiff neck
- hearing changes
- increased blood pressure
- pain or difficulty urinating
- signs of bleeding (e.g., unusual bruising or bleeding, bloody nose, blood in urine, coughing blood, cuts that won't stop bleeding)
- signs of depression (e.g., poor concentration, changes in weight, changes in sleep, decreased interest in activities, thoughts of suicide)
- signs of lung inflammation (e.g., trouble breathing, dry cough, tiredness)
- signs of kidney problems (e.g., increased urination at night, decreased urine production, blood in the urine)
- skin rash
- swelling of the legs or feet
symptoms of liver damage (e.g., yellow skin or eyes, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-coloured stools, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, or itching) Stop taking the medication and seek immediate medical attention if any of the following occur:
- symptoms of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., hives; difficulty breathing; or swelling of the lips, throat, or tongue)
- symptoms of a severe skin reaction (e.g., high fever; rash, sores, or painful blisters on the skin, mouth, or eyes; or skin peeling off)
- symptoms of bleeding in the stomach or intestines (e.g., dark and tarry stools, blood coming from rectum, vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds, fast heartbeat, weakness or fainting)
Some people may experience side effects other than those listed. Check with your doctor if you notice any symptom that worries you while you are taking this medication.
Are there any other precautions or warnings for Act-Celecoxib?
Before you begin using a medication, be sure to inform your doctor of any medical conditions or allergies you may have, any medications you are taking, whether you are pregnant or breast-feeding, and any other significant facts about your health. These factors may affect how you should use this medication.
October 30, 2020
Health Canada has issued new restrictions concerning the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To read the full Health Canada Advisory, visit Health Canada's web site at www.hc-sc.gc.ca.
Allergy: Some people who are allergic to sulfonamide medications such as certain antibiotics also experience allergic reactions to celecoxib. Before you take celecoxib, inform your doctor about any previous adverse reactions you have had to medications, especially sulfonamides and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or other anti-inflammatories. Contact your doctor at once if you experience signs of an allergic reaction, such as skin rash, itching, difficulty breathing, or swelling of the face and throat.
Blood counts: This medication can decrease the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection), red blood cells (which carry oxygen), and platelets (which help your blood to clot). Your doctor will do blood tests to monitor this. Contact your doctor immediately if you notice an increased occurrence of signs of infection (e.g., fever, chills, or sore throat), feel unusually tired, lack energy, or experience unusual bleeding or bruising.
Drowsiness/reduced alertness: Celecoxib may cause drowsiness, dizziness or, sometimes, blurred vision. Avoid driving, operating machinery, or engaging in other activities that require alertness and coordination if you find that celecoxib affects you in this way.
Fertility: As with other NSAIDs, this medication may make it more difficult for a couple to conceive if the woman is taking celecoxib. Stopping the medication allows the body's chemistry to return to normal which often resolves this issue.
Fluid retention: Celecoxib may cause fluid retention and swelling, possibly worsening high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, or decreased heart function. If you have any of these conditions, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed. Consult your doctor immediately if you develop shortness of breath, fatigue, excessive weight gain, chest pain, or swelling of the legs, feet, or ankles while taking this medication.
Heart attack and stroke: The use of selective COX-2 inhibitor NSAIDs, including celecoxib, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke, similar to the risk associated with most traditional NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen). The risk is increased with higher total daily doses and when taking the medication over long periods of time. Due to this increased risk, people with the following conditions or risk factors should be closely monitored by their doctor if they use celecoxib:
- congestive heart failure
- diabetes
- heart attack
- heart disease
- high blood pressure
- high cholesterol
- impaired kidney function
- poor circulation
- smoking
- stroke
Kidney disease: Like other NSAIDs, celecoxib may cause decreased kidney function and is not recommended for people with advanced kidney disease. If you have kidney disease, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
If you experience signs of kidney problems, such as blood in your urine or decreased urine production, contact your doctor as soon as possible.
Liver function: Celecoxib may worsen liver disease. If you have liver disease or decreased liver function, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed.
Contact your doctor immediately if you experience symptoms of liver problems such as fatigue, feeling unwell, loss of appetite, nausea, yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, dark urine, pale stools, abdominal pain or swelling, and itchy skin.
Meningitis: On rare occasions, people taking NSAIDs such as celecoxib experience symptoms of inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain (meningitis). This appears to be more likely for people who have an autoimmune disorder. If you experience symptoms of meningitis not caused by infection, such as stiff neck, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, or changes in consciousness and awareness, contact your doctor immediately.
Potassium levels: Celecoxib may increase the risk of high potassium levels in the blood, especially for seniors, people who have conditions such as diabetes or kidney failure, or people taking certain other types of medications. Your doctor may order blood tests periodically during long-term treatment to monitor the amount of potassium in your blood. People who have been diagnosed with having high potassium levels in their blood should not take this medication.
Stomach problems: Celecoxib may cause stomach problems such as ulcers or bleeding. If you have stomach problems, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, how your medical condition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed. Call your doctor immediately if you notice signs such as stomach or abdominal pain, black tarry stools, or vomiting blood. Using acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at the same time as celecoxib increases the risk of stomach ulcers and bleeding.
Urinary tract problems: Some people experience ongoing symptoms of urinary problems. If you experience bladder pain, pain when urinating, or increased frequency of urination, stop taking this medication and contact your doctor.
Pregnancy: The safety of using this medication during pregnancy has not been established. This medication should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefits outweigh the risks, and it should be avoided during the last trimester of pregnancy (after 28 weeks of pregnancy). Using celecoxib, as with any NSAID, late in pregnancy may cause labour to be prolonged. If you become pregnant while taking this medication, contact your doctor immediately.
Breast-feeding: This medication may pass into breast milk. If you are a breast-feeding mother and are taking celecoxib, it may affect your baby. Talk to your doctor about whether you should continue breast-feeding.
Children: The safety and effectiveness of using this medication have not been established for children and adolescents under 18 years old.
Seniors: Seniors are more likely to experience side effects of celecoxib. Discuss the risks and benefits of using this medication with your doctor.
What other drugs could interact with Act-Celecoxib?
There may be an interaction between celecoxib and any of the following:
- abiraterone
- acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and other salicylate medications
- alcohol
- aliskiren
- aluminum- and magnesium-containing antacids
- aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin)
- amiodarone
- angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs; e.g., captopril, enalapril, ramipril)
- angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs; e.g., losartan, irbesartan)
- aprepitant
- atomoxetine
- "azole" antifungals (e.g., itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole)
- barbiturates (e.g., butalbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital)
- beta-adrenergic blockers (e.g., atenolol, propranolol, sotalol)
- bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate, etidronate)
- bosentan
- capecitabine
- carbamazepine
- chloroquine
- chlorpheniramine
- chlorpromazine
- cholestyramine
- codeine
- colesevelam
- colestipol
- corticosteroids taken by mouth (e.g., dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisone)
- clopidogrel
- cyclosporine
- dabigatran
- deferasirox
- delavirdine
- desmopressin
- dextromethorphan
- digoxin
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Zack Seward
WXXI/Finger Lakes reporter for the Innovation Trail.
Zack Seward had only a few weeks to catch his breath between graduating from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and becoming the first reporter hired for the project.
Prior to his graduate studies, Seward was a production assistant at the PBS NewsHour, where he researched and developed breaking news stories as well as features for both the Health and Arts & Culture units. He also served at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver with the NewsHour, and wrote for the NewsHour's Art Beat blog.
Seward got his start in public media when he was an anthropology student at the University of Chicago, as a production intern for WTTW's Chicago Tonight. He has also conducted internships in regional transportation planning and neighborhood revitalization. He's originally from San Francisco.
Interstate 81 has helped to make Syracuse, N.Y., a "20-minute city," where you can drive anywhere you need to quickly and easily. But the highway has also physically divided neighborhoods, separating the haves from the have-nots. Now, like other cities around the country with urban highways, Syracuse officials are rethinking whether aging interstates are worth preserving.


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Today I am going to reveal one of the deep, dark secrets of neurology. A secret so carefully hidden that this post could result in my excommunication from the neurobrotherhood.
Most doctors, in some way, are snobs. Some are money snobs (a malady not limited to medicine), others about where they went to med school, still others about their clientele, others about research.
And what are neurologists snobs about?
We are snobs about...
(looks around furtively and whispers)
Reflex hammers.
Yes, reflex hammers. The little rubber triangular thing your internist uses to tap on your knees.
But we're NEUROLOGISTS, damnit! We did 3 years of training to learn how to properly use a reflex hammer! Plus, while your internist will only tap on your knees, we have a bunch of other reflexes we check.
I mean, we have to do SOMETHING to make it worth your higher co-pay to see a specialist. Would Harry Potter carry around just any old wand? No! Reflex hammers are to neurologists as lightsabers are to Jedi.
This is what your internist likely uses:
It's called a Taylor hammer. Or Tomahawk. They give you one in med school. No self-respecting neurologist would EVER be seen holding one. It's like a toy to us, and we are specially trained to look down our noses at them with a "you call THAT a reflex hammer!" look.
Someone once pointed out to me that this was one of the very first types of reflex hammer specially designed for this purpose. My answer to that is that the Wright brother's plane was the first one built, but I don't see anyone catching one to Chicago these days, either.
The only thing (in the eyes of a neurologist) lower than a Taylor hammer is this bizarre contraption:
Yes, it's a sad attempt to combine a Taylor hammer and a tuning fork (another item commonly used by neurologists). In the Bible they called things like this "abominations unto the Lord" (or, in our case, abominations unto Charcot).
It's like a sofa-bed: when you combine 2 things, you often get something that isn't quite as good as either one alone. When I was in med school I thought these things looked cool and practical (it took up less pocket space in that stupid looking short white coat). Now that I'm a neurologist, I realize how worthless they are. If you ever have a neurologist use one on you, ask them how many box tops they had to exchange for their medical degree.
The only thing worse than either of the above is using the head of your stethoscope to check reflexes. Might as well put on a shirt that says "Beware! Greenhorn on rounds!"
Next up, and maybe a notch or 2 above the Taylor hammer:
This is a Buck hammer.
The Buck is a few notches above the Taylor. It means that you're somewhat serious about checking reflexes. It's often carried by neurologists on hospital rounds, because it's convenient to toss in your bag.
A word of warning- the top piece on most Buck's unscrews to reveal a sharp pin. This is a throwback to the pre-AIDS era when you could freely jab multiple patients with the same sharp object and not worry about spreading disease. If your doctor pulls one out of his hammer and tries to jab you with it, RUN AWAY. You don't know where it's been.
A few rungs up, and we get the Trömner hammer (or Troemner, depending on where you trained).
Now THIS is a good hammer. It's what I carry in my hospital bag. The picture alone can't convey what it feels like to hold one. Although it looks somewhat like a Buck hammer, in reality it's larger and heavier. It has a solid, reassuring, feel to it, like if the patient suddenly lunges, you can beat the crap out of him with it. No other reflex hammer gives you that sense of security.
For my pharmacy readers, my faithful Trömner actually was a gift from a Naprosyn rep. Which says more about me than I want to admit.
This is a Berliner hammer. I've never used this type.
It looks, somewhat reassuringly, like an axe (to keep the Haldol deprived at bay until the orderlies arrive).
Now we come to the royalty of reflex testing, the Queen Square hammer.
As simple as it looks, this is THE HAMMER for the serious neurologist. It's what I (and most) keep in our offices. It's nicely weighted and allows you to swing it easily from several directions to test reflexes in different limbs, without having to reposition yourself or the patient too much. It's not as solid as the Trömner, but if the patient attacks you can stun them with it (it breaks after 1 solid hit, don't ask how I know this) as you draw your other hammer.
But neurologists sometimes have to round at the hospital, and the Queen Square, with it's long stalk, doesn't conveniently fit in a black bag. So, if you don't like the Trömner or Buck, there's the Babinski hammer.
This is basically the smaller handle of a Buck hammer with the Queen Square head. The head usually tilts to the side and the handle telescopes to a smaller size so you can put it in your bag.
It has the bizarre history of having been introduced to the U.S. by neurologist Abraham Rabiner, who received his personally from the great Dr. Babinski himself. This was as a peace offering after the 2 of them had physically beaten the shit out of each other (REALLY!) during a debate over a neurophysiology question at a Vienna black-tie dinner (Hey, we neuro Jedi take this shit seriously).
There are a handful of other hammer types out there (Krauss, Wintrich, Ebstein, and Wintle to name a few), mostly variants of the above. Some of them, like Ebstein and Wintrich, are of mostly historical interest and no longer used.
That's reflex hammers in a nutshell. Now you have something to talk about when you want to see a neurologist, or pretend to be a neurologist, or want to score points on your neurology rotation, or end up on Jeopardy saying "I'll take 'Reflex Hammers' for $500, Alex."
And know, ye of lesser hammers, why those of us who wield a Trömner or Queen Square look down on you as unwashed heathens. And appropriately so.


text:
February 20, 2009
Auton et al. on Global distribution of genomic diversity
The STRUCTURE analysis is not quite clear, but clusters centered in Europe, Mexico, South Asia, East Asia, and Yoruba appear. From the figure, it appears that a little bit of "South Asian" appears in Europe, which may represent either a Gypsy element, or the more general "light blue" element which appeared in Li et al. Figure B, shows variability of Mexicans, who are mainly a European-Amerindian mix. Figure B distinguishes between Japanese and Chinese. Figure D distinguishes between Dravidian and non-Dravidian South Asians.
The POPRES sample has been previously used in a study on geography and genetic structure in Europe.
Genome Research doi:10.1101/gr.088898.108
Global distribution of genomic diversity underscores rich complex history of continental human populations
Adam Auton et al.
Characterizing patterns of genetic variation within and among human populations is important for understanding human evolutionary history and for careful design of medical genetic studies. Here, we analyze patterns of variation across 443,434 SNPs genotyped in 3,845 individuals from four continental regions. This unique resource allows us to illuminate patterns of diversity in previously under studied populations at the genome-wide scale including Latin America, South Asia, and Southern Europe. Key insights afforded by our analysis include quantifying the degree of admixture in a large collection of individuals from Guadalajara, Mexico; identifying language and geography as key determinants of population structure within India; and elucidating a North-South gradient in haplotype diversity within Europe. We also present a novel method for identifying long-range tracts of homozygosity indicative of recent common ancestry. Application of our approach suggests great variation within and among populations in the extent of homozygosity suggesting both demographic history (such as population bottlenecks) and recent ancestry events (such as consanguinity) play an important role in patterning variation in large modern human populations.
39 comments:
- Gioiello said...
What do you think it means that Italy has the highest diversity in Europe?
- Friday, February 20, 2009 10:48:00 pm
- Mike Keesey said...
"All paths lead to Rome"?
- Saturday, February 21, 2009 12:03:00 am
- Jack said...
A country such as Italy is really 3-4 slightly different European countries in one if seen within an European context.
But in general I would argue that aprts of eastern Europe is the most diverse area if one considers the very alien gipsy and Asian element.
So I do not agree with what the paper says. - Saturday, February 21, 2009 12:33:00 am
- hjernespiser said...
I don't fully understand the map. It appears to arbitrarily divide up Europe, especially the eastern and northern parts. For example, why is Scandinavia lumped in with Hungary? The numbers appear meaningless.
- Saturday, February 21, 2009 2:06:00 am
- Polak said...
Their division of Europe is largely based on the clusters they found based on the SNPs tested, but also on geography. These are the clusters, positioned against a South Asian sample...
And the numbers on that map of Europe detail the haplotype diversity in each biogeographic region.
Diversity is measured by the number of haplotypes seen within each biogeographic region. - Saturday, February 21, 2009 2:40:00 am
- Gioiello said...
Mike Keesey, all paths come from Rome! I have supported the theory that Italy was the "Refugium" of R1b1b2 (and other hgs.) and it seems to me that everything is going to go to this solution.
- Saturday, February 21, 2009 8:13:00 am
- Maju said...
because Europe was settled from the east, it is expected that genomic diversity (left) would be higher in SE Europe and lower in SW Europe. However, the opposite is true.
This is not so simple. Europe was certainly settled from the East originally (i.e. in the Aurignacian age, maybe even Gravettian but this is at least doubtful) but not thereafter, except for relatively limited Neolithic/post-Neolithic migrations. The main ultimate source of Europeans was in West Asia, not Easter Europe, in any case.
Also, Europe (and on the whole Western Eurasia) experienced other Europe-based demic/cultural movements. The most important among these appear to have been:
1. Gravettian: known core in Central Europe, expanding west and east, with late offshots even in West Asia (and IMO also North Africa possibly)
2. Solutrean: core in Aquitaine probably. Much more limited but with offshots in Central Europe and (mixed with Gravettian in southern Iberia) probably also to North Africa (Oranian)
3. Magadalenian: core in Aquitaine. Clearly most important re. Central Europe (and by extension Northern Europe), also affected at alter date southern Iberia.
4. Epipaleolithic: Franco-Cantabrian Azilian certainly influenced southern Iberia too. Other epi-Magdalenian (Tardenoisian-related) was central in the colonization of the North and also influenced the SW. Eastern epi-Gravettian, as mentioned, had offshots into the Zagros area (Zarzian).
There are some very unclear epysodes, especially re. North Africa and Anatolia.
So, as far as I can see, West Eurasian demographic history is a complex overlap of flows in different directions, not just East > West but also West > East and others. Assuming a single main East > West direction is with all likehood a misconception.
genomic diversity in the Iberian peninsula has been enriched directly from Africa.
This is probably true. Not just from North Africa but also from the Eastern Mediterranean. But still the Iberian diversity is not much higher than other West European areas ("French" and "German" notably). This overall continental West European diversity may mean three things: enrichment from the East (and South), higher original diversity from Paleolithic times or even just a historically cosmopolitan nature of the region. I'd rather discard the third because I can't think of a more cosmopolitan country than Britain and yet it has lower diversity, but the other two are likely co-explanatory.
Otherwise, it's interesting to see that (sampled) Mexicans appear in this graph as 2/3 Native American (something they normally look like by phenotype, IMO) and not 2/3 or more European as appeared in other studies (Y-DNA, X-DNA based? - can't recall). - Saturday, February 21, 2009 3:21:00 pm
- Maju said...
PS - regarding the first section of my previous comment. There are more recent prehistorical demic flows based in Europe.
Neolithic and post-Neolithic flows also had a big deal of European "native" element:
1. Balcanic Neolithic, even if ultimately dependent on West Asia and with clear founder effects of that origin, had important "coalescent" events in European territory, incorporating "native" European peoples (and genes) into it.
2. Cardium Neolithic: core in West Balcans, significatively of European genetic content (I2a notably) and mostly assimilating native peoples in its expansion (few strict colonization epysodes).
3. Danubian Neolithic: very likely of heavy native European genetic pool, even if culturally more dependent on Balcanic Neolithic than Cardium.
4. Megalithism: probable core in southern Portugal, may have carried Iberian and North African genes through Atlantic Europe (and European genes into North Africa maybe).
5. Dniepr-Don (core: Ukraine-Don) related migrations to the Baltic area.
6. Indo-European (Kurgan) migrations to Europe, West Central and South Asia (core SE European Russia, bordering Asia)
7. Uralic migrations through NE Europe. Siberian element but European coalescence too. Parallel to IEs.
8. Bell Beaker: core in Central Europe. Probably minimal demic flows. Secondary core in Portugal, not distinct from the Megalithic one.
9. Bronze Age influences from the Aegean (pre-Greek and early Greek), affecting very especially Italy and SE Iberia.
10. Secondary IE migrations from Central Europe, inclding Italics and Celts.
11. Proto-historical Germanic migrations from Northern Europe.
Just for the record. Complexity abounds. - Saturday, February 21, 2009 3:42:00 pm
- McG said...
Just to confuse the issue, think their maybe something to the plato atlantis origin and a settlement of R1b by whoever they were. I also believe they were early inhabitants of Egypt and central america. Oh,how myth thrives!!!
- Sunday, February 22, 2009 6:29:00 pm
- Maju said...
Hmmm... The closest thing I've been able to relate to Atlantis (and some Greek mythology, particularly Herakles' works) is the Zambujal (or Vila Nova de Sao Pedro, VNSP for short) Chalcolithic civilization, placed at Estremadura, Portugal (the region where now Lisbon is at). They were right near the original megalithic area and fully integrated within Megalithism and, in the late period, with Bell Beaker as well. There's some clear evidence of Greek influence in the, likely rival, civilization of El Argar (SE Spain) and that this may have been related with the control of access to tin mines in the Atlantic (as well as other resources). See this page of mine for details.
But it's not possible that Atlantis existed 11,000 years ago in the Paleolithic/Epipaleolithic era, nor any of the neomyths related to it make any sense. Even some aspects of Plato's account appear as distortions of a remote romanticed reality, not to be taken literally.
Zambujal/VNSP was surely a regional power and, if Megalithic peoples/realms had some sort of alliance going, they were possibly even more than just that. This kind of Megalithic network may have helped move some genes around but for the most cases I would not think them as "founding parents" of any population. The main exception may be NW Iberia, a region colonized by AMHs only in the late Neolithic and most important in the in the tin mining business. On the rest the influence of this cultural and maybe religious/political network is surely only found in minority components (such as some clades of R1b or E1b1b, Iberian components in Northern Europe, etc.) - Sunday, February 22, 2009 6:58:00 pm
- McG said...
I don´t really know if Plato was reporting a rumor or not. Suffice it to say, Egyptian culture declined with time, not improved. The Iserion (sp) is an early structure of complex design with a fleet of ships buried next to it. The more I look at R1b distribution, the more I am convinced of a west to east migration? However, there is very little historical archaeological evidence to support this hypothesis. Some of this may have happened preflood?
- Sunday, February 22, 2009 11:11:00 pm
- eurologist said...
I have a problem getting much out of these "goulash" studies. Sometimes, less is more - especially if you already have a hint of what may be important to study.
My friend and I were making lentil soups, the other day. I, the connoisseur, shopped around for 6 different varieties of lentils. Then I added carrots and salt.
She grabbed a single-denomination, huge bag at the local super market, and then added quite tiny amounts of carrots, celery, onions, garlic, beef, pork, pepper, salt, caraway, cayenne, clover, allspice, and a hint of California Bay Leaf laurel.
She won in the category of diversification.
I won in analyzing the taste and origin of lentil varieties. - Monday, February 23, 2009 2:40:00 pm
- VV said...
Maju wrote:
Otherwise, it's interesting to see that (sampled) Mexicans appear in this graph as 2/3 Native American (something they normally look like by phenotype, IMO) and not 2/3 or more European as appeared in other studies (Y-DNA, X-DNA based? - can't recall).
It is interesting but the city of Guadalajara may not be representative of all Mexico. - Monday, February 23, 2009 4:15:00 pm
- McG said...
it seems obvious to me that traditional archeology has not provided the info we need re how migrations occurred. I´m not a subscriber to myth as dogma, but I do not discount it. To argue R1b migrated east to west is almost illogical to me. It doesnt fit the data!!!
- Monday, February 23, 2009 4:16:00 pm
- Maju said...
Suffice it to say, Egyptian culture declined with time, not improved.
Depends on what aspects: if you measure culture by the size of the pyramids, then Egypt did as you say. If you measure by so many other aspects (technology, literacy, popular satisfaction probably), Egypt improved a lot towards the Second Empire.
It's not all in the side of the mausoleum: in fact the megalomaniatic dimensions of such monuments rather suggest despotism and unhappiness. In fact, they pharaoh renounced to keep wasting resources and their peoples' lives in such stupidities and ancient Egypt managed to stay around for many more centuries than to that.
The apogee of Egyptian power was s in any case c. 1300 BCE, when they were perfectly able to fight against the Hittites (and whoever) in Syria, soon before their conquest by the Assyrians, what marks the end of a truly independent Egypt.
it seems obvious to me that traditional archeology has not provided the info we need re how migrations occurred.
Archaeology is anything but "traditional": it's refining itself every single day with new research and technologies. Archaeology can only go that far but is the main tool to determine if a hypothesis makes sense or not. It provides the smoking gun, so to say, for the tribunal to reach a veredict.
One of the main problems in West Eurasian Prehistory, IMO, is the unequal knowledge we have of European prehistory and that of West Asia and North Africa. The gap is being narrowed a bit but a lot of incognites remain. Another problem is state borders, that tend to fragment realities across modern arbitrary divisions that in the past were not.
But Genetics also has problems: very especially in the age estimation methods. We now read that this clade is this old and then that other and probably is a lot older in fact than either case (IMO). A lot of people seems to take that not as the crude estimates they are but as "God's word" and that is laughable.
Anothe problem of genetics is that emphasizes a lot certain commercial elements (and samples), and that distorts everything. We have much more information on British and Irish DNA than regarding all African DNA together, for instance. We know a lot more about British/Irish R1b than about Basque or any other European, Asian or African R1b. It's a total mess.
It is interesting but the city of Guadalajara may not be representative of all Mexico.
Probably. Sample quality is essential for meaningful info. - Monday, February 23, 2009 6:09:00 pm
- McG said...
I am writing from Mazatlan. It is anything but typical (whatever that means). It was originally all indio of different tribes, mostly the Totomis, I believe. We then have the Spanish in the 1500´s and subsequently the French, German and Chinese. The chinese were expelled in the 30´s.(1930). The most popular name in the phone book is Lizarraga. So, in the sierras we have native mexicans, then the cities is a mixture, primarily mestizo, then the elite which usually have a high percentage european blood. Mazatlan, in the winter has a high percentage of Americans and Canadians. Sample quality here is really essential as you said!! Finally, as you say our TMRCA estimates are ¨fluffy¨. I still go along with Zhiv as a starting point, but it is argumentative and hard to fully justify. we shall see.
- Monday, February 23, 2009 6:21:00 pm
- McG said...
I am writing from Mazatlan. It is anything but typical (whatever that means). It was originally all indio of different tribes, mostly the Totomis, I believe. We then have the Spanish in the 1500´s and subsequently the French, German and Chinese. The chinese were expelled in the 30´s.(1930). The most popular name in the phone book is Lizarraga. So, in the sierras we have native mexicans, then the cities is a mixture, primarily mestizo, then the elite which usually have a high percentage european blood. Mazatlan, in the winter has a high percentage of Americans and Canadians. Sample quality here is really essential as you said!! Finally, as you say our TMRCA estimates are ¨fluffy¨. I still go along with Zhiv as a starting point, but it is argumentative and hard to fully justify. we shall see.
- Monday, February 23, 2009 6:22:00 pm
- Afriqash said...
So we repeat until the toys of this age catch up with reality: that settlement in southern europe that mattered were cushtic of which clearly the ancients in greece recognized like lost child in search of its real parents and to which the genetic makeup of the people of the balkans continue to show in no small way. That human civilization has one source and only one, wether its indus, egyptian, sumerian etc., are branches, its been the uninamous proclamation of every ancient civilization, that cushtic people are their forerunners in civilization, I will qoute from the diverse ancient literatures if need be. No other ancient culture has full testimony...it may sound like a boast, but I really say this with utmost restraint that reaches of cushtic culture and its longevity baffles the mind, a true miracle if there was ever one. The evidence is clear despite the deliberate venom of the one-eyed machine. What is under the sand and off the coast of the sahara needs exploration with due diligence, it will bear fruit.
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 9:23:00 am
- Afriqash said...
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 9:25:00 am
- Maju said...
Just a mapping artifact: just finding something that someone thinks "looks like a city" is meaningless until more is found. Plato's narration doesn't say that Atlantis sunk, just that there was a catstrophe (like a tsunami) and the city was apparently destroyed. Still I do agree that North African and African in general archaeology needs a big push and all new knowledge is welcome. But let's not hype what is still nothing but blurred data.
Also: what do you mean by "Cushitic"? Such tag refers to a subfamily of Afroasiatic spoken in the Horn of Africa. It seems to have little relation with Greece or NW Africa. It's possible that Afroasiatic language/culture as a whole could have been central in the evolution of agriculture and civilization but Cushitic is just a branch of it and doesn't seem particularly related to the developements in the Levant (whch would have been if anything related to proto-Semitic or something like that).
The core area of early Neolithic was West Asia in any case and probably implied several linguistic families (Sumerian for instance doesn't relate solidly to anything know, though I suspect is a distant cousin of Hurro-Urartean and NE Caucasian). While the Mesolithic of the Levant might be culturally (and to some extent biologically) related to Africa, the one of the Zagros is most directly related to Eastern Europe. Both cores, as well as southern Anatolia and and even other areas maybe, participated in the Neolithic revolution. It cannot be attributed to a single culture in my opinion. - Wednesday, March 04, 2009 11:08:00 am
- Afriqash said...
Forget about nw africa and ancient greece the megalithic stone cultures of cold europe are cushtic built if they have astronomical value or cushtic inspired if they are imitations. The cushitic people live today in the horn of africa, there are people groups like the tauregs, and the aswan region of egypt which I include in this category. They are the original people of north africa, long-lived in every sense of the word, they are the forefathers of the todays cushitic peoples and partially of the mediterrenean peoples in europe, north africa, middle easterners or the near east and the bantu africans and they are there forefurreners in civilization, not partially in this case but fully. So if u want to discuss ancients that are obsecure, the megalithic culture, the sea people, sumer, indus civilization I will prove to u by the evidence of our detractors hostile to those they consider the "other" or who refuse to bend-over to their constructed narrative. - Wednesday, March 04, 2009 5:02:00 pm
- Afriqash said...
Btw, without the cushtic peoples at the centre the those trying reconstruct human history will forever continue to chase their tale, and I am not using the term linguistically, but rather using it for the people ignorantly referred to as mixed that everyone knows occupy today parts of the sahara and much of the sahel
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 5:11:00 pm
- Afriqash said...
I just re-read ur comment, semitic people are prodigious offspring of cushtic culture, and with advent of abrahamic line they rightfully occupied and were willingly given the keys to kingdom, infact they became the essence of cushtic society, their influence on todays cushtic people very important and one of the pillars of cushtic society in the recent and in the future but this relationship of another realm
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 5:26:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
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- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 5:26:00 pm
- Afriqash said...
ancient egypt was not mixed originally but became mixed they were cushtic people along with the kushites to their south and puntites to their east and pastoralist medjah in their vicinity.
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 5:34:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 5:38:00 pm
- Afriqash said...
One additional comment on semites they are culturally and linguistically a cushite by product and the monothiest abrahamic line was pure and simple the original essence of cushites, this is why moses found refuge among the desert cushites, married from them, schooled and developed spiritually among and found his first followers, the first nation to follow jesus were the cushites the minister of kandake first foriegner to be baptise, and the first nation to accept islam again was the horn of africa while mecca was still fighting the prophet, we even beared testimony to the prophethood of the budha (we have the books to prove it) because it was not new to us but as old as our forbearers, the gods of hindus were really cushtic saints, so were the pantheons of the mediterrenean. In spiritual affaires we consider no one foriegner, providence has always been cushite and never did we not recognize it not...but that is a different stuff of a different realm
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 5:59:00 pm
- Afriqash said...
They were as mixed as a somali, and that was the point I was trying to make, ancient egypt became a melting pot and u can see that in today's population, the averag fellah several degrees lighter than people of the horn and much more west african in their features then us. But the ruling lineage were cushites and the priesthood, same goes for the kushites. The anointers and spiritual head in the cushtic hierarchy was punt. Ancient egypt was the problem child indeed because of its size and mixture but would see invasions from the punt medjay and kush if it lost its spiritual footing. Punt and Medjay were in a fluid state of co-existence and members moved back and forth from civilization to pastoralism, no rigid political state but of the order of the spirit. Punt and Medjay was in addition connected to the sea and maritime trade inaddition to their stoic hold to cushtic culture, ascetic lifestyle and mystical wisdom they ruled the sea and the trade their kingdom was the oceans and every ancient ruler wether far or near was their absolute tributary in the sea. - Wednesday, March 04, 2009 6:36:00 pm
- Afriqash said...
All humans are mixed, no clan, nation, race or continent is 'pure', I don't even know what this purity is since all humans are of one origin and therefore each lineage and person is pure lol. But when ancient men are singled out as mixed by children, and ancient men I mean continuity, because 9000 year old figure painted in the sahara or thoth on ancient walls of egypt both carrying the stick we call 'hangool' the same stick I carry in my hometown as i sit in a cafe and browse the internet, u see I and my forebearers are separated by only the dimension of time, I know what they are doing exactly in those paintings, I know what the practical uses for that tool is, its symbolism and its many layers of meaning. So when mere children, in that same sense, talk about us being mixed, and we hear this from ignorant folks both africans and non-africans, then I must insist to give them a jolt of reality and proclaim yes we are all mixed but cushites in the sense of thoroughbred and our detractors in the sense of quilt of rags lol - Wednesday, March 04, 2009 8:19:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 8:58:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- Wednesday, March 04, 2009 9:01:00 pm
- Maju said...
Forget about nw africa and ancient greece the megalithic stone cultures of cold europe are cushtic
What Cushitic?
... there are people groups like the tauregs, and the aswan region of egypt which I include in this category.
What kind of category is that one? It's 100% invented by you. Tuareg language is not Cushitic but Berber.
I am not using the term linguistically, but rather using it for the people ignorantly referred to as mixed that everyone knows occupy today parts of the sahara and much of the sahel
I don't believe in racial categories. But I believe in things than make sense and your discourse does not. You make up words, giving them your arbitrary meaning, and hope people to follow your discourse?
I just re-read ur comment, semitic people are prodigious offspring of cushtic culture, and with advent of abrahamic line they rightfully occupied and were willingly given the keys to kingdom
This is the kind of mythological nonsense that I just hate. If you believe in any kind of god or demon, pleas keep it out of scientific discussions, thanks.
Hey, what is wrong with being mixed? Ancient Egyptians and Indians were also mixed (to a degree), and both created marvelous artifacts and a sublime culture.
Absolutely everybody is mixed, except clones. Sex is admixing, life is a cocktail shaker.
ancient egypt was not mixed originally but became mixed they were cushtic people along with the kushites to their south and puntites to their east and pastoralist medjah in their vicinity.
They were mixed: everybody is and Egypt was getting influences forth and back from North and East Africa and from West Asia all along the ages.
Racism is the same shit wether it's made by whites or blacks or whatever. - Wednesday, March 04, 2009 11:21:00 pm
- Afriqash said...
Listen berber and cushtic languages are related and the cushtic people language is older, I am not inventing anything these people were at one point one as attested to by geography, culture, language, and genetic. Even if u deny that then one influenced the other, in that case cushtic peoples are more diverse by every measure u want to use and much older.
You call what my statement regarding cushite-semitic, but I gave u an honest answer that is supported by history and I did say its an issue of a different realm. U must know spiritual past of people is important part of there history, eventhough even if it does not agreed with your refined taste lol. In anycase my response was necessitated by your question, I am sure u were referring to the natufian of the levant and I gave u better answer lol because not everyone subscribes to a neat step-wise ascend of human civilization, its nonsense. The only way to study history is multidisciplinary training of every scientist and diversity in perspective and background that can achieve broad consensus. When all u have is a hammer everything looks like nail. I see good bench work often and then even simple common sense lacking in interpretation, very few are even aware of their handicaps, among them very few can step outside the scaffolding laid down for them, even if they muster such talent "the agenda" of dominant culture today, the politics and academic hierarchy require certain conformity. So may I suggest atleast to have tolerance for the response, even if its not the kind u pride yourself in. We are not the once building web of lies and I have no particular need to invent history, although occasionally its healthy for all involved to simply cry the emperor has no clothes. The grueling task of explaining away the facts in front of our eyes is for the magicians of western academia.
Maju, r u saying that by countering the argument that people of the horn and the sahel are mixed for diabolical ends is racist?
one final point, ur reponse to my megalithic claim what cushtics? reminded me of a cover on science news magazine that said "what mean these cushitic stones", referring to the megalithic site created by the cushitic people when they moved into the area around lake turkana around 300 bc, google namotarunga stones and the borana calender for which they are correlator, megalithism have real meaning in cushitic society, where ever they visited or migrated to they built this correlators, as the calender lost its religious, horoscopic functions the need for such observatories became un necessary, dolmens, and cairns continued to be used by cushitic people no matter their faith, and stone circle graves continue to this date neither religion nor modernism has dampened it to a great extent. Perhaps u can provide me such continuity to megalithism in anyother culture, so let's hear ur perspective on these points once u have read my points and googled a lit - Thursday, March 05, 2009 5:30:00 am
- Afriqash said...
So is it the 'caucasiod' that have cushitic features or the cushites that have caucasian features? How do u suppose we have caucasian lineages? We all see what these line of arguments mean and the truth is its not unorthodox but mainstay in academics. - Thursday, March 05, 2009 6:38:00 am
- Afriqash said...
1. The population in northeast africa is clearly conidered.
2. Afro-asiatic language likely originated from them
3. The haplogroups they carry also originated with them
4. They look exactly like their ancient counterparts on their ancients monuments, even to the point of fashion and dress.
So on a relative scale we are least mixed. - Thursday, March 05, 2009 7:19:00 am
- Afriqash said...
1. Should read that the population in the northeast of africa is said to be old enough to be considered one of the parent branches of humanity
- Thursday, March 05, 2009 7:23:00 am
- Maju said...
berber and cushtic languages are related
Yes they are, along with Semitic, ancient Egyptian, Chadic languages and some others. It is called Afroasiatic.
and the cushtic people language is older
This is uncertain. The mainstream consensus, based on the spread of AA languages historcally and some archaoelogy suggest an origin in the Nile area, either lower Sudan or Upper Egypt. There's no particular reason to say this or that branch is "older": all are equally old: they are all branches of the same tree. The structure of the AA tree is nevertheless disputed (happens the same with Indo-European - linguistics is a slippery science).
I am not inventing anything...
You are saying things that make little sense in the context of what we know about Afroasiatic languages and peoples. Even if the origin would be in the Cushitic area (The Horn), which is not too likely, calling some AA languages Cushitic as you do is totally arbitrary.
Even if u deny that then one influenced the other, in that case cushtic peoples are more diverse by every measure u want to use and much older.
What I deny is your extended and ambiguous usage of the term "Cushitic" to include some AA languages (apparently as I come to understand better what you say, the old and disproven "Hamitic family") and not others. It's arguable but very possible that Berber, ancient Egyptian and Semitic form a branch within Afroasitic, that would have gone divided since spread from Upper Egypt in the Mesolithic probably. There's no particular reason I know to argue that Berber is closer to Cushitic than to Semitic.
Maju, r u saying that by countering the argument that people of the horn and the sahel are mixed for diabolical ends is racist?
Sorry, I missed the comment (if any) that said that. What I understand is that people who insist in the purity of races is normally racist, in one way or another. I don't care if they are Swedes or Ethiopians.
What I say is that such purity is unreal and surely undesirable. Even the most isolated populations have some admixture. Admixture is normal (and probably beneficial).
Perhaps u can provide me such continuity to megalithism in anyother culture, so let's hear ur perspective on these points once u have read my points and googled a lit
I have researched Megalithism(s) to some extent and I have come to understand that there are different criss-crossed phenomena.
The archetypical European (and also in many other places, especially North Africa and later with offshots in parts of Asia and some spots of sud-Saharan Africa) Megalithism is what I call more properly Dolmenism: "collective" (clanic) burial in trilithons (dolmens), with or without entrance corridor; it seems to have arisen in early Neolithic southern Portugal (which does not certainly exclude totally a possible Berber influence), expanded through Atlantic Europe in the 4th milennium BCE and in the Western Mediterranean in the 3rd milennium.
There are other monuments called megaliths (with good reason) that belong to different classes:
- Stone rings: the oldest seem to be in Egypt (Nabta Playa) and West Asia (arguably Golbeki Tepe, which would be the oldest one if confirmed). They appear in very different cultural contexts and in all sizes (huge like Stonehenge or tiny like Pyrenean cromlechs)
- Tholoi: used as homes/stores in West Asia and Cyprus, are found much later in Iberia (3rd milennium BCE) as tombs and later in Greece, where they got their modern name.
- Henges and rondels: they seem to originate in the Danubian Neolithic culture of Central Europe.
- Carved tombs (artificial caves): not sure of their origin but they became relatively common in Chalcolithic SW Europe, alternatively to tholoi.
- Other: menhirs (standing stones), allignements, hypogeums, nuraghi/motillas etc. - each type with their own problematic
One could well argue that tumuli/kurgans, pyramids, etc. could also fit the description of megaliths. Nevertheless my understanding of the phenomenon emphasizes a cultural area usually called Megalithic but more properly decribed as Dolmenic that once extended by nearly all Western Europe and Western Mediterranean. Domenic cultures are also found farther east (even as far as Korea) at later dates but the connection is tenuous (I tend to read this late expansion in terms of religious expression of some sort).
So is it the 'caucasiod' that have cushitic features or the cushites that have caucasian features?
Probably both. Notice that the concept of race basically seems to mean a population that is somewhat homogenous and "inbred" (in the wide sense of the term). Racial purity does not exist and, in any case, you see African lineages in Europe and West Asian or maybe even European lineages in sud-Sahdaran Africa. The diversity in Africa is immense (but seldom isolated) and also includes lineages back-migrated from Eurasia.
1. Should read that the population in the northeast of africa is said to be old enough to be considered one of the parent branches of humanity
That is most probably true. But it does not mean it has not absorbed also "back-migrating" peoples at later dates. There is clear presence of some clearly Eurasian lineages in sud-saharan Africa and particularly in The Horn.
2. Afro-asiatic language likely originated from them
NE Africa? Yes.
3. The haplogroups they carry also originated with them
Some are clearly back-flows (Y-DNA R1b, J; mtDNA M, U6). This is a blank statement I cannot agree with.
4. They look exactly like their ancient counterparts on their ancients monuments, even to the point of fashion and dress.
Maybe. They are a variegated group anyhow. I fail to see how Mubarak and Haile Selassie look alike for instance, though in other cases the comparison may be easier to make.
I met online certain Ethiopian who argued that "Horners" would seem to harbour all human types (from a black "Nordic" to an equally dark "Mongolian", passing by many other curious examples). What was not fully clear is wether this was because of them being "ancestral" (so to say) to humankind as a whole or rather because having incorporated peoples of many different origins, or both. - Thursday, March 05, 2009 2:59:00 pm
- Onur Dincer said...
So is it the 'caucasiod' that have cushitic features or the cushites that have caucasian features? How do u suppose we have caucasian lineages? We all see what these line of arguments mean and the truth is its not unorthodox but mainstay in academics.
People of the horn have some caucasoid-specific lineages as a result of back migrations. On the other hand, caucasoids hava very limited negroid-specific lineages due to geographical barriers like the Sahara Desert and Red Sea. I tend to see people of the horn as a very admixed population. They are the Central Asians of Africa. - Friday, March 06, 2009 1:14:00 pm
- sardiniankid said...
if italians are the most diverse.. then specifically what part of italy woud be least diverse? and what part of italy is the most diverse! southern italy? is sardinia diverse?
- Sunday, March 08, 2009 2:59:00 pm


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At least I'm guessing she hasn't, since that would have been illegal. And no one smokes before they're legally permitted to - right, Ashley? Right?
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