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While there remain certain specific contexts where it is advisable to craft and present wireframe layouts for client evaluation and approval, this practice is often a really bad move and one made at the wrong moment in the design process, and for the wrong reasons. Wireframes can be useful, valuable artifacts for informing the designer's process. But they often fail miserably as a first-step deliverable for clients.
While there remain certain specific contexts where it is advisable to craft and present wireframe layouts for client evaluation and approval, this practice is often a really bad move and one made at the wrong moment in the design process, and for the wrong reasons. Wireframes can be useful, valuable artifacts for informing the designer's process. But they often fail miserably as a first-step deliverable for clients.
The practice of compulsory client presentation of wireframes for all projects is not uncommon in the Web design profession. But rather than being based on sound, contextual reasoning, it is more often a thoughtless, vestigial process remnant or the result of careless misinterpretation of someone else's contextually-specific best practice. Put another way, many designers generate and present wireframes to clients not because they know it's a good idea in a specific case, but because they've seen or heard of others doing so and they therefore think they're supposed to as well. As always these sorts of assumptions are problematic. An action or choice without context is a step toward failure.
In this article I'll examine design and project management issues that surround wireframes, and how some specific contexts impact choices for producing and/or presenting wireframes to clients as project deliverables.
To wireframe or not to wireframe
Whether they're hastily-scribbled pencil sketches on notebook paper, detailed ink drawings on graph paper, rudimentary gray box layouts made in a graphics tool, or highly detailed monochrome comps with real text content and accurately rendered interface and form elements, virtually every project involves wireframes of some sort. They provide guidance for the rest of the design process …for the designer. They can, however, be problematic or useless for the client and in some cases they're simply a waste of time.
The value of this nice design (above) would not likely be well served by a wireframe presented to the client.
But not always. As mentioned before, there are certain contexts and cases where crafting wireframes for client evaluation and approval is a good idea or an advisable requirement. For instance:
- forms
- (some) Web app layouts
- news sites
- or in those lamentable situations where you're asked to design without the client having provided you with the content (where wireframes are used to help them visualize how content volumes impact the layout. A poor process!)
These are good contexts for client-presented wireframes. All but the last example are likely well-suited to client wireframe approval because of what generally allows these types of pages to be successfully designed: the lack of visual noise and obtrusive, non-content graphic elements. For those contexts, the plain, monochrome wireframe presents a fairly clear indication of an ultimate result. In these cases, most of what can be conveyed by a wireframe can remain unaffected by the full articulation of the design (though "Web app" is an admittedly generalized example here).
Even in these contexts, however, the design process can get derailed by the client's feedback and requests when made without the context provided by an already understood and approved full design direction. Wireframes are a sometimes useful "guess" that can help get design underway. But if your client doesn't share your appreciation for and understanding of the purpose of wireframes, things can go awry. Sometimes it is best that the fully realized design for one or more promotional/information pages be agreed upon before wireframes for some other specific layouts are generated so that the comparatively inarticulate wireframes can be viewed and evaluated in the right context.
Some problems with wireframes
Wireframes bring with them a host of potential communicative problems that must be understood by both the designer and the client where wireframes are used. Taking into account that part of your job as the designer is to win and maintain your clients' trust, you don't want to introduce artifacts or documents that might work to erode that trust. Design-communicative problems erode trust.
Wireframes as the design blueprint
Some may regard wireframes as entirely innocuous; as merely the blueprints for the page layouts. This analogy does not hold. The blueprints or the floor plan for a house are made in the context of the fully realized design and the client views these with the benefit of having seen detailed elevation drawings or paintings. When the project is fully realized as the house is built, the blueprints and floor plan encounter no modifying influence or pressure to change. They're set, solid. Their plan will likely hold through the entire process.
The floor plan above has the context of a design result as rendered in the elevation painting. Thus the client can form opinions based on a full, clear picture.
Wireframes, however, cannot easily accommodate and convey vitally important components of the design. Gray boxes and non-contextual dummy content cannot describe:
- how contrast impacts content hierarchy
- the impact of brand-specific design features
- the impact of graphic and textural elements
- the eye/energy paths created or interrupted by color and contrast of graphic elements
- et cetera
As a result, what seems logical and sound in a wireframe may be trite and malformed when the actual design and content are applied. Gray boxes and generic filler copy may fit together very nicely for an initial plan, but relationships can often change as the graphic and textural layers and actual content are added. Revision becomes likely.
The impact of informational and promotional content
The further the page purpose moves away from sanitary news or purely functional requirements the less effective and articulate wirefames become. Counter to the previously cited example, there are common cases where what will be a compelling, effective design fully realized may seem dull and dubious as described by an inarticulate wireframe. As such, it may work to erode client confidence.
For example, this wireframe (above) is not very exciting and in no way conveys the impact and effectiveness of the fully-articulated design that will follow. A client presented with this wireframe as an example of the plan for the main page of their company's website may question the abilities and creativity of their designer. It is likely that the client would be compelled to begin asking for additions to help this page "pop," and the designer would find himself in the ridiculous situation of having the client demand to help design the wireframe. And everyone loses. However…
…the design as fully articulated (above) is a different matter entirely. Nice typography, crisp imagery, and consistent theme work to bring this layout together as a compelling design. Very little of what makes this design work could be communicated by a mere wireframe. And if the required detail was articulated by a wireframe, it means that effort was wasted and should have been directed toward crafting the full design for presentation to the client. Again, context matters.
As an anecdote from the above-referenced project, the original plan was to have the branding/nav and promotional areas as centered, distinct "boxes" on the page. In the fully articulated design it became clear that it was much better to have the upper area of the layout be a full-screen–width section rather than discrete, horizontally-limited boxes. This is just one example of how things change when the full design is applied to a wireframe plan.
Wireframes for informational and promotional pages quickly begin to lose their articulate nature, especially where brand-centric issues come into play—and especially when the actual content is not present. It's highly probable that only the fully-realized design can convey the successful or unsuccessful quality of a page when there is an informational or promotional purpose to the content. This issue is sometimes mitigated when you've got the full and exact page content, but why would you then create a wireframe? Communicating promotional information in the context of a brand requires more than gray boxes.
Faulty reasoning and greed
An idea like, "Wireframes will present enough specificity to allow developers to start crafting the functionality, as well as enough context to let the creative team (designers) start to working on visuals," ignores the fact that information hierarchy is design and is not merely a matter of top-to-bottom or left-to-right order, and that the addition of graphic, typographic, and textural elements can change content relationships, requiring layout changes. Furthermore, if the wireframes are crafted by an information architect (IA) rather than by the designer, design decisions will have been made that may prove faulty later in the design process due to a lack of the IA's design insight (or foresight). If your client has already signed-off on the wireframes, you could find yourself in a pickle.
So getting a client's approval of a specific layout and content relationship with the inarticulate boxes appropriate for a wireframe presupposes that the content and the graphic, contrast, and color textures as applied to the content won't necessitate changing things in order to create a good page viewing/using experience. This is naive at best and irresponsible at worst.
Another instance where wireframes are often inappropriately included in deliverables is when agency bloat and greediness are brought to bear. The common logic is that where a bloated agency charges four times as much as smaller agencies, they're compelled to offer many times the volume of deliverables in an attempt to represent value. The problem here is clear.
Disappointingly, this approach also typically involves the failed practice of including a scattershot approach to design, where many design options are offered as a matter of course. I've discussed that issue already on my blog, but the lesson here is that where you find the one bad behavior, you're likely to find another other. And another.
Speaking here to companies looking to enlist a Web agency, if your prospective agency describes wireframes as a part of the project deliverables when they don't yet have a full appreciation of your project, it means they're working from a script rather than thinking about you. It means you're talking to the wrong agency.
In conclusion
Before you create a detailed wireframe for any project, ask yourself: "How will this help my design process?" Evaluate your answer carefully before you decide whether or not to craft a wireframe. Actually, I think we're all in the habit of doing this and most of us intuitively understand how some sort of wireframe will help our process.
Likewise, however, before you create a wireframe for client evaluation and approval, ask yourself: how will this help my client in the project process? Again, evaluate your answer carefully before you decide to craft a wireframe for your client's evaluation…and before you commit to do so as a part of the project deliverables. Context matters.


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We've all heard of social media marketing before. Businesses should be on social media, professional individuals should be on social media, social media is the new way of marketing, everything. Of course, there's "The Big Three": Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn. All are very important to be knowledgeable about and to be involved with.
But there's one social networking site that has enormous potential for businesses, organizations and professional individuals, and that's Instagram. Instagram is a great resource for marketing personal or professional brands. If you're still not sold on the site, we've got some reasons why you should be on Instagram.
Find new users.
Here's the truth: Instagram is a massive platform with millions of users that are just waiting to connect. According to the Huffington Post, Instagram has over 500 million monthly active users and more than 300 million daily active users. It generates about 4.2 billion likes a day, with over 95 million photos or videos shared daily.
This breaks down to about 216,000 photos posted every second on the site. That's a whole lot of people, businesses and organizations connecting. Engaging on Instagram gives you the opportunity to find and meet these users, and share your brand with them.
Connect across channels.
If you or a business is already on Facebook, Twitter or LinkedIn, you may be wondering: "Why do I need another social media site?" Existing across different media gives you the chance to connect with various individuals on different channels.
You're able to build a more solid relationship when they see your imagery on different sources. Rather than being that one weird Facebook account they followed a few years ago, you can be the Instagram account that's posting new, engaging content, and really making them feel connected to the brand.
Engage with more followers.
Finding new users and connecting across different channels also allows you to engage with more followers. Many businesses will offer photo contests on Instagram. This means users are going out, taking pictures and promoting the business—often on their personal Instagram account to their own followers.
Commenting, tagging and now the new stories feature on Instagram also allows you to share fun, interesting, engaging information with followers that may be slightly different than what you would share on other social networking sites. You have the opportunity meet followers where they're at, and share your content with them on a relational level.
Generate more sales.
Finally, marketing a business or personal brand better is never going to hurt sales. Building up networks on a new platform is going to show more people who you are, and they're going to be more inclined to build a professional relationship with you. Draw in consumers and constituents and generate new sales new connections or business sales.
If you're not on Instagram yet, give it a try. Try out some new social media marketing tactics and see how they benefit your personal or professional image. Because the more you connect, the more you can grow.

subset: commoncrawl


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My new blog, NeX-6, My facebook page
Orgs I like
The EFF - keeping free speech in the world
Musical stuff I like
Jeff, Rick, Ardour, Jack
Prior Rants -
Sharing your home network better in a time of covi...
Designing for the disconnect
Email lists going down the memory hole
Instituting saner, professional source code manage...
Wireless and Wifi in 2015 - not what I dreamed of
Saving wifi! Fixing Bufferbloat! Fighting the vend...
Virgin Media - Fixing the epidemic of bufferbloat ...
49... and trying to find my navel
Wheels down on mars!
Tracking the landing of Curiosity, from Seattle
Best of the blog:
Uncle Bill's Helicopter - A speech I gave to ITT Tech - Chicken soup for engineers
Beating the Brand - A pathological exploration of how branding makes it hard to think straight
Inside the Internet Mind - trying to map the weather within the global supercomputer that consists of humans and google
Sex In Politics - If politicians spent more time pounding the flesh rather than pressing it, it would be a better world
Getting resources from space - An alternative to blowing money on mars using NEAs.
On the Columbia - Why I care about space
Authors I like:
Doc Searls
Where's Cherie?
Jerry Pournelle
The Cubic Dog
Evan Hunt
The Bay Area is talking
Zimnoiac Emanations
Eric Raymond
Unlocking The Air
Bob Mage
BroadBand & Me
Selenian Boondocks
My Pencil
Transterrestial Musings
Bear Waller Hollar


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Sorry about our little dispute at the school last week. Normally I don't take the kids in the morning, but Mrs. Grumpy had an early meeting that day.
It must be nice having a child that is naturally compliant with your orders. Frank, however, is not like your daughter, and will fight us to the death about wearing a jacket. Getting him to wear a sweatshirt over his clothes took an act of Congress and delicate negotiations. While it's not perfect, it was a halfway compromise.
So far he hasn't frozen to death or caught pneumonia/swine flu/AIDS/cooties/halitosis, or any of the other disorders that you seem to think are floating through the air specifically targeting unjacketed children.
But I'm glad you were concerned enough about someone else's kid to take time out of your busy day, walk over to me, and make a scene in front of all the other parents about how you've been watching the "horrible neglect" practiced by my wife and I. I appreciate you running down a list of communicable airborne illnesses that you got from Google, and closing your argument by threatening to report us to Child Protective Services if you ever see my kid without a jacket again.
I think it's great that you want to pay such close attention to the failings of us lesser parents. Reminded me of the Charlie Brown cartoon where Lucy took it upon herself to write New Year's resolution lists for everyone else.
I really like the way you punctuated your tirade by slamming your daughter's car door, HARD, to make sure we were all paying attention. We definitely all were (except your daughter, who looked too terrified to speak) because me, 3 teachers, and 20 other parents immediately began trying to tell you that you'd just slammed one of her backpack straps in the door. But you were clearly more concerned with my crappy parenting skills to notice.
Fortunately, your child had the presence of mind to let go of the other strap after she'd been pulled down and dragged about 3 feet as your drove away. And I have to admire the teacher who boldly leaped in front of your car to make you slammed on the brakes, at the risk of her own health.
Your kid will be okay, I swear. She has a small cut on one hand, and a tear in her jacket where it got dragged (maybe you should get her a new one).
I felt so awful about it too. You made me feel very guilty when, after you checked your kid and released the backpack strap from the car door, you turned to me and yelled, "Now look what you made me do!" before getting in your car and driving away.
Happy holidays.


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by Paul J. Weber
Associated Press Writer
BRYAN, Texas (AP) — Adam Lanza's mother was among the tens of millions of U.S. gun owners. She legally had a .223-caliber Bushmaster rifle and a pair of handguns, which her 20-year-old son used to kill 20 children and six adults in 10 minutes inside a Connecticut school.
In the raw aftermath of the second-worst school shooting in U.S. history, countless gun enthusiasts much like Lanza's mother complicate a gun-owning narrative that critics, sometimes simplistically, put at the feet of a powerful lobby and caricatured zealots. More civilians are armed in the U.S. than anywhere else in the world, with Yemen coming in a distant second, according to the independent Small Arms Survey in Geneva.
Take Blake Smith, a mechanical engineer who lives near Houston and uses an AR-15 style rifle in shooting competitions.
Texas Gov. Rick Perry, who famously claimed to have shot a coyote while jogging with a pistol holstered to his running shorts, has signed a half-dozen certificates applauding Smith as one of the state's top marksmen. "But I won't call myself a fanatic," said Smith, 54, whose father first let him handle a gun around age 6.
"I sit at a desk all day. And when I get out to the range, I don't hear any gunfire going on," said Smith, who likens his emotional detachment to his guns to the way he would feel about a car or any other machine. "I'm so intent on my sight alignment, my trigger pull, my position. I don't worry about anything. I don't think about anything. It's relieving. It's therapeutic. Everybody has to have their Zen."
Since the school shooting, President Barack Obama has asked for proposals on reducing gun violence that he can take to Congress in January, and he called on the National Rifle Association, the country's most powerful gun-rights organization, to join the effort.
Gun laws in the U.S. vary from state to state — for instance, as of last month it is now legal to carry a gun in public view in Oklahoma — and are defended by the firearms industry and the NRA. On Friday, the NRA broke a weeklong silence since the Connecticut massacre by calling for armed volunteers at public schools, prompting criticism from many quarters.
But in the U.S., gun-control advocates are up against a sizeable bloc of mainstream Americans for whom guns are central to their lives, whether for patriotism or personal sense of safety, or simply to occupy their spare time.
Dave Burdett, who owns an outdoors and adventure shop across the street from the sprawling Texas A&M University campus in College Station, says his affinity for guns is rooted in history, not sport.
"It isn't about hunting. Everyone says, 'Well, I can understand having a sporting rifle, but not an AR-15," Burdett said. "But wait a second — the idea of the Second Amendment was to preserve and protect the rights of individuals to have those guns."
"Remember that the (American) revolution was fought by citizen soldiers," he added. "To this day, that's one of the cornerstones of our military defense. We have an all-volunteer military."
An NRA poster picturing a bald eagle is taped to the glass door of his office. He started as a lawyer, dabbling in everything from commercial land to trying to block the deportation of an illegal immigrant, before seguing into selling guns.
When his daughter graduated with a business degree from Texas A&M, Burdett figured she would move somewhere cosmopolitan like Dallas and work in a downtown high-rise. She instead went to work in the store, built her own AR-15 out of spare parts and used it to join what her father described as the "let's-go-pig-hunting-tonight circuit." Those feral hog hunts often include high-powered rifles as well as night-vision goggles.
"The other thing is, shooting is fun. It really is," Burdett said.
Many think so. Smith, the mechanical engineer, said that includes teenage girls. At national shooting competitions, Smith has run into a group of girls around 13 or 14 years old who call themselves "The Pink Ladies," firing high-powered rifles at targets. He also recalls meeting Australians, whose country bans guns, who told him, "I love to shoot, so I'm going to the U.S."
Others add safety to the list of reasons for allowing people easy access to guns.
"To me it's obvious — the more people that have guns, or at least in their homes, it's more of a criminal deterrent," said Bill Moos, a local taxidermist in the small town of Bryan, near College Station. Moos, who owns more than 30 guns, can be spotted any given morning, prowling his roughly 40-acre (16-hectare) ranch with his dogs and a shotgun slung over his shoulder.
He tells a story of standing in the post office one day and hearing about a suspect driving around, wanted by the police. He thought of the woman behind the counter near him.
"My first thought was, 'How are you going to protect yourself?' Does she have a gun, in case someone tries to rob her?" he said. "It's the first thing you think of: How are you going to defend yourself?"
On the television in the corner of his workshop, above a stuffed gray fox and a clutch of animal jawbones dangling on a ring like a set of keys, Obama is holding his first press conference since the Connecticut tragedy. He's promising to send Congress legislation tightening gun laws and urging them to reinstate a ban on military-style assault weapons, like the one used by Lanza.
Moos turns down the volume.
"I guess it's something you get used to," he said of guns. "That you grow up around, and you enjoy them, and you accept the fact that you can own. It's a privilege. It's a whole different way of life. I guess I don't need three pick-ups and a Corvette. But I have them."
(Follow Paul J. Weber on Twitter: www.twitter.com/pauljweber)


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We're happy to introduce the lovely Brittni in an impressive gallery supplied by photographer Mike Vega. Brittni shows off her impressive figure in a wide variety of outfits, with plenty of thongs and ting g-strings. She also poses next to a cool LearJet and of course we also have her in a bikini on the beach. Enjoy!
Bullz-Eye.com brings you some of the sexiest Internet Models from around the web, along with producing our own original glamour photography in channels like our Featured Model and Girl Next Door sections. Check everything out starting on our Opposite Sex page. Contact us if you want your photos featured or if you'd like to shoot with us (all models must be at least 18 years old.)
You can follow us on Twitter and Facebook for content updates. Also, sign up for our email list for weekly updates and check us out on Google+ as well.
Posted in: Models
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Business insurance professionals, serving Illinois
Insurance coverage that protects your company – so you can get back to business
Nowacki Insurance Agency knows business in our communities – you can find our office in Joliet, and our clients all around Illinois. As an independent insurance agency, we take pride in reviewing your options with multiple insurance companies {link to carrier page} and comparing protection and prices to find the best value for your business. We're proud members of the Joliet community, and we're committed to being an advocate for you and your business in times of need.Our commitment is to serving you
Nowacki Insurance Agency knows that in Illinois, there are as many unique insurance needs as we have neighbors who live here! To talk with one of our helpful team members about your insurance needs, contact us today.Commercial & Business Insurance– Insurance coverage that helps protect your business
- General Liability Insurance – Broad insurance coverage for your business and activities.
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- Business Owners Policy – Get General Liability, Commercial Property, Worker's Compensation, plus more all in one place.
- Bonds – Protect your assets with financial backups for promises made by others.


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Specially formulated for puppies and junior dogs, this premium dry dog food is a testament to Acana's commitment to using only the finest and most wholesome ingredients. Each bite is a symphony of flavours, textures, and nutrients designed to support your dog's growth, development, and overall well-being.
- Appropriate for puppies weighing 9-25kgs at maturity.
- No grain ingredients.
- Proudly crafted in Canada.
Give your puppy the gift of a wholesome and flavorful start with Acana 340g Puppy & Junior Dry Dog Food. Crafted with care and backed by Acana's unwavering commitment to quality, this formula sets the stage for a lifetime of good health and happiness for your furry family member.
Ingredients:Boneless chicken, chicken meal, chicken liver, whole herring, boneless turkey, turkey meal, turkey liver, whole eggs, boneless walleye, whole salmon, chicken heart, chicken cartilage, herring meal, salmon meal, chicken liver oil, chicken fat, red lentils, green peas, green lentils, sun-cured alfalfa, yams, pea fibre, chickpeas, pumpkin, butternut squash, spinach greens, carrots, Red Delicious apples, Bartlett pears, cranberries, blueberries, brown kelp, licorice root, angelica root, fenugreek, marigold flowers, sweet fennel, peppermint leaf, chamomile, dandelion, summer savoury, rosemary, Enterococcus faecium
We are a family run, independent Garden Centre, Farm Shop and Restaurant combined. We are proud to offer the very best gardening, home and outdoor living products alongside delicious, fresh, locally produced food and drink.
Awarded 'Best Garden Centre in the UK in 2018 & 2021 you can rest assured that we offer excellent products, plants and customer service.
Learn more about us and our story on the 'About Us' page.
Collect your order in store or have it delivered to your front door!
Our aim is to dispatch the goods as quickly as possible using experienced mainstream couriers.
Your Questions Answered...
What are the delivery options and prices?
We offer both a Standard 3-5 working day delivery service and a faster 1-2 working day delivery service for a small additional charge.
Postable items such as packets of seeds, gift cards etc. will be delivered using Royal Mail and have a delivery charge of £2.95.
Smaller, lighter items have delivery charges range between £4.95 – £6.95.
Larger, heavier and fragile items have delivery charges range between £9.95 – £19.95
Pallet deliveries for items such as furniture start at £69.95 (see further information about kerbside pallet deliveries below).
An accurate delivery charge will be calculated on the checkout page, once you've added all the products you would like to purchase.
How do I track my delivery?
Once your order has been booked in you will receive an email from the courier with information.
How fast is delivery?
Orders are dispatched within one working day of it being placed. Our standard delivery time is between 3-5 working days and our express delivery time is 1-2 working days (excluding weekends & bank holidays).
Who will deliver my order?
We have a selection of different couriers we offer for delivery depending on the size and weight of the parcel. Your order will either be delivered by Royal Mail, Evri or Parcelforce. Furniture sets or large items will be delivered using a kerbside pallet delivery service.
What is a kerbside pallet delivery service?
Most of our furniture sets and some larger or heavy items such as compost will be delivered using wooden pallets. These pallets will be delivered using a heavy goods vehicle and will need plenty of room to deliver as well as needing someone to sign for the delivery.
Kerbside delivery means that pallets will be delivered to the nearest kerbside at the address specified. The driver will position their vehicle as close as possible to the delivery address and unload the palletised goods into a spot on the kerbside that is safe and keeps the pallet secure. This is to ensure the safety of the driver, the customer and the general public. The driver will not be able to wheel the delivery across any uneven surface such as grass, gravel or up or down steps and will not unload the items from the pallet or take the pallet away with them.
With a kerbside pallet delivery service, we are able to select a specific date for delivery which best suites you. Once an order has been placed, we will contact you to discuss your preferred delivery date.
If there are any possible access issues for a larger vehicle to your address please inform us in order for us to make alternative arrangements.
What do I do if my order has arrived damaged?
If you order arrives damaged from it's journey in transit, please email an image showing the damage to the item along with your order number for us to rectify the issue. We must be notified of any damage within 24 hours of being delivered.
Do you deliver to Northern Ireland?
We do deliver to Northern Ireland, some larger or heavier items may have a surcharge. Unfortunately, we are currently unable to ship plants to Northern Ireland.
What is the warranty on an item I purchase?
Any goods sold by us will have the benefit of the manufacturer's warranties, which will be for 12 months unless otherwise stated. All warranties are subject to the manufacturer's terms and conditions. Any defective goods returned to us within the manufacturer's warranty period will be repaired or replaced at the sole discretion of the manufacturer and will be subject to compliance with the terms of their warranty. All other warranties and guarantees are expressly excluded so far as the law permits.
Do any areas of the UK incur a delivery surcharge?
Delivery addresses in the following areas may require additional delivery charge. If additional delivery charge is required we will contact you immediately. The following areas which may require additional shipping charge can be found below:
Channel Islands
Northern Ireland
Scottish Highlands
Scottish Islands
Isle of Man
Isle of Wight
Scilly Isles
Any further questions?If you need to reach us, use the enquiry form on the contact us page, call us on 01497 847055 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
How do I return an item?
If a purchase is no longer required you are able to return the goods within 28 days of delivery for a full refund in accordance with our refunds policy set out in Clause 10 of our Terms & Conditions. We will refund any money received from you using the same method originally used by you to pay for your purchase. Please make sure that you include the sales order or invoice with your return.
When returning items to us, please ensure that any and all original packaging, instructions, tags etc are included as supplied to you. We recommend using a recorded/insured service to return your order. The Old Railway Garden Centre cannot be held responsible for returned items lost or damaged in transit to us.


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7 Recommended Online Mattress Reviews
There are numerous mattress options readily available today that it can be truly tough to determine your most suitable choice. We hope that this article will help direct you in picking the specific mattress that will offer you a restful night's sleep. Best Mattress Vegas
We have looked through a number of the popular mattress brands and have actually noted the 7 most recommended mattresses:
1. Best Mattress for Side Sleepers: DreamCloud Luxury Hybrid
2. Best Mattress for Neck and Back Pain: Bear Pro
3. Best Mattress for Stomach Sleepers: Nectar
4. Best Mattress for Hot Sleepers: Layla Hybrid
5. Best Latex Mattress: Idle Latex Hybrid
6. Best Memory Foam Mattress: Puffy Lux
7. Best Mattress for the Money: Layla Memory Foam
DreamCloud Luxury Hybrid
Best Mattress for side sleepers
This 15 inch luxury hybrid offers you the stability of innerspring coils with the relaxing pressure relief of memory foam. It is constructed out of numerous layers of the softest and most supportive top of the line materials.
The cashmere blend material cover is very soft and breathable to help keep you comfortable. It has premium high-loft memory foam quilted straight into the cover which makes it very cozy and comfy.
$599 Special Offer! $200 off Mattress PLUS Free Pillows, Free Luxury Sheets & Free Mattress Protector - ($399 VALUE)
If you have a hard time to not wake up when your partner or family pet moves in their sleep, the low motion transfer foam and high density gel memory foam will really help you to have undisturbed sleep.
This bed mattress has excellent edge support since the individually wrapped coil layer goes from edge to edge.
The bottom base layer is made of a porous foam which really helps to increase the airflow along with decrease vibrations from the coils.
All the foams are CertiPUR-US certified and satisfy rigorous testing for safety.
Best for individuals that want a supportive bed with a memory foam feel to it. Great for all sleeping positions, however exceptional for side and stomach sleepers.
This mattress model has a firmness rating of medium-firm (6.5 out of 10).
Why we like it:
- 365 night trial
- Lifetime manufacturer's warranty
- Great for couples (limits motion transfer and has great edge support)
- More bounce and less sinkage than all memory foam
- Free shipping and free returns
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Bear Pro
Best Mattress for Back Pain
At 12″ high, the Bear Pro is constructed of 4 layers. The Celliant material in the cover has been shown to promote healing for your tissues and muscles.
The very top layer of copper infused foam helps keep the mattress cleaner, sleep cooler and adds a bit more cushioning which benefits side sleepers.
Since copper naturally prevents the development of bacteria and allergens it can assist individuals with allergies breath easier.
The next layer is gel memory foam, below that is a layer of responsive transition foam and finally a high density support foam base layer.
All the foams used in this specific mattress are Certi-PUR US approved for non-toxic chemicals.
This mattress has a firmness rating of medium-firm. (6.5 out of 10).
Why we like it:
- 100 night risk free trial
- 10 year manufacturer's warranty
- Eco-friendly components
- Free shipping and free returns
Best mattress for stomach sleepers
This 5 layer memory foam mattress is close to a medium firm (6.5 on a firmness scale of 1 to 10) so it's firm enough for a strict stomach sleeper however it's also got enough softness to hug your body and offer relaxing pressure relief to back or side sleepers too.
All the foams used in this specific mattress are CertiPUR-US authenticated and are medical grade visco elastic memory foams which indicates that you will not be inhaling any toxic chemicals.
The quilted memory foam cover is made from Tencel fabric which is breathable and aids with air circulation.
The gel memory foam layer also serves to help you sleep cool and disperses your weight throughout the mattress.
The adaptive hi core memory foam layer provides extra support so you don't get that "sinking into quicksand" feeling.
The Bottom base layer strengthens the above layers and gives more support. Best Mattress Vegas
Why we like it:
- Great for sleepers who like memory foam
- Really inexpensive
- No motion transfer
- Exceptional air circulation
- Supportive and pressure relieving
- 365 night sleep trial
- Free shipping and totally free returns
- Forever warranty
Layla Hybrid Mattress
Best Mattress for Hot Sleepers
The Layla Hybrid sleeps cooler than an all foam mattress since the layer of springs permit optimum air circulation. The copper infused memory foam and Thermogel cover also have heat reducing properties.
Copper helps you sleep cooler since copper particles are extremely conductive and they help pull extra body heat away from you, keeping your body a consistent temperature level while you sleep. Copper produces natural heat distribution which is why copper is utilized in high-end pots and pans.
The copper infused foam helps keep your sleep surface smelling clean since copper has antimicrobial properties.
If you are having trouble choosing between a soft or firm mattress, this Layla hybrid has a different firmness ranking on each side so you can effortlessly switch between the two by merely turning the mattress over onto the other side.
The handgrips on the sides of the mattress are a big help in flipping it over.
The cover on the soft side is designed with a really soft breathable fabric. It has a zipper for quick and easy removal and cleaning.
Next is a 2.5 inch layer of copper gel memory foam. The copper gel in the foam reacts to increased pressure with a firming action so it remains soft and comfy overall but provides firmness around deep compression spots where it is needed the most.
A 2 inch layer of Max Air flow Support foam adds cooling and support.
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In the center of the mattress is the 6-inch layer of individually wrapped coils with 14 gauge coils in the center and 16 gauge coils in a double row at the edge for enhanced edge support.
Next is a 1.5 inch layer of Max Air flow Support Foam for additional cooling and support.
Then, a 1 inch layer of copper gel memory foam provides more cooling.
The cover on the firm side is likewise made from the same soft, breathable fabric.
All foams are CertiPUR-US certified and are American Made open cell polyurethane which are tested and found to be safe.
This mattress benefits side sleepers, stomach sleepers or back sleepers.
This hybrid has some bounce given that it does have coils at its core but it also delivers outstanding motion isolation.
Unlike an all foam memory foam mattress that has a large amount of sink, this Layla hybrid has some sink from the top memory foam layers.
Why we like it:
- More bounce and less sink than an all foam mattress model
- Superior edge support with a double row of 16 gauge edge coils
- Outstanding for couples
- 120 night sleep trial
- Free shipping and totally free returns
- Lifetime manufacturer's warranty
- Made in the U.S.A.
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Idle Latex Hybrid
Best Latex Mattress
Idle Sleep offers you a choice of 2 different latex mattresses; Dunlop or Talalay. They are both natural latex foam that result from the sap of a rubber tree.
The Dunlop latex is naturally more thick than the Talalay which is naturally airier. The Dunlop is cooler than memory foam however not as cool as the Talalay.
Considering that the Dunlop is more dense it gives more support and is a better choice for back and stomach sleepers whereas the Talalay is better for side sleepers given that it offers more pressure relief.
The Idle Latex Hybrid is also a 2-sided mattress. You can select to have both sides luxury firm (9-9.5), both sides medium (6-7) or medium on one side and firm on the other side.
You will not require to buy a new mattress as frequently when you have a 2-sided mattress model since it will not wear out as quick as a one-sided one.
The natural organic cotton cover is breathable, eco-friendly and allows for excellent air circulation. There is in addition 1 inch of natural wool woven into the cover to add softness and it at the same time serves as a natural fire barrier.
Next, come 3 inches of either Dunlop or Talalay latex which are hypoallergenic and anti-microbial.
Then, a next layer of 6 inches of pocketed coils for superior support all the way to the edge.
The layers on the other side are the same, because it is a 2-sided mattress.
The mattress comes with handgrips on the sides to aid you in flipping or rotating it.
All the foams are CertiPur-US certified or natural foams so you can be assured of a non-toxic sleeping environment.
Why we like it:
- Sleeps cooler than standard memory foam
- 18 month sleep trial
- Does a great job of controlling temperature
- Made of natural and organically produced materials: cotton, latex and wool
- Lifetime manufacturer's warranty
- Free shipping and complimentary returns
Puffy Lux
Best Memory Foam Mattress
Puffy makes a 12″ premium mattress model that has a classic memory foam feel with superior pressure relief making it an excellent fit for most sleepers.
The top layer is made out of a cooling gel cloud foam that is created to be cool to the touch and breathable.
The next layer is a body adapting dual foam that adapts to your shape and supplies support to your back as you change positions. At the same time cushioning pressure points.
Underneath that layer is a climate comfort foam that adds in even more cushioning to your pressure points along with minimizing temperature level changes.
The base is a layer of firm core support foam that increases sturdiness and support.
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The machine washable cover has a zipper for easy removal and is likewise stain resistant.
All the foams are CertiPUR-US approved for the best quality and safety. They are made without unhealthy chemicals and contaminants.
Puffy furthermore offers a cheaper option, the Puffy, which doesn't have the body adapting dual foam layer however it is still an extremely comfy bed though it is 2-inches thinner than the Lux.
They also sell a more elegant mattress, the Puffy Royal, which is 2-inches thicker than the Puffy Lux with a 5-zone support system.
When you order a mattress, Puffy will provide beds to kids in need. Best Mattress Vegas
Why we like it:
- 101 night sleep trial
- Can be put on any surface or frame
- Made in the U.S.A. 100%
- Easy to switch positions
- Life time warranty
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Layla Memory Foam
Best Mattress for the Money
The Layla memory foam mattress is a 10 inch high 2-sided mattress which signifies you pretty much get two beds for the cost of one. Considering that you can flip it over every so often it will not wear out or droop as quickly as a one sided mattress.
You can turn it to the firm or soft side. The soft side of the mattress is a 4 out of 10 and the firm side is a 7 out of 10. The soft side gives you a bit more body contouring and hug while the firm side has increased support with less sink.
Another plus for this mattress is the copper gel infused layers which present you with all the health benefits of copper such as natural heat distribution (to keep you cool), antimicrobial properties (to keep your mattress smelling clean & help reduce irritants), plus the copper gel in the foam also adds support.
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The cover zips off for easy cleaning and it is made with thermo-gel cooling technology on both sides.
The copper gel memory foam layer is 3″ thick and offers support for deep compression areas, rapid cooling and is naturally antimicrobial.
Underneath that is a 2 inch layer of Max Airflow Support Foam that provides extra air flow and support.
In the center is a 4 inch layer of Support Core foam for minimal bounce and maximum motion isolation.
Then, a 1 inch layer of copper gel memory foam.
The cover on the firm side is the same as the cover on the soft side.
Layla offers you a lot of worth for the money. Not only are you getting a comfy, good quality memory foam bed but it is in addition 2-sided and has copper gel-infused layers for cooling.
Why we like it:
- Budget friendly – most bang for your buck
- 120 night sleep trial
- Free shipping and totally free returns
- Life time manufacturer's warranty
- Made in the U.S.A.
Save $200 Off Layla Memory Foam Mattress + 2 Free Pillows Now!
Buying Guide
Memory foam mattresses feature body hugging contouring and cradling of your pressure points.
They keep motion isolated which considerably decreases motion transfer and really helps keep individuals who are sleeping in the same bed from waking each other when moving around. Memory foam mattresses have more sink and less bounce to them.
Latex mattresses that are made from natural latex are made from the sap of the rubber tree and are an environment-friendly, natural option. The latex is allergen-free and sleeps a fair bit cooler than memory foam. It is likewise a little bit more bouncy than memory foam so some people may experience it easier to change positions while sleeping considering that you do not "sink" into the bed as much.
Innerspring or coil mattresses are firmer than memory foam and lots more bouncy.
They offer little to no motion isolation, so you can feel your partner or pet changing positions throughout the night.
Hybrid mattresses are the very best of both worlds because they mix together the body hugging comfort of memory foam with the sturdiness and bouncy aspect of standard coil spring mattresses. The separately pocketed coils of the hybrid under the memory foam layers cut down a great deal of the motion transfer that you feel with an innerspring mattress. So the final result is more bounce and less sinking in than an all foam mattress.
After Purchasing Your Mattress Online
A mattress-in-a-box or bed-in-a-box, is compressed and rolled or folded before shipping. Many manufacturers recommend unpacking a new mattress within a month or 2 after it's delivered to you. If you're setting it up on your own, follow the guidelines laid out by the manufacturer. If you bought a base for your new mattress that requires to be put together, do that before anything else.
Then bring package with the mattress in it to the bedroom given that it can be really heavy and hard to manage if removed from the package first.
You can then put the mattress on the base or box spring before the plastic is removed.
The plastic can be removed the mattress with a pair of scissors or a knife but be really cautious not to damage it. Understand that some mattresses are shipped with a number of layers of plastic while some might have only one layer to get rid of.
After the plastic wrapping is cleared away, it can take a few minutes to a several hours for the mattress to decompress and recapture its full volume and shape.
The components in a brand-new mattress can release a smell, some of which is caused by the breakdown of volatile natural compounds in the foam. It can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days for the odor to disappear. You should more than likely wait till then just before you sleep on the mattress. Letting in some fresh air through a window or door will probably speed up the process.
Understand the Mattress Return Policy
Many of the online mattress brands that you will buy from offer a full refund to you during the course of the trial period in addition to helping determine a charity to come take the mattress away. On the occasion that there isn't a charity or group to take the mattress away they will set up a time for it to be picked up.
Given that return policies do differ from business to company, it is a good idea to be knowledgeable about what the policy of the company that you are buying from definitely covers.
Also, it's not a bad concept to keep your old mattress till you make certain that you are going to keep the new one.
In summary, don't buy a mattress online unless you have knowledge of the following:
1) Delivery Choices:
Some companies send you the mattresses in a box which you then set up by yourself. Some businesses have an option where you can schedule a delivery time and they will have someone basically set-up your mattress and eliminate the old one also. This is known as a White Glove Service and there is usually a small additional fee.
2) Return Policy:
Be sure that there is at least an one month trial period where you can see if you are comfortable sleeping on the mattress. The majority of the companies will pick up the mattress and give it to charity if you don't want it.
3) Non-Toxic Materials:
Given that a number of these mattresses are made with foam, make certain that their certifications are legitimate. The CertiPUR-US validated foams have actually been evaluated by independent, certified testing labs and meet with their criteria. GreenGuard is another quality certification.
4) The base for your bed:
Make sure that you measure your bed frame to make sure that the new mattress will fit.
Materials like foam usually feel best on a hard, flat surface. If your base has slats, you want them to be spaced close enough to ensure the mattress will not sag.


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Apple and Samsung, frenemies for life
The companies are not engaged in a corporate death match but more of a multi-layered rivalry
San Francisco/Seoul: It was the late Steve Jobs' worst nightmare.
A powerful Asian manufacturer, Samsung Electronics Co Ltd , uses Google Inc's Android software to create smartphones and tablets that closely resemble the iPhone and the iPad. Samsung starts gaining market share, hurting Apple Inc's margins and stock price and threatening its reign as the king of cool in consumer electronics.
Jobs, of course, had an answer to all this: a "thermo-nuclear" legal war that would keep clones off the market. Yet nearly two years after Apple first filed a patent-infringement lawsuit against Samsung, and six months after it won a huge legal victory over its South Korean rival, Apple's chances of blocking the sale of Samsung products are growing dimmer by the day.
Indeed, a series of recent court rulings suggests that the smartphone patent wars are now grinding toward a stalemate, with Apple unable to show that its sales have been seriously damaged when rivals, notably Samsung, imitated its products.
That, in turn, may usher in a new phase in the complex relationship between the two dominant companies in the growing mobile computing business.
Tim Cook, Jobs' successor as Apple chief executive, was opposed to suing Samsung in the first place, according to people with knowledge of the matter, largely because of that company's critical role as a supplier of components for the iPhone and the iPad. Apple bought some $8 billion worth of parts from Samsung in 2012, analysts estimate.
Samsung, meanwhile, has benefited immensely from the market insight it gained from the Apple relationship, and from producing smartphones and tablets that closely resemble Apple's.
While the two companies compete fiercely in the high-end smartphone business—where together they control half the sales and virtually all of the profits—their strengths and weaknesses are in many ways complementary. Apple's operations chief, Jeff Williams, told Reuters last month that Samsung was an important partner and they had a strong relationship on the supply side, but declined to elaborate.
As their legal war winds down, it is increasingly clear that Apple and Samsung have plenty of common interests as they work to beat back other potential challengers, such as BlackBerry or Microsoft.
The contrast with other historic tech industry rivalries is stark. When Apple accused Microsoft in the 1980s of ripping off the Macintosh to create the Windows operating system, Apple's very existence was at stake. Apple lost, the Mac became a niche product, and the company came close to extinction before Jobs returned to Apple in late 1996 and saved it with the iPod and the iPhone. Jobs died in October 2011.
Similarly, the Internet browser wars of the late 1990s that pitted Microsoft against Netscape ended with Netscape being sold for scrap and its flagship product abandoned.
Apple and Samsung, on the other hand, are not engaged in a corporate death match so much as a multi-layered rivalry that is by turns both friendly and hard-edged. For competitors like Nokia, BlackBerry, Sony, HTC and even Google—whose Motorola unit is expected to launch new smartphones later this year—they are a formidable duo.
The way they were
The partnership piece of the Apple-Samsung relationship dates to 2005, when the Cupertino, California-based giant was looking for a stable supplier of flash memory. Apple had decided to jettison the hard disc drive in creating the iPod shuffle, iPod nano and then-upcoming iPhone, and it needed huge volumes of flash memory chips to provide storage for the devices.
The memory market in 2005 was extremely unstable, and Apple wanted to lock in a supplier that was rock-solid financially, people familiar with the relationship said. Samsung held about 50% of the NAND flash memory market at that time.
"Whoever controls flash is going to control this space in consumer electronics," Jobs said at the time, according to a source familiar with the discussions.
The success of that deal led to Samsung supplying the crucial application processors for the iPhone and iPad. Initially, the two companies jointly developed the processors based on a design from ARM Holdings Plc, but Apple gradually took full control over development of the chip. Now Samsung merely builds the components at a Texas factory.
The companies built a close relationship that extended to the very top: in 2005, Jay Y. Lee, whose grandfather founded the Samsung Group, visited Jobs' home in Palo Alto, California, after the two signed the flash memory deal.
The partnership gave Apple and Samsung insight into each other's strategies and operations. In particular, Samsung's position as the sole supplier of iPhone processors gave it valuable data on just how big Apple thought the smartphone market was going to be.
"Having a relationship with Apple as a supplier, I am sure, helped the whole group see where the puck was going," said Horace Dediu, a former analyst at Nokia who now works as a consultant and runs an influential blog. "It's a very important advantage in this business if you know where to commit capital."
Samsung declined to comment on its relationship with a specific customer.
As for Apple, it reaped the benefit of Samsung's heavy investments in research and development, tooling equipment and production facilities. Samsung spent $21 billion (23 trillion won) on capital expenditures in 2012 alone, and plans to spend a similar amount this year.
By comparison, Intel Corp spent around $11 billion in 2012, and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co Ltd (TSMC) expects to spend $9 billion in 2013.
But component expertise, cash and good market intelligence did not assure success when Samsung launched its own foray into the smartphone market. The Omnia, a Windows-based product introduced in 2009, was so reviled that some customers hammered it to bits in public displays of dissatisfaction.
Meanwhile, Samsung publicly dismissed the iPhone's success.
"The popularity of iPhone is a mere result of excitement caused by some (Apple) fanatics," Samsung's then-president, G.S. Choi, told reporters in January 2010.
Privately, though, Samsung had other plans.
"The iPhone's emergence means the time we have to change our methods has arrived," Samsung mobile business head J.K. Shin told his staff in early 2010, according to an internal email filed in U.S. court.
Later that year, Samsung launched the Galaxy S, which sported the Android operating system and a look and feel very similar to the iPhone.
Jobs and Cook complained to top Samsung executives when they were visiting Cupertino. Apple expected, incorrectly, that Samsung would modify its design in response to the concerns, people familiar with the situation said.
Apple's worst fears were confirmed with the early 2011 release of the Galaxy Tab, which Jobs and others regarded as a clear rip-off of the iPad.
Cook, worried about the critical supplier relationship, was opposed to suing Samsung. But Jobs had run out of patience, suspecting that Samsung was counting on the supplier relationship to shield it from retribution.
Apple filed suit in April 2011, and the conflagration soon spread to courts in Europe, Asia and Australia. When Apple won its blockbuster billion-dollar jury verdict against Samsung last August, it appeared that it might be able to achieve an outright ban on the offending products—which would have dramatically altered the smartphone competition.
But Apple has failed to convince US judges to uphold those crucial sales bans—in large part because the extraordinary profitability and market power of the iPhone made it all but impossible for Apple to show it was suffering irreparable harm.
"Samsung may have cut into Apple's customer base somewhat, but there is no suggestion that Samsung will wipe out Apple's customer base, or force Apple out of the business of making smartphones," US District Judge Lucy Koh wrote. "The present case involves lost sales—not a lost ability to be a viable market participant."
Samsung, meanwhile, came under pressure from antitrust regulators and pulled back on its effort to shut down Apple sales in Europe over a related patent dispute.
A US appeals court recently rejected Apple's bid to fast-track its case, meaning its hopes for a sales ban are now stuck in months-long appeals, during which time Samsung may very well release the next version of its hot-selling Galaxy phone.
The world is ours
The legal battles have been less poisonous to the relationship than some of the rhetoric suggests.
"People play this stuff up because it shows a kind of drama, but the business reality is that the temperature isn't that high," said one attorney who has observed executives from both companies.
Still, the hostilities appear to have put some dents in the partnership. Apple is likely to switch to TSMC for the building of application processors, according to analysts at Goldman Sachs, Sanford Bernstein and other firms. But analysts at Korea Investment & Securities and HMC Securities point out that Apple will not be able to eliminate Samsung as a flash supplier because it remains the dominant producer of the crucial chips.
Apple declined to comment on the details of its relationships with any one supplier.
Meanwhile, both companies are deploying strategies out of the other's playbook as they seek to maintain and extend their lead over the pack.
Samsung has developed a cheeky, memorable TV ad that mocks Apple customers, and dramatically ramped up spending on marketing and advertising, a cornerstone of Apple's success. US ad spending on the Galaxy alone leaped to nearly $202 million in the first nine months of 2012, from $66.6 million in 2011, according to Kantar Media.
For its part, Apple is investing in manufacturing by helping its suppliers procure the machinery needed to build large-scale plants devoted exclusively to the company.
Apple spent about $10 billion in fiscal 2012 on capital expenditures, and it expects to spend a further $10 billion this year. By contrast, the company spent only $4.6 billion in fiscal 2011 and $2.6 billion in fiscal 2010.
But Apple and Samsung retain very different strategies. Apple has just one smartphone and only four product lines in total, and tries to keep variations to a bare minimum while focusing on the high end of the market.
Samsung, by contrast, has 37 phone products that are tweaked for regional tastes and run the gamut from very cheap to very expensive, according to Mirae Asset Securities. The company also makes chips, TVs, appliances and a host of other products (and its brethren in the Samsung Group sell everything from ships to insurance policies).
Apple devices are hugely popular in the United States; Samsung enjoys supremacy in developing countries like India and China. Apple keeps its core staff lean—it has only 60,000 employees worldwide—and relies on partners for manufacturing and other functions. Samsung Electronics, part of a sprawling "chaebol," or conglomerate, that includes some 80 companies employing 369,000 people worldwide, is far more vertically integrated.
It is those differences, combined with the formidable strengths that both companies bring to the market, that may render quiet cooperation a better strategy than all-out war for some time to come.
Said Brad Silverberg, a former Microsoft executive who was involved in the Mac vs. Windows wars, "Apple had learnt a lot of lessons from those days." REUTERS
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Old Testament
This article forms part of the series on the The Old Testament - Septuagint | |
or simply "LXX", the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible. | |
Pentateuch or "the Law" | |
1.Genesis | 2.Exodus | 3.Leviticus | 4.Numbers | 5.Deuteronomy | |
Historical Books | |
6.Joshua | 7.Judges | 8.Ruth 9.I Kingdoms | 10.II Kingdoms | 11.III Kingdoms | 12.IV Kingdoms | |
Books of Wisdom | |
24.Book of Psalms | 25.Job | 26.Proverbs 27.Ecclesiastes | 28.Song of Solomon 29.Wisdom of Solomon | 30.Wisdom of Sirach | |
The Prophets | |
The Minor Prophets, or "The Twelve" 31.Hosea | 32.Amos | 33.Micah | 34.Joel | 35.Obadiah | 36.Jonah | |
The Major Prophets 43.Isaiah | 44.Jeremiah | 45.Baruch | 46.Lamentations | |
Appendix | |
IV Maccabees | |
The Old Testament is first of the two divisions of Holy Scripture. According to historians, the Old Testament was composed between the 5th century BC and the 2nd century BC, though parts of it, such as the Torah, and Song of Deborah (Judges 5), date back much earlier.
Traditionally the Old Testament is divided into the law books (the Pentateuch and historical books), the Psalms and other wisdom books, and the prophets because of what Christ said in Luke 24:44:
- And he said unto them, These are the words which I spake unto you, while I was yet with you, that all things must be
- fulfilled, which were written in the law of Moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me. (KJV)
The term Old Testament itself is a translation of the Latin Vetus Testamentum, from the Greek Ἡ Παλαιά Διαθήκη (hē Palaia Diathēkē), all meaning "The Old Covenant" (or "Testament"). The Latin rendered testament in English originally came from the Latin for "witness" and from there expanded to mean "to make a will"; thus, though it is purported to be synonymous with "covenant," it has a distinct legal flavoring. Further semantic extensions in English have made the English term more ambiguous[1].
The Orthodox Church also numbers among the genuine books of the Old Testament the so-called apocryphal books, literally meaning the "secret" or "hidden" writings. A less Protestant-biased term for these parts of Scripture is the deuterocanonical writings.
The Five Books of the Law
The Five Books of the Law are the first five books of the Old Testament, known jointly as the Pentateuch (Gr. Πεντάτευχος, literally five volumes), and they describe God's creation of the world, the rebellion of Adam and Eve and the fall of man. These books are also called the Books of Moses. They detail the early history of God's people of Israel from the days of Abraham (ca. 2000 BC) right through to the era of Moses (ca. 1250 BC).
The Five Books of the Law are:
- Genesis, meaning "beginning"
- Exodus, meaning "exit" or "departure"
- Leviticus
- Numbers
- Deuteronomy, meaning "second law"
Although scholars believe that the Law was not written by the personal hand of Moses, and that the books show evidence of being the result of a number of oral and written traditions and time periods, the Church connects the Law with Moses, the great man of God to whom "the Lord used to speak ... face to face, as a man speaks to his friend" (Exodus 33:11).
The Books of History
The second section of the LXX Old Testament is known as the Historical Books. This group covers the history of Israel from the settlement in the promised land of Canaan to the first centuries before Christ.
They include:
- I Kingdoms (I Samuel)
- II Kingdoms (II Samuel)
- Third and Fourth Kingdoms
- III Kingdoms (I Kings)
- IV Kingdoms (II Kings)
- First and Second Chronicles
- I Paraleipomenon (I Chronicles)
- II Paraleipomenon (II Chronicles)
- Nehemiah
- I Esdras
- II Esdras (Ezra)
- The Final Books
- Tobit (Tobias)
- Judith
- Esther
- I Maccabees
- II Maccabees
- III Maccabees (English bible)
In the canon of the Orthodox Church—which is generally that of the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible—1 & 2 Samuel are called 1 & 2 Kings; and 1 & 2 Kings are called 3 & 4 Kings. Also, the so-called apocryphal books, listed above (I Esdras, II Esdras, Tobit, Judith, I Maccabees, II Maccabees, III Maccabees, IV Maccabees), are considered by the Orthodox as genuine parts of the Bible. The Old Testament apocrypha is a body of writings considered by the non-Orthodox to be of close association with the Bible, but not actually part of its official canonical contents.
The historical books of the Bible were written well after the events described in them actually took place.
Wisdom books
The Wisdom books include Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon, as well as the Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach, also called Ecclesiasticus, and the Wisdom of Solomon from the so-called apocrypha.
- Psalms
- Prayer of Manasseh
- Job
- Proverbs
- Ecclesiastes
- Song of Solomon (Song of Songs or Canticle of Canticles)
- Wisdom of Solomon
- Wisdom of Sirach (Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach, also called Ecclesiasticus)
Although not technically a wisdom book, the Prayer of Manasseh from the so-called apocrypha, is a penitential prayer of the King of Judah, which for the Orthodox is part of the Bible. (It is included in the Great Compline service of the Orthodox Church.)
16 books in the Old Testament are called by the names of prophets, although not necessarily written by their hands. A prophet is one who speaks the word of God by direct divine inspiration, not just one who foretells the future.
Major prophets
Four of the prophetic books are those of the so-called major prophets:
Minor prophets
The books of the 12 so-called minor prophets:
Some Orthodox Churches include:
External links
- Old Testament Survey, by Douglas Stuart (seminary class)
- About the Deuterocanon (Second Canonical Books)
- Wikipedia: Old Testament


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SB Nation United FAQs
– Whoa, this page looks different. Is SB Nation changing the way they cover teams and sports?
SB Nation is not changing the way we cover sports. We're going to remain the place for passionate, intense and fan-driven coverage of your favorite teams and sports. This new look is designed to load faster, be more versatile on all platforms and give you the most important news and analysis in an easy to digest and prettier package.
– How do I sign up for a new account?
Simply click on the 'Sign up' link in the upper right hand corner of your favorite SB Nation community. Your username will work not only at all of SB Nation's sports sites, but also Vox Media's leading consumer tech destination, The Verge, and the forthcoming gaming-focused destination, Polygon. Signing up for an account allows you to comment on articles, track new comments and easily follow updates from your favorite SB Nation sites across all sports and leagues.
– If I had an account, where do I go to log in? Is the process still the same?
The process remains exactly the same. You should be able to login the same exact way you used to and you'll still have the same username and password as before. Logging in using your Facebook or Yahoo account will also work the same.
– Where do I go to comment? Will the commenting still work the same? (z-button, etc.?)
Commenting hasn't changed. It's exactly the same experience. Within an article, press C to tab to new comments, Shift-C to tab backwards, X to mark as read, and Shift-A to mark all read. The best: Z will simultaneously mark and tab forward, and R will reply to the comment that has focus.
– What are FanPosts and FanShots and where are they located?
FanPosts are designed to be a place where you can start a conversation on a topic that you care about. It's one of the most empowering tools SB Nation offers and it allows the community to create articles around topics not presently being discussed on the main page of the site. Different communities have different rules about FanPosts so be sure to read your community guidelines before diving in.
FanShots are similar to FanPosts in that they empower our communities to open up their own conversation but these are designed to be shorter, quicker posts that link to a photo, video or interesting content you find elsewhere on the web. These are designed to be shared quickly without much commentary at all.
– How do I create a FanPost or FanShot?
There's a FanPost "Post your own" link on the front page of every SB Nation community as well as a FanShot space where you can paste a link to the link, image, or video you want to share. Look in the sidebars of the front page of an SB Nation site for these sections or click the Community tab in the site's navigation bar.
– Can FanPosts and FanShots still be recommended and where will they show up?
Yes, the recommend process will be exactly the same and FanPosts and FanShots will still be prominently placed on front page of our sites.
– What are Game Threads and where will they appear?
Game Threads are posts that our site editors put up to act as a real-time discussion of a live game. It's the place where the community gathers to discuss what is going on with your favorite team, during the game. It's the place where the communities bond, celebrate and/or commiserate. Game Threads will still appear prominently on our team and sport pages during live events. They will be placed high up on the front page so you know exactly where to go when you come to the communities during those events. Jump in and enjoy a virtual stadium experience minus the really uncomfortable stadium seats and urinal troughs.
– Will Game Threads work the same?
Mostly. If you're a long-time community member, they will likely be very similar to the experience you had in the past. The one major difference is that we now have something called StoryStreams. StoryStreams will allow our lead site editors to add updates to the Game Threads so the live experience will all live in one place, as opposed to the way it worked before with multiple Game Threads. The experience should be greatly improved from this standpoint and will help to consolidate the game day experience all in one area.
– If I notice problems with the new site not working properly, what do I do?
Email [email protected]. We have a very friendly and helpful product support staff that is on call 24/7 and can address your issue. You might not hear back immediately but they are always there in the background waiting to help.
Attached to this post is further information but these FAQs as well as the video will get you cruising around the sites in no time.


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Karen makes divine Ooh La La Artisan Confectionary like calissons, nougat and toffees - I know they're divine because I ate FOUR nougats on the Metro going home last night.
Her two daughters, Saffron and Scarlett (why did my mother name me plain-Jane Carol) joined us. They're tres bonne eleve - they drew, played games quietly through the meal. Only at the end did Scarlett fall asleep on the table.
A red crocodile Birkin.
Remember Le Divorce (Leslie Caron was in it) with the famed red croc that fell off of the Eiffel Tower?


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Ask Americans about the most pressing concerns for the nation, and overhauling the tax code probably isn't all that high on the list — that is, unless those Americans happen to be Rep. Dave Camp, R-Mich., and Sen. Max Baucus, D-Mont., the chairmen of the congressional tax-writing committees.
The two lawmakers are on a mission to simplify the tax code.
When they're out on the road selling that tax overhaul, they don't wear ties and they skip much of the formality of Washington — like last names even. Just call them Max and Dave.
On a recent Monday morning, they found themselves in Debbie Schaeffer's appliance store in New Jersey, Mrs. G TV and Appliances. After looking over some high-end ovens, the chairmen sat down with Schaeffer at a faux kitchen island near the front of the store to talk taxes.
"Right now, it's just so extremely complicated," Schaeffer says.
Welcome to the tax overhaul road show — the public part of Max and Dave's bipartisan push for a fairer, flatter, simpler tax code. Their leading question to the business owners and taxpayers they visit is: Wouldn't it be better if the tax code were simpler?
The answer is always: Yes, but...
In Schaeffer's case, Baucus asks her about getting rid of a bunch of deductions. That would mean lower tax rates, he says, maybe even a top rate as low as 25 percent.
"You'd pay a lower rate," he says. "Is that an approach that makes sense?"
Schaeffer says it is. Then comes the "but."
"It's going to be very hard to wipe out all deductions, but if there is a compromise to get rid of some of the ones ... that don't affect me," she says, that would be good for both her and her business.
Therein lies the rub. People, corporations and interest groups all say: "Sure, get rid of tax breaks — just not mine."
A Bumpy Road Ahead?
The next stop on the tour takes Max and Dave to the dining room table of retired CPA Scott Stevens.
Stevens shared his story using a website the chairmen set up to get regular people involved in overhauling the tax code. Thousands of people have written in, but Stevens' letter stood out. He complained that his daughter, who has her own photography business, pays a higher tax rate than hedge-fund managers.
When the lawmakers ask Stevens if it's worth all the trouble to change the tax code, Stevens says: "I do. I think it's worth the effort."
Stevens also wishes them luck. And they're going to need it.
On the road, Max Baucus and Dave Camp play down their partisan differences, stressing the common goal of simplifying the code. But back on Capitol Hill, when party leaders talk about a tax overhaul, they talk about revenue, bringing the divisions into bright focus.
"We're going to have to have significant revenue, period," Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., has said. His idea of tax reform is getting rid of deductions to bring more revenue into government coffers.
And for Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., that's a nonstarter. "It's not about raising revenue for the government," he says. "So, yeah, I think we have a real stumbling block here, in trying to figure a way forward."
'There's Going To Be Compromise'
So, do Camp and Baucus talk about these differences? And doesn't it raise questions about their chances for success?
"We talk about it," Camp says.
"We talk about it frequently," Baucus adds. "But we also know that that issue is going to get worked out. There's going to be compromise. In the meantime, let's work to get the code in much better shape."
And then, as often happens with these two, Camp chimes back in: "I don't think we'd be doing our job if we started off with saying, 'Well, we don't agree on something, so let's just stop.' And, clearly, I think if we can get the right policy, that's what we really need to look for. And so that's why we're doing these tours."
And that's why, every couple of weeks, they gather for what they call a "two-pitcher lunch" at Kelly's Irish Times, a Capitol Hill pub. There's beer and soda and burgers, along with a bipartisan mix of about a dozen senators and representatives.
They're laying the groundwork, building the relationships. And they're paying homage to the last time Congress passed a major overhaul of the tax system, back in 1986. That plan was hatched over two pitchers of beer at Irish Times.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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T-shirt shop
This is the Cardvibes T-shirt shop. The place to buy funny T-shirts printed with Cardvibes illustrations. This can be done in three different ways.
- Buy a ready-made T-shirt.
On the first page of the T-shirt shop you will find a lot off T-shirt designs. Click on a design to see some T-shirts made with it. From there you can put a T-shirt in your shopping basket and order it. Of course, the color is customizable and you choose your own size. - Customize a ready-made T-shirt.
If one of the T-shirts in the shop almost suits you, but you would like to make some small adjustments, this is possible too. With every T-shirt in the shop you have that option. Click on it and you will go to the T-shirt designer with the shirt you have chosen. From here you can add text, choose another product and make any other changes you'd want to make. This way you easily order your own unique shirt. - T-shirt design.
If you want to start off your T-shirt completely blank, you can. Go straight to the T-shirt designer. There you'll find all T-shirt designs and all possible shirts and products. Put them together, add text and go wild. The result will definitely be unique and crushing.
The printing and sending of the T-Shirts is then entrusted to Tekenaartje's partner Spreadshirt. Spreadshirt has printed and sent over millions of high quality T-Shirts throughout the world over the years. That's why you can trust your order with confidence.


text: Proactive support for network infrastructureSmart Net Total Care provides award-winning technical support along with an entitlement to smart capabilities. Solve problems faster, improve operational efficiency, and reduce your risk of downtime. Smart Net Total Care gives you more time to focus on business innovation while proactively supporting your infrastructure.Solve problems fasterTechnical support, online resources, and smart capabilities help reduce downtime and promote business continuity.Improve efficiencyInventory and contract management are automated. Maintaining an up-to-date view of your network takes less effort.Stay up and runningReduce the risk of downtime with expert technical support, flexible hardware coverage, and up-to-date coverage data.- Cisco TAC expertise- Hardware replacement- Cisco digital support- Software updates- Smart capabilities


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With Millions Spent, GOP 'Investors' Saw Little Return Election Night
With Millions Spent, GOP 'Investors' Saw Little Return Election Night
A "return on investment" is a concept better known to Wall Street than to Washington. But after President Obama and the Democrats won most of the close elections last week there are questions about the seven- and eight-figure "investments" made by dozens of conservative donors.
During the election season, it was pretty common to hear about donors making "investments" in superPACs and other outside groups, rather than a "political contribution," perhaps because the phrase has a sort of taint to it.
Related NPR Stories
Bill Allison, editorial director at the nonpartisan Sunlight Foundation, says it also reflects the priorities of the donors themselves.
"I think that an awful lot of the time, they're thinking in terms of their bottom line," Allison says, "which is why I think this language has come up so much."
So the Sunlight Foundation calculated the return on these investments, at least on the contributions that have been disclosed. They found that a lot of the really big, much lauded superPACs kinda "fell flat on their faces," he says.
Exhibit A might be the American Crossroads organization, with strategist Karl Rove, among others, at the helm. The superPAC backed seven losing candidates and just two winners.
The social welfare advocacy group Crossroads GPS did slightly better: 19 losers and 7 winners. Spending by the two groups totaled about $277 million.
Karl Rove has been defending the record of both groups. On Fox News last week, he said that President Obama's victory would've been bigger if the Crossroads TV campaign hadn't leveled the playing field.
He also said the Obama campaign played dirty with its TV ads.
"The president ... succeeded by suppressing the vote," Rove said on Fox News.
Rove said the president's campaign did that by basically painting Romney as "simply a rich guy who only cares about himself."
It's certainly true that the Obama campaign portrayed Mitt Romney as exactly that. Of course, starting a year earlier Crossroads GPS had begun running ads depicting the president as inept or sleazy.
Sometimes, the investment strategies of the super donors have seemed a little muddled. Casino magnate Sheldon Adelson and his wife Miriam gave nearly $54 million to groups backing GOP candidates.
But back in January, one of those candidates was Newt Gingrich, who was then battling Romney for the nomination. With Adelson's money, the pro-Gingrich superPAC ran ads that went where Republicans had been afraid to go: a head-on assault on Romney's record as a private equity investor.
"For tens of thousands of Americans, the suffering began," one ad begins over an ominous soundtrack, "when Mitt Romney came to town."
Adelson and his wife ultimately gave the pro-Gingrich superPAC $20 million. Gingrich was able to stay in the race and Romney was prevented from moving toward the center for the general election.
The Adelsons got some of their money back from the pro-Gingrich superPAC and gave it to the pro-Romney superPAC after he won the nomination.
Meanwhile, Democrats got the green light to go after Romney's business career.
SuperPACs supporting President Obama, like Priorities USA Action, have their own list of million-dollar donors. Right now, their return on investment looks pretty good.


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Warren Buffet's $1 Billion Challenge: All Brackets Busted After Just 25 Games
(Associated Press) - The billion dollar dream is over. A second day of upsets ended any chance of someone having a perfect NCAA tournament bracket in Warren Buffet's $1 billion challenge. It was a favorite that provided the first blemish on the final three people's brackets in the Quicken Loans contest on the Yahoo Sports website.
All three had ninth-seeded George Washington beating Memphis. The Tigers won 71-66.
It only took 25 games for everyone to be eliminated. Then again most of brackets were knocked out on the tournament's first full day. The number of unblemished brackets kept dwindling after third-seed Duke, sixth-seed UMass and seventh-seed New Mexico lost Friday.
Only 16 people remained perfect after 10th-seeded Stanford topped New Mexico. Then Tennessee routed UMass, leaving only six people with a chance of beating the 9.2 quintillion-to-1 odds.
Gonzaga's victory over Oklahoma State cut that down to the final three.
Memphis guard Chris Crawford (3) reacts to a Mercer goal against George Washington during the second …
Even though no one won the $1 billion, the top 20 scores will still each get $100,000.
Quicken Loans, which is sponsoring and insuring the Buffet contest, said on its Twitter feed that it wouldn't reveal the number of entrants to the challenge. The pool was supposed to be capped at 15 million entries. It probably wouldn't have mattered if they had let more people join.
At CBSSports.com, only 0.03 percent of entrants were still perfect after Mercer upset Duke. They didn't last much longer as Tennessee's rout of UMass wiped out all the remaining unblemished entries. It took 21 games to end everyone's hope of perfection this year. Last season it took 23 games and 24 in 2012.
A year ago, not a single person of the 11 million who entered on ESPN's website was perfect after a first day filled with upsets. Just four got 15 out of 16 right.
This year people lasted a little longer. After the first 25 games, three perfect brackets remained out of the 11 million entered.
- DOUG FEINBERG (AP Basketball Writer)


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A New York lawmaker wants to put the brakes on eating doughnuts — and anything else, for that matter — in the city's subway system.
State Sen. Bill Perkins of Harlem says an eating ban would help combat rats and litter. But the issue is stirring somewhat of a food fight among subway riders.
You're going to try to put a little something in your system before you get to your other job. You don't want to be late, so you do it on the subway.
We've all heard that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. But in today's fast-paced society, a lot of us simply don't have the time to sit down for a morning meal, at least not in the traditional sense. So we do what Norisel Salcedo does — eat on the run. This morning she's munching on a granola bar on her way to work on a southbound D train.
"I'm very hungry, and it's breakfast," Salcedo laughs.
Jakaira Caycho, 15, knows what that's like. She says she often wolfs down a bacon, egg and cheese sandwich as she rides the rails to school. "I think that people should eat in the subway, because kids get hungry and they don't even have time to eat in the house or anything," she says.
Caycho says she has seen a lot of rats in the subway, so she gets what all the fuss is about. But she also doesn't think an eating ban will solve the problem. Bronx resident Lucy Sailsman disagrees. She says she's tired of seeing people in the subway stuff their faces and leave a smorgasbord of crumbs behind for rodents.
"Eat at home, or wait till you get to work or wherever you're going to eat," Sailsman says.
But what if you work more than one job to make ends meet? Those are the people subway rider Troy Davis says he worries about.
"If this is your chance to eat, then this is your chance to eat," Davis says. "You gotta figure, if you gotta go from one job and you already had lunch there, but you're trying to make it to the other job and you haven't had dinner yet, you're going to try to put a little something in your system before you get to your other job. You don't want to be late, so you do it on the subway. "
Under the proposed eating ban, subway riders caught noshing could be slapped with a fine of up to $250.
"That's not cool. No way," says rider Bernadette Joseph, upon hearing about the fine.
Joseph says her subway ride to work takes an hour — a commute she calls "breakfast time." This morning she had a granola bar and yogurt.
I'm a little old-fashioned, and I think it's better if you can sit and eat at a table, preferably either at home or a restaurant or places designed for eating.
Harlem resident Randall Iserman says he's seen his fellow subway riders eat just about everything, and he would simply prefer if they refined their habits.
"I'm a little old-fashioned, and I think it's better if you can sit and eat at a table, preferably either at home or a restaurant or places designed for eating; but I'm not really the person to tell anyone else how they can fit their lives together or fulfill their time," Iserman says.
Schoolteacher Monique Abrams says for her, changing her morning routine would be the hardest part of a ban on eating in the subway.
"Every morning, bagel, butter, iced coffee to get me going in the morning to get up to the Bronx and deal with these kids," Abrams says. "And I don't know, if I didn't have my iced coffee in the morning, what I would do. I would probably start to smoke cigarettes. That wouldn't be good."
It wouldn't be legal, either. If the eating ban is approved, Abrams could look to Washington, D.C., or San Francisco commuters for advice on how to cope. Those cities already outlaw eating in the subway.
Copyright 2012 WFUV


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One of the country's most selective public research universities, Clemson University serves a uniquely driven and highly accomplished student body. Ranked as the 27th best national public university by U.S. News & World Report, Clemson is dedicated to teaching, research and service. Founded in 1889, we remain committed both to world-class research and a high quality of life. In fact, 92 percent of our seniors say they'd pick Clemson again if they had it to do over. Clemson's retention and graduation rates rank among the highest in the country for public universities. We've been named among the "Best Public College Values" by Kiplinger magazine in 2019, and The Princeton Review named us among the "Best Value Colleges" for 2020. Our beautiful college campus sits on 20,000 acres in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, along the shores of Lake Hartwell. And we also have research facilities and economic development hubs throughout the state of South Carolina — in Anderson, Blackville, Charleston, Columbia, Darlington, Georgetown, Greenville, Greenwood, and Pendleton. The research, outreach and entrepreneurial projects led by our faculty and students are driving economic development and improving quality of life in South Carolina and beyond. In fact, a recent study determined that Clemson has an annual $1.9 billion economic impact on the state. Just as founder Thomas Green Clemson intertwined his life with the state's economic and educational development, the Clemson Family impacts lives daily with their teaching, research and service. How Clemson got its start University founders Thomas Green and Anna Calhoun Clemson had a lifelong interest in education, agricultural affairs and science. In the post-Civil War days of 1865, Thomas Clemson looked upon a South that lay in economic ruin, once remarking, "This country is in wretched condition, no money and nothing to sell. Everyone is ruined, and those that can are leaving." Thomas Clemson's death on April 6, 1888, set in motion a series of events that marked the start of a new era in higher education in South Carolina. In his will, he bequeathed the Fort Hill plantation and a considerable sum from his personal assets for the establishment of an educational institution that would teach scientific agriculture and the mechanical arts to South Carolina's young people. Clemson Agricultural College formally opened as an all-male military school in July 1893 with an enrollment of 446. It remained this way until 1955 when the change was made to "civilian" status for students, and Clemson became a coeducational institution. In 1964, the college was renamed Clemson University as the state legislature formally recognized the school's expanded academic offerings and research pursuits. More than a century after its opening, the University provides diverse learning, research facilities and educational opportunities not only for the people of the state — as Thomas Clemson dreamed — but for thousands of young men and women throughout the country and the world.
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