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Saturday, August 20, 2011
If Christ is the rock, can Peter also be the rock?
28 comments:
- Msgr. Pope said...
Excellent. I am especially grateful for your analogy about the pencil. It is a much better illustration of primary and secondary causality than I have used in my years.
I also ordered the Book you recommended on Philosophy and Ecumenism and eager await its arrival. - August 20, 2011 at 8:03 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
You'll love the "Philosophy and Ecumenism" book by Fr. Morerod.
I stole the pencil analogy from him! (he uses the idea of chalk, since we had the old chalk-boards at the Angelicum University)
Peace and blessings to you! + - August 20, 2011 at 8:12 AM
Very good post. Thank you.
Another, minor point I might add if I ever have to make this argument, is the Petrus-Petra issue when the Gospel was translated into Latin. Those of us who's primary language is English don't have a real since of the detail required by highly inflected languages, like Latin. Inanimate objects generally don't have gender in English. Petrus and Petra are the same word, but since Peter was male and "latin rocks were female" the endings differed. - August 20, 2011 at 11:35 AM
- Restless Pilgrim said...
Would you say that there is primary and secondary causality in the keys as well, where in the Book of Revelation, Jesus says that He has the key of David?
"To the angel of the church in Philadelphia write: These are the words of him who is holy and true, who holds the key of David. What he opens no one can shut, and what he shuts no one can open." - August 20, 2011 at 11:41 AM
Why is no distinction made between a pencil and a living human being relative to first and secondary causality? It would seem to make some difference in the force of the analogy.
Shylo - August 20, 2011 at 12:05 PM
In the English language, what is "correct to say" in terms of word choice is typically a matter of convention, and it is unconventional to say that "the pencil wrote it". Similarly, although we might say that the hammer hit the nail, we do not say the hammer built the house. The building of a house is more than a hammer hitting a nail, and the writing of a word is more than a pencil scratching paper, and thus it is not "correct to say" that the hammer built the house and that the pencil wrote the word. Indeed, in terms of "cause", the statement "the pencil wrote it" does not identify any cause, whether primary, secondary, or whatever. Rather, the statement begs the question of whether it really happened, and if it did, what caused such a thing. Now, as to "the commentary of Fr. Cornelius a' Lapide", though he uses the word "proved", his linguistic commentary is not convincing. For example, his claim that "there had been no mention made of any other rock to which the pronoun 'this' could refer, except Peter" is problematic in multiple regards. The word "this" in "this rock" is not a pronoun, but an adjective. Moreover, Jesus had clearly led into the subject with the question to his disciples, "who do you say that I am?" And thus, he had been referring to himself. And the preceding use of the word "this", whether as a pronoun or however, was in the sentence, "For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my heavenly Father." Again, "this", i.e. "who that I am", referring to himself. The reality is that Jesus did not refer to "any other rock", for there is but One Rock, and Jesus knew that, and in knowing who Jesus is, so too did Peter know that. What Jesus said should be read with this in mind. Then there is no "want of connection", nor "a lessening of the speech", nor any reason for Peter to ask "how then dost thou build Thy Church not upon me but upon Thyself?" Lastly, the statement by Fr. Lapide that "all that goes before and that follows refer to Peter alone" should be reviewed in light of the fact that "all that goes before and that follows" does not exclude Jesus and his disciples. Nowhere does Jesus say, "Peter alone" or "you alone". As Jesus said, "I am the vine; you are the branches... apart from me you can do nothing." Peter is not going it "alone" apart from Jesus and all who abide in him. Indeed, the session begins and closes with Jesus speaking to "his disciples", not "Peter alone". Therefore, Fr. Lapide's claim that "all that goes before and that follows refer to Peter alone" is problematic.
- August 20, 2011 at 12:09 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
The point of the analogy was to show causality, not free will. Hence, the pencil is a better choice - since the causal relation is more clear.
If I wanted to emphasize free will, then I would have used a King and a servant ... the King delivers a message through his servant telling the Queen that it is time for the Fair. The message is caused 100% by the servant and 100% by the King.
(The reason I did not use this analogy, is that the causal relation is quite a bit less clear and their is a significant time-difference).
Peace. + - August 20, 2011 at 1:52 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
And yet the fact remains that it wasn't Thomas or Andrew or any other who was named "Peter" - "Rock", but only Simon the son of John.
And "this" in "this rock" clearly must refer to Peter, who shares in Christ's own name (for he is the Rock).
If you want to have an intelligent discussion, lets talk about the relation between primary and secondary causality.
Christ is the Rock.
Peter is the Rock.
The successors of Peter are the Rock.
All the Apostles (united to Peter) are the Rock.
The successors of the Apostles (united to the Pope) are the Rock.
The Church herself is the Rock.
All of these statements are true ... each according to the proper understanding.
So, where Christ is, there is the Church.
Where Peter (and his successors), there the Church.
Where the Apostles (and there successors united to the Pope), there the Church.
Where the faithful gathered together in unity of faith with the Pope and Bishops, there the Church.
Thus also, where Christ is not, there the Church is not.
Where not Peter (and his successors), there not the Church.
Where not the Apostles (and their successors) united to Peter (and his successors), there not the Church.
Where not the people of God (united to the Pope and the Bishops), there not the Church.
Hence, when I say "Peter alone", I do not exclude Christ. Just as when I say, "Jesus alone is my Savior", I do not exclude the Father.
But, without Peter, there is no Church. As, without Jesus Christ there is not access to the Father. - August 20, 2011 at 2:08 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Oh, by the way, if you had studied Greek carefully you would know that the "this" in "this rock" is a demonstrative PRONOUN (just as Fr. Cornelius a' Lapide says ... he is after all a master of Greek, having dedicated his whole life to the study of the Scriptures).
Look at the examples "that man" and "this man" (which are demonstrative PRONOUNS in Greek), see under the heading "Word Order" - August 20, 2011 at 2:18 PM
- Cesário Lange por Fernando Antônio Batista de Almeida said...
French is a modern language and it translates very well these words:
Tu es Pierre, et sur cette pierre je bâtirai mon Eglise. - August 20, 2011 at 3:02 PM
Fr. Erlenbush, the Bible does not say what it does not say. The Bible does not say that "it wasn't Thomas or Andrew or any other who was named 'Peter' - 'Rock'". Rather, that is what you say. Likewise, there are people who say that Peter also was not named "this rock" or "pope", that such things are a matter of interpretation. And indeed, your post with your quotes from Fr. Lapide supports the view that it is a matter of interpretation, as all language is. And so "the fact remains" that Matthew 16 doesn't say "you alone" or "Peter alone". The word "alone" is not in Matthew 16. Hence, when you say "Peter alone", that is not what the Bible says. Rather, it is what you say. As to "talk" about causality, there are as many theories as anyone cares to imagine. Likewise as to so-called "intelligent conversation", it is said that "This too is meaningless, a chasing after the wind." Now, as to "this" and "pronoun", these are English words, not Greek, and in the English language, the word "this" as in "this rock" is an adjective, sometimes called a demonstrative determiner, as in "This rock is granite". As such, it is a demonstrative but not a demonstrative pronoun, for a demonstrative pronoun, rather than modifying a noun or noun phrase, stands on its so-called own, as in "This is granite". Perhaps if you had written in Greek, then Greek language rules would apply to what you wrote in Greek, but you didn't write in Greek. It simply is not "correct" to call "this" in the phrase "this rock" a "pronoun". Anyway, as I've pointed out, it is just one of many problematic issues with your post. You also wrote, "it is important to notice that the words are identical in Aramaic (which is the language in which Jesus original spoke them)". Again, Matthew 16 does not say that. It is someone's theory.
- August 20, 2011 at 5:56 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
You got me there ... I did write the word "pronoun" in English, but (as you well know) I was referring to the GREEK New Testament.
Now, if you don't know that the NT was written in Greek (and that Jesus spoke Aramaic) and that the word for "this" in Greek is a pronoun and not an adjective, that is your problem (not Fr. Cornelius a' Lapde's) [and, if you are wondering, he wrote in Latin, not that it matters, since he is speaking of the GREEK New Testament].
As to your point about whether or not Andrew or Thomas is called Peter ... can you remind me of where we read "Andrew Peter..." or "Thomas Peter..."? The only one I know of called Peter is "Simon Peter".
[and I know that there are people who say that Simon was not named "Peter" or "this rock" ... they (like you) do not understand Greek and Aramaic grammar]. - August 20, 2011 at 8:30 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Oh, and this will really blow your mind, I should mention that the word "you" (which, fyi, is also a pronoun [in English and, more importantly, in Greek]) is in the singular rather than the plural.
[I know that this singular/plural difference is visible only in the Greek and Aramaic and not in the English, but please try not to complain about that]
So, when Jesus says, "You are Peter (Rock)", he is speaking only to Simon and not to all the Apostles together.
[else our Savior would have used the plural "you" form, and also a plural verb]
Thus, only Simon is called Rock ... hence, he is regularly named "Simon Peter" or even just "Peter" (sometimes, "Cephas") throughout the New Testament. - August 20, 2011 at 8:35 PM
"Upon this rock" was referring to OUR confessing Christ as the promised Son of Man. That was the foundation. "Every spirit that confesses that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God."
- August 20, 2011 at 10:43 PM
Fr. Erlenbach, it is not "known" what language Jesus spoke at every particular moment. Likewise, there are theories about the original language(s) of the NT. Perhaps you subscribe to one of them. As to the word "you" being in the singular, that's not news to me and it doesn't "blow my mind". "Rock" is not in the plural either. And as to "where we read 'Andrew Peter' or 'Thomas Peter'", I did not say we would or that we'd read "Peter alone" in the Bible either. However, we can read these names and phrases in your posts.
- August 21, 2011 at 12:48 AM
Why not 'God Powered Pencil' working through his disciples..........
- August 21, 2011 at 5:01 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
The idea that "this rock" is our confession of faith is completely unsupported by the text.
Jesus says to Simon, "You are Rock", then he says "upon this rock" ... now, since none other is named Rock (and since Christ then immediately continues speaking to Peter [and to Peter alone, with a singular "you"] "and I will give you the keys of the Kingdom", there is no grammatical reason to think that "this rock" is any other than the "Rock" he had just named, namely Simon Peter.
Look at the text.
In any case, do YOU really think that YOUR CONFESSION is the foundation of the Church? Did Christ really build his Church upon YOU? - August 21, 2011 at 6:45 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
1, it's "Fr. Erlenbush"
2, are you seriously questioning whether or not 1st century Jews spoke Aramaic? [I'm not questioning whether the NT was written in Greek, I'm telling you that Jesus was speaking Aramaic ... are you really not able to understand the difference?]
3, If Jesus says "you are Peter/Rock" and "you" is singular, then this means he is speaking to Simon Peter alone (at that moment).
4, Please look at my earlier comment to the effect that Christ is the Rock, Simon is the Rock, all the Apostles (united with Peter) are the Rock, and even the Church herself is the Rock. [and yet, Simon Peter is the only one singled out, and there is no Thomas Peter or Pencil Peter or Fr. Erlenbush Peter]. - August 21, 2011 at 6:52 AM
Fr. Whoever, the subject is not "whether or not 1st century Jews spoke Aramaic", i.e. whether Jews often spoke Aramaic across the century. Rather, the subject is a very specific instance for which records available today are not a recording made at the original moment in whatever language was actually spoken at that original moment but are transcriptions/translations at a later time in Greek, etc. Scholars disagree whether Jesus originally uttered Aramaic at that specific moment in time, even if he often spoke Aramaic at other times. And whether or not it was Aramaic or whatever language that he actually uttered at that specific moment, scholars have not proven what specific words he actually said, and thus, for example, as to whether or not he used "identical" words, or if he did, whether he meant them to have the same meaning. As to your claim that "If Jesus says 'you are Peter/Rock' and 'you' is singular, then this means he is speaking to Simon Peter alone (at that moment)," that is your interpretation, your words, but not the words from the Bible. Other people can have different words, different interpretations. Perhaps you think other words/interpretations are wrong, and if so, that too would be your interpretation, your opinion. Given the nature of language, your words and mine are subject to interpretation, as are subsequently worded explanations thereof. We (you and I) may remain unsure what it is we've said (meant), indeed even as to whether we agree or disagree. And yet, "All of these statements are true ... each according to the proper understanding."
- August 21, 2011 at 6:15 PM
Fr. Erlenbush. you asked "Did Christ really build his Church upon YOU?" But who do you say that I am? The Catholic Church teaches that our deepest identity (note the singular form) is Christ within us, and as you have said, "Christ is the Rock."
- August 21, 2011 at 6:34 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
1) It's not "Fr. Whoever", it's "Fr. Erlenbush" or "Fr. Ryan" ... I don't call you "pen" or "crayon", I call you "Pencil" because that's the name you provided. Please show me the same respect I have shown you.
2) You say that "you" ("you are Peter") being singular is "not the words from the Bible" but my own interpretation.
WRONG! The inspired text is in Greek and, in the inspired text, the "you" is singular. So, no, it's not just a matter of interpretation whether "you" is singular and whether "rock" is singular (and whether Jesus is speaking to all or just to Simon Peter) - it's just the words themselves!
You speak about the "nature of languages" ... well, I don't care about the nature of "languages", I care about the nature of Greek. And, in the Bible (which again is written in Greek), Jesus says "you are Peter" only to Simon Peter and not to all of the Apostles together.
3) As to whether or not our Savior said "Peter" in Greek or Aramaic ... the simple fact is that Peter is regularly called "Cephas" (especially by St. Paul [i.e. it's in the Bible]) ... now, "Cephas"/"Kepha" is the Aramaic of the word "Rock" which is translated into Greek/Latin as "Peter" (Petros in Greek, Petrus in Latin).
Now, how exactly did Peter get to be called "Cephas"/"Kepha" (the Aramaic word "Rock")? Perhaps it is because Jesus and the Apostles and disciples regularly called him "Cephas"/"Kepha"?! Yes!
Now, returning to Matthew 16 ... "You are Peter/Petros", "You are Kepha"; "and upon this rock/petros", "upon this kepha".
So, you can see why Fr. Cornelius says what he says.
4) Regarding your comment of 6:34pm, if you really think that Jesus built his Church upon you, then you shouldn't be wasting your time on a blog; there's a seat over in Rome with your name on it. - August 21, 2011 at 8:03 PM
First, I appreciate the fact that there is no name-calling in this dialogue, other than a presumed misspelling of a name.
Second, having been a court reporter, I learned that communication is way harder than most of us realize. So this is my mantra when I disagree with someone: "I know you think you understand what it is that you think that I said [or in this context, 'wrote,'], but what you don't understand is that how you read my comments may not be what I meant to write."
The Bible is inspired, and thus it is not interpretable however we, as lay people, see fit to interpret it; it is interpreted by people who have expertise and who are led by the Holy Spirit. If we get too technical or nit-picky and challenge knowledgeable people with small details, I think we miss the overall meaning. When we are arguing, I don't think we're loving ourselves or our neighbor. - August 26, 2011 at 1:13 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
@Mary Me,
well, unfortunately, I was not able to publish some comments from "Pencil" because he did intentionally begin to use highly derogatory and inflammatory language ... oh well ... such is the standard approach of those who want to interpret Scripture outside of the tradition.
Which brings us to your main point: That lay people should not by trying to interpret the Bible without the guidance of experts.
I completely agree, but I will go further ... NO ONE should be trying to interpret the Bible without the guidance of TRUE experts, i.e. the Fathers and Doctors of the Church.
When I come across a Bible commentary, I first look to see if the author is using not only the Church Fathers, but also the Doctors of the Church and the great Catholic scholars from the 17th and 18th centuries ... if he is not, then the book is not worth my time or energy. - August 27, 2011 at 8:51 AM
Wikipedia says:
"In the original Greek the word translated as "Peter" is Πέτρος (Petros) and that translated as "rock" is πέτρα (petra), two words that, while not identical, give an impression of one of many times when Jesus used a play on words. Furthermore, since Jesus presumably spoke to Peter in their native Aramaic language, he would have used kepha in both instances. The Peshitta Text and the Old Syriac text use the word "kepha" for both "Peter" and "rock" in Matthew 16:18.
"Protestant counter-claims to the Catholic interpretation are largely based on the difference between the Greek words translated "Rock" in the Matthean passage. In classical Attic Greek petros generally meant "pebble," while petra meant "boulder" or "cliff." Accordingly, taking Peter's name to mean "pebble," they argue that the "rock" in question cannot have been Peter, but something else, either Jesus himself, or the faith in Jesus that Peter had just professed. However, the New Testament was written in Koiné Greek, not Attic Greek, and some authorities say no significant difference existed between the meanings of petros and petra."
"...the Gospel of Matthew was not written in the classical Attic form of Greek, but in the Hellenistic Koine dialect in which there is no distinction in meaning between petros and petra. Moreover, even in Attic Greek, in which the regular meaning of petros was a smallish "stone," there are instances of its use to refer to larger rocks, as in Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus v. 1595, where petros refers to a boulder used as a landmark, obviously something more than a pebble. In any case, a petros/petra distinction is irrelevant considering the Aramaic language in which the phrase might well have been spoken. In Greek, of any period, the feminine noun petra could not be used as the given name of a male, which may explain the use of Petros as the Greek word with which to translate Aramaic Kepha."
"Matthew uses the demonstrative pronoun taute, which allegedly means "this very" or this same, when he refers to the rock on which Jesus' church will be built. He also uses the Greek word for "and", kai. It is alleged that when a demonstrative pronoun is used with kai, the pronoun refers back to the preceding noun. The second rock Jesus refers to must then be the same rock as the first one; and if Peter is the first rock he must also be the second." - August 27, 2011 at 1:00 PM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
Well, there you have it ... even Wikipedia agrees with Fr. Cornelius a' Lapide! :-)
@Anonymous, please use at least a pseudonym in the future. - August 27, 2011 at 2:02 PM
The pencil is an instrument which is completely controlled by the primary cause. The scripture writers are not mere instruments but maintain their own individuality, style, world views and language under the influence - inspiration, whatever that is - of the Holy Spirit. A dictation theory of the scriptures has been long discarded.
- September 9, 2011 at 11:35 AM
- Father Ryan Erlenbush said...
You miss the profundity of the analogy.
The pencil contributes greatly to the final product ... it writes in the color of the graphite (black/grey, yellow, orange, etc), it writes differently than a pen.
In any case, you are the first one to have mentioned the idea of dictation.
Again, the example is meant to show primary/secondary causality, not the relation between freedom and grace. - September 9, 2011 at 1:49 PM
- JQP said...
Thanks for the analogy and discussion. I always like it to hear what the original scripts technically say even though I feel the meaning is very clear in our modern translation. I first heard this scriptural text in a Vietnamese children Bible and while it says 'you are Peter' and 'on this rock, I will build my Church'. God's voice was clear to the 10 year old that He is calling Peter the rock even if I didn't know Peter meant rock in any language (as a 10 year old I hardly knew the concept of language). God's voice comes through His words no matter the language as long as your are listening to the Spirit in an accurate translation.
- September 16, 2011 at 2:28 PM
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text:
Madame Speaker, Edmund Burke once said that, "all it takes for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing." Thirty years ago, good men and women came together, and together, they ultimately triumphed over evil.
In 1987, I traveled to Czechoslovakia with a Helsinki Commission delegation led by my good friend, Steny Hoyer, who was then Chairman of the Commission. We traveled there just ten years after the Charter 77 movement had been formed and, amazingly, in spite of persecution and imprisonment, they had managed to publish 350 documents during its first ten years. And it was clear during my visit to Prague that this organization was having an impact, especially when the communist authorities went to the trouble of preventing five independent activists, including Vaclav Havel, from meeting with us.
In spite of this, our delegation was able to meet with several other Charter 77 signatories and sympathizers: Libuse Silhanova, Josef Vohryzek, Father Vaclav Maly, Zdenek Urbanek, and Rita Klimova. Libuse Silhanova, then serving as a Charter 77 spokesperson, described her fellow Chartists as "ordinary people who happen to be part of a movement." For a group of "ordinary people," they certainly accomplished extraordinary things.
One of the most notable of these "ordinary people" was the playwright Vaclav Havel, who is today the sole surviving member of Charter 77's first three spokespersons. At a time when most Czechoslovaks preferred to keep their heads low, he held his up. When others dared not speak out, he raised up his voice. While others hid from communism in their apartments and weekend cottages, he faced it down in prison.
In 1978, Havel wrote a seminal essay entitled, "The Power of the Powerless." In it, he proposed a remarkably conspiratorial concept: the idea that those repressed by the Communist Lie actually had the power to "live for truth," and that by doing so, they could change the world in which they live.
One of the people who read this essay was Zbygniew Bujak, who became a leading Solidarity activist in Poland. Bujak described the impact of Havel's message:
This essay reached us in the Ursus factory in 1979 at a point when we felt we were at the end of the road. Inspired by KOR [the Polish Workers' Defense Committee, which preceded Solidarity], we had been speaking on the shop floor, talking to people, participating in public meetings, trying to speak the truth about the factory, the country, and politics. There came a moment when people thought we were crazy. Why were we doing this? Why were we taking such risks? Not seeing any immediate and tangible results, we began to doubt the purposefulness of what we were doing. Shouldn't we be coming up with other methods, other ways?
Then came the essay by Havel. Reading it gave us the theoretical underpinnings for our activity. It maintained our spirits; we did not give up, and a year later – in August 1980 – it became clear that the party apparatus and the factory management were afraid of us. We mattered. And the rank and file saw us as leaders of the movement. When I look at the victories of Solidarity, and of Charter 77, I see in them an astonishing fulfillment of the prophecies and knowledge contained in Havel's essay.
Vaclav Havel's essay was not just the product of clever wordsmithing; it was an act of singular heroism. In fact, shortly after writing "The Power of the Powerless," Vaclav Havel found himself in prison, again. And it should be remembered that others, including philosopher Jan Patocka, Havel's close friend, and Pavel Wonka, paid with their lives for their opposition to the Czechoslovak communist regime.
Vaclav Havel is a man who has always been guided by the courage of his convictions. Remarkably, his courage did not fade upon his assumption of the presidency. Indeed, he is all the more heroic for his steadfast commitment to human rights even from the Prague Castle. From the beginning, he was a voice of reason, not revenge, as he addressed his country's communist and totalitarian past. In 1993, he rightly identified the situation of Roma as "a litmus test for civil society." And not only has he raised human rights issues in his own country but reminds the world of the abuses taking place in Cuba and China.
Throughout his presidency, he pardoned those faced with criminal charges under communist-era laws that restrict free speech. In 2001, he spoke out against the parliament's regressive religion law, which turned the clock back on religious freedom. And he has reminded other world leaders of our shared responsibility for the poor and less fortunate the world over.
On the occasion of the 30th anniversary of the founding of Charter 77, I want to join my colleagues from the Helsinki Commission in honoring Vaclav Havel and all the men and women who signed the Charter, who supported its goals, and who helped bring democracy to Czechoslovakia.


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After 6 years of constant growth and some 2 years of stability the stats have dropped badly in 2014; we are currently at 1,300 matches per year (compared to maximum 2,000 2 years ago); number of people who played within the project is down to 230 from top 260 per year; number of play offerings decreased to 2,400 per year from top 2,600. This is probably due to the shocking developments around the this country govermental policies which are reckless and humilating to all good people, waking up and
We have dropped in 2013,= in total matches as much as 21%, there had been only 1544 of them, S and D combined. We're still growing in some other ways, too, 2% growth in total players of the past year (258 ppl). I reckon, fewer matches because of worsening turf for amateur (possibly, the same as with the professional) tennis in Moscow, Russia. The court prices have grown again; how do I know it? Vere well, indeed. Having all data sent there by players for each individual match, then using TMM program
Well, this new package comes from Sourceforge as before https://sourceforge.net/projects/tclub/; major improvements, adding a combination of new match-like sports and a new user interface, which looks generally more narrow to fit into a mobile device; BTW 20% of using TMM comes from the mobile now (from about 2-3% a couple years ago). I've also ajaxed the pages, making those smooth transitions between pages, (hope you know). -- We're currently 9% down in number of played matches compared to July
Keep it simple, remove much of the unused .. and add other sports! That is a new spirit of the program, and a new look.
It's almost 7 years since I rewrote an application for money disbursement planning (my own code) into a tennis match stats engine. So far, so good: Moscow, Russia, and we are quite popular here, but now overwhelmingly. We've just finished another good tournament (Motivation Open 2013), and to-date stats shows 267 people have played 1792 matches, S/D combined, in 365 last days, all play together spending a total of 2,872,000 RUR on greedy court owners. Yes, court prices per hour here are amazingly


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The Dewey-Center Switzerland at the University of St. Gall opened in 2014 in cooperation with the Center for Dewey Studies at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois, USA, and is connected to the University of St. Gall's chair in philosophy.
For any requests or concerns please do not hesitate to contact the director of the Dewey-Center Switzerland Michael Festl.
Through the university library the Center offers access to the complete works of John Dewey as well as to valuable secondary literature. Moreover, the library permanently reserves a workspace for scholars visiting the Center. The workspace is equipped with a computer that provides access to the electronic edition of The Collected Works of John Dewey, The Correspondence of John Dewey, and Works About Dewey. The material as well as the workspace are freely accessible to visitors during library hours.
The Center offers consultation for scientific work on Pragmatism in general and on John Dewey in particular. Furthermore, we are happy to provide contacts to other scholars working on Pragmatism.
The Center conducts workshops dedicated to developing John Dewey's philosophy for the challenges of the 21st century – to the 'Future of Philosophy' as Dewey would have it. Furthermore, since 2017 it organizes the 'Dewey Lecture St. Gall' which hosts an annual talk on Pragmatism delivered by a young scholar.
Dewey Lecture 2022: May 18th: Dr. Michael Räber (Zurich): «Aufmerksamkeit und Vermittlung. Der Beitrag des Pragmatismus zu einer kritischen Medienphilosophie" (Attention and Placing. Pragmatism's Contribution to a Critical Media Philosophy).
The Dewey Lectures 2020 and 2021 have been cancelled due to Covid-19.
Dewey Lecture 2019: October 23rd: Frithjof Nungesser (Graz): «Die Sozialität des Handelns. Eine Rekonstruktion und Aktualisierung von George Herbert Meads Sozialtheorie» (The Sociality of Action. A Reconstruction and Actualization of G.H. Mead's Social Theory).
Dewey Lecture 2018: November 21st: Dr. Tullio Viola (Berlin): «Artikulation und Bedeutung. Die Symboltheorie im Pragmatismus» (Articulation and Meaning. The Theory of Symbols in Pragmatism).
Dewey Lecture 2017: October 4th: Dr. Ana Honnacker (Hannover): "Sympathy for the devil. Zum Problem des Bösen aus der Perspektive des philosophischen Pragmatismus" (On the Problem of Evil from the Perspective of Pragmatism).
For details on the talks, especially regarding time and place, please consult Michael Festl.
The Dewey Center Switzerland will host the Fifth European Pragmatism Conference in St. Gallen in 2025 (presumably in early June). More on it later.
The Dewey Center Switzerland held a panel at the Fourth European Pragmatism Conference in London in August 2022. The panel's topic was "Social Progress and Radical Change". The speakers were Isabel Kaeslin (Fribourg), Cedric Braun, and Michael G. Festl (both St. Gallen).
From June 9 to 11 the Center hosted the International Conference "Democratic Education Revisited". The Event's Program, featuring distinguished speakers from the USA and Europe, can be downloaded here.
From June 6 to 8 2019 the Center organized an International Conference titled «The Reception of American Pragmatism in Europe». Federica Gregoratto and Michael Festl were responsible. The Event's Program, featuring distinguished speakers from the USA and Europe, can be downloaded here. Based on the Conference the following book was published: Pragmatism and Social Philosophy edited by Michael Festl.
The issue 5/2016 of Deutsche Zeitschrift fuer Philosophie hosts a special feature on "Pragmatism as a Theory of Global Justice" ("Der Pragmatismus als Theorie globaler Gerechtigkeit"). Michael G. Festl (St. Gall) and Jan-Christoph Heilinger (Munich) are responsible for the special feature. It includes essays by Molly Cochran (Oxford), Daniel Bray (Melbourne), Michael G. Festl (St. Gall) and Jan-Christoph Heilinger (Munich). These contributions go back to the Dewey-Center's inaugural workshop from April/May 2015 (please see below).
On November 25th and 26th 2016 the Dewey-Center conducted a workshop titled "The Future of Pragmatism". Dr. Michael G. Festl (St. Gall) and Michael Räber (Zurich) organized the workshop. Its program can be found here.
The inaugural workshop "Justice and Cosmopolitanism: A Conversation Between Pragmatists and Rawlsians" took place on April 30th and May 1st, 2015. More information about the workshop can be found here.
University of St. Gallen
Dr. Michael Festl
Dewey-Center Switzerland
Unterer Graben 21
9000 St. Gallen


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commit | 6191cc95a1ef9a7b0a3f79ac23cbbbba85698c0f | [log] [tgz] |
author | David Benjamin <firstname.lastname@example.com> | Fri Jul 16 11:59:36 2021 -0400 |
committer | Adam Langley <email@example.com> | Fri Jul 16 17:39:25 2021 +0000 |
tree | 89936783d4d76bb9a127c779927bc2fc62c6a697 | |
parent | 519c2986c73c23461b130ad19b93fd7d081353d5 [diff] |
Document that SSL_PRIVATE_KEY_METHOD should configure signing prefs. Otherwise BoringSSL may select one the private key does not support. Change-Id: Ia0a57657bd6dedaa6653c23cc850bb6b6fa8f219 Reviewed-on: https://boringssl-review.googlesource.com/c/boringssl/+/48525 Reviewed-by: Adam Langley <firstname.lastname@example.com>
BoringSSL is a fork of OpenSSL that is designed to meet Google's needs.
Although BoringSSL is an open source project, it is not intended for general use, as OpenSSL is. We don't recommend that third parties depend upon it. Doing so is likely to be frustrating because there are no guarantees of API or ABI stability.
Programs ship their own copies of BoringSSL when they use it and we update everything as needed when deciding to make API changes. This allows us to mostly avoid compromises in the name of compatibility. It works for us, but it may not work for you.
BoringSSL arose because Google used OpenSSL for many years in various ways and, over time, built up a large number of patches that were maintained while tracking upstream OpenSSL. As Google's product portfolio became more complex, more copies of OpenSSL sprung up and the effort involved in maintaining all these patches in multiple places was growing steadily.
Currently BoringSSL is the SSL library in Chrome/Chromium, Android (but it's not part of the NDK) and a number of other apps/programs.
Project links:
There are other files in this directory which might be helpful:


text:
Outdated egg!
This is an egg for CHICKEN 4, the unsupported old release. You're almost certainly looking for the CHICKEN 5 version of this egg, if it exists.
If it does not exist, there may be equivalent functionality provided by another egg; have a look at the egg index. Otherwise, please consider porting this egg to the current version of CHICKEN.
Command-line option parsing.
The getopt-long library implements command line option parsing, in the spirit of the GNU C library function getopt_long. Both long and short options are supported.
The theory is that people should be able to constrain the set of options they want to process using a grammar, rather than some arbitrary structure. The grammar makes the option descriptions easy to read.
Command-line option grammar
The option grammar is an s-expression of the form:
Each OPTION-NAME should be a symbol. Given this grammar, getopt-long will then accept a command-line option named --OPTION-NAME.
If [DOCSTRING] is provided, it must be a string containing a brief description of the option.
Each option can have the following (PROPERTY VALUE) pairs:
- (single-char CHAR)
- Accept -CHAR as a single-character equivalent to --OPTION. This is how to specify traditional Unix-style flags.
- (required BOOL)
- If BOOL is true, the option is required. getopt-long will raise an error if it is not found in the list of arguments.
- (value FLAG)
- If FLAG is #t, the option requires a value; if it is #f, it does not.
- (value (REQUIRED "name") [(PROPERTY VALUE) ...])
- the option requires a value and the name is used by the usage procedure.
- (value (OPTIONAL "name") [(PROPERTY VALUE) ...])
- the option may appear with or without a named value.
In addition, the following properties can be defined for a value:
- (predicate FUNC)
- If the option accepts a value (i.e. you specified (REQUIRED ...) or (OPTIONAL ...) for this option), then getopt-long will apply FUNC to the value, and throw an exception if the result is #f. FUNC should be a procedure which accepts a string and returns a boolean value; you may need to use quasiquotes to get it into the grammar.
- (transformer FUNC)
- If the option accepts a value, then getopt will apply FUNC to the string provided on the command line, and put the resulting value in the list of parsed options returned by getopt-long.
The (PROPERTY VALUE) pairs may occur in any order, but each property may occur only once. By default, options do not have single-character equivalents, are not required, and do not take values.
Library Procedures
getopt-long is a procedure for parsing command-line arguments in a manner consistent with GNU programs.
usage is a procedure that creates help strings given a grammar for the command-line arguments.
[procedure] (getopt-long ARGS GRAMMAR [UNKNOWN-OPTION-HANDLER] [LONG-OPTION-VALUE-CSET])Parse the arguments ARGS according to the argument list grammar GRAMMAR.
ARGS should be a list of strings. Its first element should be the name of the program; subsequent elements should be the arguments that were passed to the program on the command line. The program-arguments procedure returns a list of this form.
In ARGS, single-character options may be combined, in the usual Unix fashion: ("-x" "-y") is equivalent to ("-xy"). If an option accepts values, then it must be the last option in the combination; the value is the next argument. So, for example, using the following grammar:
((apples (single-char #\a)) (blimps (single-char #\b) (value #t)) (catalexis (single-char #\c) (value #t)))
the following argument lists would be acceptable:
("-a" "-b" "bang" "-c" "couth") ("bang" and "couth" are the values for "blimps" and "catalexis") ("-ab" "bang" "-c" "couth") (same) ("-ac" "couth" "-b" "bang") (same) ("-abc" "couth" "bang") (an error, since `-b' is not the last option in its combination)
If an option's value is optional, then getopt-long decides whether it has a value by looking at what follows it in ARGS. If the next element is does not appear to be an option itself, then that element is the option's value.
The value of a long option can can only follow the option name, separated by an `=' character.
If the option "--" appears in ARGS, argument parsing stops there; subsequent arguments are returned as ordinary arguments, even if they resemble options. So, in the argument list:
("--apples" "Granny Smith" "--" "--blimps" "Goodyear")
getopt-long will recognize the `apples' option as having the value "Granny Smith", but it will not recognize the `blimp' option; it will return the strings "--blimps" and "Goodyear" as ordinary argument strings.
The getopt-long function returns an association list in which the key is an option name --- one of the symbols from GRAMMAR --- and each key is associated either with a single value (if the named option has been given once), or with a list of values (if the option was given multiple times). Options that were not given are not present.
There is a special item in the returned alist with a key '@: this is the list of arguments that are not options or option values.
Optional keyword argument UNKNOWN-OPTION-HANDLER is a procedure that receives as an argument a list of all options that were given as input but were unrecognized by the grammar. The default unknown option handler raises an error.
Optional keyword argument LONG-OPTION-VALUE-CSET is a SRFI-14 character set that specifies all valid characters in an option value. This argument defaults to:
(char-set-union char-set:letter+digit
(char-set #\_ #\^ #\$ #\= #\space))
By default, getopt-long throws an exception if:
- it finds an unrecognized property in GRAMMAR
- it finds an unrecognized option in ARGS
- a required option is omitted
- an option that requires an argument doesn't get one
- an option that doesn't accept an argument does get one (this can only happen using the long option --opt=value syntax)
- an option predicate fails
(define grammar `((lockfile-dir "location of the lock file" ; <-- example for docstring (required #t) (value #t) (single-char #\k) (value (required DIR) (predicate ,directory?))) (verbose (required #f) (single-char #\v) (value #f)) (x-includes (single-char #\x) (value #t)) (rnet-server (single-char #\y) (value (required SERVER) (predicate ,string?))) )) (getopt-long '("my-prog" "-vk" "/tmp" "foo1" "--x-includes=/usr/include" "--rnet-server=lamprod" "--" "-fred" "foo2" "foo3") grammar)
Version History
- 1.17 Make help display of optional arguments consistent with other getopt implementations [thanks to Vasilij Schneidermann]
- 1.16 Added configurable option value character set [thanks to evhan]
- 1.0 Initial Release
The getopt-long library was written by Thien-Thi Nguyen for Guile Scheme.
getopt-long was ported to Chicken Scheme by Ivan Raikov.
Copyright (C) 1998, 2001, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. A full copy of the Lesser GPL license can be found at <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.


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Dear Editor in Chief, Ms. Meenal Baghal and Ms. Sudipta Basu,
I am writing this letter to you as an open letter on my website, as I have no way of getting the desired response from your team.
As you can imagine I am extremely irritated and frustrated at the lack of response or help I have received from your team for a matter that any leading newspaper should take seriously.
I was informed by a reader that your supplement the Pune Mirror illegally stole one of my photographs from my blog and published it in their section YOU on May 8th. Not only did they have the audacity to crop the picture so that my watermark and copyright statement, which is printed on each one of my pictures, is obscured, they also simply copied and pasted my text from the article. A true case of copyright violation.
Original Photo "Crimson Beetroot" from this post dated March 13, 2008
So, I ask you, is this how you do daily business over at the Times of India? One would expect a lot more from one of India's leading daily newspapers. How is it possible for you to be taken seriously internationally? I cannot ever imagine The New York Times or The Washington Post ever stooping to such petty theft. They would have had the dignity to actually ask – I might have just said yes if you had taken the time.
But you choose to steal, not only my pictures but also several other bloggers' pictures. However, what you probably did not realize is that we as Food Bloggers are a close knit community and we talk. We are aware that the Mumbai Mirror, also one of your supplements, simply lifted her pictures too.
The worse part of the story is that you do not even respond to our mails. We have written to Ms. Meenal Baghal and Sudipta Basu on several occasions, with no serious actions taken. One just tried to push the blame on the other. How shameful to see how you place customer care!
I have been trying for over 2 months to deal with this situation privately without making this issue public. However, I kept hitting against hard walls. I hope this letter will make you take notice, maybe even make your Board of Directors also take notice and if nothing else at least others will be informed of how you choose to do business.
For me after this experience your newspaper belongs in the trash for lack of creativity, lack of dignity, lack of honesty, and lack of true journalism.
Meeta Khurana
All photographs and written content on What's For Lunch, Honey? © 2006-2008 Meeta Khurana unless otherwise indicated. | All rights reserved | Please Ask First


text:
The terms and conditions of sale listed here contain the policies of Leski Auctions Pty Ltd. They are the terms on which Leski Auctions Pty Ltd and the Seller contract with the Buyer. They may be amended by printed Saleroom Notices or oral announcements made before and during the sale. By bidding at auction you agree to be bound by these terms.
1. Background to the Terms used in these Conditions
The conditions that are listed below contain terms that are used regularly and may need explanation. They are as follows:
- "the Buyer"
- means the person with the highest bid accepted by the Auctioneer.
- "the Lot"
- means any item depicted within the sale for auction and in particular the item or items described against any lot number in the catalogue.
- "the Hammer price"
- means the amount of the highest bid accepted by the auctioneer in relation to a lot.
- "the Buyers Premium"
- means the charge payable by the Buyer to the auction house as a percentage of the hammer price.
- "the Reserve"
- means the lowest amount at which Leski Auctions has agreed with the Seller that the lot can be sold.
- "Forgery"
- means an item constituting an imitation originally conceived and executed as a whole, with a fraudulent intention to deceive as to authorship, origin, age, period, culture or source, where the correct description as to such matters is not reflected by the description in the catalogue. Accordingly no lot shall be capable of being a forgery by reason of any damage or restoration work of any kind (Including re-painting).
- "the insured value"
- means the amount that Leski Auctions in its absolute discretion from time to time shall consider the value for which a lot should be covered for insurance (whether or not insurance is arranged by Leski Auctions.)
All values expressed in Leski Auctions Pty Ltd catalogues (in any format) are in Australian Dollars (AU$). All bids, "hammer price", "reserves", "Buyers Premium" and other expressions of value are understood by all parties to be in Australian Dollars (AU$) unless otherwise specified.
2. Leski Auctions as Agent
Except as otherwise stated Leski Auctions Pty Ltd acts as agent for the Seller.
The contract for the sale of the property is therefore made between the Seller and the Buyer.
3. Before the Sale
Prospective Buyers are strongly advised to examine in person any item in which they are interested before the Auction takes place. Neither Leski Auctions nor the Seller provides any guarantee in relation to the nature of the property apart from the Limited warranty in the paragraph below.
The property is otherwise sold "AS IS"
All statements by Leski Auctions in the catalogue entry for the property or in the condition report, or made orally or in writing elsewhere, are statements of opinion and are not to be relied upon as statements of fact. Such statements do not constitute a representation, warranty or assumption of liability by Leski Auctions of any kind. References in the catalogue entry to the condition report to damage or restoration
are for guidance only and should be evaluated by personal inspection by the bidder or a knowledgeable representative. The absence of such a reference does not imply that an item is free from defects or restoration, nor does a reference to particular defects imply the absence of any others. Estimates of the selling price should not be relied on as a statement that this is the price at which the item will sell or it's value for any other purpose. Neither Leski Auctions nor the Seller is responsible for any errors or omissions in the catalogue or any supplemental material.
Images are measured height by width (sight size). Illustrations are provided only as a guide and should not be relied upon as a true representation of colour or condition. Images are not shown at a standard scale. Mention is rarely made of frames (which may be provided as supplementary images on the website) which do not form part of the lot as described in the printed catalogue.
An item bought "on Extension" must be paid for in full before it will be released to the purchaser or his/her agreed expertising committee or specialist. Payments received for such items will be held "in trust" for up to 90 days or earlier, if the issue of authenticity has been resolved more quickly. Extensions must be requested before the auction.
Foreign buyers should note that all transactions are in Australian dollars so there may be a small exchange rate risk. The costs associated with acquiring a good certificate will be carried by the purchaser. If the item turns out to be forged or otherwise incorrectly described, all reasonable costs will be borne by the vendor.
All property is sold "as is" without representation or warranty of any kind by Leski Auctions or the Seller. Buyers are responsible for satisfying themselves concerning the condition of the property and the matters referred to in the catalogue by requesting a condition report
No lot to be rejected if, subsequent to the sale, it has been immersed in liquid or treated by any other process unless the Auctioneer's permission to subject the lot to such immersion or treatment has first been obtained in writing.
4. At the Sale
Leski Auctions reserves the right at our complete discretion to refuse admission to the auction premises or participation in any auction and to reject any bid.
Any prospective new buyer must complete and sign a registration form and provide photo-identification before bidding. Leski Auctions may request bank, trade or other financial references to substantiate this registration.
When making a bid, a bidder is accepting personal liability to pay the purchase price including the buyers premium and all applicable taxes, plus all other applicable charges, unless it has been explicitly agreed in writing with Leski Auctions before the commencement of the sale that the bidder is acting as agent on behalf of an identified third party acceptable to Leski Auctions and that Leski Auctions will only look to the principal for payment.
All International clients not known to Leski Auctions will be required to scan or fax through an accredited form of photo identification and pay a deposit at our discretion in cleared funds into Leski Auctions's account at least 24 hours before the commencement of the auction. Bids will not be accepted without this deposit. Leski Auctions also reserves the right to request any additional forms of identification prior to registering an overseas bid.
This deposit can be made using a credit card, however the balance of any purchase price in excess of $5,000 can not be charged to this card without prior arrangement.
This deposit is redeemable against any auction purchase.
Leski Auctions will use reasonable efforts to execute written bids delivered to us AT LEAST 24 Hours before the sale for the convenience
of those clients who are unable to attend the auction in person. If we receive identical written bids on a particular lot, and at the auction these are the highest bids on that lot, then the lot will be sold to the person whose written bid was received and accepted first. Execution of written bids is a free service undertaken subject to other commitments at the time of the sale and we do not accept liability for failing to execute a written bid or for errors or omissions which may arise. It is the bidder's responsibility to check with Leski Auctions after the auction if they were successful. Unlimited or "Buy" bids will not be accepted.
Priority will be given to overseas and interstate bidders. Please refer to the catalogue for the Telephone Bids form. Arrangements for this service must be confirmed AT LEAST 24 HOURS PRIOR to the auction commencing. Leski Auctions accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any errors or failure to execute bids. In telephone bidding the buyer agrees to be bound by all terms and conditions listed here and accepts that Leski Auctions cannot be held responsible for any mis-communications in the process. The success of telephone bidding cannot be guaranteed due to circumstances that are unforeseen. Buyers should be aware of the risk and accept the consequences should contact be unsuccessful at the time of Auction. You must advise Leski Auctions of the lots in question and you will be assumed to be a buyer at the minimum price of 75% of estimate (ie. reserve) for all such lots. Leski Auctions will advise Telephone Bidders who have registered at least 24 hours before the auction of any relevant changes to descriptions, withdrawals or any other sale room notices.
Leski Auctions offers a FREE online bidding service. When bidding online the buyer agrees to be bound by all terms and conditions listed here by Leski Auctions.
Leski Auctions accepts no responsibility for any errors, failure to execute bids or any other miscommunications regarding this process. It is the online bidder's responsibility to ensure the accuracy of the relevant information regarding bids, lot numbers and contact details.
Leski Auctions accepts no responsibility for line drop outs, slow screen updstes or any other technical faults beyonds its' control.
Unless otherwise indicated, all lots are offered subject to a reserve, which is the confidential minimum price below which the Lot will not
be sold. The reserve will not exceed the low estimate printed in the catalogue. The auctioneer may open the bidding on any Lot below the reserve by placing a bid on behalf of the Seller. The auctioneer may continue to bid on behalf of the seller up to the amount of the reserve, either by placing consecutive bids or by placing bids in response to other bidders.
The Auctioneer has the right at his/her absolute and sole discretion to refuse any bid, to advance the bidding in such a manner as he/she may decide, to withdraw or divide any lot, to combine any two or more lots and, in the case of error or dispute and whether during or after the sale, to determine the successful bidder, to continue the bidding, to cancel the sale or to reoffer and resell the item in dispute. If any dispute arises after the sale, then Leski Auctions' sale record is conclusive.
Subject to the auctioneer's discretion, the highest bidder accepted by the auctioneer will be the buyer and the striking of the hammer marks the acceptance of the highest bid and the conclusion of a contract for sale between the Seller and the Buyer. Risk and responsibility for the lot (including frames or glass where relevant) passes immediately to the Buyer.
Leski Auctions reserves the right to refuse any bid, withdraw any lot from sale, to place a reserve on any lot and to advance the bidding according to the following steps:
Increment Amount | Dollar Range |
$20 | $0–$500 |
$50 | $500–$1,000 |
$100 | $1,000–$2,000 |
$200 | $2,000–$5,000 |
$500 | $5,000–$10,000 |
$1,000 | $10,000–$20,000 |
$2,000 | $20,000–$50,000 |
$5,000 | $50,000 – $100,000 |
$10,000 | $100,000–$200,000 |
$20,000 | $200,000–$500,000 |
$50,000 | $500,000–$1,000,000 |
Absentee bids must follow these increments and any bids that don't follow the steps will be rounded up to the nearest acceptable bid.
5. After the Sale
In addition to the hammer price, the buyer agrees to pay to Leski Auctions the buyers premium. The buyer's premium is 19.5% of the hammer price plus GST. (Goods and Services Tax) where applicable.
The buyer must pay the full amount due (comprising the hammer price, buyers premium and any applicable taxes and GST) not later than 5 days after the auction date.
The buyer will not acquire title to the lot until Leski Auctions receives full payment in cleared funds, and no goods under any circumstances will be released without confirmation of cleared funds received. This applies even if the buyer wishes to send items interstate or overseas.
Payment can be made by direct transfer, cash (not exceeding $10,000AUD, if wishing to pay more than $10,000AUD then this must be deposited directly into a Westpac and bank receipt supplied) and Eftpos (please check the daily limit). Payments can also be made by credit card in person with a 1.75% (inc GST) merchant fee for Visa and Mastercard and 1.75% (inc GST) for American Express. Personal cheques are accepted, but funds must be cleared before goods will be released. Bank cheques are subject to three days clearance.
The buyer is responsible for any bank fees and charges applicable for the transfer of funds into Leski Auctions' account
Leski Auctions is entitled to retain items sold until all amounts due to us have been received in full in good cleared funds. Subject to this, the Buyer shall collect purchased lots within 5 days from the date of the sale unless otherwise agreed in writing between Leski Auctions and the Buyer.
At the fall of the hammer, insurance is the responsibility of the purchaser.
Leski Auctions will be able to suggest removals companies that the buyer can use but takes no responsibility whatsoever for the actions of any recommended third party. Leski Auctions can pack and handle goods purchased at the auction by agreement and a charge will made for this service. All packing, shipping, insurance, postage & associated charges will be borne by the purchaser.
Unless otherwise agreed by us in writing, the fact that the buyer wishes to apply for an export licence does not affect his or her obligation to make full payment immediately, nor our right to charge interest or storage charges on late payment. It is the Buyer's responsibility to check Australia's Protection of Moveable Cultural Heritage Act 1986 before purchase. If the Buyer requests Leski Auctions to apply for an export licence then we shall be entitled to charge a fee for this service. We shall not be obliged to rescind a sale nor to refund any interest or other expenses incurred by the Buyer where payment is made by the Buyer in circumstances where an export licence is not granted.
If the Buyer fails to make full payment immediately, Leski Auctions is entitled to exercise one or more of the following rights or remedies (in addition to asserting any other rights or remedies available under the law)
i) to charge interest at such a rate as we shall reasonably decide
ii) to hold the defaulting Buyer liable for the total amount due and to commence legal proceedings for it's recovery along with interest, legal fees and costs to the fullest extent permitted under applicable law
iii) to cancel the sale
iv) to resell the property publicly or privately on such terms as we see fit
v) to pay the Seller an amount up to the net proceeds payable in respect of the amount bid by the defaulting Buyer. In these circumstances the defaulting Buyer can have no claim upon Leski Auctions in the event that the item(s) are sold for an amount greater than the original invoiced amount.
vi) to set off against any amounts which Leski Auctions may owe the Buyer in any other transactions, the outstanding amount remaining unpaid by the Buyer.
vii) where several amounts are owed by the Buyer to us, in respect of different transactions, to apply any amount paid to discharge any amount owed in respect of any particular transaction, whether or not the Buyer so directs.
viii) to reject at any future auction any bids made by or on behalf of the Buyer or to obtain a deposit from the Buyer prior to accepting any bids.
ix) to exercise all the rights and remedies of a person holding security over any property in our possession owned by the Buyer whether by way of pledge, security interest or in any other way, to the fullest extent permitted
by the law of the place where such property is located. The Buyer will be deemed to have been granted such security to us and we may retain such property as collateral security for such Buyer's obligations to us.
x) to take such other action as Leski Auctions deem necessary or appropriate
If we do sell the property under paragraph (iv), then the defaulting Buyer shall be liable for payment of any deficiency between
the total amount originally due to us and the price obtained upon reselling as well as for all costs, expenses, damages, legal fees and commissions and premiums of whatever kinds associated with both sales or otherwise arising from the default.
If we pay any amount to the Seller under paragraph (v) the Buyer acknowledges that Leski Auctions shall have all of the rights of the Seller, however arising, to pursue the Buyer for such amount.
Where purchases are not collected within 5 days from the sale date, whether or not payment has been made, we shall be permitted to remove the property to a warehouse at the buyer's expense, and only release the items after payment in full has been made of removal, storage handling, insurance and any other costs incurred, together with payment of all other amounts due to us.
6. Extent of Leski Auctions Liability
Leski Auctions agrees to refund the purchase price in the circumstances of the Limited Warranty set out in paragraph 7 below. Apart from that, neither the Seller nor we, nor any of our employees or agents are responsible for the correctness of any statement of whatever kind concerning any lot, whether written or oral, nor for any other errors or omissions in description or for any faults or defects in any lots. Except as stated in paragraph 7 below, neither the Seller ourselves, our officers, agents or employees give any representation warranty or guarantee or assume any liability of any kind in respect of any lot with regard to merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, description, size, quality, condition, attribution, authenticity, rarity, importance, medium, provenance, exhibition history, literature or historical relevance. Except as required by local law any warranty of any kind is excluded by this paragraph.
7. Limited Warranty
Subject to the terms and conditions of this paragraph, the Seller warrants for the period of thirty days from the date of the sale that any property described in this catalogue (noting such description may be amended by any saleroom notice or announcement) which is stated without qualification to be the work of a named author, that authorship is authentic and not a forgery. The term "Author" or "authorship" refers to the creator of the property or to the period, culture, source, or origin as the case may be, with which the creation of such property is identified in the catalogue.
The warranty is subject to the following:
i) it does not apply where a) the catalogue description or saleroom notice corresponded to the generally accepted opinion of scholars and experts at the date of the sale or fairly indicated that there was a conflict of opinions, or b) correct identification of a lot can be demonstrated only by means of a scientific process not generally accepted for use until after publication of the catalogue or a process which at the date of the publication of the catalogue was unreasonably expensive or impractical or likely to have caused damage to the property.
ii) the benefits of the warranty are not assignable and shall apply only to the original buyer of the lot as shown on the invoice originally issued by Leski Auctions when the lot was sold at Auction.
iii) the Original Buyer must have remained the owner of the lot without disposing of any interest in it to any third party
iv) The Buyer's sole and exclusive remedy against the Seller in place of any other remedy which might be available, is the cancellation of the sale and the refund of the original purchase price paid for the lot less the buyers premium which is non refundable. Neither the Seller nor Leski Auctions will be liable for any special, incidental nor consequential damages including, without limitation, loss of profits and interest.
v) The Buyer must give written notice of claim to us within thirty days of the date of the Auction. The Seller shall have the right, to require the Buyer to obtain two written opinions by recognised experts in the field, mutually acceptable to the Buyer and Leski Auctions to decide whether or not to cancel the sale under warranty.
vi) the Buyer must return the lot to Seller in the same condition that it was purchased.
8. Severability
If any part of these Conditions of Sale is found by any court to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable, that part shall be discounted and the rest of the Conditions shall continue to be valid to the fullest extent permitted by law.
9. Copyright
The copyright in all images, illustrations and written material produced by Leski Auctions relating to a lot including the contents of this catalogue, is and shall remain the property at all times of Leski Auctions and shall not be used by the Buyer, nor by anyone else without our prior written consent. Leski Auctions and the Seller make no representation or warranty that the Buyer of a property will acquire any copyright or other reproduction rights in it.
10. Law and Jurisdiction
These terms and conditions and any matters concerned with the foregoing fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of the state in which the auction is held.
11. Pre-Sale Estimates
Leski Auctions publishes with each catalogue our opinion as to the estimated price range for each lot. These estimates are approximate prices only and are not intended to be definitive. They are prepared well in advance of the sale and may be subject to revision. Interested parties should contact Leski Auctions prior to auction for updated pre-sale estimates and starting prices.
12. Sale results
Leski Auctions will provide auction results, which will be available as soon as possible after the sale. Results will exclude buyer's premium. These results will be posted at www.leski.com.au.
13. Goods and Service Tax
In accordance with A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 Leski Auctions Auctions will collect on behalf of the Australian tax office (ATO) a Goods and Service Tax (GST) of 10% on all applicable transactions.
GST is applicable on the hammer price in the case where the seller is selling property that is owned by an entity registered for GST. GST is also applicable on the hammer price in the case where the seller is not an Australian resident. These lots are denoted by a dagger symbol † placed next to the estimate.
GST is also applicable on the buyer's premium.
Overseas buyers and buyers non-resident in Australia will not be charged GST on both hammer price and premiums under the following conditions:
1. The items are exported through a Leski Auctions approved freight company including Australia Post
2. The items are exported within 60 days of the date of the sale
The invoice supplied by Leski Auctions for purchases will be regarded as a Tax invoice for GST purposes.
14. Resale Royalty Scheme
Under the legal obligations of the Resale Royalty Scheme for Visual Artists Act 2009, sellers must provide the following information to comply with the act:
- was the artwork acquired after 8 June 2010?
- is the sale/reserve price (including GST) $1,000 or more?
- is the artist from Australia or a country listed in the Regulations to the Act?
- is the artist alive, or deceased less than 70 years?
The seller:
i) acknowledges that he or she understands his or her legal obligations under the Resale Royalty for Visual Artists Act 2009 (the Act);
ii) undertakes to comply with all requirements of the Act, including by providing its agent, the company, with accurate information sufficient for compliance with sections 28 and 29 of the Act;
iii) undertakes to indemnify the company for any loss incurred by the company as a result of
the vendor's failure to comply with any of the vendor's legal obligations under the Act; and
iv) acknowledges that if he or she fails to comply with any of his or her legal obligations under the Act, the company may provide the vendor's name and contact details to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL).
Lots subject to payment of the Resale Royalty Scheme will be denoted by the §. The Australian Resale Royalty is a flat rate of 5% on the hammer price (including GST). The Australian Resale Royalty is payable by the buyer in addition to the buyers premium plus any applicable GST.
15. Jewels & Watches
Gemstones have historically been subjected to a variety of treatments to enhance their appearance. Sapphires and rubies are routinely heat treated to improve their colour and clarity, similarly emeralds are frequently treated with oils or resin for the same purpose. Other treatments such as staining or dyeing, irradiation, filling or coating may have been used on other precious and semi-precious gemstones and organic material. These treatments may be permanent, whilst others may need special care to preserve their appearance. Buyers should assume that each lot has been subject to some form of treatment and that the estimates reflect this.
A number of laboratories issue certificates that give detailed descriptions of gemstones, and in the event that Leski Auctions has been supplied with or obtained certificates for any lot, this shall be noted in the catalogue. However, as there may not be consensus between different laboratories on the degree, or types of treatment of the gemstones, Leski Auctions supplies these without warranty.
Pearls, like gemstones, are also subject to various treatments. Buyers should assume that any pearls sold by Leski Auctions may have been subjected to such treatments, and that the catalogue estimates reflect this.
Please note: All watches sold by Leski Auctions
are sold on an "as is" basis. Leski Auctions makes no representation or warranty that any watch is in working order. Many watches have been repaired over their lifetime and may contain non-original parts. The absence of any reference to the condition of a watch does not imply that the lot is in good condition and without defects, repairs or restorations. Buyers should be aware that a general service, change of battery or further repair work, for which the Buyer is solely responsible for, may be necessary.
If a stone has a known weight, it has been weighed out of the mount. If a stone has an estimated weight, it is an approximate weight only and has been measured by us in the mount and is a statement of opinion only. The information is given as a guide only and Buyers should satisfy themselves with regard to this information as to its accuracy.


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After years of pressure from residents, environmental activists and city officials, the Potomac River Generating Station is slated to close for by October 1, 2012.
Alexandria and plant officials signed an agreement to retire the plant, owned by GenOn Energy, on Monday. The coal-fired power plant, first opened on the north end of Royal Street in 1949, has long drawn ire from residents, city officials and environmental activists for damaging Alexandrias air quality.
Both the Alexandria City Council and community have worked extremely hard toward this goal, and we are very proud of the final result, said Mayor Bill Euille in a statement. This news strengthens Alexandrias future and opens the door to an enhanced quality of life for our residents.
Its a surprising victory for activist Elizabeth Chimento, who lives a block from the plant. She began the battle against GenOn more than 10 years ago when she noticed black dust covering the windowsills and cars of her neighborhood. Her investigations spawned more local activists, interest from City Hall and attention from environmental officials, leading to a coordinated campaign against the coal plant. The Sierra Club opened a Del Ray office late last year specifically to flip the switch on GenOn.
I just fell forward because weve been working on this uphill battle for 11 years and I didnt know if it would ever happen, Chimento said. To me this is something that the citizens and the city can be so proud of because we worked together, kept focused on the goal, and it was always based on science, not political propaganda.
The generating station emits particulate matter minute pieces of dust that can cause respiratory problems and sulfur dioxide. While it has incurred penalties in the past, including a $300,000 fine earlier this year, the plant is in line with local and national standards.
And despite mounting pressure and outrage over air quality, the companys decision to close is economic, GenOn spokeswoman Misty Allen said. Stiffer environmental regulations coming down the pike, a lower demand for electricity and the affordability of natural gas made future capital investments in the plant risky.
Its the right decision for the business. We think ultimately that todays announcement is all that much of a surprise, looking at the constraints of potential additional [environmental] controls.
The city will release roughly $32 million held in escrow, originally set aside to pay for environmental improvements at the plant following a deal struck in 2008. That figure contributed to GenOns decision as well, Allen said.
The Alexandria power plant contributes only about 5 percent to the regions power grid, according to a Sierra Club-funded study by Analysis Group, a local utility research firm. The plant operates at 20 percent of its yearly capacity, Allen said.
In a statement, GenOn Chairman and CEO Edward Muller called the decision a difficult one for the energy company. The plant employs about 120 workers, including some Alexandria residents.
Our decision to retire the plant is not reflective of our employees skills, dedication or capabilities, and we will work to help them in their transition over the next year, Muller said.