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A new paper in the journal Nature says scientists have been seriously underestimating the amount of dengue around the globe.
The study says there could be as many as 400 million dengue infections worldwide each year making it more prevalent than malaria. This is four times higher than the current dengue prevalence estimate of the World Health Organization.
One reason for the huge increase in estimated infections is that dengue has been spreading far and wide. It's usually described as an infectious tropical disease but lately it's been popping up even outside the tropics. There've been major outbreaks in Portugal and Russia, and small ones in the U.S.
Prior to 1970 the mosquito-borne disease had only been reported in nine tropical countries, according to the WHO. Now it's endemic in more than 100 nations.
Thomas Scott, an entomologist at the University of California, Davis, says it's continuing to spread.
"Not only are the number of cases increasing, the geographic range is increasing," says Scott, a co-author of the Nature study. "So [dengue] is spreading in to areas where it was not previously but we are also seeing more and more cases."
Previous efforts to count dengue cases were missing huge numbers of infections — mainly the less severe ones which might not lead to hospitalization or medical attention, the authors write.
Dengue appears to be attracted to overcrowded slums in the burgeoning cities of the developing world. Scott says the new report shows that poverty is a significant risk factor for dengue taking hold in a new environment.
"People living in substandard conditions where they're storing water and they don't have proper disposal of waste [are more at risk]," he says. "Rainwater accumulates in containers and the mosquito that transmits this virus, Aedes aegypti, then lays its eggs in those places."
Not only is dengue making more and more people sick in some of the poorest countries in the world, it's straining already-fragile health care systems.
"You get these explosive epidemics," Scott says. "With large numbers of people getting infected in short periods of times, it really overwhelms the public health infrastructure."
With so many infections that were previously unaccounted for, there's far more virus circulating in the environment. This could mean that containing dengue or at least stopping its current rampant growth is going to be difficult.
But many scientists are working on it. NPR's Geoff Brumfiel reported on efforts in England to develop genetically modified mosquitoes to wipe out the virus. And in Australia, scientists are feeding mosquitoes bacteria in the hope that they'll be too sick to bite.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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More Americans are saving for retirement through their employers' 401(k) programs. That's because in recent years they've been given a strong nudge — more companies are automatically enrolling workers in retirement savings programs.
Some firms are also automatically increasing the amount employees contribute. That's just as important, experts say.
And all of this makes a big difference: Without it, millions of Americans don't save at all.
Making Time For Retirement Planning
A recent survey by TIAA-CREF found that, compared to setting up a retirement account, Americans spend more time choosing a flat-panel TV or what restaurant to have a birthday party at.
"Yeah, it's kind of embarrassing to admit that I spend a lot more time doing other things," says Mary Hakken-Phillips, a 33-year-old executive assistant in Chicago.
She says she spends countless hours planning vacations, for example. But retirement planning — not so much.
Like many Americans, Hakken-Phillips knows she should be saving for retirement. She even works at a financial services company. "I was hired in June of 2010, and they gave me a very sophisticated folder of retirement investment options," she says. But it was so complex and thick, she says, "I kind of glazed over when they handed it to me."
And still, four years later, she's not saving anything.
Monkeying With Economics
We like to think of ourselves as rational creatures. But research shows that when it comes to financial decisions, people can behave a lot like, well, monkeys.
Laurie Santos is a professor at Yale University. She's done research experiments where she gave monkeys money (actually fake money or tokens) and asked them to make financial decisions. Some of the choices were simple: Do you want to buy one grape or two grapes with your token?
But amazingly, with much more complex decisions, Santos says, the monkey responses match the most common human responses exactly.
What about saving some of those tokens to buy food with later on? "One thing we never saw in the monkey marketplace was any evidence of saving — just like our own species," Santos says.
There are all kinds of complicated psychological and behavioral explanations, with terms like "loss aversion" and "hyperbolic discounting."
But researchers have figured out that if a company signs up its workers for a retirement account automatically — instead of relying on them to fill out the paperwork and make decisions — it boosts participation dramatically. People can opt out of saving, but they usually stick with it.
Rob Austin is the retirement research director at Aon Hewitt, a consulting firm that works with hundreds of big companies on their employee retirement programs. He says auto-enrollment programs "drastically" increase employee participation.
New data for 2013 show that average participation rates for employees at companies with auto-enrollment was around 85 percent, Austin says.
And more companies are adopting the approach. Austin says after the government gave the green light a few years ago, three times as many of the large companies he tracks started offering automatic enrollment. About 60 percent now do it. But in the past couple of years, that momentum has stalled.
"It's a trajectory that is good but one that we would like to see continue to increase," Austin says.
Automatic Increases To Boost Saving
Austin would like to see more firms automatically increasing the amount that employees save. Many firms start workers off automatically saving just 3 percent of their income. Ironically, that's less than what people choose at other companies when they do get around to signing up on their own.
So, Austin says, "keeping people in at 3 percent and leaving them at 3 percent is not going to generate enough retirement income for individuals."
Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.


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This Sunday, Feb. 14, marks the start of the Year of the Tiger, according to the Chinese Zodiac. It is the first day of the lunar new year.
It seems that Princeton and the tiger were destined to be connected -- 1746, the year Princeton was founded, was also the Year of the Tiger.
The tiger emerged as a symbol of Princeton in the late 1800s. The appearance of the tiger as Princeton's totem has been ascribed by Princetonians of that period to two things: the use of orange and black as the college colors; and the locomotive cheer, which contains "tiger" as a rallying word: "Hip hip, rah rah rah, tiger tiger tiger, sis sis sis, boom boom boom, ah."
The Chinese Zodiac also cycles through elements of water, wood, fire, Earth and, this year, metal. There are many metal tigers to be found in the architecture around campus:
• Princeton's class of 1879 donated the stately bronze tigers guarding the entrance of the University's landmark Nassau Hall, which was built in 1756. The tigers were installed in 1911. Visitors frequently can be found sitting on the sculptures to gain a tiger's eye view of the front campus and FitzRandolph Gate, the University's main entrance.
• The tower of Holder Hall, built in 1910, features brass tiger weather vanes on each of the tower's four corners. The tigers appear to be climbing up the poles.
• Many of the early tigers on campus were created presumably male. In 1969, the year coeducation was introduced, Bruce Moore's bronze tigers for the Adams Mall between Whig and Clio halls were created male and female.
• In 2000, two 7,000-pound stainless steel tiger sculptures were installed at the north entrance of Princeton Stadium. A gift of William Weaver Jr., a 1934 Princeton graduate, the nine feet tall, 16 feet long beasts were made by sculptor Ruffin Hobbs.
"The Tigers of Princeton University: A Campus Safari and Photo Essay," a book produced by the Office of Communications, provides a tour of the numerous tigers on Princeton's campus. The book is available for purchase at the Princeton University Store, the Princeton University Art Museum Store and Labyrinth Books.


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Muong language
Language name: Muong
ISO Language Code: mtq
Language Scope: ISO Language
Language State: Verified
GRN Language Number: 790
IETF Language Tag: mtq
Sample of Muong
Audio recordings available in Muong
These recordings are designed for evangelism and basic Bible teaching to bring the gospel message to people who are not literate or are from oral cultures, particularly unreached people groups.
Words of Life
Short audio Bible stories and evangelistic messages that explain salvation and give basic Christian teaching. Each program is a customised and culturally relevant selection of scripts, and may include songs and music.
Download all Muong
- MP3 Audio (9.8MB)
- Low-MP3 Audio (2.9MB)
- MP4 Slideshow (23.1MB)
- AVI for VCD Slideshow (4.1MB)
- 3GP Slideshow (1.7MB)
Audio/Video from other sources
Jesus Film Project films - Muong - (Jesus Film Project)
The Jesus Story (audiodrama) - Muong - (Jesus Film Project)
Other names for Muong
Mường (Vernacular Name)
Where Muong is spoken
Languages related to Muong
- Muong (ISO Language)
People Groups who speak Muong
Information about Muong
Population: 1,270,000
Work with GRN on this language
Are you passionate about Jesus and communicating the Christian gospel to those who have never heard the Bible message in their heart language? Are you a mother tongue speaker of this language or do you know someone who is? Would you like to help us by researching or providing information about this language, or help us find someone who can help us translate or record it? Would you like to sponsor recordings in this or any other language? If so, please Contact the GRN Language Hotline.
Note that GRN is a non profit organization, and does not pay for translators or language helpers. All assistance is given voluntarily.


text:
The maintainers of PHP.net and the mirror sites are definitely not interested in graphical banner or text ad placement deals.
Please report problems you find on PHP.net and mirror sites in the bug system. Categorize the bug as "PHP.net Website Problem". This allows us to follow the progress of the problem until it is fixed.
For security related issues (in PHP or our websites) please contact email@example.com. Please note that the following are NOT security issues:
If you have problems setting up PHP or using some functionality, or especially a program written in PHP, please ask your question on a support channel, since the webmasters will not answer any such questions.
If you would like to contact the webmasters for some other reason, please write to email@example.com. Note that this address is mapped to a mailing list and a newsgroup, so every message you send will be stored in public archives at multiple servers.


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Squirrelcart to BigCommerce Migration
The 10 Key Features of Our Services
We are BigCommerce Experts We're specializing in easy and complex migrations. If the problem is related to Shop migration, no one else would be better to rely upon than Profprojects specialists. |
We're not Robots! We don't use robots or other limited automatic migration tools. That's impossible to get complete and clear result using those. Our specialists develop different smart solutions especially for your online shop and use those to get the best result. |
We don't touch your Squirrelcart shop We only backup Squirrelcart database and work on our servers. There will not be any downtime. Once migration is done, we'll move BigCommerce to your server. |
No Risk! 100% Satisfaction Guarantee! You don't pay in advance. We allow you to try our service without any financial risk. We do not request any payment from you until your shop has been successfully converted and approved by you. |
Custom Requirements? There are not any limits in our services, we don't use robots and automatic tools. We do all customization to address client specific requirements. |
We keep safe every bit of your information At ProfProjects, keeping your data secure is our top priority. We use proven technology and take every precaution to make sure your data arrive safely at our data center - and stay safe and protected for as long as we finish the conversion. |
What kind of access we need to start. We just need a FTP access to your Squirrelcart site, that's it. If you don't know what is that, we'll help you to get it and send to us. |
Premium 7/24 Support We will help you until your issue is resolved - whether it is a pre-service issue, a problem during the migration or concerns after the migration is complete and payment has been received. |
Migration Steps
5 Minutes Request for Free Quote
0.5 – 1 Hour Squirrelcart Shop Review and Quotation
Depends on you Getting Access Data
Depends on number of products Squirrelcart Database Migration
Once work is finished We ask you to check the BigCommerce shop
Within 3 business days Payment
Migration Service Prices
Products | Customers | ||||||||||||||
Request for Migration Quote
Please make sure you can receive our Emails:
- Make sure your email address is valid or we will not be able to contact you with any questions.
- Add email@example.com to your address/contact book.
Error: Contact form not found.
Protecting Your Personal Information
At ProfProjects, keeping your data secure is our top priority. We use proven technology and take every precaution to make sure your data arrive safely at our data center - and stay safe and protected for as long as we finish the conversion. Once service is completed, all data are being removed from our server. Our Privacy Policy details how your personal information is collected and how your personal information may be used. Read More About the Privacy PolicyOUR COMMITMENT TO YOUR PRIVACY
We're in this business since October 2009
We've already successfully migrated thousands CMS, Forum and eCommerce platforms. There is not any team or company who has such a big experience in migration services. Our customers are the most important people we know. And we put them firmly at the centre of everything we do. We think this is vital for any long-term savings company. After all, our customers trust us to look after their money, or help them save for many years to come.
CMS, Forums and eCommerce Platforms are already migrated by ProfProjects' Specialists
CMS | Forums | eCommerce |


text:
Previous Lesson
Complete and Continue
Amazon FBA Product Launch: Faster Rankings, Reviews, and Sales
Review and Overview
Introduction (7:13)
Topics Not Covered (2:12)
Brand Strategy (3:17)
Best FBA Products (2:52)
Recommendations (1:11)
Course Overview (12:31)
Four Things Matter (1:29)
Product Photography (3:46)
Reviews (9:50)
Initial Reviews Plan (7:39)
Listing Optimization Plan (2:01)
Hidden Keyword Spaces (1:39)
Launch Services (2:52)
Costs (0:52)
Buy your Way to the Top Strategy (1:28)
Reviews Follow Up (1:51)
Launch Keyword Strategy (5:57)
Beyond Amazon
Round 2 Launch; Why? (1:09)
Product 2 (1:30)
Brand Building (1:37)
Create an Innovative Product (1:57)
Online Product Differentiators (1:28)
Tips for Ads (2:08)
Next Step Platforms (1:55)
Selling Your Business (1:02)
Extra Credit
Live Product Case Study (Google Search Method, now N/A) (5:26)
Tools I Use (3:25)
Addendum to Initial Reviews Plan (1:41)
URGENT: Tip for Amazon Sellers (1:30)
Join Our Facebook Group (0:23)
Amazon PPC Strategy (2:19)
Build an Email List with an Affiliate Site (3:29)
Ad Anatomy (4:12)
Influencer Marketing (5:00)
Launch Sequence (5:40)
Amazon Basics Lecture (20:06)
Amazon Basics Lecture: Foreign (10:22)
Scam Services (1:41)
Verified Reviews (1:06)
Reddit Tutorial (4:44)
Scam Services 2 (1:07)
Truth on Reviews (4:18)
Trademarks (3:45)
Financial Tips (1:43)
Questions and Answers
How Can I Make the Most out of Amazon PPC? (4:27)
How Do You Maximize Keyword Relevancy on Amazon PPC? (0:31)
How Much Does Amazon Take Per Sale? (3:28)
Is there a Way to Look at the Top 1000 Bestsellers and Not the Top 100? (1:52)
Should I have a Shopify Store? (0:52)
Should My First Order Have My Logo or Not? (0:25)
What are the Best Categories for Beginners? (0:52)
What Criteria Does Amazon Use to Calculare Bestseller? (0:40)
What Mistake Should I Watch Out For? (5:08)
What Should My Store Name Be?
Are Launch Services Outdated? (0:36)
How Can I Successfully Analyze Keyword Competition? (7:54)
Can I Only Buy UPCS from GS1? (1:43)
Amazon is Not Showing the Correct Category for my Product Listing, How Do I Fix This? (2:43)
How Do You Know How Many Products to Giveaway? (4:10)
How Do I Go about Brand Creation? (2:48)
How Do I Know Who Purchased My Product? (2:34)
Is it Okay to Log In to SellerCentral from Someone Else's Laptop? (1:09)
How Do I Contact the Manufacturer and Not Deal with a Trading Company? (5:36)
How Should I Set Up Youtube Channels for my Brands? (2:32)
My Product Shipped Early, What Do I Do? (0:28)
Is it a Good Strategy to Sell at a Break-even Price to Get Traction? (0:51)
Is it Possible for People to Leave Reviews for Products Given for Free or at a Discount? (0:28)
Reviews From Family Aren't Showing Up, Why? (0:47)
What References Do You Have for Product Photography (3:47)
What is the Best Way to Get Customers to Review Products? (1:35)
What is the Most Effective Strategy to Get the Best Price from a Supplier? (1:12)
When Should I Trademark My Brand? (0:45)
How Much Do I Need to Start an Amazon FBA Business?
Downloads Section
Downloads Here
Best Practices for 2017
International Student? Download This
Beginner Questions
Promotional Lectures
Launch Logic (11:49)
Amazon Conversion (11:40)
Amazon SEO (6:42)
Amazon Sales Rank (4:11)
Amazon Tools (11:00)
How to Find Low Cost Suppliers (5:51)
Launch Principles and Updates (2018)
Private Label Busines Cycle (9:49)
Sales Velocity over Sales History (6:18)
How to Launch Your Products for the top of Amazon Ranks (6:58)
Keeping Your Rank Once It's Achieved (5:18)
How to Build a 100k Business (40:57)
Beginner's Corner
What is Private Label (6:43)
Absolute Best Products Possible (10:48)
The Launch Strategy (6:06)
Game of Marketshare
Shipping (The Basics)
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text:
Supporting plugins in your component
From Joomla! Documentation
The event system in Joomla! allows for a flexible method for Components, Modules and Plugins to communicate with other Plugins by following the Observer pattern. This pattern is most easily described as a simple communication mechanism. The basic premise is that zero or more "observers" or "listeners" register themselves with the system for a certain, known event. During a specific point in an application's lifecycle, the "communicator" (in our case a Component, Module or Plugin) fires the event, passing some information to all the observers. The observers can then act on the information passed to them and optionally return a result to the communicator.
Joomla! Observer Implementation[edit]
Joomla! implements the Observer pattern at a global level through the JPlugin (Observer) and JEventDispatcher (Observable) classes. Anyone wanting to receive notification of events will create a Plugin that extends the JPlugin class. Subclasses of JPlugin will automatically register themselves to the global JEventDispatcher class when their Plugin category has been loaded (more on that later). The JEventDispatcher class is used as a dispatching mechanism that receives events from the communicators and forwards them to the listeners that have been loaded. For a full explanation of this read the Plugin Developer Overview
Why Become A Communicator[edit]
There may be times in your Component's lifecycle when it would be nice to notify others that some action has taken place. For example, let's say you have a compact disk (CD) library Component. You may decide that you would like to let others know when a new CD has been added to the library. In this case, you could document a well-known event (onCdAddedToLibrary for example) and at the appropriate time, 'trigger' the event passing in information about the new CD that was added to the library. All Plugins that have implemented that event will be notified with the information and can handle it as they see fit. Instant communication!
How To Become A Communicator[edit]
Since all the dispatching is handled by the Joomla! core, it is easy to become a communicator. In fact, it's really just a matter of loading a certain set of Plugins and calling the trigger method of the JEventDispatcher class.
You may wonder how to know which set of Plugins to load. That's up to you. Plugins are managed at a group level that is defined in the Plugin's XML deployment file. There are eight predefined Plugin groups and each Plugin group is meant to handle a different set of tasks. For example, there is a search Plugin group that is meant to handle searching and a user Plugin group meant to handle user specific functions such as adding and removing a user from the Joomla! system. These Plugin groups are only loaded when they are needed, namely by the communicator. So you can create your own Plugin group and call it whatever you want. Because your Component is well-defined, all listeners will know exactly which Plugin group and events they should be listening for.
How To Trigger Events[edit]
This leads us to the meat of this article: how to trigger events so implementing Plugins can act on them. The first thing you need to do is to load your Plugin group. This is done via this code:
JPluginHelper::importPlugin( 'myPlugingroup' );
This will load all enabled Plugins that have defined themselves as part of your group. The next thing is get an instance of the JEventDispatcher class:
$dispatcher = JEventDispatcher::getInstance();
Notice two things here. First, we are using the getInstance() method, not new, to create a new instance. That is because we need to get the global singleton instance of the JEventDispatcher object that contains a list of all the Plugins available.
Next, we need to trigger our custom event:
$results = $dispatcher->trigger( 'onCdAddedToLibrary', array( &$artist, &$title ) );
Here we have triggered the event onCdAddedToLibrary and passed in the artist name and title of the track. Which and how many parameters you pass is up to you. Passing parameters by reference (using an &) allows the Plugins to change the variables passed in. All Plugins will receive these parameters, process them and optionally pass back information. The calling code can access the returned values via the array $results (each element corresponds to the result of one Plugin).
You Are Defining An API[edit]
By offering events for Plugins to respond to, you are effectively creating an API. Proper planning is extremely important – once you release your code, other developers will start to depend on your events' names and parameters. Changing them later will break compatibility with all the Plugins that use them.
Load The Right Plugin Group[edit]
One thing to notice about the trigger method is that there is nothing defining which group of Plugins should be notified. In actuality, all Plugins that have been loaded are notified regardless of the group they are in. It's important to make sure you have an event name that does not conflict with any other Plugin group's event name. Most of the time this is not an issue because your Component is the one that is loading the Plugin group, so you know which ones are loaded. However be aware that the system Plugin group is loaded very close to the beginning of the request. Make sure you don't have any event naming conflicts with the system events.


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The leaders of a congressional human rights panel criticized Swiss voters for approving a resolution to ban the further construction of mosque minarets and warned that the prohibition violates European religious freedom standards.
"If this ban on religious expression is allowed to stand, Switzerland will clearly be out of step with its OSCE commitments of freedom of religion and belief," Rep. Alcee L. Hastings said this week, referring to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
The 56-nation OSCE is a major human rights alliance throughout Europe and Eurasia. Mr. Hastings, Florida Democrat, is the co-chairman of the congressional Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
"I hope the Swiss courts will overturn this referendum and that the Swiss government will double its efforts to implement anti-discrimination laws and have an open and honest dialogue about religious and ethnic tolerance," Mr. Hastings added.
Sen. Benjamin L. Cardin, the commission chairman, expressed worries that the referendum will send the message that Swiss are an intolerant people.
"The Swiss vote to ban minarets is worrying for a number of reasons, including the fact that the Swiss people have seen fit to limit the religious practice of one particular group," the Maryland Democrat said.
"I trust the Swiss government will work swiftly to be sure that the Swiss are not viewed as an intolerant people."
Swiss citizens endorsed the referendum Sunday with 57.5 percent of the vote. The referendum bans the further construction of minarets, the mosque towers used to broadcast daily calls to prayer, but it does not restrict the construction of further mosques.
In Switzerland, Ulrich Schuler, the architect of the referendum endorsed by the Swiss People's Party, told reporters that the ban was necessary because minarets are symbols of radical Islamic demands to impose Muslim laws in the majority Christian country.


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A $10 million gift from Princeton alumnus and trustee William Fung of Hong Kong will substantially increase the University's engagement with scholars around the world and inspire ideas that transcend borders.
A portion of the gift will support the Fung Global Fellows Program, which will bring six exceptional early-career international faculty members from the social sciences and the humanities to Princeton for a year of research, writing and collaboration on a common theme. The program will begin in fall 2013.
President Shirley M. Tilghman said that Fung's gift will strengthen Princeton's capacity to be at once a great American university and a truly global one.
"This gift, with its emphasis on bringing important new voices from abroad to Princeton, will enable us to establish stronger ties with scholars and centers of excellence around the world," she said. "During their stay with us, these scholars will greatly enrich the discourse on our campus, introducing diverse perspectives and fueling collaborative ventures that will benefit us all. We are grateful to William Fung for his generous support of our efforts to develop a greater global consciousness."
The gift also will fund an annual academic conference abroad. The first Princeton-Fung Global Forum is scheduled for this winter in Shanghai, and is titled "The Future of the City." Subsequent forums will take place in locations around the world. The forum is being organized by the Council for International Teaching and Research under the leadership of its director, Jeremy Adelman, the Walter Samuel Carpenter III Professor in Spanish Civilization and Culture and a professor of history.
These conferences will offer Princeton an opportunity to collaborate with scholars around the world on topics of multidisciplinary interest, according to Provost Christopher Eisgruber, the University's chief academic officer. "We expect that the Princeton-Fung Global Forum will quickly become a signature intellectual event that attracts attention from academics and policymakers around the world," he said. "It will showcase some of the best work done at Princeton and enhance the relationships between Princeton's faculty members and their counterparts in other countries."
Fung is group chairman of Li & Fung, a Hong Kong-based multinational group of export and retailing companies. The company, founded by Fung's grandfather in 1906, is a world leader in consumer goods design, development, sourcing and distribution. It manages the supply chain for retailers and brands worldwide with more than 300 offices and distribution centers in some 40 countries.
Fung earned a BSE in electrical engineering from Princeton in 1970 and an MBA from the Harvard Graduate School of Business in 1972, and then began his career at the family firm. Drawing from his education and business acumen, he co-wrote "Competing in a Flat World: Building Enterprises for a Borderless World" (Wharton School Publishing, 2007). He joined Princeton's Board of Trustees in 2009, and over many years has been a generous supporter of Princeton's groundbreaking financial aid program.
"In this new age of globalization, Princeton should be even more involved in fostering scholarship everywhere it takes place," Fung said. "Through this gift, I hope to enable Princeton to become a stronger catalyst for developing new and exciting research and for creating international scholarly communities."
The gift is part of the "Citizenship and the World" priority of the University's $1.75 billion Aspire fundraising campaign scheduled to conclude June 30.
Scholars who are making a mark
The Fung Global Fellows Program is being administered by the Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies (PIIRS), which serves as a site for integration and joint activity across all of the University's international and area programs. The institute promotes scholarship and teaching on issues of global importance and sponsors programs and activities aimed at advancing knowledge of world cultures and global problems.
The six fellows selected annually will have received a Ph.D. or equivalent within the past 10 years, and will already be earning the respect of their peers and making a mark in their fields.
"We'll be looking for those faculty who are right on the cusp of breaking into the very highest levels of academic achievement," said Mark Beissinger, professor of politics and director of PIIRS.
Michael Gordin, professor of history and director of the Program in Russian and Eurasian Studies, will serve as the first director of the Fung Global Fellows Program. "There's fantastic global talent across international studies — scholars who are already beginning to change the intellectual conversation," Gordin said. "We will engage them through this program, enriching both our scholarship and theirs."
The fellows will be expected to conduct research, write and participate in a weekly public seminar series, where they will have the opportunity to present their work to the University community. During the 2013-14 academic year, the theme for the program will be "Languages and Authority" — an examination of how languages interact with political, social, economic and cultural authority.
More information is available on the program's website. Applications for the first cohort are due Nov. 1. Fellows will be announced in spring 2013.


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1The beauty of the celestial height and the pure firmament,a
heaven itself manifests its glory.
2The sun at its rising shines at its fullest,
a wonderful instrument, the work of the Most High!
3At noon it scorches the earth,
and who can bear its fiery heat?
4Like a blazing furnace of solid metal,
the sun's rays set the mountains aflame;
Its fiery tongue consumes the world;
the eyes are burned by its fire.
5Great indeed is the LORD who made it,
at whose orders it urges on its steeds.
6It is the moon that marks the changing seasons,
governing the times, their lasting sign.b
7By it we know the sacred seasons and pilgrimage feasts,
a light which wanes in its course:
8The new moon like its name* renews itself;
how wondrous it is when it changes:
A military signal for the waterskins on high,
it paves the firmament with its brilliance,
9The beauty of the heavens and the glory of the stars,
a shining ornament in the heights of God.c
10By the LORD's command the moon keeps its appointed place,
and does not fade as the stars keep watch.
11Behold the rainbow! Then bless its Maker,
for majestic indeed is its splendor;d
12It spans the heavens with its glory,
the hand of God has stretched it out in power.
13His rebuke marks out the path for the hail,
and makes the flashes of his judgment shine forth.
14For his own purposes he opens the storehouse
and makes the rain clouds fly like vultures.
15His might gives the clouds their strength,
and breaks off the hailstones.
16The thunder of his voice makes the earth writhe;
by his power he shakes the mountains.
17A word from him drives on the south wind,
whirlwind, hurricane, and stormwind.
He makes the snow fly like birds;
it settles down like swarms of locusts.
18Its shining whiteness blinds the eyes,
the mind marvels at its steady fall.
19He scatters frost like salt;
it shines like blossoms on the thornbush.
20He sends cold northern blasts
that harden the ponds like solid ground,
Spreads a crust over every body of water,
and clothes each pool with a coat of armor.
21When mountain growth is scorched by heat,
and flowering plains as by fire,
22The dripping clouds restore them all,
and the scattered dew enriches the parched land.
23His is the plan that calms the deep,
and plants the islands in the sea.
24Those who go down to the sea recount its extent,
and when we hear them we are thunderstruck;e
25In it are his creatures, stupendous, amazing,
all kinds of life, and the monsters of the deep.
26For him each messenger succeeds,
and at his bidding accomplishes his will.f
27More than this we need not add;
let the last word be, he is the all!*
28Let us praise him the more, since we cannot fathom him,
for greater is he than all his works;
29Awesome indeed is the LORD,
and wonderful his power.
30Lift up your voices to glorify the LORD
as much as you can, for there is still more.
Extol him with renewed strength,
do not grow weary, for you cannot fathom him.
31For who has seen him and can describe him?
Who can praise him as he is?g
32Beyond these, many things lie hidden;
only a few of his works have I seen.
33It is the LORD who has made all things;
to those who fear him he gives wisdom.h
* [43:8] Like its name: there is a play in the Hebrew text on the words for moon and renewal. Waterskins: clouds as source of rain.
* [43:27] The all: the perfections reflected in creation are found in a transcendent way in God, who alone is their source.
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In 2011, the owners of Bayview Resort & Harbor, Inc in Ellison Bay, WI announced that they would allow guests to use the private, upscale waterfront resort for beachside wedding ceremonies. The resort's south pier, also known as the Door County Wedding Pier, was completely rebuilt in 2010 with special events like wedding ceremonies in mind in order to take advantage of the spectacular waterfront location and fantastic view of Ellison Bay - not too far from Justice.
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Infield fly heard 'round the world will linger
Ruling will be what's remembered in first game of new playoff format
Or at least a controversial call by the umpires did.
The Cardinals shocked the Braves, 6-3, in the first game of this new format, but it was a disputed infield fly call in the eighth inning that will be remembered in this historic event at Turner Field.
A popup that dropped in shallow left field.
The call, by veteran umpire Sam Holbrook, put the damper on a would-be Atlanta rally in the eighth and triggered a 19-minute delay as irate Braves fans littered the field, throwing water bottles, paper cups and anything else they could find. Players ran for cover as the grounds crew removed the debris.
Toss in a crucial fourth-inning throwing error by Braves All-Star third baseman Chipper Jones in his final game, a baserunning interference call that went against Atlanta and you have a vivid snapshot of how this contest went.
And why most in the sellout crowd of 52,631 found the outcome difficult to accept.
The Cards, who have a knack for finding ways to win these important games, go home to play Washington in the National League Division Series, which begins Sunday at 3 p.m. ET on TBS.
But it will be what I think was a blown call, or at best a stretch of the infield fly rule, that will linger.
Jones, a certain future Hall of Famer, disagreed, after saying he cost his teammates the game when he threw wildly into right field on a certain double-play ball in the fourth inning that paved the way for three St. Louis runs.
"Ultimately, I think that when we look back on this loss, we need to look ourselves in the mirror," Jones said. "We put ourselves in that predicament, down [6-3] at the time.
"You know, that call is kind of a gray area. I don't know. But I'm not willing to say that that particular call cost us the game. Three errors cost us the ballgame, mine probably being the biggest."
Jones was correct when he said the infield fly ruling is a gray area.
With the Braves down, 6-3, runners on first and second with one out, shortstop Andrelton Simmons lofted a high fly ball to shallow left field -- about 90 feet from the infield dirt.
Cardinals shortstop Pete Kozma ran to the outfield grass for the ball, then stopped when left fielder Matt Holliday charged in. The ball dropped between the two fielders.
It appeared the Braves would have the bases loaded, but Holbrook would say later he immediately called the batter out, using the infield fly rule. Immediately after, third-base umpire Jeff Nelson also signaled out.
When Simmons was called out and Braves manager Fredi Gonzalez raced onto the field to argue, the crowd erupted.
In a bizarre series of events, the Braves protested the game, MLB executive vice president of baseball operations Joe Torre, in attendance, rejected the complaint in real time, and after the field was cleaned, the game resumed.
There has been widespread debate about the fairness of a one-game playoff between the two Wild Card teams in each league, and for the first one to end as it did Friday night fuels that fire.
Torre, in his capacity as head of baseball operations, oversees Major League umpires. He said after the game, in his opinion, it was an infield fly, "but again, it's a judgment."
Holbrook said, "I saw the shortstop go back and get underneath the ball where he would have had an ordinary effort and would have caught the baseball. That's why I called the infield fly."
Gonzalez said, "I was arguing or protesting that it was not an ordinary effort. I thought the shortstop had to go way out there to make the play on that fly ball, and I think we've got to take into account the crowd of 50,000 people yelling. I thought there was some miscommunication between Matt Holliday and Kozma."
Cards manager Mike Matheny said there was no doubt.
"We saw what happened," he said. "We saw the infield fly [rule] being called. Guys in the dugout yelling and pointing. So I understand why the Braves would be frustrated. We get that. When that call is made, a couple of things can happen: We know the ball is dead, runner is out and runners advance at their own risk."
There was an obvious miscommunication between Holliday and Kozma, and yes, the crowd probably played a role. They seemed uncertain who was actually calling for the ball.
But in 54 years of covering Major League Baseball, I've never seen the fly rule called when a fielder isn't under the ball. The infield fly is a complicated rule, designed to prevent infielders from intentionally dropping a popup with more than one runner on base to perhaps get an extra out.
It wasn't even close in this case. As Holliday charged in, Kozma, his glove outstretched, took a few steps back, deeper into the outfield.
For the postseason, MLB uses six umpires. Normally, if such a call were to be made, it would be handled by the third-base ump. Holbrook was the left-field umpire Friday night.
Holbrook said, after later reviewing the replay, "There was absolutely no second guess" of the decision.
The Braves have spent this entire season trying to put behind their 2011 season, when they collapsed in September and watched the Cardinals win the NL Wild Card; there was just one in each league before this new format was concocted.
Now, Atlanta will have to spend another long winter wondering what might have been had it not been for three early errors and an eighth-inning call that defined the first game in this win-or-else round.


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Royals - 002 700 120 - 12 20 0Here is everything you need to know about tonight's game:
Red Sox - 302 000 000 - 5 10 1
Bill Hall pitched the only 1-2-3 inning for the Red Sox.Wakefield was dismal: 3.2-12-9-3-1, 88. Fifteen baserunners and only 11 outs.
The Royals tied a club record against the Red Sox with 20 hits. The first time was on August 2, 1987, in a 13-5 Royals win. (The Royal team record is 26 hits, against the Tigers on September 9, 2004. It was the first game of a doubleheader in Detroit, and Kansas City won 26-5. The Tigers won the nightcap 8-0.)
One bright spot: Victor Martinez doubled and homered in his first two trips to the plate, driving in four runs.
AL East: The White Sox beat the Rays 5-2, the Yankees beat Cleveland 8-2, and the Blue Jays shut out the Orioles 5-0. And so we are back in fourth, 6.5 GB, with New York 3.5 and Toronto 5.5.Kyle Davies / Tim Wakefield
Jacoby Ellsbury is back on the DL. See below.Scutaro, SS
Pedroia, 2B
Ortiz, DH
Youkilis, 1B
Martinez, C
Drew, RF
Beltre, 3B
Hermida, LF
Cameron, CF
Spiders/Yankees, 7 PM
White Sox/Rays, 7 PM
Orioles/Blue Jays, 7 PM
The Mets finished a three-game "perfect" sweep of the Phillies: 8-0, 5-0, 3-0! Philadelphia has scored only three runs in its last five games. Runs scored in last nine games: 1, 1, 5, 5, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0.


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Quality Description: Labour force survey
- 1. Relevance of statistical information
- 2. Methodological description of the statistical survey
- 3. Correctness and accuracy of data
- 4. Timeliness and promptness of published data
- 5. Accessibility and transparency/clarity of data
- 6. Comparability of statistics
- 7. Coherence and consistency/uniformity
1. Relevance of statistical information
The Labour Force Survey is a sample survey used in the compilation of monthly, quarterly and annual statistics on participation in the labour market, employment, unemployment and working hours among the population aged between 15 and 74. The data content of the Survey is based on an EU regulation, and the Survey sample includes approximately 12,000 persons every month. The information provided by the respondents is used to draw a picture of the activities of the entire population aged between 15 and 74 on the labour market during one week. In the basic classification of labour market status, the population is divided into the employed, the unemployed and the economically inactive. The active population (labour force) consists of the employed and the unemployed.
The Survey provides an up-to-date and comprehensive picture of the active population (labour force) and changes on the labour market. Public attention focuses each month especially on the changes in employment and unemployment from the corresponding month of the previous year. Seasonally adjusted figures are used to monitor the trend of the changes. The Survey also provides information about persons of working age who are not employed or job seekers. Since 2003, information has also been obtained from a subsample about the structure of households and the activities of all household members aged 15 to 74 relative to the labour market. A description of the data content of the Labour Force Survey is available at: http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/tyti/tyti_2008-02-19_tlu_001_en.html .
The monthly and quarterly results of the Labour Force Survey describe the seasonal and trend variation of employment. The Labour Force Survey time series describe long term changes in the labour market. Annual averages describe the active population, that is, the employed and the unemployed, and the economically inactive persons by, for instance, industry, occupation, education, age, gender and area.
The results of the Survey are used in preparing, among other things, labour market projections and plans, as support for decision-making and in the monitoring of the effects of different measures on employment. Key users of the results are ministries, authorities responsible for regional planning, employers' and employees' organisations, universities and research institutes, international organisations and the European Union. At Statistics Finland the data are used in, for instance, calculations of National Accounts. The Statistical Office of the European Communities, Eurostat, steers the content of the Survey and monitors its quality. Eurostat produces structural indicators and other statistics from the quarterly data that are submitted to it.
The concepts and definitions used in the Survey comply with the recommendations of ILO, the International Labour Organisation of the UN, and the regulations of the European Union on official statistics. The current data content of the Labour Force Survey is mainly based on the EU Regulations concerning Labour Force Surveys (Nos 577/98, 2257/2003 and 430/2005). A detailed description of the EU Labour Force Survey is available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Labour_market_and_Labour_force_survey_(LFS)_statistics . Since 1999 a harmonised EU ad hoc survey with an annually changing topic has been conducted in connection with the Labour Force Survey. Further information about the ad hoc surveys can be found (in Finnish) at: http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/tyti/tyti_2018-04-12_men_001.pdf .
In 2018, the topic of the ad hoc module was reconciliation between work and family life. A few national questions related to the topic were also added to the interview. The inquiry was based on the sample of the Labour Force Survey. Target persons aged 18 to 64 were interviewed for the inquiry in the fifth interview round of the Labour Force Survey. Especially persons with children aged under 15 were of interest.
Over 13,000 persons responded. The results have been weighted to correspond with the entire population aged 18 to 64. The effects of non-response on the results were corrected by using so-called weight calibration. The following register data were used in the weight calibration: sex, age, education and area. In addition to population data, for example, data on employment, number of children and the age of the youngest child were utilised in the calibration.
A person is employed if he/she has during the survey week been in gainful employment at least one hour against wages or salary or fringe benefits, or to make profit. Employees temporarily absent from work during the survey week are also classified as employed if the reason for absence is maternity or paternity leave or own illness or the absence has lasted for under three months. A self-employed person or an unpaid worker in an enterprise of a family member is calculated in employed regardless of the length or reason for absence.
A person is unemployed if he/she is without work during the survey week (not in paid employment or working as self-employed), has actively sought employment in the past four weeks as an employee or self-employed and would be available for work within two weeks. A person who is without work and waiting for an agreed job to start within three months is also classified as unemployed if he/she could start work within two weeks. Persons laid off for the time being who fulfil the above-mentioned criteria are also counted as unemployed.
All persons aged 15 to 74 who were employed or unemployed during the survey week belong to the active population . The concept of labour force can also be used of the active population.
The economically inactive population consists of persons who are not employed or unemployed during the survey week. The concept of persons not in labour force can also be used of the inactive population.
Explanations for other concepts of the Labour Force Survey can be found at: http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/tyti/kas_en.html .
The classifications used in the Labour Force Survey include the Standard Industrial Classification (TOL 2008, NACE Rev. 2), the Classification of Occupations 2010 (ISCO-08), the Classification of Socio-economic Groups 1989 (based on the Classification of Occupations 2010) and the Classification of Education 2016 (ISCED 2011) as well as the regional classification into Major Regions, Regional State Administrative Agencies (AVI), Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (ELY Centre) and Regions.
2. Methodological description of the statistical survey
The population of the Labour Force Survey consists of persons aged between 15 and 74 who are permanent residents of Finland. The population also comprises persons residing temporarily (for under one year) abroad as well as foreign nationals registered in the Finnish Population Information System whose stay in Finland will last for at least one year ( http://vrk.fi/en/registration-of-foreign-citizens ).
The sample of the Labour Force Survey is drawn twice a year as a stratified random sample from Statistics Finland's population database, which is based on the Central Population Register. The survey is a panel survey in which one person is interviewed five times. The interviews are conducted every three months, apart from the fourth interview which is conducted six months after the third interview. The first and last interviews are 15 months apart. The sample of each month consists of approximately 12,000 persons, which is, on the average, every 300th person in the population. The sample for one survey month consists of five rotation groups which have entered the survey at different points of time. The sample changes gradually so that different persons answer the questions during three consecutive months. In consecutive quarters three-fifths of the respondents are the same. In consecutive years the overlap is two-fifths. The data are collected from all weeks of the year.
In most European countries the Labour Force Survey data are collected from a sample of households, which means that all members of a household living at the same address are interviewed at the same time. Besides Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland are the only other countries were the sample is based on individual persons, i.e. only the target persons drawn into the sample are interviewed. However, the EU regulation also requires data concerning households and in Finland this has been solved by exploiting the panel nature of the Labour Force Survey. In addition to the basic interview, a household interview is conducted on the fifth interview round to ascertain the members who belong to the household of the interviewee and the activity of the household members aged 15 to 74 on the labour market. So that the data would describe the whole population, a supplementing sample is added to it of households in which all members are aged 75 or over. Children under the age of 15 and persons aged over 75 are not interviewed in the Labour Force Survey, but certain data are imputed for them to describe their status on the labour market.
The household data enable examinations of, for instance, employment in the family and the joint status of both spouses on the labour market. In 2018, the household data comprised approximately 47,000 persons who formed 20,000 households. The household data for the Labour Force Survey have been collected by the present method since 2003 and the data can mainly be published starting from the year 2004.
The data content of the survey varies by survey round. Certain basic pieces of information are inquired in the first round and checks are then made in subsequent rounds to see whether they have remained unchanged. The data content is wider in the last, or the fifth, survey round which includes the household module, the annual ad hoc module with variable topics, as well as certain additional questions concerning the main job.
Statistics Finland's interviewers collect the data with computer-assisted telephone interviews. In 2018, around 95,000 persons were interviewed for the Labour Force Survey. The response rate of this survey was 66 per cent, on average.
The results from the sample are weighted to correspond to the entire population aged between 15 and 74. The effects of non-response on the results are corrected by using so called weight calibration, in which weighting is used to produce the correct population distributions by area, gender and age. Information from the job seeker register of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment is also used as supplementary data.
Like all figures collected with a sample survey, the figures of the Labour Force Survey are so called estimates. An estimate is an estimation of a quality of the population derived by applying a mathematical procedure (estimation) to sample observations. For example, the number of the unemployed published in a certain month is an estimate of the number of unemployed persons aged between 15 and 74 in Finland obtained by such a procedure.
Quarterly and annual estimates are averages of monthly estimates. Working days and hours worked are estimated basing on the number of calendar days in the month concerned. Quarterly and annual estimates of working days and hours worked are sums of monthly estimates.
The employment and unemployment figures of the Labour Force Survey vary relatively regularly in different months of the year. So-called trends are also published from the Labour Force Survey. Variation which occurs annually in similar ways has been removed from these trends. The direction of long-term developments and cyclical variations are easier to see from a trend than from unadjusted monthly data. Due to the method used, the last data of the trend become slightly revised when the data of the following month are inserted into the time series. This preliminary nature of trends should be taken into account when drawing conclusions. Starting from June 2007, the trend components of the time series have been calculated with the Tramo/Seats method recommended by Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Further information about the trend and limitations in its use can be found at: http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/tramo_seats_en.html .
3. Correctness and accuracy of data
The reliability of the figures of the Labour Force Survey is affected by non-response (see above), measurement errors and random variation due to sampling.
Measurement errors arise from, among other things, differences in interpreting or understanding of the questions, respondents' inability to recall or unwillingness to give certain information, or erroneous recording of answers. Development and testing of the questions, interviewer instructions and the user interface, and training of interviewers are measures used to contain measurement errors.
Random variation due to sampling means that figures calculated from different samples deviate somewhat from each other. When evaluating roughly the magnitude of random variation due to sampling in different situations, the main principle is that 1) the larger the sample is from which the figures are calculated and 2) the larger the population described by the figures is, the less uncertainty due to sampling there will be in the figures . For instance, quarterly figures are more accurate than monthly figures in describing the same phenomenon, as quarterly data have been collected by interviewing three times the number of persons interviewed for monthly data. Annual figures are the most accurate. The latter principle means that the figures of the employed and the unemployed, that is the estimates, based on a sample of the same size are the more accurate the larger the subgroup they apply to. As the relevant subgroup becomes smaller, random variation due to sampling increases. Therefore e.g. the numbers of the unemployed in different age groups or in different areas are not as reliable as the number of all the unemployed.
Inaccuracy due to sampling is assessed with the standard error of the estimate. The magnitude of the standard error is influenced by the size of the sample and the variance of the variable being investigated. Standard error can be used to calculate the confidence interval , within which the value of the population lies with a certain probability. The 95 per cent confidence interval used in the Labour Force Survey is the interval within which the real value of the characteristic being investigated lies with 95 per cent probability . For instance, if the estimate for the number of unemployed persons in a certain month is 230,000 and its standard error is 7,700, the 95 per cent confidence interval of the number of the unemployed is 230,000 � 15,100, i.e. 214,900–245,100 persons. The share to be added to the estimate or deducted from it, in this case 15,100, is obtained by multiplying the estimate's standard error with the 1.96 coefficient of the 95 per cent confidence interval. This share describes the inaccuracy caused by random variation due to sampling and is called the margin of error .
Examples of the accuracy of the number of the employed and the unemployed by size of subgroup
To illustrate the magnitude of random variation, examples of the estimates of different numbers of the employed and the unemployed, their margins of error and other key figures of reliability are presented in the following tables 1-3. The magnitude of random variation in the examples is a rough estimate of the upper boundary of random variation, when the figure being investigated is a correspondingly large estimate of the number of the employed or the unemployed by gender, age or region . In correspondingly large subgroups by industry, the margin of error is wider. The examples in table 1 refer to monthly estimates. Tables 2-3 include the corresponding data for quarterly and annual estimates.
Table 1. Examples of the accuracy of monthly estimates of different sizes: the numbers of the employed and the unemployed by gender, age and region. 1)
Monthly estimate | Monthly estimate's margins of error (95% confidence interval) |
Standard error | Relative standard error |
persons | persons | persons | % | |
Employed | 2 400 000 | � 27 800 | 14 200 | 0,6 |
1 200 000 | � 21 000 | 10 700 | 0,9 | |
600 000 | � 15 300 | 7 800 | 1,3 | |
300 000 | � 11 600 | 5 900 | 2,0 | |
100 000 | � 6 700 | 3 400 | 3,4 | |
50 000 | � 4 700 | 2 400 | 4,8 | |
10 000 | � 2 900 | 1 500 | 15,0 | |
Unemployed | 230 000 | � 15 100 | 7 700 | 3,3 |
120 000 | � 11 800 | 6 000 | 5,0 | |
90 000 | � 10 800 | 5 500 | 6,1 | |
60 000 | � 9 000 | 4 600 | 7,7 | |
30 000 | � 6 900 | 3 500 | 11,7 | |
20 000 | � 5 100 | 2 600 | 13,0 | |
10 000 | � 3 700 | 1 900 | 19,0 |
We can see from table 1 that if the monthly estimate of the employed in the subgroup is 300,000 persons, the real number of the employed lies, with a probability of 95 per cent, within the range 300,000 � 11,600 persons. The size of this confidence interval relative to the size of the estimate is clearly larger than the corresponding share in the large estimate on the first row of the table. For estimates of less than 300,000 persons the confidence intervals are relatively even wider.
A comparison of data in tables 1–3 illustrates also that annual and quarterly data are more accurate than monthly data. The 95 per cent confidence interval corresponding to the estimate of the employed in a subgroup of 300,000 persons examined above, that is 300,000 � 6,700 persons (table 2), is clearly narrower than the confidence interval of the monthly estimate. Annual estimated are even more accurate than quarterly estimates (table 3). This difference in accuracy is, however, not as large as the corresponding difference between monthly and quarterly data.
Table 2. Examples of the accuracy of quarterly estimates of different sizes: the numbers of the employed and the unemployed by gender, age and region. 1)
Quarterly estimate | Quarterly estimate's margins of error (95% confidence interval) |
Standard error | Relative standard error |
persons | persons | persons | % | |
Employed | 2 400 000 | � 16 100 | 8 200 | 0,3 |
1 200 000 | � 12 500 | 6 400 | 0,5 | |
600 000 | � 8 800 | 4 500 | 0,8 | |
300 000 | � 6 700 | 3 400 | 1,1 | |
100 000 | � 4 700 | 2 400 | 2,4 | |
50 000 | � 3 900 | 2 000 | 4,0 | |
10 000 | � 2 000 | 1 000 | 10,0 | |
Unemployed | 230 000 | � 8 800 | 4 500 | 2,0 |
120 000 | � 6 900 | 3 500 | 2,9 | |
90 000 | � 6 100 | 3 100 | 3,4 | |
60 000 | � 5 100 | 2 600 | 4,3 | |
30 000 | � 3 500 | 1 800 | 6,0 | |
20 000 | � 3 100 | 1 600 | 8,0 | |
10 000 | � 2 400 | 1 200 | 12,0 |
Table 3. Examples of the accuracy of annual estimates of different sizes: the numbers of the employed and the unemployed by gender, age and region. 1)
Annual estimate |
Annual estimate's margins of error (95% confidence interval) |
Standard error | Relative standard error |
persons | persons | persons | % | |
Employed | 2 400 000 | � 15 700 | 8 000 | 0,3 |
1 200 000 | � 11 400 | 5 800 | 0,5 | |
600 000 | � 7 800 | 4 000 | 0,7 | |
300 000 | � 6 100 | 3 100 | 1,0 | |
100 000 | � 3 300 | 1 700 | 1,7 | |
50 000 | � 2 500 | 1 300 | 2,6 | |
10 000 | � 800 | 400 | 4,0 | |
Unemployed | 230 000 | � 7 100 | 3 600 | 1,6 |
120 000 | � 5 700 | 2 900 | 2,4 | |
90 000 | � 4 500 | 2 300 | 2,6 | |
60 000 | � 3 500 | 1 800 | 3,0 | |
30 000 | � 2 400 | 1 200 | 4,0 | |
20 000 | � 2 000 | 1 000 | 5,0 | |
10 000 | � 1 600 | 800 | 8,0 |
Statistical description of the reliability of estimation
The estimation procedure of the Labour Force Survey is based on the calibration of weights in which the original sample weights calculated on the basis of the sample design are adjusted with a regression model to get the desired population distributions.
The accuracy of estimates is evaluated on the basis of their standard error. Standard error (the square root of the sample variance) describes how neatly the value of the parameter estimated from the observations is concentrated around the parameter of the population. The magnitude of the standard error is affected by sample design, the number of observations in the relevant population or subgroup, variation due to the distribution of the research variable as well as properties of the mathematical formula.
Key figures of reliability derived from the standard error are the confidence intervals and relative standard error. Confidence interval describes the width of the range in which the real value of the parameter is relative to the estimate calculated from the sample. When calculating the confidence interval, the desired level of risk is fixed. The 5 per cent risk level applied in the Labour Force Survey means that if the samples were drawn again, in 95 cases out of one hundred the real value of the parameter would be within the confidence interval and in 5 cases out of one hundred it would be outside the confidence interval.
Relative standard error (variation coefficient) is the percentage share of the standard error of the estimate. Proportioning the standard error to the estimate's size removes the effect of the scale of the variable. Hence the values of the relative standard error of different variables and the values of the standard error of the same variable in different subgroups are easy to compare with one another.
In the monthly and quarterly data of the Labour Force Survey, the estimator of the standard error is the variance estimator of the generalised regression estimator (GREG). The statistical accuracy of the annual estimates and its evaluation is also affected by the fact that the sample of the Labour Force Survey changes gradually during the year. In consecutive quarters 60 per cent of the respondents are the same. During one year 90 per cent of the interviewees have been interviewed at least twice. The responses given by the same persons in different interviews during the year correlate to one another if the person's labour market status does not change between interviews. To account for this co-dependence of responses, the Labour Force Survey uses an approximation of single stage cluster sampling in which a cluster internal variance is calculated for persons interviewed several times during the year. Clusters are formed on the basis of interviewee's age. Cluster internal variance is zero it the interviewee's labour market status does not change during the year between different interviews.
For example, the standard error calculated for annual estimate of the unemployed in a subgroup of 230,000 persons is 3,600 persons and the confidence interval is 230,000 � 7,100 persons. If the interviews on which the annual estimate is based had all been with different persons, the standard error of the estimate of the unemployed would have been 2,300 persons and the confidence interval 230,000 � 4,500 persons. Interviewing the same persons again in different quarters of the year explains why the difference in the accuracy of the annual and quarterly data of the Labour Force Survey is not as large as could be expected on the basis of the number of interviews conducted.
4. Timeliness and promptness of published data
The results of the Labour Force Survey are released monthly, quarterly and annually. Quarterly and annual results are the averages of monthly results, i.e. they describe the situation on an "average" week during the survey period. Data on labour input are sums of the results of periods. The released data are final. Only seasonal adjustment slightly alters the latest seasonally adjusted monthly results. Monthly data are released approximately three weeks from the end of the survey month. Quarterly data are released simultaneously with the last monthly data of each quarter. Quarterly data are statistically more reliable than monthly data and contain more detailed data on, among other things, employment and labour input by industry and more specific regional data. The most detailed results are published in annual statistics. Quarterly deliveries of data are made to the Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, which are used to compile statistics on EU Member States.
5. Accessibility and transparency/clarity of data
The results of the Labour Force Survey are published in the Labour market series of Official Statistics of Finland. The key monthly, quarterly and annual results are released on predefined days on the Internet on the home page of the Labour Force Survey http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/tyti/index_en . The links on the home page lead to, among other things, a description of the statistics, concepts and definitions as well as the free of charge tables from the statistical databases of the Labour Force Survey (StatFin). Data are also available over the Internet from Statistics Finland's chargeable time series database (ASTIKA). Eurostat publishes quarterly and annual Labour Force Survey data on its own website.
The annual publication of Labour Force Statistics contains a review of the past statistical reference year, definitions of key concepts, descriptions of the classifications used, time series and annual tables as well as this Quality description of Labour Force Survey. In addition, Labour Force Survey data are published regularly in the Statistical Yearbook of Finland and in the Bulletin of Statistics. Chargeable special compilations can be requested from the Labour Force Survey information service.
Labour Force Survey data are not released outside Statistics Finland in identifiable form (Statistics Act 280/2004, Personal Data Act 523/1999). Data can be released only on the basis of a separate application for licence to use statistical data and without identifiers for scientific research and statistical surveys. Data adjusted for the EU Labour Force Survey are delivered to Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities without identifiers. The Labour Force Survey data are protected according to the protection class defined in Statistics Finland's data protection guidelines. A register description can be found (in Finnish) at: http://www.stat.fi/meta/rekisteriselosteet/rekisteriseloste_tyovoimatutkimus.html .
Information service: firstname.lastname@example.com and tel. +358 29 551 1000.
6. Comparability of statistics
A monthly Labour Force Survey, initially called Labour Force Inquiry, has been conducted since 1959. During this time the data content, data collection methods and methodology have been revised on several occasions. A comparable time series of the key data exists since 1989.
Initially, the inquiry with a somewhat limited data content was conducted as a postal survey. In 1976 the data content was expanded and the methodology modernised. During 1977–1993 the survey consisted of a monthly inquiry and supplementary annual interviews conducted over the telephone. The data collection of the monthly inquiry was changed in 1983 from a postal survey to telephone interviews, as a result of which non-response dropped from 30 to 4 per cent.
When Finland joined the European Union the Labour Force Survey was harmonised with the EU Labour Force Survey. At the beginning in 1995–1998, the data for the EU Labour Force Survey were collected as a separate interview survey in March-May. The monthly survey was gradually revised to correspond to the EU Labour Force Survey. The contents of the monthly survey were extended, computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) were introduced in the data collection and the concepts and definitions were harmonised to correspond better than before to the EU and ILO guidelines and recommendations. The definition of an unemployed person was revised in May 1998 and the published time series were retrospectively revised to correspond with the new definitions starting from 1989.
In April 1999 the Labour Force Survey's data content was widened again with the combining of the monthly survey and the EU Labour Force Survey into a single, continuous Labour Force Survey. As of the beginning of 2000 the survey changed over into a continuous survey week, whereas previously data for each month had been collected in one survey week. This changeover affected data on working days and hours worked, which are not fully comparable with earlier data starting from the beginning of the year 2000. Starting from 2003 the data content of the survey widened with the so-called household module which is collected from a subsample. A new data collection questionnaire was introduced in 2008. In consequence of this the data content of the survey became slightly revised and collection of some of the data was started from a subsample, whose data are only used as annual data.
7. Coherence and consistency/uniformity
In addition to the Labour Force Survey Statistics Finland's statistics related to the labour market include the Job Vacancy Survey, the Quality of Work Life Survey, statistics on labour disputes, statistics on accidents at work as well as register-based employment statistics (RES).
Of these the RES provide data on the labour market activities of the population. The data in them differ from those of the Labour Force Survey due to the data collection method and the definitions of the employed and the unemployed. The RES are based on total data derived from the administrative data of different authorities. The RES data on a person's activities mainly describe the last week of the year. RES data on unemployment are based on the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment's register of unemployed job seekers. The statistics take good 18 months to complete; preliminary data are ready within about a year. Since the employment statistics represent total data, they offer better regional data (incl. data by municipality) as well as better data on small population groups, e.g. small industries and occupations, than the Labour Force Survey. The concepts of the employment statistics based on administrative registers are not internationally comparable.
Statistics Finland uses the Labour Force Survey data in the compiling of National Accounts. This is among the reasons why the definitions of the key concepts in the Labour Force Survey, such as population, employment and working hours, follow as closely as possible the recommendations for National Accounts (the UN System of National Accounts, SNA, and the European System of Accounts, ESA). The Labour Force Survey definition of the public sector is somewhat different from the classification of sectors in National Accounts. In National Accounts, conscripts are classified as employed according to ILO recommendations, whereas in the Labour Force Survey conscripts are outside the labour force.
The results from the Finnish Labour Force Survey published by Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities, differ from those published in Finland in that conscripts are not included in the statistics published by Eurostat. In most EU countries conscripts are not included in the target group of the Labour Force Survey, i.e. population living in private households. This causes differences especially in the results concerning the 15 to 24 age group. In the figures published by Finland persons performing their conscript duty are included in the population outside the labour force. In some cases differences can arise from the fact that Eurostat's figures include the whole population living in private household whereas in Finland the figures only include those between the ages of 15 and 74.
The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment also publishes data on unemployed job seekers. The Ministry's data derive from register-based Employment Service Statistics, which describe the last working day of the month. The definition of unemployed applied in the Employment Service Statistics is based on legislation and administrative orders which make the statistical data internationally incomparable. In the Employment Service Statistics an unemployed person is not expected to seek work as actively as in the Labour Force Survey. There are also differences in the acceptance of students as unemployed. More detailed information about differences between the statistics is available: http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/tyti/tyti_2016-08-23_men_001_en.html .
Source: Families 2018, Statistics Finland
Inquiries: Tarja Nieminen 029 551 3561, email@example.com
Director in charge: Jari Tarkoma
Updated 17.6.2019
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF):
Families [e-publication].
ISSN=1798-3231. Shared residence 2018,
Quality Description: Labour force survey
. Helsinki: Statistics Finland [referred: 25.6.2024].
Access method: http://www.stat.fi/til/perh/2018/03/perh_2018_03_2019-06-17_laa_001_en.html


text:
FLORA LICHTMAN, BYLINE: We're ending this hour into the sea, Ira. Could you tell?
Ooh, yeah. I like it.
LICHTMAN: The noise you're hearing comes from a blue whale; that's an animal that can reach 90 feet in length, which is longer than a tennis court. Biologist...
JEREMY GOLDBOGEN: Hands down, these are largest animals of all time. And so one of the questions we're interested in is how do they sustain such an extreme body mass and why don't we see anything bigger than a blue whale?
LICHTMAN: That's biologist Jeremy Goldbogen.
FLATOW: And it's part of your Pick of the Week this week, right?
LICHTMAN: That's right.
FLATOW: Flora has got a...
LICHTMAN: Who could get through the week without a Pick of the Week?
FLATOW: And this is actually - this is actually riding on top of the video?
LICHTMAN: It's as if you're riding on top of a blue whale.
FLATOW: Wow.
LICHTMAN: I don't know what more there is to say. I mean...
LICHTMAN: ...you're riding on top of a blue whale and the amazing thing that Jeremy Goldbogen and his colleagues figured out by attaching this National Geographic Crittercam was that these blue whales do barrel rolls while they're eating. It's like the only animal to probably pair Big Gulps with acrobatic feeding.
FLATOW: Wow. Do they do it for fun or is this how they eat or they just...
LICHTMAN: Of course they don't know exactly. But they think maybe there is some advantage like you can swoop up and eat krill in a more efficient way if you angle yourself. But you have to see the barrel roll for yourself.
FLATOW: So they put a camera on the whale? Is that how it works?
LICHTMAN: They put a camera on the whale and they put these data tags. And they saw(ph) both on the camera; it's a little hard to make out that krill patch, you know. But there's not a lot to orient you, in other words. But you can see the whale like turning its head side to side. And then also these data tags, the krillorometers(ph), like the thing in your iPhone - when you turn it, it flips - that tell them exactly the orientation of the whale. So they have both.
FLATOW: It's up there in our Video Pick of the Week, up there at the SCIENCE FRIDAY website, also available - download on your iPad or Android. What does he do - how do you follow up, you know, doing the whales? Does he do this generally, he's a marine biologist?
LICHTMAN: Yeah. These are blue whales. You know, there are other fascinating ways that these whales feed. So humpback whales feed with making bubble (unintelligible) that was a prior Video Pick of the Week. So there's lots of other whales to look at. And then I've been trying to understand exactly why they do this. I mean, these whales are gulping in hundreds of thousands of pounds of water, like a swimming pool of water in a single gulp. It's just astounding.
FLATOW: Yeah, it is astounding. How do they get rid of all that salt? Topic for another discussion.
FLATOW: If you gulp in all that salt water - I think they have tear ducts or something and cry it out or whatever. Something like that.
LICHTMAN: We'll check - yeah. We'll check into it.
FLATOW: We'll check - thank you, Flora.
LICHTMAN: Thanks, Ira.
FLATOW: And that's about all the time we have for our program today. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
Social conservatives misfire again
Published 12:00 am Wednesday, February 6, 2013
Rush Limbaugh thinks John Lewis should have been armed.
"If a lot of African-Americans back in the '60s had guns and the legal right to use them for self-defense, you think they would have needed Selma?" he said recently on his radio show, referencing the 1965 voting rights campaign in which Lewis, now a congressman from Georgia, had his skull fractured by Alabama state troopers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge. "If John Lewis had had a gun, would he have been beat upside the head on the bridge?"
Right. Because a shootout between protesters and state troopers would have done so much more to secure the right to vote.
Incredibly, that's not the stupidest thing anyone has said recently about the Civil Rights Movement.
No, that distinction goes to one Larry Ward, who claimed in an appearance on CNN that Martin Luther King would have supported Ward's call for a Gun Appreciation Day "if he were alive today." In other words, the premiere American pacifist of the 20th century would be singing the praises of guns, except that he was shot in the face with one 45 years ago.
Thus do social conservatives continue to rewrite the inconvenient truths of African-American history, repurposing that tale of incandescent triumph and inconsolable woe to make it useful within the crabbed corners of their failed and discredited dogma. This seems an especially appropriate moment to call them on it. Not simply because Friday was the first day of Black History Month, but because Monday is the centenary of a signal event within that history.
Rosa Louise McCauley was born a hundred years ago. You know her better by her married name — Rosa Parks, the quiet, unassuming 42-year-old seamstress from Montgomery, Ala., who ignited the Civil Rights Movement in December 1955 when bus driver J.F. Blake ordered her to give up her seat for a white man and she refused.
Doubtless, Limbaugh thinks she should have shot Blake instead, but she did not. She only waited quietly for police to come arrest her. Thus began the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Though legend would have it that Parks, who died in 2005, refused because her feet were tired, the truth, she always said, was that it was not her body that was fatigued. "The only tired I was, was tired of giving in" to a system that judged her, as a black woman, unworthy of a seat on a public bus.
Years later, Martin Luther King Jr., the young preacher who led the boycott, would phrase that philosophy of refusal in terms of rhetorical elegance: "Noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good."
Mrs. Parks put it more simply that day in 1955: "No," she said.
The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Mich., which counts Rosa Parks' bus among its holdings, has persuaded the Senate to designate Monday a "National Day of Courage" in her honor. Full disclosure: I gave a compensated speech for the Michigan Department of Civil Rights at the Museum last month. While there, I had the distinct privilege of climbing onto that bus.
Sitting in that sacred space, it is easy to imagine yourself transported back to that fateful moment of decision. Fifty-eight years later, those of us who are guardians — and beneficiaries — of African-American history, who live in a world transformed by the decisions of Rosa, Martin, Fannie Lou, Malcolm, Frederick, W.E.B., Booker T. and a million others whose names history did not record, now have decisions of our own to make. One of them is this:
What shall we say to conservatives who seem hell-bent on rewriting, disrespecting and arrogating that history? Many sharp rebukes come to mind, but none of them improves on the brave thing said by a tired woman born a hundred years ago this week.
Leonard Pitts is a columnist for the Miami Herald. Email: email@example.com.


text:
Hector 'Macho' Camacho Shot In Puerto Rico; Condition Worsens
SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico (CBSNewYork/AP) — The family of Hector "Macho" Camacho tried to decide Wednesday whether he should be removed from life support after a shooting in his Puerto Rican hometown left the former boxing champion clinging to life and his fans mourning the loss of a dynamic and often troubled athlete.
Doctors at the Centro Medico trauma center in San Juan found that Camacho had irregular and intermittent brain activity late Wednesday, said Dr. Ernesto Torres, the center's director.
"We can't declare him brain dead," he said. "We're going to ask the people of Puerto Rico to keep praying."
Torres said doctors will conduct additional tests early Thursday but warned the prognosis remains dire.
"The changes have been more negative than positive," he said, adding that Camacho does not have enough blood coursing through his brain.
Doctors initially had said Camacho was in critical, but stable condition and expected to survive after he was shot Tuesday night in the city of Bayamon. But his condition worsened overnight and his heart stopped at one point, Torres said.
Support for the former champion poured in via Twitter.
"Let's say a pryer for my friend Hector 'Macho' Camacho to pull through like the warrior he's always been," wrote actor Esai Morales.
The 50-year-old Camacho was shot as he and a friend sat in a Ford Mustang parked outside a bar. Police spokesman Alex Diaz said officers found nine small bags of cocaine in the friend's pocket, and a 10th bag open inside the car.
Camacho's mother, who flew in Wednesday from New York, will lead the discussion about whether he should be removed from life support, said Ismael Leandry, a longtime friend and former manager who was also at the hospital.
"We just have to wait to see if 'Macho' gets better. It's a hard battle," Leandry told The Associated Press as he joined friends and family outside the emergency room.
Torres said Camacho's mother, Maria Matias, spent about 20 minutes with her son, one of the most dynamic boxing personalities of his era, and was expected to return for a second visit on Wednesday night.
"His mother came and she is devastated," he said. "She knows the prognosis is not at all favorable."
A godson, Widniel Adorno, said the family has discussed the possibility of organ donation but no final decision has been made.
Camacho's friend, identified as 49-year-old Adrian Mojica Moreno, was killed in the attack. Police said two assailants fled in an SUV but no arrests have been made and no motive has been disclosed.
Camacho was rushed to Centro Medico, where doctors initially said the bullet passed through his jaw and lodged in his shoulder. Torres said the bullet damaged three of the four main arteries in his neck and fractured two vertebrae, which could leave him paralyzed if he were to survive.
Steve Tannenbaum, who has also represented Camacho in the past, had been told earlier by friends at the hospital that the boxer would make it.
"This guy is a cat with nine lives. He's been through so much," he said. "If anybody can pull through it will be him."
Friends and family members waited anxiously at the hospital, fondly recalling Camacho's high-energy personality and his powerful skills in the ring.
"He was like a little brother who was always getting into trouble," said former featherweight champion Juan Laporte, a fellow Puerto Rican who grew up and trained with Camacho in New York.
Camacho has been considered one of the more controversial figures in boxing, but also popular among fans and those who worked in the sport.
"The Macho Man was a promoter's dream," renowned promoter Don King told AP. "He excited boxing fans around the world with his inimitable style. He was a nice, amiable guy away from the ring."
King had promoted Camacho but was caught off guard by news of the attack on the former champion. "What a tragedy this is," he said. "I'm very sorry for Hector and his family. My prayers go out to him."
The fighter's last title bout came against then-welterweight champion Oscar De La Hoya in 1997, a loss by unanimous decision. He last fought in May 2010, losing to Saul Duran. Tannenbaum said they were looking at a possible bout in 2013.
"We were talking comeback even though he is 50," he said. "I felt he was capable of it."
Camacho was born in Bayamon, one of the cities that make up the San Juan metropolitan area
He left Puerto Rico as a child and grew up mostly in New York's Harlem neighborhood, one of the reasons he later earned the nickname "the Harlem Heckler."
He went on to win super lightweight, lightweight and junior welterweight world titles in the 1980s.
Camacho has fought other high-profile bouts in his career against Felix Trinidad, Julio Cesar Chavez and Sugar Ray Leonard. Camacho knocked out Leonard in 1997, ending what was that former champ's final comeback attempt.
Camacho has a career record of 79-6-3.
In recent years, he has divided his time between Puerto Rico and Florida, appearing regularly on Spanish-language television as well as on a reality show called "Es Macho Time!" on YouTube. In San Juan, he had been living in the beach community of Isla Verde, where he would obligingly pose for photos with tourists who recognized him on the street, said former pro boxer Victor "Luvi" Callejas, a neighbor and friend.
"We all know what Macho Camacho has done, but in the last couple of months he hasn't been in any trouble," Callejas said as he kept vigil outside the hospital. "He has been taking it easy. He's been upbeat."
Drug, alcohol and other problems have trailed Camacho since the prime of his boxing career. He was sentenced in 2007 to seven years in prison for the burglary of a computer store in Mississippi. While arresting him on the burglary charge in January 2005, police also found the drug ecstasy.
A judge eventually suspended all but one year of the sentence and gave Camacho probation. He wound up serving two weeks in jail, though, after violating that probation.
His wife also filed domestic abuse complaints against him twice before their divorce several years ago.
(TM and Copyright 2012 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2011 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.)