text:
Christmas could be cancelled by British government
Christmas could be cancelled by a bill being put forward by the Labour government, the Catholic bishops of England and Wales have said, reports Hilary White, LifeSiteNews.com.
In a letter to MPs, Monsignor Andrew Summersgill, general secretary of the Catholic Bishops' Conference, said that Harriet Harmon's Equality Bill will have a "chilling effect" on local councils, town halls and other organizations clamping down on Christmas festivities for fear of offending people of other religions.
The Equality Bill combines all previous equality legislation in the U.K., and includes a range of new provisions.
"Under existing legislation," Summersgill wrote, "we have seen the development of a risk-averse culture with outcomes as ridiculous as reports of a local authority instructing tenants to take down Christmas lights in case they might offend Muslim neighbours, or of authorities removing the word Christmas out of cultural sensitivity to everyone except Christians.
"If this bill is serious about equality, everything possible must be done to avoid it having a chilling effect on religious expression and practice."
The Christian Institute, Britain's leading Christian political lobby group, has listed incidents where public displays of Christianity at Christmas have already come under attack. Councils around Britain are removing all references to the name "Christmas" from their 2009 events. Birmingham City Council has changed the name of this year's light-switching-on event to the generic "Winterval." Last November an attempt by Oxford City Council to drop Christmas from the title of the city's celebrations was condemned by both residents and religious leaders.
The Christian Institute complained about the bill, saying that councils "are already over-zealous in applying equality laws." The bill, they said, "will make this worse."
In fact, some of the Labour government's closest advisors have already urged it to abolish public displays of a Christian origin at Christmas. The Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), which has shaped many Labour party policies, said in 2007 that Christmas "should be downgraded to help race relations."
The equality legislation leads only to the law favoring aggrieved minority lobby groups over the existing Christian culture, the Christian Institute says. The group pointed to the closure and forced secularization of several of Britain's Catholic adoption agencies under similar legislation, the Sexual Orientation Regulations (SORs) of the 2007 Equality Act.
Under the SORs, they said, "the rights of children have been trumped by the rights of homosexual adults. Any agency which refuses to do homosexual adoptions becomes a target for closure."


text:
Draper, UT -- (SBWIRE) -- 01/13/2014 -- As the category creator and world leader in healthy chocolate, the true vision of Xoçai is to transform and improve individual lives worldwide through its exclusive and healthy chocolate products. One such unique element is XoVita™, a proprietary high-antioxidant blend of cacao, açaí berries and blueberries, an ingredient combination exclusive to Xoçai. This proprietary and exclusive high-antioxidant blend is utilized in all of Xoçai products and provides a wide-ranging class of nutrients, vitamins and health benefits. XoVita™ consistently contributes to the findings that all of Xocai's products contain the highest ORAC (antioxidant-measuring test) and flavonoid rich products available today. (mxicorp.com/xovita/)
mxicorp.com/products/chocolate.php, mxicorp.com/healthychocolate, mxicorp.com/thewholestory
Given the recent attention to antioxidants in the media, medical & nutrition industries, it is important to know how antioxidants affect on health and well-being. Independent studies have shown that antioxidants in foods have the ability to counteract and fight the damaging effects of free radicals in the body. Xe Xoçaí® Energy™ drink contains two of the highest free radical-fighting fruits in the world today: Cacao & Açaí. In addition, fatigue is one of today's top complaints to doctors. Unfortunately, most of society's so-called "solutions" —such as energy drinks and energy shots—simply give a false energy via high sugar levels and harsh stimulants. Xoçaí® Xe Energy™ delivers all-natural energy by way of some of the world's top antioxidant superfoods. These unique ingredients help kick-start energy, metabolism, boost mental function, and provide superior antioxidant protection.Benefits include: - Delivers an all-natural energy boost without harsh stimulants - Promotes mental energy and vitality - Kickstarts metabolism - Provides superior antioxidant support. Features include: - Delicious, all-natural flavor - Easy to use for active lifestyle.
Why are People so Turned Off by Network Marketing?
Xocai Healthy Chocolate White Paper
About MXI Corp
Established in 2005, Marketing Xocolate International Corporation (MXI-Corp) is the world leader in great tasting, healthy, dark, chocolate products. MXI Corp was founded upon the same solid foundation that the Brooks' family used to build their enormous Pure Delite Low Carb Chocolate company (circa 2000) which had retail sales in Wal-Mart, 7-Eleven, Rite-Aid and Walgreen's of over $300,000,000. All MXI products are focused on potent doses of delicious, antioxidant-rich Belgian cacao. MXI-Corp believes that the high levels of natural antioxidants and Polyphenols that are found in its cacao can provide a viable solution to individual nutritional needs. The Xoçai™ (sho-sigh) line, which currently includes nine products, is manufactured utilizing a cold-press process, which preserves the nutritional values of the company's proprietary blends of vitamins and minerals. MXI is recognized as the category creator and world leader in healthy chocolate. The vision of Xoçai is to transform and improve individual lives worldwide through its unique chocolate products. One unique element of the company's formulations is their proprietary high-antioxidant blend of cacao, açaí and blueberries, called XoVita™. The Xovita ingredient combination is exclusive to Xoçai. Nevada-based MXI-Corp is a privately held company. Xoçai's nine chocolate products have the highest ORAC (antioxidant-measuring test) and flavonoid rich products available on the market. The Brooks family, owners and operators of MXI-Corp, have total combined chocolate sales of more than $1 billion. MXI Corp is now operating internationally in 41 countries. firstname.lastname@example.com http://www.adampaulgreen.com/partnership 1-801-809-7766

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Reaction to the death Thursday of retired Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf:
"Barbara and I mourn the loss of a true American patriot and one of the great military leaders of his generation. A distinguished member of that 'Long Gray Line' hailing from West Point, Gen. Norm Schwarzkopf, to me, epitomized the 'duty, service, country' creed that has defended our freedom and seen this great nation through our most trying international crises. More than that, he was a good and decent man — and a dear friend. Barbara and I send our condolences to his wife, Brenda, and his wonderful family." — former President George H.W. Bush.
"With the passing of General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, America lost a great patriot and a great soldier. Norm served his country with courage and distinction for over 35 years. The highlight of his career was the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm. 'Stormin' Norman' led the coalition forces to victory, ejecting the Iraqi Army from Kuwait and restoring the rightful government. His leadership not only inspired his troops, but also inspired the nation. He was a good friend of mine, a close buddy. I will miss him. My wife, Alma, joins me in extending our deepest condolences to his wife, Brenda, and to her family." — former Secretary of State Colin Powell.
"The men and women of the Department of Defense join me in mourning the loss of Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, whose 35 years of service in uniform left an indelible imprint on the United States military and on the country. The son of a decorated Army officer, Gen. Schwarzkopf followed his father's legacy of service by enrolling in West Point in the 1950s. His bravery during two tours in Vietnam earned him three Silver Stars, and set him on the path lead our troops into battle in Grenada, and then to take charge of the overall allied effort in the first Gulf War as commander of United States Central Command. Gen. Schwarzkopf's skilled leadership of that campaign liberated the Kuwaiti people and produced a decisive victory for the allied coalition. In the aftermath of that war, Gen. Schwarzkopf was justly recognized as a brilliant strategist and inspiring leader. Today, we recall that enduring legacy and remember him as one of the great military giants of the 20th century. My thoughts and prayers are with the Schwarzkopf family in this time of sadness and grief." — Defense Secretary Leon Panetta.
"I was saddened to learn today of the passing of Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, a fellow West Point graduate, former CENTCOM commander and one of the 20th century's finest soldiers and leaders. I join the civilian and military leaders of our country, and servicemen and women, past and present, in mourning his death. Gen. Schwarzkopf embodied the warrior spirit, serving with distinction in three conflicts over his 35 years of dedicated service. The hallmark of his remarkable career was the swift and decisive victory over Saddam Hussein's forces after they invaded Kuwait. The thoughts and prayers of the Joint Chiefs and the Joint Force are with Gen. Schwarzkopf's family and friends." — Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.


text:
Creator: University of London
Category: Software > Computer Software > Educational Software
Topic: Governance and Society, Social Sciences
Tag: analysis, people, skills, UN, United Nations
Availability: In stock
Price: USD 49.00
The course offers a well-researched and broad-ranging primer to the United Nations system. Consisting of an introduction to the complex UN family and its history, and a series of "'snapshots' of key UN functions, which are used to explore important UN themes and help learners develop important analysis, communication, and policy-based skills.
Interested in what the future will bring? Download our 2024 Technology Trends eBook for free.
The course is aimed broadly at people interested in learning more about the United Nations system, assuming a level of interest but no necessary previous knowledge, whilst also offering offering sufficient up to date research and new critical perspectives that it will also be of interest to people with more expertise or academic familiarity with the topic as well. The main aim of the course is to provide this wide-ranging introduction in a self-contained, but in-depth form, alongside the important practical skills necessary to understand and discuss UN affairs, and potentially lay the groundwork for greater engagement in future either in civil society or in further study.


text:
These files are not for sale. Click here for more information.
Twilight Hack, in case you don't already have it:
3.3 and earlier: twilight-hack-v0.1-beta1.zip
(MD5: 63ce2af59ba28f2507e0c5c2da60720b)
3.4: twilight-hack-v0.1-beta2.zip
(MD5: 4b4eae530dc94d6f1710b0a96bf9e00f)
Indiana Pwns:indiana-pwns.zip
(MD5: fcc198478d14d00751adef4d84a23dc6)
The Homebrew Channel
The Homebrew Channel is now installed using the all-in-one HackMii Installer. Please follow the instructions there for more information.
Looking for applications to use with your freshly installed Homebrew Channel? Go here!


text:
Error vs. Exception
There has been confusion about the distinction between errors and exceptions for a long time, repeated threads in Haskell-Cafe and more and more packages that handle errors and exceptions or something between. Although both terms are related and sometimes hard to distinguish, it is important to do it carefully. This is like the confusion between parallelism and concurrency.
The first problem is that "exception" seems to me to be the historically younger term.
Before there were only "errors", independent of whether they were programming, I/O or user errors.
In this article we use the term exception for expected but irregular situations at runtime
and the term error for mistakes in the running program that can be resolved only by fixing the program.
We do not want to distinguish between different ways of representing exceptions:
, Either
, exceptions in IO
monad, or return codes,
they all represent exceptions and are worth considering for exception handling.
The history may have led to the identifiers we find today in the Haskell language and standard Haskell modules.
- Exceptions:
- Errors:
Note, that the catch
function from Prelude
handles exclusively exceptions,
whereas its counterpart from Control.Exception
also catches certain kinds of undefined values.
Prelude> catch (error "bla") (\msg -> putStrLn $ "caught " ++ show msg)
*** Exception: bla
Prelude> Control.Exception.catch (error "bla") (\msg -> putStrLn $ "caught " ++ show (msg::Control.Exception.SomeException))
caught bla
This is unsafe, since Haskell's error
is just sugar for undefined
, that shall help spotting a programming error.
A program should work as well when all error
s and undefined
s are replaced by infinite loops.
However infinite loops in general cannot be caught, whereas calls to sugared functions like error
Even more confusion was initiated by the Java programming language
to use the term "exceptions" for programming errors like the NullPointerException
and introducing the distinction between
checked and unchecked exceptions.
Let's give some examples for explaining the difference between errors and exceptions and why the distinction is important.
First, consider a compiler like GHC. If you feed it a program that contains invalid syntax or inconsistent types, it emits a description of the problem. Such occurrences are considered to be exceptions. GHC anticipates bad syntax and mismatched types and handles them by generating useful messages for the user. However, if GHC spits out a message like "Panic! This should not happen: ... Send a bug report to firstname.lastname@example.com", then you've encountered a situation which indicates a flaw in GHC. This would be considered an error. It cannot be handled by GHC or by the user. The error message, "Panic!...", is only useful to the GHC developers in fixing the problem.
Ok, these are possible reactions to user input. Now a more difficult question: How should GHC handle corruptions in the files it has generated itself like the interface (.hi) and object files (.o)? These corruptions can be introduced easily by the user by editing the files in a simple text editor, or by network problems or by exchanging files between operating systems or different GHC versions. Thus GHC must be prepared for them, which means, it must generate and handle exceptions here. Program must tell the user at least that there is some problem with the file. A more obscure case - modified files by malicious software. Next question: Must GHC also be prepared for corrupt memory or damages in the CPU? According to the above definition corrupt memory is an exception, not an error. However, GHC cannot do much to solve such situations. Checking hardware is a OS responsibility.
Now we proceed with two examples that show, what happens if you try to treat errors like exceptions:
I was involved in the development of a library that was written in C++.
One of the developers told me, that the developers are divided into the ones who like exceptions
and the other ones who prefer return codes.
As it seem to me, the friends of return codes won.
However, I got the impression that they debated the wrong point:
Exceptions and return codes are equally expressive, they should however not be used to describe errors.
Actually the return codes contained definitions like ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_RANGE.
But I wondered: How shall my function react, when it gets this return code from a subroutine?
Shall it send a mail to its programmer?
It could return this code to its caller in turn, but it will also not know how to cope with it.
Even worse, since I cannot make assumptions about the implementation of a function,
I have to expect an ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_RANGE from every subroutine.
My conclusion is, that ARRAY_INDEX_OUT_OF_RANGE is a (programming) error.
It cannot be handled or fixed at runtime, it can only be fixed by its developer.
Thus there should be no according return code, but instead there should be assert
The second example is a library for advanced arithmetic in Modula-3.
I decided to use exceptions for signalling problems.
One of the exceptions was VectorSizeMismatch,
that was raised whenever two vectors of different sizes should be added or multiplied by a scalar product.
However I found, that quickly almost every function in the library could potentially raise this exception
and Modula-3 urges you to declare all potential exceptions.
(However, ignoring potential exceptions only yields a compiler warning, that can even be suppressed.)
I also noticed that due to the way I generated and combined the vectors and matrices
the sizes would always match.
Thus in case of a mismatch this means, there is not a problem with user input but with my program.
Consequently, I removed this exception and replaced the checks by ASSERT
These ASSERT
s can be disabled by a compiler switch for efficiency concerns.
A correct program fulfils all ASSERT
s and thus it does not make a difference
whether they are present in the compiled program or not.
In a faulty program the presence (or lack) of ASSERT
s controls the way a program fails:
either by continuing execution giving wrong results, or by immediate termination due to a failed assertion.
With the new handling of vector size compatibility,
if the operands of a vector addition originate from user input,
then you have to check that their sizes match before you call vector addition.
However this is a cheap check.
Thus if you want another criterion for distinction of errors and exceptions:
Errors can be prevented by (cheap) checks in advance,
whereas exceptions can only be handled after a risky action was run.
You can easily check for array indices being within array bounds, pointers for being not NULL
divisors for being not zero before calling according functions.
In many cases you will not need those checks,
because e.g. you have a loop traversing all valid indices of an array,
and consequently you know that every index is allowed.
You do not need to check exceptions afterwards.
In contrast to that, memory full, disk full, file not existing, file without write permission
and even overflows are clearly exceptions.
Even if you check that there is enough memory available before allocating,
the required chunk of memory might just be allocated by someone else between your memory check and your allocation.
The file permission might be just changed between checking the permission and writing to the file.
Permissions might even change while you write.
Overflows are deterministic, but in order to prevent an overflow say for a multiplication,
you have to reimplement the multiplication in an overflow-proof way.
This will be slower than the actual multiplication.
(Processors always show overflows by flags,
but almost none of the popular high-level languages allows to query this information.)
My conclusion is that (programming) errors can only be handled by the programmer,
not by the running program.
Thus the term "error handling" sounds contradictory to me.
However supporting a programmer with finding errors (bugs) in their programs is a good thing.
I just wouldn't call it "error handling" but "debugging".
An important example in Haskell is the module Debug.Trace
. It provides the function trace
that looks like a non-I/O function
but actually outputs something on the console.
It is natural that debugging functions employ hacks.
For finding a programming error it would be inappropriate to transform the program code
to allow I/O in a set of functions that do not need it otherwise.
The change would only persist until the bug is detected and fixed.
Summarized, hacks in debugging functions
are necessary for quickly finding problems without large restructuring of the program
and they are not problematic, because they only exist until the bug is removed.
Different from that exceptions are things you cannot fix in advance. You will always have to live with files that cannot be found and user input that is malformed. You can insist that the user does not hit the X key, but your program has to be prepared to receive a "X key pressed" message nonetheless. Thus exceptions belong to the program and the program must be adapted to treat exceptional values where they can occur. No hacks can be accepted for exception handling.
When exceptions become errors
Another issue that makes distinction between exceptions and errors difficult is, that sometimes the one gets converted into the other one.
It is an error to not handle an exception.
If a file cannot be opened you must respect that result.
You can proceed as if the file could be opened, though.
If you do so you might crash the machine
or the runtime system terminates your program.
All of these effects are possible consequences of a (programming) error.
Again, it does not matter whether the exceptional situation is signaled by a return code that you ignore or an IO exception for which you did not run a catch
When errors become exceptions
Often there is criticism about the distinction between errors and exceptions because there are software architectures where even programming errors of a part shall not crash a larger piece of software. Typical examples are: A process in an operating system shall not crash the whole system if it crashes itself. A buggy browser plugin shall not terminate the browser. A corrupt CGI script shall not bring the web server down, where it runs on.
In these cases errors are handled like exceptions. But there is no reason to dismiss the distinction of errors and exceptions, at all. Obviously there are levels, and when crossing level boundaries it is ok to turn an error into an exception. The part that contains an error cannot do anything to recover from it. Also the next higher level cannot fix it, but it can restrict the damage. Within one encapsulated part of an architecture errors and exceptions shall be strictly separated. (Or put differently: If at one place you think you have to handle an error like an exception, why not dividing the program into two parts at this position? :-) )
There is an important reason to not simply catch an error and proceed as if it were only an exception: The error might have corrupted some data and there is no general way to recover from that. Say, after detecting an error you might want to close a file that you were working on. But since you are coping with an error, something you did not foresee, you cannot know whether the file was already closed again or never opened. So it is better to just abort the program.
The next higher level, the shell calling your program or the browser calling your plugin, shall have registered what has been opened and allocated and can reliably free those resources.
Errors and type system
It is generally considered, that errors in a program imply a lack in the type system. If the type system would be strong enough and the programmers would be patient enough to work out the proofs imposed by library functions, then there would be no errors in programs at all, only exceptions.
An alternative to extending the type system to dependent type system that allows for a wide range of proofs is the Extended Static Checking. For example:
{-# CONTRACT head :: { xs | not (null xs) } -> Ok #-}
head :: [a] -> a
head [] = error "head: empty list"
head (x:_) = x
When there is a pre-condition (or a contract) like here, it is a programming error to give an empty list to head
. This means that checking if the list is empty must be done before the call. It has to statically deductible from the call site.
If you write a function and cannot prove that you will not call head on the empty list then either you check before calling, or you use a safe-head function like viewL :: [a] -> Maybe (a, [a])
or a case xs of x:_ -> doSomethingWithHead a; [] -> doSomethingElse
or you add a pre-condition to your function.
These contracts somehow look like the exception declarations, but they specify something about preconditions, not about possible results. There would be no sense to give the contracts names in order to handle different ways of violating the contracts after the function has been called with inappropriate arguments.
Call stacks
Both for errors and exceptions some kind of call stack might be helpful to be reported to the programmer or user, respectively. However the call stacks for programmers (for debugging) noticably differ from those for users generated as result of an exception.
For errors we might prefer something like:
Prelude.head:42:23: empty list when calling recursively MyModule.scan.go:2009:12 and MyModule.scan.view:2009:7 when calling MyGUI.promptString:1234:321 ... many more details ...
whereas users would certainly more like to see
Program could not be started, because Config file could not be read because Config file does not exist in dir0, dir1, dir2
but the exception handler may also decide to use a default configuration instead or ask the user, how to proceed.
Escaping from control structures
In imperative languages we often find statements that escape from a control structure.
These escapers are refered to as exceptions, as well.
E.g. in C/C++/Java break
escapes for
loops and return
escapes functions and methods.
Analogously in Modula-3 EXIT
escapes LOOP
and RETURN
escapes PROCEDURE
The analogy between these statements and using the explicit exception handling mechanism of the particular language
is also helpful in order to describe the interaction between these statements and handling of regular exceptions.
E.g. what exception handlers and resource deallocators shall be run when you leave a loop or function using break
Analogously exceptions can also be used to escape from custom control structures
(yeah, higher order functions are also possible in imperative languages)
or deep recursive searches.
In imperative languages exceptions are often implemented in a way that is especially efficient
when deep recursions have to be aborted.
You might debate intensively about whether using exceptions for escaping control structures is abuse of exceptions or not.
At least escaping from control structures is more exception than error.
Escaping from a control structure is just the irregular case with respect to the regular case of looping/descending in recursion.
In Haskell, when you use exception monads like Control.Monad.Exception.Synchronous
or Control.Monad.Error
exceptions are just an automated handling of return codes.
See also
This article is written by Henning Thielemann. Other authors may use the terms 'error' and 'exceptions' in different ways or do not distinguish them at all.


text:
The following is a list of proposed initiatives to the People filed to date with the Office of the Secretary of State. To be certified, a petition must contain the signatures of at least 224,880 registered voters. The deadline for filing petition signatures for the following initiatives is 5:00 p.m. July 6, 2007. Questions regarding the content of initiatives should be directed to the sponsor(s).
Initiative numbers are not assigned until the proposal has been reviewed by the state Code Reviser and the sponsor has submitted the final language of the proposed initiative. The content of initiatives is described as general "subject matter" pending the issuance of an official ballot title and summary by the state Attorney General.


text:
Welcome to Hyperion Records, an independent British classical label devoted to presenting high-quality recordings of music of all styles and from all periods from the twelfth century to the twenty-first.
Hyperion offers both CDs, and downloads in a number of formats. The site is also available in several languages.
Please use the dropdown buttons to set your preferred options, or use the checkbox to accept the defaults.
from notes by Graham Johnson © 1993
Schubert: The Complete Songs 'This would have been a massive project for even the biggest international label, but from a small independent … it is a miracle. An ideal Christ ... 'Please give me the complete Hyperion Schubert songs set—all 40 discs—and, in the next life, I promise I'll "re-gift" it to Schubert himself … fo ...» More |


text:
Mr Custard E-Liquid by Zuro's
Couldn't load pickup availability
Shipping & Returns
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Products marked as Final Sale can not be returned, refunded or exchanged for any reason.
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text:
Nankhatai evokes lots of nostalgic memories in me mainly because,that is probably the closest I came to baking while I was a child.I don't remember if I enjoyed eating it as much as I enjoyed seeing it baking.I used to shout in happiness when I saw them puff up and break oh-so-gently on top making it the best and perfect nankhatais ever.Sadly,amma doesn't remember the recipe now.It took me a while to master the art of baking these 'Indian Cookies' as I wanted to perfect the looks.
Another funny incident comes to my mind.Many people call this 'Narankhatar' in Konkani.Me and ma-in-law once made Butter cookies while she was here and she reminisced about her mother-in-law and how they enjoyed cooking together.Bapama[grandmother-in-law] always called this 'katar' as opposed to narankhatar because her bro-in-law's[who is elder to her] name was Narayan and it was impolite to call his name,even if it was the name of an edible item..sounds strange,eh?
I got this recipe from here,sadly she doen't blog anymore.I loved her blog and the recipes and hopped on there during my non-blogging days.
Recipe source – Vaishali of Happy Burp
Ingredients - makes 14-16 cookies
Maida/Flour – 1 cup
Powdered sugar – ½ cup
Cardamom powder – ½ tsp
Baking powder or baking soda– ½ tsp[heaped]
Salt – a small pinch
Ghee - 6-7 tbsp [preferably homemade]
Sieve the flour and baking powder/soda together into a mixing bowl.
Add the rest of the ingredients apart from the ghee.
Add ghee, a little at a time, while mixing and kneading the dough until you have it the consistency of chapathi dough.
It should be pliable enough to be shaped into a ball.
Cover the dough well or put it into a container with a tight lid.
Keep it in a cool place for a few hours or overnight.
Preheat the oven to 180°C.Grease/Line a baking sheet.
Divide the dough into 16 portions. Shape those portions into round balls and flatten them a little between your palms.
Arrange them on the baking sheet well away from each other.
Bake in the pre-heated oven for about 15 minutes or until the biscuits develop a few 'scars' on top and are slightly browned at the bottom.
Take them out of the oven and let them cool on the baking sheet itself.Once cool, store them in an air-tight container.


text:
Sliding into servitude
The Founding Fathers of this great land had no difficulty whatsoever understanding the agenda of bankers, and they frequently referred to them and their kind as, quote, 'friends of paper money.'
They hated the Bank of England, in particular, and felt that even were we successful in winning our independence from England and King George, we could never truly be a nation of freemen, unless we had an honest money system. Through ignorance, but moreover, because of apathy, a small, but wealthy, clique of power brokers have robbed us of our Rights and Liberties, and we are being raped of our wealth. We are paying the price for the near-comatose levels of complacency by our parents, and only God knows what might become of our children, should we not work diligently to shake this country from its slumber!
Many a nation has lost its freedom at the end of a gun barrel, but here in America, we just decided to hand it over voluntarily. Worse yet, we paid for the tyranny and usurpation out of our own pockets with 'voluntary' tax contributions and the use of a debt-laden fiat currency!


text:
Google launched a very interesting tool that offers suggestions as you type: Google Scribe [updated link]. It's not exactly the service I anticipated 3 years ago, but Google Scribe works surprisingly well. For example, I started to type "This works sur" and Google suggested "This works surprisingly well", which is exactly what I wanted to type. Instead of typing 14 characters, I could only type "1" or press Enter to select the first suggestion.
"Google Scribe provides text completion service. Using information from what you have already typed in a document, Google Scribe provides related word or phrase completion suggestions. In addition to saving keystrokes, Google Scribe's suggestions indicate correct or popular phrases to use," explains Google.
The nice thing about this service is that you don't need to use Google's editor. You can add a bookmarklet to your browser and use Google Scribe in Gmail, Blogger,
Google Scribe only works for English right now, but I'm sure that Google will add many other languages in the future. If you don't like to see suggestions for all the words you type, enable the on-demand mode (Ctrl+Shift+J) and you'll only see suggestions when you press Tab.
Since Google uses data extracted from web pages, you'll see a lot of strange suggestions like this pattern from Google's navigation bar:
or this text, which is frequently used on IngentaConnect's site:
{ Thanks, Robert. }


text:
Muslim vying for same piece of land as Christian accuses him of speaking ill of Muhammad.
FAISALABAD, Pakistan, June 29 (Compass Direct News) — A Muslim vying with a Christian for a parcel of land here has accused the elderly man of "blaspheming" Islam's prophet Muhammad, which is punishable by death or life imprisonment, according to the Christian Lawyers' Foundation (CLF).
Jhumray police on June 19 arrested Rehmat Masih of village No. 165/RB Jandawali in Faisalabad district under Section 295-C of Pakistan's controversial "blasphemy laws," and he was sent to Faisalabad District Jail on judicial remand by Magistrate Muhammad Sajawal.
Section 295-C states that "whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representation, or by imputation, innuendo, or insinuation, directly or indirectly, defiles the sacred name of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) shall be punishable with death, or imprisonment for life, and shall be liable to fine."
Christian sources said Masih, who suffers from arthritis, is 85 years old, though the First Information Report against him lists his age as 73.
The CLF's Rai Navid Zafar Bhatti told Compass that hard-line Muslim Muhammad Sajjid Hameed filed the charges after learning that he would not be able to secure the Punjab Province land.
"He used the weapon of last resort, the controversial Blasphemy Laws' Section 295-C, which preponderantly unbalances the scales of justice," Bhatti said.
CLF President Khalid Gill said local Christian residents led by Masih had applied to the Punjab government to secure it for construction of a Christian residential area, and Hameed also had applied for the same parcel for commercial projects.
Hameed has testified in court that Masih made derogatory remarks about Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, and Khadija, the first wife of the founder of the religion, Bhatti said.
Gill said Masih has testified that he said nothing "humiliating" about Muhammad or Khadija.
"I am not a blasphemer, nor I can think of such a sinister thing, which is against the teachings of Christ," Masih testified, according to Gill.
A CLF fact-finding team found that in April the frail Masih had argued with Hameed and several other Muslim hardliners — Shahbaz Khalid, Afzaal Bashir, Muhammad Aamer, Akber Ali and Asghar Ali — about the Virgin Mary, said Gill.
"At that time the elderly Masih, who at present is languishing in Faisalabad District Jail and facing discriminatory behavior and apathy of Muslim inmates and jail wardens, did not know that this altercation with Muslim men would lead to imprisonment for him," Gill said.
Three of Hameed's friends who backed him during the argument, 25-year-old Aamer, 45-year-old Akber Ali and 40-year-old Asghar Ali, have testified in support of Hameed's accusation, according to Bhatti.
The CLF fact-finding team, led by Babu William Rose, a local Faisalabad Christian representative, found that Masih was also accused because he was a politically active member of the Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-e-Azam party (PML-Q), while Hameed supports the PML-Nawaz Sharif (PML-N).
Representatives of the National Commission for Justice and Peace also asserted that Masih's political views played a role in Hameed having him jailed under Pakistan's blasphemy statues, saying that Hameed was using the power of the PML-N, which rules Punjab province, to implicate Masih in the case.
Gill and Azher Kaleem of the CLF sternly condemned the incarceration of Masih and said that the blasphemy laws must be repealed at once as they are widely used to take vengeance in personal or land disputes.
Section 295-A of the blasphemy laws prohibits injuring or defiling places of worship and "acts intended to outrage religious feelings of any class of citizens." Section 295-B makes willful desecration of the Quran or a use of its extract in a derogatory manner punishable with life imprisonment.
Masih is the father of seven adult daughters and four grown sons.


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Shift: Tuesday-Saturday work week. Tuesday-Friday hours: 3:30PM-7:30PM and Saturday hours: 9:00AM-4:00PM. Hours are approximate and subject to change due to the needs of the business. Guaranteed Hours Job Duties Driver/operator of company vehicles. Provides courteous and efficient delivery and pick-up of packages. Checks shipments for conformance to FedEx features of service and provides related customer service functions. Drives vehicles not regulated by section 391 of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations. Performs other duties as assigned.
Minimum Education
High School Diploma/GED.
Minimum Experience
Knowledge, Skills and Abilities
Ability to lift 50 Lbs. Ability to maneuver packages of any weight above 50 lbs. with appropriate equipment and/or assistance from another person. Good human relations and communication skills.
Job Conditions
Non-covered safety sensitive position. Neat appearance since customer contact is required. Ability to work in a constant state of alertness and in a safe manner. Must be licensed for type of vehicle assigned.
Part time Delivery Driver position @ 2701 Southridge Drive in Wichita Falls Texas. Starting pay $20.22 an hour. Tuesday-Saturday work week. Tuesday-Friday hours: 3:30PM-7:30PM and Saturday hours: 9:00AM-4:00PM. Hours are approximate and subject to change due to the needs of the business.
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A morbidly obese wild monkey who gorged himself on junk food and soda left behind by tourists has been rescued and placed on a strict diet of lean protein, fruits and vegetables.
Wildlife officials caught the chunky monkey — nicknamed "Uncle Fat" by locals — after photos of the animal started circulating on social media last month.
Wild monkeys roam free in many parts of Thailand, attracting tourists who feed and play with the animals. Most of the monkeys are macaques like Uncle Fat, and they typically weigh around 9 kilograms (20 pounds).
Uncle Fat weighs three times that, tipping the scales at around 26 kilograms (60 pounds).
"It was not easy to catch him," said Kacha Phukem, the wildlife official who conducted the capture and rescue on April 27. "He was the leader of his pack, and when I tried to go in, I had to fight off a flock of them with sticks."
The subordinate monkeys fed into Uncle Fat's bad habits.
"He had minions and other monkeys bringing food for him but he would also re-distribute it to younger monkeys," said Supakarn Kaewchot, a veterinarian in charge of the monkey's diet. "He is now in a critical condition where there is a high-risk of heart disease and diabetes."
Uncle Fat is believed to be between 10 and 15 years old. To help him lose weight, his new diet is limited to 400 grams worth of lean protein, fruits and vegetables twice a day. Supakarn said she hopes that within a few months they can consider releasing him to the wild.
Sakchai Lalit/The Associated Press
She said Uncle Fat is an example of why people shouldn't feed wild monkeys unhealthy food.
"I understand that people feel sorry for the monkeys and want to feed them when they see them," Supakarn said. "But please don't feed them food that people like to eat like snacks and soda. It is very bad for their health and the problem is entirely man-made."


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This Surah is known by two names AT-TAUBAH and AL-BARA'AT. It is called AT-TAUBAH because it enunciates the nature of taubah (repentance) and mentions the conditions of its acceptance.(vv. 102. 118). The second name BARA' AT (Release) is taken from the first word of the Surah.
Why Omission of Bismillah
This is the only Surah of the Quran to which Bismillah is not prefixed. Though the commentators have given different reasons for this, the correct one that which has been given by Imam Razi: namely, this is because the Holy Prophet himself did not dictate it at the beginning of the Surah. Therefore the Companions did not prefix it and their successors followed them. This is a further proof of the fact that utmost care has been taken to keep the Quran intact so that it should remain in its complete and original form.
Discourses and Periods of Revelation
This Surah comprises three discourses. The first discourse (vv. 1-37), was revealed in Zil-Qa'adah A.H. 9 or thereabout. As the importance of the subject of the discourse required its declaration on the occasion of Hajj the Holy Prophet despatched Hadrat Ali to follow Hadrat Abu Bakr, who had already left for Makkah as leader of the Pilgrims to the Ka'abah. He instructed Hadrat Ali to deliver the discourse before the representatives of the different clans of Arabia so as to inform them of the new policy towards the mushriks.
The second discourse (vv., 38-72) was sent down in Rajab A.H. 9 or a little before this, when the Holy Prophet was engaged in making preparations for the Campaign of Tabuk. In this discourse, the Believers were urged to take active part in jihad, and the shirkers were severely rebuked for holding back their wealth and for hesitation to sacrifice their lives in the way of Allah because of their hypocrisy, weak faith or negligence.
The third discourse (vv. 73-I 29) was revealed on his return from the Campaign of Tabuk. There are some pieces in this discourse that were sent down on different occasions during the same period and were afterwards consolidated by the Holy Prophet into the Surah in accordance with inspiration from Allah. But this caused no interruption in its continuity because they dealt with the same subject and formed part of the same series of events. This discourse warns the hypocrites of their evil deeds and rebukes those Believers who had stayed behind in the Campaign of Tabuk. Then after taking them to task, Allah pardons those true Believers who had not taken part in the Jihad in the Way of Allah for one reason or the other. Chronologically, the first discourse should have come last; but being the most important of the three in regard to its subject-matter, it was placed first in the order of compilation.
Historical Background
Now let us consider the historical background of the Surah. The series of events that have been discussed in this Surah took place after the Peace Treaty of Hudaibiyah. By that time, one-third of Arabia had come under the sway of Islam which had established itself as a powerful, well organized and civilized Islamic State. This Treaty afforded further opportunities to Islam to spread its influence in the comparatively peaceful atmosphere created by it. After this Treaty, two events took place, which led to very important results:
Conquest of Arabia
The first was the Conquest of Arabia. The Holy Prophet was able to send missions among different clans for the propagation of Islam. The result was that during the short period of two years, it became such a great power that it made the old order of ignorance feel helpless before it. So much so that the zealous elements from among the Quraish were so exasperated that they broke the Treaty in order to encounter Islam in a decisive combat. But the Holy Prophet took prompt action after the breach so as not to allow them any opportunity to gather enough force for this. He made a sudden invasion on Makkah in the month of Ramadan in A H. 8 and conquered it. Though this conquest broke the backbone of the order of ignorance, it made still another attack on Islam in the battlefield of Hunain, which proved to be its death-knell. The clans of Hawazin Thaqif, Naur, Jushm and others gathered their entire forces in the battlefield in order to crush the reformative Revolution, but they utterly failed in their evil designs. The defeat of 'ignorance' at Hunain paved the way for making the whole of Arabia the 'Abode of Islam' (Dar-ul-Islam). The result was that hardly a year had passed after the Battle of Hunain, when the major portion of Arabia came within the fold of Islam and only a few upholders of the old order remained scattered over some corners of the country.
The second event that contributed towards making Islam a formidable power was the Campaign of Tabuk, which was necessitated by the provocative activities of the Christians living within or near the boundaries of the Roman Empire to the north of Arabia. Accordingly, the Holy Prophet, with an army of thirty thousand marched boldly towards the Roman Empire but the Romans evaded the encounter. The result was that the power of the Holy Prophet and Islam increased manifold and deputations from all corners of Arabia began to wait upon him on his return from Tabuk in order to offer their allegiance to Islam and obedience to him. The Holy Quran has described this triumph in Surah An-Nisa: "When the succour of Allah came and victory was attained and you saw people entering the fold of Islam in large numbers...
Campaign to Tabuk
The Campaign to Tabuk was the result of conflict with the Roman Empire, that had started even before the conquest of Makkah. One of the missions sent after the Treaty of Hudaibiyah to different parts of Arabia visited the clans which lived in the northern areas adjacent to Syria. The majority of these people were Christians, who were under the influence of the Roman Empire. Contrary to all the principles of the commonly accepted international law, they killed fifteen members of the delegation near a place known as Zat-u-Talah (or Zat-i-Itlah). Only Ka'ab bin Umair Ghifari, the head of the delegation, succeeded in escaping and reporting the sad incident. Besides this, Shurahbil bin Amr, the Christian governor of Busra, who was directly under the Roman Caesar, had also put to death Haritli bin Umair, the ambassador of the Holy Prophet, who had been sent to him on a similar minion.
These events convinced the Holy Prophet that a strong action should be taken in order to make the territory adjacent to the Roman Empire safe and secure for the Muslims. Accordingly, in the month of Jamadi-ul-Ula A.H. 8, he sent an army of three thousand towards the Syrian border. When this army reached near Ma'an, the Muslims learnt that Shurahbil was marching with an army of one hundred thousand to fight with them and that the Caesar, who himself was at Hims, had sent another army consisting of one hundred thousand soldiers under his brother Theodore. But in spite of such fearful news, the brave small band of the Muslims marched on fearlessly and encountered the big army of Shurahbil at M'utah. And the result of the encounter in which the Muslirns were fighting against fearful odds (the ratio of the two armies was 1:33), was very favourable, for the enemy utterly failed to defeat them. This proved very helpful for the propagation of Islam. As a result, those Arabs who were living in a state of semi-independence in Syria and near Syria and the clans of Najd near Iraq, who were under the influence of the Iranian Empire, turned towards Islam and embraced it in thousands. For example, the people of Bani Sulaim (whose chief was Abbas bin Mirdas Sulaimi), Ashja'a, Ghatafan, Zubyan, Fazarah, etc., came into the fold of Islam at the same time. Above all, Farvah bin 'Amral Juzami, who was the commander of the Arab armies of the Roman Empire, embraced Islam during that time, and underwent the trial of his Faith in a way that filled the whole territory with wonder. When the Caesar came to know that Farvah had embraced Islam, he ordered that he should be arrested and brought to his court. Then the Caesar said to him, "You will have to choose one of the two things. Either give up your Islam and win your liberty and your former rank, or remain a Muslim and face death." He calmly chose Islam and sacrificed his life in the way of the Truth.
No wonder that such events as these made the Caesar realize the nature of the danger that was threatening his Empire from Arabia. Accordingly, in 9 A.H. he began to make military preparations to avenge the insult he had suffered at M'utah. The Ghassanid and other Arab chiefs also began to muster armies under him. When the Holy Prophet, who always kept himself well-informed even of the minutest things that could affect the Islamic Movement favourably or adversely, came to know of these preparations, he at once understood their meaning. Therefore, without the least hesitation he decided to fight against the great power of the Caesar. He knew that the show of the slightest weakness would result in the utter failure of the Movement which was facing three great dangers at that time. First the dying power of 'ignorance' that had almost been crushed in the battlefield of Hunain might revive again. Secondly, the Hypocrites of Al-Madinah, who were always on the look-out for such an opportunity, might make full use of this to do the greatest possible harm to it. For they had already made preparations for this and had, through a monk called Abu Amir, sent secret messages of their evil designs to the Christian king of Ghassan and the Caesar himself. Besides this, they had also built a mosque near Al-Madinah for holding secret meetings for this purpose. The third danger was of an attack by the Caesar himself, who had already defeated Iran, the other great power of that period, and filled with awe the adjacent territories. It is obvious that if all these three elements had been given an opportunity of taking a concerted action against the Muslims, Islam would have lost the fight it had almost won. That is why in this case the Holy Prophet made an open declaration for making preparations for the Campaign against the Roman Empire, which was one of the two greatest empires of the world of that period. The declaration was made though all the apparent circumstances were against such a decision: for there was famine in the country and the long awaited crops were about to ripen: the burning heat of the scorching summer season of Arabia was at its height and there was not enough money for preparations in general, and for equipment and conveyance in particular. But in spite of these handicaps, when the Messenger of Allah realized the urgency of the occasion, he took this step which was to decide whether the Mission of the Truth was going to survive or perish. The very fact that he made an open declaration for making preparations for such a campaign to Syria against the Roman Empire showed how important it was, for this was contrary to his previous practice. Usually he took every precaution not to reveal beforehand the direction to which he was going nor the name of the enemy whom he was going to attack; nay, he did not move out of Al-Madinah even in the direction of the campaign.
All the parties in Arabia fully realized the grave consequences of this critical decision. The remnants of the lovers of the old order of 'ignorance' were anxiously waiting for the result of the Campaign, for they had pinned all their hopes on the defeat of Islam by the Romans. The 'hypocrites' also considered it to be their last chance of crushing the power of Islam by internal rebellion, if the Muslims suffered a defeat in Syria. They had, therefore, made full use of the Mosque built by them for hatching plots and had employed all their devices to render the Campaign a failure. On the other side, the true Believers also realized fully that the fate of the Movement for which they had been exerting their utmost for the last 22 years was now hanging in the balance. If they showed courage on that critical occasion, the doors of the whole outer world would be thrown open for the Movement to spread. But if they showed weakness or cowardice, then all the work they had done in Arabia would end in smoke. That is why these lovers of Islam began to make enthusiastic preparations for the Campaign. Everyone of them tried to surpass the other in making contributions for the provision of equipment for it. Hadrat Uthman and Hadrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf presented large sums of money for this purpose. Hadrat Umar contributed half of the earnings of his life and Hadrat Abu Bakr the entire earnings of his life. The indigent Companions did not lag behind and presented whatever they could earn by the sweat of their labour and the women parted with their ornaments. Thousands of volunteers, who were filled with the desire of sacrificing their lives for Islam, came to the Holy Prophet and requested that arrangements for weapons and conveyance be made for them so that they should join the expedition. Those who could not be provided with these shed tears of sorrow; the scene was so pathetic that it made the Holy Prophet sad because of his inability to arm them. In short, the occasion became the touchstone for discriminating a true believer from a hypocrite. For, to lag behind in the Campaign meant that the very relationship of a person to Islam was doubtful. Accordingly, whenever a person lagged behind during the journey to Tabuk, the Holy Prophet, on being informed, would spontaneously say, "Leave him alone. If there be any good in him, Allah will again join him with you, and if there be no good in him, then thank Allah that He relieved you of his evil company".
In short, the Holy Prophet marched out towards Syria in Rajab A.H. 9, with thirty thousand fighters for the cause of Islam. The conditions in which the expedition was undertaken may be judged from the fact that the number of camels with them was so small that many of them were obliged to walk on foot and to wait for their turns for several had to ride at a time on each camel. To add to this, there was the burning heat of the desert and the acute shortage of water. But they were richly rewarded for their firm resolve and sincere adherence to the cause and for their perseverance in the face of those great difficulties and obstacles.
When they arrived at Tabuk, they learnt that the Caesar and his allies had withdrawn their troops from the frontier and there was no enemy to fight with. Thus they won a moral victory that increased their prestige manifold and, that too, without shedding a drop of blood. In this connection, it is pertinent to point out that the general impression given by the historians of the campaigns of the Holy Prophet about the Campaign of Tabuk is not correct. They relate the event in a way as if the news of the mustering of the Roman armies near the Arabian frontier was itself false. The fact is that the Caesar had begun to muster his armies, but the Holy Prophet forestalled him and arrived on the scene before he could make full preparations for the invasion. Therefore, believing that "discretion is the better part of valour," he withdrew his armies from the frontier. For he had not forgotten that the three thousand fighters for the cause of Islam had rendered helpless his army one hundred thousand strong at M'utah. He could not, therefore, even with an army of two hundred thousand, dare to fight against an army of thirty thousand, and that, too, under the leadership of the Holy Prophet himself. When the Holy Prophet found that the Caesar had withdrawn his forces from the frontier, he considered the question whether it would be worthwhile to march into the Syrian territory or to halt at Tabuk and turn his moral victory to political and strategic advantage. He decided on the latter course and made a halt for twenty days at Tabuk. During this time, he brought pressure on the small states that lay between the Roman Empire and the Islamic State and were at that time under the influence of the Romans, and subdued and made them the tributaries of the Islamic State. For instance, some Christian chiefs Ukaidir bin Abdul Malik Kindi of Dumatul Jaiidal, Yuhanna bin D'obah of Ailah, and the chiefs of Maqna, Jarba' and Azruh also submitted and agreed to pay Jizyah to the Islamic State of Al-Madinah. As a result of this, the boundaries of the Islamic State were extended right up to the Roman Empire, and the majority of the Arab clans, who were being used by the Caesar against Arabia, became the allies of the Muslims against the Romans. Above all, this moral victory of Tabuk afforded a golden opportunity to the Muslims to strengthen their hold on Arabia before entering into a long conflict with the Rormans. For it broke the back of those who had still been expecting that the old order of 'ignorance' might revive in the near future, whether they were the open upholders of shirk or the hypocrites who were hiding their shirk under the garb of Islam. The majority of such people were compelled by the force of circumstances to enter into the fold of Islam and, at least, make it possible for their descendants to become true Muslims. After this a mere impotent minority of the upholders of the old order was left in the field, but it could not stand in the way of the Islamic Revolution for the perfection of which Allah had sent His Messenger.
Problems of the Period
If we keep in view the preceding background, we can easily find out the problems that were confronting the Community at that time. They were: (1)to make the whole of Arabia a perfect Dar-ul-Islam, (2)to extend the influence of Islam to the adjoining
countries, (3)to crush the mischiefs of the hypocrites, and (4)to prepare the Muslims for Jihad against the non-Muslim world.
Now that the administration of the whole of Arabia had come in the hands of the Believers, and all the opposing powers had become helpless, it was necessary to make a clear declaration of that policy which was to be adopted to make her a perfect Dar-ul-Islam Therefore the following measures were adopted.
A clear declaration was made that all the treaties with the mushriks were abolished and the Muslims would be released from the treaty obligations with them after a respite of four months.(vv. 1-3). This declaration was necessary for uprooting completely the system of life based on shirk and to make Arabia exclusively the centre of Islam so that it should not in any way interfere with the spirit of Islam nor become an internal danger for it.
A decree was issued that the guardianship of the Kaabah, which held central position in all tlie affairs of Arabia, should be wrested from the mushriks and placed per- manently in the hands of the Believers, (vv. 12-18) that all the customs and practices of the shirk of the era of 'ignorance' should be forcibly abolished: that the mushriks should not be allowed even to come near the "House" (v. 28). This was to eradicate every trace of shirk from the "House" that was dedicated exclusively to the worship of Allah. The evil practice of Nasi, by which they used to tamper with the sacred months in the days of 'ignorance', was forbidden as an act of kufr (v. 37). This was also to serve as an example to the Muslims for eradicating every vestige of the customs of ignorance from the life of Arabia (and afterwards from the lives of the Muslims everywhere). In order to enable the Muslims to extend the influence of Islam outside Arabia, they were enjoined to crush with sword the non-Muslim powers and to force them to accept the sovereignty of the Islamic State. As the great Roman and Iranian Empires were the biggest hindrances in the way, a conflict with them was inevitable. The object of Jihad was not to coerce them to accept Islam-they were free to accept or not to accept it-but to prevent them from thrusting forcibly their deviations upon others and the coming generations. The Muslims were enjoined to tolerate their misguidance only to the extent that they might have the freedom to remain misguided, if they chose to be so, provided that they paid Jizyah (v. 29) as a sign of their subjugation to the Islamic State.
The third important problem was to crush the mischiefs of the hypocrites, who had hitherto been tolerated in spite of their flagrant crimes. Now that there was practically no pressure upon them from outside, the Muslims were enjoined to treat them openly as disbelievers (v. 73). Accordingly, the Holy Prophet set on fire the house of Swailim, where the hypocrites used to gather for consultations in order to dissuade the people from joining the expedition to Tabuk. Likewise on his return from Tabuk, he ordered to pull down and burn the 'Mosque' that had been built to serve as a cover for the hypocrites for hatching plots against the true Believers.
In order to prepare the Muslims for Jihad against the whole non-Muslim world, it was necessary to cure them even of that slight weakness of faith from which they were still suffering. For there could be no greater internal danger to the Islamic Community than the weakness of faith, especially where it was going to engage itself single-handed in a conflict with the whole non-Muslim world. That is why those people who had lagged behind in the Campaign to Tabuk or had shown the least negligence were severely taken to task, and were considered as hypocrites if they had no plausible excuse for not fulfilling that obligation. Moreover, a clear declaration was made that in future the sole criterion of a Muslim's faith shall be the exertions he makes for the uplift of the Word of Allah and the role he plays in the conflict between Islam and kufr. Therefore, if anyone will show any hesitation in sacrificing his life, money, time and energies, his faith shall not be regarded as genuine. (vv. 81-96). If the above-mentioned important points are kept in view during the study of this Surah, it will facilitate the understanding of its contents.


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