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Dice Reference
From Roll20 Wiki
Page Updated: 2023-01-22 |
Attention: This page is community-maintained. For the official Roll20 version of this article, see the Help Center for assistance: Here .
Roll20 features support for a wide array of dice mechanics. On this page we've compiled a list of all of the different types of dice rolls you can perform. Each type also has an interactive example box where you can make actual rolls using the same roll system that's built in to Roll20 -- a great way to experiment and check to make sure we can support your role playing game system of choice.
Macro Creation
- Complete Guide to Macros & Rolls
- q Text Chat
- Dice Reference
- Order of Operations
- Macros
- Token Reference
- Character Reference
- Roll Templates
- Roll Table
- Formatting
- HTML Replacement
- Chat Menus
- Hidden Rolls
- Advanced Macro Tips
- API Commands
- Char Sheet Creation
- External tools
- Complete Guide to Macros & Rolls - A comprehensive Guide for all things related to the q Text Chat, Macros, and dice rolling on Roll20
- Macros - Covers various ways to references characters/attributes/abilites in your rolls and some advanced Queries.
- q Text Chat - lists the various chat commands that can be used, like
- Roll Templates - how you can use Roll Templates with your Macros & Rolls
Want to skip straight to the 'nitty-gritty'? Check out the Dice Specification for the really advanced stuff! |
How to Roll Dice
Dice can be rolled simply from the Tabletop Toolbox Dice Rolling Interface
For more control over how the dice behave, or to automate processes or math, dice can be rolled in chat. Rolling dice in Roll20 is easy. Just type the /roll
command into the text chat box, followed by a formula. In most cases, the formula is the same as the one that's printed in your game's instructions. For example, you might know that to roll an attack roll you need to roll a "D20 plus your attack modifier". In Roll20, you would just type /roll d20+5
. If you hit and you need to roll 3d6+2 damage, you would just type /roll 3d6+2
. Finally, you can also string multiple rolls together. If you have an attack that does two types of damage, you might do /roll 2d6+5 + d8
/roll 1d20+5
After the roll is performed, you'll see the results of the roll in the text chat area. Notice that for each group of dice that were rolled, there will be a group of numbers in parentheses, representing the result of each individual dice that was rolled. (The number sits on an outline of the dice type rolled, and this outline is in the same color as the square of color in the dice-roller's player portrait in the Player Area.) You'll also see the total of all the dice values plus modifiers to the right of the equal sign.
Rolling in Secret
By default, any rolls that you make are seen by everyone in the game with you (including all players). If you want to roll in secret, you can use the /gmroll
command to perform a roll that only the GM and the original player who made the roll can see. So if you're the GM, doing a /gmroll
will only be visible to you. It's a great way to perform skill checks in secret.
Including Additional Information
You can also include non-formula text in your roll to indicate what that roll is for. For example, when rolling for initiative you might enter /roll 1d20+5 Roll for Initiative
. The extra text won't affect your roll in any way, but it's included in the chat log so that others can see what you're rolling for. It's entirely optional to do this, by the way, but some GMs find it helps keep everything organized a little better.
/roll 1d20+5 Roll for Initiative
If you want to include any numbers, parentheses, or +
, -
, *
, /
, or %
in your additional text, you can preface it with a \
to separate the formula from the text and keep the roller from getting confused. Example:
/roll 1d20+5 \ +5 Roll for Initiative
Inline Labels
If you want to include additional comments before the end of the roll (we call them "inline labels"), use square brackets. For example, /roll 2d10+5[Fire Damage] + 3d6[Ice Damage]
. When these comments are applied directly after a die roll they show up as tool-tips on the dice:
/roll 2d10+5[Fire Damage] + 3d6[Ice Damage]
Inline Dice Rolls
Main Page: Inline Rolls
If you want a more compact roll representation, you can take advantage of inline rolls. Inline rolls are just like regular rolls, with the following exceptions:
- You can use them in any chat message, not just a roll. For example, you can do a regular chat message, an emote, or a whisper, with an inline roll included.
- They are evaluated completely before any
commands, so you can use them as "random variables" in your rolls. - You will only see the result of the total roll, and you can hover over the result to see the individual dice rolls.
- If an inline roll contains a crit success, it will be highlighted with a green box. If there's a crit failure, it's highlighted in red. If it has both (because there was more than one roll), it's in blue. Also when you mouse-over the inline roll to see the details of the roll, it'll show red and green highlights for the rolls themselves for crits/fumbles.
To do an inline roll, just include two brackets in any chat message or roll, like so:
/em Riley is filled with [[3d6]] points of anger! /roll [[2d6]]d5
You can also nest inline rolls, one inside the other. This will result in the inner inline rolls to be calculated before the other:
/em Steve gets slapped with [[ 3d6>[[1+3]] ]] carp!
Roll Queries
Main Page: Roll Query
Sometimes you may have a roll (or a macro) which you want to change every time it is rolled. For example, you may want to roll a variable number of dice, or add a different modifier onto the roll each time you perform the action. Roll Queries allow you to prompt whoever is performing the roll to fill in a value when the roll is made. The syntax for a roll query is:
?{Prompt Message} //Example: /roll ?{Number of Dice}d20 //You can also include a default value: /roll ?{Number of Dice|1}d20 // 1 would be the default
You can use Roll Queries in rolls, macros, abilities, emotes, whispers -- pretty much anywhere in the app. Note that if you use the same exact wording for a Query, Roll20 will only ask for the value the first time it's encountered in the roll. So in this example:
/roll 1d20 + ?{Bonus1} vs ?{MinToSucceed} + ?{Bonus1}
Roll20 will ask for "Bonus1" only once and use it in both places.
See also: Macros#Drop-Down_Prompts_for_Roll_Queries
You can specify a list of options which can be presented to the player, rather than only a free-form text/number field in your Roll Query.
Here's the syntax:
?{Name of Query|Option1|Option2|Option3|Option4|Option5}
You can also specify a Separate label for each value, instead of directly showing the values as options:
?{Name of Query|Label 1, value1|Label 2, value2}
Dropdown Query without labels
r/ ?{How many dice?|1|2|4|8}d6
Attack Dropdown
?{Choose an Attack| Melee,/roll 1d20 + 3[STR] | Ranged,/roll 1d20 + 2[DEX] | Magic,/roll 1d20 + 1[INT] }
Special Attack
... + [[ ?{Sneak Attack?|No, 0|Yes, 3d6} ]] + ?{Power Attack?|No, 0|Yes, 6 [Power Attack!]}
D&D 5e Attack Roll
[[ ?{Attack Type|Standard, 1d20|Advantage, 2d20kh1|Disadvantage, 2d20kl1} ]]
Cure Spell
?{Spell| Cure Light Wounds, **Cure Light Wounds** Target Regains [[1d8+5]] HP. | Cure Moderate Wounds, **Cure Moderate Wounds** Target Regains [[2d8+8]] HP. | Cure Serious Wounds, **Cure Serious Wounds** Target Regains [[3d8+8]] HP. }
Math-Only Rolls
You can do math-only rolls by adding a math expression after the roll command.
For example, if you want Roll20 to do a simple addition like 5 +
3, you'd enter the following:
/roll 5+3
Or if you want to do this in an inline roll you'd use:
/em has a total of [[5+3]] apples.
Related: Math Operators and Functions
Exploding Dice
Roll20 supports exploding dice (A.K.A. "rule of 6", "rule of 10s", or "acing"). With exploding dice, if you roll the maximum number on the dice (a 6 with a d6, a 10 with a d10, etc.) you get to re-roll again, and add the additional roll to your total for that roll. If the additional roll is also a maximum number, you get to keep rolling!
To perform a roll with exploding dice, just add an exclamation point(!
) after the number of sides in the formula. For example, /roll 3d6!
would roll three d6 dice with exploding re-rolls. You can also define the exploding point for the dice using the greater-than(>) and less-than symbols. For example, /roll 3d6!>4
would explode on any dice greater-than or equal-to 4. /roll 3d6!3
would explode only if a 3 is rolled.
/roll 10d6!
Compounding Exploding Dice (Shadowrun-Style Exploding Dice)
Shadowrun (and some other systems) use a special style of exploding dice where the the additional rolls for each dice are added together as a single "roll". To do this, just use two exclamation marks instead of one. So for example to roll 5 d6's, you would do /roll 5d6!!
. A common Shadowrun roll would be exploding dice compared to a target number, for example /roll {5d6!!}>8
(notice the use of the brackets to show that we don't mean "explode on anything greater than 8", but rather "explode on 6's compounding, then compare to 8 for successes). Even though the target number (8) is higher than the possible roll from a single die, with the compounding exploding rolls a single roll can be infinitely high!
/roll {5d6!!}>8
Penetrating Exploding Dice (Hackmaster-Style Exploding Dice)
HackMaster (and some other systems) use a special style of exploding dice where the the additional rolls for each dice have 1 subtracted from the roll. To do this, add a p after the exclamation mark. So for example to roll 5 d6's, you would do /roll 5d6!p
/roll 5d6!p
Some game systems ask you to roll a large number of dice, and then either drop a certain number of the lowest rolls, or keep only a certain number of the highest rolls. Roll20 supports this type of roll through the d
and k
commands, respectively.
For example, you might roll 8 d100 dice and only be allowed to keep the top 4 rolls. In Roll20 this would be expressed with /roll 8d100k4
. When Roll20 prints the output from that roll, you'll see each individual d100's rolled value, and all but the top 4 rolls will be greyed out. Roll20 will then give you the total of the top 4 rolls. Doing a roll to drop the 3 lowest rolls would be very similar: /roll 8d100d3
. Again, the value of each dice rolled will be displayed, with the 3 lowest rolls greyed out.
/roll 8d100d3
The d
and k
commands are shortcuts for the full dl
and kh
commands. If you need to drop the highest dice use dh
and if you need to keep the lowest dice use kl
. For example /roll 8d100dh3
would drop the highest three rolls and keep the lowest 5 and /roll 8d100kl3
would keep the lowest three rolls and drop the highest 5.
Target Number (Successes)
Normally when you perform a roll, Roll20 reports back the total value of all the dice rolled, plus any modifiers. Some game systems, though, work by rolling a set of dice versus a target number, and then adding up the total number of successes instead. Roll20 uses the greater-than symbol >
to indicate when the roll is greater-than or equal-to >=
the target number. The less-than symbol <
is used to indicate when the roll is less-than or equal-to <=
the target number.
For example, you might be performing an action that requires a target number of 3, and you get to roll 3 d6's to see how many successes you have. In Roll20, you would do /roll 3d6>3
. Note the inclusion of the greater-than symbol to indicate that this is a target roll versus 3. Roll20 will show you each dice that was rolled, and then tell you the number of dice with a value of 3 or greater (note that ties with the target number count as a success!). You can also roll less-than target numbers, for example /roll 10d6<4
, which would give you a success for each dice rolled that is equal to 4 or less.
You can also add modifiers onto your target rolls, and the modifier will be added to each individual dice roll before it is compared to the target number. However, if you're going to do so, it's recommended that you use a group just to make sure the parser fully understands what you want to do. So, /roll {3d6+1}<3
would roll 3 d6 dice, and for each dice roll add on 1, then compare it versus the target number of 3.
/roll 3d6>3
Critical Success and Fumble Points
You can also modify your dice rolls to allow you to specify set at which point a roll is considered to be a "Critical Success" or "Critical Failure (Fumble)".
To show any roll equal to 10 or greater as a critical success, just do /roll 1d20cs>10
. To show any roll equal to or less than 3 as a critical failure, just do /roll 1d20cf<3
. To show any roll equal to 20 or 10 exactly as a critical success, just do /roll 1d20cs20cs10
Note: These values will not affect other things that by default work on max roll value (including exploding, penetrating, etc.). It only affects the display of the roll result to the player. For example, if you want dice to explode on 18 or higher, and you want to show an 18 or higher as a critical, you would need to do /roll 1d20!>18cs>18
/roll 1d20cs>10
Rerolling Dice
Several systems require that certain dice be reroll, for example brutal weapons in D&D 4e require any 1s or 2s to be re-rolled and the orignal die value ignored.
To use reroll, just do /roll 2d8r<2
. Roll20 will roll 2 d8 and reroll any 1s or 2s, dropping the original die value. If reroll for a specific value is needed the comparison operator can be left off. /roll 2d8r8
will reroll any 8s. > and < can be used as comparisons and the r suffix can be specified multiple times. /roll 2d8r1r3r5r7
would roll 2d8 and re-roll any odd number.
/r 2d8r<2
There is also the Reroll Once:
FATE Dice
Roll20 also supports FATE dice (used for FATE, FUDGE, and other systems). Roll20 accurately simulates FATE dice as 6-sided dice in which two sides are 0, two sides are +1, and two sides are -1.
To roll 4 FATE dice, just do /roll 4dF
. Roll20 will show you the result of each individual FATE dice roll, then give you the total of all the dice rolls added up together. You can also add a modifier onto the total, with /roll 4dF+1
/roll 4dF
You may want to use rounding in your roll formulas to emulate mechanics such as "half a level, rounded down to the nearest level."
/roll floor(11/2) + 1d6
See Math Operators and Functions for full list of options
Grouping Rolls
Sometimes you may want to perform a series of rolls, and then compare each roll to a common check (like a success roll). Roll20 provides a "grouped rolls" functionality for this purpose. For example, you can roll two different pools of dice, then keep the highest dice roll across any of the pools:
/roll {4d6+3d8}kh1
If you separate the rolls inside the group with a comma, then we'll sum each individual dice expression in the group before applying any modifiers. For example, if we change the above example to use a comma, instead of keeping the highest single roll, it will instead keep the highest group total:
/roll {4d6,3d8}kh1
This is needed in games based on the Savage Worlds system, where important characters roll a "wild die" in parallel with their main die and choose the highest roll.
Grouped rolls can be a very powerful features in Roll20. See more detail about them in the full dice specification below.
Below you'll find the entire Roll20 dice engine specification. This is the "advanced" documentation. If you're looking to do something totally crazy with Roll20 dice, this is a great place to see if we can support it.
Roll To Initiative
To make a roll appear directly on Roll20's t Turn Tracker(a.k.a.Initiative Tracker), you'll need to incorporate the &{tracker}
-flag into the dice roll, and have a Token selected.
- Simple:
/roll 1d20 + 5 &{tracker}
- Inline Roll:
&{template:default} {{name=Initiative}} {{roll=[[1d20+4 &{tracker}]]}}
Increase/Decrease Initiative Order
Values can also be added or subtracted from the current Initiative shown on the tracker, modifying the &{tracker}
-flag with +
or -
. If a roll has the +
or -
on the &{tracker}
-flag, and the Token isn't already on the Turn Tracker, the first roll will behave like if the +
aren't there. So /roll 1d10+2 &{tracker:-}
would on the first roll create an initiative by rolling 1d10+2
, and only on subsequent rolls would it start subtracting the 1d10+2
from the current initiative.
/roll 1d4 + 1 &{tracker:+}
(increases the initiative by1d4+1
for the selected Token) -
/roll 2 &{tracker:-}
(decreases the initiative by a flat2
for the selected Token) -
[[5 &{tracker:-}]]
(inline roll that decreases the initiative by a flat5
for the selected Token)
The &{}
part is where you put your options for the roll, and the "tracker" option is what says "Show the results of this roll, but also use the result as the value in the turn tracker." If the token that you have selected doesn't already have a turn in the turn order, one will be added. If it already has at least one turn, all current turns will be updated with the new value.
Roll Templates
Roll Templates are a special facet of the Character Sheets system which provide additional layout and styling options for the display of roll results. Using a Roll Template is very easy to use. Just include a special flag in your chat message which tells Roll20 that you want to use a Roll Template, and then provide all of the data that you want to include.
Here's an example that uses the 'default' template (which all games have access to, regardless of the game system or Character Sheets you are using): &{template:default} {{name= My Test Roll}} {{attack= [[1d20]]}} {{damage= [[2d6]]}}
Note: If you're interested in using Roll Templates in your own custom macros or creating your own custom templates please vist the wiki entry on Roll Templates.
&{template:default} {{name= My Test Roll}} {{attack= [[1d20]]}} {{damage= [[2d6]]}}
Roll20 Dice Specification
Math Operators and Functions
Roll20 supports the basic arithmetic operators you learned in school: +
, -
, *
(multiply), and /
In addition to the basic four, you have access to:
, for modulus division. The result ofa % b
is the remainder ofa / b
. If you think back to when you were first learning long division without getting into decimals, you were learning how to perform modulus division. Modulus is useful, for example, to test whether a value is even or odd:a % 2
will be 0 if a is even (and positive) and 1 if a is odd (and positive). In general, the result ofa % b
when a and b are both whole numbers will be a whole number in the range[0, |b| - 1]
is the absolute value of b. (If a is less than 0, the result will be negative, including -0. -0 is functionally equivalent to 0.) -
, for exponentiation. You may be more familiar witha^b
as the notation for "raising a to the power of b", but in Roll20 you would usea**b
instead. Also note that finding roots is simply raising a number to a fractional exponent; square root is simply an exponent of 0.5, for example.
You also have access to a small set of mathematical functions:
rounds x towards negative infinity. -
rounds x towards 0 if the fractional portion of x is less than 0.5, and round x towards positive infinity if the fractional portion of x is 0.5 or greater. -
rounds x towards positive infinity. -
returns the absolute value of x.
Operations are performed by order of precedence, just like in normal mathematics. From highest to lowest precedence:
- Grouping with parentheses (
); just like in real math, you can modify the precedence ordering by wrapping parentheses around things - Calling floor/round/ceil/abs
- Exponentiation (
) - Multiplication (
), division (/
), and modulus (%
), in the order they appear (left-to-right) in the formula - Addition (
) and subtraction (-
), in the order they appear (left-to-right) in the formula
Order of Operations
While the Roll20 dice engine does support basic math and math functions such as floor()
and ceil()
, it is first and foremost a dice engine, and so it has its own order of operations. This means that putting parentheses inside of your dice formula will not always affect the outcome of the roll (for example, you can't force a variable to be interpreted before a macro). Here is the Roll20 Order of Operations:
- 1. Abilities are expanded (meaning the definition of the ability is placed in the formula anywhere that ability appears; e.g.
%{character name|ability_name}
becomes/r 1d4
). - 2. Macros are expanded (e.g.
becomes/r 1d4
). - 3. Attribute calls are resolved. (e.g.
) - 4. Steps 1-3 are repeated up to 99 levels deep, or there are no longer any expansions required.
- 5. Roll queries are executed up to 99 levels deep (the player making the roll is asked to provide a value for each query, and that value is substituted in where the roll query appears in the formula).
- 5b. HTML Entities within roll queries are parsed once after each roll query (e.g.
, but}
- 5b. HTML Entities within roll queries are parsed once after each roll query (e.g.
- 6. Inline rolls are executed, starting with the most deeply nested inline roll working upward. The overall result of the inline roll is substituted in place where it appeared in the formula.
- 7. The remaining roll is executed: first, dice are rolled for any dice (e.g.
is rolled; including any special dice such as dropped or exploding), then the result of that roll is substituted into the formula.
- 8. Mathematical functions like
are executed.
- 9. The entire remaining formula is evaluated, including observing proper Math Order of Operations (parentheses first, then multiplication/division, then addition/subtraction).
- 10. Custom Roll Parsing happens.
- 11. HTML Entities are processed once.
- 12. The message is sent to q Text Chat as well as the API sandbox.
Thanks goes to Scott C. & Lockbox313 for additional testing in this matter!
Types Of Dice
Roll20 supports more than just your standard polyhedrons when rolling dice, below are the available die types you can use in your games.
Basic Roll NdX
Rolls N traditional (almost, you can have any number of sides that you want) dice with X sides per die. N must be greater than or equal to 0 and X must be greater than or equal to 1.
Fate/Fudge Roll NdF
Rolls N Fate/Fudge dice. These dice have three sides with values of -1, 0, and 1.
Computed Dice Roll (N+Y)dX
Computes the number of dice to roll or the number of sides on the dice based on the mathematical expression in the parentheses. Dice computation can be used with both Basic and Fate dice.
Within (N+Y)dX
, the number of dice (N+Y)
is rounded to the nearest whole number, just like round(N+Y).
Roll Modifiers
Modifiers that can change the behavior or outcome of dice rolls. Each modifier states which Types Of Dice it can be applied to in parentheses after the modifier name. Rolls can have multiple modifiers applied to a single roll to allow for complex dice expressions.
- B - Basic Roll
- F - Fate/Fudge Roll
Many modifiers compare each die to a target number to decided if the modifier action should be applied. We'll call this a Compare Point or CP for short in the roll modifiers below. A Compare Point consists of an optional compare operation <
and a target number. If the operation is not specified =
is assumed and for most modifiers the entire Compare Point can be left off for the default behavior.
- Example Compare Points
- If the roll is equal to 3 -
- If the roll is greater than or equal to 2 -
- If the roll is less than or equal to 18
Target Number / Successes (B,F) - CP
Normally when you perform a roll, Roll20 reports back the total value of all the dice rolled, plus any modifiers. Some game systems, though, work by rolling a set of dice versus a target number, and then adding up the total number of successes instead.
- Example Success Checks
- Roll 3 d6's and count one success for each roll of 3 or higher -
- Roll 10 d6's and count one success for each roll of 4 or less
Failures (B,F) - fCP
Some systems build on success checks by also including failures. Failure checks only work when a success check is already being done and each failure subtracts one from the total number of successes.
- Example Failure Checks
- Roll 3 d6's and count one success for each roll of 3 or higher and one failure for each 1 -
- Roll 10 d6's and count one success for each roll of 4 or less and one failure for each roll of 5 or more
Exploding Dice (B,F) !CP
Exploding dice, also known as "rule of 6" or "rule of 10s" depending on your gaming system, rolls an additional die if the maximum is rolled. If the additional roll is also the maximum number the additional rolls keep on going! The Compare Point can be specified to change the exploding trigger.
- Example Exploding Dice
- Rolls 3d6 and explodes every time a 6 is rolled -
- Rolls 3d6 and explodes every time a 5 or 6 is rolled
Compounding Dice (B,F) !!CP
Shadowrun (and some other systems, such as 7th Sea and L5R) use a special style of exploding dice where the the additional rolls for each dice are added together as a single "roll". To do this, just use two exclamation marks instead of one. With the compounding exploding rolls a single roll can be infinitely high! The Compare Point can be specified to change the exploding trigger.
- Example Compounding Dice
- Rolls 5d6 and compound every time a 6 is rolled -
- Rolls 5d6 and compound every time a 5 is rolled, 6's will be treated as a normal roll
Penetrating Dice (B,F) !pCP
HackMaster (and some other systems) use a special style of exploding dice where the additional rolls for each dice have 1 subtracted from the roll. To do this, add a p after the exclamation mark. A die can penetrate multiple times but the modifier is only ever -1 to each additional die.
- Example Compounding Dice
- Rolls 5d6 and explode with a -1 modifier every time a 6 is rolled -
- Rolls 5d6 and explode with a -1 modifier every time a 5 or higher is rolled.
Dice Matching mt
It is possible to show how many of the dice rolled result in matches in the chat window. This feature works with the chat dice as well as the 3d dice, but the matches are only shown in the chat output.
will show matches visually but not change results of the roll.
will return the number of matches, regardless of the number of dice that match.
Both options can take 2 arguments: the number of matches required and/or the result the match needs to be.
As with other dice arguments, !
will result in exploding dice. If the exploding dice cause a match, the match will display in the results as well.
- Rolling
will give you the result of the 2d6 added together, while grouping the matched rolls with a colored bar. - Rolling
will either return 0 matches or 1 match. - Rolling
could return 0 to 6 matches. - Rolling
will show the number of matches if there are three of any result. - Rolling
will show the number of matches if there are three of them AND the matching numbers 4 or greater.
How It Looks
When 2 or more dice match, the chat output displays them with a colored bar above the number in the output. Each number that matches displays with a different bar. Effort has been made to make the colors high contrast against each other.
Other standard visual indicators (bold, bright color) for highest and lowest numbers still work with the dice matching mechanic.
Keep / Drop Dice (B,F) khN
Some game systems ask you to roll a large number of dice, and then either drop a certain number (N) of the lowest rolls, or keep only a certain number (N) of the highest rolls. Roll20 supports this type of roll through the d
and k
commands, respectively. The optional h
parameter can either be h
to keep or drop the highest N dice or l
to keep or drop the lowest N dice. If not specified when keeping rolls the high rolls will be kept and when dropping rolls the low rolls will be dropped.
- Example Keep Rolls
- Roll 8 d100's and keep the four largest rolls. -
- Roll 8 d100's and keep the four smallest rolls. - Example Drop Rolls
- Roll 8 d100's and drop the four smallest rolls. -
- Roll 8 d100's and drop the four largest rolls.
Rerolling Dice (B,F) rCP
Several systems require that certain dice be reroll, for example brutal weapons in D&D 4e require any 1s or 2s to be re-rolled and the original die value ignored. The reroll modifier can be specified multiple times to allow rerolling at multiple Compare Points. By default the dice will continue to reroll until the result is inside the defined parameters. Optionally you can set the results to only reroll once regardless of the outcome.
- Example Rerolls
- Roll 2 d10's and reroll any time a 2 or lower is rolled -
- Roll 8 d6's and reroll any time a 1 is rolled -
- Roll 8 d6's and reroll any time a 2, 4, or 6 is rolled -
- Roll 2 d6's and reroll anything less than 2 but only once
Reroll Once (B,F) roCP
In some systems (such as D&D 5E) you want to reroll dice below a certain value, but you only want to reroll the dice one time each. To do that, just use ro
instead of r
- Example Reroll Once Rolls
- Roll 2 d10's and reroll any time a 2 or lower is rolled, but only up to one time per dice.
Sorting Dice (B,F) sa
You may want to see your results in either ascending or descending order. The sorting modifier does just this. The order parameter is optional and specifies the order to sort with a
for ascending and d
for descending. Sorting defaults to ascending if order is not specified.
- Example Rerolls
- Roll 8 d6's and sort the results in ascending order -
- Roll 8 d6's and sort the results in descending order
Order of Operations for Modifiers
Modifiers are applied in the following order:
- Exploding, Compounding, Penetrating, Rerolls
- These are applied while the dice are still rolling. imagine that you roll some exploding 6d6 on your table and the instant one of them settles as a 6 another die is rolled
- Keep, Drop, Success, Failure, Sorting
- These are applied after all of the dice have "settled" and all of the result values are known.
Grouped Rolls
Mutliple rolls can be perfomed within a group via curly braces using a comma to seperate the sub-roll expressions {3d6+3d4+5, 2d8+4}
. Grouped Rolls have their own set of Group Modifiers which perform actions across the whole group.
Note: each sub-roll expression within a Grouped Roll must contain elements of the same type:
- "Sum rolls", which can be Basic Rolls or nested Group Rolls.
- "Success rolls".
- ("M rolls"—which are simply numbers—may be mentioned in an error message. However, unlike the other two roll types, M rolls are not required to be present within every sub-roll expression.)
For example, [[ {1d6, 5}kh1 ]]
will fail, but [[ {1d6, 5 + 0d0}kh1 ]]
or [[ {1d6, {5}}kh1 ]]
or [[ {[[1d6]], 5}kh1 ]]
will work.
Grouped Roll Modifiers
Modfiers that can change the behavior or outcome of grouped rolls. Grouped Rolls can have multiple modifiers applied to a group roll to allow for complex dice expressions.
Keep / Drop khN
To apply a keep or drop modifier across multiple types of dice wrap the roll in a group. With a single Sub-Roll in the group the keep/drop operation is applied across all rolls. To choose the best or worse roll expression multiple sub-groups can be used. In this case the keep/drop operation is applied to the final result of each subgroup.
- Single Sub-Roll Keep Example
- Roll 4 d6's and 3 d8's, out of those 7 dice the highest 4 are kept and summed up. - Multiple Sub-Roll Drop Example
{4d6+2d8, 3d20+3, 5d10+1}d1
- Roll each of the three sub-roll expressions and total them up. Drop the sub-roll expression with the lowest total and sum the other two totals as the result.
Target Number / Successes (B,F) - CP
The same concept as when using on Dice Rolls but with different behavor for a group. For a Grouped Roll with a single sub-roll expression the success check is done after the remaining math expressions have been totaled into each roll. Single sub-roll groups are also useful when doing a success check on a roll that has another Compare Point enabled modifer. For a Grouped Roll with a multiple sub-roll expression the success check is applied to the esult of each sub-roll expression.
- Single Sub-Roll Success Example
- Roll 3 d20's, for each roll add 5 and then count a success for each result of 21 or more. -
- Roll 2d6 exploding and count a success for each roll of 4 or greater. - Multiple Sub-Roll Success Example
{4d6+2d8, 3d20+3, 5d10+1}>40
- Roll each of the three sub-roll expression and total them up. Count one success for each sub-roll total of 40 or more.
Failures (B,F) - fCP
Failure checks on groups work just like success checks.
- Single Sub-Roll Failure Example
- Roll 3 d20's, for each roll add 5 and then count a success for each result of 21 or more and count a failure for each result of 10 or less. -
- Roll 2d6 exploding and count a success for each roll of 4 or greater and a failure for each roll of 1. - Multiple Sub-Roll Failure Example
{4d6+2d8, 3d20+3, 5d10+1}>40f<10
- Roll each of the three sub-roll expression and total them up. Count one success for each sub-roll total of 40 or more and one failure for each sub-roll total of 10 or less.
See Also
- Complete Guide to Macros & Rolls
- q Text Chat - where the roll results appear, & info on the common chat commands
- Dice Reference - Comprehensive list of how the Roll20 dice-rolling syntax works, and list the features available
- Macros - How to create macros, and other info on how the Roll20 qText Chat works, like referencing stats on character sheets, roll queries, nesting macros & initiative
- Roll Templates - a method of formatting roll results in the chat, with some extra functions
- API(Pro Only) - API commands can be used in the qText Chat
- Everything About Rolling Dice - A comprehensive guide to rolling dice in Roll20.
- Building Character Sheets


text:
Why Obama Can't Always Speak Freely About Race
Writer Ta-Nehisi Coates says when Trayvon Martin, a black teenager, was killed by a white man in Florida, there was widespread dismay. But after President Obama spoke about it, the debate became intensely divisive. Steve Inskeep talks to Coates about his article "Fear of a Black President" in the latest issue of The Atlantic.
The writer Ta-Nehisi Coates says he noticed something about one of this year's major news stories. When Trayvon Martin, a black teenager, was killed by a white man in Florida, there was widespread dismay. And then President Obama spoke.
PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA: You know, if I had a son, he'd look like Trayvon. And, you know, I think they are right to expect that all of us, as Americans, are going to take this with the seriousness it deserves; and that we're going to get to the bottom of exactly what happened.
That's what the president said early this year. And writing now, in The Atlantic, Coates charges it was only after the president's statement that the Trayvon Martin debate became intensely divisive. Conservative media outlets that had been concerned about Martin concluded, instead, that it was time to defend the shooter, George Zimmerman. Presidential candidate Newt Gingrich asked if the president was more concerned about black people than white people. For Ta-Nehisi Coates, this episode underlines the reality that the nation's first black president cannot always get away with speaking freely about race. Coates joined us on the line from our New York bureau.
So what really changed when the president spoke in this example that you give?
TA-NEHISI COATES: Well, what I argue in the piece - and what I continue to believe - is power. Traditionally, African-Americans have used moral power; have tried cajoling, protest signs. And this is pretty much what you saw in the early days. If you listen to Barack Obama's statement, though, he's talking about using the investigative powers of the state. That is the big fear that I talk about; that Obama is not just another black person protesting, he's actually employing the power of the state.
INSKEEP: You're arguing that you think there are white people who are especially uncomfortable with that idea of a black person with the power to investigate - or order an investigation of a white person.
COATES: Yeah, I totally do. I think you see that in terms of the whole notion of Barack Obama being foreign; the idea that someone even named Barack Obama would not just represent the country, but that he would actually be our commander-in-chief. This is a different sort of power wielded by an African-American.
INSKEEP: Now, there's a lot of questions that your thesis raises, and maybe this is the first one: when you suggest that when President Obama speaks up on something, and a lot of people say that they're then against it, that there's something to do with race there. Isn't it actually just a partisan moment? The president says he's going to take this position, and so Republicans take the opposite position. They've done that for years.
COATES: Yeah, well, I thought about that quite a bit, actually. And I think the big rebuttal that you always hear, especially, is that Bill Clinton met the same sort of resistance when he put forth proposals. There were a lot of awful things said about Bill Clinton - and about his wife, particularly - when he was trying to pass health care. What was not said was that health care was reparations - Glenn Beck going on TV and saying that the president is a racist guy with a white mother; somehow, has something against the - quote-unquote, as Glenn Beck put it - "the white culture," against white people. I mean, what does this mean? What sort of dialogue is this? This is very, very different. And I think it's a lot more than just being a Democrat.
INSKEEP: Well, let me ask about that because in the specific example of the Trayvon Martin case, one of the lines of conservative argument - or complaint - here is that actually, it was the president who politicized it. They put it on the president for bringing up race.
COATES: I think what Obama actually did that really pissed people off, was a recognition of history; the notion that - not just that he brought up race, but that race somehow was part of why Trayvon Martin ended up dead. And to think that, you don't necessarily have to believe that George Zimmerman was a bigot. You just have to believe that white people, and a young white person of Trayvon Martin's age, would not have been suspected of crime in the way Trayvon Martin was.
INSKEEP: Are you arguing that not very much has really changed about the racial dialogue, just because there's been the election of a black president?
COATES: No, I would never argue that. A lot has changed. A lot has changed. You know, the way to look at this - as far as I'm concerned - is the way progress happens historically. Two things can be true at the same time. We can say we took a great step forward; that we've come a long, long way in the last 50 years; and say that nevertheless, we still have a - you know, a longer way to go. And even - complicate it even more, and say that this progress that we've made gives us other problems that we didn't necessarily anticipate. No, I would never, never - under any circumstances - say that it didn't change anything.
INSKEEP: You, obviously, had a lot on your mind. This is a long article.
COATES: (LAUGHTER) I did.
INSKEEP: I got to the end of it, and it gets...
COATES: Congratulations. (LAUGHTER)
INSKEEP: ...it gets - well, it gets more profound as it goes. And you make a remarkable admission about yourself.
COATES: Mm-hmm.
INSKEEP: You tell a story that begins a little bit before 9/11, and you acknowledge that when 9/11 came, you didn't feel very much - you were - you didn't want anything to do with patriotism.
COATES: I did - I didn't. I think what the exact words are, when I heard about the deaths of the police and the firemen, I had something bordering on hatred for the police. And that came out of a friend of mine who had been killed by a police officer some - well, I guess about year or so earlier, and nothing had - had happened there. It's funny because I was advised by a couple of people who read that piece to actually take that out because it might distract. But what I wanted to put in context was the really, really raw feelings; the conflict that African-Americans feel when we try to assess, what is our relationship to our country?
I was a really, really young man when that happened, in my 20s. And one of the limitations that became clear to me in the years after 9/11 - as I read, you know, more of the journalism about what had happened, how people had died - is that individual lives matter. Individual policemen died; individual policemen with families, with kids, with wives, with husbands. That was a - you know, a way of looking at the world that I had to grow into, a humanism. I was not quite there as a 26-year-old man. I think I'm there now.
INSKEEP: Which is especially remarkable because you write in the article about how in previous decades, previous centuries in this country, citizenship was a white thing. Being part of America, fully part of America, was considered a white thing - at least, by white people. And it sounds like there was a moment in your life where you bought that, actually.
COATES: Yeah. Well - and I think like, that's the other side of it, right? So, I mean, there are two ways to look at this. You can take the rejection - understand - well, I don't want to be part of this, anyway. And that's a really conflicted place to be, as an African-American, because the fact of the matter is, all of your - you know, forbearers and forefathers, you know, helped make America what it is today. And so, you know, to some extent, what I came to believe was that it really wasn't mine even to reject; that I didn't even really have that right - that, you know, country is sort of like family. And you're born into it and you're, you know, very much charged with improving it.
INSKEEP: President Obama's election changed your view a little bit.
COATES: Oh, it did. It did. It did. You know, and it's not even so much that Obama won, but he won in places that I wrote off. You know, you - as an African-American, you feel like, well, you don't - you know, there's nothing in Iowa for you, you know; these places where there are very few black people - for you. And you - this is how, you know, a history of racism works. You then find yourself writing off broad swaths of people based on, frankly, what is ignorance. And so it really opened my eyes. It's something to see a black man - I don't care where he's from; from Hawaii, you know; biracial, whatever - but standing before an audience, you know, a majority - any majority-white audience; and seeing them saying yes, we are ready to hand over the launch codes to you. That was profound. It remains profound to me.
INSKEEP: Ta-Nehisi Coates of The Atlantic magazine, talking about his article "Fear of a Black President," which is in the latest edition. Thanks very much.
COATES: Thank you so much, Steve.
Copyright © 2012 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Antenna Design was founded in 1997 by Masamichi Udagawa, a Cranbrook Academy graduate, and Sigi Moeslinger, who holds degrees from NYU and Art Center College of Design. Antenna's people-centered design approach aims to make the experience of objects and environments more meaningful and exciting. Among Antenna's best known projects are the design of New York City Subway cars and ticket vending machines, JetBlue check-in kiosks and displays for Bloomberg.
When Knoll set out to create a new open plan office system, Antenna's experience with the ever-expanding presence of technology, and their expertise in user experience made them an attractive collaborative partner. Together Knoll and Antenna conceived Antenna Workspaces, an innovative open plan system, which reflects Udagawa and Moeslinger's interest in functional simplicity and their expertise in using design as a tool of social interaction that bridges people and technology.
Antenna has been recognized with several prestigious design awards, including the National Design Award in Product Design from the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum. Both Udagawa and Moeslinger are senior critics in graphic design at the Yale University School of Art.


text:
Tuesday, June 22, 2010
Liking The Way Things Are Going
My body is starting to adjust to the lack of oxygen up at high altitude. My resting heart rate has been over 50 pretty consistently as my body has been trying to adjust to the 7,500+ feet elevation that I've been at for the past 5 days. Yesterday though my heart rate began to come down and now today it's been as low as 42 most of the day. Should be very nicely adjusted by Saturday.
The weather has been really pleasant since I've been here. If the current forecast holds race day will be warm but not obnoxiously hot like it can be here this time of year.
The race will use a "snow route" between mile 9 and mile 24. We'll stay lower in that stretch and use 2 different aid stations than what we were supposed to. It sounds like we'll be running on a fair amount of snow the first 30 miles but being up here in the mountains around 8,000 feet for the past 5 days leads me to believe that by Saturday we won't be running on as much snow as many are projecting. There's pretty much no snow below 7,000 ft. and at 8,000 ft. right now there is only patchy snow in shaded areas. With another 4 days of sun I can't imagine there's going to be much more than the occasional patch of snow. Then again, the more snow the better as far as I'm concerned. I would imagine I've done more of my training on consolidated snow than anyone else who hopes to be running toward the front of the pack.
I'm staying in a hotel on the shores of Lake Tahoe tonight and then I'll be heading over to the Squaw Valley area tomorrow and looking for somewhere to camp for the next few nights. It's been weird having so much free time as I've had down here. I know that it's really important for me to be here right now, getting used to the climate and the altitude, but I've had so much idle time that it's been hard not to feel like I should be doing something more "productive" or more "busy." Probably by the end of this week I'll be adjusted to the free time and wish that I could stay here for another few weeks.
37 comments:
You deserve to have some free time to get ready for this huge undertaking on Sat. Dad & Shawn have been looking at maps and reading all about the race so hopefully everything goes as planned. They will be on a very tight schedule getting to the start line. I will be following the race at home and will be anxiously awaiting the finish.
Best of luck to you and all the other runners. Love you very much. Go out and kick butt. - June 23, 2010 at 12:48 AM
- Neal Gorman said...
I enjoy the plain-speak, honesty of your posts. I would feel the same way regarding needing to feel "busy", etc. OCD is a friend of mind. You are my pick to win Sat. There, I said it. Good luck!
- June 23, 2010 at 5:26 AM
- Matt said...
Go BIG.
- June 23, 2010 at 7:16 AM
- Jesse said...
Good luck!
- June 23, 2010 at 7:35 AM
good luck!
- June 23, 2010 at 9:00 AM
- Bruce Grant said...
Geoff - I have enjoyed reading your updates as you prepare for the race, and wish you success out there. Enjoy the journey.
As for camping, there are a number of forest-service type (free or very cheap) campsites along the Truckee River btwn Truckee and the Squaw turnoff, I have stayed there before. I'm not sure if there are more on the Tahoe side of the highway south of SV, you may find something there too. I liked them, you get be close but stay away from the hoo-haw in SV itself.
Race well! - June 23, 2010 at 9:15 AM
run well.....
jts - June 23, 2010 at 9:46 AM
- Scott Dunlap said...
Snow! A blessing in disguise for you.
Best of luck this Saturday. Enjoy some time on the beach, and head down to Sunnyside to watch some World Cup.
Cheers, SD - June 23, 2010 at 10:45 AM
- Collin said...
Good luck! I've got money on a sub-course record time from both you and Tony this weekend. It's just a matter of who gets the farthest under the record. :) I'll see you in Squaw in a few days and I'm looking forward to running behind you guys and hearing all the details as I go through the aid stations.
- June 23, 2010 at 12:13 PM
- Michael Alfred said...
You're going to crush it. I'll be on the course starting at Michigan Bluffs and I know you'll be top 2-3 at that point.
- June 23, 2010 at 1:26 PM
- Betsy and Scott Fischer said...
Enjoy the calm before the storm, Geoff. Must be hard to stay quiet in these last few days, but such is the nature of tapering. If you didn't have a little nervous energy right before the race, then I'd be worried. As it is, sounds like you're doing fine. Good luck!
- June 23, 2010 at 1:48 PM
- Boo Radley said...
Just wanted to wish you luck this weekend. I an envious of your father and brother. Wish I could be out there to help out, just for the experience. I know everyone can throw out their advice. All I will say is run your own race, become one with the trail and let it come to you. Stack and I will be in touch all day paying very close attention to the webcast. Saturday is your day, just like the Newark Invite when you took down Tim E. on the State Meet Course!!!
-Boo - June 23, 2010 at 6:55 PM
- Anthony Waller said...
Been following your racing progress the last couple of years, and have enjoyed your blog reports.
Looking forward to hearing great reports on race day. Good Luck! - June 23, 2010 at 9:09 PM
Good luck Geoff-
I will be watching your progress from here...but I really wish I could be there with Dad and Shawn!
Can't wait to see the results.
Best of luck and have fun! - June 24, 2010 at 9:46 AM
- Athreya said...
Good luck with WS!
- June 24, 2010 at 8:45 PM
Hey Geoff-
Glad to hear you're getting in the groove. Wish I could come down and hang out and check out that area. sounds sweet. Have fun on Saturday, Dan - June 24, 2010 at 9:03 PM
good luck geoff
- June 25, 2010 at 8:27 AM
- Birdman said...
Good Luck man! As a fellow Alaskan I am rooting for you!
- June 25, 2010 at 5:35 PM
- Bryan said...
OH YEAH!!!!! Liking the way things are going big time! Nice race Geoff, you earned it. CR AGAIN.
bRYAN - June 26, 2010 at 7:12 PM
GREAT job at WS!!! I have been following your blog since I saw it in an article in the Sac Bee. Awesome win today and SMASHED the course record!!
- June 26, 2010 at 7:38 PM
- Unknown said...
Incredible Geoff! You really put the hammer down toward the end to catch and overtake Anton. What an epic race to follow. Rest up & enjoy it!
- June 26, 2010 at 7:58 PM
- Scott and Betsy Fischer - Foggy Mountain Shop said...
Congratulations, Geoff! We are so happy for you. "Watched" a great deal of the race online and saw your finish by live video streaming. Awesome job!
- June 26, 2010 at 9:26 PM
Geoff, A win and a CR..again..really inspiring! BobM
- June 26, 2010 at 9:26 PM
- Unknown said...
geoff, you are the pinnacle of endurance athlete - humble, quiet, down to earth, no huge ego bearing and this win is so deserved!
perfectly executed race, nicely cruising in 3rd place, letting Tony and Killian battle it out and then taking the lead and crushing the CR!
Amazing, a huge inspiration!
Cant wait for your race report! :) - June 27, 2010 at 5:07 AM
- this bee's knees. said...
Congratulations, Geoff! I monitored the race all day long and have to admit that, through a computer screen, it started to feel like a two horse race. Looks like that worked nicely to your advantage. Kudos on channeling training, strategy and execution into one helluva performance. If my hat hadn't been blown off hours ago, I'd tip it in your direction!
- June 27, 2010 at 5:19 AM
- TonyP said...
Dude...the first line of this post..."WS looks to be falling into place nicely"...it sure did. Congrats on running a great race!
- June 27, 2010 at 5:45 AM
congrats on the WS100... but seriously, cut your hair. you look like a freakin' psycho serial killer.
- June 27, 2010 at 7:01 AM
- Uli Steidl said...
Congrats Geoff on yet another AOY performance!!! (And congrats to Tony for also a performance worth AOY - in any other year)
One incrdible thing that no one has pointed out yet: at Robinson Flats you were 29 min slower than Scott's 2004 CR. At the end, 29 minutes faster. So for the last 76 miles you ran an average of 45 seconds per mile faster than Scott did in 2004.
This will create a HUGE buzz in Europe for UTMB. I expect to see a another epic battle.
Hopefully by December you will be a little worn out. :) - June 27, 2010 at 8:26 AM
Congrats on breaking the course record. Uli puts things into perspective. Fantastic achievement. You are a hero.
- June 27, 2010 at 9:27 AM
- Michael Valliant said...
Congratulations on an awesome race, Geoff. Unbelievably epic watching it all unfold on the east coast. You are an inspirational cat, both in deeds and words. Keep it up and enjoy :)
--Mike V. - June 27, 2010 at 1:09 PM
I have to tell you that your performance yesterday was the best I've ever followed, in any sport. Well deserved congratulations.
Tim - June 27, 2010 at 1:18 PM
EPIC Geoff!!!!!! Inspirational!!!!!! Incredible!!!!!! Really makes me wanna go to Europe in August :)
- June 27, 2010 at 1:24 PM
- HEATHERRUNS said...
Your humbleness and relaxed attitude are refreshing...you may 'walk softly' but you run damn fast as you rocked it at WS 2010!
CONGRATULATIONS!!! Both you and Tony are amazing... wow, just wow. - June 27, 2010 at 2:01 PM
- James Brennan said...
Geoff, I am a 31 year old tax attorney from DC and was checking my computer and blackberry all night for the updates. Your win motivated so many people you cant imagine it. 3 lessons I took away: your quality versus quantity training, tips on nutrition, and ability to stay grounded during the process. Holy smokes man, if this is only 4 years into it, guess you have to set your sites on the Spartathalon...
- June 27, 2010 at 3:47 PM
Great job man. You earned every mile. Congratulations.
- June 27, 2010 at 5:23 PM
- Andon said...
simply awesome..
- June 27, 2010 at 6:26 PM
I think it is going to be some bring old article, but it really compensated for ours time. I will posted a links to this post on my blog. I am sure ours visitor will think that very useful
- September 15, 2010 at 7:57 AM


text:
Our company and its affiliates are established leaders in the financial services industry. With our experience and knowledge, we offer customized guidance and strategies to our clients. Our firm's reputation for professional excellence and reliability gives our clients a high-level of confidence in the programs and products we recommend and help implement.
Our mission is simple: to provide innovative and practical financial programs for our valued clients.


text:
According to the United States Census, nearly one in five individuals live with some kind of disability. That's a pretty high number. Yet for some reason, for those who don't have a disability, it can still be difficult to interact naturally and normally with those who do. Why is this?
Awkwardness or uncomfortability when interacting with people who have disabilities can be traced all the way back to when we were little children. Parents often tell children, "Don't stare!" or "It's rude to ask questions." While these suggestions may be well-intentioned, they can end up having negative consequences later on in life when connecting with people with disabilities.
While every individual is unique and has their own preferences, there are some general guidelines to follow when interacting comfortably and respectfully with people with disabilities.
Just relax.
Oftentimes, the biggest issue when interacting with someone who is disabled is not wanting to be offensive. Able-bodied persons try so hard not to be rude or make a mistake, that they end up getting flustered, awkward or even completely avoiding the individual who is disabled. The first thing to do in situations like this is just relax. If you treat the individual like any other person, he or she will know that you're trying to be respectful, even if you slip up sometimes.
Use "person-first" language.
Many (but not all) individuals prefer what is called "person-first" language. This simply means recognizing the person for who they are, rather than by his or her disability. If you must acknowledge someone's disability, some examples include "Katie has cerebral palsy" rather than "disabled person" or "that girl in a wheelchair."
Avoid patronizing.
No one likes being patronized or treated like a child. Never talk down to a person with a disability. This means avoiding child-like vocabulary, pet names or talking unnecessarily louder than normal. Phrases such as "You are so cute!" or "Wow, look how brave you are" should be avoided. Waking up in the morning and going to the store is not "inspirational," and patronizing remarks or phrases such as this can have an especially negative effect.
Ask before helping.
Most individuals with disabilities know how to take care of themselves, or have someone who is trained to help. While automatically helping someone may seem kind, it can be frustrating or even dehumanizing for a person with a disability. Things such as taking a person's arm and steering them in "the right direction," putting on their jacket for them or pushing someone's wheelchair can be very invasive. If you see a person who appears to be struggling, ask his or her permission first before offering your help.
Don't be afraid to ask questions.
Finally, when you've established a relationship and the situation is appropriate, don't be afraid to acknowledge the person's disability and ask respectful questions. Avoid making assumptions, engage in meaningful conversation and make an effort to get to know the person for who they are, rather than just their disability.
Follow the Golden Rule.
Or better yet, follow the Platinum Rule: treat others how they would like to be treated. Take your lead from the person you're interacting with to see how they prefer to be acknowledged, treated and described. Share in their perspective to gain valuable insight.
Remember: every person is unique and has his or her own preferences. These guidelines are not universal, but can be a great start for bridging the communication gap and interacting across different abilities. Try these next time to see how you can learn and grow in an altruistic lifestyle.


text:
For most of us, shopping receipts are an annoyance, little bits of paper stuffed into the back of a wallet or dropped to the bottom of a bag.
Not to the Cohen-Shohet sisters of Princeton University. For them, there is untapped value in those pocketed papers. Not money, but something even better: data.
"It seems so archaic to be using paper receipts when we are digitizing everything else," said Danielle Cohen-Shohet, a senior. "There is so much valuable information about who we are that vanishes when we throw them away."
In a class taught for the first time last fall, Cohen-Shohet and her twin sister, Leah, developed a computer program that can analyze that data and offer shoppers and retailers a way to balance buying habits and bargains. If it works, it could be the smart bomb of advertising – offering shoppers a notification on their smartphones of exactly the next thing they want to buy before they even realize they want it. The sisters, both economics majors, plan to roll out a prototype of the project, called Rili (pronounced "really"), this spring.
This is just the outcome that Princeton electrical engineering professor Mung Chiang was hoping for when he introduced the undergraduate class, "Networks: Friends, Money and Bytes." The course, open to students across the University with sufficient math skills, examines the common foundation governing the networks that wind throughout modern life. A key part of the coursework is a two-week mini-project that students completed and presented in January, for which they were mentored by Chiang and teaching assistants Jiasi Chen, Felix Wong and Pei-yuan Wu, who are graduate students in electrical engineering.
"I was blown away by the quality of these mini-projects and how well the teaching assistants worked with the undergraduates," Chiang said. Projects completed by the students included a smartphone app that lets students rate Princeton nightlife and parties in real time, a computer simulation that showed that information networks can slow the spread of disease outbreaks (and how well-meaning censorship can backfire) and a comparison of radio signal jammers that showed that a jammer that reacts to a specific transmission can be more effective than one that constantly blocks a frequency.
Chiang, an expert in communication networking, said he came up with the idea for the class when he was thinking about how important networks have become to daily life and – despite the huge amount of writing and discussion about social, economic and technical networks – how little is taught that cuts across these different types of networks.
"We cut through the buzzwords and get to the fundamentals," Chiang said. "We teach the key concepts that help formulate and address central questions."
Chiang uses a "just-in-time" teaching method that draws in mathematical machinery only when the students are learning about the corresponding real-world applications. The entire course is structured around a list of 20 questions about the networked life, from how Google sells ad spaces to how cloud computing service scales up; from how Netflix recommends movies to how Skype runs online calls; and from why cellular operators charge $10 per gigabyte now to why WiFi is often slower at a hotspot than at home.
Several of the students entered the class with an idea for a project in mind. The Cohen-Shohets said they used the class to transform an idea into a working business plan.
"The class was critical in the project's development," Leah said. "Not only in the steps needed to make it successful but for understanding how the project could really work."
Students said that on the first day of class, Chiang told them two things: that it would be a difficult and time-consuming course; and that he would measure its success by how many of their projects would eventually become published scholarly works or spin out of the classroom and make a difference in the real world. "These were very high bars of expectation," Chiang said. "I am happy to say that many of the students met that challenge, and all of them did very impressive work."
The following projects are a sample of the 24 completed for the course.
On YouTube, it's who you know
On YouTube, it helps to be liked, but it really doesn't matter if you are well liked.
"Like" and "dislike" are the polar opposites that govern the YouTube universe. With a click of a mouse, users can either recommend a video for everyone else on the site, or consign it to the bin of dislikes.
But when sophomore Samantha Anderson tracked sets of videos for her class project, she found something interesting: Likes and dislikes don't have much to do with the number of time a video is actually watched – the main standard of popularity.
Far more important is the number of followers belonging to a person who posts a particular video. On YouTube, viewers can choose to be followers of people or organizations that regularly post videos, and can view other videos they have posted as well.
"I was expecting that a video's popularity would be heavily influenced by likes," said Anderson, acomputer science major. "But it was more a side effect of the view count, rather than the driver."
Anderson evaluated sets of videos to get at the factors that determine popularity. Because she wanted to weed out external factors, such as videos created with corporate marketing budgets, she eliminated music videos or movie trailers and focused on amateur videos such as sledding and card tricks.
In the end, her research bolstered the adage that there is no such thing as bad publicity: People who had a lot of followers tended to have popular videos whether or not they had a lot of likes. However, there is still hope for the less noticed. Anderson found that a breakout video that drew a lot of users also could pull up a poster's less popular video submissions.
"And even if your first video is not that popular, don't give up because it only takes one popular video to make your channel successful," she said.
Easing mobile backlog
As mobile phones become more powerful, the amount of data users are dragging through the airwaves is putting increasing strain on the telecommunications networks. Senior Ryan Corey, an electrical engineering major, wanted to see if there was a simple way for phone companies to manage a portion of that data to ease the burden without having to spend a lot on new hardware.
Chip designers, facing a similar problem of transferring data between a processor and computer memory, rely on a technique called caching – placing commonly used data in an easily accessed area. Corey examined whether phone companies could use a similar technique by storing certain data closer to callers. In that way, a request for data from a smartphone would not have to travel through the entire network and back again.
In the past, caching has not been popular on the Internet because data tended to be particular for an individual user. But as the use of the mobile applications changes, that is changing, too.
"With mobile video streaming, it has a lot of potential because a lot of people watch the same videos," Corey said. "It would make sense to cache this type of thing."
Corey ran a series of experiments to examine where performance degradation happens along the path from a person's iPhone to the video server and how caching would affect networks. He looked at current data usage and also future use that involves more data-intensive services such as video streaming.
"My conclusion is that it has potential, with a few caveats. It would only be helpful for specific data and specific kinds of users," he said. "For future networks, it would really increase the capacity available to the users beyond what the networks can provide right now."
Know who your friends are
Arpan Ghosh can use data to tell who your friends really are. At least the ones on Facebook.
Ghosh, a first-year graduate student in computer science, has come up with a way to use the data underlying Facebook pages to find connections and commonalities between users within their existing friend networks. His program, called Frappe, analyzes those connections and creates a mini social network for users. He hopes to develop the program to the point where it can recommend new friends as well.
"Facebook gives you hints of people you might already know," he said. "My idea was to go away from that and recommend new people you might never have met before that you might be compatible with or get along with."
To do this, Ghosh relies on the information posted on users' pages. A picture, for example, can have data about locations, activities and people. Text postings have even more information, but the challenge is filtering out less important messages. Ghosh calls that "the birthday problem" – the people who post happy birthday messages who might not have a real connection with a recipient.
"There are thousands of other posts like, 'You have the highest level in Farmville,'" he said, referring to a popular game played on Facebook.
Although it is an undergraduate course, Ghosh said he was attracted to Chiang's class because it dealt with the algorithms behind networking rather than "the more traditional computer science and programming knowledge needed to build such systems."
"The course also took very theoretical topics and analyzed them in the context of applications that are very relevant today," he said.
Currently, Ghosh is refining his program by presenting testers with possible friends based on their Facebook activity. The testers either mark the individual results as correct, possibly correct or wrong.
"After three iterations, we are identifying eight out of 10 people correctly," he said.
A bargain just for you
There are a number of apps, like Lemon or Slice, that can track receipts for users. The difference between those and Rili is what happens on the back end.
When a customer with Rili swipes his or her smartphone at checkout, the receipt code is sent to a central computer. Working with the Cohen-Shohets, Tian Long Wang, a graduate student in computer science at Princeton who was not a member of the class, has written a program to analyze the data and predict future purchases by the customer. Rili then matches the recommendations with deals offered by a variety of merchants and sends the results back to the customer's smartphone.
"If the program sees you have bought shoes from this store, it recognizes a pattern and sends you deals at this or other stores," Leah Cohen-Shohet said. "One of the reasons it is so powerful is that another customer might match the same pattern as well – and the deals are sent there also."
Retailers currently track customers' purchases for the same reason. But those efforts typically don't reach across many stores, and they don't look for patterns among many groups of buyers, explained the Cohen-Shohets.
For users, the application would be free. The Cohen-Shohets said the data also would remain on the Rili server and not be shared. Customers would need to actively enter a purchase into Rili's system – the program would not track any items unless they had been flagged by the buyer. For retailers, the system would allow better targeted advertising and require no additional equipment. It is intended to work for online stores as well as brick-and-mortar operations.
The Cohen-Shohets credited the class and Chiang with helping to transform their project from a good idea to a working business plan.
"From the first day, Mung was a very supportive resource. We bounced ideas off him, he welcomed suggestions," Leah said. "It was amazing to see a professor inspired by our idea as much as we were."


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Libewf is a library to access the Expert Witness Compression Format (ewf).
Read or write supported EWF formats:
Read-only supported EWF formats:
- Logical Evidence File (LEF) .L01 (EWF-L01) and .Lx01 (EWF2-Lx01)
Other features:
- empty-block compression
- read/write access using delta (or shadow) files
- write resume
The libewf package contains the following tools:
- ewfacquire, which writes storage media data from devices and files to EWF files.
- ewfacquirestream, which writes data from stdin to EWF files.
- ewfdebug; experimental tool does nothing at the moment.
- ewfexport, which exports storage media data in EWF files to (split) RAW format or a specific version of EWF files.
- ewfinfo, which shows the metadata in EWF files.
- ewfmount, which FUSE mounts EWF files.
- ewfrecover; special variant of ewfexport to create a new set of EWF files from a corrupt set.
- ewfverify, which verifies the storage media data in EWF files.
- ewfaquirestream-mt, C++ 11 multi-threaded version of ewfacquirestream contributed by Bernhard Zach in 2013.
The libewf package also contains the following bindings:
- ewf.net, bindings for .Net
- pyewf, bindings for Python contributed by David Collett in 2008
Tools that have been contributed to the project are provided as separate tools on the sourceforge libewf project site. These are:
- mount_ewf.py, which allows the storage media data in a EWF files to be mounted, contributed by David Loveall in 2007.
- libewf-java, Java (JNA) bindings were contributed by Bradley Schatz in 2009.
- delphi imdisk proxy, Borland Delphi imdisk proxy, as an alternative to mount_ewf.py for Windows, contributed by Brendan Berney in 2010. In 2014 this was updated by Erwan L and is currently maintained as a separate project here.
- jlibewf, native Java EWF reader contributed by Bruce Allen in 2010.
- libewfcs, native C# EWF reader contributed by Bruce Allen in 2011.
A menu based interface for ewfacquirestream called pyEWF, contributed by Dennis Schreiber, was originally also available on the uitwisselplatform project site. However this is currently no longer maintained and was not moved to the sourceforge project size. The uitwisselplatform no longer exists. The name pyewf was reused for the libewf Python bindings created by David Collett which is now included in the libewf package.
Imaging a device on a Unix-based system:
ewfacquire /dev/sda
Imaging a device on a Windows system:
ewfacquire \\.\PhysicalDrive0
Converting a RAW into an EWF image
ewfacquire myfile.raw
ewfacquire -c best -m fixed -t myfile -S 1T -u [-q] myfile.raw
cat split.raw.??? | ewfacquirestream
cat myfile.??? | ewfacquirestream -c best -m fixed -t myfile -S 1T
Converting an optical disc (split) RAW into an EWF image (libewf 20110109 or later)
ewfacquire -T optical.cue optical.iso
Converting an EWF into another EWF format or a (split) RAW image
ewfexport image.E01
Exporting files from a logical image (L01)
ewfexport image.L01
FUSE mounting an EWF image (libewf 20110828 or later)
ewfmount image.E01 mount_point
FUSE mounting a logical image (L01) (libewf 20111016 or later)
ewfmount -f files image.L01 mount_point
Verify an single image with results to the screen
ewfverify image.E01
From a linux shell, verify a group of images in subdirectories of the current directory creating a simple log file per image.
find . -name \*.E01 -printf '%f %p\n' | xargs printf "ewfverify -l \$(basename -s .E01 %s).ewfverify.out %s\n" | sh
find . -name '*.E01' | while read F
echo ewfverify -l "$(basename -s .E01 $F).ewfverify.out" "$F"
On Mac OS X you can run hdiutil on a mounted EWF file set:
hdiutil attach -imagekey diskimage-class=CRawDiskImage fuse/ewf1
Libewf was created by Joachim Metz in 2006, while working for Hoffmann Investigations.
Libewf is a rewrite of earlier work on the EnCase 4 file format by Michael Cohen part of PyFlag and the ASR Data's Expert Witness Compression Format Specification by Andrew Rosen. It has been updated to read and write EnCase version 1 to 7 .E01 files, EnCase 5 to 7 .L01 files, EnCase 7 .Ex01 and .Lx01 files and SMART .s01 files. Libewf has initiated an Extended EWF (EWF-X) specifications to bypass limitations on the format imposed by the EnCase .E01 format.
In 2007 David Loveall contributed mount_ewf.py to the libewf project. This application allows a fuse based mount of the storage media data in the EWF files to be mounted. Due to repeated issues with Python and the fuse Python-bindings on Mac OS X part of the functionality of these scripts has been rewritten into ewfmount.
As of version 20120715 support for EWF version 2 (.Ex01 and .Lx01) was added.


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Main Content
Top of the page
The decision to have a limb amputated is difficult for the person and their doctor. Many times, extensive measures have been tried to save the limb. The major causes of amputation are diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease that results in either painful, poor limb function or gangrene.
In general, amputation is recommended for:
Tobacco use may be the most important factor in progressing to amputation.
In doing the amputation, the surgeon seeks to remove all dead or dying tissue. Goals of amputation are to relieve pain, encourage wound healing, and increase a person's ability to carry out daily activities.
Amputations and bypass grafting surgery may be planned at the same time to achieve the best results. For example, a person who has gangrene may have an amputation of part of the foot or leg while also having bypass grafting in an attempt to preserve still-living tissue. In a person who is not a candidate for revascularization or who has not had success with previous bypass grafting attempts, amputation alone may be recommended for severe pain at rest, non-healing ulcers, and/or gangrene.
Preoperative care before amputation is similar to any major surgery. A complete history and physical exam, routine lab tests, a chest X-ray, and an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) may be performed.
People with major medical problems, such as diabetes or heart, lung, or kidney problems must be carefully assessed and their medical care optimized before the operation. The importance of the preoperative evaluation cannot be overemphasized. People who have amputations are often chronically or seriously ill. And their risk of dying around the time of the operation as well as in the following years is higher than for other people of the same age.
The appropriate amputation level depends on a number of factors, including why the amputation is needed, the general health of the person, the possibility for recovery and rehabilitation (rehab), and the probability of adequate wound healing. The aim of an amputation is to remove all dead and dying tissue while creating the most useful limb for recovery and rehab. It is very important to make sure that an artificial limb, if desired, can be appropriately fitted.
A below-the-knee amputation is usually preferable. It provides better mobility. Even if a person is very unlikely to be able to walk because of their general health or other medical conditions, a below-the-knee amputation provides for easier transfers and movement while in bed. Walking on an above-the-knee prosthesis (artificial limb) requires a lot more energy than walking on a below-the-knee prosthesis, although young, relatively healthy people manage much better than older, more frail people do. But when a below-the-knee amputation cannot be done, an above-the-knee amputation has the advantage of easier healing.
Sometimes a bypass grafting operation may be done to allow a below-knee amputation site to heal adequately. The most important thing in deciding whether a below-knee amputation will heal is the clinical judgment of a knowledgeable surgeon.
In general, amputations for sudden ischemia (when a clot develops and completely blocks blood supply to an extremity) are done as soon as possible.
Bypass surgery or angioplasty is always done when possible. Amputation is the last option.
Non-infected gangrene of the fingers and toes can be treated by amputation or can be allowed to "autoamputate" (tissue dies and sloughs off on its own) over a period of time, usually months. Gangrene of other extremities requires amputation.
Infected gangrene should be treated with the goal of getting rid of the infection yet preserving as much of the extremity as possible. Dead or dying infected tissue should be removed (debridement) as quickly as possible. Tissue that is infected but may likely heal should be left. And the person should receive intravenous antibiotics.
If a person is not stable or does not respond to antibiotic treatment and debridement, amputation must be done rapidly. A first emergency amputation is often done with the goal of stabilizing the person. And a second elective operation may be done to remove any further dead tissue and to improve the function of the remaining limb.
Current as of: July 18, 2023
Author: Healthwise Staff
Clinical Review BoardAll Healthwise education is reviewed by a team that includes physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and other healthcare professionals.
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content.


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2014 MLB All-Star Game: Mike Trout Leads AL Over NL, 5-3
Angels outfielder Mike Trout drove in two runs with two extra-base hits, and the American League beat the National League, 5-3, in the 2014 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Target Field in Minneapolis on Tuesday night.
Trout plated A's catcher Derek Norris with a tie-breaking fifth inning double off Cardinals' reliever Pat Neshek that helped the AL win its 13th MLB All-Star Game in 17 years and secure home field advantage for its eventual league champion in the 2014 World Series.
While Trout was selected the game's most valuable player for his efforts, New York Yankees' shortstop Derek Jeter was the focus of attention during the game.
Marking his 14th and final all-star selection, the Yankees' "Captain" received a minute-long ovation before he led off the game with a double off NL starting pitcher Adam Wainwright of St. Louis. Jeter scored on Trout's triple a few pitches later. Tigers first baseman Miguel Cabrera followed with a two-run homer off Wainwright to give the AL an early 3-0 lead.
Jeter added an opposite-field single in the third inning. The 40-year-old shortstop became the oldest player to record two hits in an all-star game. He exited the contest to a long ovation from players and fans alike when AL manager John Farrell of the Red Sox sent White Sox star Alexei Ramirez out to shortstop to replace him at the start of the fourth.
The NL clawed back to tie the game by pushing across two runs off Red Sox ace Jon Lester in the second inning and another off White Sox hurler Chris Sale in the fourth. Brewers catcher Jonathan Lucroy had two doubles and two RBIs for the National League.
Seven AL pitchers tossed scoreless relief over the final five innings, allowing Trout and the hitters to provide the margin of victory for the Junior Circuit. Glen Perkins of the hometown Twins nailed down the save with a perfect ninth. Detroit's Max Scherzer got the win, while Neshek was the losing pitcher.
Highlights of the 2014 MLB All-Star Game


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Happy days are (or might be) here again: The Dow Jones industrial average closed above 14,000 Friday, marking the first time the stock market measure has broken that barrier at close since October 2007.
The average closed at 14,009.79. That's up more than 149 points, or about 1.1 percent for the day. The closing comes hours after the release of a new monthly unemployment report that indicated jobs grew at a faster rate late last year than previously estimated.
"The primary driver is not the 157,000 new jobs (created in January), but the positive revisions to the months of November and December," Darrell Cronk, regional chief investment officer at Wells Fargo Private Bank, told MarketWatch.com.
"Psychologically, it's a monumental number," Daniel Morgan, senior portfolio manager at Synovus Trust, told The Wall Street Journal. "It happened quicker than a lot of people thought it might, based on what's going on with the economy and the political climate."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.


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Resources for Grade School Students
Dragonfly TV
An on going series on PBS that ventures into modern day science, Dragonfly TV makes it easy for children from elementary school to middle school to understand. With games, experiments, and a message board where kids can ask their questions about science, kids will have fun and learn at the same time.
Created for kids, nanooze is a place to hear about the latest exciting stuff in science and technology. What kind of stuff? Discoveries about the world that is too small to see and making tiny things. You will find interesting articles about recent discoveries and what it might mean for the future.
Purdue EPICS Team Animations for Children
This is a great starting point for kids to learn about nanotechnology. Travel with Martin and Laura into the nanoworld to understand just how small a nanometer is. Also, learn about nano-microscopes using Legos; find out how nanotechnology relates to seeing colors and more! Kids will enjoy these fun, animated presentations.
Resources for Middle School Students
NanoDays - NanoTrees: Making Paper Stronger than Steel, Robert Moon, Purdue University
Learn about how nanotechnology can allow you to make paper that is stronger than steel! Also learn about where extra-strong paper could be used, including the medical and construction industries.
Resources for High School Students
Mark Ratner Interview on Nanotechnology, Mark Ratner, Northwestern University
Dr. Mark Ratner talks about what the future holds for nano technology and where it is likely to head. Dr. Ratner relates nanotechnology to other sciences and the future role of modeling.
A Gentle Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanoscience, Mark Ratner, Northwestern University
Dr. Mark A. Ratner gives a lecture about the basics and implications of nanotechnology. By starting with how big a nanometer is, Dr. Ratner begins to put nanotechnology into perspective and their potential. He gives a good overview and the path that nanotechnology will take.
Nanotubes and Nanowires: One-dimensional Materials, Tim Sands, Purdue University
Dr. Tim Sands speaks about nanotubes and nanowires explaining their applications and properties. Dr. Sands goes into further detail and explains what happens to their electronic properties, optical properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and chemical properties. High school students who are looking into nanostructures will benefit from his lecture.
Ecological Implications of Nanotechnology, Chad Jafvert, Purdue University
Prof. Jafvert discusses the ecological impact nanotechnology may have, especially the hydrological impact.
Solar Cells, Richard Schwartz, Purdue University Prof. Schwartz presents a basic view of how solar cells work and their evolutionary history.
Nano*High: Nanoscience for High School Students, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
Nano*High is a series of general topic lectures by UC Berkeley professors and LBNL senior scientists conducting research from nanoscience to molecular medicine, and climate change to astrophysics.
Nanodays - Space—Lab on Chip Technology: The final frontier, Marshall Porterfield, Purdue University
Dr. Porterfield describes how nanotechnology can be used to construct lab-on-a-chip and life support systems to help astronauts survive in space.
Solar Fuel
MIT professor Jeffrey Grossman explains how an energy storage device that uses sunlight to create a "re-chargeable heat battery".
Resources for High School Students (Advanced Study)
Nanomedicine – How Can Something so Small be so Huge for the Future of Healthcare?, James Leary, Purdue University
Dr. James Leary discusses the future on medicine and the impact nanotechnology will have on healthcare. This presentation was the keynote speech for the 2010 USA Biology Olympiad Finals.
Physics for Future Presidents, Jerry Woodall, Purdue University
Based on the book Physics for Future Presidents by Richard Muller, this course provides a liberal arts style education in physics that could be important for you to understand if you were the president of the United States. This course is an opportunity for high school physics clubs to engage in similar discussions.
Crystal Viewer Tool
This tool can be used to visualize the nanostructure of different materials (Silicon, graphene, diamond, Buckyball, etc.). It is a helpful tool for material, electronics, and chemistry courses.
NanoDays - Artificial Photosynthesis with Biomimetic Nanomaterials: Self-Repairing Solar Cells, Jong Hyun Choi, Purdue University
Dr. Choi presents a more efficient form of solar energy involving self-repairing solar cells.
NanoDays - Metamaterials, Transformation Optics and Cloaking, Vladimir Shalaev, Purdue University
Learn about metamaterials and their futuristic applications in optics and invisibility cloaks.
Nanotechnology 101 Lecture Series
A collection of presentations targeted toward college undergraduate students but also maybe of interest to high school students in advanced studies.
Nanobiotechnology Resources for K-12
Additional nanoHUB.org resources focused on nanobiology.
Resources for Teachers
Thinking Small, Carl Batt, Cornell University
Dr. Carl Batt discusses the challenges of enhancing the public's understanding of nanotechnology and its ability to comprehend a scale of size over several orders of magnitude. Dr. Batt gives an overview of creating the traveling museum exhibit "Too Small to See," which has successfully faced the challenges of bringing nanoscale phenomena to the human-scale.
NCLT Seminar Series
A collection of presentations hosted by the National Center for Learning and Teaching in Nanoscale Science and Engineering (NCLT) that focus on teaching NSE at the K-12 level. These presentations explore teaching methodologies and the fundamentals of NSE.
DragonflyTV Nano – Using the Power of Television to Introduce Middle School Children to Nanotechnology
The producers of "Dragonfly TV" introduce their new season about nanotechnology. In these series, real kids do real research and experiments find out more about nanotechnology. Teachers can learn more at "Dragonfly TV"
K-12: Introduction to Quantum Wells
David Beck, Larry Gatz and Mark M. Budnik of Valparaiso University created a simple experiment for upper middle school and high school students that introduce the idea of quantum wells and tunneling. The only supplies needed are the students and movable desks.
Nanotechnology in Biology Louie Baca, Jr. and Eric Hagedorn
Teaching aid to help students understand nanomaterials.
The Scale of Things - Nanometers and More, Department of Energy (DOE)
Downloadable image developed by the Office of Science that depicts the scale of natural and manmade items.
Purdue EPICS Team Animations for Children
A collection of animated presentations on nanotechnology that were part of a museum exhibit developed for the Children's Museum. Topics covered include: picturing the size of a nanometer; the connection between nanotechnology and biology; scanning probe microscopes; molecular- and nano- manufacturing. Brought to you by the Lego Scanning Probe Microscope team, an EPICS project at Purdue University.
Quantum Computing Workshop for Teachers
A discussion of quantum advancements which are being developed and can change your life, such as: quantum computing and quantum cryptography. Includes a hands-on activity for Quantum Tic-Tac-Toe.
Resources for Parents
Mark Ratner Interview on Nanotechnology, see description above.
WALLA Lecture Series: Big Things from a Tiny World, Purdue University
A collection of lectures on various nano-related topics, from solar cells to ecological and societal implication
NanoDays 2011
Educational activities about nanoscale science and engineering for students in grades K-12


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"Two U.S. troops have been shot to death and four more wounded by an Afghan solider who turned his gun on his allies in apparent anger over the burning of Qurans at a U.S. military base in Afghanistan, an Afghan official tells CBS News."
Officially, the International Security Assistance Force says that:
"An individual wearing an Afghan National Army uniform turned his weapon against International Security Assistance Force service members in eastern Afghanistan today, killing two service members. It is ISAF policy to defer casualty identification procedures to the relevant national authorities."
CBS says its source "in the Afghan government said those killed and injured in the attack in the Khogyani district of the eastern Ningarhar province along the border with Pakistan were Americans."
As we've reported, there have been protests in various parts of Afghanistan since word broke that some Islamic religious materials, including Qurans, were burned by international military personnel at the Bagram Air Field north of Kabul. The commander of international forces, American Gen. John Allen, has apologized, said the burnings were unintentional and that an investigation is underway.
NBC News says that today, "Afghan police fired shots in the air to disperse hundreds of protesters who tried to break into an American military base in Mehterlam, in the eastern Laghman province."
Update at 8:45 a.m. ET. White House Statement On Obama's Letter To Karzai.
Tommy Vietor, spokesman for the National Security Council, has released this statement about reports that President Obama has sent a letter of apology to Afghan President Hamid Karzai about the Quran burnings:
"Following up on their Feb. 20 phone call, the president sent a letter to President Karzai to continue their discussion on a range of issues related to our long-term partnership. In the letter, delivered by Ambassador Crocker this afternoon in Kabul, the president also expressed our regret and apologies over the incident in which religious materials were unintentionally mishandled at Bagram Airbase."
Update at 7:50 a.m. ET: The Associated Press reports that, according to Afghan President Hamid Karzai's office, President Obama has sent a letter apologizing for the burning of the Qurans.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.