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The GEF4 Geometry component provides classes to store geometric objects and to perform geometric computations based on those objects. It is internally structured into three modules, namely Geometry, Geometry.Convert.FX, and Geometry.Convert.SWT. There are also a couple of undeployed Geometry Examples.
- feature: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry
- bundle: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry
The Geometry module of GEF4 Geometry provides abstractions to support different kinds of geometric calculations within 2-dimensional Euclidean vector space or its related projective space, or based on 2-dimensional planar objects. Furthermore, conversions are supported to import/export from/to related AWT representations.
The API is universally based on double precision calculations. Result values are computed as precise as possible, most of the time. In situations where result values are approximated, the approximation is as precise as required for the related test methods to agree on the values. An imprecision is used in the comparisons of double precision values throughout the implementation. These imprecise comparisons shall ensure consistency with regard to floating point and approximation errors.
To ease navigation, the following sections are organized around the source code packages (org.eclipse.gef4.geomtry.*) of the API, as they were designed to represent the different domains of abstractions.
- package: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.planar
The Planar package provides basic abstractions for computations based on 2-dimensional geometric objects.
IGeometry, ICurve, IShape, IMultiShape
As outlined above, with the exception of the Path abstraction, all objects are classified into either being curves, shapes, or multi shapes by means of respective interfaces. An ICurve
is a one dimensional geometry, i.e. the result that you get by drawing a continuous line with a pencil. It has a start and an end point and you can approximate it by a series of BezierCurves. An IShape
is a two dimensional geometry, i.e. it continuously encloses a region on the drawing area, without holes. An IMultiShape
is a (possibly) non-continuous set of IShape
s. An example for an IMultiShape
is the Region. A Region represents the area that results from composing multiple Rectangles. Accordingly, a Ring represents the area that results from composing multiple Polygons. It corresponds to the org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Region.
The most general type in the hierarchy is the Path, because every geometric object can be transfered into it. Unfortunately, the Path is incompatible to the rest of the API in that it does not implement the different interfaces, it does not ensure a certain precision for the results of its test and manipulation methods, and it cannot be transferred back into compatible objects.
As you can see in this diagram, an ICurve
can be approximated by a number of BezierCurves using the toBezier() method. The outline of an IShape
can be retrieved using its getOutline() method. Additionally, you can split an IShape
into a number of ICurve
s -- which form the outline -- using the getOutlineSegments() method. IMultiShape
provides a getShapes() method to get the individual IShape
s that are combined by the IMultiShape
. It does provide a getOutlineSegments() method, too, which is used to split the IMultiShape
into several ICurve
s. These transfer methods allow the decomposition of any geometric object into a bunch of BezierCurves:
BezierCurve[] fromCurve = curve.toBezier(); BezierCurve[] fromShape = shape.getOutline().toBezier(); ICurve[] fromPolyShape = polyShape.getOutlineSegments(); List<BezierCurve> beziers = new ArrayList<BezierCurve>(); for (ICurve c : fromPolyShape) beziers.addAll(Arrays.asList(c.toBezier()));
An important part of a geometry API in general, is the possibility to test the relationship of two geometric objects. GEF4 Geometry provides four methods that perform relation tests. Universally usable is the touches() method, which is supported for each IGeometry
. It tests if two objects have at least one point in common. Additionally, ICurve
s can be tested for points of intersection using the intersects() method and for an overlap using the overlaps() method, among each other. An IShape
provides a contains() method to test if it fully contains a given planar object. Moreover, the point test is available for every geometric object. It tests if a given Point is incidental to the particular object. Supplementary to the intersects() test, a getIntersections() method is offered among ICurves. BezierCurves do also facilitate the extraction of overlapping segments via the getOverlap() method.
So, let us consider a few examples:
boolean contained = arc.contains(point); boolean contained = pie.contains(point); Point[] intersections = line1.getIntersections(line2); Point[] intersections = line.getIntersections(polygon.getOutline()); Point[] intersections = polygon.getOutline().getIntersections(roundedRectangle.getOutline()); boolean contained = ellipse.contains(line); boolean contained = rectangle.contains(ellipse); boolean contained = region.contains(polygon);
IRotatable, IScalable, ITranslatable
Noticeably, the use of interfaces unifies similar operations on different types. Therefore, the fundamental interfaces (ICurve, IShape, etc.) are complemented by three transformation interfaces: Rotatable
, IScalable
, and ITranslatable
You can either transform your geometric objects via instances of the AffineTransform class, or by using the short-cut methods provided by the Rotatable
, IScalable
, and ITranslatable
interfaces. Transformations can either be directly applied to an object, modifying the object in-place, or to a copy of the original object. This distinction is represented by the names of the short-cut methods. All names starting with 'get' are applied to a copy of the original object. The other methods modify the object in-place.
Translating an object means moving the object. You can move an object in x- and y-direction. Scaling an object means resizing the object. You can individually scale the object in x- and y-direction. Additionally, scaling requires a relative Point to scale to/away from. If you omit this Point, the scaling method will appropriately choose the relative Point. Normally, this will be the center Point of the geometric object that you want to scale. Rotation is special in that not all geometric objects can be rotated in-place. Rectangles, for example, are always parallel to the x- and y-axes. That's why the IRotatable interface does only include the getRotated*() short-cut methods which are not directly applied. However, some geometric objects do provide in-place rotation methods. As with scaling, rotation is performed around a relative Point. If you omit this Point, the rotation method will appropriately choose it. Normally, this will be the center Point of the geometric object that you want to rotate.
Polygon rhomb = new Rectangle(10, 10, 10, 10).getRotatedCCW(Angle.fromDeg(45)); PolyBezier slanted = new Ellipse(100, 100, 100, 50).getRotatedCCW(Angle.fromDeg(30)); Ring rotatedClippingArea = region.getRotatedCCW(Angle.fromDeg(300));
AbstractGeometry, AbstractRectangleBasedGeometry, AbstractArcBasedGeometry, AbstractPointListBasedGeometry, AbstractMultiShape
Augmenting the interface hierarchy, all concrete classes are based on abstract geometry classes, depending on the type of geometry used for constructing the objects (i.e. Ellipse is an AbstractRectangleBasedGeometry
, because it is constructed by means of a Rectangle).
This classification by the construction type of the individual geometry objects allows the generalization of many operations in a few abstract classes. Those abstract classes implement methods that should return an object of the same type as the inheriting class. Thus, type parameters are used to specify such return types.
objects represent a point in 2-dimensional space. For the purpose of imagination, you can assume the coordinate system to be originated in the top left corner of your drawing area, expanding to the right and to the bottom. From a list of Point
objects, you can build up most of the planar geometric objects:
Point p0 = new Point(); // defaults: x=0, y=0 Point p1 = new Point(5, 0); Point p2 = new Point(0, 5); Polygon triangle = new Polygon(p0, p1, p2);
Additionally, the Point
class provides static utility methods to operate on a list of Point
s: getBounds(Point...), getCentroid(Point...), and getConvexHull(Point...). They construct a bounding box, the centroid, and a convex hull of the given Point
list, respectively.
Polygon convexHull = Point.getConvexHull(points);
The Dimension class is the pendant of the org.eclipse.draw2d.geometry.Dimension class. It decouples the location and the width and height of a rectangular object.
Rectangle bounds = new Rectangle( new Point(50, 50), new Dimension(80, 20) );
- extends: BezierCurve
- implements: ICurve, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A Line
is the straight connection of two Points:
Line line = new Line(p0, p1)
As it inherits from the BezierCurve class, all the operations for BezierCurves are available for Line
objects, too. Because of its frequent use, Line
overrides many of those operations to provide faster implementations for the Line
and Line
/Point cases (equals(), touches(), contains(), intersects(), overlaps(), getIntersections(), and many more). If you want to display a Line
using SWT, you can use the Geometry2SWT.toSWTPointArray() method as follows:
- extends: AbstractRectangleBasedGeometry
- implements: IShape, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A Rectangle
is the axes-parallel rectangle defined by a location (x- and y-coordinates) and a Dimension (width and height):
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(x, y, w, h);
Rotating a Rectangle
results in a Polygon:
Polygon slanted = rect.getRotatedCCW(Angle.fromDeg(30));
objects are frequently used, that's why some operations are overridden to provide faster implementations for designated parameter types (equals(), contains(), touches()). If you want to display a Rectangle
using SWT, you can use the Geometry2SWT.toSWTRectangle() method as follows:
- extends: AbstractPointListBasedGeometry
- implements: ICurve, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A Polyline
combines multiple Line segments to address them as a whole. Consecutive Line segments of a Polyline
share at least one end Point. The outline of some of the IShape implementations can be represented by a Polyline
(Rectangle and Polygon):
Polyline polyLine = new Polyline(new Line(p0, p1), new Line(p1, p2)); Polyline outline = Polygon.getOutline();
To render a Polyline
with SWT, you can use the Geometry2SWT.toSWTPointArray() method as follows:
- extends: AbstractPointListBasedGeometry
- implements: IShape, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A Polygon
represents a simple polygon, i.e one that does not have intersecting sides:
Polygon rhomb = new Polygon(0, 0, 1, -1, 2, 0, 1, 1);
If you need to process self-intersecting polygons, you can use the Ring instead.
A Polygon
can be rendered with SWT using the Geometry2SWT.toSWTPointArray() method as follows:
- extends: AbstractRectangleBasedGeometry
- implements: IShape, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
An Ellipse
is the axes-symmetric oval that can be put into an axes-parallel Rectangle:
Ellipse ellipse = new Ellipse(rect);
Therefore, rotating an Ellipse
does not result in another Ellipse
, but in a PolyBezier which approximates the rotated Ellipse
PolyBezier rotatedEllipse = ellipse.getRotatedCCW(Angle.fromDeg(45));
You can always transfrom a PolyBezier into an Ellipse
by using the PolyBezier's bounds as the Ellipse
's bounds:
Ellipse rotated = new Ellipse(rotatedEllipse.getBounds());
If you want to draw an Ellipse
using SWT, you can directly use the GC's drawOval() method as follows:
gc.drawOval((int) ellipse.getX(), (int) ellipse.getY(), (int) ellipse.getWidth(), (int) ellipse.getHeight());
- extends: AbstractArcBasedGeometry (which extends AbstractRectangleBasedGeometry)
- implements: ICurve, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
An Arc
is an open segment of an Ellipse:
Arc arc = new Arc(ellipse, Angle.fromDeg(45), Angle.fromDeg(90));
Rotating an Arc
does not necessarily result in another Arc
, that's why the rotation methods return PolyBeziers instead:
PolyBezier polyBezier = arc.getRotatedCCW(Angle.fromDeg(15), new Point());
Unfortunately, it is impossible to transfrom a PolyBezier into an Arc
- extends: AbstractArcBasedGeometry (which extends AbstractRectangleBasedGeometry)
- implements: IShape, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A Pie
is a closed Arc. Closing the Arc is done by creating two segments: one from the mid Point of the related Ellipse to the start Point of the related Arc, the other from the mid Point of the Ellipse to the end Point of the Arc.
Pie pie = new Pie(arc);
Rotating a Pie
results in a Path, which, unfortunately, cannot be transformed back into a Pie
Path rotatedPie = pie.getRotatedCCW(Angle.fromDeg(15), new Point());#
- extends: AbstractRectangleBasedGeometry
- implements: IShape, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A RoundedRectangle
is a rectangle with round corners. The corners are 90 degrees Arc objects:
RoundedRectangle rr = new RoundedRectangle(bounds, arcWidth, arcHeight);
Rotating a RoundedRectangle
does not result in another RoundedRectangle
, but rather in a PolyBezier describing the rotated outline:
PolyBezier rotated = rr.getRotatedCCW();
Unfortunately, it is impossible to transform a PolyBezier into a RoundedRectangle
- extends: AbstractGeometry
- implements: ICurve, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A BezierCurve
is constructed by a number of control Points: the start Point, an arbitrary number of handle Points, and the end Point. The curve approaches the handle Points. Therefore, the handle Points describe the flow of the curve. The more handle Points used, the more converges the BezierCurve
to the Polyline through the control Points:
BezierCurve curve = new BezierCurve(pStart, pHandle0, pHandle1, pHandle2, ..., pEnd);
- extends: BezierCurve
- implements: ICurve, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A QuadraticCurve
is a BezierCurve with three control Points: the start Point, one handle Point, and the end Point.
- extends: BezierCurve
- implements: ICurve, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A CubicCurve
is a BezierCurve with four control Points: the start Point, two handle Points, and the end Point. Many geometry objects approximate their round outline segments using a number of CubicCurve
s (Ellipse, Arc, Pie, and RoundedRectangle).
- extends: AbstractGeometry
- implements: ICurve, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A PolyBezier
combines multiple BezierCurve segments to address them as a whole:
PolyBezier polyBezier = new PolyBezier(line, quadCurve, cubicCurve, arbitraryBezierCurve);
Consecutive BezierCurves are connected with each other, i.e. the end Point of one BezierCurve is the start Point of the subsequent BezierCurve. The outline of several IShape implementations can be represented by a PolyBezier
(Ellipse, Pie, and RoundedRectangle):
PolyBezier outline = pie.getOutline();
Besides, the PolyBezier
class provides a method to interpolate a number of CubicCurves through a set of Points:
PolyBezier interpolation = PolyBezier.interpolateCubic(p0, p1, p2, p3, ...);
- extends: AbstractGeometry
- implements: IShape, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A CurvedPolygon is composed by a number of BezierCurves where two subsequent BezierCurves have to share one end Point. Moreover, a CurvedPolygon is always closed, so the end Point of the last BezierCurve has to be equal to the start Point of the first BezierCurve.
- extends: AbstractPolyShape
- implements: IMultiShape, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A Region
is built up of multiple Rectangles to address their enclosing area as a unit. The Rectangles that build up the Region
do not have to touch each other. If they intersect, the Rectangles are divided into a number of internal Rectangles that do not intersect:
Region region = new Region(rect0, rect1, rect2);
You can use a Region
as a clipping area as in the example image above. For this purpose, it can be transfered into a SWT org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Region using the Geometry2SWT.toSWTRegion() method as follows:
Rotating a Region
results in a Ring:
Ring rotatedRegion = region.getRotatedCCW(Angle.fromDeg(45));
- extends: AbstractPolyShape
- implements: IMultiShape, ITranslatable, IScalable, IRotatable
A Ring
is build up of multiple Polygons to address their enclosing area as a unit. The Polygons that build up the Ring
do not have to touch each other. They are transfered into an internal number of triangles that do not intersect:
Ring ring = new Ring(poly0, poly1, poly2);
- extends: AbstractGeometry
Using a Path
is like drawing the joker. You can transfer every other geometric object into a Path
using the toPath() method. But the Path
does not implement the GEF4 Geometry interfaces. It simply delegates to the java.awt.geom.Path2D. That's why you should try to avoid using the Path
if you want to perform further computations. On the other hand, a Path
is easy to render via SWT:
gc.drawPath(new org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Path(Display.getCurrent(), Geometry2SWT.toSWTPathData(gef4Path)); gc.fillPath(new org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Path(Display.getCurrent(), Geometry2SWT.toSWTPathData(gef4Path));
- package: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.euclidean
The Euclidean package provides core abstractions (Vector, Straight, and Angle) to support calculations within 2-dimensional Euclidean space.
Considering rotation and the angular relationship of two straight lines, Angle
objects come into play. They abstract over the two commonly used angle units, degrees and radians. The user has to specify the unit of the value an Angle
object is constructed from. Moreover, the user can read the value of an Angle
object in either degrees or radians. Therefore, the use of Angle
objects assures that correct values are used in calculations. This indirection is done due to an inconsistency of several APIs, for example, org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Transform vs. org.eclipse.draw2d.geometry.Transform.
// creates a 75% pie chart Pie chart = new Pie(0, 0, 100, 100, Angle.fromDeg(15), Angle.fromDeg(270));
A Vector
has two components x and y. It can be interpreted as a planar Point (toPoint()). The Vector
class implements the common arithmetic operations for vectors: addition, multiplication with a scalar, dot product, cross product, and Angle calculation between two Vector
Vector u = new Vector(1, 0); Vector v = new Vector(0, 1); double zero = u.getDotProduct(v);
A Straight
is an infinite planar line. You can build it up from either two Points which the Straight
passes through, or by specifying a position and a direction Vector:
Straight diagonal = new Straight(new Point(1, 1), new Point(2, 2)); Straight diagonal = new Straight(new Vector(1, 1), new Vector(1, 1)); // exactly the same Straight
- package: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.projective
The Projective package provides classes (Vector3D, Straight3D) to represent euclidean elements in the projective plane.
Projective geometry is an interesting perspective to (planar) geometry. A point and a line can both be represented by a (x, y, z) triple. And, in fact, people speak of the duality between points and lines, because for any relation between points and lines, the inverse relation holds if you substitute point by line and vice versa. To retain the semantic distinction of points and lines, both concepts are separated in the Vector3D and Straight3D classes. You may wonder why 2-dimensional objects are specified by three components. This is the case, because a planar projective point is really a three dimensional euclidean line, that passes through the origin of the three dimensional coordinate system. The x, y, and z values are the components of the direction vector of that line. Similarly, a planar projective line is really a three dimensional euclidean plane, that contains the origin of the three dimensional coordinate system. The x, y, and z components specify that plane's normal vector. Notice that the z = 1 plane is considered to be the 2-dimensional plane. Therefore, a Vector3D with the components (x, y, z) represents a Point with components (x/z, y/z).
This approach leads to elegant mathematical solutions to some of the basic planar geometric operations. You want to know if a point lies on a line? Simply substitute its coordinate values into the Straight3D's formula. You want to know the distance of a point to a line? If the Straight3D's vector is normalized (a^2 + b^2 = 1), the formula evaluates to the signed distance of the point to the line, i.e. on one side of the line it is positive and on the other side it is negative. You want to know where two lines are intersecting? Simply compute the cross product of two (x, y, z) triples. These operations are packed in appropriately named methods.
Straight3D s = Straight3D.through(new Vector3D(s0), new Vector3D(s1)); // s0, s1 are Points double signedDistance = s.getSignedDistanceCW(p); // Math.abs() => absolute distance Straight3D r = Straight3D.through(new Vector3D(r0), new Vector3D(r1)); // r0, r1 are Points Vector3D intersection = s.getIntersection(r); Point poi = intersection.toPoint();
A Vector3D
consists of three components (x, y, z). It represents the Point (x/z, y/z) in 2-dimensional space. You can use the common arithmetic operations for vectors on a Vector3D
Vector3D v = new Vector3D(1, 2, 3); Vector3D u = v.getAdded(new Vector3D(3, -6, 1)); double zero = v.getDotProduct(u);
A Straight3D
consists of three components (x, y, z). It represents the line ax + by + z = 0 in 2-dimensional space, where (a, b) is a planar Point. You can use a Straight3D
to calculate the distance of a Vector3D to the Straight3D
. Moreover, you can compute the point of intersection of two Straight3D
Straight3D s = Straight3D.through(new Vector3D(1, 1, 1), new Vector3D(2, 1, 1)); double one = s.getSignedDistanceCW(new Vector3D(1.5, 2, 1));
- package: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.convert.awt
The Convert.AWT package contains helper classes to transfer data from AWT/Geometry to one another.
Point, Line, Rectangle, RoundedRectangle, and AffineTransform objects can be transfered into their AWT pendants using the toAWT*() methods of the Geometry2AWT class:
RoundRectangle2D rr2d = Geometry2AWT.toAWTRoundedRectangle(rr);
Correspondingly, the AWT2Geometry class provides methods to transfer AWT objects into GEF 4 Geometry objects:
RoundedRectangle rr = AWT2Geometry.toRoundedRectangle(rr2d);
- feature: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.convert.fx
- bundle: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.convert.fx
The Geometry.Convert.FX module of GEF4 Geometry contains helper classes for the conversion of JavaFX/Geometry objects to one another.
- package: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.convert.fx
The Convert.FX package contains helper classes to transfer data from JavaFX/Geometry to one another.
AffineTransform, Path, Point, and Rectangle objects can be transfered into their JavaFX pendants using the toFX*() methods provided by the Geometry2JavaFX
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(10, 10, 100, 50); javafx.geometry.Bounds rectFx = Geometry2JavaFX.toFXBounds(rect);
Additionally, the #toPathElements(Path) method allows the conversion of a Path object into JavaFX PathElements.
JavaFX Bounds, Transform, Path, and Point2D can be transfered into their Geometry pendants using the to*() methods provided by the JavaFX2Geometry
- feature: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.convert.swt
- bundle: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.convert.swt
The Geometry.Convert.SWT module of GEF4 Geometry contains helper classes for the conversion of SWT/Geometry objects to one another and SWT/AWT objects to one another.
- package: org.eclipse.gef4.geometry.convert.swt
The Convert.SWT package contains helper classes to transfer data from SWT/Geometry to one another and from SWT/AWT to one another.
Path, Point, Line, Polygon, Polyline, Rectangle, Region, and Ring objects can be transfered into their SWT pendants using the toSWT*() methods provided by the Geometry2SWT
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(10, 10, 100, 50); org.eclipse.swt.graphics.Rectangle rectSWT = Geometry2SWT.toSWTRectangle(rect);
Using the IGeometry#toPath() method, you can easily convert any GEF4 Geometry object into an SWT PathData representation:
CubicCurve curve = new CubicCurve(0, 0, 50, 0, 0, 50, 50, 50); PathData pd = Geometry2SWT.toSWTPathData(curve.toPath());
The SWT2Geometry
class contains methods to transfer SWT objects into GEF4 Geometry representations.
The SWT2AWT
class contains a toPathIterator() method which transfers an SWT PathData into a java.awt.geom.PathIterator.
PathIterator pathIterator = SWT2AWT.toPathIterator(pathData, windingRule);
The AWT2SWT
class contains a toSWTPathData() method which transfers an java.awt.geom.PathIterator into an org.eclipse.swt.graphics.PathData. Consider that the winding rule of the AWT PathIterator is not kept in the SWT PathData, because the latter does not store this information. Instead, it is provided by an SWT Path or by the SWT GC that is used to draw the SWT PathData object:
PathData pathData = AWT2SWT.toSWTPathData(pathIterator);


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Could I Be Pregnant?
Any time you have sex, there is always a chance for pregnancy. At different times of the month the chance can increase or decrease, but because sperm can live in a woman's body for a couple of days, it's impossible to know what your chances are at any given time.
Many women assume that if they use contraception, they cannot become pregnant. Contraception, however, is not 100 percent effective and the chance for pregnancy is never eliminated if you've had sex.[1]
One of the most common signs of pregnancy is a missed period. Pregnancy is not the only reason a woman might miss her period, but if she has had sex, the possibility of pregnancy should not be ruled out.
Possible Signs and Symptoms [2]
The signs and symptoms of pregnancy vary from woman to woman and even from pregnancy to pregnancy. Some women have no noticeable signs at all. The timing of the onset of signs and symptoms also varies. Early indications may include but are not limited to:
- Missed period
- Tender and swollen breasts
- Nausea, with or without vomiting
- Increased urination
- Fatigue (tiredness).[2]
Other symptoms may include, but are not limited to:
- Light spotting
- Cramping
- Moodiness
- Bloating
- Constipation.[2]
Pregnancy Tests
A good indication of pregnancy is a pregnancy test; pregnancy tests, however, are only an indication of pregnancy. Only a medical professional can diagnose a pregnancy. If you have had a positive pregnancy test, consider taking another or scheduling an ultrasound for verification. Some women have had positive pregnancy tests without actually being pregnant, but this is rare and pregnancy should still be considered as a possible reason.
If you've had sex, there is always a possibility of pregnancy. Our center can provide a free and confidential pregnancy test or retest. Call today. We are here to help you sort through your questions confidentially.
[1]Contraception Options and Effectiveness. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Website: https://www.hhs.gov/opa/performance-measures/contraceptive-options-and-effectiveness-text-only/index.html. Published May 2, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2020.
[2]"Symptoms of Pregnancy: What Happens First" Mayo Clinic, last modified May 11, 2019, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/in-depth/symptoms-of-pregnancy/art-20043853.


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Lincat Silverlink 600 Commercial Twin Tank Electric Freestanding Fryer 2 x 9ltr
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When a much loved part of your kitchen breaks down or you need a fast upgrade, our help is always on hand. If you're willing to travel to our warehouse based in Seaham, we're on hand to help with the same day collection of your new equipment.
Simply select Click & Collect at checkout and give us a call when you arrive, we'll take care of the rest.
As part of our ongoing commitment to the UK's catering industry and a solid understanding of how important your equipment is to your business and livelihood, we're dedicated to fixing all products under warranty as soon as possible.
What should I do if my equipment stops working correctly?
We're never happy to hear that your product is faulty or has stopped working as it should. In the instance that your equipment stops working,, the best way to report your fault is via our Customer Service team. They will discuss the details of the fault with you, and explain next steps for getting your equipment back up and running.
What should I do if my warranty has expired?
Every purchase you make from ECatering comes with Lifetime Technical Support, which means we will support you throughout the lifetime of your product regardless of warranty. In the case that your warranty has expired, we're still on hand to help. Give us a call or send us an email and we'll be happy to recommend an engineer to inspect and repair your equipment at the best possible cost. If required, we are also happy to help source any parts you may require, but please note these parts will be chargeable.
Please note, the following items are specifically excluded from the warranty provided: bulbs, glass, pizza oven decks, components such as (but not limited to) switches, buttons, rubber seals, blades, gaskets, filters and toaster elements.
Any products that are supplied "Free of Charge" are excluded from any warranty.
Warranties cannot be applied to Graded Products.
How can I place an order?
All orders can be placed online on our website or over the telephone via our dedicated Customer Services team on 0333 358 3678.
Do you offer finance?
We have a range of finance options available to assist with replacing essential equipment during those unexpected times or simply to help your cash-flow. If you need to spread the cost, we have a range of finance options available depending on your circumstances to help get the job done as smoothly as possible. For more information, check out our Finance Options.
Will I receive an order acknowledgment and acceptance?
If you have supplied us with your email address, we will notify you by email as soon as possible to acknowledge your order. Please note that this email is not an order confirmation or order acceptance from the Company. Our acceptance of your order will take place upon dispatch of the product(s) ordered.
Can I change / cancel an order once it's placed?
In the first instance, please contact our customer service team on 0333 358 3678. Alternatively, you can email email@example.com with your change / cancellation details. If your order has not yet been dispatched, then it may be possible to amend your order free of charge. However, if you have received your order, and you wish to change or cancel goods, you will have to pay a 25% restocking charge and return the goods to us new, unused and in their original packaging. We reserve the right to waive any of these charges at our discretion.
Discover unbeatable value with our Price Match Promise! At ECatering we are committed to offering you the best deals on select products. If you find a lower price elsewhere, simply complete the form below, and we'll match it. Your satisfaction is our priority, and we want to ensure you always get the most value for your money. Shop confidently knowing that you're getting top-quality products at the best prices with our Price Match Promise
Features & Product Specifications
Lincat Silverlink 600 Freestanding Commercial Twin Tank Electric Fryer 2 x 9ltr
3 Phase. Requires Hardwiring
Deliver up to 52kgs of perfectly crisp on the outside and fluffy on the inside chips per hour with the Lincat Silverlink 600's two independently operated fryer tanks. Built to last for even the most demanding of operations with fully moulded 304 stainless steel and heavy duty nickel plated baskets.
The Lincat Silverlink 600 twin tank electric free standing fryer boasts hinged elements to give you easy access during cleaning and front drain off taps for easy removal of cooking oil. Cool zone technology collects cooking debris to give you cleaner cooking results and saves you money by prolonging the life of the oil. Front mounted thermostat controls to give accurate cooking temperatures throughout cooking with a flame failure device and top temperature cut out to ensure the fryer performs safely.
Please note that this twin tank fryer will require a hardwire professional installation.
- Fully moulded 304 stainless steel tank
- 2 x Heavy duty nickel plated baskets
- Capacity 2 x 9 litres
- 2 x Independently operated tanks
- Free-standing
- Front drain off tap
- Front mounted controls for safety
- Hinged elements for easy access cleaning.
- Cool zone to collect cooking debris
- Mechanical temperature control
- Temperature range 130°C to 190°C
- Product output per hour: 36kg chips - 12mm (frozen), 56kg chips 12mm (chilled)
- Electrical supply rating 2 x 6kW
- Three phase amps L1=2 x 13.0 - L2=2 x 13.0 - L3=N/A
- Three phase voltage 400
- IP Rating: IP34
- Requires hardwiring and installation
- 2 years parts and labour warranty
- Net weight 44Kg
- External dimensions W 600mm x D 632mm x H 980


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Bee and Jay has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to your privacy. The following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for Bee and Jay's websites ("Websites"). We encourage you to read all applicable privacy policies.
Privacy Policy
This Privacy Policy governs the way in which UFN, LLC ("we" or "UFN") collects, uses, maintains and discloses information collected from users ("you" or "User") of this website ("Site").
The words "we", "us" and "our" refer to UFN.
Information Collection, Use, and Sharing
We may collect personal identification information from Users in a variety of ways, including, but not limited to, when Users visit our site, register on the site, fill out a form, and in connection with other activities, services, features or resources we make available on our Site. Users may be asked for, as appropriate, name, email address, mailing address, phone number, Users may, however, visit our Site anonymously. We will collect personal identification information from Users only if they voluntarily provide such information to us. Users can always refuse to supply personally identification information, except that it may prevent them from making purchases and engaging in other Site-related activities.
We may collect non-personal identification information about Users whenever they interact with our Site. Non-personal identification information may include the browser name, the type of computer and technical information about the User's means of connection to our Site, such as the operating system and the Internet service providers used and other similar information.
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Our Site may use "cookies" to enhance your experience. Web browsers place cookies on your hard drive for record-keeping purposes and sometimes to track information about you. You may choose to set your web browser to refuse cookies, or to alert you when cookies are being sent. If they do so, please know that some parts of the Site may not function properly.
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We may use your email address to send you information and updates regarding your order. It may also be used to respond to their questions, and other requests. If you decide to opt-in to our mailing list, you will receive emails that may include company news, updates, related product or service information, etc. If at any time you would like to unsubscribe from receiving future emails, we include detailed unsubscribe instructions within each email.
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We take precautions to protect your information. When you submit personal information via the website, your information is protected both online and offline. We share this personal information with our partners who need such information in order to complete orders placed by you on the Site. Wherever we collect personal information, that information is encrypted and transmitted to us in a secure way. If that personal information is credit card information, it is encrypted and transmitted directly to the payment provider in a secure way. We do not see that credit card information.
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We do not sell, trade, or rent your personal information to others except to our partners as necessary in order to complete orders placed by you on the Site. We may share aggregated demographic information not linked to any personal information regarding visitors and Users with our business partners, affiliates and advertisers for the purposes mentioned above. We may use third party service providers to help us operate our business and the Site or administer activities on our behalf, such as sending out newsletters or surveys and promotional material. We may share your information with these third parties for those limited purposes provided that you have given us your permission.
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When you register, you will be given the option to opt-out of subscribing to our regular update service which will send you: Email alerts for new products, features, enhancements, special offers, upgrade opportunities, contests, events of interest, and one-off marketing promotions. We do not sell or otherwise pass your details to third parties for marketing purposes. Marketing communications you subscribe to will only be sent by us. At all times, we will offer you the opportunity to unsubscribe out of any service or update to which you have subscribed, if you change your mind.
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Users may find advertising or other content on our Site that link to the sites and services of our partners, suppliers, advertisers, sponsors, licensors and other third parties. We do not control the content or links that appear on these sites and are not responsible for the practices employed by websites linked to or from our Site. In addition, these sites or services, including their content and links, may be constantly changing. These sites and services may have their own privacy policies and customer service policies. Browsing and use of any other website, including websites which have a link to our Site, is subject to that website's own terms and policies.
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text: Gilles Le Corre was born in 1950 in Nantes, France. Painter since the end of 70s, he is also an engraver and calligrapher. He has been learning about medieval art and old books for as long as he can remember. More recently he has made the computer a tool for writing like the quill pen and ink. With it, he aims to make it possible to print books that look just like old ones! Beginning in 2007 he has been trying to reproduce, very exactly, a wide range of historic European typefaces, mainly from medieval and early periods of printing - his favorite period - from 1456 with Gutenberg, up to 1913 with a font inspired by a real old typewriter.


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Here in America...[dramatic pause]...we believe in... patriotism! Integrity! Courage!
We believe that Old Glory should cover not only our hearts...
[swelling music]
We believe that education and patriotic sprinkles are the bedrock of our society:
[music swelling further]
We believe that the size of our cupcakes should not be defined by the size of our cups...
Aw yeeeah.
[music swelling further]
Where even our drizzle is patriotic:
And our monkeys...
...wear American kimonos.
Because we believe that monkey cakes wearing American kimonos is what America is all about.
[music now fully swollen]
And my friends, let us never forget, when it comes to American pride...


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A Model Client: Frank Lloyd Wright Designs for SC Johnson & Son
A Model Client: Frank Lloyd Wright Designs for SC Johnson & Son
Intent on updating the corporate identity of a company born in the late 19th century, SC Johnson president Herbert F. Johnson, Jr., commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design a modern structure to better serve the company's administrative staff. Located in an industrialized part of Racine, Wisconsin adjacent to the company's warehouses and manufactory, this new Administration Building would project an image of a progressive company focused on the well-being of its employees and customers. Johnson, who served as the company's president from 1928 – 1966, held the philosophy that "The goodwill of people is the only enduring thing in any business." As focused on its employees as it was on its customers, SC Johnson was a leader in providing its employees with generous benefits and a profit sharing plan. At the height of the Great Depression, the company would even institute a pension plan.
Embracing the SC Johnson philosophy, Wright chose to focus the building's plan inward providing employees a haven from its industrial setting. To compensate for the lack of windows, he created an airy and light filled half acre space surrounded by a balcony in which the employees could work in comfort. To achieve this, he placed a clerestory of horizontal Pyrex glass tubes around the upper walls of the room and topped it with an innovative sky lighted ceiling that fills the space with even filtered light. The ceiling design is dominated by tree or "lily pad" shaped rows of concrete pads, 18 ½ feet in diameter, held aloft by slender tapering columns giving one the sense that the ceiling is floating, barely tethered to the ground. Interested in employee comfort, Wright would design the interior furnishings in a streamlined style, each especially configured to aid the accomplishment of daily tasks.
Like many of Wright's commissions, the Administration Building would go far over budget and when in the 1940s it was time to build new research labs, Johnson was reticent to engage Wright for the project. Nevertheless, out of respect for the architect, Johnson shared his plans for a two story block of laboratories he wished to build. Wright ultimately convinced Johnson that only he could design a laboratory structure that would harmonize with the original building. The Research Tower opened to scientists in 1950 and was central to product development and testing until 1982. Wright designed a "tree-like" tower with a central core and individual floors cantilevering outwards like branches for a modern atmosphere to inspire the scientists to develop new products. Johnson's reticence was well founded: Wright's ingenious design for the Research Tower would cost the company nearly four times the cost of the Administration Building.
Today, both buildings are open for public tours. The Administration Building is still in use by SC Johnson employees while the Research Tower underwent an extensive restoration in 2013 to preserve the structure for generations to come. The architectural model you see here shows the SC Johnson headquarter campus detailing the combination of curvilinear and rectilinear lines of Wright's streamlined design. The reoccurring design elements are seen throughout, from the parking structure, and office spaces to the rounded and glazed corners of the Wright's remarkable Research Tower.
This exhibition is on view January 23-June 4, 2016
image: Great Workroom, c. 1954


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Republicans controlling the House moved Monday to give the Pentagon more money for military readiness while easing the pain felt by such agencies as the FBI and the Border Patrol from the across-the-board spending cuts that are just starting to take effect.
The effort is part of a huge spending measure that would fund day-to-day federal operations through September — and head off a potential government shutdown later this month.
The measure would leave in place automatic cuts of 5 percent to domestic agencies and 7.8 percent to the Pentagon ordered by President Barack Obama Friday night after months of battling with Republicans over the budget. But the House Republicans' legislation would award the Defense and Veterans Affairs departments their detailed 2013 budgets while other agencies would be frozen at 2012 levels — and then bear the across-the-board cuts.
The impact of the new cuts was proving slow to reach the broader public as Obama convened the first Cabinet meeting of his second term to discuss next steps.
The Pentagon did say it would furlough thousands of military school teachers around the world and close commissaries an extra day each week. And Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano said the spending cuts were causing delays in customs lines at airports including Los Angeles International and O'Hare International in Chicago.
Obama said he was continuing to seek out Republican partners to reach a deal to ease or head off the cuts, but there was no sign that a breakthrough was in the works to reverse them.
The new GOP funding measure is set to advance through the House on Wednesday. It's aimed at preventing a government shutdown when a six-month spending bill passed last September runs out March 27.
The latest measure would provide an increase for military operations and maintenance efforts as well as veterans' health programs but would put most the rest of the government on budget autopilot.
After accounting for the across-the-board cuts, domestic agencies would face reductions exceeding 5 percent when compared with last year. But Republicans would carve out a host of exemptions seeking to protect certain functions, including federal prisons and fire-fighting efforts in the West, and to provide new funding for embassy security and modernizing the U.S. nuclear arsenal. The FBI and the Border Patrol would be able to maintain current staffing levels and would not have to furlough employees.
The legislation would provide about $2 billion more than the current level to increase security at U.S. embassies and diplomatic missions worldwide. Last September, a terrorist attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi, Libya, killed Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other Americans.
A project to repair the Capitol Dome in Washington could stay on track, and NASA would be protected from the harshest effects of the automatic cuts, known in Washington as a sequester.
The across-the-board cuts would carve $85 billion in spending from the government's $3.6 trillion budget for this year, concentrating the cuts in the approximately $1 trillion allocated to the day-to-day agency operating budgets set by Congress each year. Those so-called discretionary accounts received big boosts in the first two years of Obama's presidency when Democrats controlled Congress but have borne the brunt of the cuts approved as Obama and Republicans have grappled over the budget.
Both Democrats and Republicans for months have warned the cuts are draconian and would slow the growth of the economy and cost hundreds of thousands of jobs. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office, for instance, says they would slow the economy by 0.6 percent and cost about 750,000 jobs.
Obama presided Monday over the first meeting of his new-look Cabinet in a sobering climate of fiscal belt-tightening, urging humane management of spending cuts for communities and families that are "going to be hurting."
"We can manage through it," the president told reporters. Obama and members of his Cabinet had been warning for weeks that the cuts would be painful, but the fact is they will be slow to take effect, with the first furloughs of government workers not due until next month. Cuts to many programs may go unnoticed entirely.
The White House budget office's 83-page sequestration order was released Friday evening, detailing the cuts to more than 1,000 separate government accounts, big and small. Cuts of 7.8 percent that are set to strike defense accounts include $5.2 billion for construction at Army bases. Other accounts are far smaller, like $32 million to operate and maintain the St. Lawrence Seaway.
Each agency is supposed to apportion the cuts equally to each "program, project and activity" within the broader accounts, which gives agency heads some flexibility since it's up to them to define what that means. And it's not clear what recourse others would have if they disagreed with an agency's choices.
"That leaves it pretty much to the administrators in the agency in which that account falls to determine how he's planning on applying it," said G. William Hoagland, a budget expert with the Bipartisan Policy Center. "I don't know that anybody's going to be held accountable if some administrator defines a project the way he wants to define it."
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2013 Capitol Hill Blue


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WASHINGTON (AP) — Orders to U.S. factories rose sharply in February from January on a surge in volatile demand for commercial aircraft. The gain offset a drop in key orders that signal business investment.
The Commerce Department said Tuesday that factory orders increased 3 percent in February. That's up from a 1 percent decline in January and the biggest gain in five months.
The increase was due mostly to a jump in orders for commercial aircraft. Those orders rose 95.1 percent. Orders for motor vehicles and parts also increased 1.4 percent.
Orders for all durable goods, which are products expected to last at least three years, jumped 5.6 percent. Orders for nondurable goods, such as processed food and clothing, rose 0.8 percent.
Despite the gains, the report showed that a key measure of business investment plans fell. That could mean that some companies were worried in February about steep federal spending cuts that started on March. 1.
Core capital goods, which include machinery and equipment orders, fell 3.2 percent. Demand for construction machinery, turbines and generators all fell sharply. Orders for computers and electronic products rose slightly.
Economists closely watch these orders because they signal business investment plans.
Still, the decline followed a 6.7 percent surge in January, the largest in nearly three years. Analysts said that when averaging the two months, business investment orders showed a solid increase for the January-March quarter. Many expect the gains to resume this spring, helped by a stronger job market that has kept consumers spending.
Consumers stepped up spending in February after their income jumped. The gain occurred even after Social Security taxes increased in January, reducing take-home pay for most Americans.
Many economists raised their growth forecasts after the report was released. Some are predicting growth could increase to around 3 percent in the January-March quarter, up from 0.4 percent in the previous three months.
Other data show that some companies may start to pull back because of the government spending cuts.
The Institute for Supply Management reported Monday that U.S. manufacturing activity expanded more slowly in March than February, held back by weaker growth in production and new orders.
But factories did hire at the fastest pace in nine months, which was seen as an encouraging sing ahead of Friday's report on employment in March.
The economy has added an average of 200,000 jobs a month from November through February, which helped lower the unemployment rate in February to a four-year low of 7.7 percent.
Economists predict a similar level of hiring in March.


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CLEMSON, S.C. — Clemson University student Nathan Weaver set out to determine how to help turtles cross the road. He ended up getting a glimpse into the dark souls of some humans.
Weaver put a realistic rubber turtle in the middle of a lane on a busy road near campus. Then he got out of the way and watched over the next hour as seven drivers swerved and deliberately ran over the animal. Several more apparently tried to hit it but missed.
"I've heard of people and from friends who knew people that ran over turtles. But to see it out here like this was a bit shocking," said Weaver, a 22-year-old senior in Clemson's School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences.
To seasoned researchers, the practice wasn't surprising.
The number of box turtles is in slow decline, and one big reason is that many wind up as roadkill while crossing the asphalt, a slow-and-steady trip that can take several minutes.
Sometimes humans feel a need to prove they are the dominant species on this planet by taking a two-ton metal vehicle and squishing a defenseless creature under the tires, said Hal Herzog, a Western Carolina University psychology professor.
"They aren't thinking, really. It is not something people think about. It just seems fun at the time," Herzog said. "It is the dark side of human nature."
Herzog asked a class of about 110 students getting ready to take a final whether they had intentionally run over a turtle, or been in a car with someone who did. Thirty-four students raised their hands, about two-thirds of them male, said Herzog, author of a book about humans' relationships with animals, called "Some We Love, Some We Hate, Some We Eat."
Weaver, who became interested in animals and conservation through the Boy Scouts and TV's "Crocodile Hunter" Steve Irwin, wants to figure out the best way to get turtles safely across the road and keep the population from dwindling further.
Among the possible solutions: turtle underpasses or an education campaign aimed at teenagers on why drivers shouldn't mow turtles down.
The first time Weaver went out to collect data on turtles, he chose a spot down the road from a big apartment complex that caters to students. He counted 267 vehicles that passed by, seven of them intentionally hitting his rubber reptile.
He went back out about a week later, choosing a road in a more residential area. He followed the same procedure, putting the fake turtle in the middle of the lane, facing the far side of the road, as if it was early in its journey across. The second of the 50 cars to pass by that day swerved over the center line, its right tires pulverizing the plastic shell.
"Wow! That didn't take long," Weaver said.
Other cars during the hour missed the turtle. But right after his observation period was up, before Weaver could retrieve the model, another car moved to the right to hit the animal as he stood less than 20 feet away.
"One hit in 50 cars is pretty significant when you consider it might take a turtle 10 minutes to cross the road," Weaver said.
Running over turtles even has a place in Southern lore.
In South Carolina author Pat Conroy's semi-autobiographical novel "The Great Santini," a fighter-pilot father squishes turtles during a late-night drive when he thinks his wife and kids are asleep. His wife confronts him, saying: "It takes a mighty brave man to run over turtles."
The father denies it at first, then claims he hits them because they are a road hazard. "It's my only sport when I'm traveling," he says. "My only hobby."
That hobby has been costly to turtles.
It takes a turtle seven or eight years to become mature enough to reproduce, and in that time, it might make several trips across the road to get from one pond to another, looking for food or a place to lay eggs. A female turtle that lives 50 years might lay over 100 eggs, but just two or three are likely to survive to reproduce, said Weaver's professor, Rob Baldwin.
Snakes also get run over deliberately. Baldwin wishes that weren't the case, but he understands, considering the widespread fear and loathing of snakes. But why anyone would want to run over turtles is a mystery to the professor.
"They seem so helpless and cute," he said. "I want to stop and help them. My kids want to stop and help them. My wife will stop and help turtles no matter how much traffic there is on the road. I can't understand the idea why you would swerve to hit something so helpless as a turtle."
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Find your garden centre
Garden centres in Fishguard
Looking for a garden centre or plant nursery in Fishguard? Below you'll find an overview of garden centres and plant nurseries in Fishguard with opening times, address information, reviews and more! It can often seem like a hard task finding premium gardening supplies at the best value for money. But you can rest assured that any of the listings below are the best place to start your search. The garden centres and plant stores below are experts in the horticultural industry. If you're looking for brilliant products, great value for money, gardening advice and friendly faces, be sure to visit a garden centre in Fishguard today.
Local gardening experts
Many people visit garden centres for different reasons. You might be looking to stock up on plants, garden tools, outdoor furniture, seeds, bulbs, wildlife care products, or you might just be after a good old fashioned piece of advice from the experts. Either way, there's always going to be a garden centre for you in Fishguard. Just take your pick from any of the listings below. You'll find opening hours so you know when to visit, directions so you can plan your journey and a link to the garden centre's website for more details. If you're looking for local gardening expertise in products and knowledge, be sure to give one of the listings we have a try!
Visit a garden centre near you today.
Garden Centre Fishguard
Looking for opening times, reviews, directions or products on offer at a Garden Centre in Fishguard? With the Garden Centre Guide, you'll find every garden centre in the UK including all the garden centres near Fishguard. So you can buy the most beautiful plants and decoration close to home, for garden centres and districts often have a surprising selection.
Planning on going on a gardening shopping spree? Then it's a good idea to read reviews on garden centres, nurseries and garden stores in your area. Reviews can give you a great insight into how a business operates and are a great way of settling your doubts. Reading reviews first will save you valuable time and save you from disappointment! Would you like to write a review for your local Fishguard garden centre? You can easily write a review for any of the garden centres above - and when you do, you're automatically entered into our prize draw to win a £25 National Gardening Gift Voucher!
Are you looking for garden centres in other cities within Pembrokeshire? Check here for nurseries and plant stores in Pembroke, Pembroke Dock, Saundersfoot, Narberth or Haverford West. Looking for opening hours, gardening products in Pembrokeshire or directions to a garden centre, then this is an excellent place to start.


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Product Overview
Product Code – No. 514
Contact us on WhatsApp for Instant Reply to your queries
Fully Tuned
Professional Quality Barun Ray Sitar
Amazing Sound Quality
Specially Crafted and Tuned by Barun Ray
Made with thoroughly-dried Tun Wood
Walnut Color Finish
Steel, Bronze & Brass Strings
Kharaj Pancham Style: 7 Main & 13 Sympathetic Strings
Carved Wooden Tuning Pegs
Matching Inlay Work looks beautiful
Half Decorated, Gulab Patta Design (Rose Leaf)
Double Toomba (Both Tumbas are made of Gourd)
Improvised Synthetic Bridges for great Sound
Fine-tuning Beads/duck made with Camel Bone
(You can request Fiber bridges and beads instead of camel bone at no extra cost)
Includes a Beautiful Trolley with Wheels, made with Fiber
Optional Extras: Padded Gig Bag, Surface Touch Pickup
NOTE: It is advised to please open the packing of the instrument so that it gets aired and it stays in tune. Also, it is recommended to keep it away from extreme hot or damp area.
Walnut Color Sitar
Length: 50-51 Inches approx
Weight: 4-5 KG approx
Extra Set of Strings
Trolley made of Fiber (with wheels)
We have professionally setup the Sitar with strings of specific gauges and materials so that the below given traditional tuning is achieved. Please note that your Sitar may loose tuning while in transit to you or if left unused for some time. Here is some help to start tuning your sitar. We are trying to tune the sitar in the traditional Kharaj Pancham - Ravi Shankar style, in the key of C. Please have a chromatic tuner handy.
Tuning the 7 Main Strings
We start from the main string most further away from the tuning pegs, so if the Sitar's string side is facing you, the 1st string would be the right most string.
1st String - Ma - F (An octave below Middle-C)
2nd String - Sa - C (An octave below Middle-C, below the F of 1st string)
3rd String - Pa - G (Below the C of 2nd string)
4th String - Sa - C (Two octaves below Middle-C, below the G of 3rd String)
5th String - Pa - G (one octave above the 3rd string, above the F of the 1st String)
6th String - Sa - C (Middle C, above the G of 5th String)
7th String - Sa - C (one octave above Middle C, above the C of 6th String)
Tuning the 13 Sympathetic Strings
Normally we tune the sympathetic strings to the same scale of the music or raga that you are playing. If you are a beginner, don't bother much about tuning these strings.
United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Belgium, Denmark, Greenland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands & Switzerland
North America: Canada, Mexico Asia: Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, Macao, China, Hong Kong, Thailand Oceania: Australia, New Zealand Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Rep, Finland, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Turkey, Montenegro South America & Caribbean: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica (Add products to cart and check the shipping estimate on the shopping cart page)
We Ship Worldwide at Great Prices!
If your country is not listed above, just contact us or Email us on firstname.lastname@example.com and we will give you the quote for the extra shipping cost to your country instantly.
We will email you an estimated dispatch date after you place your order.
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Town of Bridgewater Labor Day 5K
Join us on 09/04/2024
(race date estimated)Town of Bridgewater Labor Day 5K Race Description
Come run the Town of Bridgewater Labor Day 5K race in Bridgewater this September
- Location: Bridgewater, VA 22812
- Race Date: 2017/09/04 12:00:00 AM (Monday)
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Delivery Driver
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- Location:
- 101 2nd Ave, Raritan, NJ 08869
- Category:
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Job Details
Exciting things are happening at Papa John's …and our career experience just keeps getting "Better"!
Papa John's Pizza Delivery Drivers are responsible for delivering our high quality products to our customers in a safe, courteous, and timely manner.
You will also be cross-trained to perform the duties of our in-store team members including: pizza making, ordering taking and more! We pride ourselves in being able to offer full time or multiple flexible hourly shifts geared for that perfect second job! Drivers get paid at an hourly rate plus mileage re-imbursements and tips.
At Papa John's we consider all of our team members to be more than just employees! We care about you and your development. In fact, most of our promotions come from within! So become a part of the Papa John's family and join us as delivery driver.
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Hear Me Now is a storytelling program at Providence, created in partnership with StoryCorps. Hear Me Now's mission is to give patients, loved ones, and caregivers a sacred space to share their stories and make healthcare more humane.
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The Ani Kyd Story, by Ani Kyd herself!
… So as the years went by I played with various Vancouver musicians, some of them legends Brian Goebel (The Subhumans, DOA), Jimmy Zigmand (Death Sentence), Taylor Little (The Payloas). Then I decided to take a break from my solo stuff and I started playing guitar for the God of metal, Thor. We toured, did videos and rocked the nation, and then formed Fuel Injected .45- that band ended after a couple of years of non-stop rocking!
I decided that to top my last band and write something from my heart and really catch my experiences into songs, I would have to put together the band of my dreams under my own name. I would ask two of my favorite musicians to play with me (No harm in asking, right?) To my surprise they both said yes. Gene Hoglan- the most unreal and wonderful drummer and man in the world- and Byron Stroud, the blond sexy Viking and incredibly solid bass player. The three of us started to rock together and I couldn't be happier with the results, this was the band I always wanted.
I was ready to talk to Jello about doing a CD for AT, but there was one part missing: the other guitar player! Not just anyone would do, it had to be someone who saw things like me and was not a typical rock guitar player. Then one day out of the blue Byron ran into his old band mate Ian White, singer/guitar player for Caustic Thought, at a gig and a light went on in his head. The rest is the start of something magical: Ani Kyd the band! ROCK IT!
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Why Big Bang Theory Actress Mayim Bialik Couldn't Have Braces
Mayim Bialik has spent a good part of her life in front of TV cameras: first as the child star of the hit comedy series Blossom, and more recently as Sheldon Cooper's love interest — a nerdy neuroscientist — on The Big Bang Theory. (In between, she actually earned a PhD in neuroscience from UCLA…but that's another story.) As a child, Bialik had a serious overbite — but with all her time on camera, braces were just not an option.
"I never had braces," she recently told Dear Doctor – Dentistry & Oral Health magazine. "I was on TV at the time, and there weren't a lot of creative solutions for kids who were on TV." Instead, her orthodontist managed to straighten her teeth using retainers and headgear worn only at night.
Today, there are several virtually invisible options available to fix orthodontic issues — and you don't have to be a child star to take advantage of them. In fact, both children and adults can benefit from these unobtrusive appliances.
Tooth colored braces are just like traditional metal braces, with one big difference: The brackets attached to teeth are made from a ceramic material that blends in with the natural color of teeth. All that's visible is the thin archwire that runs horizontally across the teeth — and from a distance it's hard to notice. Celebs like Tom Cruise and Faith Hill opted for this type of appliance.
Clear aligners are custom-made plastic trays that fit over the teeth. Each one, worn for about two weeks, moves the teeth just a bit; after several months, you'll see a big change for the better in your smile. Best of all, clear aligners are virtually impossible to notice while you're wearing them — which you'll need to do for 22 hours each day. But you can remove them to eat, or for special occasions. Zac Efron and Katherine Heigl, among others, chose to wear clear aligners.
Lingual braces really are invisible. That's because they go behind your teeth (on the tongue side), where they can't be seen; otherwise they are similar to traditional metal braces. Lingual braces are placed on teeth differently, and wearing them often takes some getting used to at first. But those trade-offs are worth it for plenty of people. Which celebs wore lingual braces? Rumor has it that the list includes some top models, a well-known pop singer, and at least one British royal.
So what's the best way to straighten your teeth and keep the orthodontic appliances unnoticeable? Just ask us! We'd be happy to help you choose the option that's just right for you. You'll get an individualized evaluation, a solution that fits your lifestyle — and a great-looking smile!
For more information about hard-to-see (or truly invisible) orthodontics, please contact our office or schedule a consultation. You can read more in the Dear Doctor magazine articles "Orthodontics for the Older Adult" and "Clear Aligners for Teenagers."
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By Karen Matthews and Mark Kennedy
NEW YORK (AP) — Ruby Dee, an acclaimed actress and civil rights activist whose versatile career spanned stage, radio television and film, has died at age 91, according to her daughter.
Nora Davis Day told The Associated Press on Thursday that her mother died at home in New Rochelle on Wednesday night of "natural causes."
Dee, who frequently acted alongside her husband of 56 years, Ossie Davis, was with loved ones, she added.
"We have had her for so long and we loved her so much," Day said. "She took her final bow last night at home surrounded by her children and grandchildren."
Day added: "We gave her our permission to set sail. She opened her eyes, closed her eyes and away she went."
Her long career brought her an Oscar nomination at age 83 for best supporting actress for her maternal role in the 2007 film "American Gangster." She also won an Emmy and was nominated for several others. Age didn't slow her down.
"I think you mustn't tell your body, you mustn't tell your soul, 'I'm going to retire,'" Dee told The Associated Press in 2001. "You may be changing your life emphasis, but there's still things that you have in mind to do that now seems the right time to do. I really don't believe in retiring as long as you can breathe."
She and her late husband were frequent collaborators. Their partnership rivaled the achievements of other celebrated acting couples. But they were more than performers; they were also activists who fought for civil rights, particularly for blacks.
"We used the arts as part of our struggle," she said in 2006. "Ossie said he knew he had to conduct himself differently with skill and thought."
In 1998, the pair celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary and an even longer association in show business with the publication of a dual autobiography, "With Ossie and Ruby: In This Life Together."
Davis died in February 2005. Among those who mourned at his funeral included former President Bill Clinton, Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee.
Davis and Dee met in 1945 when she auditioned for the Broadway play "Jeb," starring Davis (both were cast in it). In December 1948, on a day off from rehearsals from another play, Davis and Dee took a bus to New Jersey to get married. They already were so close that "it felt almost like an appointment we finally got around to keeping," Dee wrote in "In This Life Together."
They shared billing in 11 stage productions and five movies during long parallel careers. Dee's fifth film, "No Way Out" with Sidney Poitier in 1950, was her husband's first. Along with film, stage and television, their richly honored careers extended to a radio show, "The Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee Story Hour," that featured a mix of black themes. Davis directed one of their joint film appearances, "Countdown at Kusini" (1976).
Both were active in civil rights issues and efforts to promote the cause of blacks in the entertainment industry and elsewhere. Dee and Davis served as masters of ceremonies for the historic 1963 March on Washington and she spoke at both the funerals for Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom X.
The couple's battle in that arena was lifelong: In 1999, the couple was arrested while protesting the shooting death of Amadou Diallo, an unarmed African immigrant, by New York City police.
Among her best-known films was "A Raisin in the Sun," in 1961, based on the classic play that explored racial discrimination and black frustration (she was also in the 1959 stage version). On television, she was on the soap operas such in the 1950s and '60s, a rare sight for a black actress in the 1950s and 60s.
As she aged, she continued to reach new career heights. Dee was the voice of wisdom and reason as Mother Sister in Spike Lee's 1989 film, "Do the Right Thing," alongside her husband. She won an Emmy as supporting actress in a miniseries or special for 1990's "Decoration Day."
She won a National Medal of the Arts in 1995 and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 2000. In 2004, she and Davis received Kennedy Center Honors. In 2007, Davis and Dee's book won a Grammy for best spoken word album.
Born Ruby Ann Wallace in Cleveland, Dee was an infant when her family moved to Harlem, New York. She graduated from a highly competitive high school and enrolled in college but longed for show business.
"I wanted to be an actor but the chances for success did not look promising," she wrote in their joint autobiography.
But in 1940 she got a part in a Harlem production of a new play, "On Strivers Row," which she later called "one giant step" to becoming a person and a performer.
In 1965, she became the first black woman to play lead roles at the American Shakespeare Festival. She won an Obie Award for the title role in Athol Fugard's "Boesman and Lena" and a Drama Desk Award for her role in "Wedding Band."
Most recently, Dee performed her one-woman stage show, "My One Good Nerve: A Visit With Ruby Dee," in theaters across the country. The show was a compilation of some of the short stories, humor and poetry in her book of the same title.
She is survived by three children: Nora, Hasna and Guy, and seven grandchildren.
Day said funeral services will be private but a public memorial is planned.
Former Associated Press writer Richard Pyle contributed to this report.


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Church of Greece
Church of Greece | |
Founder(s) | Apostles |
Autocephaly/Autonomy declared | 1833 |
Autocephaly/Autonomy recognized | 1850 by Constantinople |
Current primate | Ieronymos II |
Headquarters | Athens, Greece |
Primary territory | Greece |
Possessions abroad | — |
Liturgical language(s) | Greek |
Musical tradition | Byzantine Chant / Choral |
Calendar | Revised Julian |
Population estimate | 10,000,000 [1] |
Official website | Church of Greece |
The Church of Greece is one of the fourteen autocephalous churches of the Orthodox Christian communion, whose territory consists of the whole of Greece except for those parts which belong to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, such as the Dodecanese and Crete. Though bishops of the "new lands" (those that were liberated from 1912 and afterward) are members of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece, they commemorate the Patriarch of Constantinople in the divine services.
Though it is also called the Greek Orthodox Church this reference is not restricted to the Church of Greece since it is also used by some of the Churches and Archbishoprics under the Patriarchate of Constantinople around the world.
The current primate of the Church of Greece is His Beatitude Ieronymos II (Liapis), Archbishop of Athens and All Greece.
The first contact of the Greeks with Christ is related by the author of the Fourth Gospel. He writes that some Greeks among those who used to visit Jerusalem at the Passover approached Philip and Andrew and asked to see Jesus (Jn. 12.20-24). The Greeks, as seekers after truth, were eager to listen to something novel, to meet the new master. Jesus was aware that the Greeks who came to Him were men with a searching mind and a troubled spirit. Upon His confrontation with them, He exclaimed, "The hour has come for the son of man to be glorified" (Jn. 12.23). These Greeks were few in number, but Christ saw in them not only Greeks but Romans and Scythians and other peoples of all times and places who would also seek to find Him. Jesus said the hour had come for the Christian Gospel to be proclaimed outside the limited boundaries of ancient Israel.
The Greeks have played a major role in the kerygma and the didache of Christ. The Greeks found in the person of Christ the eternal Logos and the "unknown God" of their forefathers, while Christ discovered in them sincere followers and dedicated apostles of the New Kingdom.
In the history of the Greek Orthodox Church four stages of development can be distinguished. The first three centuries, through the age of Constantine the Great constitute the apostolic and ancient period. The medieval period includes almost ten centuries, to the fall of Constantinople. The age of captivity starts, roughly, in the fifteenth century and ends about the year 1830. It is followed by the modern period.
Stage 1: Apostolic and Ancient Period
The Greek Orthodox Church traces its history back to the time of St. Paul who was the first to preach Christianity in Greece. He visited Athens, Philippi, Thessaloniki, Veroia, Corinth and Crete. Christianity eventually spread through Greece from these cities. In these early days, the Church of Greece comprised a diocese, with Corinth as the centre, known then as Achaia and considered a city of great importance.
The Church of Cyprus recognised its autonomy from the Church of Greece during the Council of Ephesus in 431. This was confirmed by the Emperor in 488.
Stage 2: The Medieval Period
Following three centuries of underground existence and persecution in the Roman Empire, it was again the Greek Church, the Greek language, and Greek missionaries that carried the Christian message in both the East and the West. This first period ended in 313 with the edict of toleration, where Constantine the Great divided the Roman Empire and prepared the way for Christianity to become the state religion of the later Roman and Byzantine empires. The geographical area we know today as Greece constituted the diocese of Eastern Illyricum, which was self-governing.
For historical and other reasons, the Greeks for many centuries identified themselves solely as Christians and especially during the centuries of captivity under the Turks[1]. This is significant that although the patriarchs of Constantinople and many bishops of the Bulgarians, Albanians, and Slavs were Greeks during the Ottoman period, they did not attempt to Hellenize their congregations: neither did they try to force them to abandon their liturgical traditions and cultures.[2]
The term "Hellene" as an ethnic name began to appear among the Greeks of the high Middle Ages, but still was not commonly used. However, all nations living outside the medieval Greek world of the Byzantine Empire, such as the Russians, the Germans, Khazars, the English, the Georgians, the peoples of Italy, and the Franks, called the native inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire "Greeks." The designations "Greek Orthodox" and "Roman Catholic" were unknown in the early and medieval Church, and they took on their distinct meaning only after the eleventh century.
By 733 AD, under Emperor Leo the Third, Greece was acknowledged as part of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but prior to this, it was subordinated to the Bishops of Rome.
Stage 3: Age of Captivity
During the Byzantine Empire and the subsequent Turkish occupation of Greece, the Christian church in Greece was under the administration of the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople. After the Greek War of Independence (1821-32), the provisional president of Greece Ioannis Kapodistrias(1776-1831), began negotiations with the patriarch for the independence of the Greek church. The final decision was made when Otto I (1815-1867), the new king of Greece, feared the Turkish government might still be able to influence the politics of Greece through the patriarchate of Constantinople and as such the Greek church was declared autocephalous in 1833. The independence was formalised by Constantinople in 1850, with some limitations.
Stage 4: The Modern Period
In 1864, the Ionian islands were added to the Church of Greece and in 1881 the diocese of Thessaly and parts of Epirus were also added. Also in this year, the first Greek Orthodox church was founded in America. Under an agreement made in 1908 between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Holy Synod of Athens, jurisdiction of the churches in America was given to the Church of Greece. In 1927, the statutes regarding the Church were modified resulting in the government controlling the church and attending the Holy Synod meetings. So during the 20s and 30s, the turbulent political events in Greece divided the Greeks of America and this resulted in Archbishop Athenaogoras of Corfu to be appointed to head the Greek Church in America.
Today the Church of Greece is governed by a Holy Synod, presided over by the Metropolitan Archbishop of Athens and assisted by four bishops chosen in regular succession. The Patriarch of Constantinople is still regarded as the spiritual head of the church and all of the Holy Chrisma used in Greece is consecrated by him. Organised as a state church, similar to the pattern adopted in the Russian church under Peter the Great of Russia, the ultimate authority is vested in the Synod of Bishops under the presidency of the archbishop of Athens and all Greece. A second synod, with the same presidency, consists of 12 bishops, each serving for one year only. The first synod deals with general ecclesiastical questions, whereas the second synod deals with administrative details. The church is divided into 81 small dioceses; some of these, are nominally under the jurisdiction of Constantinople. The majority of the church's priests in Greece do not have a university education, with very little formal training beyond two years at higher seminaries after high school. An up-to-date listing, in order of seniority of ordination, of the Holy Synod can be accessed at the Church of Greece's official website.
Greek language
The Greek language has been known as the "Sacred Language" [3][4][5] of the church from the time of the Apostles and enjoyed its prominence mainly in the early history of Christianity. In scriptural study and to a great extend it is one of the original languages of the Scriptures (the New Testament).
- ... adsolent Latini homines Graece cantare oblectati sono verborum nescientes tamen quid dicant. [The Latins are accustomed to singing in Greek, delighted by the sounds of the words, but not knowing what they are saying.] [6]
- 1359 St. Gregory Palamas (1296-1359)
- 1770 St. Kosmas Aitolos (1714-1779)
- 1809 St. Nicodemus the Hagiorite (1748-1809)
- 1813 St. Athanasius Parios (1722-1813)
Contemporary elders
- Elder Joseph the Hesychast (1898-1959)
- Elder George (Karslidis) of Drama (1901-1959)
- Elder Gervasius of Patras (1877-1964)
- Elder Amphilochios (Makris) of Patmos (+1970)
- Elder Demetrius of Trikala (1902-1975)
- Elder Philotheos (Zervakos) of Paros (1884-1980)
- Hieromonk Kosmas of Zaire (1942-1989)
- Elder Epiphanius of Athens (+1989)
- Elder Porphyrios of Kavsokalyvia and Kallisa (1906-1991)
- Elder Iacovos (Tsalikis) of Euboea (1920-1991)
- Elder Paisius the New of Mt Athos (1924-1994)
- Eldress Gabrielia (Papayannis) (1897-1992)
- Eldress Macrina of Volos (1921-1995)
- Blessed Stavritsa the Missionary (1916-2000)
- Father Dimitris Gagastathis
Modern writers
'Writers considered controversial in their point of view:
References and notes
- ↑ The tradition of the Greek Church has been one of religious toleration rather than nationalism. If this had not been true, the Greek Church, in the Byzantine centuries and especially during the four hundred years under the Turks, could have Hellenized all the minorities under her aegis or at least a great majority of them.
- ↑ The Greek historian K. Paparigopoulos, known for his patriotism, blamed the Church for not exploiting here numerous opportunities to Hellenize the various Balkan peoples in a period of four hundred years, something she could have done without much difficulty.
- ↑ Arthur P. Stanley, a distinguished professor of ecclesiastical history at Oxford, some hundred years ago wrote:
- The Greek Church reminds us of the time when the tongue, not of Rome, but of Greece, was the sacred language of Christendom. It was a striking remark of the Emperor Napoleon that the introduction of Christianity itself was, in a certain sense, the triumph of Greece over Rome; the last and most signal instance of the maxim of Horace, Graecia capla ferum victorem cepit (captive Greece took its rude captor captive). The early Roman Church was but a colony of Greek Christians or Grecized Jews. The earliest Father of the Western Church wrote in Greek. The early popes were not Italians but Greeks. The name of the pope is not Latin, but Greek, the common and now despised name of every pastor in the Eastern Church. …. She is the mother and Rome the daughter. It is her privilege to claim a direct continuity of speech with the earliest times; to boast of reading the whole code of Scripture, Old as well as New, in the language in which it was read and spoken by the Apostles. The humblest peasant who reads his Septuagint or Greek Testament in his mother-tongue on the hills of Boeotia may proudly feel that he has access tot he original oracles of divine truth which pope and cardinal reach by a barbarous and imperfect translation; that he has a key of knowledge which in the West is only to be found in the hands of the learned classes.
- ↑ Hugo Rahner, a leading Roman Catholic theologian:
- "God spoke his revelation in the world of the Greek spirit and the Roman imperium and the Church guards this truth framed in the Greek speech of her sacred Book…The Church will continue to speak Greek even if…Hellas descend into the abyss of utter oblivion."
- ↑ Georges_Florovsky:
- "The task of our time, in the Orthodox world, is to rebuild the Christian-Hellenic culture, not out of the relics and memories of the past, but out of the perennial spirit of our Church, in which the values of culture were truly christened. Let us be more Hellenic in order that we may be truly Christian.
- ↑ The "Ambrosiaster" (saec. IV) on 1 Cor 14:14; CSEL 81, 2, p. 153, 6
- Church of Greece website
- The Historical Development of Greek Orthodoxy, Constantelos
See also
Church of Greece Structure
List of Primates for the Church of Greece
Holy Synod of Greece
List of Greek Monasteries and Churches
Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece
List of Greek Saints
External links
Official Sites of the Church of Greece
- The Church of Greece Official Site
- The Archdiocese of Athens Official Site
- Apostoliki Diakonia of the Church of Greece
- The Online Library Site of the Church of Greece
- The Online Cultural Center of the Church of Greece
- Multimedia Releases Site of the Church of Greece
- Gallery Site of the Church of Greece
- Music Gallery Site of the Church of Greece
- Documentaries Site of the Church of Greece
- Discussion forum Site of the Church of Greece
- European Issues Site of the Church of Greece
Other Sites
- Representation of the Church of Greece to the European Union, official website
Church-State relations in Greece
- Anastasios Anastassiadis. Religion and Politics in Greece: The Greek Church's 'Conservative Modernization' in the 1990's. Research in Question, No.11, January 2004. (pdf format).
Various News Articles
- "Religion is main group activity in Greece:study" - Hosted on AFP, 23rd May 2008
- E. P. Blegen. Earliest Christian churches in Athens. American Journal of Archaeology v. 50 (July 1946) pp.373-75.
- George T. Dennis. The Late Byzantine Metropolitans of Thessalonike. Dumbarton Oaks Papers no. 57 (2003) pp.255-64.
Non-Orthodox Resources
- The Orthodox Church of Greece. Catholic Near East Welfare Association (CNEWA) website.
- Library of Congress - Federal Research Division - Country Studies - Greece (See section on RELIGION: Orthodox Church of Greece).
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