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Most gnocchi, or as they say in the Italian translation "lumps", that I am familiar with are tiny potato or ricotta dumplings. Florentines call these tasty gnocchi morsels "topini", or "field mice". My first taste memory was at a family-style restaurant in Northern Ontario at Wasaga Beach where my family spent many a summer vacation. Being a teenager without a truly developed palate I don't know if these were the best "lumps" I have ever tried but I do know they are embedded in the recesses of my foodie memories. The gnocchi of my childhood is boiled briefly and then seasoned with a sauce limited only by your imagination.
Lately I have been wanting to try a completely different animal. Gnocchi alla Romana are a pasta made with milk and semolina flour, and baked. This type of gnocchi is quite different from the potato or ricotta recipes of my childhood. Semolina flour is used to make a thick muscle-straining dough which requires about 20 minutes of stove top time similar to preparing polenta or even a brioche dough. I started by roasting the squash with seasonings right in the oven, mashed it to a fine texture and add it to the semolina mixture while stirring on the stove top. This version doesn't have any eggs but gets the extra moisture from mashed butternut squash instead. I wanted to experiment with these fall flavours, and reduced the milk as well. The dough is allowed to cool and is then cut into discs and baked. A light butter and Parmesan topping is all that's needed. They are tremendously satisfying, and extraordinarily tasty but they are also rich. To me their only defect is that they have a way of disappearing off your plate!!!
I was intrigued by these little pillows on the Food Network on an episode of the "Best Thing I Ever Ate." It started the wheels turning and as with all recipe development I have researched into this dish and have come up with something that is part Jamie Oliver who gave me the idea of cooking the butternut squash with herbs to infuse flavour into the dish, part Aunt Emma who lightened it up for me and gave me a step by step pictorial account and part More Than Burnt Toast finesse and fine tuning.
With its thick orange flesh and its nutty sweet flavor, the butternut squash has become a favourite ingredient in MTBT casseroles, quick breads, muffins and soups. As the summer turns to fall, and side dishes tend towards savoury flavours, I thought I would treat our taste buds to the subtle sweetness of caramelized butternut squash with sage and rosemary in a starring roll in these savoury little pillows. This is comfort food at it's finest!
This is my contribution to edition #259 of Weekend Herb Blogging, an event started by Kalyn of Kalyn's Kitchen, now organized by Haalo of Cook (almost) Anything at Least Once and hosted this week by Susan from The Well-Seasoned Cook. This recipe uses a combination of autumnal flavours like rosemary, sage and garlic infused into the buttery, nutty toasted squash.
Since it is also Meatless Monday consider that done too over at Sweet and Savory!!!!
For my first attempt at this butternut squash twist on a classic gnocchi recipe I decided to pair it down to it's purest form and bake it with a little Parmesan cheese and butter. I still have some in the freezer so I see Browned Butter and Sage or Spicy Sausage and Basil in my future. The herbed butternut squash gave the dish a subtle flavour that will remind you of the best parts of the season.
** Butternut Squash Gnocchi alla Romana**
recipe by Valerie Harrison/More Than Burnt Toast (14 November 2010)
1 1/2 cups (250 g) semolina
3/4 - 1 cup roasted butternut squash, mashed (recipe below)
2 tablespoons unsalted butter
1 pint (500 ml) skim milk
1 pint (500 ml) water
3/4 cup (about 40 g) freshly grated Parmigiana
2 teaspoons Kosher salt
Combine the water, milk, and salt, and bring the mixture to a boil. Add butternut squash and whisk vigorously.
Add the semolina in a steady stream, whisking all the while, and then half the butter.
Continue stirring; the mixture will thicken quickly, to the point that you will want to switch to a wooden spoon.
Continue cooking the semolina over a moderate flame, stirring constantly, until it peels easily away from the sides of the pot, about 20 minutes. (if your arm gets tired enlist your friends) By this time the semolina will be quite thick.
Spread the mixture out on your work surface in a 3/4 inch (1.cm) layer and let it cool for a couple of hours. I I spread it out on a aluminum foil lined baking sheet and pit it in the refrigerator until I was ready to use it).
Use a moistened glass to cut out rounds, and arrange them in a baking dish, partially overlapping them. Either distribute the cuttings in the spaces between the rounds, or save them for a less elegant batch of gnocchi. (For individual dishes you can also fry your gnocchi rounds in a little olive oil and top with a sauce of your choice)
Sprinkle the cheese over the gnocchi and dot them with butter. Or, if you'd rather, pour melted butter over them, if you're following a less light recipe.
Bake your Gnocchi alla Romana in a preheated 400 F (200 C) oven for about 15 minutes or until heated through and browned, and serve at once, either as a first course, or with a roast or stew. A wine, if you're serving them alone? White, for example Orvieto Bianco, or Est! Est! Est!
**Roasted Butternut Squash**
1/4 teaspoon ground sage (use fresh if desired)
1 teaspoon dried oregano
Olive oil
1 butternut pumpkin or squash, halved, deseeded, cut into 8 lengthwise
1 clove garlic, crushed
A few sprigs of fresh rosemary
Preheat your oven to 400F (200°C).
Bash all your spices together in a pestle with a good pinch of sea salt and freshly ground black pepper, add a few glugs of olive oil and mix well. Rub this all over the squash segments, then place them on a roasting tray.
Bake in the hot oven for about 25 minutes.
Just before time is up, pick the rosemary leaves and dress them in your hands with a tiny bit of olive oil sand the crushed garlic. Sprinkle over the squash — it will give a delicious flavour.
Put it all back in the oven uncovered and turn the temperature down to (345F)170°C, brushing the pieces with a bit of olive oil if you feel they need it. Cook for another 25 minutes, or until the squash is soft, golden and delicious looking.
You will have leftovers since you only need a cup for the above recipe.
You might also enjoy.....
Gnocchi alla Romana - The Wednesday Chef
Iva's Gnocchi alla Romana with Spicy Sausage, Tomato Ragu, Crispy Sage and Parmesan
Bron Marshall - Gnocchi alla Romana
You are reading this post on More Than Burnt Toast at http://morethanburnttoast.blogspot.com. Content must be credited to this author.


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Tried or prescribed Spleen Extract? Share your experience.
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The spleen is an organ located under the left side of the rib cage. Its functions in the body include removing "worn out " red blood cells and supplying certain types of white blood cells (immune cells). For use as a supplement, spleen extracts are made from the spleens of cows, pigs, or other animals.
According to a theory prevalent in some parts of alternative medicine, the consumption of spleen extracts can strengthen the function of an underperforming spleen. On this basis, spleen extracts are sometimes suggested for supporting the immune system. However, there is no meaningful scientific rationale nor scientific evidence to indicate that this approach actually works.
Some manufacturers of glandular products claim that the animal version of an organ provides nutrients that support the corresponding organ in humans. However, there is no evidence that the human spleen requires any nutrients that are uniquely available in animal spleens.
It has been suggested by one manufacturer that consuming extracts of an organ might offer benefit in an indirect manner. According to this theory, some people may possess antibodies to certain of their own organs, and by consuming a similar organ, these antibodies will be diverted from their target. However, this explanation does not make a great deal of sense. Antibodies are primarily produced against proteins, and even if cow spleens had the same proteins as human spleens, which is unlikely, proteins are digested in the intestines and not absorbed whole into the bloodstream.
It may be that, on an unconscious level, those who recommend glandular extracts are being influenced by the ancient notion of "sympathetic magic," the idea that eating a lion's heart, for example, will create courage. However, this is a prescientific form of reasoning that is difficult to take seriously in the modern era.
In any case, there is no meaningful scientific evidence to indicate that use of spleen extracts offer any benefits. Only double-blind, placebo-controlled studies can show a treatment effective, and at present none have been reported for spleen extracts. (For information on why this type of study is essential, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies?) The only published studies on oral use of spleen glandular extracts date back to the 1930s, and do not remotely reach current scientific standards. 1 2 More recent studies have evaluated injected extracts of spleen, but these findings are not likely to apply to the oral product.
- Minter MM. Agranulocytic angina: treatment of a case with fetal calf spleen. Texas State J Med. 1933;2:338–43.
- Gray GA. The treatment of agranulocytic angina with fetal calf spleen. Texas State J Med. 1933;29:366–9.

subset: commoncrawl


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One little sip of this Bourbon Sour leads to another. Your taste buds try to pinpoint exactly what's at play in the delectable concoction... Citrus, for sure. But what kind? Orange? Lemon? What's that hint of sweetness mingling with the bourbon? Maple syrup? You take another sip. Wonder about these things. Smile. And sip some more.
When our friends Dave and Roxy came over for dinner last fall, they brought cocktail fixins and when I saw the ingredients going into Dave's mix, I knew the drink was going to be good - but I didn't know it would be this good! Dave was kind enough to share the recipe and so was his original source, James Schaaf - thank you Dave and James.
We've now made this cocktail many many times for friends. Those who've tasted it always ask us to whip up another batch the next time we get together. With Labor Day just around the corner, you know what to do to make your friends happy.... a backyard BBQ with Bourbon Sours sounds good, doesn't it?
INGREDIENTS (per drink)
printable recipe
- fresh juice of one lemon, pulp and seeds strained (Meyer's are fantastic, if you can get them)
- 4-5 dashes orange bitters
- 1-1 1/2 tablespoons maple syrup
- 2 ounces bourbon or whiskey of your liking
Place fresh ice into a glass (or glasses) and pour the chilled, mixed cocktail over the ice. Discard the ice used for shaking.
Sip right away.


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Goodnight is a "concertina" board book, with five sections that fold out to about four feet long—all in beautiful color.
The soft watercolor pictures by Marjan van Zeyl follow the child's journey into sleep, through the night, and to waking in the morning.
Ages 3-6, 10 ½ x 8 inches, 10 pages.
Marjan van Zeyl was born in Amsterdam. A prolific artist, she has illustrated numerous books for children, including The Apple Cake; Dora Duck and the Juicy Pears; The Tree That Grew Through the Roof; and Little Red Riding-Hood.


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This 3' long Rosco #3202 Full Blue CTB Fluorescent Lighting Sleeve/Tube Guard is a reliable and cost-effective system for easy control of tough lighting scenarios, especially under fluorescents. In addition to the financial benefits of the sleeves, they protect against the potential disaster of glass shattering by containing the lamp within the end caps.
Rosco sleeves are constructed of a solid polycarbonate tube within which is held the specific filter. The choice of filters and combination of filters is endless; there are complete Roscolux, Cinegel, or E-Colour color filter lines, something for every venue, every photographer, and every cinematographer.
Not suitable for use with HO (High Output) or VHO (Very High Output) lamps due to excessive heat generated at the electrodes. This includes T5 and T8 lamps.
Available in sizes for T12, T8, and T5 fluorescent lamps
The T8 and T5 sizes contain a UV filter that minimizes fading
All standard sizes (2, 4, 5, and 8') are easily trimmed to accommodate any size lamp


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Arctic Temperature Alarm
On 2023-10-23, the air temperature in the Arctic was -8.91°C (degrees Celsius). This temperature is 2.17°C higher than 90% of the temperatures observed during the climate reference monitoring period from 1981-2010.
On 2023-10-23, the air temperature in the Arctic was -8.91°C (degrees Celsius). This temperature is 2.17°C higher than 90% of the temperatures observed during the climate reference monitoring period from 1981-2010.
April was the hottest April on record globally, surpassing all previous records
According to the Copernicus Climate Change Service (CS3) datasets, global April 2024 surface air temperatures of 15.03°C has been recorded, which is 0.67 °C above the 1991-2020 average for April and 0.14°C above the previous high set in April 2016. This adds to the alarming trend of continuous 11 months of record-breaking high temperatures in a year. The global average temperature for the past 12 months, April 2023 to May 2024 is the highest on record, which is 0.73°C above the 1991-2020 average.
For Europe, April 2024 was the second warmest April on record, with an average temperature 1.49°C higher than the average for April from 1991 to 2020. The temperatures in Eastern regions of Europe were mostly above average throughout April. Similarly, in other global continents such as northern and northeastern North America, Greenland, eastern Asia, northwest Middle East, parts of South America, and most of Africa, higher than average temperatures were recorded.
Such unusually high temperatures are a sounding board and scientific proof that we need urgent climate action to protect vulnerable communities from heat stress and mortality. The high temperatures are attributed to exceptionally high marine air temperatures, high sea surface temperatures and the El Niño Phenomenon. In April 2024, the average global sea surface temperature (SST) across 60°S–60°N was 21.04°C, the highest recorded value for the month. It is worrying that the Arctic Sea ice extent decreased by 2% in April compared to the same month the previous year. Furthermore, the amount of Antarctic Sea ice shrank by a total of 9% in April, continuing a pattern of significant declines in Antarctic Sea ice that began in 2017. Research studies have previously projected that as the Arctic region becomes seasonally ice free, we will experience higher frequency of strong El Nino cycles.
Such high sea surface and marine air temperatures have contrasting implications such as droughts and floods in different regions of the world. The recent Brazil floods that affected 850,000 people destroying homes, roads and causing deaths are an example of the repercussions of climate change induced high global temperatures. In April 2024, A greater portion of eastern Spain, the Italian peninsula, the western Balkans, Turkey, Ukraine, southern Russia, and Iceland were drier than usual as was the majority of southern Europe. While, wetter than average conditions were seen over regions of central, eastern and southern North America, across Central Asia, the Persian Gulf countries, easternmost Asia, eastern Australia, and southern Brazil.
Carlo Buontempo, Director of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) has cautioned that: "El Niño peaked at the beginning of the year and the sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical pacific are now going back towards neutral conditions. However, whilst temperature variations associated with natural cycles like El Niño come and go, the extra energy trapped into the ocean and the atmosphere by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases will keep pushing the global temperature towards new records."
We need urgent phasing out of fossil fuels to safeguard livelihood and health of the most vulnerable groups of society.
Arctic Permafrost Thaw: Impending Infrastructure Crisis
As temperatures rise in the Arctic, frozen ground is thawing, leading to cracked homes, buckled roads, and ruptured pipelines, a trend likely to become increasingly common. With approximately five million people residing on Arctic permafrost across regions like Russia, North America, and Scandinavia, the impact of climate change is particularly pronounced, with the Arctic warming two-to-four times faster than the global average.
A recent study highlight the dire consequences, projecting that by 2050, 70% of infrastructure and 30-50% of critical infrastructure in the Arctic are at high risk of damage, with estimated costs in the tens of billions of dollars. This underscores the urgent need for proactive measures to mitigate the impending crisis.
Arctic communities, already grappling with the challenges of permafrost thaw, are experiencing significant disruptions to daily life. Kaare Sikuaq Erickson, a cultural mediator in Alaska, describes the struggle faced by residents as they contend with sinkholes, land slips, and flooding caused by thawing permafrost. The very foundations of buildings and highways are compromised, posing grave risks to both infrastructure and safety.
Compounding the issue is the historical division of land in the Arctic, which has left indigenous villages with limited options for relocation as the permafrost becomes increasingly unstable. In Russia, where up to 80% of buildings in some Arctic cities are damaged, the effects on food security, traditional lifestyles, and accessibility are profound.
As global temperatures continue to rise, more permafrost is expected to thaw, further threatening infrastructure and communities. The scale of the challenge is immense, with at least 120,000 buildings, 40,000 km of roads, and 9,500 km of pipelines located in permafrost areas of the northern hemisphere.
Addressing the issue requires innovative solutions, such as alternative building designs and methods to maintain permafrost stability. However, these approaches are costly and risky, underscoring the urgent need for concerted global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.
The catastrophic impact of permafrost thaw was starkly demonstrated in 2020 when a massive oil spill in Russia's Arctic north, attributed to destabilized permafrost, caused one of the country's worst environmental disasters. The incident serves as a sobering reminder of the urgent need to address the root causes of climate change.
While challenges persist, Arctic communities have a long history of resilience. However, as Mr. Erickson emphasizes, the increasing severity of climate change is making life tougher for Arctic residents, necessitating collective action to confront this existential threat. Scientists are also closely monitoring permafrost to assess the release of carbon dioxide as it warms, further emphasizing the interconnectedness of climate change impacts and the urgent need for comprehensive solutions.
Learn more about Permafrost and why it is so important to protect it.
Kenya Floods Death Toll Rising
Intense downpours have ravaged parts of East Africa, leaving over 110,000 people displaced and numerous neighborhoods submerged in floodwaters. In Kenya, particularly hard-hit areas include the capital Nairobi and surrounding regions, where floodwaters have stranded residents, blocked roads, and prompted authorities to urge evacuations in several sub-counties, namely Kasarani, Mathare, Kibra, Roysambu, Kamukunji, and Westlands.
The situation has prompted Kenya Railways to suspend all commuter train services from Nairobi Central Station due to flooding, exacerbating transportation challenges in the affected areas. With disruptions extending across at least 21 out of Kenya's 47 counties, the flooding crisis is compounded by forecasts predicting further rainfall until at least May 1. The Kenya Meteorological Department warns of continued rainfall across various regions, prolonging the threat of flooding and associated hazards.
Attributed to climate change, the flooding has wreaked havoc on livelihoods, resulting in the loss of over 960 livestock and destruction of 24,000 acres of croplands. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs has disclosed these staggering losses, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive disaster response and climate resilience measures.
As Kenya grapples with the aftermath, neighboring countries like Tanzania and Burundi are also grappling with the devastating effects of heavy rains. Tanzanian Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa revealed that the death toll from the rains in Tanzania has reached 155, highlighting the widespread impact of the weather phenomenon in the region. Hundreds of thousands have been forced to flee their homes in Burundi, further exacerbating the humanitarian crisis.
The current flooding crisis in East Africa underscores the urgent need for robust disaster response and climate resilience measures. With East Africa still reeling from the impacts of record floods in late 2023, the ongoing crisis highlights the vulnerability of the region to extreme weather events exacerbated by climate change.
Read more on Extreme Weather and Global Risks. Find out how the changing poles affect Africa.
Link to the above story on Climate Risks Daily: Kenya Floods Claim 38 Lives – CAJ News Africa
Cold Snap Hits the UK
A sharp plunge in temperatures is expected across the UK this week as a cold Arctic vortex sweeps through, bringing the mercury down to as low as 4°C in parts of East and North Yorkshire by Wednesday afternoon.
The Met Office warns of significant cooling down from the weekend's warmer weather, which saw temperatures nearly reach 20°C in some areas. Expect strong northern winds, with gusts up to 28mph along the North Sea coast, impacting areas from Suffolk to Durham, and reaching peak intensity around lunchtime in Norfolk.
This cold spell will lead to widespread frost, particularly during Wednesday night, posing a risk of damage to early-spring vegetation including vegetables, grapevines, and blossoming fruit trees. The frosty conditions are likely to persist, with Thursday morning also starting to get cold. Although the winds may lessen by Thursday afternoon, increased cloud cover could keep the "feel" of the temperatures colder than they are.
Forecasters note that this cooler-than-average air mass will not only affect the UK but also central Europe, where low temperature warnings have been issued due to agricultural concerns. Despite a drier week ahead, temperatures are expected to stay well below the seasonal average, rarely exceeding 7°C.
Read more about Extreme Weather.
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A stage curtain believed to be the biggest Pablo Picasso painting in the United States is moving to a museum after a dispute over whether it could stay in its longtime spot in the storied Four Seasons restaurant, the painting's owner announced Thursday.
The 19-by-20-foot curtain, called "Le Tricorne," is being donated to the New-York Historical Society, where it's expected to go on display after some conservation work, painting owner the Landmarks Conservancy said. The timetable isn't clear; the groups still are working out the arrangements.
The agreement will keep the painting, which is so familiar a sight that its Four Seasons berth is known as "Picasso Alley." The pact also resolves a lawsuit that caused a stir among art lovers and preservationists, pitting the Landmarks Conservancy against a real estate magnate known as an art patron.
"It's going to be at a good home, where even more people will see it," conservancy President Peg Breen said. Historical Society President Louise Mirrer called the painting "an icon of New York for more than half a century, embodying both an influential social milieu and an important moment in the city's cultural development."
Mr. Picasso painted the curtain in 1919 for "Le Tricorne," or "three-cornered hat," a ballet created by the avant-garde, Paris-based Ballet Russes troupe. The painting depicts the aftermath of a bullfight.
Although praised at $1.6 million in 2008, the painting isn't considered one of Mr. Picasso's greatest pieces but stands as a major example of his theatrical set work, experts say. And it has graced the Four Seasons' landmarked, modernist interior since its 1959 opening. The painting itself isn't landmarked.
The midtown Manhattan restaurant, unaffiliated with the nearby Four Seasons hotel, is a power-lunch hotspot that has hosted high-wattage diners ranging from President Bill Clinton to Madonna.
The restaurant's landlord, RFR Holding Corp.—co-founded by state Council on the Arts Chairman Aby Rosen—recently said the curtain had to be moved for repairs to the wall behind it. The Landmarks Conservancy sued RFR to try to stop the move, disputing the extent of the wall damage and saying the move could destroy the brittle canvas.
The preservation group's concerns have been somewhat assuaged by the current plan, which involves carefully wrapping the painting on a huge roller and having conservators do any needed restoration work, Ms. Breen said. Mr. Rosen is paying for it all, said Ms. Breen, who wouldn't disclose the estimated cost.
Through a spokeswoman, Ms. Rosen and RFR declined to comment on the agreement, first reported by The New York Times.
Some art and architecture critics had decried the move, at least as initially planned, though others took the landlord's side. Mr. Rosen, an art collector whom the Landmarks Conservancy itself once honored as a preservationist, told The Times in March the outcry had "elevated this into something that it shouldn't be."


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This is MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. Good morning. I'm David Greene.
And I'm Steve Inskeep. President Obama never did meet Iran's president Hasan Rouhani at the United Nations, as many expected. But Iran's new president gave a speech calling for results-oriented talks to clear up concern about what he called Iran's peaceful nuclear program. NPR's Michele Kelemen was there.
MICHELE KELEMEN, BYLINE: President Rouhani skipped a U.N. luncheon where he might have encountered President Obama, but he did tell the U.N. General Assembly that he listened carefully to the U.S. presentation. And speaking through an interpreter, he says he thinks the U.S. and Iran can find ways to manage their differences if Obama doesn't follow, as Rouhani puts it, the short-sighted interests of warmongering pressure groups.
PRESIDENT HASAN ROUHANI: (Through translator) In recent years, a dominant voice has been repeatedly heard: The military option is on the table. Against the backdrop of this illegal and ineffective contention, let me say loud and clear that peace is within reach.
KELEMEN: Rouhani says he's ready for talks, but Iran won't give up its right to a peaceful nuclear program.
ROUHANI: (Through translator) Nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction have no place in Iran's security and defense doctrine, and contradict our fundamental religious and ethical convictions. Our national interests make it imperative that we remove any and all reasonable concerns about Iran's peaceful nuclear program.
KELEMEN: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu says the Iranian leader isn't offering anything concrete, and is just talking to buy time to continue Iran's nuclear development. But President Obama says this diplomatic opening must be tested. And he made his own overtures to Rouhani, recognizing there's distrust on both sides.
PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: This mistrust has deep roots. Iranians have long complained of a history of U.S. interference in their affairs and of America's role in overthrowing an Iranian government during the Cold War.
KELEMEN: He says the U.S. and Iran won't be able to get over this difficult history quickly, but resolving the nuclear issue could be a major step to more normal ties.
OBAMA: We are not seeking regime change, and we respect the right of the Iranian people to access peaceful nuclear energy.
KELEMEN: Secretary of State John Kerry and his counterparts from other major powers are to sit down with Iran's foreign minister Thursday to talk about the diplomatic path ahead. French President Francois Hollande was the first Western leader to meet with Iran's president, and he told reporters, through an interpreter, that Rouhani's words must be turned into deeds.
PRESIDENT FRANCOIS HOLLANDE: (Through translator) I accepted to dialogue with President Rouhani, because he himself took a stance of opening, and he made a number of statements that could be useful development in the region.
KELEMEN: Hollande says he also wanted to talk to Rouhani about Iran's support for Bashar al-Assad's regime in Syria. A top U.N. official, Jeffrey Feltman, says if diplomats can ever pull off a peace conference on Syria, Iran needs to be there.
JEFFREY FELTMAN: I can't envision us coming up with a political solution for Syria that doesn't somehow involve the Iranians. There is no government that has more influence on the thinking in Damascus than Tehran.
KELEMEN: President Obama says it's time for Iran and Syria's other backer, Russia, to realize that insisting on Bashar al-Assad's rule will lead to the outcome they both fear: an increasing violent space for extremists to operate. Michele Kelemen, NPR News, the United Nations. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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By Shelly Han,
Policy Advisor
In its ongoing effort to fight corruption and increase energy security, the U.S. Helsinki Commission has worked in recent years to help countries fight the resource curse. That is the phenomenon in which countries that are rich in oil, gas or minerals—resources that should be a boon to their economy—suffer lower economic growth and higher poverty than countries without extractive resources.
As the Commission's energy policy advisor, I traveled in September 2009 with other Congressional staff to Ghana and Liberia to see how these two countries are managing their resources. This was an oportunity to compare the experience of these countries with that of resource-rich countries like Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, who participate in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Specifically, our goal was to study implementation of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in Ghana and Liberia, and gauge the impact of corruption in the extractive industries on the political, social and economic climate.
EITI is a groundbreaking program because it pierces the veil of secrecy that has fostered tremendous corruption in the extractive industries around the world. At its heart, EITI is a good governance initiative that brings together the companies, the government and civil society to ensure revenue is generated for the benefit of the people, not just hidden in Swiss bank accounts.
The meetings in Africa were also part of the Commission's work promoting the Energy Security Through Transparency Act (S. 1700), a bill designed to increase transparency in the oil and gas industry. The bill, introduced by Commission Chairman Senator Benjamin L. Cardin and Senator Richard G. Lugar (R-IN), expresses support for U.S. implementation of EITI. In Ghana and Liberia, staff met with government officials, non-governmental organizations, civil society leaders, the business community, U.S. Embassy staff and other groups, trying to get as broad a perspective as possible on issues related to energy transparency.
Ghana is a country of 23 million citizens on the west coast of Africa. Considered one of the bright spots in terms of political and economic development in the region, President Obama came here in his first presidential trip to Africa.
Known as the Gold Coast in colonial times, gold mining remains one of Ghana's primary exports. With significant foreign investment from mining, one might think that Ghana had hit pay dirt for its economy, unfortunately, this hasn't been the case. Almost 80 percent of Ghanaians live on less than $2 a day.
Gold mining in Ghana is estimated to contribute about 40 percent of total foreign exchange earnings and 6 percent of GDP. In 2007, the discovery of oil in the offshore Jubilee field launched wild expectations—and fears—for Ghana's future. The oil and gas could bring in about $1 billion a year for Ghana, which is about 25 percent of the government's budget. But there are fears that the windfall will increase corruption and do little to help Ghana's citizen's rise out of poverty.
But there is hope. In 2003 Ghana committed to implementing EITI for its mining sector and Ghana remains a candidate country today. Ghana has an EITI Secretariat and a Multi Stakeholder Steering Group in place. The country has appointed an independent EITI Aggregator/Auditor who has produced three audit reports and Ghana will shortly go through an independent audit process in order to be validated as an EITI country.
Most importantly, Ghana has pledged to implement EITI in the oil and gas sectors. During the trip, we met with a number of government officials, including the Minister of Energy and the Minister of Finance. I was impressed with their commitment to establishing an EITI process for the oil and gas revenues. While the process is not complete, and is certainly not perfect, we are optimistic that Ghana will build on the EITI progress they have already made in the mining sector and achieve similar results for the oil and gas sectors.
The international community is providing significant assistance. In meetings with U.S. officials, we learned that U.S. aid agencies will begin work in Ghana aimed at strengthening parliamentary oversight, improving regulatory, legal and fiscal management, and helping Ghana develop a workforce to meet the needs of the oil and gas sector.
Our experience in Liberia was more sobering. Five years after a devastating civil war, Liberia struggles to move on. Fourteen-thousand United Nations troops remain in the country as peacekeepers. Eighty percent of the country's 3.5 million citizens are unemployed. Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard-trained economist and Africa's first female president, has worked to stimulate investment and create job opportunities. But this is an uphill battle given the years of education and infrastructure lost during the civil war.
Extractive industries such as iron ore, gold, rubber and diamonds do provide some revenue, but the highest hopes for export revenue are placed on Liberia's extensive forests. Sustainable timber harvesting could provide up to 60 percent of Liberia's revenue and the international community and Liberia have spent several years and millions of dollars to make the forestry sector sustainable.
Liberia joined EITI in 2006, just a couple of years after the end of the civil war that decimated the economy and put Liberia at almost the bottom of the UN Human Development Index. It is the first country to include forestry under the rubric of EITI. On July 10, 2009, the President of Liberia signed into law the Act Establishing the Liberia EITI, making Liberia only the second country in the world (following Nigeria) to pass dedicated EITI legislation. Many implementing countries have issued presidential or ministerial decrees or have amended existing legislation to establish a legal framework for the initiative. The legislation goes beyond the core EITI requirements because it covers the forestry and rubber sectors, as well as oil, gas and mining.
But contract disputes and the economic downturn have hindered the resumption of large-scale logging in Liberia. We met with logging companies, government officials and civil society to hear the problems and were discouraged by the lack of progress. It is clear that while tremendous strides have been made in transparent reporting of revenues, there is precious little revenue to report. We spoke with some groups who were hopeful that with a strong focus on improving governance, it is possible that Liberia could develop forestry projects eligible for international carbon offsets. These offsets could generate revenue for Liberia and help meet global climate change goals at the same time.
In contrast with other EITI countries such as Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, we were struck by the comparatively good relations the Ghana and Liberia government ministries enjoy with civil society, and the clear desire they have shown to work together. Citizen participation was very strong in both African countries, perhaps due to the extensive public awareness campaigns that have educated citizens on their right to follow the money trail from extractive revenues.
EITI is far from the magic bullet to solve corruption problems in West Africa or elsewhere. But Ghana and Liberia show that incremental progress is possible, and that transparency in the extractive industries can build a foundation for good governance in other sectors as well.


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Atlantic Systems Group - ASG specialises in UNIX system and network security. We provide both our TurnStyle family of security products and security consulting services. BOFH Consulting - Basics on network and unix security. Computer ps, inc. - Cps provides netwrok security solutions & electronic business solutions for Internet commerce. Firewalls, Net.Commerce,Certificate of Authority servers. Cornell Computer Consulting - Offering Macintosh, PC and UNIX system consulting. Networking and Security specialists. Deer Run Associates - A firm specializing in networked systems management and security. Training services available. FSA Corp. - A Canadian software company specializing in UNIX security, performance, and system administration. FSC Internet - FSC Internet is Canada's largest UNIX/Internet security consulting firm. FSC's clients include numerous top-tier corporations (e.g.Mazda, Heinz), as well as mid-sized companies (e.g. the Vermont Telephone Company) and the public sector. Integration Technologies - Providing UNIX Systems Adminsitration and Network consulting to the US Navy. We also support WWW, GIS and network security. Private businesses Welcome! intra.NETiX Ltd. - Intra.NETiX Ltd. Unix & Network Management, Consulting & Integration Internet/Intranet Applications Develpment Log-n Computing - Located in NY State's Capital Region, security planning and testing; Internet marketing strategies; Internet connectivity; and UNIX systems administration. LTTSC - Lucent Technologies Technical Services Comp. (LTTSC) offers consulting & training services in HPUX, SUNSolaris, NT, Firewalls and more. Netsys.com - We provide Unix,Internetworking, and Security services to a wide variety of clients. Paktronics - Network Systems custom/commercial management and design. Available Novell and Linux Firewalls, WWW, Email, etc. Specialists in IP/IPX routed intranetwork security. Security Professionals Group - Kansas City based security group specializing in Corporate Security Audits, Secure Policy Design, Security Advisory Subscription, etc. Softway Pty Ltd - Softway is a leading UNIX systems software development and computer security consultancy based in Australia. Technologic, Inc. - the leader in Internet security and manufacturer of the Interceptor firewall. Technology Applications, Inc. - Specializing in Solaris medium and large scale server & turnkey systems with Sybase, Oracle, or Informix, as well as host connectivity communications (X.25, SNA, TCP/IP, Token Ring). Trident Data Systems - a premier systems integrator specializing in information technology and information protection service solutions. Trusted Information Systems - Trusted Information Systems provides network and computer security consulting services for all Unix systems. Trusted Systems Training, Inc - computer security training and consulting company specializing in highly secure computer and networking systems, including Windows NT and Secure UNIX. Uniforce Informatique Inc. - Advanced Unix administration, integration (Security, inter/Intranet) and development (internal, C/C++/Java). Network Management.
Copyright 1994-2018 Unix Guru Universe


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194 Hematology/Hematopathology Lecture Series 2018
Dallas, TX US
January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018
To educate faculty and trainees from Hematology-Oncology and Hematopathology (Clinical Pathology) in Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of hematologic disorders.
Target Audience
Medical Radiation, and Surgical Oncologists; Radiologists; Pathologists; Urologists; Neurologists;
UTSW Faculty, Fellows and Residents in training; and private practice oncologists.
Learning Objectives
As a result of this conference, participants should be able to: (1) Understand basic mechanisms of
hematologic processes and disorders, (2) Diagnose hematologic disorders from clinical and laboratory
data, and (3) Manage hematologic disorders according to accepted criteria
UT Southwestern Medical Center
5323 Harry Hines Blvd.
(NC) 8.212 Conference Room
Dallas, TX
United States


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Triumph Motorcycle Restoration
Triumph Twins first burst onto the scene in 1938, and continued to improve up to their demise in the 1980's. This book covers the restoration of these classic and beloved machines, and is the only one to do so. It includes two start-to-finish assemblies, with sidebars to explain how to correctly lace a wheel.
Triumph Motorcycles Illustrated Workshop Manual 1937-1951
1935 to 1939 MODELS: An Illustrated Workshop Manual Covering Pre-War Triumph Twin And Single-Cylinder Motorcycles From 1935 To 1939: After the outbreak of war in September 1939, all of the Triumph motorcycles constructed were destined for military use, civilian production did not resume again until 1946. This is a faithful reproduction of the 1939 Floyd Clymer (E.T. Brown) Workshop Manual original...
Triumph Pre-unit Construction Twins Owner's Workshop Manual
Modern Motorcycle Technology
Offering a technical overview and explanation for all the major mechanical and electrical systems for motorcycles, this guide takes the reader through each and every aspect of how motorbikes work from start to finish. It takes the reader through all the systems and functions of a motorcycle.
Triumph Trident, B.S.A.Rocket 3 Owner's Workshop Manual
Triumph Speed Twin and Thunderbird Bible
As a reference, this book will be a useful asset for anyone aiming to restore a Speed Twin or a Thunderbird to the correct specification. Used as a guide, it will enable the reader to establish the exact year of manufacture, precise model type and the appropriate colour scheme of any model.
Triumph Tiger Cub and Terrier Owner's Workshop Manual
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The Triumph Trophy Bible
Features the history of Triumph's famous Trophy and Tiger twin-cylinder motorcycles from 1943 until the end of production in 1983. This book includes coverage of individual model specifications, colour schemes, engine & frame numbers, build totals, and model type identification. It covers Triumph TR5, TR6, TR5A/C, T100S/C, T100C, TR7 and TR5T.


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We want you to be on our growing list of satisfied customers. This is one of our more popular Dell PowerEdge Dell Poweredge R330 Server configurations! Our ratings show that we stand behind our servers and offer exceptional service. We frequently put this server on sale. Our sale percentages change on a daily basis.
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Americans control conclave message just by talking
VATICAN CITY— The two American cardinals sat on the stage, microphones in hand, fielding questions from the world's news media on everything from the delayed arrival of some of their colleagues to their own wardrobe choices if elected pope.
Most experts doubt the upcoming conclave will select an American pope, but the U.S. cardinals are already exerting a surprising amount of control over the message — simply by talking. Their lively daily briefings contrast sharply with the sober summaries from the Vatican spokesman and almost nothing from anyone else.
More than 100 journalists and two dozen television crews from the U.S., Britain, France, Spain, Brazil, Mexico, Germany and Italy showed up Tuesday, packing an auditorium for what has become the daily "American Show" at the North American College, the U.S. seminary just up the hill from the Vatican.
Cardinals Daniel DiNardo of Galveston-Houston and Sean O'Malley of Boston held court, gamely trying to answer questions about when the conclave will begin, why five voting-age cardinals still hadn't shown up and whether they'd all be home in time for Holy Week — all without violating their oath of secrecy about the closed-door deliberations.
"I don't think I can get into anything in particular about what happened in any of the congregations today," DiNardo began.
He then delivered a message that several American cardinals have repeated in recent days, responding to questions about whether the problems in the administration of the Holy See were weighing on the deliberations about who might next be pope.
"Obviously we want to know and learn as much as we can relative to governance in the church," DiNardo said. "The Curia (Vatican bureaucracy) is part of that issue. Certainly we want to discuss and learn what we can, and I think that will go on as long as cardinals feel we need the information."
It's a message that has made headlines, simply because it's one of the few coming out.
"Yes, the American cardinals, by being willing to speak, have filled the media void," said the Rev. Thomas Reese, author of "Inside the Vatican," a how-to guide about the Vatican bureaucracy.
But, he noted, the message is also old. "People have been calling for the reform of the Curia since Vatican II."
DiNardo and O'Malley drew laughs when one reporter asked O'Malley, a member of the Capuchin order, if he would continue to wear his trademark brown robes if elected pope.
"I've worn this uniform for over 40 years and I presume I will wear it until I die," he said. "I don't expect to be elected pope, so I don't expect to have to change."
At the Vatican, meanwhile, spokesman the Rev. Federico Lombardi presided over a more sedate affair, showing a videotape of the three silver and brass flying-saucer-shaped urns into which the cardinals will cast ballots during the conclave, and updating reporters on the whereabouts of the five MIA cardinals.
"Everyone knows how to evaluate his commitments," Lombardi said when asked what the cardinals could possibly have on their agendas that was more important than being in Rome for the election of a pope. "They know they have the obligation and commitment to come for the conclave, and they know the congregations have begun and are making their plans to arrive."
Those still making their way to Rome were Egyptian Patriarch Antonios Naguib, and Cardinals Karl Lehmann of Germany, Jean-Baptiste Pham Minh Man of Vietnam, Kazimierz Nycz of Poland and John Tong Hon of Hong Kong.
Naguib and Lehmann reportedly arrived later Tuesday, while Nycz had to preside over a conference of bishops at home and told reporters in Warsaw he'd be in Rome by Wednesday. The Asian cardinals, Tong and Man were either en route or scheduled to leave later Wednesday, their offices said. Asked why they were late arriving for such an important meeting, the offices said the men were busy handling domestic matters.
Lombardi also announced that the Sistine Chapel had closed to visitors — one of the first signs that the election was nearing. Workers in the coming days will install a raised false floor to cover anti-bugging devices, as well as hook up the stove where the ballots will be burned.
When asked if he had considered inviting cardinals to his briefings, Lombardi said he thought about it and decided against it.
"The conclave and the path towards it … is an election that each member makes in his conscience before God," he said in an email. "That requires a reflection by the college as a group that can develop and mature in total freedom."
He said the oath of secrecy also was a problem, limiting how much cardinals can divulge. And then there's the matter of which cardinals to invite given the global makeup of the College of Cardinals.
"If some cardinals think it's useful to communicate, naturally preserving the reserve they've committed themselves to concerning the election, I have no objections," he said. "I do my part helping journalists."
DiNardo acknowledged it was "more American" to brief the media when it was pointed out to him that the U.S. cardinals were the only ones hosting regular readouts of what the cardinals had been up to.
"We want to honor the confidentiality of the discussions, but at the same time let people — and letting our own folks know at home — that we are meeting day by day, there are interesting things happening and we are moving ahead," he said.
That sense of accountability — gleaned after the sex abuse scandal humbled the U.S. church and taught its leaders to be more transparent — is not widespread among church leaders elsewhere. Only a handful of cardinals from other countries have stopped to chat with journalists waiting outside the meetings; a few have granted one-on-one interviews with media, mostly from their home country. None are hosting daily briefings.
"I love the strategy of the U.S. cardinals," said Iacopo Scaramuzzi, Vatican correspondent for the Italian news agency TMnews. "The others don't do it for a variety of reasons: Some because they haven't developed a culture of church transparency, others because they don't have the means, others don't have time. But I think the European bishops could follow their example."
The U.S. media team is substantive: Sister Mary Ann Walsh, spokeswoman for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, is running the show, and most of the seven U.S.-based American cardinals have come with a spokesperson. Walsh said she has received "hundreds" of requests for one-on-one interviews with the media-friendly Americans.
American cardinals are tweeting and blogging and Cardinal Timothy Dolan of New York, considered a papal contender, is still conducting his weekly radio show, which will broadcast live on SiriusXM's "The Catholic Channel," on Wednesday from the North American College.
A few hours later, he and Cardinal Francis George of Chicago will preside over Wednesday's briefing.
"As the Vatican is the kingdom of silence, especially during those very specific times, this is a real breath of fresh air," said Frédéric Mounier, the Vatican correspondent for the French Catholic newspaper "La Croix," who was on hand for Tuesday's session.
But while such briefings may help journalists liven up their reports, Mounier doubted such openness would improve the chances for an American pope.
"I feel as a consensus here that a U.S. candidate, whoever he might be, has very few chances once in the Sistine" Chapel, he said. "It seems to be just a matter of general feeling against the Uncle Sam. Nothing more than that."


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There's been a sharp rise in anti-Muslim attacks and intimidation in the U.K. since last week's hacking death of British soldier Lee Rigby by two men who said they killed him in the name of Islam.
The Guardian newspaper says that Tell Mama, a hotline for reporting such attacks, registered 193 incidents by Monday evening, including 10 attacks on mosques.
According to The Guardian:
"In Grimsby on Tuesday, two men reported to be former soldiers were remanded in custody at the town's magistrates court after a mosque was petrol bombed. Stuart Harness, 33, and Gavin Humphries, 37, were charged with arson with intent to endanger life. No pleas were entered and the pair are due to appear at Grimsby crown court next month.
"The Tell Mama co-coordinator, Fiyaz Mughal, from Faith Matters, said he feared there would be an escalation in attacks on Muslim communities in the weeks and months ahead.
" 'These things are cumulative and I do not see an end to this cycle of violence,' said Mughal. 'There is an underlying Islamophobia in our society and the horrendous events in Woolwich have brought this to the fore and inflamed the situation.' "
Over the weekend, the right-wing extremist English Defense League staged a protest against Rigby's killing that erupted into violence and resulted in the arrest of 13 demonstrators.
Reuters reports that the family of a one of the suspects, who was shot and wounded by police responding to the attack on Rigby, condemned the soldier's killing:
"In their first public remarks since the attack on Wednesday, relatives of one of the suspects, Michael Adebolajo, 28, a British-born convert from a Christian Nigerian immigrant family, said they felt ashamed and horrified.
" 'Nothing we say can undo the events of last week,' the family said in a statement. 'However, as a family, we wish to share with others our horror at the senseless killing of Lee Rigby and express our profound shame and distress that this has brought on our family.' "
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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You know, one of the benefits of starting your own company is that you can pretty much wear whatever you want - up to a point. Our last word in business today is: dress for success.
Just as Steve Jobs was known for his mock-turtleneck, Mark Zuckerberg has become known for his hoodie. Business blogs breathlessly chronicle Zuckerberg's dress decisions and note the fact that he sports the collegiate just-rolled-out-of-bed look, even at important business meetings.
Some thought he might dress up to meet with potential Wall Street investors. But no, Zuckerberg showed up in a black hoodie, rankling some of those potential investors, who called him immature and disrespectful.
But think how easily he could have made a better impression if only he'd bought from Betabrand, a San Francisco clothing company that says it's coming out with an executive pinstripe hoodie. The company says it will satisfy both Wall Street and Zuckerberg.
Crafted from 100% percent Merino wool with paisley lining, we're told, the executive hoodie offers a more tailored silhouette, and it's dry-clean only.
Chris Lindland is Betabrand's founder.
CHRIS LINDLAND: I just assumed that there'd be a great interest in anything Mark Zuckerberg-related. And since he's the Mount Everest of hoodie wearers, if we could make a product that somehow would connect that with his visit to Wall Street, it would be funny.
INSKEEP: Zuckerberg has not yet been seen wearing the pinstripe executive hoodie, though his sister did tweet that she thought it would be opening-bell worthy.
That's the business news on MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. I'm Steve Inskeep. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Why Urban Beekeeping Can Be Bad For Bees
Two British scientists are dumping cold water on campaigns to promote urban beekeeping. They say that trying to "help the bees" by setting out more hives is naive and misguided if the bees can't find enough flowers nearby to feed on. You'll just end up with sick and starving bees.
Francis Ratnieks and Karin Alton, from the Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects at the University of Sussex, say that this is already a real problem in London, where the number of hives has doubled over the past five years. There now are about 25 honeybee hives for each square mile of the city. Businesses have installed hives on rooftops as a way to demonstrate their environmental concern, or even to "boost office morale." (Loyal NPR listeners, in fact, may have heard that we, too, have two hives on the "green roof" of our new headquarters in Washington.)
According to Ratnieks and Alton, there now are too many bees in London, chasing too few flowers. The scientists are urging well-meaning bee defenders to change their focus: "To have bees you don't need a bee hive," they write in The Biologist. "Just plant bee-friendly flowers such as marjoram ... and lavender in your garden."
Marla Spivak, a specialist on bees at the University of Minnesota, says she hasn't yet seen, in the United States, a situation similar to London's, but the danger is real.
"I think the alarm was a good one," she says. "If you're a beekeeper, you need to be concerned about what they're going to eat."
Fortunately, many American cities still do offer a reasonably good buffet for bees. Think of all the tree pollen that torments allergy sufferers. "Bees love it," says Spivak.


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ID Expert Form Cotton Feel Maxi Size3 21 pcs
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text:
Oxygen forensic suite
Current version |
Version Number: 6.5 Date Released: 19 September 2014 |
Recent changes |
Oxygen Forensic Suite is a mobile forensic software for logical analysis of cell phones, smartphones and PDAs developed by Oxygen Software.
The suite can extract device information, contacts, calendar events, SMS messages, event logs, and files. In addition, the vendor claims the suite can extract metadata related to the above.
As of December 2014 the suite supported more than 8,400 devices, including Nokia, Apple iPhone series, Apple iPod Touch, Apple iPad, Vertu, Sony Ericsson, Samsung, Motorola, Blackberry, Panasonic, Siemens, HTC, HP, E-Ten, Gigabyte, i-Mate, Chinese (Mediatek) Phones and other mobile phones. The suite also supports devices running Symbian OS, Windows Mobile 5/6, Microsoft Windows Phone 8 and Android OS devices.
Forensic Soundness
The suite access devices using advanced proprietary protocols. Some devices like smartphones require an Agent installation. Of course, installing software onto the device being examined will impact the forensic soundness of the investigation. If such information is not obtainable by other means and the impact is documented, it may still be admissible under the Best Evidence Rule.
Previous Names
Oxygen Forensic Suite was previously marketed as "Oxygen Phone Manager II (Forensic Edition)".


text:
ANZO USA 221118 Tail Light Assembly
Shipping times
Most products arrive to you in as little as 2-4 business days.
No shipping times are guaranteed
Get approved for financing
Black Patch Performance partners with several finance and lease companies to get you the items you need at a more affordable rate. If you are interested in financing or leasing your wheels, tires, bumpers, accessories, performance parts, or any of the other types of items we offer please apply below!
CLICK HERE to get approved now
Buy with your finance approval
After you get approved CALL US, EMAIL US, or reach out to us on one of our numerous social media accounts.
Some of our finance partners allow you to check out directly on the website if the product you are interested in is on our site. To see if that is an option proceed to the checkout and at the section where it asks for your card information, the finance options will appear there. If the company you got approved with is not shown there just give us a CALL or EMAIL us and we can help you out!
If you are needing to pick something up from our in stock inventory or order it into our warehouse in Buena Vista please call us at 540-784-1004
Tail Light Assembly
Clear Lens
Chrome Housing
Features and Benefits
Every AnzoUSA product is backed by a ONE-YEAR WARRANTY against manufacturer defects.
Tail Light Assembly
Add-On: N/A
Attachment Method: Bolt On
Bulb Type: Incandescent
Bulbs Included: No
Direct Fit: Yes
Housing Color: Chrome
Housing Material: Plastic
Lens Color: Clear
SAE/DOT Compliant: Yes
Title: ANZO USA Tail Light Assembly


text:
Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN): Master File, Wave 2, 1997-2000 (ICPSR 13608)
Version Date: Dec 6, 2005 View help for published
Principal Investigator(s): View help for Principal Investigator(s)
Felton J. Earls, Harvard Medical School;
Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Scientific Director. Columbia University. Teacher's College. Center for the Study of Children and Families;
Stephen W. Raudenbush, Scientific Director. University of Michigan. School of Education and Survey Research Center;
Robert J. Sampson, Scientific Director. Harvard University. Department of Sociology
Version V1
Alternate Title View help for Alternate Title
Summary View help for Summary
The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) was a large-scale, interdisciplinary study of how families, schools, and neighborhoods affect child and adolescent development. One component of the PHDCN was the Longitudinal Cohort Study, which was a series of coordinated longitudinal studies that followed over 6,000 randomly selected children, adolescents, and young adults, and their primary caregivers over time to examine the changing circumstances of their lives, as well as the personal characteristics, that might lead them toward or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors. Numerous measures were administered to respondents to gauge various aspects of human development, including individual differences, as well as family, peer, and school influences. The data file contains basic demographic and administrative information across all cohorts.
Citation View help for Citation
Export Citation:
Funding View help for Funding
Subject Terms View help for Subject Terms
Geographic Coverage View help for Geographic Coverage
Smallest Geographic Unit View help for Smallest Geographic Unit
neighborhood cluster
Restrictions View help for Restrictions
A downloadable version of data for this study is available however, certain identifying information in the downloadable version may have been masked or edited to protect respondent privacy. Additional data not included in the downloadable version are available in a restricted version of this data collection. For more information about the differences between the downloadable data and the restricted data for this study, please refer to the codebook notes section of the PDF codebook. Users interested in obtaining restricted data must complete and sign a Restricted Data Use Agreement, describe the research project and data protection plan, and obtain IRB approval or notice of exemption for their research.
Distributor(s) View help for Distributor(s)
Time Period(s) View help for Time Period(s)
Date of Collection View help for Date of Collection
Data Collection Notes View help for Data Collection Notes
The Murray Research Center conducted the initial data and documentation processing for this collection.
Study Purpose View help for Study Purpose
Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
The Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) was a large-scale, interdisciplinary study of how families, schools, and neighborhoods affect child and adolescent development. It was designed to advance the understanding of the developmental pathways of both positive and negative human social behaviors. In particular, the project examined the causes and pathways of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, substance abuse, and violence. At the same time, the project provided a detailed look at the environments in which these social behaviors took place by collecting substantial amounts of data about urban Chicago, including its people, institutions, and resources.
Longitudinal Cohort Study
One component of the PHDCN was the Longitudinal Cohort Study, which was a series of coordinated longitudinal studies that followed over 6,000 randomly selected children, adolescents, and young adults, and their primary caregivers over time to examine the changing circumstances of their lives, as well as the personal characteristics, that might lead them toward or away from a variety of antisocial behaviors. The age cohorts include birth (0), 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years. Numerous measures were administered to respondents to gauge various aspects of human development, including individual differences, as well as family, peer, and school influences.
Master File
The data in this collection are from Wave 2 of the Longitudinal Cohort Study, which was administered between 1997 and 2000. The data file contains information from the Master File protocol and includes basic demographic and administrative information across all cohorts.
Study Design View help for Study Design
Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
The city of Chicago was selected as the research site for the PHDCN because of its extensive racial, ethnic, and social-class diversity. The project collapsed 847 census tracts in the city of Chicago into 343 neighborhood clusters (NCs) based upon seven groupings of racial/ethnic composition and three levels of socioeconomic status. The NCs were designed to be ecologically meaningful. They were composed of geographically contiguous census tracts, and geographic boundaries, and knowledge of Chicago's neighborhoods were considered in the definition of the NCs. Each NC was comprised of approximately 8,000 people.
Longitudinal Cohort Study
For the Longitudinal Cohort Study, a stratified probability sample of 80 neighborhoods was selected. The 80 NCs were sampled from the 21 strata (seven racial/ethnic groups by three socioeconomic levels) with the goal of representing the 21 cells as equally as possible to eliminate the confounding between racial/ethnic mix and socioeconomic status. Once the 80 NCs were chosen, then block groups were selected at random within each of the sample neighborhoods. A complete listing of dwelling units was collected for all sampled block groups. Pregnant women, children, and young adults in seven age cohorts (birth, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years) were identified through in-person screening of approximately 40,000 dwelling units within the 80 NCs. The screening response rate was 80 percent. Children within six months of the birthday that qualified them for the sample were selected for inclusion in the Longitudinal Cohort Study. A total of 8,347 participants were identified through the screening. Of the eligible study participants, 6,228 were interviewed in the Wave 1 data collection and 5,338 were interviewed in the Wave 2 data collection.
Data collection for Wave 2 began in 1997 and ended in 2000. It included a letter sent to study participants notifying them that they would be contacted to schedule an interview. This letter explained the study, reimbursements, and offered a monthly drawing prize of $1,000 for those participants who kept their first scheduled appointment. A toll free number was also included in the letter, so participants could call and schedule their own interviews or ask questions.
For all cohorts except 0 and 18, primary caregivers as well as the child were interviewed. The primary caregiver was the person found to spend the most time taking care of the child. Separate research assistants administered the primary caregiver interviews and the child interviews. The primary method of data collection was face-to-face interviewing, although participants who refused to complete the personal interview were administered a phone interview. An abbreviated telephone interview was conducted for the primary caregivers in Cohorts 0-15 and Cohort 18 study participants in Wave 2 who lived outside the nine-county metropolitan area to which research assistants were able to travel for interviews. A total of 221 telephone interviews were conducted during Wave 2, representing 3.55 percent of the sample.
Proxy interviews were conducted with study participants who were emancipated minors (under 18 but married or living independently). The study participants answered questions from the primary caregiver's interview on the primary caregiver's behalf. In Wave 2, four primary caregivers and two study participants were interviewed in jail. Study participants in foster care could not be interviewed. The Department of Children and Family Services did not allow interviews of the foster parent or the child. Permission was granted for a brief period in Wave 1, therefore there are some children in the sample who could not be followed up in Waves 2 and 3. Some children were not in foster care in Wave 1 but were placed in foster care by Wave 2 or 3. They were also not followed up. Lastly, some participants were interviewed in Wave 3 but not in Wave 2, as they were in foster care during Wave 2.
Some participants in Wave 1 spoke a language other than English, Spanish, or Polish. In Wave 2, an abbreviated version of the primary caregiver's protocol was administered and the research assistant arranged for someone in the household to translate on the spot. In Wave 2, the complete protocol was translated into Spanish and a subset of the primary caregiver's interview was translated into Polish.
Depending on the age and wave of data collection, participants were paid between $5 and $20 per interview. Other incentives, such as free passes to museums, the aquarium, and monthly drawing prizes, were also included.
Interview protocols included a wide range of questions. For example, some questions assessed impulse control and sensation-seeking traits, cognitive and language development, leisure activities, delinquency and substance abuse, friends' activities, and self-perception, attitudes, and values. Caregivers were also interviewed about family structure, parent characteristics, parent-child relationships, parent discipline styles, family mental health, and family history of criminal behavior and drug use.
Master File
The Master File combines data from all cohorts into one file. It contains demographic information regarding neighborhood cells, subjects, and primary caregivers.
Sample View help for Sample
Stratified probability sample.
Universe View help for Universe
Children, adolescents, young adults, and their primary caregivers, living in the city of Chicago in 1994.
Unit(s) of Observation View help for Unit(s) of Observation
Data Type(s) View help for Data Type(s)
Mode of Data Collection View help for Mode of Data Collection
Description of Variables View help for Description of Variables
The data file contains demographic information regarding neighborhood socioeconomic status and neighborhood ethnic composition. The file also contains demographic information such as gender, age, residency, language, ethnicity, education, and employment regarding the subject and primary caregiver.
Response Rates View help for Response Rates
The overall response rate for Wave 2 of the Longitudinal Cohort Study was 85.94 percent or 5,338 participants. The response rates for subjects by cohort were:
- 0 percent for Cohort 0
- 87.5 percent for Cohort 3
- 88.0 percent for Cohort 6
- 85.6 percent for Cohort 9
- 86.2 percent for Cohort 12
- 82.7 percent for Cohort 15
- 80.2 percent for Cohort 18
The response rates for primary caregivers by cohort were:
- 83.3 percent for Cohort 0
- 88.3 percent for Cohort 3
- 88.3 percent for Cohort 6
- 86.6 percent for Cohort 9
- 87.2 percent for Cohort 12
- 85.9 percent for Cohort 15
- 0 percent for Cohort 18
Original Release Date View help for Original Release Date
Version History View help for Version History
- Earls, Felton J., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Stephen W. Raudenbush, and Robert J. Sampson. Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN): Master File, Wave 2, 1997-2000. ICPSR13608-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2005-12-06. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR13608.v1
2005-12-06 The study was originally released without restricted variables. It was then decided that certain variables needed to be restricted so both public use and restricted use files were created. The public use files have certain variables restricted, while the restricted use files allow users full access to the original data. See RESTRICTIONS for more details.
2005-09-02 ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:
- Performed recodes and/or calculated derived variables.
- Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.
The public-use data files in this collection are available for access by the general public. Access does not require affiliation with an ICPSR member institution.
One or more files in this data collection have special restrictions. Restricted data files are not available for direct download from the website; click on the Restricted Data button to learn more.
This dataset is maintained and distributed by the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (NACJD), the criminal justice archive within ICPSR. NACJD is primarily sponsored by three agencies within the U.S. Department of Justice: the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.


text:
This module provides functions for starting Erlang slave nodes. All slave nodes which are started by a master will terminate automatically when the master terminates. All TTY output produced at the slave will be sent back to the master node. File I/O is done via the master.
Slave nodes on other hosts than the current one are started with the program rsh. The user must be allowed to rsh to the remote hosts without being prompted for a password. This can be arranged in a number of ways (refer to the rsh documentation for details). A slave node started on the same host as the master inherits certain environment values from the master, such as the current directory and the environment variables. For what can be assumed about the environment when a slave is started on another host, read the documentation for the rsh program.
An alternative to the rsh program can be specified on the command line to erl as follows: -rsh Program.
The slave node should use the same file system at the master. At least, Erlang/OTP should be installed in the same place on both computers and the same version of Erlang should be used.
Currently, a node running on Windows NT can only start slave nodes on the host on which it is running.
The master node must be alive.
start(Host) -> {ok, Node} | {error, Reason}
start(Host, Name) -> {ok, Node} | {error, Reason}
start(Host, Name, Args) -> {ok, Node} | {error, Reason}
Starts a slave node on the host Host. Host names need not necessarily be specified as fully qualified names; short names can also be used. This is the same condition that applies to names of distributed Erlang nodes.
The name of the started node will be Name@Host. If no name is provided, the name will be the same as the node which executes the call (with the exception of the host name part of the node name).
The slave node resets its user process so that all terminal I/O which is produced at the slave is automatically relayed to the master. Also, the file process will be relayed to the master.
The Args argument is used to set erl command line arguments. If provided, it is passed to the new node and can be used for a variety of purposes. See erl(1)
As an example, suppose that we want to start a slave node at host H with the node name Name@H, and we also want the slave node to have the following properties:
directory Dir should be added to the code path;
the Mnesia directory should be set to M;
the unix DISPLAY environment variable should be set to the display of the master node.
The following code is executed to achieve this:
E = " -env DISPLAY " ++ net_adm:localhost() ++ ":0 ", Arg = "-mnesia_dir " ++ M ++ " -pa " ++ Dir ++ E, slave:start(H, Name, Arg).
If successful, the function returns {ok, Node}, where Node is the name of the new node. Otherwise it returns {error, Reason}, where Reason can be one of:
- timeout
The master node failed to get in contact with the slave node. This can happen in a number of circumstances:
- Erlang/OTP is not installed on the remote host
- the file system on the other host has a different structure to the the master
- the Erlang nodes have different cookies.
- no_rsh
There is no rsh program on the computer.
- {already_running, Node}
A node with the name Name@Host already exists.
start_link(Host) -> {ok, Node} | {error, Reason}
start_link(Host, Name) -> {ok, Node} | {error, Reason}
start_link(Host, Name, Args) -> {ok, Node} | {error, Reason}
Starts a slave node in the same way as start/1,2,3, except that the slave node is linked to the currently executing process. If that process terminates, the slave node also terminates.
See start/1,2,3 for a description of arguments and return values.
Stops (kills) a node.
pseudo([Master | ServerList]) -> ok
Calls pseudo(Master, ServerList). If we want to start a node from the command line and set up a number of pseudo servers, an Erlang runtime system can be started as follows:
% erl -name abc -s slave pseudo klacke@super x --
pseudo(Master, ServerList) -> ok
Starts a number of pseudo servers. A pseudo server is a server with a registered name which does absolutely nothing but pass on all message to the real server which executes at a master node. A pseudo server is an intermediary which only has the same registered name as the real server.
For example, if we have started a slave node N and want to execute pxw graphics code on this node, we can start the server pxw_server as a pseudo server at the slave node. The following code illustrates:
rpc:call(N, slave, pseudo, [node(), [pxw_server]]).
Runs a pseudo server. This function never returns any value and the process which executes the function will receive messages. All messages received will simply be passed on to Pid.