text:
Following World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the League of Nations awarded Britain the mandate to govern much of the Middle East. Britain demarcated a semi-autonomous region of Transjordan from Palestine in the early 1920s. The area gained its independence in 1946 and thereafter became The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The country's long-time ruler, King HUSSEIN (1953-99), successfully navigated competing pressures from the major powers (US, USSR, and UK), various Arab states, Israel, and a large internal Palestinian population. Jordan lost the West Bank to Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. King HUSSEIN in 1988 permanently relinquished Jordanian claims to the West Bank; in 1994 he signed a peace treaty with Israel. King ABDALLAH II, King HUSSEIN's eldest son, assumed the throne following his father's death in 1999. He has implemented modest political reforms, including the passage of a new electoral law in early 2016 and an effort to devolve some authority to governorate- and municipal-level councils following subnational elections in 2017. In 2016, the Islamic Action Front, which is the political arm of the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood, returned to the National Assembly with 15 seats after boycotting the previous two elections in 2010 and 2013.
Middle East, northwest of Saudi Arabia, between Israel (to the west) and Iraq
Geographic coordinates
Map references
Middle East
total: 89,342 sq km
land: 88,802 sq km
water: 540 sq km
country comparison to the world: 113
Area - comparative
about three-quarters the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries
total: 1,744 km
border countries (5): Iraq 179 km, Israel 307 km, Saudi Arabia 731 km, Syria 379 km, West Bank 148 km
26 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 3nm
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
mostly arid desert plateau; a great north-south geological rift along the west of the country is the dominant topographical feature and includes the Jordan River Valley, the Dead Sea, and the Jordanian Highlands
mean elevation: 812 m
lowest point: Dead Sea -431 m
highest point: Jabal Umm ad Dami 1,854 m
Natural resources
phosphates, potash, shale oil
Land use
agricultural land: 11.4% (2011 est.)
arable land: 2% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 1% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 8.4% (2011 est.)
forest: 1.1% (2011 est.)
other: 87.5% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land
964 sq km (2012)
Population distribution
population heavily concentrated in the west, and particularly the northwest, in and around the capital of Amman; a sizeable, but smaller population is located in the southwest along the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba
Natural hazards
droughts; periodic earthquakes; flash floods
Environment - current issues
limited natural freshwater resources; declining water table; salinity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; biodiversity and ecosystem damage/loss
Environment - international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note
strategic location at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba and as the Arab country that shares the longest border with Israel and the occupied West Bank; the Dead Sea, the lowest point in Asia and the second saltiest body of water in the world (after Lac Assal in Djibouti), lies on Jordan's western border with Israel and the West Bank; Jordan is almost landlocked but does have a 26 km southwestern coastline with a single port, Al 'Aqabah (Aqaba)
People and Society
10,458,413 (July 2018 est.)
note: increased estimate reflects revised assumptions about the net migration rate due to the increased flow of Syrian refugees
country comparison to the world: 86
noun: Jordanian(s)
adjective: Jordanian
Ethnic groups
Jordanian 69.3%, Syrian 13.3%, Palestinian 6.7%, Egyptian 6.7%, Iraqi 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes Armenian, Circassian) (2015 est.)
note: data represent population by self-identified nationality
Arabic (official), English (widely understood among upper and middle classes)
Muslim 97.2% (official; predominantly Sunni), Christian 2.2% (majority Greek Orthodox, but some Greek and Roman Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denominations), Buddhist 0.4%, Hindu 0.1%, Jewish <0.1, folk <0.1, unaffiliated <0.1, other <0.1 (2010 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 34.14%(male 1,835,094 /female 1,735,773)
15-24 years: 19.98%(male 1,114,783 /female 975,086)
25-54 years: 37.72%(male 2,137,424 /female 1,807,573)
55-64 years: 4.64%(male 253,029 /female 232,652)
65 years and over: 3.51%(male 180,652 /female 186,347) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 66.1 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 59.8 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.2 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 16 (2015 est.)
Median age
total: 22.8 years (2018 est.)
male: 23.2 years
female: 22.3 years
country comparison to the world: 177
Population growth rate
2.02% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
Birth rate
23.6 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
Death rate
3.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 218
Net migration rate
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
Population distribution
population heavily concentrated in the west, and particularly the northwest, in and around the capital of Amman; a sizeable, but smaller population is located in the southwest along the shore of the Gulf of Aqaba
urban population: 91.2% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 2.43% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population
2.109 million AMMAN (capital) (2019)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.18 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female
total population: 1.12 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
24.8 years (2017/18 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 30-34
Maternal mortality rate
46 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Infant mortality rate
total: 13.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 14.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.9 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 103
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 75 years (2018 est.)
male: 73.6 years
female: 76.6 years
country comparison to the world: 116
Total fertility rate
3.14 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Contraceptive prevalence rate
51.8% (2017/18)
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 97.8% of population
rural: 92.3% of population
total: 96.9% of population
unimproved: urban: 2.2% of population
rural: 7.7% of population
total: 3.1% of population (2015 est.)
Current Health Expenditure
5.5% (2016)
Physicians density
2.34 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density
1.4 beds/1,000 population (2015)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 98.6% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 98.9% of population (2015 est.)
total: 98.6% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 1.4% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 1.1% of population (2015 est.)
total: 1.4% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
<.1% (2018 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS
<500 (2018 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths
<100 (2018 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
35.5% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 13
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
3% (2012)
country comparison to the world: 100
Education expenditures
3.6% of GDP (2017)
country comparison to the world: 121
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 95.4%
male: 97.7%
female: 92.9% (2015)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years
male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2012)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 35.6%
male: 31.5%
female: 57% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
Country name
conventional long form: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
conventional short form: Jordan
local long form: Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah
local short form: Al Urdun
former: Transjordan
etymology: named for the Jordan River, which makes up part of Jordan's northwest border
Government type
parliamentary constitutional monarchy
name: Amman
geographic coordinates: 31 57 N, 35 56 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Friday in March; ends last Friday in October
etymology: in the 13th century B.C., the Ammonites named their main city "Rabbath Ammon"; "rabbath" designated "capital" so the name meant "The Capital of [the] Ammon[ites]"; over time, the "Rabbath" came to be dropped and the city became known simply as "Ammon" and then "Amman"
Administrative divisions
12 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); 'Ajlun, Al 'Aqabah, Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al Mafraq, Al 'Asimah (Amman), At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Jarash, Ma'an, Madaba
25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
National holiday
Independence Day, 25 May (1946)
history: previous 1928 (preindependence); latest initially adopted 28 November 1947, revised and ratified 1 January 1952
amendments: constitutional amendments require at least a two-thirds majority vote of both the Senate and the House and ratification by the king; no amendment of the constitution affecting the rights of the king and the succession to the throne is permitted during the regency period; amended several times, last in 2016 (2016)
Legal system
mixed system developed from codes instituted by the Ottoman Empire (based on French law), British common law, and Islamic law
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Jordan
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 15 years
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999); Crown Prince HUSSEIN (born 28 June 1994), eldest son of King ABDALLAH II
head of government: Prime Minister Omar al-RAZZAZ (since 4 June 2018)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the monarch
elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Legislative branch
description: bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of:
Senate or the House of Notables or Majlis al-Ayan (65 seats; members appointed by the monarch to serve 4-year terms)
Chamber of Deputies or House of Representatives or Majlis al-Nuwaab (130 seats; 115 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by open-list proportional representation vote and 15 seats for women; 12 of the 115 seats reserved for Christian, Chechen, and Circassian candidates; members serve 4-year terms)
Chamber of Deputies - last held on 20 September 2016 (next to be held in 2020)
election results:
Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA
Judicial branch
highest courts: Court of Cassation or Supreme Court (consists of 15 members, including the chief justice); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the king; other judges nominated by the Judicial Council, an 11-member judicial policymaking body consisting of high-level judicial officials and judges, and approved by the king; judge tenure generally not limited; Constitutional Court members appointed by the king for 6-year non-renewable terms with one-third of the membership renewed every 2 years
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Great Felonies Court; religious courts; military courts; juvenile courts; Land Settlement Courts; Income Tax Court; Higher Administrative Court; Customs Court; special courts including the State Security Court
Political parties and leaders
Ahrar al-Urdun (Free People of Jordan) Party [Samir al-ZU'BI]
Al-Awn al-Watani (National Aid) Party [Faysal al-AWAR]
Al-Balad al-Amin Party [Khalil al-SAYED]
Al-Itijah al-Watani (National Trend Party) [Ahmad al-KAYED]
Al-Mustaqbal (Future) Party [Salah al-QUDAH]
Al-Nida' Party [Abd-al-Majid ABU-KHALID]
Al-Rayah Party (Flag Party) [Bilal DHEISAT]
Al-Shahama Party [Mashhour ZREIQAT]
Al-Shura Party [Firas al-ABBADI]
Arab Socialist Ba'th Party [Zyad AL-HOMSI]
Conservatives Party [Hasan RASHID]
Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'eed DHIYAB]
Democratic Sha'b Party (HASHD) [Abla ABU-OLBEH]
Freedom and Equality Party [Hamad Abu ZEID]
Islamic Action Front [Murad AL-ADAYLAH]
Islamic Centrist Party [Madallah AL-TARAWNEH]
Jordanian Al-Ansar Party [Awni al-RJOUB]
Jordanian Al-Hayah Party [Abd-al-Fattah al-KILANI]
Jordanian Communist Party [Faraj ITMIZYEH]
Jordanian Democratic Socialist Party [Jamil al-NIMRI]
Jordanian Democratic Tabiy'ah (Nature) Party [Ali ASFOUR]
Jordanian Equality Party [Zuhair al-SHURAFA]
Jordanian Fursan (Cavaliers Party) [Ali al-DHWEIB]
Jordanian Justice and Development Party [Ali al-SHURAFA]
Jordanian National Action Party [Abd-al-Hadi al-MAHARMAH]
Jordanian National Constitutional Party [Ahmad al-SHUNNAQ]
Jordanian National Democratic Grouping Party [Shakir al-ABBADI]
Jordanian National Party [Muna ABU-BAKR]
Jordanian National Union Party [Zeid ABU-ZEID]
Jordanian Progressive Ba'th Party [Fu'ad DABBOUR]
Jordanian Promise Party [Mahmoud al-KHALILI]
Jordanian Reform Party [Eid DHAYYAT]
Jordanian Social Justice Party [Abd-al-Fattah al-NSOUR]
Jordanian Wafa' (Loyalty) Party [Mazin al-QADI]
Justice and Reform Party [Sa'eed Nathir ARABIYAT]
Modernity and Change Party [Nayef al-HAMAYDEH]
National Congress Party [Irhayil GHARAYBEH] (formerly the Zamzam party)
National Renaissance Front Party [Isma'il KHATATBEH]
National Unity Party [Muhammad al-ZBOUN]
Pan Arab Movement Party [Dayfallah FARRAJ]
Partnership and Salvation Party [Muhammad al-HAMMOURI]
Reform and Renewal Party [Mazin RYAL]
Risalah Party [Hazim QASHOU']
Stronger Jordan Party [Rula al-HROUB]
Unified Jordanian Front Party [Farouq AL-ABBADI]
International organization participation
ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, CD, CICA, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
Ambassador Dina Khalil Tawiq KAWAR (since 27 June 2016)
chancery: 3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 966-2664
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Karen SASAHARA (since March 2019)
telephone: [962] (6) 590-6000
embassy: Abdoun, Al-Umawyeen St., Amman
mailing address: P. O. Box 354, Amman 11118 Jordan; Unit 70200, Box 5, DPO AE 09892-0200
Flag description
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), representing the Abbassid Caliphate, white, representing the Ummayyad Caliphate, and green, representing the Fatimid Caliphate; a red isosceles triangle on the hoist side, representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916, and bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations; design is based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I
National symbol(s)
eagle; national colors: black, white, green, red
National anthem
name: "As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni" (Long Live the King of Jordan)
lyrics/music: Abdul-Mone'm al-RIFAI'/Abdul-Qader al-TANEER
note: adopted 1946; the shortened version of the anthem is used most commonly, while the full version is reserved for special occasions
Economy - overview
Jordan's economy is among the smallest in the Middle East, with insufficient supplies of water, oil, and other natural resources, underlying the government's heavy reliance on foreign assistance. Other economic challenges for the government include chronic high rates of unemployment and underemployment, budget and current account deficits, and government debt.King ABDALLAH, during the first decade of the 2000s, implemented significant economic reforms, such as expanding foreign trade and privatizing state-owned companies that attracted foreign investment and contributed to average annual economic growth of 8% for 2004 through 2008. The global economic slowdown and regional turmoil contributed to slower growth from 2010 to 2017 - with growth averaging about 2.5% per year - and hurt export-oriented sectors, construction/real estate, and tourism. Since the onset of the civil war in Syria and resulting refugee crisis, one of Jordan's most pressing socioeconomic challenges has been managing the influx of approximately 660,000 UN-registered refugees, more than 80% of whom live in Jordan's urban areas. Jordan's own official census estimated the refugee number at 1.3 million Syrians as of early 2016.Jordan is nearly completely dependent on imported energy—mostly natural gas—and energy consistently makes up 25-30% of Jordan's imports. To diversify its energy mix, Jordan has secured several contracts for liquefied and pipeline natural gas, developed several major renewables projects, and is currently exploring nuclear power generation and exploitation of abundant oil shale reserves. In August 2016, Jordan and the IMF agreed to a $723 million Extended Fund Facility that aims to build on the three-year, $2.1 billion IMF program that ended in August 2015 with the goal of helping Jordan correct budgetary and balance of payments imbalances.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
$89 billion (2017 est.)
$87.28 billion (2016 est.)
$85.56 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 90
GDP (official exchange rate)
$40.13 billion (2017 est.)
GDP - real growth rate
2% (2017 est.)
2% (2016 est.)
2.4% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151
GDP - per capita (PPP)
$9,200 (2017 est.)
$9,200 (2016 est.)
$9,300 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 144
Gross national saving
9.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
9.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
10.2% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 80.5% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 19.8% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 22.8% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 34.2% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -58% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 4.5% (2017 est.)
industry: 28.8% (2017 est.)
services: 66.6% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products
citrus, tomatoes, cucumbers, olives, strawberries, stone fruits; sheep, poultry, dairy
tourism, information technology, clothing, fertilizer, potash, phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement, inorganic chemicals, light manufacturing
Industrial production growth rate
1.4% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
Labor force
2.295 million (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
Labor force - by occupation
agriculture: 2%
industry: 20%
services: 78% (2013 est.)
Unemployment rate
18.3% (2017 est.)
15.3% (2016 est.)
note: official rate; unofficial rate is approximately 30%
country comparison to the world: 181
Population below poverty line
14.2% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 28.7% (2010 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index
39.7 (2007)
36.4 (1997)
country comparison to the world: 69
revenues: 9.462 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 11.51 billion (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
23.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
-5.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
Public debt
95.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
95.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: data cover central government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
country comparison to the world: 22
Fiscal year
calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
3.3% (2017 est.)
-0.8% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
Central bank discount rate
3.75% (31 December 2015)
0.3% (31 December 2010)
country comparison to the world: 100
Commercial bank prime lending rate
8.65% (31 December 2017 est.)
7.83% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 97
Stock of narrow money
$14.64 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$14.63 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Stock of broad money
$14.64 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$14.63 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
Stock of domestic credit
$42.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$41.87 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Market value of publicly traded shares
$24.25 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$25.45 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$25.55 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
Current account balance
-$4.257 billion (2017 est.)
-$3.693 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180
$7.511 billion (2017 est.)
$7.509 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
Exports - partners
US 24.9%, Saudi Arabia 12.8%, India 8.2%, Iraq 8.2%, Kuwait 5.4%, UAE 4.6% (2017)
Exports - commodities
textiles, fertilizers, potash, phosphates, vegetables, pharmaceuticals
$18.21 billion (2017 est.)
$17.14 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Imports - commodities
crude oil, refined petroleum products, machinery, transport equipment, iron, cereals
Imports - partners
China 13.6%, Saudi Arabia 13.6%, US 9.9%, UAE 4.9%, Germany 4.4% (2017)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$15.56 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$15.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Debt - external
$29.34 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$26.38 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home
$33.83 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$32.15 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad
$646.5 million (31 December 2017 est.)
$612.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Exchange rates
Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar -
0.71 (2017 est.)
0.71 (2016 est.)
0.71 (2015 est.)
0.71 (2014 est.)
0.71 (2013 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
Electricity - production
18.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
Electricity - consumption
16.82 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Electricity - exports
50 million kWh (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
Electricity - imports
334 million kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
Electricity - installed generating capacity
4.764 million kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Electricity - from fossil fuels
87% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
Electricity - from nuclear fuels
0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants
0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180
Electricity - from other renewable sources
12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Crude oil - production
22 bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
Crude oil - exports
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
Crude oil - imports
67,980 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Crude oil - proved reserves
1 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96
Refined petroleum products - production
67,240 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73
Refined petroleum products - consumption
139,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Refined petroleum products - exports
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
Refined petroleum products - imports
68,460 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Natural gas - production
121.8 million cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
Natural gas - consumption
5.238 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56
Natural gas - exports
1.359 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Natural gas - imports
6.456 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
Natural gas - proved reserves
6.031 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy
27.39 million Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 404,112
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 9,818,446
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 96 (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
Telephone system
general assessment: microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; growing mobile-cellular usage in both urban and rural areas is reducing use of fixed-line services; recent influx of refugees putting burden on country's econmy, infrastructure and society; mobile broadband area of growth with 4G services (2018)
domestic: 1995 telecommunications law opened all non-fixed-line services to private competition; in 2005, monopoly over fixed-line services terminated and the entire telecommunications sector was opened to competition; currently multiple mobile-cellular providers with subscribership up to 96 per 100 persons; fixed-line 4 per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 962; landing point for the FEA and Taba-Aqaba submarine cable networks providing connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Asia; satellite earth stations - 33 (3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals (2019)
Broadcast media
radio and TV dominated by the government-owned Jordan Radio and Television Corporation (JRTV) that operates a main network, a sports network, a film network, and a satellite channel; first independent TV broadcaster aired in 2007; international satellite TV and Israeli and Syrian TV broadcasts are available; roughly 30 radio stations with JRTV operating the main government-owned station; transmissions of multiple international radio broadcasters are available
Internet country code
Internet users
total: 5,099,674
percent of population: 62.3% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 456,610
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Military and Security
Military expenditures
4.68% of GDP (2018)
4.8% of GDP (2017)
4.58% of GDP (2016)
4.31% of GDP (2015)
4.32% of GDP (2014)
country comparison to the world: 8
Military and security forces
Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF): Royal Jordanian Army (includes Special Operations Forces, Border Guards, Royal Guard), Royal Jordanian Navy, Royal Jordanian Air Force (2019)
Military service age and obligation
17 years of age for voluntary male military service; initial service term 2 years, with option to reenlist for 18 years; conscription at age 18 suspended in 1999; women are not conscripted, but can volunteer to serve in noncombat military positions in the Royal Jordanian Arab Army Women's Corps and RJAF (2013)
Military - note
Ministry of Interior: General Directorate of Gendarmerie Forces, Public Security Directorate (2019)
National air transport system
number of registered air carriers: 7 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 40 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 3,065,145 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 169.105 millionmt-km (2015)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
18 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 141
Airports - with paved runways
total: 16 (2017)
over 3,047 m: 8 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2017)
Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 2 (2013)
under 914 m: 2 (2013)
1 (2012)
473 km gas, 49 km oil (2013)
total: 509 km (2014)
narrow gauge: 509 km1.050-m gauge (2014)
country comparison to the world: 113
total: 7,203 km (2011)
paved: 7,203 km (2011)
country comparison to the world: 136
Merchant marine
total: 32
by type: general cargo 8, oil tanker 1, other 23 (2018)
country comparison to the world: 124
Ports and terminals
major seaport(s): Al 'Aqabah
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international
2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 2,242,579 (Palestinian refugees), 654,192 (Syria), 67,266 (Iraq), 14,730 (Yemen), 6,116 Sudan (2019)


text:
The XFreeFontNames function frees the array and strings returned by XListFonts or XListFontsWithInfo.
The XListFontsWithInfo function returns a list of font names that match the specified pattern and their associated font information. The list of names is limited to size specified by maxnames. The information returned for each font is identical to what XLoadQueryFont would return except that the per-character metrics are not returned. The pattern string can contain any characters, but each asterisk (*) is a wildcard for any number of characters, and each question mark (?) is a wildcard for a single character. If the pattern string is not in the Host Portable Character Encoding, the result is implementation-dependent. Use of uppercase or lowercase does not matter. Each returned string is null-terminated. If the data returned by the server is in the Latin Portable Character Encoding, then the returned strings are in the Host Portable Character Encoding. Otherwise, the result is implementation-dependent. If there are no matching font names, XListFontsWithInfo returns NULL.
To free only the allocated name array, the client should call XFreeFontNames. To free both the name array and the font information array or to free just the font information array, the client should call XFreeFontInfo.
The XFreeFontInfo function frees a font structure or an array of font structures and optionally an array of font names. If NULL is passed for names, no font names are freed. If a font structure for an open font (returned by XLoadQueryFont) is passed, the structure is freed, but the font is not closed; use XUnloadFont to close the font.
Note that XListFontsWithInfo is not thread-safe. If other threads make X requests on the same Display, then this function's behavior is undefined.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Except that I'm not. Still, thanks for admitting that you are!
The subject: the on-and-off concern about national security, when looking at the domestic surveillance controversy and the Plame investigation, depending on where the partisan political advantage seems to lie.
The admission: from Ted of Crooked Timber, who cries gotcha on me.
The proof that I haven't taken two sides on the two controversies:
Re Plame, I've said:
I have avoided writing [about] the Plame story. There is too much detail to it for me to analyze it and come to a fair conclusion. A man faces criminal prosecution. The temptation is to say either this is a huge deal or this is practically nothing based on how much you'd like to see the Bush Administration wounded. How many bloggers have fallen prey to that temptation? How many bloggers have written about the indictment of I. Lewis Libby without imbuing it with their own political wishes? A man faces criminal prosecution. Let him go to trial, then.Re domestic surveillance, I've consistently avoided pronouncements about the statutory law and how it relates to the constitutional law on the ground that it is too specialized and complicated. For example, in the long set of comments to this post, I chided a commenter who asserted that the surveillance program was "blatantly" illegal:
You might note that I haven't taken a position. I don't consider myself knowledgable enough to do so, and I really dislike it when other people think they are. Look how modest Kerr was about his analysis. He's an expert, and he still refrained from making any strong assertions. Take a lesson from that.Later, in the same thread, responding to a commenter who wondered how I could miss some aspect of the FISA statute, I said:
How could I miss it? Simple: I've never even purported to analyze the statute. I can see it's complex, and I've never studied it. I've just chided people who are jumping ahead and saying what it means. I'm not myself doing the thing I'm chiding others for doing.Shamelessly stripping this post of mine of its context, Ted says "Ann Althouse couldn't care less about Valerie Plame." That post is about the way people like Kos were exulting about "Fitz-mas." I was expressing disgust about "slavering hyenas" gloating about the indictments they hoped to get from the special prosecutor. I wasn't saying I didn't care about that leak. Not there or anywhere else! I await Ted's apology for his self-serving distortion of my writing.
Ted also tries to excuse the leaking of classified information in the domestic surveillance matter on the ground that it's whistleblowing. To that, I've already said (in the comments at the last link):
You can't reveal national security secrets and just say you're a whistleblower. The leak is really outrageous, and people who don't care about it strike me as flat-out partisans who care more about politics than national security. It's quite sickening.I agree that the Plame leak may have been devoid of any virtuous motive, but that's beside the point. The question is: Are you concerned, in a politically neutral way, about national security? Ted tries to wriggle out of this question by just observing that he isn't seeing the damage to national security and telling me that I ought to prove the damage to national security. That's ridiculous. It's not for each person in possession of classified information to decide for himself how much it matters and to weigh how much good could be done by leaking it. And for those of us on the outside, who don't know the true scope of the program or the terrorist activities, we have no basis to spout off about how damaging the leak was. Blithe yammering about how it didn't really hurt just makes you look all the more partisan.


text:
Christmas 2009
Today's the last day to enter the Mothering magazine giveaway — a free one-year subscription for yourself, or a much-appreciated last-minute gift for a fellow parent.
And you'll love this week's beautiful pictures on the topic of "Breastfeeding" over at Natural Parents Network!
at my super-cool collection of Wordless Wednesday linkies,
and let me know if you have one to add.
You can also link up a thumbnail from your post below!


text:
Khushwant Singh has made a long and 'sexciting' career out of dirt. I entirely approve. I can hear voices saying, " You would!" Khushwant understood the power and potential of peddling sex in a nation consumed by the subject in private, but in total denial in public. Let's face it, Indians do have pretty grotty minds and are obsessed by sex but unlike other nationalities, continue to pretend it is 'dirty dirty' and 'not a part of Indian culture." I can hear Khushwant snorting and guffawing at that. Sex was a tool ( pardon the lousy pun!), that Khushwant shrewdly employed to shock a hypocritical society and knock the socks off those who played prudes, while hanging on to his every word. He was brash, when others were coy. Rude ( his cruel obituaries!) where others were diplomatic. Outspoken ( taking the dhotis off Godmen and other fake gurus) where others were pious. As the best editor of the now defunct 'Illustrated Weekly of India', Khushwant's mission statement was to debunk sex, religion and politics. And did he succeed! Gone were the earlier erudite but essentially boring essays written by his predecessors on our scriptures, gone too, the mind- numbing lectures on pre-Aryan whatever. Khushwant changed the rules of the game by running provocative stories on subjects that were derided for being 'too sleazy'. Khushwant liked it hot – I guess, he still does. There were no sacred cows in Khushwant's book ( Sanjay and Maneka Gandhi apart ). All that he considered 'humbug' was exposed boldly and brazenly in his weekly. He crowed and gloated in print as the circulation figures zoomed upwards, doubling and trebling during his tenure. He boasted about his unbeatable formula, with good reason. But his 'maaliks' were clearly not impressed. Khushwant was given his marching orders. And a short but very lively era in the annals of magazine journalism in India came to an abrupt end.
Khushwant proved Controversy is indeed King.
Khushwant had tasted blood. By now, most of literate India knew about the Sexy Sardar, who had breasts and buttocks on his mind and didn't feel ashamed of admitting it. All this upfrontness was very new for a young nation that was still coming to terms with a new desi morality that had just begun to emerge in a tentative, confused way. Khushwant tapped into the confusion aggressively and built his fan base on not just his own libido but other people's too! His outrageous public pronouncements often camouflaged the essential Khushwant, who was disappointingly 'normal' and 'tame' in real life. So busy was Khushwant playing to the galleries and pandering shamelessly to the prurient tastes of his loyal readers, he managed to murder his own early work - people conveniently forgot his scholarly tomes ( 'History of the Sikhs'), and paid little attention to his only worthwhile novel, 'A Train to Pakistan'. He himself was so busy enjoying his unprecedented popularity with the ladies, that he almost succeeded in burying his own earlier reputation as a well-read, well-informed, worldly-wise intellectual with a sharp, incisive mind. His nightly salons after he shifted to Delhi, attracted interesting people from across the world. People flocked to his Sundar Nagar home – visiting dignitaries, ambassadors, dancers, painters, writers - where the country's best known sardar presided over his durbar and chuckled wickedly into his Scotch at the absurdity of it all. But even as Dilli's socialites fawned over the man, it was the lady of the house, Khushwant's formidable wife, who actually called the shots. This remains one of the best kept secrets about Singh - he was an adorably hen- pecked husband throughout his married life, till Sardarni , passed away .
I haven't met Khushwant recently. But I continue to read him religiously. Even now, in his autumn years, he never fails to engage readers with his wit and the vast repertoire of subjects he tackles in his column. Most of his journalistic peers are dead, or worse, nobody knows they are alive. A few stalwarts continue to churn out largely unreadable columns full of hot air. Khushwant used to dismiss them as gasbags during his hey day ( forty odd years ago). They remain gasbags even today. Today's young Indian has no idea about any of them. But chances are , the young Indian has heard of Khushwant Singh…. perhaps from a toothless grandparent who still experiences shock at the memory of the nation's original Dirty Old Man. Perhaps, this is not the legacy Kamasutra Singh would wish for himself… but in a way he has become a victim of his own carefully constructed image over decades. I hope his sense of irreverence, his wicked sense of humour – the two qualities that made him the literary rascal, the incorrigible iconoclast he has always been – remain with him till the end.
Now, if only we can persuade him to write his own obit – that would be the real piece de resistance from India's most readable writer. And I also suspect the joke will be on us!!
Alas, for Khushwant, the pen – for which he had once naughtily recommended a condom -- proved to be mightier than the penis.
If nothing else, Khushwant Singh has staying power ( errr.... I swear I didn't mean it as a pun!). I wrote this column for a special issue of The Week ( 25 Most Controversial Indians), and it elicited a fair amount of comment. I thought of KS ( the man , not the condom) once again this morning, when I read his views on Osho. Khushwant has written the introduction to a new volume of Osho's teachings ( 'Life's many mysteries..."), published by Penguin India ( can't wait to get my hands on it). I am an unabashed admirer of Osho, and believe he is one of the most underrated thinkers of our time. What he said about love, sex, God and several other subjects many decades ago is more relevant today than ever before. Twenty years after his death in Pune, Osho lives again. I hope he is having the last laugh, wherever he is...


text: -----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE----- Hash: SHA1 Ken Armstrong, Senior Network Security Engineer EWA-Canada / CanCERT | -----Original Message----- | From: firstname.lastname@example.com | [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com]On Behalf Of | Steven M. Christey | Sent: Tuesday, May 16, 2000 4:44 PM | To: firstname.lastname@example.com | Cc: email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com | Subject: FINAL version of CyberCrime Treaty statement - ready for | signatures | | | All, | | The final version of the CyberCrime treaty statement is ready for your | signature. | | Editorial Board members from 26 different organizations have voted to | ACCEPT the statement, and expect to endorse it as individuals or as | official representatives of their companies. There are 28 | organizations on the Board at this time, so this clearly satisfies any | "quorum" requirement. | | I made two small grammatical changes based on comments by Andre Frech | and Jim Magdych, which means that I added three commas. No other | changes were made. The final text is below. | | At MITRE, Gary Gagnon (a director in our Security and Information | Operations division) is working on a strategy for conducting the | outreach. I expect that we will have a concrete approach, including a | coordinator, in the next day or so. | | The next step is to gather the signatures from Editorial Board members | so that we have a unified statement for the outreach. I will gather | the signatures for this initial effort. | | Some Board members have expressed concerns that even if they sign as | an individual and we include a disclaimer, that listing their company | affiliation may cause careless readers to believe that the member is | representing an official position. To address this, I propose the | following convention: | | - If you're representing an official position for your company, | include your title and the phrase "Representing XYZ Corporation" | as part of your signature | | - If you're signing as an individual, you have the option to include | your organization or not; if not, your title and/or role in the | community is encouraged. Consider that your title may further | reinforce the fact that you don't speak for your organization. | | The "Representing" tag will reinforce who's making an official | organizational statement and who isn't. The disclaimer has been | adapted as follows: | | This statement represents the professional opinion of each | individual signer. Unless stated otherwise, it may not represent | the official position of the signer's parent organization. | | Finally, because Adam Shostack and Scott Blake introduced this issue | to the Board, I suggest that their signatures should be listed first. | | Thanks to everyone for the incredible level of participation in this | effort. It's been a busy but rewarding experience. I look forward to | collecting your signatures as we move into the next phase. | | - Steve | | | ************** FINAL TEXT of CyberCrime Treaty Statement | ************** | | Greetings: | | As leading security practitioners, educators, vendors, and users of | information security, we wish to register our misgivings about the | Council of Europe draft treaty on Crime in Cyberspace. | | We are concerned that portions of the proposed treaty may result in | criminalizing techniques and software commonly used to make computer | systems resistant to attack. Signatory states passing legislation to | implement the treaty may endanger the security of their computer | systems, because computer users in those countries will not be able to | adequately protect their computer systems and the education of | information protection specialists will be hindered. | | Critical to the protection of computer systems and infrastructure is | the ability to | * Test software for weaknesses | * Verify the presence of defects in computer systems | * Exchange vulnerability information | | System administrators, researchers, consultants, and companies all | routinely develop, use, and share software designed to exercise known | and suspected vulnerabilities. Academic institutions use these tools | to educate students and in research to develop improved defenses. Our | combined experience suggests that it is impossible to reliably | distinguish software used in computer crime from that used for these | legitimate purposes. In fact, they are often identical. | | Currently, article 6 of the draft treaty is vague regarding the use, | distribution, and possession of software that could be used to violate | the security of computer systems. We agree that damaging or breaking | into computer systems is wrong and we unequivocally support laws | against such inappropriate behavior. We affirm that a goal of the | treaty and resulting legislation should be to permit the development | and application of good security measures. However, legislation that | criminalizes security software development, distribution, and use is | counter to that goal, as it would adversely impact security | practitioners, researchers, and educators. | | Therefore, we respectfully request that the treaty drafters remove | section a.1 from article 6, and modify section b accordingly; the | articles on computer intrusion and damage (viz., articles 1-5) are | already sufficient to proscribe any improper use of security-related | software or information. | | Please do not hesitate to call on us for technical advice in your | future deliberations. | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | | This statement represents the professional opinion of each individual | signer. Unless stated otherwise, it may not represent the official | position of the signer's parent organization. | | | [Scott Blake and Adam Shostack signatures here] | | -- corporate signers: examples -- | | Jane Doe | CTO | Representing Big_Corporation_ABC | | Ralph Kramden | Community-Based Transportation Technician | Representing Small_Business_DEF | | -- individual signers: examples -- | | David LeBlanc, Ph.D. | Microsoft Information Security | | Steve Christey | Lead Information Systems Engineer The MITRE Corporation -----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE----- Version: PGPfreeware 6.5.3 for non-commercial use <http://www.pgp.com> iQA/AwUBOSKNlXfba3jWxdCmEQK7EwCdGPfYbaYMW5v5I3SYNEVL5EiXx84An2sN RFi/BxfjvF7iWCw2ZMbg5Z5B =KKNb -----END PGP SIGNATURE-----


text:
Introduction to QuickCheck1
A quick introduction to QuickCheck, and testing Haskell code. See Introduction to QuickCheck2 for the QC2 version
In September 2006, Bruno Martínez asked the following question:
-- I've written a function that looks similar to this one
getList = find 5 where
find 0 = return []
find n = do
ch <- getChar
if ch `elem` ['a'..'e'] then do
tl <- find (n-1)
return (ch : tl) else
find n
-- I want to test this function, without hitting the filesystem. In C++ I
-- would use a istringstream. I couldn't find a function that returns a
-- Handle from a String. The closer thing that may work that I could find
-- was making a pipe and converting the file descriptor. Can I simplify
-- that function to take it out of the IO monad?
So the problem is: how to effectively test this function in Haskell? The solution we turn to is refactoring and QuickCheck.
Keeping things pure
The reason your getList is hard to test, is that the side effecting monadic code is mixed in with the pure computation, making it difficult to test without moving entirely into a "black box" IO-based testing model. Such a mixture is not good for reasoning about code.
Let's untangle that, and then test the referentially transparent parts simply with QuickCheck. We can take advantage of lazy IO firstly, to avoid all the unpleasant low-level IO handling.
So the first step is to factor out the IO part of the function into a thin "skin" layer:
-- A thin monadic skin layer
getList :: IO [Char]
getList = fmap take5 getContents
-- The actual worker
take5 :: [Char] -> [Char]
take5 = take 5 . filter (`elem` ['a'..'e'])
Testing with QuickCheck
Now we can test the 'guts' of the algorithm, the take5 function, in isolation. Let's use QuickCheck. First we need an Arbitrary instance for the Char type -- this takes care of generating random Chars for us to test with. I'll restrict it to a range of nice chars just for simplicity:
import Data.Char
import Test.QuickCheck
instance Arbitrary Char where
arbitrary = choose ('\32', '\128')
coarbitrary c = variant (ord c `rem` 4)
Let's fire up GHCi (or Hugs) and try some generic properties (it's nice that we can use the QuickCheck testing library directly from the Haskell prompt). An easy one first, a [Char] is equal to itself:
*A> quickCheck ((\s -> s == s) :: [Char] -> Bool)
OK, passed 100 tests.
What just happened? QuickCheck generated 100 random [Char] values, and applied our property, checking the result was True for all cases. QuickCheck generated the test sets for us!
A more interesting property now: reversing twice is the identity:
*A> quickCheck ((\s -> (reverse.reverse) s == s) :: [Char] -> Bool)
OK, passed 100 tests.
Testing take5
The first step to testing with QuickCheck is to work out some properties that are true of the function, for all inputs. That is, we need to find invariants.
A simple invariant might be:
So let's write that as a QuickCheck property:
\s -> length (take5 s) == 5
Which we can then run in QuickCheck as:
*A> quickCheck (\s -> length (take5 s) == 5)
Falsifiable, after 0 tests:
Ah! QuickCheck caught us out. If the input string contains less than 5 filterable characters, the resulting string will be less than 5 characters long. So let's weaken the property a bit:
That is, take5 returns a string of at most 5 characters long. Let's test this:
*A> quickCheck (\s -> length (take5 s) <= 5)
OK, passed 100 tests.
Another property
Another thing to check would be that the correct characters are returned. That is, for all returned characters, those characters are members of the set ['a','b','c','d','e'].
We can specify that as:
And in QuickCheck:
*A> quickCheck (\s -> all (`elem` ['a'..'e']) (take5 s))
OK, passed 100 tests.
Excellent. So we can have some confidence that the function neither returns strings that are too long, nor includes invalid characters.
One issue with the default QuickCheck configuration, when testing [Char], is that the standard 100 tests isn't enough for our situation. In fact, QuickCheck never generates a String greater than 5 characters long, when using the supplied Arbitrary instance for Char! We can confirm this:
*A> quickCheck (\s -> length (take5 s) < 5)
OK, passed 100 tests.
QuickCheck wastes its time generating different Chars, when what we really need is longer strings. One solution to this is to modify QuickCheck's default configuration to test deeper:
deepCheck p = check (defaultConfig { configMaxTest = 10000}) p
This instructs the system to find at least 10000 test cases before concluding that all is well. Let's check that it is generating longer strings:
*A> deepCheck (\s -> length (take5 s) < 5)
Falsifiable, after 125 tests:
We can check the test data QuickCheck is generating using the 'verboseCheck' hook. Here, testing on integers lists:
*A> verboseCheck (\s -> length s < 5)
0: []
1: [0]
2: []
3: []
4: []
5: [1,2,1,1]
6: [2]
7: [-2,4,-4,0,0]
Falsifiable, after 7 tests:
Going further
QuickCheck is effectively an embedded domain specific language for testing Haskell code, and allows for much more complex properties than those you've seen here to be tested. Some sources for further reading are:
- The QuickCheck source
- QuickCheck Library documentation
- QuickCheck v1 Manual
- A large testsuite of QuickCheck code
- Tutorial: QuickCheck as a test set generator
- Tutorial: QuickCheck / GADT
- More research on correctness and testing in Haskell
- 2012 Blog article: Code testing in Haskell
- 2009 Blog article: some ideas for practical QuickCheck
- 2004 Paper QuickCheck: Specification-based Random Testing, Koen Claessen. Presentation at Summer Institute on Trends in Testing: Theory, Techniques and Tools, August 2004.
- 2003 Paper Specification Based Testing with QuickCheck, Koen Claessen and John Hughes. In Jeremy Gibbons and Oege de Moor (eds.), The Fun of Programming, Cornerstones of Computing, pp. 17--40, Palgrave, 2003.
- 2002 Paper Testing Monadic Programs with QuickCheck, Koen Claessen, John Hughes. SIGPLAN Notices 37(12): 47-59 (2002):
- 2000 Paper QuickCheck: A Lightweight Tool for Random Testing of Haskell Programs, Koen Claessen and John Hughes. In Proc. of International Conference on Functional Programming (ICFP), ACM SIGPLAN, 2000.
Note, QuickCheck doesn't need to just be an embedded domain specific language for testing Haskell code. By making instances of Arbitrary for FFI types you can use Haskell and QuickCheck to check code in other languages.


text:
Signup Deadline: Thursday, November 10
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Transport only: Rila Mountains - The Seven Rila Lakes
26/06/2024 - 26/06/2024
Sofia, Departure time 07:00. estimated time of arrival 09:00.
Included in package:
Transfer from Sofia to Panichishte resort and back Emergency telephone: +359 884 743 868
Basic price:
EUR 30.00 Per person
Step 1 & 2: On this step you will be asked to input general details for your holiday, which will be used afterwards to determine its final price. Please make sure all data are correct before proceeding further to Step 3. Step 3: The details of all travellers should be filled in on this step. Starred field are required. Depending on the minimum group size determined for each particular package and the actual number of travellers in your party, extra charges may appear here over the basic price (which is set in accordance with the minimum group size). The final price of the tour will appear on Step 4. Here you can also donate for nature conservation causes in Bulgaria, performed by local NGO-s, and support their continuous efforts in doing that. The minimum donation (if you wish to to donate) is 5 Euro per reservation. If you wish to donate more, simply change the digit in the box, which will mutiply the basic donation by the same number. Finally click on the checkbox to the right to add the donation to the final price of the tour. Step 4: Here comes the result of what you have booked so far, including the final price of your order. Please check if all data are correct. Upon agreement with our booking conditions and pressing the CONFIRM button you will automatically receive an email from us with your reservation, our booking conditions and also other important details specific for the services you have required. In the body of this email you will find the reservation number and your passowrd (at the bottom of the message) - these two attributes will grant you online access to our reservation system (through "My Travel Center" menu on the top of the website), where you will be able to view it, make reprints of your order, check registered payments and rest to pay, make some changes or cancel the booking.
Please mind that the weather conditions above 2000 m require a warm waterproof and windproof jacket and good boots!


text:
September 11 Memorial Museum Opens With Ceremony for Families [PHOTOS]
On Thursday morning, President Obama dedicated the National September 11 Memorial Museum in a ceremony attended by families of the victims, first responders and numerous political leaders.
The somber event featured speeches attesting to the bravery of those who were caught in the Twin Towers that morning more than 13 years ago, along with the bravery of those who ran into them after the planes struck.
During President Obama's remarks, he recalled the story of the man in the red bandanna who came to the aid of a group of people trapped on the burning 78th floor of the South Tower:
It seemed as if there was no way out. They didn't know his name, they didn't know where he came from but they knew their lives had been saved by the man in the red bandanna. … He had a big laugh and a joy of life and dreams of seeing the world. He worked in finance, but he had also been a volunteer firefighter. And after the planes hit, he put on that bandanna and spent his final moments saving others.
The man went unidentified for months, until his mother recognized his description. His name was Welles Crowther, 24. His mother, Alison, attended the ceremony, along with Ling Young, a woman he saved. One of his red bandannas is now on display at the museum. "All those who come here," said Obama, "will have a chance to know the sacrifice of a young man who, like so many, gave his life so others might live."
Also attending the ceremony and taking a tour of the museum were former New York mayors Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg, as well as the current mayor, Bill DeBlasio; Bill and Hillary Clinton; the governors of New York and New Jersey, Andrew Cuomo and Chris Christie, and many more.
The event featured a performance of 'Amazing Grace' by LaChanze, whose husband died in the attacks. The museum will open to the public on May 21; until then, it is available to victims' families and first responders.
[WSJ, N.Y. Times]


text:
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text:
PHP supports eight primitive types.
Four scalar types:
Two compound types:
And finally two special types:
This manual also introduces some pseudo-types for readability reasons:
And the pseudo-variable $...
Some references to the type "double" may remain in the manual. Consider double the same as float; the two names exist only for historic reasons.
The type of a variable is not usually set by the programmer; rather, it is decided at runtime by PHP depending on the context in which that variable is used.
Note: To check the type and value of an expression, use the var_dump() function.
To get a human-readable representation of a type for debugging, use the gettype() function. To check for a certain type, do not use gettype(), but rather the is_type functions. Some examples:
$a_bool = TRUE; // a boolean
$a_str = "foo"; // a string
$a_str2 = 'foo'; // a string
$an_int = 12; // an integer
echo gettype($a_bool); // prints out: boolean
echo gettype($a_str); // prints out: string
// If this is an integer, increment it by four
if (is_int($an_int)) {
$an_int += 4;
// If $a_bool is a string, print it out
// (does not print out anything)
if (is_string($a_bool)) {
echo "String: $a_bool";
To forcibly convert a variable to a certain type, either cast the variable or use the settype() function on it.
Note that a variable may be evaluated with different values in certain situations, depending on what type it is at the time. For more information, see the section on Type Juggling. The type comparison tables may also be useful, as they show examples of various type-related comparisons.


text:
If you make a change to the space that would require a lot of work to reverse (or you would rather people didn't reverse), record it here. Just hit "edit" at the top of the page, and add away. Don't worry too much about formatting, I'll fix it.
If you put click on the signature button in the editor, (the squiggle button next to the crossed out W and the horizontal line) you'll leave your name and a time and date.
Separate entries with "----", precede them with --. See other entries for examples. Add them to the top.
If you see something that needs to be fixed, record it on Bugs
--Hao 15:19, 25 August 2012 (PDT)
* Put the noisebridge flag back to the gate!
--Malaclyps (talk) 04:36, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
* Put up LCD connected to Minotaur, strawman screen showing at https://minotaur.noisebridge.net/status/display/
--Eric Vinyl 17:00, 11 August 2012 (PDT)
* Moved some accessories near Pole 1 to relevant spaces in Hacker Alley
- Installed some USB audio gear into Stallion with hopes of some day having audio controlled directly from that machine.
--18.104.22.168 05:29, 22 June 2012 (UTC)
* improved captchas on the wiki. Details on the wiki machine's changelog, Let me know if it breaks anything.
--Malaclyps 06:22, 8 June 2012 (UTC)
* Rebooted asterisk on pony -- it gave up calling one of our SIP services, I think in the DNS failure.
--rubin110 01:51, 8 June 2012 (UTC)
* Putting the speakers and juke box back together in the Hack Cafe area.
--Malaclyps 19:42, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
* Miloh got us internet archive bandwidth.
--Malaclyps 01:32, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
* Minotaur upgraded to 12.04, /etc/resolvconf disabled for dnsmasq (on /etc/default/dnsmasq ) as it was misbehaving
--Malaclyps 21:38, 4 June 2012 (UTC)
* Got OKI 5200C printer working (ethernet was out, was getting DHCP ip rather than one on label). Not sure if IP will stick. Have set it up so that I gets told if it stops working again.
--Flamsmark 02:18, 20 May 2012 (UTC)
* Adjusted blue ocean patten curtain on West wall with a small pin into the window-frame so that it protects the Hackatorium tables from sunlight for more of the day. Please revert or improve if desired.
-- Lilia 18:28, 5 May 2012 (UTC)
* Installed Noisemachine on wall between Turing doorway and first aid box.
--Miloh 04:50, 5 May 2012 (UTC)
* fixed doorbell electronic latch so it didn't stick and keep buzzing..
--188.8.131.52 22:03, 4 May 2012 (UTC) (asheem)
* Replaced corroded doorbell switches, restored doorbell functionality. * Noted malfunction from gate control that causes the gate to stay open/buzzing.
--Malaclyps 01:09, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* SuperQ layed out conduit to bring permanent lights to Church
--Hipe 00:51, 29 April 2012 (UTC)
* Kitchen cabinets moved to improve compact-ness and reduce eyesore. * Beginnings of labelling every cupboard, making sure contents correspond to labels * Extraneous kitchen utensils and cookware moved to storage (including 12 un-paired pan lids)
--Malaclyps 23:41, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
* Fruit-fly attracting fruit vinegar excess moved out.
--Rayc 21:53, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
* Installed a light fixture inside of the Church class room with a switch that is plugged into the outlet connected to the outside of the SEM room wall, adjacent to the back stairwell. * In addition, I also rotated the florescent fixture that was parallel to the East Wall 180 degrees so that it also illuminates the Church class room as well. Fixes Bug #3.
--Malaclyps 03:09, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
* Delivery of USB enclosures, Francisco, Catherine helped. * Probed at broken buzzer at top -- no wires seem loose within the main door/listen/talk box. * Replicator Wednesday livestreamed http://www.ustream.tv/channel/noisebridge
--Malaclyps 19:22, 23 April 2012 (UTC)
* Martin cleaned up lasercutter, taught Rayc tips on how to clean it.
--220.127.116.11 02:03, 22 April 2012 (UTC)
* Working lights in Turing!
--Malaclyps 19:09, 21 April 2012 (UTC)
* Air compressor for laser cutter needed new brass fitting, fixed by Martin B. (who also cleaned around) * RetinaEngrave downloaded and re-installed, printer driver now working from InkScape ** Remember! RetinaEngrave must be running in order to use it as a printer driver. Windows will not run the 'driver' for you. **
--Malaclyps 05:29, 21 April 2012 (UTC)
* The noisebridge-api now installs as its own Debian package on pony.
--Malaclyps 00:12, 21 April 2012 (UTC)
* Wood brought in by User:miloh for third electronics bench. Woohoo!
--Malaclyps 22:41, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
* We now have Dead Drop in the gatephone, courtesy of James
--Malaclyps 20:47, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
* Cleaned out tar in gateway entry callbox.
* Filed bug report via discuss re: broken buzzer


text:
When you don't want certain items accessible to just anyone, use one of our custom printed promotional privacy storage devices. At IASpromotes.com, we offer many different types of customized privacy storage items including promotional products such as money belts. When clients and colleagues travel for work or for pleasure, they can rest assured that their personal items are safe within one of your custom logo storage pouches.
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text:
As Nigella says,some recipes sing to you and sang it did..when I saw Mallika of Veg Bowl's recipe for Coffee Biscuit pudding,I knew I am gonna love it.I always stick to ma-in-law's classic recipe for Biscuit pudding,but this was different.It used Krack-jack biscuits and coffee and custard and it sounded like such a great combination that I HAD to try it.
I absolutely love the burst of flavors in this.The slight tinge of salty taste mixed with coffee flavored biscuit layers with the custard sauce..just one word-awesome!!
Coffee Biscuit Custard Pudding
For the Custard
Milk – 1 packet, ½ litre
Vanilla flavoured Custard powder – 3 tbsp
Sugar – 3 tbsp
Mix custard powder with ¼ cup cold milk and boil the rest of the milk with sugar.
Add the custard paste when the milk boils,stir for a while till it starts thickening and leave to cool until just warm.
For layering the pudding
Krack Jack biscuit – 1 pack
Strong Coffee decoction – ½ cup
[the original recipe requires this to be set in a square cake tin but I used a round pudding bowl]
Layer the base of the pudding bowl with coffee soaked biscuits.
Spread a layer of custard over this.
On top of that again layer coffee soaked biscuits and then custard.
Continue with biscuit-custard for 3-4 layers.[not more than that since the custard won't hold shape while serving]
Top with grated chocolate or cocoa and set in the refrigerator to chill for 3-4 hours.
Garnish with dry fruits or nuts.


text:
Find Usages. Variable Options
This section describes Field, Variable, or Parameter usage search options in the Find Usages dialog.
The dialog opens when you click in the Show Usages popup which lists all the occurrences of the symbol at caret.
Item | Description |
Skip results tab with one usage | Select this checkbox to be navigated directly to the found usage without the Find tool window displayed when only one usage is found. |
Scope | In this area, specify the scope of search. Select a pre-defined scope from the list or click the Browse button to open the Scopes dialog, where you can define a custom scope. |
Open results in new tab | Select this checkbox have the results of each search shown in a separate tab of the Find Results window. If the checkbox is cleared, the search results will overwrite the contents of the current tab. |


text:
Tuesday, November 13, 2012
GWU to hold gala luncheon for departing dean
Since I've heard little about the back story of this move from my many close friends on the GWU faculty (and indeed it appears to have come as a total surprise to them), I will echo Peggy Noonan's words of wisdom and note that it would be irresponsible not to speculate.
The timing of this move is very peculiar, especially because it's taking place right in the middle of the academic year.My guess is that soon to be ex-Dean Berman is getting out while the getting is good. Times being what they are, any law school dean, and especially one at a trap school, needs to be on the lookout for a soft landing spot. Berman, I suspect, has no particular desire to spend the next few years being the guy who makes the kinds of hard decisions that will need to be made at law schools like GWU to get their operating costs in some sort of rational relationship with the value of the degrees they're conferring.
University administrators get rewarded for successful empire-building, not for ceding Germania to the Visigoths. And while Rome wasn't sacked in a day, legal education's empire is looking a lot shakier than on-line education, which, let's face it, is the face of the future in this business (Alfred North Whitehead's remark a century ago that the university has been obsolete since the invention of the printing press was merely one hundred years and one technological revolution ahead of its time).
Berman's now apparently concluded career in legal academia is a remarkable testament to the structure of the contemporary law school. He managed to become dean of two law schools without, as far as I can determine, ever practicing law for a day in his life (He graduated from law school in 1995, did COA and SCOTUS clerkships for the next two years, then went straight onto the UCONN faculty. The most interesting aspect of his biography is that he ran what apparently is an off-off Broadway theater in NYC for about four years between Princeton undergrad and NYU law -- a job which sounds like it involved more than a few full working days).
He's apparently very good at raising money, which is what both deaning and central administrating is all about these days, so he's likely to continue to flourish in the topsy turvey world of contemporary higher ed. That he's bailing out of legal academia at this particular moment is more than a little suggestive of which way the wind is blowing.
77 comments:
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 7:14 AM
I am shocked not to see him leaving to go to Davis Polk.
ReplyDelete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 7:21 AM
I think the real explanation is that Paul Berman is always on the lookout for a job where he is required to do no more than make promises about the future. He is pure carnival barker.
ReplyDeleteReplies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 10:08 AM
I think the real explanation is that he has a contract or tenure(?) and connections. So they either can't, or don't want to, cut him loose. And they are giving him a party to put a good face on this.
I'm sure they aren't expecting an increase in their online enrollment.
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 7:29 AM
Does Berman's career add or subtract to the reputation of a SCOTUS clerkship?
ReplyDelete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 7:49 AM
"He managed to become dean of two law schools without, as far as I can determine, ever practicing law for a day in his life (He graduated from law school in 1995, did COA and SCOTUS clerkships for the next two years, then went straight onto the UCONN faculty."
Unlike "professor" Campos who spent almost 12 months "practicing" law before he joined the ranks of the scammers. I'll take the COA/SCOTUS clerk over the first year associate any time.Replies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 8:01 AM
I bet Campos would be the first to argue he shouldn't be hired today.
Delete Really? A professor's experience should translate into teachable moments for the students who will be able to use that experience in their professional lives. Therefore, the question is: How many law students will become SCOTUS law clerks and how many will become first year associates?
I'll take a professor who has actually practiced law in a law firm over a SCOTUS law clerk any day.- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 10:05 AM
I'm sure he doesn't know anything about online education either. GWU is trying to live on its rapidly dwindling prestige.
Now he is going to be competing with the university of Phoenix.
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 7:52 AM
I go to a law school that's similar to GW in many ways (what you would probably call a trap school). I've been here only a year and a half, and in that time I have seen 10 administrators, maybe more, quit. Many of them also in the middle of the year. My fellow classmates don't see anything wrong with it, but I found it disconcerting from the beginning.
ReplyDeleteReplies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 8:10 AM
i was wondering what exactly a "trap school" was and then i found out it was something coined from this blog.
here's the definition for everyone:
"A trap school, in other words, is the kind of place that attracts the kind of highly-qualified, reasonably prudent 0Ls who would never consider attending the vast majority of law schools at anything like sticker price, and yet still ends up generating a very high risk of financial and personal disaster for its students."
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 8:44 AM
I've been wondering why GWU is one of the few law schools that haven't released their incoming class profile. I think we can guess why. Is it really THAT bad?
ReplyDelete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 9:15 AM
Plenty of Career Services office turnover, as well as Alumni Relations people. The frontline of having to deal with the actual mess.
Now deans seem to be turning over rather quickly. Raise money?! Is that what they do? Is it possible that there are any deans actually successful at this, and, if so, can explain how that success does not lead to a corresponding skip in 6% tuition yearly raises?
IMHO this country suffers greatly from such hierarchical management structures where there is way too much power concentrated in way too few people, who make way more than their work could ever be worth. - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 9:53 AM
If I were a law school dean I would demand that insane amounts of resources be put into getting people jobs.
Real jobs- not fake school employment.
I would also do something about grades- I would provide tons of support to the students and expect the faculty to be responsive to student issues.Replies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 9:59 AM
No amount of resources, no matter how "insane", will alter the fact that the law schools are producing at least two graduates for every available job. Reallocation of resources might change which particular students get jobs, but 50% or more will still never obtain professional, legal employment.
Delete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 10:12 AM
This is true. I meant that I would put resources into the students at my school. Not that the overall problem would be better.
Delete - Numero OooknowNovember 13, 2012 at 7:10 PM
@ 9:53, yeah, and when I'm King Of The World every good little boy will have a free ball, bat and glove, and every good little girl will get a pink unicorn.
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 10:02 AM
Wasn't this dean the person who humiliated the law school by sending a letter to unilaterally decrease the pay unemployed grads were getting with " fellowships"?
If so, let's rake up that story again. That was an outrage and put the school in a terrible light. - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 10:08 AM
GW tuition and fees: $46,000 a year.
Years ago I had to leave a part-time MBA program in North Carolina to take a job in the DC area. I visited the GW admissions office and asked about admissions and fees per course. The little cupcake at the desk quoted me a figure so obscenely high I thought she must have thought I asked her for the cost of a full academic load. "No, she said, that IS the tuition for one course."
Needless to say, I took a pass on GW. - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 10:09 AM
Berman was run out on a rail. This is the dictionary definition of a "soft landing."
ReplyDelete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 10:21 AM
Your trying to fit this set of facts into your ongoing meme would assume this was a voluntary move on Dean Berman's part. That he wanted to bail out of legal academia, rather than being pushed out for whichever one of a whole host of reasons -- good and bad -- that might cause a President to oust a Dean.
I have no more inside info than you do here (which is none), but the circumstances look more like someone pushed out than someone trying to get out. - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 10:42 AM
"Instead, we need to accept and perhaps even celebrate, the potentially jurisgenerative and creative role law might play in a plural world.
Indeed, it is only if we take multiple affiliation seriously, if we seek dialogue
across difference, if we accept unassimilated otherness, that we will have some
hope of navigating the hybrid legal spaces that are all around us." -- Paul Schiff Berman, Toward a Jurisprudence of Hybridity, 2010 Utah L. Rev. 11, 29 (2010).
To suggest that this visionary lower himself to the vulgar practice of law would be like asking Einstein to scrub the toilets. Similarly, the plaints of the legion of unemployed GW Law grads whom Berman sought to discipline by cutting their little nine month stipends from $15 to $10/ hr. seems so cruel and intrusive. Why should Berman waste his beautiful mind on something like that? (Cf. Barbara Bush).
I am glad that Berman has moved on from the deanship to something even more critical to the law school scam, and to higher education generally: how to justify extracting 50K per year in tuition in an age when doctrinal instruction and interactive discussion and debate can be done digitally. Hopefully, Berman's great mind will not further disturbed by human beings, as he navigates the hybrid scam swamps that are all around us.
dybbukReplies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 12:19 PM
I had Berman at UConn in the mid 2000s. His class was all theory, buzzwords, and reflection. Don't think I learned one useful thing. He is amusing and a good speaker. . .just not very helpful for practicing law.
Delete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 4:43 PM
"Jurisgenerative" is, to my ears, a brand new buzzy word. I've got to admit that I had a disgraceful Beavis-and-Butthead reaction-- I thought: maybe certain kinds of sex offenders go around exposing their jurisgenitals in public.
A quick Westlaw search of "jurisgenerative" reveals the following:
Number of times a reviewing court has used the word "jurisgenerative" (based on an "All States & Fed" search, unrestricted as to date): Once.
Number of times a law review article has used the word "jurisgenerative": 335.
dybbuk - AnonymousNovember 18, 2012 at 7:59 AM
The correct phrase is not that Berman wanted to discipline students, he wanted to Discipline and Punish his students.
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 11:10 AM
Speaking of the Titanic, here is an example of how keeping a pocket knife handy sure can pay off!
Otherwise one lifeboat load of LS deans and faculty might have crused the lower one.
I am a GOP staunch Conservative. But I voted for Obama and straight Democratic Party on a slim reed of hope that student loan reform might come about.
All I had to go on was an old SOTU speech where Obama told the Universities to make Higher Ed. more affordable, or else the Federal Gov't would: "Cut off the money."RepliesYes, we do have to hope that Obama has a "Nixon goes to China" moment and cuts off the money from some of his most blind financial backers.
Highlighting the increasingly premeditated use of IBR as the engine for endless tuition inflation will help.
Obama's re-election notwithstanding, income taxpayers (the 51%!) are increasingly terrified and looking for exits from the dollar (which is the last American institution standing - but the one damaged when the Fed prints more and more money (QEternity) to keep interest rates from rising due to the $16 trillion debt (and rising).
Want to get dizzy with fear?
Think about the additional tax revenue needed for each 1% that the Fed "allows"/is forced to allow interest rates to rise.
160 *billion* in additional interest payments.
Each year.
(Or until principal on the national debt is paid down - which might as well be forever).
When America goes Greece (when the majority awakes to find itself hopelessly impoverished to enrich political class "elites"), law schools (and law school personnel) will burn.
Forever.- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 9:41 PM
LOL, sounds to me like you got taken twice: first by Touro, and then by Obama.
Your loan will never be forgiven, except through IBR or public service loan forgiveness.
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 11:20 AM
I must say, that I am glad I went to the law school that I did. Many of these other schools are just downright awful sounding. At Brooklyn Law School, I am amazed at the effort that is put in finding grads and alumni jobs. Also, Brooklyn Law School seems to be moving in the right direction in considering opening its own law firm to help students get real experience practicing law before graduation. Maybe it's because I am in New York, a city with a relatively healthy legal economy, but I must say, I am damn happy that I chose Brooklyn Law School.
ReplyDeleteReplies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 6:28 PM
Is this a joke? Brooklyn Law School is a mephitic toilet.
JD Junkyard provided a link to the following story:
I wonder if the school admitting that it inflated the grades of incoming students had ANYTHING to do with the dean moving to an obscure position at the "university." That could just be a coincidence, right, trolls?!?!Replies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 12:31 PM
Are we reading the same article? It said the grade inflation occurred at the college, not the law school.
Delete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 7:24 PM
^^^^^^ Why do you think poor Fernie couldn't find a job?
No reedin comp skilz. - AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 11:57 AM
Usually the same pressure is on the law schools to lie as it is on the undergrad. Even more so in law, because of the rankings.
I'm glad that the LSAC can now monitor the true LSAT and GPA numbers of law school students
JD Junkyard forum has an item today re: GWU admitting to falsifying stats on its entering class (claiming a false % of students in the top 10% undergrad). Wonder if this has anything to do with it . . .
ReplyDeleteReplies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 4:21 PM
Probably not since the falsified data you're referring to came from the undergrad school. Jesus at least read the article.
Delete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 7:26 PM
4:21 - you might try reading yourself. 11:51 specifically mentioned it related to undergrad.
Delete - AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 9:50 AM
No. "claiming a false % of students in the top 10% undergrad" clearly refers to a false claim about students being in the top 10% of their undergrad class. Why else would 11:51 also query whether that had anything to do with the dean of the law school's departure?
- SmallTownBoyNovember 13, 2012 at 12:02 PM
I thonk you're wrong to embrace online education, LawProf. I've looked at online courses and they are a joke way to learn. Far better to read a book.
Anyway, the GW news certainly is interesting. - BoredJDNovember 13, 2012 at 1:48 PM
So it appears that the Dean angered the faculty by mistreating the staff in his attempts to change the law school in response to the legal education crisis.
Most likely, the Dean was attempting to cull administrative bloat, perhaps in a way that would have resulted in more work or less assistance for the faculty.
This is just another example of how disingenuous tenured faculty are being when they claim they have "no control" over the governance of the law school and couldn't decide to lower tuition or cut class size even if they wanted to.
All the while GW students are cutting tuition checks.Replies- AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 11:55 AM
Excellent point.
Law professors who claim they are:
1. powerless to change the tuition charged to students, and
2. so in demand by top firms that they must be paid accordingly,
should now become the focus of the scam movement. - AnonymousNovember 18, 2012 at 6:36 AM
Agreed. This is clearly a case of an archaic academic stratocracy exerting their power over the administration's attempts to change the focus of legal education to account for the dwindling traditional legal market. I know that many others agree that while Berman may have made some minor errors (as any leader of any organization does time to time), he was on the path to positioning GW Law at the forefront of a changing legal market. The faculty clearly would rather live in the clouds than accept changes that will provide students like me with a greater opportunity of applying my legal education to a career outside of the traditional scope of private or public sector law practice. This should serve as a wake up call to all law students that we need to take a hard look at who is really at the forefront of the law school scam.
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 2:11 PM
Dear Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity:
I am sorry, but the Republicans did not seem to give a damn about Student Loan Debtors at all.
And so I voted against my own political party, in the hope that President Obama might bring some relief to the current day USA Student Lending Human Rights Tragedy.
Clint Eastwood probably made up my mind for good on all of the above when he made fun of SL debtors while talking to an empty chair.Replies- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 3:10 PM
lets see. obamacare threatens about 800,000 jobs. 20,000 or so law schools thought they were special snowflakes and would be able to get a decent job. they were wrong and now cant pay their students loans. yeah, that's a smart decision.
i'm sure those 800,000 unemployed people will be lining up for legal services. - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 3:11 PM
The GOP's stance on the issue is something along the lines of "once they get those student loans paid off and get moved into a nice 3-story house they will come back over to our side."
- AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 4:02 PM
Whoever Joan King is, there are lots of other people who have the same thoughts as she is expected to.
ReplyDelete - Jurisdegenerate Dean Paul Schill BermanNovember 13, 2012 at 7:18 PM
Good luck in your future, uh, future.
ReplyDelete - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 8:40 PM
From 10:42 AM above, this quote from Berman:
"Instead, we need to accept and perhaps even celebrate, the potentially jurisgenerative and creative role law might play in a plural world.
Indeed, it is only if we take multiple affiliation seriously, if we seek dialogue
across difference, if we accept unassimilated otherness, that we will have some
hope of navigating the hybrid legal spaces that are all around us." -- Paul Schiff Berman, Toward a Jurisprudence of Hybridity, 2010 Utah L. Rev. 11, 29 (2010).
WTF? Is this Dilbert? - AnonymousNovember 13, 2012 at 8:42 PM
Sorry, posted in wrong article before. - LustyLarryLikesItInTheToiletNovember 13, 2012 at 9:25 PM
Lemmings would be better served attending a university named after George Jefferson. He was a self made job creator in a viable industry. At least learning how to run a dry.cleaning chain from someone who.had experience would be worth some tuition cost.
ReplyDelete - AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 1:48 AM
Those "gala luncheons" are insufferable to go to for someone who hasn't stepped on his wanker and ended his career. Can you imagine what this one will be like?
ReplyDelete - AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 4:28 AM
why are there no George Washington Law and University of Washington Law jokes?
ReplyDelete from jdu:
Highlights of Thomas Jefferson 4th amended complaint (after discovery opened!!)
Just before graduation, TJSL interviews its graduating students. This "exit interview" is mandatory for all graduating students. During the exit interview, TJSL obtains employment data for each graduating student. Thus, TJSL knows the employment status of every student at graduation. Nevertheless, TJSL reftised to report a figure for "employed at graduation" to US News for every year from 2002-2012, even though that information was readily available. In the 2013 edition, TJSL reported that "graduates whose employment status is unknown" was 71 percent (and that TJSL only had employment data for 29 percent of its graduates).
Loomis was unemployed for the first two years after she graduated from TJSL. TJSL, though, reported Loomis as employed. Specifically, TJSL reported that Loomis was employed at the San Diego City Attorney's Office. Loomis never worked at the San Diego City Attorney's Office. Loomis graduated from TJSL with $200,000 in debt. That figure has since increased
to approximately $220,000 in principal and interest because she has been unable to pay down her loans.
For the Class of 2006, there was a direct correlation between a graduate's
employment status and his or her last name. Graduates whose last names started with A through N were all employed; graduates whose names started with S and T were all studying for the Bar Examination; and graduates whose last names started with W were all unemployed. (TJSL recently admitted that its purported data for the Class of 2006 was inaccurate).
TJSL has classified a pool cleaner, waiters and waitresses, and
26 retail store clerks as working in jobs requiring a law degree. ... TJSL admits that its policy is to categorize all unskilled labor positions as "business/industry," including TJSL graduates who are employed as a stripper, cocktail waitresses, and restaurant servers.
TJSL reports median salary figures based on only a handful of graduates who self-report. For instance, in 2009 and 2010, TJSL reported that the median salary for its graduates was approximately $60,000. These figures were based on responses from only 14 percent and 12 percent of graduates, respectively.
is there a link????????????Replies- AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 7:04 AM
If I were going to commit fraud of that sort, I'd choose X rather than W as the letter for the unemployed group.
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 6:50 AM
I don't have any knowledge of this fellow Berman, but let's give him the benefit of the doubt and assume he took the Dean's job under the "old model" approach to the job, meaning he was there to raise money, market the school, keep the tuition money from hapless student conduits of taxpayer backed funds, and engage in image building. Let's assume too that as things go he did an acceptable job at these tasks.
These skill sets seem totally unsuited for the challenge at hand. GW Law school needs an operational and financial specialist who is willing to completely disrupt the overhead structure of the school. That is likely in very few administrator's DNA. I don't really see who would really want to take this job at this juncture. He or she would have to have incredible support from the President of the University to support massive change and downsizing. Because of tenure and the entitled attitude of the staff, it is an almost impossible job.
I know this seems like an unduly negative view, but the actual tuition paid here must be plummeting.Replies- AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 11:50 AM
What about the scandals? He embarrassed the school badly, twice. I don't see that as doing a good job and that is at least part of the reason he was fired.
Delete - AnonymousNovember 18, 2012 at 6:49 AM
IMHO, I think those "scandals" were no more than a minor speed bump in Berman's time as the Dean. I completely agree with the first post that a large school like GW needs a major overhaul in order to survive both the reduction in the number of legal jobs and law school applicants as a whole while maintaining its position as a major player in the rankings.
I think it's clear that he was trying to introduce these sorts of changes and the law school faculty was simply not having it. What's really necessary is an overhaul of the entire old-fashioned tenure system and that would seem to be the next logical step -- the faculty likely saw this coming with the changes he had already instituted. They clearly just want to maintain a system of milking students for everything their worth to maintain their salaries. The admitted body this year already dropped from about 550 to 400 or so.
- AnonymousNovember 14, 2012 at 7:16 AM
OT, but worth a read. Linds Redding, Fatally Ill Ad Executive, Blogs About Wasting Life On Work http://jobs.aol.com/articles/2012/11/13/linds-redding-ad-executive-dying-cancer/?icid=maing-grid7%7Cmain5%7Cdl5%7Csec3_lnk3&pLid=234351&a_dgi=aolshare_facebook
ReplyDelete - gdubbzlawNovember 18, 2012 at 7:22 AM
As a GW student I was shocked to hear that Dean Berman was leaving because, from what I understand, most of my fellow students really like him. Not to mention, the faculty and administration that I've heard speak about the Dean have always held him in a very favorable light.
This all is very disconcerting because the Dean had developed a personal relationship with many of us. Many of my fellow students and I meet with him regularly to talk about our future professional careers and to ask for academic advice. I haven't heard of a single dean at any academic institution that takes such an interest in every student's success, not to mention law school.
Personally, I was never interested in big-law and felt that most of the law schools at GW's level that I considered going to made this their sole focus. It was Dean Berman's personal phone call that he made to me over the summer that inspired me to attend GW, telling me about the changes he was making that involved a broader focus of the applicability of a legal education to a variety of careers, and a new program for incoming 1L's intended to help us begin marketing ourselves for future careers right from the get-go. A number of my peers and I also participate in a program he set up that matches us with successful practitioners in our fields - this connection continues to be very helpful for me.
I just hope that whoever it is they decide to bring in next follows through with the Dean's efforts to maintain meaningful, personal relationships with students and make changes to prepare us all for the contracting legal market. Hopefully they maintain a policy of focusing on helping students make connections with employers from the start of their legal educations, obtaining real world experience, and eventually placing graduates in a variety of careers where somebody with a legal education is desired (outside of the traditional law firm route).
Without the administration taking these progressive steps in the right direction for the future of our legal education, I see a major backtrack in store for the future of this program. Hopefully he'll still have some sort of a say in the law school's future from his new position.


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