text:
Dr. Verma Comments on Aaron Rodger's Broken Collarbone
Twenty-one years, 346 games and two Lambeau Field renovations have passed since Don Majkowski stood on the sideline at the Georgia Dome unable to play because of torn ligaments in his left ankle.
It was the last time a Green Bay Packers starting quarterback sat out two consecutive games.
On Nov. 17, it probably will happen again.
Quarterback Aaron Rodgers would be the one on the sideline, this time at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey. There won't be a strapping young buck named Brett Favre there to steal his job and hold it for the next 15 years, but the feeling would be the same.
Rodgers won't return to his position under center because of a broken left collarbone he suffered on the first series of the Packers' 27-20 loss to the Chicago Bears on Monday night at Lambeau Field.
No timetable was given for his return, but Rodgers won't play this week against Philadelphia and quite possibly the next three or four weeks after that. Even though it doesn't appear to be a displaced fracture, he would risk exactly that if he were to land on his left side the way he did Monday night.
"It's a difficult injury because there's not a specific type of rehab you can do for this," Rodgers said Tuesday on his weekly radio show on ESPN Milwaukee. "It's not like you can get a massage or 'stim' (electrical stimulation) or the different various treatments that they have out there that can try to get you back quicker.
"You just have to wait for the bone to heal. That's going to be the frustrating part, but I feel like I've been a quick healer in the past and am hopeful this will be on the short end of whatever prognosis comes up."
Two shoulder specialists said it is vital that the fracture — even if it is just a crack in the bone, which Rodgers' injury appears to be — heal completely or the quarterback would be at risk for a more serious injury to the collarbone, one that would end his season.
Both said the standard recovery time for any broken bone is four to eight weeks, but without seeing Rodgers' test results they could not predict whether he would be on the short end of that time frame. Based on the way Rodgers landed and was treated after the injury occurred, both suspected it was a hairline fracture.
At his news conference Tuesday, coach Mike McCarthy refused to provide a timetable for Rodgers' return, but said after additional tests were taken Tuesday there was a feeling among the medical staff that the outlook was better than expected.
"I'm relieved, no doubt," McCarthy said. "You talk to the doctors after the game, talk to Aaron after talking to the doctors, (I) felt better talking to Aaron than I did talking to our medical staff.
"With the new information that was given today, everybody felt better about it. How long? We don't have our hands around a timeline yet, but I know Aaron is very optimistic and he'll do everything he can to get back in a timely fashion."
McCarthy and his staff began preparations for 33-year-old backup Seneca Wallace to make his first start since Jan. 1, 2012, as a member of the Cleveland Browns. Wallace sat out last year after the Browns cut him, and he signed with the Packers on Sept. 2 when it was clear the two young quarterbacks they had been developing as backups — Graham Harrell and B.J. Coleman — weren't worthy of making the roster.
Wallace took over after Rodgers was injured Monday and completed 11 of 19 passes for 114 yards with one interception and four sacks. He led the Packers on three scoring drives, but two of them featured long running plays that accounted for most or all of the yards.
To back up Wallace, the Packers were finalizing a contract that would elevate practice squad quarterback Scott Tolzien, a former Wisconsin player, to the 53-man roster, an NFL source said. The Packers had the option of signing their former backup quarterback, Matt Flynn, who cleared waivers after the Buffalo Bills released him Monday, but they appear sold on Tolzien.
Rodgers, who has missed one game in his career due to injury (concussion in 2010) will not be able to aggressively attack his rehab because it is more important for him to let the bone heal than to retain strength in his shoulder. The injury he suffered occurred when Bears defensive end Shea McClellin landed on top of Rodgers with all his weight, driving the quarterback's shoulder into the ground.
"I got kind of grabbed there by Shea and tried to get away," Rodgers said on the radio. "He kind of bear-hugged me and there was a forceful throw-down maybe a tad quicker than I thought, and my arm got caught underneath me there."
According to Chris P. O'Grady, orthopedic surgeon for the Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, the force applied to the shoulder is what caused the bone to break and not necessarily a direct hit on the collarbone.
"There's a lot of force that's transmitted through the AC (acromioclavicular) joint and a lot of times you'll get a shoulder separation," O'Grady said. "I think if you were to bet based on the mechanism he had, most people would have thought that was the case.
"Sometimes those forces transmit through and the collarbone under the force of that pressure will bend a little bit and it will break. Often times, it's an obvious displaced fracture."
The Packers experienced that injury twice with safety Charles Woodson and the second time he was out for nine weeks. Based on the way Rodgers was able to move around and jog off the field, both doctors doubted he had that type of injury.
Typically, both said, the force of the blow can cause a crack or hairline fracture in the center of the collarbone. Regardless of what it is called, it is still a broken bone and requires about a month or more to heal.
"It's all the same whether they call it a crack or a fracture or a break," said Nikhil Verma, associate professor of orthopedics at Rush University Medical Center. "I think if it's a legitimate crack it's going to be four to six weeks before you're comfortable that that bone is healed sufficiently to reliably provide strength to avoid re-injury.
"I know the initial reports were three weeks, but that seems aggressive. That's optimistic in my mind."
After about three weeks, and sometimes sooner, pain dissipates and the patient is able to work on range of motion. In Rodgers' case, he is dealing with his non-throwing shoulder and so there is no process he needs to go through to get back to throwing the football.
Rodgers may be shooting for a return Thanksgiving Day at Detroit, and while that may be possible, both doctors said it's vital that the injury be completely healed before he is cleared.
"There's a real chance that if they let him go back early and it wasn't completely healed and he took another hit and landed on his shoulder, then he could break it and this time displace it and have a more significant break," Verma said. "There's a fine line there."
Said O'Grady: "The most telling sign will be whether there is any tenderness at the fracture site — meaning if you press right on where that crack is, if there is any pain whatsoever, it's a sign that things are not yet healed."
Click here for the complete release: Timeline for Aaron Rodgers' Return from Fractured Collarbone Unknown


text:
The Asian and Pacific Centre for the Development of Disaster Information Management (APDIM) is mandated to reduce human and material losses due to natural hazards and contribute to the effective design, investment and implementation of disaster risk reduction and resilience policies.
APDIM serves as an information and knowledge repository to support the Governments and other stakeholders in the region to develop their capacities as well as to facilitate regional cooperation on transboundary hazards in the Asia-Pacific region.
June 2023
Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, 06 June 2022
APDIM in the News
30 April 2019
Islamic Republic News Agency
30 January 2018

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It is always nice to be able to sit down and relax and enjoy a good dip and I am always looking for interesting new dips to try. I recently came across a very interesting idea for a feta salsa dip on smitten kitchen and I knew immediately that I would have to try it. This feta salsa's primary ingredients are feta, olives and sundried tomatoes which are all near the top of my list of favorite ingredients. From there you finish the salsa off with some herbs and olive oil. I decided to add some garlic and for the herbs I was thinking Greek and went with some fresh oregano. I was also planning on adding some green onions but I forgot that I was out and had to skip them. (Thinking about it now, I had some red onions that would have worked well.) Given the simple list of ingredients you want to use some good ones and I took the opportunity to pick up some nice imported Greek sheep milk feta and some nice olives. The feta "salsa" turned out really well! It was nice and tasty and so packed with flavour! I enjoyed scooping the the feta salsa up with whole wheat pitas when I served it the first time. The leftovers went really nicely on salads and I added about a tablespoon of it to my next few bowls of salad during the week.
Feta Salsa
- 1/2 pound feta (crumbled)
- 1/2 cup kalamata olives (pitted and chopped)
- 1/2 cup sundried tomatoes in oil (drained and chopped)
- 2 cloves garlic (chopped)
- 1 tablespoon oregano (chopped)
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice
- Mix everything in a bowl.


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Landscape: Ingalena Klenell and Beth Lipman
On loan to the Figge from the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, Washington, Landscape is a floor-to-ceiling curtain of sculpted and fused clear glass, originally the centerpiece of a three-part installation entitled Glimmering Gone.
The exhibition is a collaboration between Ingalena Klenell of Sweden and Beth Lipman of Wisconsin. The pair met at a gathering of glass artists in Italy and, realizing that their work shared many common threads, conducted a joint residency at the Museum of Glass in 2010. There, the two artists were inspired by Abby Williams Hill (1861-1943), a painter from Tacoma, who painted grand American landscapes in the tradition of Albert Bierstadt.
Landscape seeks to recreate the sense of wonder found in Hill's paintings, as well as the ambition of an independent woman artist and mother who trekked across the United States—often to Yosemite, Yellowstone and other national parks—recording its natural wonders. Using transparent glass for their installation, Lipman and Klenell emphasize
the romanticism inherent in 19th century landscapes, as well as the fragility of nature as we understand it today. Their use of glass as a "painting" material bears comparison to the work of Louis Comfort Tiffany, while the misty landscape can resemble a Chinese brush painting, or a Midwestern scene on a winter day.
Landscape combines artistic elements for which Lipman and Klenell are individually acclaimed.
Klenell—who spent her childhood years in the harbor town of Kristinehamn, Sweden, and at her grandparents' farm near the Norwegian border—received her master's degree in environmental science and ecophilosophy. She studied glassblowing at the famous Swedish firm of Orrefors, but strayed from traditional glassblowing to create elaborate, lacy, large-scale sculptures of kiln-formed, cut and fused glass.
Lipman, a Pennsylvania native, studied art at the Massachusetts College of Art and Temple University. She is well known for large tabletop accumulations of cut and formed glass that are inspired by 17th century Dutch still-life paintings.
Following their joint residency at the Museum of Glass, the two artists worked collaboratively—even though their studios were 4,000 miles apart—to plan and create the elements that combine to form the beauty of Landscape.
Get an inside look at the installaion process of Landscape.
This exhibition is on view through June 15, 2014.
Sponsored by Andy & Debi Butler
Ingalena Klenell and Beth Lipman, Landscape, 2008-2010, kiln-formed glass. Collection of Museum of Glass, Tacoma, Washington, gift of the artists. Photo by Russell Johnson and Jeff Curtis.


text: The single appears on the album Zooropa and was released as a single in Japan and Australia only.The title is said to come from Bono watching footage of his parents, Bob and Iris Hewson. His mother was wearing lemon. During the PopMart tour, the Perfecto Mix was played while performance artist Leigh Bowery danced on screen. The Perfecto Mix can also be found on the soundtrack Pret-A-Porter (Ready To Wear) as well as being sampled on Grace's Skin On Skin.


text:
WASHINGTON – At a briefing held today, Commissioners of the U.S. Helsinki Commission praised the progress of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and called on Serbia , Bosnia and other Balkan states to cooperate with the tribunal in order to bring to justice those guilty of war crimes. In the wake of a Commission briefing, which was held in cooperation with the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, the commissioners noted the success of the tribunal and praised the recent establishment of the Bosnian War Crimes Chamber.
"Nothing can ever undo the carnage that was unleashed by the Balkan wars of the 1990s, but out of those dark days the global community established that justice is a global principle to which all nations must adhere," said Commission Chairman Senator Sam Brownback (R-KS). "The ICTY has lain to rest the idea that national sovereignty is a shield behind which the most horrible crimes can be committed with impunity."
The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe , also known as the Helsinki Commission, is a U.S. Government agency that monitors progress in the implementation of the provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords. The Commission consists of nine members from the United States Senate, nine from the House of Representatives, and one member each from the Departments of State, Defense and Commerce.
"The genocide and ethnic cleansing that occurred in Europe during the 1990s is something that we never expected to witness again after 1945. The existence of such atrocities is proof that the world must always be on guard and prepared to bring to justice those who would commit the most heinous acts. That principle has been reaffirmed by the International Criminal Tribunal," added Commission Co-Chairman Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ).
This month marks the 10th anniversary of the Dayton Agreement which ended the 1992-1995 civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The war, which was characterized by the "ethnic cleansing" of civilian populations, was the most violent conflict in Europe since the Second World War. After the war's conclusion, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established at The Hague to prosecute those responsible for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.
"It has been a long, hard road, but slowly there has been a reckoning for those who committed the most brutal atrocities in Europe since the Second World War. Governments are beginning to realize that their place in the international community is dependent on their adhering to a standard of international justice. I call on all governments in the region to immediately apprehend and extradite the remaining at-large war criminals to the ICTY," said Commission Ranking Member Rep. Ben Cardin (D-MD).
The 55 participating States in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) played a crucial role in helping to stabilize the situation in Bosnia by assisting in peacekeeping efforts and election monitoring subsequent to the signing of the Dayton Agreement. The OSCE was established pursuant to the 1975 Helsinki Final Act which enshrined for the first time in international affairs the idea that issues of security were directly related to the acceptance of human rights. The outcome of the Bosnia conflict, specifically the establishment of the war crimes tribunal, has been seen by some experts as a reaffirmation of the Helsinki principles.
"Some of the worst alleged war criminals remain at large, but it is only a matter of time before they are caught and brought to justice," added Commissioner and President of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly Rep. Alcee Hastings (D-FL). "The international community was universally horrified by the atrocities that we saw in the Balkans. A sharp line has now been drawn in the sand, and the word is out that no nation may cross it."
This year, with considerable U.S. support, the Bosnian War Crimes Chamber has become operational. This specialized court is part of the effort to complete the work of the ICTY by bringing the focus of the tribunal down to the national level.
"The establishment of specialized courts to try the crimes that have been committed in the region is part of a long-term goal to bring justice closer to home for those who believed that their positions made them immune to justice," added Chairman Brownback. "Now we are a step closer to achieving that ambition."


text:
Shoes displayed on Pavers.co.uk are listed in British or European sizes. To convert them to your local sizes please use the chart below. These conversions are for guidance only and may vary by manufacturer.
UK | European | US | Japanese | |
2 | 35 | 4 | 21 | Shop Size |
2.5 | 35.5 | 4.5 | 21.5 | Shop Size |
3 | 36 | 4.5 | 21.5 | Shop Size |
3.5 | 36.5 | 5.5 | 22.5 | Shop Size |
4 | 37 | 6 | 23 | Shop Size |
4.5 | 37.5 | 6.5 | 23.5 | Shop Size |
5 | 38 | 7 | 24 | Shop Size |
5.5 | 38.5 | 7.5 | 24.5 | Shop Size |
6 | 39 | 8 | 25 | Shop Size |
6.5 | 39.5 | 8.5 | 25.5 | Shop Size |
7 | 40 | 9 | 26 | Shop Size |
7.5 | 40.5 | 9.5 | 26.5 | Shop Size |
8 | 41 | 10 | 27 | Shop Size |
8.5 | 41.5 | 10.5 | 27.5 | Shop Size |
9 | 42 | 11 | 28 | Shop Size |
UK | European | US | Japanese | |
3 | 36 | |||
4 | 37 | |||
5 | 38 | |||
6 | 39 | |||
6.5 | 40 | |||
7 | 41 | |||
8 | 42 |
Gender | Female |
Upper | Leather |
Lining | Leather |
Sole | Other |
Width | Standard |
Heel Height | 4 cm |
Free Delivery to Store
Free Standard UK Delivery £70.00 & Over
£3.49 Standard UK Delivery.
£5.49 Express UK Delivery
£7.49 DPD Local- Express Delivery
Free UK Delivery to Store
Order your goods to be sent to any Pavers store throughout the United Kingdom.
Delivered within 7-10 days.
Priority UK Delivery
Subject to stock availability, if a product is sourced from specific locations, we may be able to offer you:
Priority UK Delivery 3 working days £2.49.
Standard UK Shipping £3.49
This service takes up to 3-5 working days.
Items are sent via Evri and are usually delivered Monday to Sunday. Remote destinations may take longer.
FREE Standard UK Delivery on orders £70 & Over.
Express UK Next Day Delivery £5.49
Orders will be sent out by Royal Mail tracked 24 hour. Deliveries are 7 days a week. Orders made by 9pm Sunday to Friday and by 6.30pm Saturday will be delivered the next day.
Please note: Next day delivery cannot be guarenteed over Bank Holidays. Subject to the services of Evri.
Express delivery is not available for Gabor products over the weekend.
DPD Local - Express Delivery
Orders will be sent out by DPD Local. This will include live tracking and Text Message notifications. Deliveries are made Monday to Friday for the cost of £7.49 and 1 hour delivery slots. Orders must be placed by 1pm Monday to Friday to receive the parcel the next day.
UK Returns Paid
For an extra 99p per item, you can select Returns Paid as an additional shipping option. (Note, this applies to selected items only). This allows you to return your items to us up to 45 days of receipt at no further cost.
If you do not take out returns paid, you can still use the label to return your shoes - we will refund you the amount paid for the item returned less £2.50 to cover the cost of the return postage. Don't forget you can always return the goods to one of our Pavers stores for FREE or return via your own courier.
Please note, the returns label is only valid for the order it was originally sent with. It is non-transferable.
International Delivery
European and international delivery is priced per order, you can order as many products as you like all for the same flat rate postage.
Dispatches outside the UK are sent via Landmark Global, Royal Mail and their affiliated couriers using the GLS network. Please allow up to 10 working days for delivery.
Returns paid is not available to any destination outside the mainland UK.
You can see the list of select destinations we deliver to on our delivery page.
EU Delivery Custom Fees
All parcels are sent from our Distribution Centre in the UK.
Orders under €150 will incur no additional VAT or duties when delivered in the EU.
We advise EU customers to place separate orders if your basket total will be over €150 as you will incur duties and taxes. We cannot split the order for you.
The prices displayed on the product page include UK VAT at 20%, VAT rates will be adjusted and charged at the checkout specific to the EU country VAT rates the goods will be delivered to.
Orders delivered outside the UK & EU may be subject to local customs duties and charges. Please check with your local customs first.
Guaranteed Delivery
Please note: delivery times are approximate and are not guaranteed. We will endeavor to get your items delivered within the timescales quoted.
Delivery times are quoted in working days - which are Monday to Friday excluding public and bank holidays.
Easy 45-Day returns
You can return any item(s) in their original condition to us within 45 days of receiving your order.
You can view our full Returns Policy here.
FREE Returns to Pavers Store
You can return your item(s) to any Pavers store, free of charge, in their original packaging. Most stores can issue a refund immediately, others may take up to 3 days. For a full list of all the Pavers stores please use our store locator.
Just take your item(s) to be returned to the store of your choice, along with your despatch note and completed returns form. If the item is in its original condition, we will process the refund for you. If you ordered online but opted to collect from store, your item can still be refunded so long as it is within 45 days of collection.
InPost Lockers
You can return any item(s) to us by taking your InPost QR code and parcel to your nearest InPost Locker. You can find your nearest InPost Locker at https://inpost.co.uk/lockers
Scan your QR code and select your parcel size. Put your parcel inside the compartment and shut the door. When your return is collected from the locker, a label will be applied for you by the courier.
You can track your parcel here: https://inpost.co.uk/tracking
Please note:
All items from the same order should be returned in one parcel.
Maximum parcel size: Maximum parcel size: 41cm x 38cm x 64cm.
Evri ParcelShop & Evri Lockers
You can return any item(s) to us by taking your Evri QR code and parcel to your local EvriParcelShop or Evri Locker. You can find your nearest EvriParcelShop or Evri Locker at evri.com/find-a-parcelshop
Scan your QR code using a Print in ParcelShop or Locker device and print your returns label. Attach this to your parcel, making sure to cover/remove any original delivery labels.
Take note of your tracking number, so you can track your return.
Evri Home Collection (Home Printer Required)
Evri have now made posting your parcel easier, with the help of their Home Collection Service, you can now return your order from the comfort of your own home.
Visit evri.com/return-a-parcel, select Pavers from the list of retailers and follow the on-screen instructions.
Select courier collection and complete the online form and then your label will be emailed to you for printing.
Print your label and attach to your Pavers parcel ready for your courier to collect at your convenience.
International Returns
You can arrange simple, low cost returns from the following locations by visiting http://pavers.returns.international . Using your local postal service you can send the goods back to us for a small fee.
Australia £10.00
Austria £5.00
Belgium £5.00
Denmark £5.00
Estonia £7.00
Finland £5.00
France £5.00
Germany £5.00
Ireland £4.50
Italy £8.00
Latvia £6.00
Lithuania £5.00
Portugal £5.00
Spain £5.00
Sweden £5.00
United States £10.00
Under the Consumer Contracts Regulations, you have the right to cancel your order for any reason within 14 days of receipt.
For information on how to cancel your order and how this process differs from a standard return, please see pavers.co.uk/cancellation
If you require an exchange
To exchange your goods, please order your replacement pair on our website and send your original items back for a refund.
We are unable to exchange items sent back to our warehouse.
All of this is in addition to and does not affect your statutory rights.
Imbox Treatment is non refundable. If you choose to return your goods, the price of the Imbox treatment will not be refunded.
If the goods are found to be faulty and returned, imbox treatment will be refunded.
If the product has been damaged by the imbox treatment then we will exchange the product and refund the imbox treatment charge.


text:
Network Travels is one of the biggest private-owned bus service provider and we provide all the contemporary amenities including:
Live bus tracking
Central Television
High quality air conditioning system
Blankets for a cosy journey
Single lady seat provision
Round-the-clock Customer Service
CCTV Cameras for the safety of passengers in some buses
3D Secured payment options
Network Travels gives huge discounts and periodic offers for online bus booking through their website. You can save big on bus tickets at Network Travels.
No. You can directly search for buses and do the booking.
NEVER. This is a myth that online bookings cost you more. Infact, it will cost you much lesser than offline bookings.
Yes, you can just show the M - Ticket and a valid ID Proof to board the bus.
When a ticket is booked, the passenger gets a confirmation SMS which works as an MTicket and is as authentic as a hard copy of the ticket.
Contact customer care at 8046333639 or mail to firstname.lastname@example.com. We would be happy to help.
Contact customer care at 8046333639 or mail to firstname.lastname@example.com would be happy to help.
Yes, we do. You just need to drop an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com and the rest will be taken care of.
Some seats are considered to be premium seats and thus they have higher rates.
We collect your mobile number as we send M -Ticket to that number
Contact customer care at 8046333639 or mail to email@example.com. We would be happy to help.
In case of online bookings, you need to have the confirmation message alias M - Ticket and a valid ID Proof. In case of failure you will not be allowed to board the bus.
We book tickets maximum 30 days in advance than the journey date.
Yes. Once a seat is booked by a single lady then the adjacent seat is open only to ladies.
Any child above the age of 5 years is viable for a full ticket.
Yes. Please get in touch with the customer care at 8046333639 to do a phone booking.
In such circumstances we will definitely provide an advance information to the passenger.
Yes. You can change the dates by clicking on the Modify/Cancel tab.
Once you postpone or prepone the ticket you will get a full amount coupon to your mail id. This coupon is valid for 5 hours and can be used to book another ticket. If, by any chance the newly booked ticket price is less than the previous amount then difference in the price will not be refunded. The generated coupon cannot be clubbed with any other coupon.
Visit our website http://www.networkbus.net to know about the current offers.
The live bus tracking feature activates 1 hour before the boarding time. You can easily track it through the link sent on your mobile via SMS. Bus tracking is so easy that even your kith and kin can also track the exact location of your bus by using Track Your Bus link. You can also share the link sent to you through SMS. Incase you have any queries please get in touch with our customer care at 8046333639.
Yes. You will get realtime periodic messages about the location and info of any bus delays.


text:
Germany Criticizes U.K. 'Project Tempora' Cyber Spy Program
German politician wants the EU to address reports that Britain's spymasters are even better at harvesting Internet traffic than their NSA allies.
Europe continues to be shaken by the fallout from the NSA Prism revelations -- with Britain's alleged surveillance activities the latest issue.
Two weeks ago, British foreign secretary William Hague attempted to reassure Parliament and the nation that whistleblower Edward Snowden's claims about massive spying on Internet communications were inaccurate.
However, subsequent claims by Snowden, published in U.K. newspaper The Guardian, that the country's GCHQ signals monitoring center taps fiber optic cables in a data-harvesting scheme called Project Tempora have angered Britain's European colleagues.
If the reports are true, Tempora is an 18-month old scheme whereby large volumes of data are drawn from fiber optic cables for up to 30 days so that it can be sifted and analyzed.
[ U.S. Congress also reacts to the Prism fallout. See Senate Bill Seeks Greater NSA Surveillance Oversight. ]
Tempora is claimed to be in some ways an even bigger operation than Prism, allowing British spooks to boast to their intelligence colleagues in the Five Eyes electronic eavesdropping alliance, comprised of the U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia and New Zealand, that it had the "biggest Internet access" capabilities of the club, and that GCHQ "produces larger amounts of metadata than the NSA."
Not everyone is as impressed with this act of questionable technical prowess, of course. Germany's federal justice minister, Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, has expressed anger and demanded the U.K. government's details of how her citizens may have been affected by the program. The Guardian reported Wednesday that Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger has written to two British ministers, Secretary of State for Justice Chris Grayling and Home Secretary Theresa May, to find out more.
Reportedly, the German politician wants Tempora to be discussed in the context of ongoing discussions about EU data protection regulation at the next meeting of European justice and home affairs ministers, scheduled for July.
She is also alleged to have described Tempora as like the plot of a "Hollywood nightmare," claiming free and democratic societies could not flourish when states shrouded their actions in "a veil of secrecy."
The Home Office told the newspaper that it refuses to comment on what it regards as private correspondence, while the Ministry of Justice said it would respond in "due course."
Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger had already criticized Prism in the German press. "As much as we want counterterrorism efforts to be effective, there has to be a reasonable balance between security and the freedom of citizens ... The global Internet has become indispensible for a competitive economy, the sharing of information and the strengthening of human rights in authoritarian countries. But our trust in these technologies threatens to be lost in the face of comprehensive surveillance activities," she said.
About the Author(s)
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October 22, 2024


text:
Amanda Berry, who was held captive for about a decade before being rescued from a house along with two other women, arrived at her sister's home Wednesday morning to the cheers of hundreds of neighbors and swarms of journalists.
Berry's sister, Beth Serrano, spoke briefly to the crowd after their arrival, thanking the community for their support but asking for privacy during this difficult time.
Her homecoming comes as more details about the women's years-long ordeal were revealed, including that chains and ropes were found in the home where they had been imprisoned.
The owner of that home, Ariel Castro, and his two brothers are in custody after a frantic 911 call led police to his run-down house, where authorities say Berry and the two other women missing for about a decade were held captive.
Authorities have until Wednesday evening to bring charges against the men.
Berry, 27, Michelle Knight, 32, and Gina DeJesus, about 23, had been held in the house since their teens or early 20s, police said.
Police would not say how the women were taken captive or whether they were sexually assaulted. Police spokesman Sammy Morris confirmed on Wednesday that the ropes and chains were among evidence collected inside the house by law enforcement officials.
Police Chief Michael McGrath told NBC's "Today" show on Wednesday that the women were restrained and "released out in the back yard once in a while."
McGrath said he was "absolutely" sure police did everything they could to find the women over the years. He disputed claims by neighbors that officers had been called to the house before for suspicious circumstances. "We have no record of those calls coming in over the past 10 years," he said.
As word of Berry's homecoming spread, a large crowd swelled in the street outside the home decorated with dozens of balloons, and homemade signs, one reading "We Never Lost Hope Mandy."
A 6-year-old girl believed to be Berry's daughter also was found in the home Monday, police Deputy Chief Ed Tomba said. He wouldn't say who the father was.
About a week ago, Castro took the 6-year-old girl to a nearby park, where they played in the grass, said Israel Lugo, a neighbor who lives down the street. "I asked him whose kid was it, and he told me his girlfriend's daughter," Lugo said.
The women were rescued after Berry kicked out the bottom portion of a locked screen door and used a neighbor's telephone to call 911. An officer showed up minutes later and Berry ran out and threw her arms around the officer, a neighbor said.
Police identified the other two suspects as the 52-year-old Castro's brothers, Pedro Castro, 54, and Onil Castro, 50. Calls to the jail went unanswered, and there was no response to interview requests sent to police, the jail and city officials.
A relative of the three brothers said their family was "totally shocked" after hearing about the missing women being found at the home.
Juan Alicea said the arrests of his wife's brothers had left relatives "as blindsided as anyone else" in their community. He said he hadn't been to the home of his brother-in-law Ariel Castro since the early 1990s but had eaten dinner with Castro at a different brother's house shortly before the arrests were made Monday.
Investigators also are talking with relatives of at least one other missing woman from the neighborhood.
The aunt of a 14-year-old girl who disappeared in 2007 near the house where the missing women were found says the girl's mother has spoken with the FBI about her niece.
"We're hoping for our miracle too," said Debra Summers, who described her niece, Ashley Summers, as not the type of girl who would leave without coming back.
Ariel Castro owned the home where the three girls were found in a neighborhood dotted with boarded-up houses just south of downtown.
His son, Anthony Castro, said in an interview with London's Daily Mail newspaper that he now speaks with his father just a few times a year and seldom visited his house. He said on his last visit, two weeks ago, his father wouldn't let him inside.
"The house was always locked," he said. "There were places we could never go. There were locks on the basement. Locks on the attic. Locks on the garage."
Anthony Castro, who lives in Columbus, also wrote an article for a community newspaper in Cleveland about the disappearance of Gina DeJesus just weeks after she went missing, when he was a college journalism student.
"That I wrote about this nearly 10 years ago — to find out that it is now so close to my family — it's unspeakable," he told The Plain Dealer newspaper.
Most everyone in the neighborhood knew Ariel Castro.
Neighbors say he played bass guitar in salsa and merengue bands and gave neighborhood children rides on his motorcycle.
Tito DeJesus, an uncle of Gina DeJesus, played in bands with Castro over the last 20 years. He recalled visiting Castro's house but never noticing anything out of the ordinary.
Juan Perez, who lives two doors down from the house, said Castro was always happy and respectful. "He gained trust with the kids and with the parents. You can only do that if you're nice," Perez said.
Castro also worked until recently as a school bus driver.
He was friends with the father of Gina DeJesus, one of the missing women, and helped search for her after she disappeared, said Khalid Samad, a friend of the family.
"When we went out to look for Gina, he helped pass out fliers," said Samad, a community activist who was at the hospital with DeJesus and her family on Monday night. "You know, he was friends with the family."
Antony Quiros said he was at the vigil about a year ago and saw Castro comforting Gina DeJesus' mother.
One neighbor, Francisco Cruz, said he was with Castro the day investigators dug up a yard looking for the girls.
Castro told Cruz, "They're not going to find anyone there," Cruz recalled.
Cleveland officials said an internal review of police communications records found that officers went to the house twice since 2000 on unrelated calls.
"Media reports of multiple calls to the Cleveland Police reporting suspicious activity and the mistreatment of women at 2207 Seymour are false," city spokeswoman Maureen Harper said in a statement.
Two neighbors said they called police to the Castro house on separate occasions.
Elsie Cintron, who lives three houses away, said her daughter saw a naked woman crawling in the backyard several years ago and called police. "But they didn't take it seriously," she said.
Another neighbor, Israel Lugo, said he heard pounding on some of the doors of the house in November 2011. Lugo said officers knocked on the front door, but no one answered. "They walked to side of the house and then left," he said.
"Everyone in the neighborhood did what they had to do," said Lupe Collins, who is close to relatives of the women. "The police didn't do their job."
Police did go to the house twice in the past 15 years, but not in connection with the women's disappearance, officials said.
Michelle Knight's mother, Barbara Knight, told the "Today" show that she hasn't seen her daughter yet, but hopes she knows she loves and missed her. She said they had a tense relationship before Michelle's disappearance and at the time thought her daughter maybe just didn't want to see her family anymore. She said Michelle Knight's child had been removed from the home just before her disappearance, and thought perhaps she had vanished because she was upset about "the baby."
"I know she's probably angry at the world because she probably thought she'd never be found," she said.
Knight added that she hopes their past tension can heal, and she wants to take her daughter back to Florida, where she now lives.
In 1993, Castro was arrested two days after Christmas on a domestic-violence charge and spent three days in jail before he was released on bond. The case was presented to a grand jury, but no indictment was returned, according to court documents, which don't detail the allegations. It's unclear who brought the charge against Castro, who was living at the home from which the women escaped Monday.
Four years ago, in another poverty-stricken part of town, police were heavily criticized following the discovery of 11 women's bodies in the home and backyard of Anthony Sowell, who was later convicted of murder and sentenced to death.
The families of Sowell's victims accused police of failing to properly investigate the disappearances because most of the women were addicted to drugs and poor. For months, the stench of death hung over the house, but it was blamed on a sausage factory next door.
Following public outrage over the killings, a panel formed by the mayor recommended an overhaul of the city's handling of missing-person and sex crime investigations.
Many of the women's loved ones and friends had held out hope of seeing them again,
For years, Berry's mother kept her room exactly as it was, said Tina Miller, a cousin. When magazines addressed to Berry arrived, they were piled in the room alongside presents for birthdays and Christmases she missed. Berry's mother died in 2006.
Just over a month ago, Miller attended a vigil marking the 10th anniversary of Berry's disappearance.
Over the past decade or so, investigators twice dug up backyards looking for Berry and continued to receive tips about her and DeJesus every few months, even in recent years. The disappearance of the two girls was profiled on TV's "America's Most Wanted" in 2005. Few leads ever came in about Knight.
Knight vanished at age 20 in 2002. Berry disappeared at 16 in 2003, when she called her sister to say she was getting a ride home from her job at a Burger King. About a year later, DeJesus vanished.
Jessica Aponce, 24, said she walked home with DeJesus the day the teenager disappeared.
"She called her mom and told her mom she was on her way home and that's the last time I seen her," Aponce said. "I just can't wait to see her. I'm just so happy she's alive. It's been so many years that everybody thinking she was dead."
The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children's CEO, John Ryan, said Berry, DeJesus and Knight likely would be honored by his group.
"I think they're going to be at the top of the list," he said.


text:
The invention of agriculture was a pivotal event in human history, but archaeologists studying its origins may have made a simple error in dating the domestication of animals like sheep and goats. The signal of the process, they believed, was the first appearance in the archaeological record of smaller boned animals. But in fact this reflects just a switch to culling females, which are smaller than males, concludes Melinda Zeder, an archaeologist at the Smithsonian Institution.Here is the home page of Melinda Zeder, including a page on Animal domestication in the Near East with several older online papers.
Using a different criterion, that of when herds first show signs of human management, Dr. Zeder finds that goats and sheep were first domesticated about 11,000 years ago, much earlier than previously thought, with pigs and cattle following shortly afterwards. The map, from her article in the August 11 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shows the regions and dates where the four species were first domesticated. Other dates, color-coded as to species, show where domesticated animals first appear elsewhere in the Fertile Crescent.
From the paper:
Until the early 1990s Cyprus
was thought to have been colonized ca.
8,500 B.P. by a derived offshoot of fully
established Neolithic mainland cultures
(48). The new sites, however, date 2,000
years earlier (10,500–9,000 B.P.) and
document the arrival of early pioneers
hypothesized to have originated somewhere
in the Northern Levant (Figs. 1
and 2) (47, 49). Traveling the 60 k to
Cyprus by boat, these colonists transported
the full complement of economically
important mainland fauna (50).
including all four major livestock species
(sheep, goat, cattle, and pig).
Recent archaeological evidence from
the Aegean, for example, no longer supports
a model of gradual in-place transition
of ancestral Mesolithic cultures into
Neolithic cultures (53–55). Instead,
there appears to have been a sharp
decline in Late Mesolithic population
levels, combined with the sudden appearance
of radically different Neolithic
settlements in previously unoccupied
locations. As on Cyprus, recent work in
the Aegean argues for the arrival of
maritime colonists who, at ca. 9,000 to
8,000 B.P., carried many components of
the full Neolithic package (plant and
animal domesticates, new lithic traditions,
and, perhaps a bit later, pottery)
(Fig. 2). Following a leapfrog pattern,
these seafaring pioneers established
farming communities that selectively
focused on favorable environments in
coastal Greece and on various Aegean
They argue that Neolithic lifeways
were introduced into the Italian peninsula
ca. 8,000 B.P. by maritime colonists
who first established farming villages on
the Apulian ''boot heel'' region of
southeastern Italy (Fig. 2). These traditions
appear in northwest coastal Italy
~200–300 years later (ca. 7,800–7,600
B.P.). In southern France, a compelling
case can be made for a marked geographic,
ecological, and cultural break
between interior Mesolithic settlements
and coastal Neolithic colonies (58) Recent
excavation of a coastal settlement
in southern France, dating to 7,700–
7,600 B.P. and characterized as a beachhead
colony of seafaring migrant farmers
from mainland Italy, has yielded
pottery, domestic sheep, einkorn, and
emmer wheat (59).
Having discounted evidence for piecemeal
cultural diffusion of various elements
of Neolithic economy and their
selective adoption by indigenous Mesolithic
populations in the western Mediterranean,
Zilha˜o (61, 62) has gone on
to demonstrate that, as in other parts of
the Mediterranean Basin, the Late Mesolithic
of the Iberian Peninsula was a
period of population decline and relocation.
Also as elsewhere, Neolithic settlements
with apparently fully formed
agro-pastoral economic systems suddenly
appear in the Iberian Peninsula as
coastal enclaves occupying limestonebased
soils abandoned by earlier Mesolithic
Thus it appears that none of the earlier
models for Neolithic emergence in
the Mediterranean accurately or adequately
frame the transition. Clearly
there was a movement of people westward
out of the Near East all of the way
to the Atlantic shores of the Iberian
Peninsula. But this demic expansion did
not follow the slow and steady, allencompassing
pace of expansion predicted
by the wave and advance model.
Instead the rate of dispersal varied, with
Neolithic colonists taking 2,000 years to
move from Cyprus to the Aegean, another
500 to reach Italy, and then only
500–600 years to travel the much
greater distance from Italy to the Atlantic
PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.0801317105
Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact
Melinda A. Zeder
The past decade has witnessed a quantum leap in our understanding of the origins, diffusion, and impact of early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin. In large measure these advances are attributable to new methods for documenting domestication in plants and animals. The initial steps toward plant and animal domestication in the Eastern Mediterranean can now be pushed back to the 12th millennium cal B.P. Evidence for herd management and crop cultivation appears at least 1,000 years earlier than the morphological changes traditionally used to document domestication. Different species seem to have been domesticated in different parts of the Fertile Crescent, with genetic analyses detecting multiple domestic lineages for each species. Recent evidence suggests that the expansion of domesticates and agricultural economies across the Mediterranean was accomplished by several waves of seafaring colonists who established coastal farming enclaves around the Mediterranean Basin. This process also involved the adoption of domesticates and domestic technologies by indigenous populations and the local domestication of some endemic species. Human environmental impacts are seen in the complete replacement of endemic island faunas by imported mainland fauna and in today's anthropogenic, but threatened, Mediterranean landscapes where sustainable agricultural practices have helped maintain high biodiversity since the Neolithic.


text:
Now, I can only work with what I'm given, so please don't take my excessive postings of Santa and Frosty and Poo-dolph as any kind of religious bias. Believe me, I will snicker equally at Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, and even Winter Solstice Wreckage if given the chance.
Trouble is, those holidays just don't score many cakes. Still, let's see what we've got in the ol' Wrecks files, shall we?
[shuffle shuffle shuffle]
Ok, here's something: how about a little clashing blue icing, plastic flotsam, and an "ak"?:
Nah, me neither. But that's ok: I have examples. Heehee!
Here we have some (Ninja) Stars of David:
(And yes, I double-checked: it's professional.)
Unfortunately I couldn't find a good dreidel Wreck - but I think this "Menorah" more than makes up for it:
- Related Wreckage: Goy Gaffes


text:
Good Housekeeping: Totally Slobtastic Slackermom Edition
If you were ever to visit my neighborhood, I would love for you to drop by. I'd be thrilled to see you, and I would totally invite you onto my verandah, and I would fix us up a nice pot of coffee and we would sit outside and eat cupcakes - fresh from the bakery down the street - and drink our coffee and chat. Or maybe it would be, like, late afternoon or evening and I would bust out the wine and the cheese and we would sit outside and enjoy the sunset and it would be lovely, really, just perfectly lovely. But I'd really hope that you wouldn't ask to use the bathroom. Because I'd really kind of rather you not come in my house.
It's not that I have anything against you, or that I have weird bathroom issues. It's just that, you know, if you'd just dropped by? And I hadn't had enough notice to do a total sweep of the house in advance of your visit? I just would totally not want you to come inside. Because, really, it usually looks something like this:
That's what it looks like, all the time. Worse even. That room at the back? That's supposed to be the dining room. Needless to say, we don't do a lot of dining there. We actually moved the table out so that there'd be more room for things like, say, easels and chalkboards and paints. Also, giant stuffed cows and little plastic grocery carts. The piano is there, just off to the right, and it does get played, but it also functions as a toy shelf and Dora puzzle storage unit.
Oh, we try to keep it tidy. Two or three times a day I shove toys and books and miscellaneous child crap into the various baskets that you see strewn about. Then I vacuum. And then the room looks clean for about fifteen minutes before Jasper and/or Emilia begin upturning baskets and flinging toys everywhere again.
And then it looks something like this:
And this isn't even the worst room. If I, in a fit of transparency, let you in the front door, I still wouldn't let you up the stairs. That's where I hide the real mess: the piles of laundry, the unpacked suitcases (seriously), the random pieces of barely used baby equipment, the children. The bathroom is also upstairs, which is why, if you mentioned a need to use the facilities, I might suddenly suggest that we head to the cafe around the corner. For cookies! They make the best cookies! Also, their restroom doesn't have childrens' toothpaste smeared across the vanity mirror, and they probably actually put the toilet paper on the roll.
It's a losing battle for me, keeping house. I just can't do it. I have a ten-month old baby who is just starting to walk and using his newfound mobility to seek out things to scatter and destroy, and a three-year old who loves nothing more than to mark her territory by spreading toys and books as far as she can see. And I have a husband who has trouble figuring out the relationship between socks and sock drawers and two cats who have an enthusiastic affection for dragging miscellaneous crap underneath sofas and leaving it there to collect dust. It is Sisyphean, I tell you, the work of managing a household while tending to two very small children and a tidiness-challenged husband. It is impossible, and unavoidable, and necessary, and it causes me no end of stress.
Derrida and Bukowski get tossed and stomped. Not shown: destruction of the lesser post-modernists and later dirty realists.
I can look at pictures, in magazines, of skinny mom-celebs - the Gwyneths, the Angelinas - and it doesn't bother me, because, please. I know the work of a trainer and a private chef when I see it. But I see images of tidy homes - homes that are ostensibly occupied by families, by people with children - and it makes me a little bit crazy. Because even though I know that images in magazines are set-decorated and fluffed and faked, it still worries me, the idea that somewhere out there, other parents are keeping their homes tidy. I do not, and cannot, keep my own home in a state that even approximates something that even resembles a simulation of 'tidy.' And I have no idea how to change that. If I really wanted to lose my muffin-top, I would join a gym or do that shred thing and I would have some reasonable expectation of having some success. But getting my house organized? And keeping it that way? Figuring out the alchemical formula for turning cat turds into gold seem seems a more attainable goal for me.
So I'm trying to come to terms with it, in the same way that I have been trying to come to terms with the muffin-top. Embrace my outer slob, as it were. And it would really, really help if somebody - anybody - out there would stand up and to admit to some slobbiness, too. You don't have to post photographic evidence (although if you wanted to do that, I'd be really impressed. And grateful.) (Here's a Flickr group to post to, if you're so inclined.) Even just a show of hands? Anyone else out there losing the battle of the mess? Anybody else pretty much just ready to surrender?
If not, that's fine. You're still welcome to come visit me. Just make sure that you pee before you get here.
Labels: ask the internets, Being Bad


text:
13" Restaurant Serving Trays, 1-Color Printed Logo in the center, Wholesale Serving Trays
13" Restaurant Serving Trays, 1-Color Printed Logo in the center, Wholesale Serving Trays
*additional shipping rates may apply depending on your location. We will contact you after you order in regards to shipment*
Product: 13" Plastic Serving Trays with a one-color imprint of your choice! Please email me at firstname.lastname@example.com with your logo, and i will send you a digital proof within 1 business day to ensure everything is correct.
Quantity: choose your quantity at checkout. for larger orders, please email us for a quote!
Product Dimensions: 13" Diameter
Tray Colors Available: White Or Black
Imprint Area: 6" Diameter
How do you personalize them?
USE YOUR OWN DESIGN OR COMPANY LOGO - If you have your own design, email it to firstname.lastname@example.com before purchasing and we will let you know if it is possible. We prefer Adobe Illustrator/EPS files, but we can get almost anything to work- jpeg, Microsoft Word, Tiff, etc.
LET US DESIGN IT! - Just email firstname.lastname@example.com with your design concept and our professional graphic design artists will create something for you!
I Purchased The Item- Now What?
Within 24 hours (On Weekdays) of your order being placed, we will email you an example of your customized artwork for you to approve based on your design emailed to us firstname.lastname@example.com. We cannot begin production until this proof is approved, as it is you agreeing that your order is being done correctly. We are not responsible for changes requested after production has started or is completed. Thank you!
How long will it take?
We ship UPS Ground which takes 1 to 6 days to deliver. Standard production time is 10 business days from payment and artwork approval. Please also account for shipping time. We will email you your tracking # after it ships
It is the buyer's responsibility to account for any duties and/or taxes, while ensuring compliance with Customs regulations in Canada.
Before purchasing, please email firstname.lastname@example.com and we will determine if your order is feasible. You will be assessed a $20 rush fee if your order can be processed, and expedited shipping charges may apply.


text:
MICK HARVEY, one of the founding members of NICK CAVE AND THE BAD SEEDS announces he is leaving:
"For a variety of personal and professional reasons I have chosen to discontinue my ongoing involvement with Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds. After 25 years I feel I am leaving the band as it experiences one of its many peaks; in very healthy condition, and with fantastic prospects for the future. I'm confident Nick will continue to be a creative force and that this is the right time to pass on my artistic and managerial role to what has become a tremendous group of people who can support him in his endeavours both musically and organizationally. It was a fantastic experience to finish my touring days in the band with the recent shows in Australia and the unique events that took place in conjunction with All Tomorrow's Parties, especially Mt. Buller, which was one of the many highlights of my involvement with the band throughout the years. I shall continue working on the Bad Seeds back catalogue re-issues project over the coming year and look forward to the new opportunities I shall be able to accommodate as a result of my changed circumstances."
Mick Harvey, 22nd January 2009


text:
Timeline of Church History (Communist Era (1917-1991))
Timeline of Church History | |||||
This article forms part of the series Introduction to Orthodox Christianity | |
Holy Tradition | |
Holy Scripture The Symbol of Faith Ecumenical Councils Church Fathers Liturgy Canons Icons | |
The Holy Trinity | |
God the Father Jesus Christ The Holy Spirit | |
The Church | |
Ecclesiology History Holy Mysteries Church Life | |
Edit this box |
The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of Jesus Christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic Holy Tradition of the Orthodox Church.
Communist era (1917-1991)
- 1917 Bolshevik Revolution throws Church of Russia into chaos, effectively stranding the fledgling Russian Orthodox mission in America; restoration of Moscow Patriarchate with Tikhon as patriarch; British forces capture Jerusalem from Ottoman Empire; Church of Georgia's autocephaly restored de facto by political chaos in Russia; Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people"; Belogorsky St. Nicholas Orthodox Missionary Monastery Cathedral (Perm Krai, Russia) is consecrated as the largest cathedral in the Urals, but is soon captured by the Red Army.
- 1917-40 Persecution of the Orthodox Church in Russia begins, with 130,000 priests arrested, 95,000 of whom were executed by firing squad.
- 1917-21 USSR Anti-Religious Campaign.
- 1918 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia murdered together with his wife Alexandra and children; Metr. Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) of Kiev and Gallich first bishop to be tortured and slain by Russian Communists; deaths of of Hieromartyr Andronik, Archbishop of Perm and Elizabeth the New Martyr; after the Armistice, in Britain the "St. Sophia Redemption Committee" is formed, whose members included two future Foreign Secretaries and many prominent public figures, seeking to restore Hagia Sophia into an Orthodox Church (1918-1922).
- 1918-1923 Allied Occupation of Constantinople.
- 1919-1922 Greco-Turkish War; a million refugees flee to Greece joining half a million Greeks who had fled earlier; Pontic Greek Genocide eliminates the Christian population of Trebizond.
- 1920 Death of Nektarios of Aegina; publication of Encyclical Letters by Constantinople on Christian unity and on the Ecumenical Movement; re-establishment of the Patriarchate of Serbia with the unification of the Patriarchate of Karlovci (in the Habsburg Monarchy) with the Metropolitanate of Belgrade (in the Kingdom of Serbia) and the election of Patr. Dimitrije (Pavlovic).
- 1921-28 USSR Anti-Religious Campaign.
- 1921 Constantinople renounces all claims to jurisdiction in any part of Africa, with Alexandrian primate thenceforth known as Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa; Greek Archdiocese of America formed ; Abp. Tikhon (Belavin) elected Patriarch of Moscow; Gorazd (Pavlik) consecrated as bishop for Western Rite Diocese of Moravia and Silesia; an all-Ukrainian Synod is called in Kyiv and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) (as yet unrecognized) is declared independent from the Moscow Patriarchate (MP).
- 1922 Church of Albania declares autocephaly from Constantinople; formation of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia; British Mandate of Palestine begins; Vladimir Lenin proclaims establishment of the Soviet Union; Solovetsky Monastery converted by Lenin's decree to the "Solovki Special Purpose Camp", one of the earliest forced-labor camps of the Gulag where 75 bishops died, along with tens of thousands of laity ; Alcuin Club in England prints the Russian synod's report in favor of adapting Book of Common Prayer for Orthodox use; death of Ethnomartyr Metropolitan Chrysostomos (Kalafatis) of Smyrna; the predominatly Christian city of Smyrna is destroyed, ending 1900 years of Christian civilization.
- 1923 Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia granted autonomy by Church of Constantinople; Treaty of Lausanne affirmed the international status of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, with Turkey guaranteeing respect and the Patriarchate's full protection; Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud defines the Id–Ego-Super-ego as the three theoretical constructs of the Psyche.
- 1924 Church of Constantinople recognizes autocephaly of Church of Poland; death of Arsenios the Cappadocian, the Wonderworker; Bp. Daniel William Alexander convenes meeting in Kimberley, South Africa, which decides to secede from the African Church (a Protestant denomination) and affiliate with the (non-canonical) "African Orthodox Church" in New York under George Alexander McGuire; Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USA splits into two separate jurisdictions, one for those from Galicia, and another for those from Carpatho-Ukraine, Croatia, Hungary and Slovakia.
- 1925 Church of Romania becomes a patriarchate; first Africans in sub-Saharan Africa baptized in Tanganyika by Fr. Nikodemos Sarikas; death of Tikhon of Moscow; death of Jonah of Manchuria.
- 1926 Polish Catholic National Church received as a Western Rite diocese in Poland of Church of Russia under Bp. Alexis of Grodno; John Maximovitch tonsured by ROCOR Metr. Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kiev; the Benedictine monastery Chevetogne Abbey is founded in Belgium, dedicated to Christian unity, being a 'double rite' monastery having both Western (Latin rite) and Eastern (Byzantine rite) churches holding services every day.
- 1927 Daniel William Alexander travels from South Africa to America to be consecrated a bishop of African Orthodox Church; Orthodox Archbishopric of Johannesburg established; bishops of Russian church in America authorize formation of American Orthodox Catholic Church, including a Western Rite missionary outreach; death of Ambrose (Khelaia) the Confessor.
- 1928-41 USSR Anti-Religious Campaign.
- 1928 Fellowship of St. Alban and St. Sergius founded.
- 1929 Papal Bull Cum data fuerit regulates Uniate clergy in the US, mandating celibacy, resulting in the return of several parishes back to Orthodoxy in 1938; kingdom of Italy and Papacy ratify Lateran Treaty, recognizing sovereignty of Papacy within the new state of the Vatican City; "Russicum" (Russian College or 'College of St. Therese') founded in Vatican City by Pope Pius XI and run by the Jesuits; Russian Fraternity of Saint Irenee in France celebrates Western Rite.
- 1930 Patr. Meletios Metaxakis attended the Seventh Lambeth Conference in England as an observer.
- 1931 Reception of Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe into the Ecumenical Patriarchate, led by Metr. Eulogius (Georgievsky) of Paris; USSR bans sale or importation of Bibles; the Bonn Agreement established full communion between the Church of England and Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht.
- 1932 Daniel William Alexander travels to Uganda to meet Reuben Spartas, establishing African Orthodox Church there.
- 1933 Church of Greece bans Freemasonry; opening of the new Patriarchal Palace in Cairo by Patriarch Meletios, built at the expense of Egyptiot Greek benefactor Theodore Kotsikas; Vatican and Germany sign the Reich Concordat, guaranteeing the rights of the Roman Catholic Church in Germany.
- 1934 Hieromartyr John (Pommers) of Riga; episcopal consecration of John Maximovitch; Daniel William Alexander travels to Kenya, establishing African Orthodox Church led by Arthur Gathuna; clergy opposing Nazi regime in Germany have homes raided by secret police.
- 1935 Critical edition of Septuagint published in Gottingen Germany by Alfred Rahlfs at the Septuaginta-Unternehmens (Institute); Old Calendar Church is formed when three bishops declared their separation from the official Church of Greece stating that the calendar change was a schismatic act.
- 1935-40 Italian forces occupy Ethiopia and begin intermittent persecutions of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
- 1936 Ukase of Moscow Patriarchate establishes Western Orthodox Church in France using Western Rite.
- 1936-37 Many Russian Orthodox Clerics die in Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.
- 1937 Church of Constantinople recognizes autocephaly of Church of Albania; Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology founded; arrest of Alexander Hotovitzky, missionary of America and hieromartyr of the Bolshevik yoke; Hieromartyr Bp. Seraphim (Zvezdinsky) of Dimitrov executed by firing squad (canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000); Hieromartyr Bp. Peter (Polyansky) of Moscow and Krutitsy executed by firing squad.
- 1938 St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary (Crestwood, New York) and St. Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary (South Canaan, Pennsylvania) founded; death of Silouan the Athonite; American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese founded, when a group of 37 Carpatho-Russian Eastern Catholic parishes, under the leadership of Fr. Orestes Chornock, were received into the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate; Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung authors Psychology and Religion.
- 1939 Galicia is divided as Poland gets partitioned between the German Empire and Soviet Union approximately along the Curzon Line, so that Western Galicia goes to the German Empire, and Eastern Galicia is affiliated with Soviet Ukraine.
- 1941 Martyrdom of Gorazd (Pavlik) of Prague by Nazis; Nicholas (Ono) of Japan is the first Japanese national to be consecrated an Orthodox bishop.
- 1941-44 Pskov Orthodox Mission works for the revival of Orthodox Church life in North-Western Russia and the three neighbouring Baltic republics (the 'Liberated Regions of Russia'), during their occupation by Nazi Germany .
- 1941-45 Croatian Ustasa terrorists kill 500,000 Orthodox Serbs, expel 250,000 and force 250,000 to convert to Catholicism.
- 1943 Church of Russia recognizes autocephaly of Church of Georgia; first constitution of the African Orthodox Church in East Africa signed by Reuben Spartas and Arthur Gathuna; Joseph Stalin meets with hierarchs of Russian Orthodox Church to establish a "patriotic union," granting concessions to the church, including the gathering of the holy synod and the election of Sergius I as patriarch of Moscow.
- 1943-1944 Hundreds of Orthodox priests of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church eliminated, tortured and drowned by Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - Ukrainian Rebel Army, aided by Uniate Metr. Josyf Slipyj who was a spiritual leader of Nazi military units that were later condemned by the Nuremberg tribunal, and who was imprisoned by Soviet authorities for aiding the UPA.
- 1944 Fr. Evgraph Kovalevsky completes restoration of Liturgy of St. Germaine de Paris.
- 1945 Church of Bulgaria's autocephaly generally recognized; library of early Christian texts discovered at Nag Hammadi in Egypt; Soviet Union annexes Czechoslovakia; Church of Russia claims jurisdiction over the Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia.
- 1945-1958 In the post-war era the official organization of the Church of Russia was greatly expanded (although individual members of the clergy were occasionally arrested and exiled), with the number of open churches reaching ca. 25,000.
- 1945-1990 Persecution of the Orthodox Church in Albania.
- 1946 Reuben Spartas of the African Orthodox Church visits Alexandria; Holy Synod of the Church of Alexandria officially recognizes and accepts the African Greek Orthodox Church in Kenya and Uganda; state-sponsored synod is held at Lviv, Ukraine in March, which officially dissolves the Union of Brest-Litovsk and integrates the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church into the Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet authorities arresting resisters or deporting them to Siberia; first post-war ROCOR Council of Bishops is convened in Munich.
- 1947 Dead Sea Scrolls discovered near Qumran in Egypt, pre-dating the Masoretic text by about a millenium, many fragments of which agree with the Septuagint version of the Bible over and against the Masoretic Text, proving that many of the variants in the Greek were also present in ancient Hebrew manuscripts; death of Alexei Kabalyiuk, who played a major role in reviving Orthodoxy in Transcarpathia in the early 20th century.
- 1948 Martyrdom of Protopresbyter Dr. Gabriel Kostelnik, a Carpatho-Russian priest who returned to the Orthodox Church soon after the end of World War II, having presided over the Lvov Assembly in March 1946 calling for the return of all Uniates to the Orthodox Faith; establishment of State of Israel and end of British Mandate of Palestine; Church of Russia re-grants autocephaly to the Church of Poland (after having revoked it in the aftermath of World War II); World Council of Churches is founded; Council of Moscow is held on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the independence of the Russian Church from Constantinople, with representatives of the local Orthodox Churches rejecting all participation in the World Council of Churches; after the Soviet Union recognized the state of Israel, Israel returned all Russian church properties on its territory to the Moscow Patriarchate, including the Russian Compound.
- 1949 Soviet authorities revoke the Union of Uzhhorod of 1646, creating the Orthodox Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhhorod, under the Patriarch of Moscow; Communist takeover of China leads to oppression of religious groups.
- 1950 Pope Pius XII proclaims the Bodily Assumption of the Virgin Mary as a dogma; Symeon (Du) is consecrated Bishop of Tianjin in July, becoming the first Chinese Orthodox bishop, transferred in September to be Bishop of Shanghai (1950-1965).
- 1951 Church of Russia grants autocephaly to the Czechoslovakian Orthodox Church; 1500th anniversary celebration of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem.
- 1952 Death of Matrona the Wonderworker of Moscow; new Monastery of Panagia Soumela built in the village of Kastania, in Macedonia, Greece, housing the wonderworking icon of Panagia Soumela, becoming a center of religious pilgrimage; Dr. Carl Jung publishes his Answer to Job, addressing the 'problem of evil'; the Revised Amharic Bible (H.I.M. Haile Sellassie I Authorized Royal Amharic Bible) is produced under the patronage of Emperor Haile Selassie, being presented to him on April 19th, 1952, and first published in 1961.
- 1952-1960 With the onset of the Mau-Mau Movement in Kenya (British East Africa Protectorate), the Orthodox Church is banished by the British Colonial Government suffering severe oppression.
- 1953 Metr. Antony (Bashir) accepts three Western Rite parishes into Syrian Metropolitanate in America.
- 1956 Church of China under Chinese administration is established under pressure from the Chinese authorities.
- 1957 Church of Russia grants autonomy to Church of China.
- 1958-1964 In the USSR Nikita Khrushchov initiated his own campaign against the Russian Orthodox Church and forced the closure of about 12,000 churches. Many closed churches were deastoyed.
- 1958 Patr. of Antioch adopts provisions of Russian synods of 1879 and 1907 for use by Western Rite in America; Western Orthodox Church of France comes under Abp. John Maximovitch, who authorizes the use of the restored Gallican rite.
- 1959 Abp. Anastasios (Yannoulatos) of Albania establishes inter-Orthodox mission agency Porefthentes (Go Ye) to revive the church's mission activities; autocephaly granted to the Church of Ethiopia by Coptic Pope Cyril VI (Atta) of Alexandria.
- 1961 Creation of Western Rite Vicariate in the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America; death of Luke (Voino-Yasenetsky) of Simferopol; consecration of first Orthodox Church in Uganda; first Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; first ever visit of a Greek Orthodox Patriarch to Canada, as Patr. Benedict of Jerusalem begins a North-American tour to raise funds for the restoration of the shrines in the Holy Land; Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man to fly in outer space; death of eminent psychologist Dr. Carl Jung, often considered the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth.
- 1962 Philosopher and historian of science Thomas Kuhn publishes The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, a landmark study in the sociology of knowledge, popularizing the terms "paradigm" and "paradigm shift", seeking to debunk the conception of cumulative scientific development as a myth.
- 1962-1965 Second Vatican Council held in Rome, initiating major modernist liturgical and theological reforms for the Roman Catholic Church, including restriction of ancient Tridentine Mass and introduction of the Novus Ordo.
- 1963 1900th anniversary of martyrdom of Apostle Mark; second Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; 1000th anniversary celebration of founding of Mount Athos; independence of Kenya from British colonial rule eases the situation of the Orthodox Church, which is eventually recognized by President Jomo Kenyatta and receives help from the Church of Cyprus over time; on the Sunday of Orthodoxy March 3rd 1963 an assembly of priests and laypeople from Kenya and Uganda was held in Kampala, reaffirming their full support and attachment to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria.
- 1964 Meeting of Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patr. Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople in Jerusalem; third Pan-Orthodox Conference in Rhodes; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov established by resolution of His Holiness Patriarch Alexis I and the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church; the Russian Compound was purchased by the government of Israel from the Moscow Patriarchate (except for the cathedral and one building), paid for in $3.5 million worth of oranges (The "Orange Deal").
- 1965 Pope Paul VI of Rome and Patriarch Athenagoras I (Spyrou) of Constantinople mutually nullify the excommunications of 1054; Abp. John Maximovitch consecrates Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) for Western Orthodox Church of France; the office of Latin Patriarch of Constantinople is officially abolished.
- 1966 Translation of the sacred relics of the Holy Apostle Titus of Crete, from Venice (which took them in 1669), back to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Crete; the Cultural Revolution almost totally destroyed the young Chinese Orthodox Church; the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books") is formally abolished on 14 June by Pope Paul VI.
- 1967 Church of Macedonia unilaterally declares its autocephaly, making it independent of the Church of Serbia (as yet unrecognized); Albania is declared an atheist state, closing all religious institutions and forbiding any religious practices.
- 1968 Visit to Patriarchate of Alexandria by Vatican representatives, who give Patr. Nicholas VI a part of the relics of St Mark from Venice, on behalf of Pope Paul VI; fourth Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.
- 1968-1971 Millions of Christians, Muslims, Jews and others witness apparitions of the Virgin Mary many times over a three year period over the Coptic Orthodox Church of St. Mary at Zeitun, Cairo, recognized as authentic by the Coptic Orthodox Church and other churches.
- 1969 Metr. Philaret (Voznesensky) of New York (ROCOR) issues the first of a series of "Sorrowful Epistles" (1969, 1971, 1975) to the primates of the local Orthodox Churches, condemning forays into ecumenism.
- 1970 Russian-American Metropolia reconciles with Church of Russia and is granted autocephaly, renamed as the Orthodox Church in America, returning control of Church of Japan to Moscow, which grants it autonomy; glorification of Herman of Alaska in separate services by the ROCOR and the OCA; Abp. Makarios III (Mouskos) of Cyprus baptizes 10,000 into the Orthodox Church in Kenya.
- 1971 Halki Seminary closed by Turkish authorities; inauguration of the new Patriarchal Palace of the Church of Alexandria at St Savva Monastery (21 November).
- 1972 Death of pioneer missionary Archim. Chrysostomos Papasarantopoulos, having laboured to spread the Orthodox faith in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Congo.
- 1973 Anglican-Orthodox dialogue began, when the Anglican-Orthodox Joint Doctrinal Discussions (A/OJDD) held its first meeting in Oxford; Fr. Reuben Mukasa Spartas is consecrated as Bp. Christophoros of Nilopolis; Fr. George Arthur Gatung'u Gathuna is consecrated as the Bishop of Nitrea on February 25 in Kagira, the first black African Bishop of the Greek Orthodox Church of Kenya.
- 1974 1600th anniversary of death of Athanasius the Great.
- 1975 Division in the Antiochian church in North America overcome by the uniting of the two Antiochian archdioceses into one by Metr. Philip (Saliba) of New York and Abp. Michael (Shaheen) of Toledo; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Old Catholic theologians is established.
- 1976 First Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference at Orthodox Centre of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Chambesy, Switzerland; the first phase of the Anglican-Orthodox dialogue was concluded by the publication of The Moscow Agreed Statement; the General Convention of the Episcopal Church of the USA (ECUSA) approves ordination of women to all three orders: bishop, priest, and deacon.
- 1977 The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha - Revised Standard Version (Expanded Edition) is published, endorsed by Abp. Athenagoras (Kokkinakis) of Thyateira and Great Britain; Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS, 4th ed.) is published, including footnotes with possible corrections to the Hebrew text based on the Samaritan Pentateuch, Dead Sea Scrolls, Septuagint, Vulgate, and Peshitta.
- 1979 Pope John Paul II visits Ecumenical Patriarchate; torture and martyrdom of Archim. Philoumenos (Hasapis), keeper of the Greek monastery of Jacob's Well in Samaria (Nablus, West Bank), by Zionist extremists who also desecrate the church; Joint Commission of Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches for Theological Dialogue established by Pope John Paul II and Patr. Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople.
- 1980 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue, 1st plenary, met in Patmos and Rhodes; Greek priest-monk Fr. Athanasios Anthides travelled to India to begin a systematic Orthodox Mission in the rural area of Arambah, in West Bengal; Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician Bob Marley (+1981) is baptized by Abp. Abuna Yesehaq of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Kingston, Jamaica, on November 4, 1980.
- 1981 Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission meets for the first time in Espoo, Finland.
- 1982 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission publishes in Munich first official common document, "The Mystery of the Church and of the Eucharist in Light of the Mystery of the Holy Trinity"; second Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland; formal founding of Makarios III Patriarchal Seminary in Nairobi, Kenya.
- 1984 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission, 3rd plenary, meets in Khania, Crete; the second phase of the Anglican-Orthodox dialogue was concluded with the publication of The Dublin Agreed Statement; neomartyr Bp. Paul (de Ballester-Convallier) of Nazianzus.
- 1985 Founding of Orthodox Christian Mission Center (OCMC) as Greek Archdiocesan Mission Center; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "Divine Revelation."
- 1986 Third Pre-Synodal Pan-Orthodox Conference in Chambesy, Switzerland.
- 1987 Visit by Ecumenical Patr. Demetrius I (Papadopoulos) of Constantinople to Vatican; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission issues common document "Faith, Sacraments and the Unity of the Church"; group of twenty parishes of the Evangelical Orthodox Church, originally formed by former Campus Crusade for Christ leaders Peter Gillquist and Jon Braun, are received into Antiochian Archdiocese in US, becoming the Antiochian Evangelical Orthodox Mission; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues the statement "Scripture and Tradition;" Optina Monastery was officially re-established; on August 19 Patr. Pimen of Moscow and All Russia, and Ec. Patr. Demetrios I of Constantinople co-celebrated the Divine Liturgy on the Feast of the Transfiguration at the Holy Trinity St. Sergius Monastery for the first time in 398 years (since January 1589); death of noted Russian iconographer Leonid Alexandrovich Ouspensky.
- 1988 1000th anniversary of Orthodoxy in Russia; the beginning of renaissance the Orthodoxy in USSR; Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Commission publishes common document "The Sacrament of Order in the Sacramental Structure of the Church"; Indonesian Muslim convert to Orthodoxy Fr. Daniel Byantoro begins his mission in Indonesia, sparking the rebirth of Orthodoxy there; Mount Athos is designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.
- 1989 Church of Constantinople recognizes autocephaly of the Church of Georgia; Elder Ephraim begins founding Athonite-style monasteries in North America; Lutheran-Orthodox Joint Commission issues statement "The Canon and the Inspiration of the Holy Scripture"; glorification in Russia of Tikhon of Moscow; Uniate Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church legalized, with Greek Catholics beginning seizure of property from Russian Orthodox Church, which they claimed as theirs prior to the synod of 1946; the third phase of the Anglican-Orthodox dialogue began, when the commission was re-constituted as The International Commission for Anglican-Orthodox Theological Dialogue (ICAOTD), under the chairmanship of Metr. John of Pergamon and Bp. Henry Hill (succeeded in 1990 by Bp. Mark Dyer); Orthodox-Oriental Orthodox Joint Commission adopts the first Agreed Statement on Christology, at a historic meeting at the Anba Bishoy Monastery, Egypt from June 20-24, 1989.
- 1990 Orthodox-Roman Catholic Joint Theological Commission meets in Freising, Germany; first Orthodox service in seventy years held in St. Basil's Cathedral; murder of Fr. Alexander Men; death of Fr. Athanasios Anthides, first Greek Orthodox Missionary to India, suceeded a year later by priest-monk Fr. Ignatios Sennis, who came to Calcutta to continue the mission; Orthodox-Oriental Orthodox Joint Commission adopts the Second Agreed Statement; commemoration of the Optina Monastery startsy was approved by the Synod of the Russian Church Abroad in 1990 (and by MP in 1996).
- Some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately.
- The division of Church History into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events.
- This timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the Orthodox Church, though a number of non-Orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to Orthodoxy or for reference.
See also
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in America
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Australia
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in China
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in New Zealand
- Timeline of Orthodoxy in Japan
- Timeline of Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic relations
Published works
The following are published writings that provide an overview of Church history:
From an Orthodox perspective
- Schmemann, Alexander. The Historical Road of Eastern Orthodoxy.
- Ware, Timothy. The Orthodox Church: New Edition. (ISBN 0140146563)
- Nikolas K. Gvosdev. Emperors and Elections: Reconciling the Orthodox Tradition with Modern Politics. Huntington, NY: Troitsa Books, 2000.
- Theodore Papadopoullos. Orthodox Church and Civil Authority. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 2, No. 4, Church and Politics (Oct., 1967), pp.201-209.
From a Heterodox perspective
- Cairns, Earle E. Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 0310208122)
- Collins, Michael, ed.; Price, Matthew Arlen. Story of Christianity: A Celebration of 2000 Years of Faith. (ISBN 0789446057)
- Gonzalez, Justo L. A History of Christian Thought, Volume 3: From the Protestant Reformation to the Twentieth Century. (ISBN 0687171849)
- Gonzalez, Justo L. The Story of Christianity, Volume 2: Reformation to the Present Day. (ISBN 0060633166)
- Hastings, Adrian, ed. A World History of Christianity. (ISBN 0802848753)
- Jones, Timothy P. Christian History Made Easy. (ISBN 1890947105)
- Noll, Mark A. Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity. (ISBN 080106211X)
- Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 5: Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture (since 1700). (ISBN 0226653803)
- Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. (ISBN 156563196X)
- Walton, Robert C. Chronological and Background Charts of Church History. (ISBN 0310362814)
External links
- History of Orthodox Christianity (QuickTime movies)
- Timeline of Patriarchal History. Order of St. Andrew the Apostle. Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. (Pop-up Video Presentation, in Sections)


text:
«A soulful flight», said Alexander Pushkin about Russian ballet. It has made a name for itself over the world, and its success is usually, and not surprisingly associated with the Bolshoi. But no single, even the most famous theatre could keep up world fame.
Alongside with the Bolshoi, the country has several other brilliant ballet companies, among which one of the most prominent places justly belongs to the ballet group of the Moscow Musical Theatre named after Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. The man whose name it bears were great figures in the Russian theatre who have gone down in its history as reformers of both the drama theatre and opera and ballet. Stanislavsky's and Nemirovich-Danchenko's productions rose to the summits of the art, marked as they were by harmony of all expressive means. This original ballet company has always remained faithful to the principles of its founders.
The history of the theater's ballet group goes back to the late 1920's, when Moscow acquired a dance company that called itself Art Ballet. Its production caught the ballet lovers' attention right away. The audiences were captivated by the performers' excellence as ballet dancers and drama actors. Credit for this goes to the founder of the new company, former Bolshoi ballet star Victorina Krieger, who used Stanislavsky's and Nemirovich-Danchenko's system in her ballet productions.
The new company was also obviously determined to abandon the hackneyed cliches of the art the traditional themes. Its members earned the name of dancing drama actors. When Nemirovich-Danchenko saw an Art Ballet production he was struck by its proximity to what he was doing at his Musical Theatre. In 1939, the latter incorporated the Art Ballet.
Nemirovich-Danchenko himself undertook the first ballet productions, and his pupil Vladimir Burmeister later headed the company for nearly 30 years acting both as producer and choreographer to generations of dancers. His works were invariably original and highly professional as concerns both the dancing and the acting. For over ten years, from 1971 to 1984, the company was headed by Alexei Chichinadze, who had used to be its star dancer. In 1985, he was replaced in his job by young gifted man, Dmitri Bryantsev.
The ballet group of the Musical Theatre consists of high-class professionals, winners of national and international contests. The Musical Theatre has long made an international name for itself. It was enthusiastically applauded in Japan, France, Hungary, Portugal, Yugoslavia, Latin America, Greece, Italy, Finland.