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October 06, 2009
Settlement of Americas: one migration with recurrent gene flow
A statistical evaluation of models for the initial settlement of the American continent emphasizes the importance of gene flow with Asia
N. Ray et al.
While there is agreement in that the Bering Strait was the entry point for the initial colonization of the American continent, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the timing and pattern of human migration from Asia to America. In order to perform a statistical assessment of the relative probability of alternative migration scenarios and to estimate key demographic parameters associated with them, we used an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) framework to analyze a dataset of 401 autosomal microsatellite loci typed in 29 Native American populations. A major finding is that a single, discrete, wave of colonization is highly inconsistent with observed levels of genetic diversity. A scenario with two discrete migration waves is also not supported by the data. The current genetic diversity of Amerindian populations is best explained by a third model involving recurrent gene flow between Asia and America, after initial colonization. We estimate that this colonization involved about 100 individuals and occurred some 13,000 years ago; in agreement with well established archeological data.
28 comments:
- terryt said...
"The current genetic diversity of Amerindian populations is best explained by a third model involving recurrent gene flow between Asia and America, after initial colonization".
That is the most sensible comment regarding America's settlement I've ever seen. Probably true of everywhere else as well. - Tuesday, October 06, 2009 11:14:00 am
- eurologist said...
You beat me to it. Just common sense - same for out-of-Africa, and same for into-Europe. Of course, the details on the number of people involved and the time frame may be quite different.
For example, the high diversity of SW Asia and India, the separate haplogroups of Egypt, Arabia, and the Levant, and the much lower diversity of Europe is easier to explain if South India continued to receive more population input while a separation into a northwestern population was already under way. - Tuesday, October 06, 2009 11:23:00 am
- German Dziebel said...
As some readers of this blog know, I've developed the 4th scenario for the origin of American Indians (see Dziebel, The Genius of Kinship, 2007). It's not one migration in, not two migrations in, not one migration with gene flow, but two migrations out of the Americas (at 40+K and at 10-12K) with no gene flow between Old World and New World but with a lot of range expansions and gene flow in the Old World.
Unfortunately, geneticists continue to repeat the same old mistakes in the interpretation of genetic data, and this team is no exception. Only an interdisciplinary alignment of data can give us a good idea of prehistoric migrations. American Indians harbor 2/3 of world linguistic diversity, their kinship systems (my primary expertise) have preserved ancestral structures better than Old World kinship systems and their culture and mythology constitute a very diverse pool of forms (motifs, etc.) showing very specific links with such widely separated areas as Papua New Guinea, Australia, Europe, Dravidian-Munda India (not to mention Asia, of course). This is inconsistent with any recent discrete migration out of Siberia with or without gene flow.
Finally, American Indian population genetic structure seems to better preserve original Pleistocene demography: small, isolated demes subject to genetic drift and lineage extinction. American Indian populations show the highest Fst levels on a worldwide scale (Tishkoff et al. 2009), they are very divergent from Old World populations (Hofer et al. 2008) and show little-to-no population growth (Zhivotovsky 2003). This is why they have lower levels of genetic diversity. It's not because they're recent but because they've been small for a long time. Africa has low levels of linguistic diversity (only 20 independent genetic units as opposed to 140-150 in America), derived kinship systems associated with large population size, low levels of diversity in mythological motifs and signs of population amalgamation that explain high levels of genetic diversity better than "great age" (Poloni 2009). - Tuesday, October 06, 2009 5:54:00 pm
- Matt said...
Why do you think Amerind linguistic and kinship diversity is analogous to a long term buildup of neutral diversity removed by a bottleneck, rather than genetic drift (created and supported by small, subdivided populations)? New Guinea would suggest that linguistic diversification is drift-like, supported by small and subdivided populations. Do you actually have good reasons to support the contrary position?
If there was an Out-Of-America scenario, then it would be a more complex model which would have to involve absorption of the "wave of advance" by Eurasian and African populations (continuously accreting genetic diversity back to Africa), and a bottleneck in South East Asia/Australia (to explain the pattern of genetic diversity). It's unclear to me what would drive this wave of advance, as no cultural advances (which have subsequently swept) or anatomical changes (anatomical modernity) or means to increase population size (e.g. demic diffusion of agriculture) are rooted in the Americas in the archaeological record. Your model would also have the Americas having increased linguistic diversity as evidence they are a source, while having New Guinea having increased levels of linguistic diversity (relative to the mainland) even though they aren't. - Tuesday, October 06, 2009 11:05:00 pm
- terryt said...
"same for out-of-Africa, and same for into-Europe".
And that's why there is so much disagreement as to the actual date of the OoA. In other words there was no sudden expansion of a genetically and intellectually improved (and separate) group.
"American Indians harbor 2/3 of world linguistic diversity, their kinship systems (my primary expertise) have preserved ancestral structures better than Old World kinship systems and their culture and mythology constitute a very diverse pool of forms (motifs, etc.) showing very specific links with such widely separated areas as Papua New Guinea, Australia, Europe, Dravidian-Munda India (not to mention Asia, of course)".
Matt's adequately done the job with the linguistic side. As to the remainder; it could well be true that the indigenous Americans preserve more ancient forms, but surely this is most likely the result of widespread changes within Eurasia. The regions of connection you mention are mostly marginal regions where changes in the centre of the human species' distribution are less likely to reach. Same is probably true for linguistic diversity. Africa is known to have had extensive population movements at times. - Tuesday, October 06, 2009 11:39:00 pm
- Gioiello said...
Of course I don't believe to an "Out of America" nor an "Out of Asia" (where are there the most ancient mtDNA like L in Africa?), but that Africa has had back migrations from Asia: hgs. E and J and also R1b1*. My hypothesis is to think again not only to the Afro-Asiatic family as an Asiatic-African one, but also to the Bantu languages, derived from the semi-Bantu languages of Cameroon (where it is the most important concentration of R1b1*). Also Yoruba (and its mythology) has clear traces of a derivation from Egypt, and probably before from further, and further Egypt there is Asia.
- Thursday, October 08, 2009 6:47:00 pm
- pconroy said...
That's why I suggested some time ago, that West Africans and Bantu in particular may be a hybrid population, comprised of Western Asia males and Pygmy females for the most part - thus giving them higher genetic diversity?? - Thursday, October 08, 2009 9:44:00 pm
- terryt said...
"That's why I suggested some time ago, that West Africans and Bantu in particular may be a hybrid population".
I'm reasonably sure that all populations are actually hybrid populations. In fact the phenomenon goes right back to Australopithecus times. I'm certainly very happy to accept substantial gene flow back into Africa at times, again probably going back to when H. erectus first emerged. - Friday, October 09, 2009 4:04:00 am
- German Dziebel said...
There's no contradiction between America being composed of small, sub-divided populations subject to drift and them being old populations. (Compare the crux of the out-of-Africa model is that African populations are the oldest and largest in terms of effective population size.) On the linguistic side, Amerindian linguistic diversity is associated with archaic grammatical structures (Nichols 1992), whereas limited linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe is associated with derived grammatical structures. Archaeology documents that Africa and Europe were regions of population growth from 45-40,000 YBP on. This explains the high levels of genetic diversity and low levels of linguistic diversity in these areas. In genetic literature, Amerindian populations are often used as a model for the earliest human population structure. Compare: "South American Indians are considered a reference for microsatellite variation in an ancient African ancestor because their population size is low and might be compared with that estimated for an African ancestor" (Zhivotovksy 2001, 704-5, with reference to Cavalli-Sforza)
Papua New Guinea is another area outside of Africa that confirms that populations outside of Africa are older than African populations and that Amerindian linguistic diversity and population structure are not result of recent local evolution.
As far as the supposed antiquity of L lineages is concerned, there's no direct evidence that they're ancient. Ancient remains from Taforalt (North Africa) at 12,000 YBP showed no L lineages. Cro-Magnon DNA at 28,000 YBP shows no evidence of L lineages either, although one would expect to find L lineages outside of Afica at low frequencies in modern populations and at higher frequencies in ancient remains outside of Africa. That's all we really know. The rest are speculations.
L lineages are not found in extant populations outside of Africa, especially in such test regions as Australia or Andaman islands. There's no evidence for early offshoots of M and N lineages in Africa. L lineages are African specific and autapomorphic, hence probably the result of local African development. Whether the rate of mutation is higher in African lineages, or African diversity is the result of early bottlenecks, population expansions and continent-wide gene flow is for geneticists to figure out.
Out of Africa is a hypothesis that needs to be proven using interdisciplinary means. Unfortunately it has been marketed as an example of infallible science. I would encourage to consider other options. - Saturday, October 10, 2009 6:17:00 pm
- Gioiello said...
I thank you for your response. I am not a conformist or an anti-Copernican. You are a serious scholar and I think your theory merits to be examined and discussed, but you must give a new theory about mtDNA if L isn't for you the origin. Actually it is hardly believable that American languages are differentiated within 15,000 years, but little tribes occupied a large space, differentiating themselves and not having contact except those which remained close. Anyway if they arrived there before, we should find some rest of them. Then any theory is legitimate, but what resolves are proofs.
- Saturday, October 10, 2009 9:39:00 pm
- terryt said...
"On the linguistic side, Amerindian linguistic diversity is associated with archaic grammatical structures (Nichols 1992), whereas limited linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe is associated with derived grammatical structures".
Isn't the lack of diversity in Africa and Europe likely to be the result of more recent expansions of single or closely related languages? As for the linguistic diversity of America. That may be more a matter of perception than fact. Everyone is still more than happy to accept Greenberg and Ruhlen's cassification of African languages, but there is widespread unwillingness to accept their classification of American languages. Why the diiference? They used the same method for both sets of languages. - Saturday, October 10, 2009 10:49:00 pm
- German Dziebel said...
Gioiello: your point is well-taken. Any hypothesis needs to be proven. I'm working on developing an optimal interpretation of the genetic evidence. I haven't settled on any single one yet. However I don't see L lineages as that of a problem. Many Amerindian foraging populations are more diverse than African hunter-gatherers such as !Kung (see Ward et al. 1991). It's the large African agriculturalists and pastoralists that skew worldwide distribution of variation toward Africa. If you toss off mtDNA lineages most frequent among Niger-Congo speakers (the most recently expanded populations), Africa will lose its specificity.
The African region is an amalgam of 20-40 small populations that went through bottlenecks, as they entered the continent, and then underwent a series of re-expansions with a widely ranging gene flow. It's possible that 9 bp deletion frequently found against the L background among the Pygmies (see Soodyall et al. 1996) is an old mutation shared with Asia and America.
Terry: In fact Greenberg's classification of African languages has been disproved. Now, linguists work with 20 independent genetic units in Africa instead of Greenberg's 4. See "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent" by Dimmendaal in Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5 (2008): 840–858.
So, we have 140 language families and isolates in America vs. 20 in Africa. Both classifications were developed on the basis of a single comparative methodology that has been around for 200 years.
I don't see why chances that Africa experienced a recent reduction of linguistic diversity (within the past 10,000 years) should be considered much higher than those in America or elsewhere. There're large, widely-spread families in America as well (Na-Dene, Algic, Oto-Manguean, Tupi-Guarani, Cariban). The same for Papua New Guinea, where the spread of Trans-New-Guinean family may have obliterated a dozen of older stocks. Moreover, the actual extent of Amerindian linguistic diversity remains unknown as hundreds of languages were wiped out after 1492. Some of them may have been independent stocks. Amazonia has the highest number of language isolates in the world (more than Papua New Guinea). There's a good chance many isolates perished throughout history, including past 500 years. - Sunday, October 11, 2009 3:48:00 am
- Kosmo said...
You're suggesting that modern humans are the result of an Out of America expansion starting ~ 40+K ya?
It's been too long since I've been truly shocked by a post. You caught me with that one though. I'm always open to having my preconceptions blown out of the water... but, with respect, I have two issues with your idea that I just can't get past: genes and bones.
I don't see how you could place L anywhere but at the base of the mitochondrial tree. And also, what about the fossil record in Africa? The oldest modern human remains are found there. - Monday, October 12, 2009 7:33:00 pm
- German Dziebel said...
Thanks for chiming in. I have two doctorates, I participated in archaeological digs, worked in a genetic lab, measured skulls, worked on etymological reconstructions, studied the ways in which cultural beliefs may affect scholarly research, all this on top of my central concern, namely the structure and evolution of human kinship systems. In addition to the book on kinship, I wrote a lengthy post here (http://anthropology.net/2008/05/12/the-genius-of-kinship-human-kinship-systems-and-the-search-for-human-origins/). In this post I outlined the origin and the current state of the out of America idea.
My book is not so much about human origins, as about kinship systems. I'm preparing to write a book on the out of America scenario, and in the meantime engaging in skirmishes with bloggers here and there.
I just don't buy into the conventional out of Africa story. I could never understand how bones and lithics can possibly generate a convincing theory of human evolution and prehistory. I can see that there're 140 language families in the Americas and only 20 in Africa. American Indians are very diverse culturally, they share important cultural variables with the rest of the globe (including Australia and Europe) and have unique and ancestral kinship systems. If I were a student of ancient human dispersals, that's where I would start my thinking. This suggests great antiquity even without much digging around for bones and stones.
In the meantime, archaeology and paleobiology have dominated our perceptions of the human past for more than a hundred years and heavily influenced the interpretation of mtDNA (and later Y-DNA) results. The first mtDNA paper authored by Johnson et al in 1983 suggested not one but two ways to interpret global variation: out of Africa and out of Asia/out of America. Since then, the potential antiquity of Amerindians and the relative recency of Africans have been swept under the carpet, although all the genetic data show the same tree topology as the original paper by Johnson et al. This happened in response to the pressure by the fossils in Africa supposedly telling a linear story of continuity and evolution in Africa, with subsequent replacement in Europe and Asia.
What's being offered as an archaeological proof for this scenario? There's no evidence for replacements in the archaeological record of Asia or Sahul. Instead there's a smooth transition from Mid-to-Upper Paleolithic. European Upper Paleolithic is more complicated, but again a replacement is not the best way to express what's going on. Continuity is a better explanation, according to some recent critiques of the out of African theory. Anatomically modern humans in Africa and Levant aren't associated with modern human behavior (all the tools are Mousterian), plus many of these skulls and pieces of skulls fall outside of the craniometric variation found in existing human populations.
What we seem to know is that only at 45-40,000 YBP there's unequivocal presence of modern morphology and behavior in Europe, Africa, Asia, South Siberia and Australia/Papua New Guinea. Plus a bunch of poorly described and controversial finds in the Americas. But, most importantly, we don't find any archaeological evidence of humans entering America and bringing with them typical Siberian/Northeast Asian lithics. And this is all after 100 years of believing that humans came to America at a late date. - Tuesday, October 13, 2009 1:53:00 am
- German Dziebel said...
I continue:
I can go on and on, as you can see. I've done this in the past. If you're really interested in developing an alternative viewpoint on human origins, I can explain everything in a greater detail and cite some literature. If you firmly believe that L lineages are the oldest and that African fossils furnish answers, rather than raise questions, then we may end up wasting our time.
If you have any specific questions, I'll try to answer them. Otherwise, I'll have to ask you a very specific question: why do you believe African lineages are the oldest, while Amerindian lineages are the youngest? I assume you know that allele diversity is a function of effective population size. Why can't you think of Amerindians as a huge refugium that has preserved small population size characteristic of our ancestors, and of Africans as an amalgam of populations that first went through bottlenecks but subsequently re-expanded to achieve the greatest effective population size? - Tuesday, October 13, 2009 1:54:00 am
- terryt said...
"I just don't buy into the conventional out of Africa story".
I'll confess that I'd guess it was more complicated than usually portrayed, but I believe it's fundamentally correct.
"If you firmly believe that L lineages are the oldest and that African fossils furnish answers, rather than raise questions, then we may end up wasting our time".
I think the evidence that L lineages are the oldest is pretty convincing but ... Do we really know that the woman who first carried mtDNA L0 was already 'anatomically modern', or are we simply assuming that she was? As I said, the situation may actually be very complicated.
"There's no evidence for replacements in the archaeological record of Asia or Sahul. Instead there's a smooth transition from Mid-to-Upper Paleolithic".
I've long been aware of the problem of lack of replacement through much of Asia. In fact I've just recently failed to convince Maju of this, in spite of my providing a large amount of evidence in favour of it. On the other hand he is completely prepared to accept continuity within his beloved India going a long way back. His solution to the problem is to argue that Y- and mtDNA haps are much older than usually claimed, although Dienekes has argued convincingly that the opposite is true.
"Anatomically modern humans in Africa and Levant aren't associated with modern human behavior (all the tools are Mousterian)".
Not completely relevant. Technology has often been relatively independent of genetic change. And I don't think anyone would argue that the Upper Paleolithic began in Africa, or is necessarily associated with the first expansion of modern humans. - Tuesday, October 13, 2009 12:13:00 pm
- German Dziebel said...
These are good caveats, Terry. However we do need to have a recognizable, recurrent pattern to talk about things. Lack of correspondence between morphology and behavior at the crucial point of argument for out of Africa deprives this theory of facticity. Yes, we can hypothesize that morphology came first, behavior came next, but we have to add an ad hoc interpretation to the data in order to make out of Africa work. I'm looking for a more factual and parsimonious way of explaining things when you don't need to read an interpretation into data in order to prove a theory. I don't care what kind of data it is - archaeological or linguistic/kinship - but it should be data, not our speculations. If the behavioral transition to modernity happened in Africa, we would expect to find a greater linguistic and cultural diversity there. But in fact we find it on the other end of the world - in America.
What I hypothesize (and this may change) is that at 45-40K a population different from "anatomically modern humans" advanced into Europe and Africa from the east. This population was very cerebral: it spoke our languages, had kinship systems and other means of classification, and told lots of myths around their campfires. They relied on soft technologies (bones, snares, etc.) to procure food and build shelters. They replaced Neanderthals and "anatomically modern humans" but also adopted a lot from their lithic inventory thus creating an illusion of lithic continuity. The origin of these true Homo sapiens sapiens was in America based on the data coming from modern populations (genetics, linguistics, kinship systems and mythological data). (In the end Homo sapiens sapiens is probably an offshoot of Asian Homo erectus that sneaked across the Bering Strait around 100K and speciated there. (An ideal place to speciate, gentlemen, isn't?) At about 50K it migrated back into the Old World as "us." For the genetic support of this interpretation see Reed et al. 2004 on lice DNA.) The craniological and dental continuities between Asian Homo erectus and modern Asian populations emphasized by Wolpoff and more recently Habgood are found at high frequencies in modern Native Americans and are attested in ancient remains such as Kennewick man. (We do need more archeological and craniological data from Asia and America to substantiate/test this claim.) In Europe and Africa we find the progressive decline of these Asian-American craniomorphological traits. The pattern of decline is consistent with the same pattern of trait decline observed in kinship terminologies.
What archaeology is telling us is that Africa and Europe, from 45-40K on, experienced population growth. We don't see a signal of population growth in Africa before this. Again, one would expect the onset of demographic expansion in Africa to predate Europe or Asia. We would expect this growth to be visible in the archaeological record of Africa from 100K on. We don't have it. See Klein, in Evolutionary Anthropology 2008.
Alternatively population size and density in Asia, Australasia and America was depressed until 20-10K. This is consistent with migration to Africa and Europe with subsequent re-expansion and with lack thereof in Asia, Australasia and America.
In a word, I think contemporary studies of human origins are essentially wrong (not out of Africa but out of America) but they're accurate in a great number of details. One just need to identify where data is solid and where it's not. - Tuesday, October 13, 2009 6:27:00 pm
- Kosmo said...
"I have two doctorates, I participated in archaeological digs, worked in a genetic lab, measured skulls, worked on etymological reconstructions, studied the ways in which cultural beliefs may affect scholarly research, all this on top of my central concern, namely the structure and evolution of human kinship systems."
-- German, well, as far as answers go, that has to rank right up there as one of the best starts ever. I'll give you that. Coupled with everything else you've written, it's obvious that you really know your stuff.
I will certainly not discount your ideas, (Though the mitochondrial tree is still a sticking point. It's not doctrine for me, but the way the mutations unfold, building one on another, seem to lay out a pretty convincing path from L upward.)
I will admit that I, too, have had issues with apparent continuity in Asia. - Tuesday, October 13, 2009 7:09:00 pm
- German Dziebel said...
Kosmo: "Though the mitochondrial tree is still a sticking point. It's not doctrine for me, but the way the mutations unfold, building one on another, seem to lay out a pretty convincing path from L upward."
German: This is a very good formulation, Kosmo. If everything else lined up nicely, I wouldn't question it. But I think it's good to offer a different perspective on things - a single origin but not out of Africa - so that scholars routinely test both scenarios as they're working through their data. Judging from the fact that in so many publications Amerindians aren't even discussed (because people assume we know when and how America was peopled), I don't know what the mtDNA tree would've looked like now had archaeology made a case for the antiquity of Amerindians. Amerindians are very diverse in a narrow set of loci (see Ward et al. 1991 and Bandelt 2007 with coalescence dates for the lineages found in a single Amerindian tribe up to 80,000 years ago) and very uniform in a broad set of loci. Could we read this pattern in the opposite way from the conventional view, since we have good support for Amerindian diversity furnished by linguistics?
The Y-DNA tree is even more controversial than the mtDNA tree, with derived YAP+ E haplotypes found in more than 50% of African Y chromosomes and with a possibility that YAP+ originated in Asia where DE is found next to D, C and F clades, which are non-African. If the majority of African Y-DNA types came from Asia, then we're only left with A and B largely restricted to Khoisan and Pygmies as exclusively African and potentially archaic. Again lineages loss in small populations in Asia and America and lineage retention in Africa could explain this rather plausibly without even reversing the tree. - Tuesday, October 13, 2009 7:51:00 pm
- German Dziebel said...
I continue:
Finally if we look at X chromosome (bi-parental, slow mutating, larger effective population size), the phylogenetic tree further loses indicators of an African origin. The basal haplotype B006 is found at high frequencies in Amerindians and at low frequencies in Africans. This is the same pattern observed in the distribution of the so-called "nuclear insert" in human mtDNA (Zischler et al. 1995). This insert was used most recently as an out-group for the Australian Mungo man mtDNA from 40,000 YBP (Adcock et al. 2001). The Mungo man sequence was more divergent than African L lineages, although the study hasn't been replicated, hence remains questionable.
So it's possible that mtDNA represents recent events better, while Y-DNA and especially X chromosome are better in preserving the earliest stages in the genetic history of our species. - Tuesday, October 13, 2009 10:18:00 pm
- Kosmo said...
Thanks, German. You've explained your views very clearly, and I can now see the logic that you are using to inform your perspective.
In the end, like a lot of long-standing anthropological disagreements, this one will have to come down to Occam's Razor-- but where that razor cuts may be different for different people. Thanks for posting your ideas. I found them fascinating.
I'm particulary glad to see you brought up Mungo Man. I admit I was wondering about your interpretation of his DNA results--being as they have been essentially thrown out for no other reason than their wild divergence from expectation. - Tuesday, October 13, 2009 11:24:00 pm
- German Dziebel said...
Well put. Thank you, Kosmo.
- Wednesday, October 14, 2009 1:38:00 am
- terryt said...
"The origin of these true Homo sapiens sapiens was in America based on the data coming from modern populations".
Isn't it more likely that the origin was somewhere in North/Central Asia? I don't think there's any evidence for human presence across the Bering strait going back 100k, is there? Whereas there is certainly evidence for human presence at least 55 degrees north through Central and East Asia going way back beyond then. To alter your own comment a little, 'lineage loss in small populations in Asia and lineage retention in America could explain this rather plausibly'.
"What I hypothesize (and this may change) is that at 45-40K a population different from 'anatomically modern humans' advanced into Europe and Africa from the east".
I could go along with elements of that. In fact it ends up being remarkably similar to the 'regional continuity' theory. In other words human evolution is a product of backwards and forwards movements going back to when H. erectus (or something similar) first emerged. There was no sudden expansion of anatomically modern humans, just a series of genetic, cultural and technological expansions. It's ultimately impossible to draw a line and say, 'that's when we first became modern human'. Hence the huge disagreement as to when 'anatomically modern humans' actually emerged from Africa. - Wednesday, October 14, 2009 1:49:00 am
- German Dziebel said...
This may be the next version of my thinking but as of now the key aspect of out-of-America is the single origin idea. Out of America is a cross between Multiregional (regional continuity traits in Asia and their decline in Europe and Africa) and Out of Africa (genetic variation has a clinal shape connecting Africa and America). But I deny continuity in Africa and suggest replacement from America - two point in which I challenge both out of Africa and Multiregional.
There were several range expansions in the Old World going east and west, north and south but these happened after humans had left America. Hence, lower levels of allele diversity in America, which is a function of isolation and non-participation in wide ranging gene flow in the Old World.
There're controversial sites in America going all the way to 250,000 YBP. I don't base my inferences on archaeology, though. Darwin didn't have fossils at his disposal but he predicted that they would be found. I think the archaeological record in the Americas is complicated by a whole host of heterogeneous factors ranging from 1) cultural biases against Indians being an old population to 2) the use of European Paleolithic as a measuring stick in a region that may have involved an earlier stage in the evolution of human adaptation and that may have relied on perishables more than on lithics to finally 3) the low population size and and density of Amerindian populations.
There's a clear gradient of visibility of "modern human behavior" in the archaeological from Africa and Europe to Australasia, Asia and especially America. However, as the linguistic map attests, it's not the matter of Europe and Africa being older than Asia, Australia and America. It's the function of the relative exposure of incoming Homo Sapiens sapiens to the lithic traditions of indigenous hominins. There's a notable delay in the emergence of modern lithic technologies in Australasia and especially in America. Clovis points are a good example: essentially the same points as Solutrean in Europe, only 6-15K later. I attribute it to the differential role of pre-Homo Sapiens sapiens hominins (Neanderthals and Anatomicals) in the evolution of the Paleolithic human tool kit. In Europe and Africa, Homo sapiens sapiens learned a lot from the indigenous hominins, while in Asia these encounters were sparse. In America and Australia, there were no hominins to learn from, hence these are the two areas with the greatest delays in the emergence of lithic tools. - Wednesday, October 14, 2009 4:52:00 am
- terryt said...
A few weeks ago someone posted a link on this blog which I followed up at the time. Sorry I can't remember what, who or where. But as a side issue the authors looked at the genes for Rh+ and Rh-. The particular link set me to thinking along your lines, because the author's interpretation of the series of mutations required seemed unlikely to me.
The gist of the relevant part of the article was that, because the authors assumed an African origin for the gene combination concerned, they were forced to claim that the mutation Dce was the original. From that assumption they were forced to derive a complex mixture of both dominant and recessive mutations to account for the modern situation.
I know from years of being associated with livestock and poultry breeding that genetic mutations are usually, in the first instance, recessive. If they were dominant it would make such breeding so simple. Oh that it were so. Anyway I considered the possibility that the original situation had been DCE, that all mutations had resulted in recessive genes and that the recessive and heterozygous combinations have since driven the DCE to extinction.
I quickly realised that we could now account for the present situation with just four simple regional mutations. If I remember correctly we finish up with DcE in Central Asia, DCe in SE Asia and the d mutation occurring in Europe, but having to occur in a gene already containing recessive e. The by now most common Dce mutation may in fact have happened in Africa but it occured on a gene already containing either e or c, presumably the DCe of Central Asia. So the obvious conclusion was that a population containg DCE had been spread from Central to SE Asia, but not necessarily through Africa, at an early date.
You may be able to follow up the Rh system and find something useful. - Thursday, October 15, 2009 12:51:00 am
- German Dziebel said...
I also vaguely remember reading a recent paper that gave an example of Rh in support of the out of africa scenario. Thanks for the pointer, I'll look into it.
- Thursday, October 15, 2009 4:28:00 pm
- terryt said...
Silly me. I realised later that Dce need not have involved a separate mutation. It could have arisen through hybridism between DCe and DcE, East Asian and Central Asian populations. It was a hybrid population that moved into Africa, in relation to the Rh genes anyway.
- Friday, October 16, 2009 6:34:00 am
- German Dziebel said...
I can totally see hybridization as common throughout African history. See Hofer 2009 for mtDNA in East Africa: a combination of drift and gene flow between once isolated populations can create an illusion of antiquity. We have M, U, X coming into Africa anyway as part of the conventional theory. 9 bp deletion is frequently found among the Pygmies - this could be another lineage.
- Friday, October 16, 2009 5:05:00 pm


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Get your vacation off to a fabulous start by booking a luxury condo in Spokane. They're a great option if you want to pamper yourself a little more than usual on your next getaway. Plus, they give you a unique opportunity to see the city the way a local would. You're not in a hotel—you're home. Condominiums come in all shapes and sizes, and with Orbitz on your side, you'll find exactly the right one for your trip.
Stay in a Spokane condo
Vacation condo rentals are a nice alternative to hotels with perks such as multiple bedrooms, living rooms, balconies, laundry facilities, Wi-Fi access and espresso machines. And don't underestimate the power of the full kitchen in your condo: whipping up midnight snacks is a breeze, and hey, making a meal on your own without worrying about ordering in or going out to eat is just plain convenient. You might also have a pool, a gym and a hot tub on the property or close by.
Exploring Spokane will be a breeze with a downtown condo as your home base. You'll be close to the top sights, and within walking distance of great restaurants, shopping, and bars. Got leftovers? Put them in your fridge. Remember, you're living like a local now.

subset: commoncrawl


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While searching our database we found 1 possible solution for the: Fitting as a reply crossword clue. This crossword clue was last seen on October 13 2023 Daily Themed Crossword puzzle. The solution we have for Fitting as a reply has a total of 3 letters. For older puzzles we highly recommend you to visit the main page over at Daily Themed Crossword Puzzle Answers.
We have found 44 other crossword clues with the same answer.
There are a total of 67 clues in October 13 2023 Daily Themed Crossword puzzle.
If you have already solved this crossword clue and are looking for the main post then head over to Daily Themed Crossword October 13 2023 Answers


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Research papers/Program development
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Program derivation
- An algebra of scans
- Ralf Hinze. In Dexter Kozen, editor, Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Mathematics of Program Construction (MPC 2004), Stirling, Scotland, UK, July 12-14, 2004.
- Constructing tournament representations: An exercise in pointwise relational programming
- Ralf Hinze. In Eerke Boiten, Bernhard Mller, editors, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Mathematics of Program Construction (MPC 2002), Dagstuhl, Germany, July 8-10, 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2386, pp. 131-147.
- Visual Haskell: A full-featured Haskell development environment
- Krasimir Angelov, Simon Marlow. Haskell '05: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN workshop on Haskell, pages 5--16, Tallinn, Estonia, ACM Press, September 2005
- Dynamic Applications From the Ground Up
- Don Stewart and Manuel M. T. Chakravarty. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Haskell, pages 27-38. ACM Press, 2005.
- Haddock, A Haskell Documentation Tool
- Simon Marlow. Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN workshop on Haskell, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, USA, ACM Press, October 2002
- Refactoring Functional Programs
- Simon Thompson and Claus Reinke. Technical Report 16-01, Computing Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, October 2001.
- A case study in refactoring functional programs
- Simon Thompson and Claus Reinke. In Roberto Ierusalimschy, Lucilia Figueiredo, and Marcio Tulio Valente, editors, VII Brazilian Symposium on Programming Languages, pages 1-16. Sociedade Brasileira de Computacao, May 2003.
- Tool support for refactoring functional programs
- Huiqing Li, Claus Reinke, and Simon Thompson. In Johan Jeuring, editor, ACM SIGPLAN 2003 Haskell Workshop. Association for Computing Machinery, August 2003. ISBN 1-58113-758-3.
- Progress on HaRe: the Haskell Refactorer
- Huiqing Li, Claus Reinke, and Simon Thompson. Poster presentation at the International Conference on Functional Programming, Snowbird, Utah. ACM, September 2004.
- Transformation in HaRe
- Chau Nguyen-Viet. Technical report, Computing Laboratory, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK, December 2004.
- The Haskell Refactorer: HaRe, and its API
- Huiqing Li, Simon Thompson, and Claus Reinke. In John Boyland and Görel Hedin, editors, Proceedings of the 5th workshop on Language Descriptions, Tools and Applications (LDTA 2005), April 2005.
- Refactoring Functional Programs
- Simon Thompson. In Varmo Vene and Tarmo Uustalu, editors, Advanced Functional Programming, 5th International School, AFP 2004, volume 3622 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 331-357. Springer Verlag, September 2005.
- Porting HaRe to the GHC API
- Chris Ryder and Simon Thompson. Technical Report 8-05, Computing Laboratory, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK, October 2005.
- Formalisation of Haskell Refactorings
- Huiqing Li and Simon Thompson. In Marko van Eekelen and Kevin Hammond, editors, Trends in Functional Programming, September 2005.
Software metrics
- Software Metrics: Measuring Haskell
- Chris Ryder and Simon Thompson. In Marko van Eekelen and Kevin Hammond, editors, Trends in Functional Programming, September 2005.
Lexers and regular expressions
- Lazy Lexing is Fast
- Manuel M. T. Chakravarty. In A. Middeldorp and T. Sato, editors, Fourth Fuji International Symposium on Functional and Logic Programming, Springer-Verlag, LNCS 1722, pages 68-84, 1999.
- Regular Expressions and Automata using Haskell
- Simon Thompson. Technical Report 5-00, Computing Laboratory, University of Kent, January 2000.
- Parsec: Direct Style Monadic Parser Combinators for the Real World
- Daan Leijen and Erik Meijer. Technical Report UU-CS-2001-35, Departement of Computer Science, Universiteit Utrecht, 2001.
- Monadic Parser Combinators
- Graham Hutton and and Erik Meijer, Technical report NOTTCS-TR-96-4, Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, 1996. A condensed version of this report will appear as a functional pearl in JFP.
- How to Replace Failure by a List of Successes
- Philip Wadler, Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, LNCS 201, 1985.
- Higher-order functions for parsing
- Graham Hutton, J. Functional Programming 2(3):323-343, 1992.
- Monadic Parser Combinators
- Graham Hutton and Erik Meijer, Technical report NOTTCS-TR-96-4, Department of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, 1996.
- Functional Parsers
- Jeroen Fokker, First International Spring School on Advanced Functional Programming Techniques, LNCS 925, 1995.
- Predictive parser combinators need four values to report errors
- Andrew Partridge and David Wright, J. Functional Programming 6(2): 355-364, 1996.
- Combinators for parsing expressions
- Steve Hill], J. Functional Programming 6(3):445-463, May 1996.
- Deterministic, Error-Correcting Combinator Parsers
- Doaitse Swierstra and Luc Duponcheel, Second International Summer School on Advanced Functional Programming Techniques, LNCS 1126, 1996.
- Combinator Parsers: From Toys to Tools
- D. Swierstra. Combinator Parsers: From Toys to Tools. In G. Hutton, editor, Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, volume 41. Elsevier Science Publishers, 2001.
- Fast, Error Correcting Parser Combinators: a Short Tutorial
- S. D. Swierstra and P. R. Azero Alcocer. In J. Pavelka, G. Tel, and M. Bartosek, editors, SOFSEM'99 Theory and Practice of Informatics, 26th Seminar on Current Trends in Theory and Practice of Informatics, volume 1725 of LNCS, pages 111--129, November 1999.
Pretty printing
- The Design of a Pretty-printing Library
- John Hughes. Advanced Functional Programming 1995. 53-96
- A prettier printer
- Philip Wadler. The Fun of Programming. A symposium in honour of Professor Richard Bird's 60th birthday Examination Schools, Oxford, 24-25 March 2003.
- Linear, Online, Functional Pretty Printing
- S. D. Swierstra. UU-CS 2004-025a, 2004.
- Optimal Pretty-Printing Combinators
- P. Azero and S. D. Swierstra.
- Pretty printing with delimited continuations
- Olaf Chitil. Technical report 4-06, Computing Laboratory, University of Kent, June 2006.
User Interfaces
- Composing graphical user interfaces in a purely functional language
- Sigbjorn Finne. PhD Thesis, Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, June 1998.
- Composing the User Interface with Haggis
- Sigbjorn Finne and Simon Peyton Jones Proceedings of the Second International School on Advanced Functional Programming, Olympia, WA, USA, August 26-30, 1996. LNCS 1129.
- Genuinely Functional User Interfaces
- Antony Courtney and Conal Elliott. In Proceedings of the Haskell Workshop, September, 2001.
- wxHaskell: A portable and concise GUI library for Haskell
- Daan Leijen. The ACM SIGPLAN Haskell workshop, Snowbird, Utah, September 22, 2004.
Operating systems
(see also main page of the topic: operating systems and system programming)
- Towards a Practical, Verified Kernel
- Kevin Elphinstone, Gerwin Klein, Philip Derrin, Timothy Roscoe, and Gernot Heiser . 2007
- Reconciling High Performance and High Assurance in Microkernel Development
- Philip Derrin, Kevin Elphinstone, Gerwin Klein, David Cock, and Manuel M. T. Chakravarty. 2006
- A Principled Approach to Operating System Construction in Haskell
- Thomas Hallgren, Mark P. Jones, Rebekah Leslie, Andrew Tolmach, ICFP 2005
- Formalising the L4 microkernel API
- Rafal Kolanski and Gerwin Klein , 2006.
- Formalising a High-Performance Microkernel written in Haskell, using Isabelle/HOL
- Kevin Elphinstone, Gerwin Klein and Rafal Kolanski, 2006
- A Secure Microkernel
- Philip Derrin, BSc (Hons) Thesis, University of NSW, 2005.
- Audio Processing using Haskell
- Henning Thielemann, Digital Audio Effects, DAF'04, Naples
- A Model of Performance, Interaction, and Improvisation
- Paul Hudak and Jonathan Berger
Version Control
- A Principled Approach to Version Control
- Andres Löh, Wouter Swierstra and Daan Leijen


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Who wields a poem...
Rebecca wrote something the other day that exploded all of my current posting plans (which, if you're interested, included the post on judgment, a post about that resource page that I am putting together, a post concerning my reflections on the loss of the friendship that I wrote about some months ago and a post about why I, despite my admiration for all you NaBloPoMo participants out there, simply cannot post every day). She wrote about the children that she works with through the Starlight Foundation – children who are dying. Children who die. Children who disappear.
My nephew is dying. I've discussed this here before. It's not one of my favourite topics, obviously, but it is something that looms large in my life, and something that I might write about more often if this were a private diary, and not a public blog. I'm not sure, exactly, why I don't write about it more often – why I don't write about my ongoing guilt and regret that we cannot visit him more often, why I don't write about my persistent fear that, despite all of the test results to the contrary, the gene that is at fault for his condition lurks somewhere in my sister's body or in my own, why I don't write about my admiration for my sister, who lives each day knowing that her child will not live. Why I don't write about grief, about fear, about loss, about death. Why I don't write about him, and everything that he is bringing to our lives – the joy, the humour, the wonder – through his own short life.
I could offer a thousand explanations: I don't write about these things because they cause me pain. I don't write about my nephew or my sister or their family because their story is not mine to tell. I don't write this story because I think no-one wants to read it. I don't write it because it hurts. I don't write it because I don't want to acknowledge it. But, end of the day, what remains is simply this: I don't write this story.
And in not writing this story, I am complicit in the silence that surrounds my nephew. The silence that Rebecca alluded to, the one that settles like a deafening snowfall upon the stories of all these children, these children who are dying, who have died, whose stories we never hear, who simply, quietly, disappear. I have a voice, I could tell his story, I could ensure that there is never any silence surrounding his life, and – when it happens – his death.
Why do I not do this? Why do I not?
This is the point in the post where I swear upon the blog gods that I will write about Tanner more frequently. This is where I put out a renewed call for action posts, or for posts in honour of children that you know who are struggling with illness, or who lost their battles with illness. This is where I am supposed to announce what it is that I am going to do to break this silence.
But I can't. I can't promise that I will begin to write frequently about Tanner, because I simply do not know that I can. I am going to try, but I can't promise anything. And I can't ask you to write about children like Tanner, because I feel too keenly how difficult it is to do so. I feel some shame for this (coward), but there it is. Here is where my efforts to be a writer come up against the limits of being human-all-too-human: I cannot write through any pain, through any existential confusion. I cannot write my life in its entirety, with all of its fear and pain and ugliness. There are limits to what I can write.
Perhaps this makes me less of a writer than I thought I was. I don't know.
All that I can do is forgive myself this limitation, and to offer these small efforts toward overcoming it. And to commit myself to such efforts, as often as I can, in whatever form I can manage them. To quietly chip away at the silence as best I can. Because I must do what I can, no matter how difficult, no matter how coldly down the bone such efforts cut. Because to not to do so is to sanction the silence, and all the misunderstanding and hurt that come from such silence.
So I will do what I can, even if those efforts feel so small.
And I'll ask that you do the same: seek out organizations that support children like Tanner. (Rebecca has listed many in her post.) Support these organizations. Notice children like Tanner; talk to your own children about children like Tanner. Talk to your children about talking to, being friends with, children like Tanner. Talk about the fact that children disappear every day, after struggling with cancer or muscular dystrophy or one of the many other conditions that end young lives too soon. Talk about how lucky you are, your children are, to have health, strength, life.
For Tanner.


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Giffords, Kelly launch gun control lobbying effort
TUCSON, Ariz. >> Former Rep. Gabrielle Giffords and her husband launched a political action committee aimed at curbing gun violence today as her Arizona hometown paused to mark the second anniversary of a deadly shooting rampage that left her with severe injuries.
Tucson residents rang bells at 10:11 a.m. — the moment a mentally ill gunman opened fire on Giffords as she met with constituents in 2011, killing six people and leaving 12 others injured. Mayor Jonathan Rothschild rang a bell at a fire station 19 times — one for each victim.
At the same time, two politicians on opposite ends of the gun debate held dueling weapons buy-backs outside a police station. Such events have been held around the country since the shooting at a Connecticut school that revived the gun control debate.
City Councilman Steve Kozachik asked people to turn in their guns for a $50 gift certificate from Safeway — the grocery store chain that owned the supermarket that was the site of the shooting. He wants to get guns out of people's home and bring pressure on politicians to change gun laws.
In response to the event, a Republican outgoing state senator gathered outside the same station and offered cash for guns. Several people waved signs and held up money to approaching drivers to announce that they will buy their guns.
Giffords also took a prominent role in the gun debate on the anniversary. She and husband Mark Kelly, a former astronaut, wrote in an op-ed published in USA Today that their Americans for Responsible Solutions initiative would help raise money to support greater gun control efforts.
"Achieving reforms to reduce gun violence and prevent mass shootings will mean matching gun lobbyists in their reach and resources," the couple wrote in the column. They said that it will "raise funds necessary to balance the influence of the gun lobby."
The move was hinted at in Kelly's recent comments that he and Giffords want to become a prominent voice for gun control efforts.
The couple last week visited Newtown, Conn., where a gunman opened fire in an elementary school, killing 20 children and six adults in December. They also met with New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, a billionaire who has spent some of his fortune in recent years on gun control efforts.
The couple was expected to discuss the initiative in an interview airing today on ABC News.
The network offered a preview of the interview Monday and during "Good Morning America" today. Kelly described a meeting with a father of a Connecticut victim in which he "just about lost it" after the parent showed him a picture of his child.
When asked by Diane Sawyer about when such violence happens to school children, Giffords responded: "Enough."
In the op-ed piece, Kelly and Giffords discussed what they deem lawmakers' inaction on curbing gun violence.
"In response to a horrific series of shootings that has sown terror in our communities, victimized tens of thousands of Americans, and left one of its own bleeding and near death in a Tucson parking lot, Congress has done something quite extraordinary — nothing at all," Giffords and Kelly wrote in the op-ed.
"This country is known for using its determination and ingenuity to solve problems, big and small. Wise policy has conquered disease, protected us from dangerous products and substances, and made transportation safer. But when it comes to protecting our communities from gun violence, we're not even trying — and for the worst of reasons."
They hope to start a national conversation about gun violence and raise funds for political activity, so "legislators will no longer have reason to fear the gun lobby."
As a House member, Giffords was a centrist Democrat who represented much of liberal-leaning Tucson but also more conservative, rural areas. She voiced support for gun rights and said she owned a Glock pistol. In the editorial, the couple mentioned they own two guns that are locked in a safe at their house.
At the gun events in Tucson, Kozachik said that as the shooting fades from the public's mind, issues like controlling the sale of large-capacity magazines and keeping guns from the mentally ill need attention.
Frank Antenori organized his own event, offering cash for guns and noting that a $50 gift certificate is way too low of a price for valuable weapons.
Antenori and Kozachik accused each other of acting out of political motivations. Antenori said the councilman was sullying both the Tucson and Connecticut school shooting victims by the timing of the buyback. Kozachik said the outgoing legislator was just trying to keep his name in the news and remain relevant.
Tucson residents held events over the weekend to mark the anniversary of the Saturday morning when Loughner opened fire with a pistol with a 30-round magazine that he emptied in just 40 seconds. He pleaded guilty in November and was sentenced to seven consecutive life sentences plus 140 years.
Rep. Ron Barber, then a Giffords aide, was shot in the thigh and cheek, and went on to replace his boss in Congress. He supports an outright ban on high-capacity magazines and a new federal assault weapons ban while acknowledging there are millions of both already in circulation that will remain there.
Barber planned to mark the moment of the shooting at a private gathering with staff and family members. He will also visit a hospital to thank doctors who treated him and other victims and attend an evening prayer service.
Daniel Hernandez, a former Giffords intern who at the time of the shooting helped save her life by trying to stop her bleeding until an ambulance arrived, criticized lawmakers for not doing enough since the attack. "There's no excuse for standing back and saying we're not going to do anything this time," he said.
"It's been far too long and there have been far too many deaths," he added.
Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer, a Republican who vetoed GOP-sponsored bills twice in two years that would have allowed guns on school campuses and in public buildings, said Monday she's expecting more legislation in the wake of the Connecticut shooting, but she offered no suggestions.
"It will be something that I'm sure will be addressed in the Legislature and my ears are all open, and I'm certainly anxious if there is a solution that we get it done," she said.


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OK, three brand-new cable channels all share the same problem. How do you persuade 20-somethings to look up from their phones long enough to gaze at an old-fashioned, regular TV? In Los Angeles, NPR's Neda Ulaby visited one of the channels that's trying to do that.
NEDA ULABY, BYLINE: This could be the set of any cable news show about to go live.
UNIDENTIFIED ACTRESS: (As character) Three minutes.
UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR: As character) We've got three minutes to air.
UNIDENTIFIED ACTRESS: As character) Holy wow.
ULABY: The show is called "Take Part Live." The channel is called Pivot. It's going for a super-specific audience, socially conscious people born after 1980 and before 2001, the generation known as millennials. To lure them, this new show is trying very hard to be funny.
ULABY: OK. So it's kind of going for a "Daily Show, Jr." vibe. Kent Reese runs Pivot's scheduling and marketing. They're trying to sell TV ads to the biggest generational group in the country. By some counts, millennials outnumber baby boomers. Pivot thinks it can reach up to 30 million of them who care about politics and social issues.
So it signed up people like John McCain's daughter, Megan McCain, with a conservative-tipping talk show. And it's experimenting with research about how millennials watch TV.
KENT REESE: We know that our audience is really into binge-watching. So they'll watch multiple episodes in a row. And so the night that the network launched, we aired all six episodes of Josh's show - all in a row.
ULABY: Josh is Josh Thomas. He's 26, and Australian.
ULABY: Pivot bought the rights to air a comedy series he created, called "Please Like Me." It's often described as a gay, Australian version of "Girls," the show on HBO. It's about an awkward 20-something who, like so many millennials, still lives with his mom.
ULABY: Maybe you're thinking that binge-watching or "Daily Show" knock-offs aren't unique to millennials. But for Pivot to air six episodes in a row as its very first move was, says Reese, a statement.
REESE: This is what this audience wants. This is our opportunity, through our programming, to express back to them that we get it, and that we are listening; and that we want them to consume content from us in the same way they're doing it in other places.
DAVID THORBURN: The question is whether those demographics have moved beyond television.
ULABY: Professor David Thorburn studies media in transition. He teaches at MIT. I wondered if he thought his students, who fall completely into Pivot's dream demographic, will watch it.
THORBURN: No, I don't think so.
ULABY: His students tend not to have TVs. They don't pay for cable. They watch Netflix on their phones, or stream shows on sites that aren't completely legit. But when it comes to ads on television, there's no audience more desirable than millennials, so these new channels are trying to divide them up.
Pivot's going for the green, socially conscious crowd. Univision wants the young, English-speaking Latinos, so it's starting a channel called Fusion, later this month. One for music lovers, called Revolt, launches today. When you look it up online, it's clear Revolt is angling to become the second coming of MTV. But MTV-style music videos strike David Thorburn as...
THORBURN: Very old-fashioned. Is this really a time when today's younger people will tune into an MTV?
ULABY: I mean, they've got YouTube, right? Wrong, says Val Boreland. She's in charge of Revolt's programming. She insists millennials in the year 2013 still need their MTV, sort of.
VAL BORELAND: We don't use the word VJ 'cause that's old-school. But we will have VJ equivalents.
ULABY: Oh, so that's completely new. Still, Revolt's Twitter account is more or less a digital VJ. It's hyped the musician Lorde since June.
BORELAND: Now, she's just breaking. We are going to break those people.
ULABY: Revolt was founded by Sean Combs. He's so famous as a rapper and mogul, his team was worried that would inflate expectations for the channel. So it did something increasingly common - starting not on TV, but with videos posted on Twitter and Instagram.
BORELAND: We haven't done any marketing, and we have a successful social media platform.
ULABY: Propping up old technology with new technology is, says Professor David Thorburn, a bit of a paradox.
THORBURN: Maybe they should just look to the new technologies, and stop pretending that the older one will be helpful to them.
ULABY: But to do that, they'd have to ignore something else - that nothing ka-chings like ads on TV.
Neda Ulaby, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Save Up To 80% On Your Prescriptions
CLOMIPRAMINE is an antidepressant. It is used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder.
They need to know if you have any of these conditions: -an alcohol problem -asthma, difficulty breathing -bipolar disease or schizophrenia -difficulty passing urine, prostate trouble -glaucoma -heart disease or previous heart attack -liver disease -over active thyroid -seizures -thoughts or plans of suicide, previous suicide attempt, or family history of suicide attempt -an unusual or allergic reaction to clomipramine, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives -pregnant or trying to get pregnant -breast-feeding
Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Take this medicine with food to avoid stomach upset. Take your doses at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed. Do not stop taking this medicine suddenly except upon the advice of your doctor. Stopping this medicine too quickly may cause serious side effects or your condition may worsen. A special MedGuide will be given to you by the pharmacist with each prescription and refill. Be sure to read this information carefully each time. Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this drug may be prescribed for children as young as 10 years for selected conditions, precautions do apply.
Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once. NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.
Do not take this medicine with any of the following medications -amoxapine -arsenic trioxide -certain heart medicines -cisapride -halofantrine -levomethadyl -linezolid -MAOIs like Carbex, Eldepryl, Marplan, Nardil, and Parnate -methylene blue (injected into a vein) -other medicines for mental depression -phenothiazines like perphenazine, thioridazine and chlorpromazine -pimozide -probucol -procarbazine -sparfloxacin -St. John's Wort -ziprasidone This medicine may also interact with the following medications: -atropine and related drugs like hyoscyamine, scopolamine, tolterodine and others -barbiturate medicines for inducing sleep or treating seizures like phenobarbital -cimetidine -clonidine -digoxin -medicines for anxiety or sleeping problems -medicines for colds, flu and breathing difficulties, like pseudoephedrine -medicines for hay fever or allergies -seizure or epilepsy medicine like phenytoin -stimulants like dexmethylphenidate or methylphenidate -thyroid hormones -warfarin
This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.
Tell your doctor if your symptoms do not get better or if they get worse. Visit your doctor or health care professional for regular checks on your progress. Because it may take several weeks to see the full effects of this medicine, it is important to continue your treatment as prescribed by your doctor. Patients and their families should watch out for new or worsening thoughts of suicide or depression. Also watch out for sudden changes in feelings such as feeling anxious, agitated, panicky, irritable, hostile, aggressive, impulsive, severely restless, overly excited and hyperactive, or not being able to sleep. If this happens, especially at the beginning of treatment or after a change in dose, call your health care professional. You may get drowsy or dizzy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs mental alertness until you know how this medicine affects you. Do not stand or sit up quickly, especially if you are an older patient. This reduces the risk of dizzy or fainting spells. Alcohol may interfere with the effect of this medicine. Avoid alcoholic drinks. Do not treat yourself for coughs, colds, or allergies without asking your doctor or health care professional for advice. Some ingredients can increase possible side effects. Your mouth may get dry. Chewing sugarless gum or sucking hard candy, and drinking plenty of water may help. Contact your doctor if the problem does not go away or is severe. This medicine may cause dry eyes and blurred vision. If you wear contact lenses you may feel some discomfort. Lubricating drops may help. See your eye doctor if the problem does not go away or is severe. This medicine can cause constipation. Try to have a bowel movement at least every 2 to 3 days. If you do not have a bowel movement for 3 days, call your doctor or health care professional. This medicine can make you more sensitive to the sun. Keep out of the sun. If you cannot avoid being in the sun, wear protective clothing and use sunscreen. Do not use sun lamps or tanning beds/booths.
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible: -allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue -anxious -breathing problems -changes in vision -confusion -elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, impulsive behavior -eye pain -fast, irregular heartbeat -feeling agitated, angry, or irritable -fever or chills, sore throat -fever with rash, swollen lymph nodes, or swelling of the face -hallucination, loss of contact with reality -muscle stiffness, spasms -restlessness, pacing, inability to keep still -seizures -suicidal thoughts or other mood changes -tingling, pain, or numbness in the feet or hands -trouble passing urine or change in the amount of urine -unusually weak or tired -vomiting -yellowing of the eyes or skin Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome): -change in sex drive or performance -change in appetite or weight -constipation -dry mouth -indigestion, stomach upset -nausea -tremors.


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Did you see Jimi Hendrix in concert? Did you meet Jimi Hendrix or have the opportunity to interview him or have some other unique, first-person encounter with Jimi Hendrix? If so, Experience Hendrix wants to hear from you.
Jimi Hendrix
Did you see Jimi Hendrix in concert? Did you meet Jimi Hendrix or have the opportunity to interview him or have some other unique, first-person encounter with Jimi Hendrix? If so, Experience Hendrix wants to hear from you.
The Experience's second single "Purple Haze" b/w "51st Anniversary" was released by Track Records in the United Kingdom.
Track List: Purple Haze // 51st Anniversary
1967 51st Anniversary 604 001 March March 17 Purple Haze Releases Single Release Track Records United Kingdom
The second Experience album, Axis: Bold As Love, (Reprise Records, RS 6281) is released in America.
Axis: Bold As Love Bold As Love Experience Releases Reprise Records
"Up From The Skies" b/w "One Rainy Wish" (Reprise 0665) is released. It is the Experience's fourth U.S. single.
one rainy wish release Releases reprise reprise 0665 the experience single u.s. release u.s. single Up From The Skies
Smash Hits is released in the United Kingdom (Track, 613 400). The album includes: "Purple Haze," "Fire," "The Wind Cries Mary," "Can You See Me," "51st Anniversary," "Hey Joe," "Stone Free," "The Stars That Play With Laughing Sam's Dice," "Manic Depression," "Highway Chile," "Burning Of The Midnight Lamp," and "Foxy Lady."
51st Anniversary Can You See Me Fire hey joe Purple Haze Releases Smash Hits Stone Free The Wind Cries Mary United Kingdom
The new Jimi Hendrix film, "Experience" (aka "See My Music Talking") by Peter Neal is shown at London's National Film Theatre as part of a British festival of short films. The film includes a 12-string guitar solo of Hendrix performing "Hear My Train A Comin'."
British festival Experience film Jimi Hendrix National Film Theater Peter Neal Releases
A second showing of "Experience" is made at 6:15 p.m. at London's National Film Theatre. Supported by Soft Machine and Eire Apparent, the Experience perform two shows at the Mosque in Richmond, Virginia. Among the song performed were "I Don't Live Today" and "Red House." Jan Bridge interviews Jimi Hendrix for the Richmond Times-Dispatch.
Eire Apparent National Film Theatre Releases Soft Machine the experience
The highly anticipated third release by The Jimi Hendrix Experience titled, Electric Ladyland is released in the United States, (Reprise, 2RS 6307). Although Hendrix had originally submitted his own artwork for the cover, which featured a photograph by Linda McCartney with The Experience and some young kids sitting on the Alice In Wonderland statue in New York's Central Park. In the end, only his designs of the inside of the cover were used. This landmark two-album collection featured: "…And The Gods Made Love," "Have You Ever Been (To Electric Ladyland)," "Crosstown Traffic," "Voodoo Chile," "Little Miss Strange," "Long Hot Summer Night," "Come On (Part One)," "Gypsy Eyes," "The Burning Of The Midnight Lamp," "Rainy Day, Dream Away," "1983…(A Merman I Should Turn To Be)," "Moon, Turn The Tides…Gently, Gently Away," " Still Raining, Still Dreaming," "House Burning Down," " All Along The Watchtower," Voodoo Child (Slight Return)." Hendrix rents a house at 2850 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills, California where a birthday party for Eric Barrett is held.
The Jimi Hendrix Experience's sixth North American single, "Crosstown Traffic" b/w "Gypsy Eyes" (Reprise 0792) is released.
Crosstown Traffic Gypsy Eyes Jimi Hendrix North American release released Releases
Buddah Records in England release "Rock'n'Roll Band" backed with "Yes I Need Someone," the debut single by Eire Apparent.
Album Release Sunrise by Eire Apparent is released in England. The album was produced by Jimi and features the guitarist making guest appearances on several tracks including, "Rock 'N' Roll Band," "Yes I Need Someone," "The Clown," "Captive In The Sun," and "Mr. Guy Fawkes".
Captive In The Sun Eire Apparent Releases Rock 'N' Roll Band Sunrise The Clown Yes I Need Someone
Album Release The new album The Street Giveth… And The Street Taketh Away by Cat Mother & The All Night Newsboys is released in the United Kingdom. The album produced by Jimi Hendrix and spawns the hit US single "Good Old Rock n' Roll". Wally Heider Recording, Los Angeles, Ca. Studio 3, Mixing Eddie Kramer resumed mixing recent live recordings of the Experience for a possible live album.
All Night Newsboys Cat Mother Releases The Street Giveth The Street Taketh Away United Kingdom
Album Release Smash Hits Reprise Records, Jimi's US distributor, issues the popular compilation Smash Hits. Jimi enjoys a vacation to Mogador, Morocco. His travel begins on July 30 and extends through August 6.
The original motion picture soundtrack for Easy Rider hits the shelves in 8-Track format, featuring the classic Hendrix recording "If 6 Was 9."
Track Records in the United Kingdom release The Experience's latest single, "Fire" b/w "The Burning Of The Midnight Lamp" (Track Records, 604 033). Although intended as a re-entry into the singles market by carrying the title along the coattails of success found in Are You Experienced, the latest offering sparked little public interest. In West Germany, Polydor releases an eastern counterpart of the same pairing (Polydor, 59375).
Fire Releases The Burning Of The Midnight Lamp the experience Track Records
Buddy Miles and Juma Sultan join Hendrix at the Record Plant where two recordings of "Blue Suede Shoes" were put to tape. Later, Hendrix sung live, giving a beautiful flamenco-styled flavor to "Hey Baby (Land Of The New Rising Sun)." Afterwards Hendrix breaks into a jam playing "Summertime Blues" which is then followed by "Day Tripper."
1970 Blue Suede Shoes Buddy Miles Day Tripper February 16 Hey Baby Juma Sultan Land Of The New Rising Sun Releases Summertime Blues the Record Plant
Hendrix manager Michael Jeffery delivered the completed Band Of Gypsys release to Capitol Records.
Band of Gypsys Capitol Records complete Michael Jeffery Releases
On the heels of Hendrix delivering the completed Band Of Gypsys release to Capitol Records on February 25, 1970, the label quickly jumped into the mastering stage for the record, ensuring its speedy delivery to store shelves.
Capitol Records released the eagerly anticipated live album, Band Of Gypsys. The album featured six tracks from the two Fillmore East performances on January 1, 1970. "Who Knows" and "Machine Gun," were recorded during the evening's first while all of the album's second side was drawn from the second show. Despite the dramatic shift in sound and style—especially when compared with Electric Ladyland–Band Of Gypsys nonetheless enjoyed wide commercial approval. The album debuted on Billboard's US Top 200 chart at 18 and climbed to its peak at 5. The album remained on the chart for sixty-one weeks. At the time of Jimi's death, Band Of Gypsys was Hendrix's most commercially successful album since Are You Experienced, his 1967 debut.
With Band Of Gypsys riding high in the Billboard US album chart, Reprise Records issued the single "Stepping Stone" coupled with "Izabella". Apart from "All Along The Watchtower", Jimi had little success at US Top 40 radio. "Stepping Stone" and "Izabella" proved to be no exception. Moreover, Capitol Records complained that Reprise was trying to distract consumers from Band Of Gypsys. As the delivery of that album had resolved a bitter lawsuit between Hendrix, Capitol, and Reprise, the single quickly faded from view and has since become a prized collector's item. For those unable to track down an original vinyl copy, both versions can now be heard as part of the Voodoo Child: The Jimi Hendrix Collection issued in May 2001.
Band of Gypsys Capitol Records Izabella Releases Reprise Records Stepping Stone
Partnering with the Memorial Day Long Weekend release of Woodstock – The Motion Picture, Cotillion Records released the triple-LP set Woodstock (SD350) that featured Hendrix's live medley of "Star Spangled Banner / Purple Haze / Instrumental Solo." The collection became an instant classic, entering the Billboard charts at #4 before peaking at the top of the charts, where it sat untouched for a four-week period.
Cotillion Records Releases Woodstock Woodstock – The Motion Picture
Track Records releases Band Of Gypsys (2406 002) in the UK. Just like its American predecessor, Band Of Gypsys features "Who Knows," "Machine Gun," "Changes," "Power To Love," "Message To Love," and "We Gotta Live Together."
Band of Gypsys Changes Machine Gun Power To Love Releases UK Who Knows
This Electric Lady Studios session was devoted entirely to enhancements on the "Dolly Dagger" master.


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The much-hyped battle for the battleground states turned into more of a rout on Election Day, as President Obama swept through eight key states and looked on course to capture Florida.
Swing states — Ohio, Virginia, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, Nevada, Colorado, New Hampshire — viewed as tossups a day before the voting fell without much fight into the blue column. Only North Carolina went for Romney.
How did the Obama campaign pull it off? It came down to a mixture of demographics, superior organization and a few tactical missteps from Republicans, political observers tell NPR.
George C. Edwards III, a professor of political science at Texas A&M University, says organization was first and foremost.
Edwards discounts the superPAC-fueled, billion-dollar ad blitz, with one exception. "There was a time in the summer," he says, "when the Obama campaign got the upper hand on the ad wars, but for the most part it was about other things."
Things like grass-roots infrastructure. "The Obama campaign had many more field offices than [Mitt] Romney, and they had many more people on the ground, knocking on doors," he says. "That seems to be the key to turnout, and Obama's people are just better at it."
The president's base came out in force. In most of the battleground states, blacks and Latinos supplied the margin of victory, says John Geer, a professor of presidential politics and public opinion at Vanderbilt University.
African-Americans showed up in astonishing numbers, matching or exceeding the record turnout in 2008, Geer says. And he notes that Romney's harsh rhetoric on immigration issues didn't sit well with Latinos, who overwhelmingly support the DREAM Act, backed by President Obama, to allow children of illegal immigrants a path to citizenship.
Jonathan Turley, a political scientist at George Washington University, agrees. "The simple answer is that the Democrats did much better with voters of color," he says.
Controversial statements in U.S. Senate races in Missouri and Indiana also had a surprising impact in the final weeks of the campaign. Turley says candidates Richard Mourdock in Indiana and Todd Akin in Missouri both made inflammatory remarks about rape that the Obama campaign was able to seize on and elevate to the national stage.
"I think this is one election where candidates lower on the ballot actually had national impact," he says.
Here's a quick look at the decisive factors in some battleground states:
Florida, Nevada And Colorado
The Latino vote made a difference in all three states.
Many pollsters showed Florida leaning toward Romney immediately ahead of the voting. But the state, while technically not decided, is where Republican weakness among Latinos was most telling, Geer notes.
"Most people thought Romney would capture Florida, but that's partly because the polls have a hard time recording the Latino vote at times, because they tend to be cellphone-based," he says.
Exit polls showed the president capturing 60 percent of the Latino vote (compared with 57 percent in 2008) to Romney's 32 percent.
"During the primary, most of the Republican candidates took very strong anti-immigrant stances, and that hurt them going into the general election," says Texas A&M's Edwards.
That also proved to be the case in Nevada and Colorado.
"In a state like Nevada, you've got bad times and bad times for Hispanics when it comes to job losses," Geer says. "But nonetheless, the demographics were pretty strongly in favor of Obama.
The Pew Hispanic Center notes that nearly 270,000 Latinos were eligible to vote in Nevada. A pre-election poll commissioned by America's Voice, a Washington, D.C.-based immigration advocacy group, found that 69 percent of Latinos surveyed in the state backed Obama versus 15 percent for Romney.
A Denver Postpoll showed a wide margin of support for Obama in Colorado.
Ohio And Michigan
We can lump these two states together with one phrase: "auto bailout," says Turley, of George Washington University, who notes that Obama made the case that he saved the auto industry, so vital to Michigan and Ohio, while Romney wanted to "let Detroit go bankrupt."
"The Obama campaign did a great job of selecting one part of the economy — its bailout of the auto industry — to highlight as a success," Turley says. "Romney argued about the entire economy, and Obama's campaign instead fought very narrow turf, such as the successful auto bailout.
"It turns out that the auto bailout had greater legs than the Romney camp anticipated in places like Ohio," he says.
As always, Ohio's election map was a complex puzzle for both sides. Obama was counting on his base of supporters in the same urban centers that buttressed his 2008 campaign in Ohio: Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Toledo, Dayton, Akron and Youngstown. Overwhelming support among blacks was key.
In fact, Obama's support among whites in Ohio dropped enough from 2008 that Romney potentially could have taken the state had it not been for the higher African-American turnout.
Here's another state where demographics played a key role, Edwards says.
"You've got more white-collar professionals in the urban areas, and they are more predisposed to support Obama," he says. "That balances out the more conservative rural areas."
Turley agrees. "Virginia can no longer be counted as a red state," he says. "Tim Kaine's victory [in the U.S. Senate race] underscores that."
U.S. News breaks it down this way:
"[Obama] posted big margins in the more liberal counties of Northern Virginia, or NOVA. But to eke out his victory, he also made inroads in the crucial swing area of Prince William County, once considered the dividing line between NOVA and the more conservative ROVA, or 'Rest of Virginia.' And exit polls showed he performed better in the eastern half of the state than Democrat John Kerry in 2004."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Whip up this creamy, healthy pasta in minutes with a mixture of avocado, lemon juice, olive oil and fresh basil. The avocado makes an incredibly delicious, buttery sauce that you'll crave again and again on your favorite pasta!
Let's see. The things I won't miss about summer? Mosquitoes. Humidity. The A/C bill (and you know we New Englanders keep it cranked!). The things I will miss? Juicy lemons. Fragrant basil. And, oh mama, those buttery smooth avocados.
Can you tell I'm a winter kind of girl?
For the 2.456 seconds that Austin will have cool weather and I can still get a decent avocado, I'm going to wrap up in a cozy sweater and pile a big bowl of this into my mouth. All for myself. 'Cause that's just how we do.
You'd swear there was at least a pound of butter in this beautiful pasta, but nope! Just a little olive oil, lemon juice, fresh basil and a bunch of smooooth avocado whirred up into a savory sauce.
Toss in some chopped tomatoes, cooked bacon or chicken, or a heap of freshly grated Parmesan. However you dress up this fuss-free pasta you're gonna love it. And then you're gonna pass out from carblicious bliss. Mmm!
Whip up this divine, delish pasta some weeknight as an easy option for busy nights. And before avocados are out of season and overpriced, stock up and savor the smooth, savory goodness until summer's over for good!
Creamy Avocado Pasta*
- 12 oz. pasta, I used whole wheat spaghetti
- 2 ripe avocados, pitted and scooped
- 1 lemon, juiced
- 2 cloves garlic
- 1/4 cup olive oil
- 1 handful fresh basil
- 1/4 tsp. kosher salt
- Freshly grated parmesan
- Set a medium-sized pot of salted water to boil. Add pasta, reduce heat slightly and cook until al dente, 8-10 minutes.
- In a food processor, combine avocado flesh, lemon juice, garlic, olive oil, basil and salt. Blend until smooth and creamy. Set aside in a large bowl.
- Transfer cooked pasta to the bowl. Toss with avocado mixture and freshly grated parmesan. Serve with additional grated parmesan, if desired.
- Enjoy!
* Please note: This dish must be served same day, same minute it's made. It cannot be left out, refrigerated, or frozen without turning brown from the avocado. As soon as it's done, just dig in!


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Family orchard Michigan organic Montmorency Tart Cherries, four pounds in each jar, kettle simmered to tangy spread with no water, sugar, or additives. Long known as the 'pie cherry' and the 'healing' cherry, Montmorency tart cherries contain at least seventeen beneficial antioxidants. 56 Brix.
Eden Cherry Butter is made of organic cherries grown on orchards that are family owned and tended by people committed to protecting the environment and producing nourishing, safe and delicious food.
Eden's cherries are grown near the east shore of northern Lake Michigan, an ideal and historic tree fruit producing area due to its seasonal lake effect. Almost a decade ago six families in this region asked Eden to help them convert their orchards to organic. These original orchards have now been managed organically for years. The healthy trees and soil in these orchards produce the most delicious cherries we have ever tasted.
Eden Cherry Butter contains only Eden select montmorency tart cherries. No water is added. It is just slowly prepared, pure kettle cooked pitted cherries.
The Montmorency cherry is traditionally known as the 'pie cherry' and the 'healing cherry'. Where this cherry variety has been grown for generations, the locals attest to its abilities. A study at Michigan State University found the antioxidants anthocyanins and their anlyon cyanidin compounds in the pigment of the Montmorency cherry. They also found kaempferol, isoqueritrin, and quercetin. Research conducted at Brunswick Laboratories in Massachusetts and the Hollings Cancer Institute at the Medical University of South Carolina found that Montmorency cherries contain ellagic acid, a naturally occurring plant phenolic. Other compounds of note found in Montmorency cherries are perillyl alcohol and melatonin. Dr. Russell Reiter, of the University of Texas Health Science Center, said "We were surprised at how much melatonin was in cherries, specifically the Montmorency variety." According to research melatonin is a most potent antioxidant, even more so than vitamins C, E and A; it is soluble in both fat and water and can enter cells that many vitamins cannot.
A six year Washington State University study comparing different types of apple production recently found that organic fruit growing techniques "are not only better for the soil and the environment than their conventional chemical reliant counterpart, but have comparable yields, and for the organic system, higher profits and greater energy efficiency." The study also determined that organic fruit is sweeter and more delicious.
A jar of Eden Cherry Butter in your refrigerator makes it easy and fun to eat healthy food. Dollop it on oatmeal and cereal. Spread it on toast, pancakes and waffles, use in batter for moist, flavorful baked goods. Use it instead of butter, jam, jelly or frosting. It is fat free. Rediscover the flavor and purity our grandparents enjoyed, and that you and your family deserve.


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"Domain Specific Modeling Language for Test World Creation", in CAT Vehicle Research Experience for Undergraduates, Tucson, 2019. Domain Specific Modeling Language for Test World Creation.pdf (77.75 KB)
, "Real-Time Distance Estimation and Filtering of Vehicle Headways for Smoothing of Traffic Waves", International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems 2019. Montreal, Canada, 2019.
, "Tracking vehicle trajectories and fuel rates in phantom traffic jams: Methodology and data", Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, vol. 99, pp. 82–109, 2019.
, ,
"The CAT Vehicle Testbed: A Simulator with Hardware in the Loop for Autonomous Vehicle Applications", in Proceedings 2nd International Workshop on Safe Control of Autonomous Vehicles (SCAV 2018), Porto, Portugal, Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science , 2018, vol. 269. CAT Vehicle Testbed Slides (5.53 MB)
, "Dissipation of stop-and-go waves via control of autonomous vehicles: Field experiments", Transportation Research Part C, vol. 89, 2018.
, "A LiDAR Error Model for Cooperative Driving Simulations", in IEEE Vehicular Network Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 2018. IEEE VNC Conference Paper (1.16 MB) LiDAR Error Model Slides (3.11 MB)
, "User-Friendly Method to Optimize the Network of a Cyber-Physical System", in 85th Annual Meeting of the APS Southeastern Section, Knoxville, Tennessee, 2018. User-Friendly Method to Optimize the Network of a Cyber-Physical System.pdf (6.65 MB)
, "Controlling for Unsafe Events in Dense Traffic Through Autonomous Vehicles: Invited Talk Abstract", in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Safe Control of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles, New York, NY, USA, 2017, pp. 7–7.
, "Dampening traffic waves with autonomous vehicles", in ITRL Conference on Integrated Transport: Connected and Automated Transport Systems, 2016.
, "A Safe Autonomous Vehicle Trajectory Domain Specific Modeling Language For Non-Expert Development", in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling (DSM 2016), Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2016, pp. 42–48.
, "Experience Report: Constraint-based Modeling of Autonomous Vehicle Trajectories", in Proceedings of the Workshop on Domain-Specific Modeling, New York, NY, USA, 2015, pp. 17–22.
, "Motorized mobility scooters: The Use of Training/Intervention and Technology for Improving Driving Skills in Aging Adults - A Mini-Review", Gerontology, vol. 60, pp. 357-365, 2014.
, "Generating a ROS/JAUS Bridge for an Autonomous Ground Vehicle", in Proceedings of the 2013 ACM workshop on Domain-specific modeling (DSM '13), Indianapolis, IN, 2013, pp. 13-18.
, "Toward ultra high speed locomotors: Design and test of a cheetah robot hind limb", in Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, 2011.


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Stunning Weather Flow gets updated for Win Phone 8 and brings lockscreen goodness
Oh we're in it now. Some of our long time favorite apps are now getting bumped for Windows Phone 8 and we're really excited about it. Weather Flow, made by Gergely Orosz (who's also behind such the amazing Cocktail Flow and AppFlow) just hit the version 1.3 marker and it's primed for the new OS.
The new update, weighing in at a sprightly 9MB, has newly updated graphics, fixed Live Tiles, lockscreen wallpaper and a few other goodies on board. Check our video hands on and see what we think.
The biggest feature we think and for which many of you have been asking is dynamic lockscreen wallpaper. It's here and it's done very well. Once enabled, the lockscreen will immediately update with the image of the current conditions. In addition, your location, current temperature, percent chance of rain and even last update are displayed.
We have to give credit here to Gergely as the layout from a usability standpoint is perfect. By that we man your eyes instinctively know where to look for the pertinent information (HTC's solution, while nice, in our view buries the info too much near the Time/date).
But wait, there's more! (Channeling our inner Billy Mays). You actually have not one but three options for the lockscreen wallpaper. You can have current conditions, hourly or the weekly forecast displayed—whichever you prefer.
Likewise for the new Live Tiles, which come in the non-distracting Metro look or the more HD "photo realistic" design. With version 1.3 you now get the double wide Tile (though it doesn't flip), medium and small tiles. Any of those can be selected to show current forecast, hourly or weekly.
That's a pretty awesome choice because you can mix and match things, should you choose to fully embrace the full weather experience. For instance, on our lockscreen we're showing current conditions but on our doublewide tile, we opted for the weekly forecast. Result? We instantly know the weather conditions now without even unlocking the device and we know the week's forecast without even launching the app. How's that for efficiency?
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Anyway, watch our hands on video and if you're enthralled with the prospect of Weather Flow version 1.3, you can go and download it here in the Store. It fetches for $1.99 with a free trial. Thanks, Chris and Kyle, for the tip!
Windows Phone 8 devices only!
Daniel Rubino is the Editor-in-chief of Windows Central. He is also the head reviewer, podcast co-host, and analyst. He has been covering Microsoft since 2007, when this site was called WMExperts (and later Windows Phone Central). His interests include Windows, laptops, next-gen computing, and watches. He has been reviewing laptops since 2015 and is particularly fond of 2-in-1 convertibles, ARM processors, new form factors, and thin-and-light PCs. Before all this tech stuff, he worked on a Ph.D. in linguistics, watched people sleep (for medical purposes!), and ran the projectors at movie theaters because it was fun.


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The number of women who have used emergency contraceptive pills has increased dramatically in the past decade, according to the latest government data.
A study by researchers at the National Center for Health Statistics found that 11 percent of "sexually experienced" women between the ages of 15 and 44 said they had used one of the four brands of emergency contraceptive pills approved by the FDA between 2006 and 2010. In 2002, only four percent said they had.
The survey, which is the first of its kind to look specifically at use of the pills, also found that most women aren't using them as a substitute for regular birth control. Of those who reported having used emergency contraception between 2006 and 2010, 59 percent said they had used it only one, and 24 percent twice. Only 17 percent said they had used it three or more times.
Use of emergency contraception, however, varies widely by age and other demographic distinctions, according to the study, which was part of the NCHS's National Survey of Family Growth.
Users of emergency contraception were most likely to be between age 20 and 24 (23 percent), never married (19 percent) and have at least some college education.
By contrast those least likely to have used emergency contraception were older. Only five percent of those ages 30-44 reported having taken the pills. Only 6 percent of current or formerly married women reported having used the products, and only 6 percent of those with less than a high school education said they had used it.
Those who did use emergency contraception, however, were about evenly divided between in their reasons, with about half reporting a need due to failure of another contraceptive method and half due to unprotected sex.
Meanwhile, in a separate study based on the same set of data, NCHS researchers found that "virtually all women of reproductive age in 2006 to 2010 who had ever had sexual intercourse have used at least one contraceptive method at some point in their lifetime."
That number — 99.1 percent of women ages 15-44 — includes methods such as natural family planning that involves periodic abstinence and withdrawal.
But the survey also found that 87.5 percent of women who had ever had heterosexual sex used what the researchers termed a "highly effective reversible method" of contraception, including the birth control pill, contraceptive patch, injectable drug such as Depo-Provera, or an intrauterine device.
And Catholic women reported using artificial birth control in smaller numbers than women of other religions, that use was still fairly widespread. According to the study, 89 percent of Catholic women reported having used a condom with a male partner, compared to 95-97 percent of Protestant women. Similarly, about 76 percent of Catholic women said they had used the birth control pill, compared to 86 percent of Protestant women.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Youth for Christ/USA has had a distinctive history of youth evangelism. In 1944, Billy Graham and Torrey Johnson held a Youth for Christ rally in Chicago. The ministry of YFC spread like wildfire across the USA. Today at thousands of community centers, high schools, middle schools, juvenile institutions, coffee shops, and local hangouts, YFC staff and volunteers meet with young people who need Jesus.
YFC International
YFC/USA is part of a world-wide movement of Youth for Christ International. We are knit together with our common mission, vision, statement of faith, and passion to reach young people with the life changing message of Jesus Christ. However, YFC ministry doesn't look the same in every country.