text:
About the County
Our Mission
County Maps
Board of Commissioners
Job Opportunities
Disclaimer & Privacy Statement
Board of Commissioners Meetings
Building Inspections
Contracts & RFPs
County Codes & Ordinances
Economic Development Services
Planning & Zoning
Report a Pothole
Restaurant Inspections
Surveyor's Office
Affordable Housing Information
Dog Services & Shelter
Emergencies & Alerts
Health Services
Justice Court
Juvenile Services
Marriage Licenses
Public Safety
Recycling & Waste Management
Veteran Resources
Victim Assistance
Volunteer Opportunities
County Events
Maps & GIS Data
Marion County Parks
Points of Interest
Building Permits
Concealed Handgun License
Dog License
Food Handler Permit
Rental Assistance
Transportation Permits
Building Permit Fees
Civil Process Fees
Dog License Fees
Planning Fees
Recording Fees
Surveyor's Office Fees
System Development Charges
Waste Disposal Rates
County Fair Information
County Parks
Lost Dog
Recycling Locations
Road Projects
Voter Dropbox Locations
Birth Certificate
Marriage License
Property Records
Public Records
Survey Plats
Send Money to Adult in Custody
Property Taxes
Traffic Citations
Adoptable Dogs
Contracting Opportunities
Adult in Custody Lookup
Board Meetings
Assessor's Office
Business Services
Clerk's Office
Community Services
District Attorney
Health & Human Services
Housing Authority
Human Resources
Information Technology
Legal Counsel
Public Works
Sheriff's Office
Treasurer's Office
Contact Us
Emergency Contacts
Social Media Center
Buena Vista Ferry Information and Operating Status
Buena Vista Ferry Hours & Fees
Ferry Toll Cards
View a map and get directions
History of Buena Vista Community
Wheatland Ferry Information and Operating Status
Wheatland Ferry Hours & Fees
To receive email updates of ferry operating status and unscheduled closures, subscribe to the email list at email@example.com. Include your email address in the body of your message and indicate if you would like to be added to the "Buena Vista Ferry" or "Wheatland Ferry" emergency notification list.
To purchase a new toll card or add money to an existing toll card for either ferry, contact Accounting staff at Marion County Public Works, (503) 588-5036.
You can also add money to an existing toll card online with a Visa or MasterCard, or check your toll card balance, at https://secure.co.marion.or.us/FerryEcom/ferrycard.aspx.
PLEASE NOTE: Credit cards cannot be used to pay tolls when on the ferries.
For additional information, comments or concerns, contact Darren Jones, Ferry Operations Crew Leader, or Michael Shepard, Ferry Supervisor, at Marion County Public Works, (503) 588-5036.


text:
Oklahoma Tornado Survivor Reunites with Trapped Dog During Live Interview
Even in the face of unspeakable tragedy, miracles can occur.
While giving an interview after her Moore, Oklahoma home was ravaged by the horrific tornado that touched down on Monday, Barbara Garcia was discussing how her dog, Tito, was somewhere in the rubble.
Suddenly in a dramatic moment, the dog emerged in the middle of the interview creating one of the few feel-good and inspiring stories to come out of this disaster.
An emotional Garcia said, "Well I got God to answer one prayer to let me be okay, but he answered both of them."
Watch the amazing moment below. If you'd like to donate to the relief effort, visit the Red Cross.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
An earl grey sipping, Sinatra swooning, retail management maven from New Zealand, planning to take over the world with tea, one charleston at a time.
A special hello to all the lovely people I met at the World Tea Expo 2010!
Are you…
a tea fan interested in participating in a swap?
a tea company that would like to trial shipping to New Zealand?
a tea blender wanting your tea reviewed?
a tea retailer looking for your next star manager?
an owner of a tea empire looking for a best friend?
Do contact me!
New Zealand


text:
Skip to product information
Each piece of Roeda decorative art is laser-cut from metal and hand-painted--a magnetic work of art.
These embellishments are designed to be combined with our frames and memo boards to form whimsical, colorful, and personalized art for your home. The final creation is up to you!
Includes super strong magnets that will easily hold your notes and photos!
Hand-painted at Roeda Studio in Grand Rapids, MI, USA.


text:
- ?
This menu's updates are based on your activity. The data is only saved locally (on your computer) and never transferred to us. You can click these links to clear your history or disable it.
- More... (full list)
Watch and download new hot free baby sitter anal full-length hd 1080p porn videos, xxx and sex movies here, the best free porn tube.


text: Good morning. I'm Steve Inskeep. Every political candidate's family may wish they could do this. The wife of a failed congressional candidate threw a bucket of water on a reporter. Justin Lamar Sternad ran in the Democratic primary. He is suspected of taking money from a Republican to scramble that primary. He put up a warning sign at his home reading: Trespassers will be wet. An inquisitive TV reporter ignored that and video of him splashed in the face became an Internet sensation. It's MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
Retired Cardinal Roger Mahony and other top Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles officials maneuvered behind the scenes to shield molester priests, provide damage control for the church and keep parishioners in the dark, according to church personnel files.
The confidential records filed in a lawsuit against the archdiocese disclose how the church handled abuse allegations for decades and also reveal dissent from a top Mahony aide who criticized his superiors for covering up allegations of abuse rather than protecting children.
Notes inked by Mahony demonstrate he was disturbed about abuse and sent problem priests for treatment, but there also were lengthy delays or oversights in some cases. Mahony received psychological reports on some priests that mentioned the possibility of many other victims, for example, but there is no indication that he or other church leaders investigated further.
"This is all intolerable and unacceptable to me,'' Mahony wrote in 1991 on a file of the Rev. Lynn Caffoe, a priest suspected of locking boys in his room, videotaping their crotches and running up a $100 phone sex bill while with a boy. Caffoe was sent for therapy and removed from ministry, but Mahony didn't move to defrock him until 2004, a decade after the archdiocese lost track of him.
"He is a fugitive from justice,'' Mahony wrote to the Vatican's Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who is now Pope Benedict XVI. "A check of the Social Security index discloses no report of his demise, so presumably he is alive somewhere.''
Caffoe died in 2009, six years after a newspaper reporter found him working at a homeless mission two blocks from a Salinas elementary school.
Mahony was out of town but issued a statement Monday apologizing for his mistakes and saying he had been "naive'' about the lasting impacts of abuse.
He has since met with 90 abuse victims privately and keeps an index card with each victim's name in his private chapel, where he prays for them daily, he said. The card also includes the name of the molesting priest "lest I forget that real priests created this appalling harm.''
"It remains my daily and fervent prayer that God's grace will flood the heart and soul of each victim, and that their life journey continues forward with ever greater healing,'' Mahony wrote. "I am sorry.''
The church's sex abuse policy was evolving and Mahony inherited some of the worst cases from his predecessor when he took over in 1985, J. Michael Hennigan, an archdiocese attorney, said in a separate series of emails. Priests were sent out of state for psychological treatment because they revealed more when their therapists were not required to report child abuse to law enforcement, as they were in California, he said.
At the time, clergy were not mandated sex abuse reporters and the church let the victims' families decide whether to contact police, he added.
In at least one case, a priest victimized the children of illegal immigrants and threatened to have them deported if they told, the files show.
The files are attached to a motion seeking punitive damages in a case involving a Mexican priest sent to Los Angeles in 1987 after he was brutally beaten in his parish south of Mexico City.
When parents complained the Rev. Nicholas Aguilar Rivera molested in LA, church officials told the priest but waited two days to call police -- allowing him to flee to Mexico, court papers allege. At least 26 children told police they were abused during his 10 months in Los Angeles. The now-defrocked priest is believed to be in Mexico and remains a fugitive.
The personnel files of 13 other clerics were attached to the motion to show a cover-up pattern, said attorney Anthony De Marco, who represents the 35-year-old plaintiff.
In one instance, a memo to Mahony discusses sending a cleric to a therapist who also is an attorney so any incriminating evidence is protected from authorities by lawyer-client privilege. In another instance, archdiocese officials paid a secret salary to a priest exiled to the Philippines after he and six other clerics were accused of having sex with a teen and impregnating her.
The exhibits offer a glimpse at some 30,000 pages to be made public as part of a record-setting $660 million settlement.
The archdiocese agreed to give the files to more than 500 victims of priest abuse in 2007, but a lawyer for about 30 of the priests fought to keep records sealed. A judge recently ordered the church to release them without blacking out the names of church higher-ups.
They echo similar releases from other dioceses nationwide that have shown how church leaders for decades shuffled problem priests from parish to parish, covered up reports of abuse and didn't contact law enforcement. Top church officials in Missouri and Pennsylvania were criminally convicted last year for their roles in covering up abuse, more than a decade after the clergy sex abuse scandal began to unfold in Boston.
Mahony, who retired in 2011 after 26 years at the helm of the 4.3-million person archdiocese, has been particularly hounded by the case of the Rev. Michael Baker, who was sentenced to prison in 2007 for molestation -- two decades after the priest confessed his abuse to Mahony.
Mahony noted the "extremely grave and serious situation'' when he sent Baker for psychological treatment after the priest told him in 1986 that he had molested two brothers over seven years.
Baker returned to ministry the next year with a doctor's recommendation that he be defrocked immediately if he spent any time with minors. Despite several documented instances of being alone with boys, the priest wasn't removed from ministry until 2000. Around the same time, the church learned he was conducting baptisms without permission.
Church officials discussed announcing Baker's abuse in churches where he had worked, but Mahony rejected the idea.
"We could open up another firestorm -- and it takes us years to recover from those,'' Mahony wrote in an Oct. 6, 2000, memo. "Is there no alternative to public announcements at all the Masses in 15 parishes??? Wow -- that really scares the daylights out of me!!''
The aide, Msgr. Richard Loomis, noted his dismay over the matter when he retired in 2001 as vicar for clergy, the top church official who handled priestly discipline. In a memo to his successor, Loomis said Baker's attorney disclosed the priest had at least 10 other victims.
"We've stepped back 20 years and are being driven by the need to cover-up and to keep the presbyteriate & public happily ignorant rather than the need to protect children,'' Loomis wrote.
"The only other option is to sit and wait until another victim comes forward. Then someone else will end up owning the archdiocese of Los Angeles. The liability issues involved aside, I think that course of complete (in)action would be immoral and unethical.''
Mahony preferred targeted warnings at schools and youth groups rather than a warning read at Masses, Hennigan said. Parish announcements were made two years later.
Baker, who was paroled in 2011, is alleged to have molested 20 children in his 26-year career. He could not be reached for comment.
The files also show Mahony worked to keep molester priests out of state to avoid criminal and civil trouble.
One case involved the Msgr. Peter Garcia, a molester whom Mahony's predecessor sent for treatment in New Mexico. Mahony kept Garcia there after a lawyer warned in 1986 that the archdiocese could face "severe civil liability'' if he returned and reoffended. Garcia had admitted raping an 11-year-old boy and later told a psychologist he molested 15 to 17 young boys.
"If Monsignor Garcia were to reappear here within the archdiocese, we might very well have some type of legal action filed in both the criminal and civil sectors,'' Mahony wrote to the director of Garcia's New Mexico treatment program.
Mahony then sent Garcia to another treatment center, but Garcia returned to LA in 1988 after being removed from ministry. He then contacted a victim's mother and asked to spend time with her younger son, according to a letter in the file.
Mahony moved to defrock him in 1989, and Garcia died a decade later.


text:
Contents: 240 puzzle pieces + instructions.
The company was founded by Otto Robert Maier with seat in Ravensburg, a town in Upper Swabia in southern Germany. He began publishing in 1883 with his first author contract. He started publishing instruction folders for craftsmen and architects, which soon acquired him a solid financial basis. His first board game appeared in 1884, named "Journey around the world".
At the turn of the 20th century, his product line broadened to include picture books, books, children�s activity books, Art Instruction manuals, non-fiction books, and reference books as well as children�s games, Happy Families and activity kits. In 1900, the Ravensburger blue triangle trademark was registered with the Imperial Patent office. As of 1912, many board and activity games had an export version that was distributed to Western Europe, the countries of the Danube Monarchy as well as Russia.
Before the First World War, Ravensburger had around 800 products. The publishing house was damaged during the Second World War and continued to produce games in the years of the reconstruction. The company focused on children's games and books and specialized books for art, architecture and hobbies, and from 1962 grew strongly. The company started to produce jigsaw puzzle games in 1964, and in the same year opened subsidiaries in Austria, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In 1977 the company split into a book publishing arm and a game publishing arm.
Today there are approximately 1,800 available books and 850 games as well as puzzles, hobby products and CD-ROM titles at Ravensburger and its subsidiaries, which include Alea for "hobby and ardent game players" and FX Schmid for games and children's books. Ravensburger products are exported to more than fifty countries.
In September 2010, Ravensburger broke Educa's record for the world's largest jigsaw puzzle of 24,000 pieces. Ravensburger's new puzzle design by late pop artist Keith Haring titled, 'Keith Haring: Double Retrospect' breaks the Guinness Book of World Records measuring 17' � 6' built from 32,256 pieces and comes with its own dolly cart for toting.


text:
Balkinization   |
Jack Balkin: jackbalkin at yahoo.com Bruce Ackerman bruce.ackerman at yale.edu Ian Ayres ian.ayres at yale.edu Corey Brettschneider corey_brettschneider at brown.edu Mary Dudziak mary.l.dudziak at emory.edu Joey Fishkin joey.fishkin at gmail.com Heather Gerken heather.gerken at yale.edu Abbe Gluck abbe.gluck at yale.edu Mark Graber mgraber at law.umaryland.edu Stephen Griffin sgriffin at tulane.edu Jonathan Hafetz jonathan.hafetz at shu.edu Jeremy Kessler jkessler at law.columbia.edu Andrew Koppelman akoppelman at law.northwestern.edu Marty Lederman msl46 at law.georgetown.edu Sanford Levinson slevinson at law.utexas.edu David Luban david.luban at gmail.com Gerard Magliocca gmaglioc at iupui.edu Jason Mazzone mazzonej at illinois.edu Linda McClain lmcclain at bu.edu John Mikhail mikhail at law.georgetown.edu Frank Pasquale pasquale.frank at gmail.com Nate Persily npersily at gmail.com Michael Stokes Paulsen michaelstokespaulsen at gmail.com Deborah Pearlstein dpearlst at yu.edu Rick Pildes rick.pildes at nyu.edu David Pozen dpozen at law.columbia.edu Richard Primus raprimus at umich.edu K. Sabeel Rahmansabeel.rahman at brooklaw.edu Alice Ristroph alice.ristroph at shu.edu Neil Siegel siegel at law.duke.edu David Super david.super at law.georgetown.edu Brian Tamanaha btamanaha at wulaw.wustl.edu Nelson Tebbe nelson.tebbe at brooklaw.edu Mark Tushnet mtushnet at law.harvard.edu Adam Winkler winkler at ucla.edu Compendium of posts on Hobby Lobby and related cases The Anti-Torture Memos: Balkinization Posts on Torture, Interrogation, Detention, War Powers, and OLC The Anti-Torture Memos (arranged by topic) Recent Posts Bush to Democratic Congress: Your Complete Capitulation is Not Good Enough
Monday, August 06, 2007
Bush to Democratic Congress: Your Complete Capitulation is Not Good Enough JB
From the President's Message on signing the FISA fix:
Turning back to the language of the bill, the key provision at section 105A of FISA (see page 2), which categorically excludes from FISA's requirements any and all "surveillance directed at a person reasonably believed to be located outside of the United States", confuses me. Am I correct when I read that to mean it could even be a U.S. citizen who just happens to be "located outside of the United States"? Does the bill specify that the target must be a non-citizen?
Michael, the new law specifically exempts all targeted surveillance of persons overseas from FISA's warrant requirement. That includes US citizens abroad.
What, other than the good faith of Alberto Gonzales, is to prevent the NSA from listening to purely domestic calls between U.S. citizens so long as the AG asserts, long after the fact, that he had reasonable grounds to believe that one of them was located outside the United States?
Apparently "allegedly helped us stay safe" is Bush Administration code for telecom companies and government officials who participated in a conspiracy to perform illegal surveillance.
That "conspiracy" included both elected branches of government with notice to the FISC. Given that heavy majorities of Congress just granted the telecoms immunity from NGO litigation when the government makes future requests to provide access for the TSP, apart from spite at the opposition party in the WH, I cannot see the reasoning for denying similar protection for prior instances when the government asked the telecoms to do the same thing. My guess is that President Bush plans to award those who allegedly helped save the country with alleged medals. The telecoms should be recognized for their services to the country. The telecoms are providing a substantial public service which, if used prior to 9/11, would very likely have disclosed that al Qaeda cell well before the attack. Reportedly, the TSP has broken up other cells and according to a convicted "Islamic charity" in Oregon, broke up al Qaeda funding networks. Congress does have unfinished business to attend to.
... reforms requested by Director McConnell ...
Note that Bush doesn't request the reforms. He hides behind McConnell.
I do not understand how "Total Capitulation", jumping at the demand of the politcally weakest President in history, and craven betrayal of principle makes the Democrats "appear stronger".
Obviously giving an executive which declares itself above the law more legal freedom and forgiveness for past excesses is a _bad_ _idea_. Perhaps instead Congress should pass a law requiring Bush read Daily Briefings and respond to clear danger. That might make the country safer.
I find it particularly sad, in a Doctor Strangelove kind of way, that Mr. Depalma confuses surveillance with safety, and equates acts of fascism as enobling freedom. Any reasonably sane person regardless of political affiliation must realize that in no way is the world safer now than it was prior to 911. If anything, the extremists are getting stronger and gaining new recruits every day. Iraq is now in the throes of a civil war, and was actually a stabler country under Saddam Hussein. And in no small irony, America - the country so gung-ho in exporting freedom to other nations continues to destroy the individual freedoms that our founding fathers fought so hard for, and our soldiers are allegedly dying for. I guess Kris Kristofferson got it right when he said: "Freedom's just another word for nothing left to lose." I just wonder how long it will take for America's citizens to wake up, before they indeed wind up with nothing left to lose.
I like Kristofferson as much as the next guy, but are you seriously claiming there was nothing that could have been done and no surveillance which, if used prior to 9/11, would very likely have disclosed those al Qaeda cells well before the attack? Sounds to me like you are still living in 9/10.
Bart wrote:
if used prior to 9/11, would very likely have disclosed that al Qaeda cell well before the attack. Such a claim is not certain enough to use as rational. Reportedly, the TSP has broken up other cells and according to a convicted "Islamic charity" in Oregon, broke up al Qaeda funding networks. Didn't the busted "Islamic Charity" in oregon get caught with a search warrant for illegally concealed transfer of funds that happened in 2000? If its the Oregon group in the news, how did they establish Al Aaeda ties? Just curious as I haven't see that part - just the parts where they sent funds to a Saudi Arabian banks and wired funds to Chechnyan rebels. Regardless, wasn't that prior to TSP?
P.S. to JB: Not sure how there could be a "wish list" if there was indeed a "Complete Capitulation" -- you missed Speaker Pelosi's statement about coming back in September to keep fighting the White House on this? McConnell's original request to Congress back in April was 66 pages long -- he finally narrowed it down to 11 pages of the most time-sensitive, critical needs -- I think those 55 pages are the "wish list" now.
So, you think if CIA had been permitted to continue tracking Atta within the U.S., there's still no way we could have prevented 9/11?! We might as well surrender to the terrorists then.
So, you think if CIA had been permitted to continue tracking Atta within the U.S., there's still no way we could have prevented 9/11?! We might as well surrender to the terrorists then.
# posted by Charles : 11:33 AM Where did you find the info that the CIA was tracking Atta prior to 9/11?
Wasn't there already a huge backlog of unanalyzed and untranslated data on 9/11? Is the best way to find a needle in a haystack really to add loads of hay?
And this conversation is about the FISA revision, which is applicable to far more than terrorism -- not the TSP.
D. Lewiston, bitswapper, Bartbuster:
I refer you to Marty Lederman's plea here: And one of you needs a new handle. If your only purpose is to engage the trolls here, you are part of the problem.
Shortly after the World Trade Center attack, the USAG reversed government policy, and denied a request from the FBI to examine firearms transaction records at the ATF, because of 'privacy' implications. Several of the hijackers had purchased weapons.
Will the tracking of weapons transactions be prioritized to the same extent as my credit card transactions and phone/email communications?
If we had a functional EPA, George W. Bush's "commendation" of Congress would trigger an environmental alert. It billows enough smoke to scare off a 9/11 rescue worker. Still, let's wade in.
And when these same legal tools also protect the civil liberties of Americans, then we can have the confidence to know that we can preserve our freedoms while making America safer. As with everything else he does, Bush can't resist rubbing a pound of salt into the wound: Today we face a dynamic threat from enemies who understand how to use modern technology against us. Whether foreign terrorists, hostile nations, or other actors, they change their tactics frequently and seek to exploit the very openness and freedoms we hold dear. Our tools to deter them must also be dynamic and flexible enough to meet the challenges they pose. Words fit for a Burgess Meredith sticking that long swab up Rocky's nose. "That openness and freedom thing? Forget it! He won that round! But I'll get ya back out. Here, look up. This'll sting, but it's your only shot. But ya gotta hit 'em hard and don't waste time!" How much blood is on the canvas? We don't know. We can only obsess over nothings. Real inquiry would start with why Alberto Gonzales and Andrew Card paid a "Get well or else" visit to John Ashcroft, the call that nearly triggered a mass resignation. Then we could read this law and decide if it would have been better named "The Retention of Conscientious Civil Servants Act." We're not totally in the dark, just in that realm of the plausibly deniable tailor-made for conspiracy theories. The hint, withdrawn as soon as it was floated, was about data-mining. This Protect America law has lots on that, enough to keep critics in a tizzy amid chants from the "Trust Me" Chorus, which even now is warming up. Will more come out in leaks? Less likely now than on Friday. When Bush sets his mind to plugging leaks, why, there's no stopping him! Even as the bill was being railroaded through Congress, he raided the home of Thomas M. Tamm, the former DOJ attorney alleged to have leaked the NSA spy program. His computer wae seized along with his kids'. (No word yet on the whereabouts of their teddies and blankies.) Sometimes it takes a leak, sometimes a plug, to send the right message, but it's always the same: "Don't mess with us if you know what's good for you and yours – and this means you." Ben Franklin all those other Framers are through spinning in their graves. They're waiting for their bones to be dug up for judicial waterboarding so they'll confess to their original intent and bless all these unknown trade-offs of liberty for security. All that's spinning now are the wheels in five heads. Meanwhile over at the House, there was this Saturday night theatric from Nancy "Do-Over" Pelosi in a letter to Congressmen Conyers and Reyes: … Many provisions of this legislation are unacceptable, and, although the bill has a six month sunset clause, I do not believe the American people will want to wait that long before corrective action is taken. Accordingly, I request that your committees send to the House, as soon as possible after Congress reconvenes, legislation which responds comprehensively to the Administration's proposal while addressing the many deficiencies in S. 1927. Thank you for your attention to this request and for your service to our country. I have a whimsical picture of what's behind this eerie comeback to the signing statement, eerie in that it's tantamount to a legislature saying "We don't mean what we're doing!": On hold with her travel agent to book an overseas vacation, she read the bill and yelled, "Hey, what's this? These buggers could tap my phone!!"
The reason I raised the question about bart's assertion regarding the oregon "Islamic charity", jao, was that GWB appears to be asking for blanket immunity be granted to - well - whoever after 9/11. Bart references a group in Oregon as reinforcement of the value of the TSP.
Yet, the activity that the Oregon group was prosecuted for, if I'm thinking of the same Islamist organization on Oregon Bart is referencing, took place before 9/11. Since the original post regarded this "immunity for whomever after 9/11 we can't say exactly why just allegedly whomever" request from the pres, I wanted to clarify whether or not his referenced activity was before or after 9/11.
Do you think if CIA had been permitted to continue tracking Atta within the U.S., there's still no way we could have prevented 9/11?
[Dubya]: When Congress returns in September the Intelligence committees and leaders in both parties will need to complete work on the comprehensive reforms requested by Director McConnell, including the important issue of providing meaningful liability protection to those who are alleged to have assisted our Nation following the attacks of September 11, 2001.
"Careful what you ask for. You might just get it." If Dubya wants Congress to revisit these changes, they might just trim back some of the provisions instead, like the warrantless 'certifications' by Abu Gonzales as to what he "reasonably believes" (when he actually remembers anything), if we can pressure the Democrats to grow a friggin' spine. Oh. Right. Nevermind. Anything that Dubya doesn't want will be blocked by those brave Republicans that are willing to go to the mat to oppose the "obstructionist" Democrats who are in bed with bin Laden.... <*sigh*> Cheers,
Michael Zimmer:
Am I correct when I read that to mean it could even be a U.S. citizen who just happens to be "located outside of the United States"? Yes. Gone is the concept of a "United States person" (albeit, 50 USC § 1801(f)(1) limited its applicability to such "U.S. persons" within the United States). 50 USC § 1801(f)(2) didn't make such a distinction, instead concerning itself with any person within the U.S. Cheers,
[Prof. Balkin]: Apparently "allegedly helped us stay safe" is Bush Administration code for telecom companies and government officials who participated in a conspiracy to perform illegal surveillance.
That "conspiracy" included both elected branches of government with notice to the FISC. [Assuming arguendo your characterisation of "both [the] elected branches" participating, which is by no means established, and certainly not on the public record] Does that make it "legal"? Given that heavy majorities of Congress just granted the telecoms immunity from NGO litigation when the government makes future requests to provide access for the TSP, apart from spite at the opposition party in the WH, I cannot see the reasoning for denying similar protection for prior instances when the government asked the telecoms to do the same thing. Ummm, because one is now "legal", while the other was against the law. At least, that would be my "reasoning". What is yours? Cheers,
"The telecoms are providing a substantial public service which, if used prior to 9/11, would very likely have disclosed that al Qaeda cell well before the attack."
Objection, your Honour: Assumes facts not in evidence. What we do know is that sitting around, waiting for translation, was an intercept that would have provided an indication, maybe a strong one, that somethingwas afoot. And no one is claiming that this intercept required any new FISA law changes. Cheers,
D. Lewiston, bitswapper, Bartbuster: I refer you to Marty Lederman's plea here: Sorry, didn't see this befor eposting above. I have no problem ignoring Charles compeletely. If we decide that "Bart" is up to his usual, I can see just ignoring him too. Is "Bart"'s stuff above substantive enough for response? Or do we say to ourselves and the other participants, "Objection, asked and answered"? That said, I'll see if I can confine myself to responses specifically to the posts themselves. Now back to the regularly scheduled programming. Sorry. Cheers,
Hello All,
I suggest that the title for this last post, from JB, should be changed to "The President's Warrantless Allegations." By the way, as I have commented before, for Charles to use the term "pogrom" in the way he does reveals a surprising shallowness. The term is strongly connotative of anti-jewish riots in which jews had their property destroyed and were often slaughtered by the rioters. Not knowing much about the commentator using the handle "Charles" I cannot say whether I am surprised, by this usage. However, taken at its best it shows an astounding failure to understand the history behind a well known word, and at its worst suggests that the commentator thinks that pogroms were amusing and equatable to blog-arguments. Pete L.
Not at all, Pete. The Bush-haters are far beyond a simple coup d'état attempt at this point. If they are indeed successful, and millions of Americans die from the next terrorist attacks, it will have been much worse than any other "pogrom" IMHO.
I can't help but wonder, in the event that GW gets what he wants as it relates to this latest expression, if the actual phrase "alleged to have assisted" could appear in resultant legislation.
bitswapper (last time I will try):
Do you think if CIA had been permitted to continue tracking Atta within the U.S., there's still no way we could have prevented 9/11?
Ron Suskind's book The One Per Cent Doctrine provides many of the fill in detail on the alleged assistance. It has been astonishing to me that the details in his book remain largely unknown, even unreviewed. Shame on us all.!!!!!
Here's the info I have: Starting in 2000, the CIA placed Atta under surveillance in Germany. He was trailed by CIA agents, and was observed buying large quantities of chemicals. Once Atta entered the United States on June 3, 2000, through Newark, New Jersey, the CIA says its surveillance of Atta ended. If anyone else wants to answer my question, feel free.
If you believe prescience on the part of our CIA could've guaranteed the prevention of 911 from happenning, you are living in a fool's paradise. All one has to do is look at the way intelligence is manipulated by our government to know that is true: remember the intelligence that told us that Saddam had biological weapons of mass destruction? Denial, Denial, Denial. Sorry folks, but I not willing to stand by idly while this administration rapes the constituion and makes a mockery of due process and the law. Great minds have long warned us about the consequences of using fear and a false sense of security to trample on individual freedoms. History need not repeat itself,and when it does it is by our choice, not "tragic circumstances." For those of you who so doggedly embrace the ideals of spying, lying and torture as a means to an end: how can we justify it here, yet condemn it when practiced by our "enemies"?
When we travel out of country and then return, we can be subjected to any form of search at the entry point.We are not 'in' the US yet. They could strip search, ask me all kinds of questions, do whatever.
So why is this any different? To me the difference seems to be that I know I'm being searched, I experience the invasion, and the process costs time and resources which are limited. If everyone was searched, lines would backup, people would start to complain, it would be a political nightmare. People would start to ask why, and there would be lots of public knowledge of the arbitrary behavior. The new law allows our government to listen in and maybe record conversations which are pretty cryptic. Twist the words we use, tag common words with sinister meanings. Hmmm, sounds familiar. Previously we could blame the Bush Admin for hiding things, now it is lawful and our entire elected government and citizenry is to blame. Maybe we deserve it.
It's not clear that it is worth responding at this point, except to express amazement that, admittedly, does not contribute substantially to the really important issues.
Charles, in answer to a comment I made above, now claims that "bush haters" have gone beyond a "coup d'etat" against the government of the United States. It is almost inconceivable that Charles actually believes his outlandsish claim. Is Charles suggesting that the US government has undergone a coup? [Directed to Charles,] this is pathetic. You are claiming that some unidentifiable group called "bush haters" has attempted a coup, on the same discussion page that is concerned with the democratic majority passing legislation favorable to the president. Your claims are so off-the-wall that it suggests you don't even pay attention to what you type. Chalres' use of words like "coup d'etat" and "pogrom" reveal that he has little understanding of political terminology and history, and evidently has no desire to learn. Pete L.
D. Lewiston:
Nothing is a "guarantee" but I was asking about what was more "likely" to have disclosed the plot -- what would you have preferred on American Airlines Flight 11 that morning -- an armed CIA agent tracking Atta, or not? Pete L.: For the record, I will not resort to ad hominem attacks. So, if you ever make a substantive argument, I will only address the argument, rather than you personally.
While I think folks should generally heed ML's advice re feeding the trolls, it's interesting to see how some are celebrating today, the 6th anniversary of the day Bush got the "Bin Laden determined to Strike in U.S." memo.
It's also interesting how some Bush haters seem intent on preventing Bush from being able to "connect the dots" now.
Before this goes any further, someone ought to point out that some of those who comment here are totally unable to let anyone else get the last word. This means that, as long as anybody says something related to a comment they left, it will draw a reply, even if there is nothing in the reply.
The worst-case scenario, of course, is when two of these folks get into it. I wonder if Bush and his advisers have correctly assessed the Democratic leadership of Congress. There are, of course, certain people with whom the correct approach is to kick them until they apologize. This is known to work with bullies, for example. On the other hand, if the recipient is more the passive-aggressive type, this can ultimately draw a response out of all proportion to the offense. If that's the case, the mind boggles at what the response would be, considering that the proportional response to rampant illegal activity by the President would be impeachment.
bitswapper said...
Bart wrote: Reportedly, the TSP has broken up other cells and according to a convicted "Islamic charity" in Oregon, broke up al Qaeda funding networks. Didn't the busted "Islamic Charity" in oregon get caught with a search warrant for illegally concealed transfer of funds that happened in 2000? The only legitimate law suit I have seen against the TSP was an allegation by an "Islamic charity" convicted of financing al Qaeda that they were accidentally provided a copy of a document which indicated that they were a target of TSP surveillance and that this surveillance may have been used to develop evidence against the al Qaeda front group. In this case, the plaintiff arguably had standing and a legal harm. Taking the al Qaeda front group's allegations at face value, the TSP may have assisted in breaking them up. I would be amazed if this were the only case. However, the media appears to be singularly uninterested in uncovering success stories, so there is no way of knowing for sure.
Porcupine_Pal said...
Ron Suskind's book The One Per Cent Doctrine provides many of the fill in detail on the alleged assistance. It has been astonishing to me that the details in his book remain largely unknown, even unreviewed. Shame on us all.!!!!! The One Percent Doctrine is actually a pretty sympathetic look at the issues of fighting an asymmetrical war against terrorists and the interviews Suskind were giving to promote the book were quite supportive of the Administration. There is your reason why the media largely ignored the book.
JaO said...
D. Lewiston, bitswapper, Bartbuster: I refer you to Marty Lederman's plea here... And one of you needs a new handle. If your only purpose is to engage the trolls here, you are part of the problem. You were actually one of the very few here who would actually substantively engage my arguments. It is sad that you and Professor Lederman are no longer willing to even put in the effort to deal with opposing points of view any longer. Too bad. An interesting dialogue has now turned into an exercise in avoidance. It sort of reminds me of the reaction of the orangoutangs to Talyor's testimony by holding their hands over their ears at Cornelius' heresy trial on the Planet of the Apes Is this how law schools operate these days? However, if you are hoping that shunning will cause me to silence my opinions, you are mistaken. You will have to shut your eyes to this heretic's posts and scroll past in the spirit of true intellectual inquiry.
"...the important issue of providing meaningful liability protection to those who are alleged to have assisted our Nation..."
I'm trying to think of a situation in which it would be important to protect people from liability for doing something that you're not sure they did. Or that you're not willing to admit they did. If they deserved protection, would there be any shame in admitting the allegations were true?
As for the question of whether the new legislation effectively kills the Oregon case brought by the Islamic charity, I think it does. Yes, the alleged surveillance occurred previously, but the language of the new bill would seem to control how courts can interpret the law in pending and future court cases. The new Section 105A of FISA declares flatly: "Nothing in the definition of electronic surveillance under section 101(f) shall be construed to encompass surveillance directed at a person reasonably believed to be located outside of the United States." I think that construction effectively croaks not only the civil suits claiming FISA violations, but also any future criminal prosecutions of prior violations.
For instance, Deidzoeb, actual covert CIA agents risking their lives working to defend the United States (insert: Valerie Plame, here, if that helps) "deserve" protection for said alleged work even though the work itself cannot be disclosed to the public. Does that make sense?
Does that make sense?
# posted by Charles : 6:09 PM You're not even in the zip code. He's talking about protecting them from prosecution because they broke US laws.
However, if you are hoping that shunning will cause me to silence my opinions, you are mistaken. You will have to shut your eyes to this heretic's posts and scroll past in the spirit of true intellectual inquiry.
# posted by Bart DePalma : 5:06 PM What was that you said about living vicariously through others when you have no life of your own?
I'm trying to think of a situation in which it would be important to protect people from liability for doing something that you're not sure they did. Or that you're not willing to admit they did. If they deserved protection, would there be any shame in admitting the allegations were true?
I agree. The duplication of the "alleged" in Bush and McConnell's comments is an odd thing, not because of the coordination of message (which is certainly nothing new), but the preposterous implication that the government doesn't know who is involved in intelligence gathering. One is almost encouraged to read it as a way of extending protection to agencies that did NOT assist the government, but have been alleged to do so. One underlying question that remains is: who is allowed to make such allegations? If I claim that the California State Parka gathered intelligence on me, is that sufficient to grant them protection from liability? Does the government have the sole ability to make such allegations, thereby shifting protection to whomever they deem fit to receive it? If this torturous language were being used solely to protect the identity of those who helped the government, then why not simply say (in the case of McConnell's comment): Second, those who assist the Government in protecting us from harm must be protected from liability. This includes those who have assisted the Government after September 11, 2001 and helped keep the country safe. I understand the leadership in Congress is not able to address before the August recess the issue of liability protection for those who have helped the country stay safe after September 11, 2001... The use of "allegedly" does nothing additional to protect the identity of people that have helped the government, other than to "deny their existence." And by "deny their existence," I mean "verify their existence with a bullet point and underline it with an adverb." I think Jack is on to something...maybe the impetus for the odd word choice is a dearth of evidence or proof that anything these "alleged protectors" have done has actually helped our security.
I haven't read every comment, nor all the articles linked by Professor Lederman below, but I think something in this bill (law, now) has gone overlooked.
In particular, Pelosi and the Democrats, along with posters and commenters on this site and others, continue to talk about the 6 month "sunset" provision. Having read section 5, subsection (d) (the very last subsection), it appears quite clear that any of the "programs" authorized during the next six months will "remain in effect until their expiration". Though I have not read the entire act which this amendment amends, I don't know of any limitation on the maximum duration of any program authorized under it. In other words, if Program X were authorized, and by its terms would expire in 10 years (or more), then the six month sunset would have no effect on that program. Thus, even if congress does NOT reauthorize the "Protect America Act", any programs authorized thereunder (in other words, anything and everything the administration can conceive of and get the paperwork done with respect to) will continue in place indefinitely. Thus, congress cannot simply "undo" this abomination by blocking its reauthorization. Instead, it will need to muster the votes to repeal it by a veto-proof margin. Which obviously won't happen. This is not something that will go away soon. Even if the Democrats in congress come to their senses and somehow acquire some guts, which itself is highly unlikely.
As I read it, authorizations made under these amendments to FISA have a one-year maximum term: SEC. 105B. (a) Notwithstanding any other law, the Director of National Intelligence and the Attorney General, may for periods of up to one year authorize the acquisition of foreign intelligence information concerning persons reasonably believed to be outside the United States ... So an authorization made near the end of the six-month sunset period of the legislation could last another year, a total of about 18 months from now. But I don't see how it would be permanent.
Ah, ok.
So not permanent, but right through the end of Bush's term of office. So, if we can assume BushCo will actually leave office at the end of the term, then the so-called "saving grace" that is the sunset provision cannot possibly have any effect on the administration or its surveillance powers. I understand. And another thing: if a communication is routed through a satellite orbiting the earth, is that communication considered to be outside the U.S.?
Barring some unforeseen catastrophe, there's no way Bush will stay in office past January 20, 2009. Don't you worry your pretty little head about that.
I don't appreciate your condescension. And the possibility of an "unforeseen catastrophe" is exactly what concerns me. But thanks for your assurance. It really sets my mind at ease.
Well, even Dick Cheney admits that it has to at least be a 1% possibility -- just because someone like Tom Clancy can think up some catastrophe like that doesn't make it likely to happen -- especially if we elect the Republican as President. There are plenty of other things to worry about today without worrying about tomorrow and beyond. Is that less condescending?
Yes, thank you for addressing me like an adult. I don't know that this discussion is particularly instructive (as you allude), but my point in the last comment was that an "unforeseen catastrophe" doesn't necessarily mean some doomsday Clancy-type scenario, but might be something as simple as a "credible threat", intercepted through these surveillance activities, that a terrorist group plans to bomb some polling places on election day. Good cause to "temporarily" suspend elections. For the safety and security of the electorate, of course. You can call this "tin foil" if you like, but excuse me if at this point in time I am not entirely convinced of the good intentions or good faith of the people in this administration. There is ample evidence of previous attempts to use the machinery of government (e.g., the Justice Department) to influence elections, and it does not, from a very objective standpoint, seem such a great leap to imagine that similar methods might be used to do something along these lines. Note also that I have not predicted this will happen; I'm merely saying that it isn't out of the realm of possibility - and thus should not be so casually (and condescendingly) dismissed.
My main point was: "There are plenty of other things to worry about today without worrying about tomorrow and beyond." That being said, it's definitely a possibility that terrorists will bomb some polling places on election day -- I'm surprised they haven't before now -- 9/11 was election day in NYC if I remember correctly. But, I doubt that the GOP would call off elections because of a couple of bombs though -- our advantage in absentee balloting will be more than enough to take care of that.
I also left you a post about Bill Clinton firing the U.S. Attorney for investigating Dan Rostenkowski on your own blog. I'm looking forward to Parts II and III of your series.
Is it really necessary to devolve to the twin 'summer reruns' of conservative argumentation, i.e. "They're gonna attack us, just you wait" and "Bill Clinton did [whatever]..."
They have not attacked in long enough that such argument is irrelevant and Bill Clinton hasn't been President for even longer than that.
Sorry, Marty. I don't usually engage trolls, but this one time I'm gonna have to…
Presumably, Charles, you supported Clinton's effort in 1996 to make it a whole lot harder for terrorist groups to exploit international banking laws to get money (I'll make this one easier for you--Bush actually signed it into law in 2002.) Presumably, you criticized conservative Republican Phil Gramm for stripping that specific anti-terror piece from the 1996 anti-terrorism bill. Presumably, you also praised Al Gore's efforts in 1997 to make airlines safer, including proposing that airline cockpits come with lockable doors. (You would have, of course, criticized the Republican Congress for not adopting Gore's suggestions; you also would have criticized the Bush administration for not adopting Gore's recommendations.) Presumably, you also praised the Clinton Administration for successfully preventing an al-Qaeda attack on the L.A. airport on Jan. 1, 2000. And finally, of course, you would have praised Sandy Berger for giving Condi Rice a 6-hour briefing warning about Al-Qaeda. Oh, and you would have praised the commission co-chaired by former Dem. Senator Gary Hart in early 2001 for warning of a terrorist attack. I say "Presumably." But of course it would help if you could agree to all those things in your next posting. See, an awful lot of Republicans try to ignore the things Democrats did or tried to do to prevent terrorism in the 90s, things which would have made the attacks of 9/11 significantly harder to pull off. Just tryin' to keep you honest.
I was walking down the street when someone dropped something, it was a piece of paper, there it was written the link of this site so I took it home and now I think it's fabulous, I also saw a pill of Generic Viagra lying next to the paper.
thanks so much i like very so much your post حلي الاوريو الفطر الهندي صور تورتة حلى قهوه طريقة عمل السينابون طريقة عمل بلح الشام بيتزا هت كيكة الزبادي حلا سهل صور كيك عجينة العشر دقائق طريقة عمل الدونات طريقة عمل البان كيك طريقة عمل الكنافة طريقة عمل البسبوسة طريقة عمل الكيك طريقة عمل عجينة البيتزا فوائد القرفه
Post a Comment
burberry handbags lebron 13 marc jacobs outlet nike store hollister clothing store christian louboutin shoes louis vuitton handbags michael kors outlet gucci bags longchamp handbags kate spade ray ban sunglasses ray ban sunglasses outlet louis vuitton bags coach outlet michael kors outlet clearance cheap basketball shoes adidas originals store adidas superstar air jordan 8 air jordan shoes nike air huarache louboutin femme ralph lauren sale ed hardy outlet coach factory outlet online ray ban sunglasses uk coach outlet canada nike outlet air jordan shoes montblanc pens timberlands coach factory outlet online cheap oakleys coach outlet store online clearances tods outlet store christian louboutin outlet air max 95 air jordan shoes nike roshe run |
Books by Balkinization Bloggers Linda C. McClain and Aziza Ahmed, The Routledge Companion to Gender and COVID-19 (Routledge, 2024) Jack M. Balkin, Memory and Authority: The Uses of History in Constitutional Interpretation (Yale University Press, 2024) Mark A. Graber, Punish Treason, Reward Loyalty: The Forgotten Goals of Constitutional Reform after the Civil War (University of Kansas Press, 2023) Jack M. Balkin, What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Most Controversial Decision - Revised Edition (NYU Press, 2023) Andrew Koppelman, Burning Down the House: How Libertarian Philosophy Was Corrupted by Delusion and Greed (St. Martin's Press, 2022) Gerard N. Magliocca, Washington's Heir: The Life of Justice Bushrod Washington (Oxford University Press, 2022) Joseph Fishkin and William E. Forbath, The Anti-Oligarchy Constitution: Reconstructing the Economic Foundations of American Democracy (Harvard University Press, 2022) Mark Tushnet and Bojan Bugaric, Power to the People: Constitutionalism in the Age of Populism (Oxford University Press 2021). Mark Philip Bradley and Mary L. Dudziak, eds., Making the Forever War: Marilyn B. Young on the Culture and Politics of American Militarism Culture and Politics in the Cold War and Beyond (University of Massachusetts Press, 2021). Jack M. Balkin, What Obergefell v. Hodges Should Have Said: The Nation's Top Legal Experts Rewrite America's Same-Sex Marriage Decision (Yale University Press, 2020) Frank Pasquale, New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI (Belknap Press, 2020) Jack M. Balkin, The Cycles of Constitutional Time (Oxford University Press, 2020) Mark Tushnet, Taking Back the Constitution: Activist Judges and the Next Age of American Law (Yale University Press 2020). Andrew Koppelman, Gay Rights vs. Religious Liberty?: The Unnecessary Conflict (Oxford University Press, 2020) Ezekiel J Emanuel and Abbe R. Gluck, The Trillion Dollar Revolution: How the Affordable Care Act Transformed Politics, Law, and Health Care in America (PublicAffairs, 2020) Linda C. McClain, Who's the Bigot?: Learning from Conflicts over Marriage and Civil Rights Law (Oxford University Press, 2020) Sanford Levinson and Jack M. Balkin, Democracy and Dysfunction (University of Chicago Press, 2019) Sanford Levinson, Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies (Duke University Press 2018) Mark A. Graber, Sanford Levinson, and Mark Tushnet, eds., Constitutional Democracy in Crisis? (Oxford University Press 2018) Gerard Magliocca, The Heart of the Constitution: How the Bill of Rights became the Bill of Rights (Oxford University Press, 2018) Cynthia Levinson and Sanford Levinson, Fault Lines in the Constitution: The Framers, Their Fights, and the Flaws that Affect Us Today (Peachtree Publishers, 2017) Brian Z. Tamanaha, A Realistic Theory of Law (Cambridge University Press 2017) Sanford Levinson, Nullification and Secession in Modern Constitutional Thought (University Press of Kansas 2016) Sanford Levinson, An Argument Open to All: Reading The Federalist in the 21st Century (Yale University Press 2015) Stephen M. Griffin, Broken Trust: Dysfunctional Government and Constitutional Reform (University Press of Kansas, 2015) Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Harvard University Press, 2015) Bruce Ackerman, We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2014) Balkinization Symposium on We the People, Volume 3: The Civil Rights Revolution Joseph Fishkin, Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity (Oxford University Press, 2014) Mark A. Graber, A New Introduction to American Constitutionalism (Oxford University Press, 2013) John Mikhail, Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment (Cambridge University Press, 2013) Gerard N. Magliocca, American Founding Son: John Bingham and the Invention of the Fourteenth Amendment (New York University Press, 2013) Stephen M. Griffin, Long Wars and the Constitution (Harvard University Press, 2013) Andrew Koppelman, The Tough Luck Constitution and the Assault on Health Care Reform (Oxford University Press, 2013) James E. Fleming and Linda C. McClain, Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues (Harvard University Press, 2013) Balkinization Symposium on Ordered Liberty: Rights, Responsibilities, and Virtues Andrew Koppelman, Defending American Religious Neutrality (Harvard University Press, 2013) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Failing Law Schools (University of Chicago Press, 2012) Sanford Levinson, Framed: America's 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance (Oxford University Press, 2012) Linda C. McClain and Joanna L. Grossman, Gender Equality: Dimensions of Women's Equal Citizenship (Cambridge University Press, 2012) Mary Dudziak, War Time: An Idea, Its History, Its Consequences (Oxford University Press, 2012) Jack M. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard University Press, 2011) Jason Mazzone, Copyfraud and Other Abuses of Intellectual Property Law (Stanford University Press, 2011) Richard W. Garnett and Andrew Koppelman, First Amendment Stories, (Foundation Press 2011) Jack M. Balkin, Constitutional Redemption: Political Faith in an Unjust World (Harvard University Press, 2011) Gerard Magliocca, The Tragedy of William Jennings Bryan: Constitutional Law and the Politics of Backlash (Yale University Press, 2011) Bernard Harcourt, The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order (Harvard University Press, 2010) Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic (Harvard University Press, 2010) Balkinization Symposium on The Decline and Fall of the American Republic Ian Ayres. Carrots and Sticks: Unlock the Power of Incentives to Get Things Done (Bantam Books, 2010) Mark Tushnet, Why the Constitution Matters (Yale University Press 2010) Ian Ayres and Barry Nalebuff: Lifecycle Investing: A New, Safe, and Audacious Way to Improve the Performance of Your Retirement Portfolio (Basic Books, 2010) Jack M. Balkin, The Laws of Change: I Ching and the Philosophy of Life (2d Edition, Sybil Creek Press 2009) Brian Z. Tamanaha, Beyond the Formalist-Realist Divide: The Role of Politics in Judging (Princeton University Press 2009) Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff, A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association (Yale University Press 2009) Jack M. Balkin and Reva B. Siegel, The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009) Heather K. Gerken, The Democracy Index: Why Our Election System Is Failing and How to Fix It (Princeton University Press 2009) Mary Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey (Oxford University Press 2008) David Luban, Legal Ethics and Human Dignity (Cambridge Univ. Press 2007) Ian Ayres, Super Crunchers: Why Thinking-By-Numbers is the New Way to be Smart (Bantam 2007) Jack M. Balkin, James Grimmelmann, Eddan Katz, Nimrod Kozlovski, Shlomit Wagman and Tal Zarsky, eds., Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment (N.Y.U. Press 2007) Jack M. Balkin and Beth Simone Noveck, The State of Play: Law, Games, and Virtual Worlds (N.Y.U. Press 2006) Andrew Koppelman, Same Sex, Different States: When Same-Sex Marriages Cross State Lines (Yale University Press 2006) Brian Tamanaha, Law as a Means to an End (Cambridge University Press 2006) Sanford Levinson, Our Undemocratic Constitution (Oxford University Press 2006) Mark Graber, Dred Scott and the Problem of Constitutional Evil (Cambridge University Press 2006) Jack M. Balkin, ed., What Roe v. Wade Should Have Said (N.Y.U. Press 2005) Sanford Levinson, ed., Torture: A Collection (Oxford University Press 2004) Balkin.com homepage Bibliography Conlaw.net Cultural Software Writings Opeds The Information Society Project BrownvBoard.com Useful Links Syllabi and Exams |


text:
In this study, researchers generated mice that lack one copy of the pancreatic insulin gene, and compared them to mice carrying both copies (2). Then, they exposed both groups to a fattening diet, and found that mice lacking one copy of the insulin gene secreted less insulin than the comparison group (i.e., they did not develop the same degree of hyperinsulinemia). These mice were also completely resistant to fat gain, while the comparison group became obese. The authors came to some rather large conclusions based on these results, suggesting that the "accepted model" that hyperinsulinemia is the result of obesity is "incompatible with our results that put the insulin hypersecretion genetically upstream of obesity". Ergo, diet causes hyperinsulinemia, which causes fat gain. It's a familiar argument to those who frequent Internet diet-health circles, except in this case the hyperinsulinemia is caused by a high-fat diet.
The problem is that the "accepted model" they want to replace overnight didn't come out of thin air-- it emerged from a large body of research, which was almost completely ignored by the authors. When carefully considered, this evidence suggests an alternative explanation for the results of Dr. Mehran and colleagues.
In a landmark paper published in the journal Nature in 1997, Dr. Teoman Uysal and colleagues studied a mouse line lacking the inflammatory gene TNF-alpha (3). Due to a suppression of inflammatory signaling, these animals do not develop insulin resistance when placed on a fattening diet. As a result, they do not develop hyperinsulinemia at all-- insulin levels remain the same as lean controls fed a normal diet. This suggests that the hyperinsulinemia of obesity is indeed a compensatory response to insulin resistance. Get rid of insulin resistance, and you get rid of hyperinsulinemia. Meanwhile, in the comparison group fed the same fattening diet, fasting insulin increased by five-fold. Yet despite these huge differences in fasting insulin, both groups of mice developed "marked obesity". Here are the relevant figures:
The same thing was reported for the iNOS knockout mouse, which also does not develop insulin resistance for a similar reason (4). In that case, the mice with normal insulin actually became fatter than the hyperinsulinemic comparison group, but both groups gained fat. The finding that obesity does not depend on hyperinsulinemia has been replicated multiple times in other animal models that do not develop insulin resistance on fattening diets (5, 6). It is unfortunate that Dr. Mehran and colleagues did not cite these papers or attempt to reconcile them with their own findings.
Roughly 20% of obese humans are insulin sensitive and have normal circulating insulin levels, an issue I discussed in my 2012 AHS talk (7). Consistent with the evidence in animal models I just discussed, this demonstrates that hyperinsulinemia is not required for obesity in humans. If the interpretation of Dr. Mehran and colleagues were correct, this should be impossible or at least very rare. Observational studies in humans overall have found that elevated insulin levels do not predict future fat gain (8), offering further evidence against the idea that hyperinsulinemia is required for obesity. Since there have been a lot of studies, they can be cherry picked, but if you consider them as a whole, the majority of studies that found an association actually reported that higher insulin predicts less fat gain over time (8).
Well, where do we go from here? We can either stand on opposite sides of the line and shout at one another, or we can try to put the pieces together into a cohesive framework that explains ALL the evidence. Luckily, such a framework exists and it's pretty simple.
The elevated insulin levels that accompany obesity are a compensatory response to insulin resistance-- this is clear from the papers I cited above, among many others. Therefore, when insulin resistance develops, insulin secretion goes up in parallel, maintaining approximately the same relationship between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, so that relatively normal metabolic control is maintained (if this didn't happen, life-threatening metabolic havoc would rapidly ensue, e.g. diabetes or hypoglycemia). This explains why suppressing insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in parallel has little or no impact on fat gain. In that case, total insulin action on fat tissue (i.e., the normal relationship between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity) is preserved.
However, when you uncouple insulin secretion from insulin sensitivity, you change the normal balance between the two, and you can affect fat mass. That's why the fat-specific insulin receptor knockout mouse is resistant to obesity (9). It's also one of the reasons why people lose fat when they develop diabetes, which is a (relative or absolute) deficiency of insulin action. Correcting the insulin deficiency of diabetes frequently causes fat gain for the same reason. In the paper by Dr. Mehran and colleagues, they suppressed insulin secretion without increasing insulin sensitivity, creating an insulin deficiency state similar to mild diabetes, and the result was the same: elevated blood glucose and resistance to fat gain. I fail to see why this is earth shattering.
Although the result is interesting from an academic perspective, it isn't relevant to common obesity where insulin resistance and insulin secretion parallel one another, and it certainly does not erase all previous evidence suggesting that hyperinsulinemia isn't required for obesity in mice or humans. I think we can hold off on re-writing those textbooks for the time being.


text:
The Political Odd Couple: Jersey Shore Edition
The Tuesday before Election Day was not a day for presidential politics, at least not for Gov. Chris Christie of New Jersey.
Hours after Superstorm Sandy savagely hit his state, the man who gave the keynote address at the Republican National Convention that nominated Mitt Romney appeared on morning television shows praising President Obama.
Christie, in his Aug. 28 convention speech, declared it time to end Obama's "absentee leadership in the Oval Office and send real leaders to the White House."
Two months later, none of that rhetoric was on display.
"He has been very attentive and anything that I've asked for he's gotten to me, so I thank the president publicly," Christie told Fox and Friends. "He has done, as far as I'm concerned, a great job for New Jersey."
On Wednesday, Obama and Christie will tour damage in the Garden State. When asked by Fox and Friends if he expected Romney to visit, Christie said:
"I have no idea nor am I the least bit concerned or interested. I've got a job here to do in New Jersey that's much bigger than presidential politics, and I could care less about any of that stuff. ... If you think right now I give a damn about presidential politics then you don't know me."
On CBS's This Morning, Christie called the federal government's cooperation with his state "excellent," adding that he "can't thank the president enough" for his handling of the storm.
The New York Times' Michael D. Shear wrote:
"But some Republicans have already begun grumbling about Mr. Christie's over-the-top praise of the president at such a crucial time in the election. One Republican in Washington said Mr. Christie could have simply expressed appreciation for what any president would have done. Another Republican strategist observed that Mr. Christie's kind words for the president were delivered with the kind of gusto that he often uses to criticize Mr. Obama."
On Tuesday afternoon, Obama praised Christie, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo (a Republican, an independent and a Democrat, for what it's worth) while speaking at a Red Cross center in Washington, D.C.
"I want to praise them for the extraordinary work that they have done," Obama said. "The preparation shows. Were it not for the outstanding work that they and their teams have already done and will continue to do in the affected regions, we could have seen more deaths and more property damage. So, they have done extraordinary work."
The president also described the coordination efforts between federal, state and local officials as "outstanding," saying he's given "no red tape" instructions to federal agencies.


text:
International Shipping Policy
International Shipping Powered by
We have partnered with Bongo International to service our international customers.
Checkout by clicking the "Outside the U.S.?" button or at checkout, choose your international destination from the country drop down menu. Once you click the button or select your country and attempt to checkout, you will be automatically transferred to Bongo's Secure International Checkout page where you will be provided with international shipping costs as well as duties and taxes for your shipment.
Upon completion of your order, Bongo will charge your credit card for the entire purchase. We will ship the goods to Bongo's Global Distribution Facility where Bongo will process the order and transport the goods to your international address. There are no additional fees or registration processes with this service.


text:
Did Firefox save my logins? Did this website save them? How do I control what logins are entered automatically on websites? We'll explain how to store your logins so you can control what happens automatically.
Table of Contents
- 1 How to tell where your login will be stored
- 2 Strategies for saving your login information
- 2.1 Use phrases to create easy to remember passwords
- 2.2 Use Firefox to manage logins with a Primary Password
- 2.3 Use Firefox to manage logins without a Primary Password
- 2.4 Store your logins with both Firefox password management and cookies
- 2.5 How to manage your logins
- 2.6 Additional password management software
How to tell where your login will be stored
Your logins may be stored using the Firefox password management feature and also in cookies.
Firefox password management securely stores the usernames and passwords you use to access websites and then automatically fills them in for you the next time you visit.
When you enter a username and password Firefox hasn't already stored for a website, Firefox's Remember Password prompt will ask if you want Firefox to remember them. When you click Remember Password, the next time you visit the website, Firefox will automatically log you in to the website.
A cookie is a piece of information that a website stores on your computer. Some websites will save your login information on cookies.
When you visit a website and check a box that says something like, "Remember me", the website will save your login information, such as your username and password or just your username, on a cookie. The next time you visit the website, your computer will send your login cookie back to the website, and you'll be logged in automatically or required to enter your password but not your username to log in.
Firefox password management
One advantage of using Firefox password management is that it stores all your logins - your usernames and passwords - in one single place. You can find your logins in Firefox and not worry about forgetting where they are.
On the other hand, putting all your logins in one place, unprotected, can be risky. Theoretically, someone who has access to your computer could open and view your logins in Firefox and go on an Amazon shopping spree! Fortunately, Firefox lets you use a Primary Password to prevent others from accessing your logins without your permission.
An advantage of using cookies is that they can keep you logged in a website so that you can skip the login page and quickly get to where you want. Facebook and Twitter's cookies will let you do this, for instance.
One disadvantage of using cookies is that they will lose your login information whenever you clear your computer's cookies and cache. This could happen by accident if you are trying to fix a problem between your computer and a website. So you would then need to re-enter your login information the next time you visited your favorite websites.
Strategies for saving your login information
Use phrases to create easy to remember passwords
If you want the most secure method for storing your login information, then you should rely on your memory. It's easier than you think. Choose a different login for every website and memorize them. See Create secure passwords to keep your identity safe for details.
Use Firefox to manage logins with a Primary Password
Maybe you need some help remembering all of those logins. The next most secure method is to choose a different login for every website, save them in Firefox when prompted and then secure everything with a Primary Password.
Use Firefox to manage logins without a Primary Password
Perhaps the risk of someone accessing websites with your logins is low — your computer doesn't leave the house, it's connected to a secure network and the people who use it are trusted. In that case, you can just choose a different login for every website, save those logins with the Firefox password management feature and skip the Primary password.
Store your logins with both Firefox password management and cookies
Maybe what you are really looking for is speed - you want to skip those login pages you might otherwise have to visit many times a day. If your computer is in safe hands and the websites are low risk (ones not connected to a credit card), you can store your logins with both password management and cookies.
How to manage your logins
If you would like to change or delete your usernames, passwords or cookies, you can easily do so and here are some articles to show you how:
- Password Manager - Remember, delete and edit logins and passwords in Firefox
- Clear cookies and site data in Firefox
Additional password management software
Here are some password management tools that have extra features and work across multiple browsers, operating systems, and mobile devices:
RoboForm completely automates password entering and form filling with one click, which is very efficient for companies and their employees.
1Password works exceptionally well with all browsers and stores more than just passwords, such as credit card numbers, bank information, software licenses and user id information.
Lastpass is free and is available for just about every commonly used computing platform, including mobile devices.


text:
University of California, San Diego
The University of California San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Drug Commercialization course brings you lectures from both faculty and industry experts. With this course, recorded on campus at UCSD, we seek to share our access to top people in the field who bring an unprecedented range of expertise on drug commercialization.
This course will cover pharmacoeconomic, marketing strategy, intellectual property strategy, portfolio management, managed markets and strategic alliances. It will also have a lecture case study from startup to success.
In addition, the course will discuss post-marketing clinical trials or Phase 4 trials. These are conducted after a new drug has been approved by the regulatory agencies and launched. In these studies, the new drug is prescribed in an everyday healthcare environment using a much larger group of patients. This enables new treatment uses for the new drug to be developed, comparisons with other treatments for the same indication to be made, and determination of the clinical effectiveness of the new drug in a wider variety of patient types, and more rare side effects, if any, may be detected .
Pre-marketing strategy should be instigated as early as Phase 1 clinical trials to ensure that the market's needs are incorporated into the new drug's overall development. Later phases when clinical results are presented at international medical conferences the marketing strategy is then refined in order to develop an awareness amongst the medical community who will be prescribing the new drug. In addition to the marketing strategy, pricing strategy and a tactical plan will be developed. Promotional material, and the sales force will be trained so that when the product is approved they can promote the drug to physician, pharmacist and nurses.
This course is intended as part 3 of a series: Drug Discovery (https://www.coursera.org/learn/drug-discovery), Drug Development (https://www.coursera.org/learn/drug-development) and Drug Commercialization. We would highly recommend that you take the courses in order since it will give you a better understanding on how a drug is discovered in the lab before being tested in clinical trials and then launched in the market place.
Specific details
Category of Education
Medicine and Healthcare


text:
Copyright Notice
All images appearing in the Giuseppe Lupo Photography web site are the exclusive property of Giuseppe Lupo, Munich, Germany and are protected under the United States and International Copyright laws.
The images may not be reproduced, copied, transmitted or manipulated without the written permission of Giuseppe Lupo.
Use of any image as the basis for another photographic concept or illustration (digital, artist rendering or alike) is a violation of the United States and International Copyright laws. All images are copyrighted © 2000 – 2017 Giuseppe Lupo.


text:
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo (354–430) is one of the great Church Fathers of the fourth century. He was the eldest son of Saint Monica.
Aurelius Augustinus was born in 354 in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras, Algeria) to a Christian mother and a pagan father, raised in Roman north Africa, educated in Carthage, and employed as a professor of rhetoric in Milan by 383. He followed the Manichaean religion in his student days, and was converted to Christianity by the preaching and example of Ambrose of Milan. He was baptized at Pascha in 387, and returned to north Africa and created a monastic foundation at Tagaste for himself and a group of friends. In 391 he was ordained a priest in Hippo Regius (now Annaba, in Algeria). He became a famous preacher (more than 350 preserved sermons are believed to be authentic), and was noted for combatting the Manichaean heresy.
In 396 he was made coadjutor bishop of Hippo (assistant with the right of succession on the death of the current bishop), and remained as bishop in Hippo until his death in 430. He left his monastery, but continued to lead a monastic life in the episcopal residence. He left a Rule (Regula in Latin) for his monastery that has led him to be designated the "patron saint of Regular Clergy," that is, parish clergy who live by a monastic rule.
Augustine died on August 28, 430, during the siege of Hippo by the Vandals. He is said to have encouraged its citizens to resist the attacks, primarily on the grounds that the Vandals adhered to heretical Arian Christianity.
Influence as a theologian and thinker
Augustine remains a central figure, both within Christianity and in the history of Western thought. Himself much influenced by Platonism and neo-Platonism, particularly by Plotinus, Augustine was important to the "baptism" of Greek thought and its entrance into the Western Christian (and subsequently the European) intellectual tradition. Also important was his early and influential writing on the human will, a central topic in ethics, and one which became a focus for later philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, but also to the Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.
Augustine's writings developed St Ambrose of Milan's theory of just war. He also advocated the use of force against the Donatists, asking "Why . . . should not the Church use force in compelling her lost sons to return, if the lost sons compelled others to their destruction?" (The Correction of the Donatists, 22-24). However, he objected to capital punishment and said that it would be preferable to set his opponents free than to execute them.
The addition of Augustine to the Menologion is uncertain. Some regard him as glorified by popular recognition in the distant past, yet he was not added to the Horologion in Greece until 1983 (and then only in the index, but with no mention of his name on the page for June 15). He appears to have been added to the calendar in Russia during the "Western Captivity" when the influence of Latin scholasticism was at a high point. His feast day in the Orthodox Church is June 15. In the West, he is remembered on August 28. which was the day of his death in A.D. 430.
Reception of Augustine in the Orthodox Church
The Fifth Ecumenical Council, held in Constantinople in A.D. 553, listed Augustine among other Fathers of the Church, though there is no unqualified endorsement of his theology mentioned (just as there is none for most saints of the Church):
- We further declare that we hold fast to the decrees of the four Councils, and in every way follow the holy Fathers, Athanasius, Hilary, Basil, Gregory the Theologian, Gregory of Nyssa, Ambrose, Theophilus, John (Chrysostom) of Constantinople, Cyril, Augustine, Proclus, Leo and their writings on the true faith.[1] (emphasis added)
In the acts of the Sixth Ecumenical Council (not yet translated into English), he is called the "most excellent and blessed Augustine" and is referred to as "the most wise teacher." In the Comnenian Council of Constantinople in 1166 he is referred to as "Ό Αγίος Αυγουστίνος - "Saint Augustine."
Despite these acclamations, most of his works were not translated into Greek until circa 1360 by Demetrios Cydones and some Orthodox Christians identify errors in his theology—especially those in his Triadology which gave rise to the Filioque addition to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed—and regard him as being one of the major factors in the Great Schism between the Church in the East and in the West. Thus, there are those among the Orthodox who regard Augustine as a heretic, although there has never been any conciliar condemnation of either him or his writings.
More moderate views regard Augustine as (1) a theological writer who made too many mistakes to be included among the Church Fathers but still a saint, (2) a theological writer among many in the early Church (but not a saint), and (3) a theological writer with, perhaps, the title "Blessed" before his name. It should be noted, however, that the Orthodox Church has not traditionally ranked saints in terms of "blessed" or "saint" (i.e., suggesting that the latter has a greater degree of holiness than the former). Saint "rankings" are usually only differences in kind (e.g., monastics, married, bishops, martyrs, etc.), not in degree.
There are at least two books explicitly dealing with the issue of Augustine's place in Orthodoxy: The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church by Fr. Seraphim Rose (ISBN 0938635123), which is generally favorable toward Augustine, citing his importance as a saint in terms of his confessional and devotional writings rather than in his theology, and The Influence of Augustine of Hippo on the Orthodox Church by Dr. Fr. Michael Azkoul (ISBN 0889467331), which tends to see Augustine as the root of all Western Christendom's errors. (There is also a condensation of this book into a booklet titled Augustine of Hippo: An Orthodox Christian Perspective.) The former's cover (shown on right) includes a traditional Greek icon of Augustine, where he is labelled as "Ό Αγίος Αυγουστίνος"—"Saint Augustine."
Another view is expressed by Christos Yannaras, who descibed Augustine as "the fount of every distortion and alteration in the Church's truth in the West" (The Freedom of Morality, p. 151n.).
From The City of God
St. Augustine evidently originated the phrase "love the sinner, hate the sin", which he tied in with a privative notion of evil:
- For this reason, the man who lives by God's standards and not by man's, must needs be a lover of the good, and it follows that he must hate what is evil. Further, since no one is evil by nature, but anyone who is evil is evil because of a perversion of nature, the man who lives by God's standards has a duty of "perfect hatred" (Psalm 139:22) towards those who are evil; that is to say, he should not hate the person because of the fault, nor should he love the fault because of the person. He should hate the fault, but love the man. And when the fault has been cured there will remain only what he ought to love, nothing that he should hate. (14:6, Penguin ed., transl. Bettenson)
From Confessions
- Our hearts shall ever restless be, until they find their rest in Thee. (1:1)
At the end of his life (426-428?) Augustine revisited his previous works in chronological order and suggested what he would have said differently in a work titled the Retractations, which gives us a remarkable picture of the development of a writer and his final thoughts.
- On Christian Doctrine, 397-426
- Confessions, 397-398
- City of God, begun c. 413, finished 426.
- On the Trinity, 400-416.
- Enchiridion
- On the Catechising of the Uninstructed
- On Faith and the Creed
- Concerning Faith of Things Not Seen
- On the Profit of Believing
- On the Creed: A Sermon to Catechumens
- On Continence
- On the Good of Marriage
- On Holy Virginity
- On the Good of Widowhood
- On Lying
- To Consentius: Against Lying
- On the Work of Monks
- On Patience
- On Care to be Had For the Dead
- On the Morals of the Catholic Church
- On the Morals of the Manichaeans
- On Two Souls, Against the Manichaeans
- Acts or Disputation Against Fortunatus the Manichaean
- Against the Epistle of Manichaeus Called Fundamental
- Reply to Faustus the Manichaean
- Concerning the Nature of Good, Against the Manichaeans
- On Baptism, Against the Donatists
- Answer to Letters of Petilian, Bishop of Cirta
- The Correction of the Donatists
- Merits and Remission of Sin, and Infant Baptism
- On the Spirit and the Letter
- On Nature and Grace
- On Man's Perfection in Righteousness
- On the Proceedings of Pelagius
- On the Grace of Christ, and on Original Sin
- On Marriage and Concupiscence
- On the Soul and its Origin
- Against Two Letters of the Pelagians
- On Grace and Free Will
- On Rebuke and Grace
- The Predestination of the Saints/Gift of Perseverance
- Our Lord's Sermon on the Mount
- The Harmony of the Gospels
- Sermons on Selected Lessons of the New Testament
- Tractates on the Gospel of John
- Homilies on the First Epistle of John
- Soliloquies
- The Enarrations, or Expositions, on the Psalms
- Fr. Michael Azkoul, The Influence of Augustine of Hippo on the Orthodox Church (ISBN 0889467331)
- Fr. Seraphim Rose, The Place of Blessed Augustine in the Orthodox Church, 1997 (ISBN 0938635123)
- Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967) (ISBN 0-520-00186-9)
- George E. Demacopoulos and Aristotle Papanikolaou, eds., Orthodox Readings of Augustine (ISBN 978-0881413274)
- James J. O'Donnell, Augustine: A New Biography, 2006 (ISBN 978-0060535384)
- Adolphe Tanquerey, The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on Ascetical and Mystical Theology, 1930, reprint edition 2000 (ISBN 0895556596) p. 37.
- Gary Wills, Augustine: A Life, 2005 (ISBN 978-0143035985)
- Dr. Myroslaw I. Tataryn. Augustine and Russian Orthodoxy: Russian Orthodox Theologians and Augustine of Hippo: a Twentieth Century Dialogue. Lanham, MD: International Scholars Press, 2000. 183pp. ISBN 9781573093903
External links
- St. Augustine in the Greek Orthodox Tradition, by Fr. George C. Papademetriou
- Compilation of comments by various Orthodox writers on St. Augustine.
- Theological Discussion on Eight Teachings of Augustine of Hippo
- On Christian Doctrine, Confessions, and City of God are available freely at http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/
- Other writings are available freely at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/
- St. Augustine: Between Two Worlds
- Augustine and 'other catholics'
- The Enchiridion by Augustine
- eTexts of Augustine's works, at Project Gutenberg
Categories > Church History
Categories > Church History
Categories > Church History
Categories > Liturgics > Feasts
Categories > Liturgics > Feasts
Categories > Liturgics > Feasts
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops > Bishops by century > 4th-5th-century bishops
Categories > People > Clergy > Bishops > Bishops by city > Bishops of Hippo
Categories > People > Saints
Categories > People > Saints > Pre-Schism Western Saints
Categories > People > Saints > Saints by century > 5th-century saints