text:
In re Matai Title "Tuiteleapaga",
TUISE'E ALOSIO TUITELELEAPAGA, Claimant
TUITELELEAPAGA, and FAUATEA IOSEFO PELESASA,
[In the Matter of the Matai Title
"TUITELELEAPAGA" of the Village of Leone]
High Court of American Samoa
Land and Titles Division
MT No.6-89
June 4, 1990
The "Sotoa Rule," whereby the blood relationship of matai candidates is calculated not to the nearest titleholder in a candidate's genealogy but to the original titleholder, while criticized and not often used, may nevertheless be appropriate in certain cases.
Before REES, Associate Justice, TAUANU'U, Chief Associate Judge, AFUOLA, Associate Judge, and APE, Associate Judge.
Counsel: For Claimant, Afoa L.S. Lutu
For Objector Fue, Tau'ese P.F. Sunia
For Objector Fofogaoali'i, Fai'ivae A. Galea'i
For Objector Fauatea, Asaua Fuirnaono
This is a difficult decision among four well qualified candidates. The Court herewith announces its findings with respect to the four statutory criteria set forth in A.S.C.A. § 1.0409(c) for the resolution of disputes over the right to hold a matai title.
I. Best Hereditary Right
The Court finds that Tuise'e, Fue(1), and Fofogaoali'i are all the [15ASR2d91] sons of former holders of the Tuiteleleapaga title. According to the method traditionally used by the Court for calculating blood relationship to a title, each therefore has a 50% or 1/2 relationship to the title. Fauatea is the great-great-grandson of a former Tuiteleleapaga and therefore has a 1/16 relationship to the title.
The Court gave some consideration to applying the alternate method of calculating blood relationship set forth in In re Matai Title Sotoa, MT No.5-82, or some variant of this method. According to the "Sotoa rule," blood relationship is calculated not to the nearest titleholder in a candidate's genealogy but to the original titleholder. One variant of the Sotoa rule would be to trace the ancestry of all candidates to the titleholder who was their nearest common ancestor .
The "Sotoa rule" has been criticized by the Appellate Division of the High Court and has not been applied for several years. See, e.g., In re Matai Title Le'iato, 3 A.S.R. 133 (1986); In re Matai Title La'apui, 4 A.S.R.2d 7 (1987); In re Matai Title Tauaifaiva, 5 A.S.R.2d 13 (1987). It may nevertheless be appropriate in certain cases, as where it appears that a particular family's tradition is to rotate the matai title among the different branches of the family; or where domination of the title by one branch of the family has resulted from previous Court decisions rather than from the family's own consensus, such decisions having produced the unintended result that no person from any other branch has a close relationship to any recent titleholder.
In the present case candidate Fauatea pointed out that his branch A of the family has not had a titleholder for several generations and argued that this fact should weigh in his favor rather than against him. Even [15ASR2d92] under the Sotoa rule or the nearest-common-ancestor variant, however, Fauatea would be somewhat more distantly related to the title than any of the other three candidates. This is because Fauatea is a member of a "younger" generation, in genealogical rather than chronological terms, than the other three candidates. He is a great-great-great-grandson of the candidates' common ancestor Tuiteleleapaga Gatagiala, whereas Fue and Fofogaoali'i are great-great-grandsons and Tuise'e is a great-grandson.
The application of the Sotoa or nearest-common-ancestor rules, therefore, would benefit Tuise'e rather than Fauatea. Tuise'e, however, uses the traditional rule in calculating his own hereditary right, and willingly conceded during his testimony that Fue and Fofogaoali'i have the same blood relationship (50% or 1/2) as he does.
Since digression from the traditional rule would do nothing to address the issue raised by Fauatea, this does not seem an appropriate case for such digression.
We therefore apply the traditional rule and find that Tuise'e, Fue, and Fofogaoali'i are tied on the criterion of hereditary right, each having a 1/2 relationship to the title.
II. Wish of the Majority or Plurality of the Clans
This was one of those rare cases in which the candidates more or less agreed on what the "clans" of the family are. At least during the tenure of the late Tuiteleleapaga Napoleone II, the most recent titleholder, the family has been organized into five clans.
It appears that one of these clans, Maualalo, consists entirely of people who are related to the progenitor of the clan not by blood but by adoption. The Maualalo people are, however, true members of the Tuiteleleapaga family, tracing their blood ancestry through other clans. It further appears that prior to the Napoleone period the family may have been divided into only two clans, one descended from Tuiteleleapaga Fue and the other from his sister Melesala. The five current clans have, however, participated as such in family affairs for some years, evidently without objection from anyone. We assess clan support accordingly.
All four candidates have some family support. Tuise'e appears to predominate within the Posu and Lusia clans and to have some support in other clans. Fue appears to predominate within the Napoleone I and Maualalo clans and to have some support in other clans. Fauatea appears [15ASR2d93] to predominate within the Fue or Alosio clan. Fofogaoali'i does not appear to predominate within any clan, although he does appear to have some support within several clans.
We find that Tuise'e and Fue are tied on the criterion of clan support, each having shown wide support including predominant support within two clans.
III. Forcefulness, Character, Personality, and Knowledge of Samoan Custom
All four candidates are well qualified with respect to this criterion. Each has different strengths.
Tuise'e has lived in the Tuiteleleapaga family for twenty years and has served the family with diligence and devotion; he appears to be an honest, devout, and extraordinarily good-natured man who is well loved within the family.
Fue retired from the United States Marine Corps after thirty years, numerous important assignments, and an impressive number of commendations and decorations. He has since served in a number of important positions within the American Samoa Government and is also quite active in Church activities. He is the most materially successful of the candidates; his success outside the fa'aSamoa, however, does not seem to have been accompanied by any diminution in his respect for traditional virtues or in his devotion to the family.
Fofogaoali'i served for some years as pulenu'u of Leone, has served for many years as a matai, is active in Church affairs, and appears to have the dignity, knowledge, and sense of responsibility that befit such activities.
Fauatea, although he only recently begun living within the family in Leone and has not been as active as the other candidates in family, village, or public affairs, appears nevertheless to be an intelligent and agreeable person who is genuinely devoted to the family.
All the candidates have distinguished military records, are active churchgoers, and acquitted themselves well in response to questions designed to test their knowledge of Samoan custom. [15ASR2d94]
The judges have determined that the accomplishments of Fue stand out in this distinguished field, and therefore find that Fue prevails on this criterion.
IV. Value to Family, Village, and Country
For the reasons stated in the discussion of the third criterion, all four candidates would be of value to the family, village, and country. Again, however, the many accomplishments of Fue, his energy and diligence, and the status he has already attained within the community cause him to prevail on this criterion.
It was suggested by some opposing counsel that Fue might be insufficiently flexible and conciliatory to accomplish the most important task of a matai, which is to bring and keep the family together. There is great truth in the observation that authority is always most effectively exercised with humility; Despite some friction during the recent contest, however, relations within the family and among the candidates appear generally to be characterized by affection and respect. We are confident that Fue will direct his energies and his leadership qualities toward uniting rather than dividing the family, and that in so doing he will have the help of Tuise'e, Fofogaoali'i, and Fauatea.
V. Conclusion
Fue, having prevailed along with Tuise'e and Fofogaoali on the first criterion and with Tuise'e on the second, and having prevailed outright on the third and fourth criteria, has the right to hold the title Tuiteleleapaga. Judgment will enter accordingly.
It is so Ordered.
1. Objector Fue I. Tuiteleleapaga is also a holder of the matai title "Peseta" in Western Samoa. On cross-examination he revealed that he has registered this title in Western Samoa but that he is not a citizen of Western Samoa. Opposing counsel laid great stress on this apparent violation of that nation's "Samoan Status Act," which makes it a crime for anyone but a Western Samoan citizen with some Samoan blood to hold a matai title. See Tuika v. Chief Election Officer, 9 A.S.R.2d 57 (1988). The candidate testified, however, that he was unaware of the provisions of that Act and had never been required to take an oath of allegiance to Western Samoa. The apparent violation of Western Samoan law, therefore, does not reflect on the candidate's character or on any other qualification to hold the Tuiteleleapaga title.
On cross-examination of candidates Tuise'e and Fauatea it developed that these candidates are the holders of unregistered matai titles in apparent violation of A.S.C.A. § 1.0414. In neither case, however, does the failure to register appear to have been motivated by a desire to defeat the rights of any other claimant to the title. Without conferring our approval on the use of unregistered matai titles in violation of A.S.C.A. § 1.0414, but in the interest of convenience and clarity, we refer to each candidate by the name he used in filing his claim or objection in the present case.


text:
Sophomore shortstop Joey Pankake has been named SEC Player of the Week and "Louisville Slugger's" National Player of the Week.
Sophomore shortstop Joey Pankake has been named SEC Player of the Week and "Louisville Slugger's" National Player of the Week. He hit .438 (7-for-16) in five games with four homers, seven runs scored and nine RBIs. Pankake hit a pair of three-run homers in each of the wins over Ball State. He then homered in both Saturday and Sunday's victories over Rider.
… In Knoxville, Tenn., the diving team was unable to advance a diver to the finals at the NCAA Zone B Championships on Monday at the Allan Jones Aquatic Center.
… In Aiken, the men's golf team posted rounds of 287 (+7) and 283 (+3) to take the 36-hole lead at the 16th annual Palmetto Intercollegiate at the Palmetto Golf Club.
CLEMSON: Freshman Cody Proveaux had rounds of 71 and 72 to lead the men's golf team to a fifth-place standing after 36 holes of the USC-Aiken Cleveland Classic.
… Devin Booker (Union County) of the men's basketball team was named to the All-ACC third-team.
USC UPSTATE: Freshman pitcher Jamie Ujvari of the softball team has been named the A-Sun Pitcher of the Week after going 3-0 and tossing a no-hitter last week.
… In Elk Grove, Calif., Adam Goins shot rounds of 70 and 69 on the first day of the Sacramento State Invitational and is in second place heading into Tuesday's final round to lead the men's golf team.
LIMESTONE: Coming off a victory over No. 4 Merrimack, the men's lacrosse team remains ranked No. 3 in the nation according to the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association.
… In Hilton Head, the women's tennis team (6-4, 3-0) fell to Augusta State (8-3, 5-2) 8-1 at the Hilton Head Spring Tennis Fest.
… In Hilton Head Island, the men's tennis team (6-4, 2-0 CC) fell to Augusta State (5-7, 2-2 PBC) 7-2.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In crucial spot, Lidge finds redemption
Closer, teammates thrilled after he secures Game 3 win
By Mark Bowman / MLB.com
Utilizing a cutter that he'd only previously displayed during the regular-season finale and breathing the frigid Denver air that surrounded him in his youth, Lidge conquered the challenge provided by a trio of left-handers and worked a scoreless ninth that gave the Phillies a 6-5 win over the Rockies at Coors Field.
"It felt great," said Lidge after converting his first save since Sept. 20. "I really feel like maybe the last week or so, I had a couple of outings at home and I felt real comfortable, real good. I kind of was starting to get that feeling again that things were going to go right."
While posting a 7.21 ERA and blowing 11 of his 42 save opportunities, there were times this year when Lidge felt like everything was going wrong.
But when he got Troy Tulowitzki to fly out to end Game 3 with runners on first and second base, the veteran right-hander exorcised some of the demons that haunted him during the regular season and more importantly gave the Phillies a 2-1 advantage in the best-of-five NLDS.
With a win in either of the final two games, the Phillies will advance to their second consecutive NL Championship Series and be one step closer to that World Series euphoria that they celebrated when Lidge got the final out of their 2008 championship season.
"We as a team have all the confidence in the world in him," said Phillies right-handed reliever Ryan Madson, who took over the closer role when Lidge's struggles extended into September. "When he got the ball in the ninth, we knew he was going to get it done. I'm glad he got the chance to do it tonight and I'm glad he got the job done because he deserves it."
Division Series
|Gm. 1
|Gm. 2
|Gm. 3
|Gm. 4
"Yeah, it's definitely a treat to be able to play here right now," said Lidge, whose youthful days may have prepared him for the sub-freezing temperatures that were present by the time Phillies manager Charlie Manuel called on him to preserve this one-run lead.
Manuel's decision would have been viewed as a no-brainer last year, when Lidge proved perfect with each of the 48 save opportunities he was given during the regular season and playoffs combined. But this year has obviously been much different and the Rockies certainly didn't provide much reason for confidence when they greeted Lidge with four consecutive left-handed hitters.
Having seen left-handers produce a .440 on-base percentage against him during the regular season, Lidge determined it was time to begin utilizing the cutter that he's been toying with dating back to his days with the Astros. Still, before Sunday night, the only other time he'd utilized it in a game was during the scoreless inning he tossed against the Marlins on Oct. 3.
"Fastballs and sliders are my bread and butter and I'm real comfortable and feel confident getting people out with those pitches," Lidge said. "But occasionally if you want to mix in another look to some of those good hitters, those lefties, it's a productive pitch."
Lidge solely utilized his fastball-slider repertoire to get Brad Hawpe, who was previously 2-for-4 against the Phillies closer, to ground out. After a walk to Carlos Gonzalez, the veteran reliever utilized the cutter to get pinch-hitter Jason Giambi to hit a harmless pop fly behind third base.
Todd Helton, who had four hits in 11 previous at-bats against Lidge, was walked before Tulowitzki directed a fly ball that was caught in shallow left field to end a content that lasted slightly more than four hours.
"When you get out there on the mound in a situation like that, you're just trying to focus and lock in and execute your pitches," Lidge said. "So it's great that it happened here. Hopefully we'll get another chance to get a win tomorrow."
Lidge's excitement was shared by a group of teammates who seemingly never lost faith in his ability to rekindle last year's successful form.
"It's amazing," Phillies outfielder Shane Victorino said. "I feel great for him. I've said all along that I want to keep handing him the ball. Playing behind him, he's the guy I want coming in to close the game. That's what we brought him here to do."
Mark Bowman is a reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


text:
Right after ZA updated the other night, my computer bogged down and locked up. After waiting to see if it would clear, I shut down and rebooted. I started getting error messages that an application or dll was not a valid windows image, and then when I tried to open programs, I got a message that each program was not a valid WIN32 program. After rebooting in safe mode and running every scan program imaginable to find a problem with no results, I wondered if it was ZA. I rebooted in normal mode and the same problem was happening, so then I rebooted in normal mode again, but exited ZA as soon as the icon came up in the tray. No problems without ZA running! Has anyone else encountered this?
I am running Windows XP Media Center edition 2005, service pack 3, and ZA security suite 101 065 000.


text:
September marks the end of summer and the start of fall, giving it somewhat of a split personality. What you choose to eat may depend upon your own feelings towards these seasons as well as the weather.
Sure, there's still a week or two of summer left; but pretty soon, sunny days yield to chilly evenings, and barbecues turn into pig roasts by the fire pit. September starts a season full of lush eats! All you have to do is taste the season…….
Fall's wet and sunny weather brings forth harvests of juicy plums, apples, and wild blackberries and blueberries. Crisp vegetables like carrots, arugula, sweet corn and kohlrabi are plentiful.
Hearty meats like lamb and venison, come into play; and for fish lovers, trout and lobster are on the chopping block.
Shopping for seasonal ingredients not only makes you savvy chef, but can save you some serious dough.
Here's a quick list of what ingredients this season has to offer in alphabetical order:
Artichokes (globe), aubergines, beetroot, black bream, borlotti beans, broad beans, brown shrimps, brown trout, carrots, cauliflower, chard, chillies, courgettes, crab, cucumbers, fennel, French beans, garlic, John Dory, kohlrabi, langoustines, lettuce, lobster, mackerel, mushrooms, mussels, onions, oysters, pak choi, peas, peppers, pollack, potatoes, prawns, purslane, radishes, rainbow trout, rocket, runner beans, samphire, sardines, scallops, sea bass, signal crayfish, sole, sorrel, sprats, squash, squid, sweetcorn, sugar snap peas, tomatoes, trout, venison, watercress, grouse, rabbit, lamb, wild salmon, wood pigeon
Is your mouth watering? Well, I'm giving you two recipes to get started: My seasonal vegetables with shallot butter and my pan seared lamb chops with blueberry merlot reduction. Remember, food is fun! So make it your own.
As always feel free to hit me up on twitter with you culinary questions @EliseTDC and for more recipes visit my website at http://www.elisethedivachef.com


text:
Stout Vineyard
Stout Vineyard (1998) is located in the Howell Mountain appellation, one of the Napa Valley's most sought-after, ultra-premium winegrowing regions. As a result of its topography, soils, and climate, Howell Mountain has distinctly different grape-growing conditions than the valley floor. The 36 acres of vineyard are planted to Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Zinfandel, Petit Verdot, Grenache and Syrah. The Stout Vineyard also has 300 mature olive trees that were planted at the turn of the last century.


text:
It makes sense to choose the experts whenever your Subaru requires aftersales care, and at Ian Grieve, that's exactly what you will find. As a manufacturer-approved dealership we are trusted to complete a wide variety of tasks to maintain the quality of our customers' Subaru vehicle, and are well-equipped to solve most issues.
You can visit us for a seasonal service, maintenance, or for more severe accident repairs, and be confident that your car will be returned running at its very best. That is because you'll be leaving it in the hands of fully-trained technicians who have access to the best tools available, as well as genuine parts designed precisely for your model. These parts and a wide selection of accessories are offered at competitive prices, allowing you to personalise the finish of your vehicle and upgrade its features.
It is not just the accessories on sale that are affordable, but our wider servicing tasks, too. The costs come down even further when you take advantage of an exclusive aftersales offer, or when you sign up for a service plan. These arrangements allow you to avoid paying for aftersales support as a single lump sum, and instead see work paid for monthly, just like a utility bill.
With a five-year/100,000-mile warranty included with every model excluding the WRX STI (three-year/60,000-mile), you can have complete peace of mind every time you hit the road. For the duration of your ownership, it is reassuring to know we will be there every time you need us.
Explore our aftersales offering online today, otherwise please enquire directly with us today.


text:
Submit News
The Breakup: NBC Wanted a Slice of iPod Revenue
Jason Mick
October 31, 2007 8:52 AM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
"So that's a 'No' on a cut of the iPod hardware sales? Well, I had to ask."
(Source: NBC)
New allegations emerge which indicate more possible causes for the NBC and Apple split.
The story of NBC and iTunes' breakup is well known to
regulars. Back in August
reported the split
. It then went on to cover Apple's decision to
prematurely drop
its contract with NBC, which would have last until year's end.
The coverage included a blast at NBC in which Apple alleged that the split resulted from NBC's greed $4.99 per episode pricing demands. NBC fired back,
finding a new home
at Amazon's new Unbox download service.
NBC previously stated that it wanted to be able to offer free pilot episodes, control the packaging of content and have more flexibility in pricing. It also wanted additional protection from piracy. It stated that Apple was unwilling to work with it on these issues.
new allegations
have emerged, which may provide shocking testimony to NBC's audacity, if they are true.
NBC President Jeff Zucker, according to a report in
, allegedly shared with
The New Yorker's
Ken Auletta during a benefit for former football powerhouse Syracuse University that NBC had wanted a cut of every iPod Apple sold as part of NBC's negotiations to renew their contract.
Zucker is quoted as saying, "Apple sold millions of dollars worth of hardware off the back of our content and made a lot of money. They did not want to share in what they were making off the hardware or allow us to adjust pricing."
This revelation is being met with incredulity in the media industry. After all, NBC was not alone in most of its complaints against Apple -- for example, iTunes' fixed price of $1.99 per episode. However, no other television network would dare make as audacious a demand as a cut of hardware revenues.
More surprising is how little money NBC was really making for Apple and itself. In the first year of its contract Zucker is quoted as placing its iTunes revenue $15 million USD. In comparison to the $16 billion USD in revenue that NBC Universal, this is only 0.3 percent of the company's total revenue.
It was noted that NBC Universal's theme park business did $100 million USD in revenue. On the other hand, this does mean that iTunes sold approximately 7.5 million NBC TV episodes.
It seems relatively obvious that such demands were the realm of fantasy. Otherwise every television maker from Sony to LG would have to pay a slice to NBC, Fox and the other studios. The "iDevices" would have to pay cuts to Fox, ABC and many more. This is obviously an untenable business model, considering the drive for low cost expensive hardware that often is only slightly profitable at best.
Other networks such as FOX and ABC have not dared make such demands.
NBC has a chance to prove itself on its own with the new HULA service it is starting with FOX (coverage later today at
), its deal with Amazon Unbox and its NBC Direct service,
reported about
earlier this month.
However, until NBC shows a far larger business volume, its demands may appear undeniably like gold-digging of a hardware giant.
"I mean, if you wanna break down someone's door, why don't you start with AT&T, for God sakes? They make your amazing phone unusable as a phone!" -- Jon Stewart on Apple and the iPhone
Related Articles
NBC Universal to Offer Free TV Show Downloads
September 20, 2007, 1:34 PM
Adding Insult to Injury: NBC Moves to Amazon
September 5, 2007, 9:00 AM
Apple Rubs Sand in NBC Universal's Eyes Over iTunes Contract
August 31, 2007, 2:13 PM
NBC Universal to Sever iTunes Contract
August 31, 2007, 9:27 AM
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text: Here is my situation: my home is being built about 2000 feet from my utility transformer which as the end of the utility's line in a very rural, ag area. The utility wanted wayyyy tooo much to extend the line, so I did a little research, some cost comparisons, and found it about 1/3 the price to lay my own cable. I bought a 350kcl cable, and laid it from the transformer to my home. The utility would not supply me with the 480V (I think) from their feed directly, which is what I wanted, so I have the standard 240V service. What I would like to do is to install a step up transformer after my meter to raise the voltage to 480V, then step it down 2000 feet away at the house to 240V. I would like to do this to get more amps at the house. Has anyone had any experience with this sort of thing?


text:
To ensure delivery, please add firstname.lastname@example.com to your address book.
Welcome, YPF Friend, to Yellowstone eNews!
In This IssueYellowstone National Park staff take on the challenge every day of balancing visitor use and enjoyment with the conservation of the park's precious treasures. In this issue, read about several ways this challenge plays out: reversing the devastation caused by the introduction of non-native species, avoiding the potential hazards of wildlife watching, and recycling the waste generated by millions of visitors. We're helping with all of these efforts, and by supporting the Foundation, you are too!
Native Trout in Trouble: New Video
Yellowstone's Plastics-to-Carpet Program
Outdoor Exhibits Promote Wildlife Safety
Photos: Bison and hot spring by Tom Murphy; Yellowstone cutthroat trout by Matt Ludin; All other photos by NPS unless otherwise indicated.
The Fall-Winter issue of YPF's print newsletter highlights efforts to save native cutthroat trout
Bring home your very own Yellowstone moose
Yellowstone exhibits will soon greet airport travelers
Learn about how you can leave a legacy
for Yellowstone National Park. Please watch for new planned giving options, coming soon!


text:
According to a commonly accepted tradition, Memphis was founded about 2925 BC BCE by Menes, who supposedly united the two prehistoric kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt. The precise historical identity of this king is still in question, but there is little doubt as to his connection with Memphis or of the importance of the city from the earliest period. The site had obvious political advantages, being located at the junction of the boundaries of the two formerly separate kingdoms. The local god of Memphis was Ptah, original name of the city was the White Walls, and the term may have referred originally to the king's palace, which would have been built of whitewashed brick. The modern name of Memphis is a Greek version of the Egyptian Men-nefer, the name of the nearby pyramid of the 6th-dynasty (c. 2325–c. 2150 BCE) king Pepi I. Another geographic term for Memphis, Hut-ka-Ptah ("mansion of the ka of Ptah"), rendered Aigyptos in Greek, was later applied to the country as a whole.
Ptah, the local god of Memphis, was a patron of craftsmen and artisans and, in some contexts, a creator god as well. The great temple of Ptah was one of the city's most prominent structures. According to an Egyptian document known as the "Memphite Theology," Ptah created humans through the power of his heart and speech; the concept, having been shaped in the heart of the creator, was brought into existence through the divine utterance itself. In its freedom from the conventional physical analogies of the creative act and in its degree of abstraction, this text is virtually unique in Egypt, and it testifies to the philosophical sophistication of the priests of Memphis.
The original name prominence of the city was the White Wall, and the term may have referred originally to the king's palace, whose walls would have been built of whitewashed brick. The colour also had political significance: white was the colour of the Lower Egyptian crown.No remains of the period of Menes have come to light in the city site itself, but the evidence of the Memphite necropolises confirms the traditional age of the city. The large, Memphis during the earliest periods is indicated by the extensive cemeteries of the Early Dynastic period (c. 2925–c. 2575 BCE) and Old Kingdom (c. 2575–c. 2130 BCE) that cluster along the desert bluffs to the west. Large elaborately niched tombs of the 1st and 2nd dynasties (c. 2925–c 2925–c. 2650 BC BCE) found at Ṣaqqārah have been claimed as royal tombs, but some scholars doubt that Memphis was the sole, or even the primary, capital of Egypt under those dynasties. According to the 3rd-century-BC historian Manetho, the 1st and 2nd dynasties originated at Tjene, or Thinis, in Upper Egypt. Thinis is near Abydos, and excavations at Abydos uncovered rectangular cut-stone tombs (mastabas) of this period that were long believed to be the royal burials of the first dynasties. To complicate the matter still further, there are equally important tombs of the period at other sites, such as Tarkhan and Abū Ruwaysh. Scholars disagree as to which of these are actually royal tombs, which are simply memorials, and which are tombs of important , once argued to be royal monuments, were later accepted as private tombs of powerful courtiers.
The Memphis reached preeminence of Memphis by the 3rd dynasty is unquestioned. . The 3rd-century-BCE historian Manetho calls the 3rd and 4th dynasties (c. 2650–c 2650–c. 2465 BC BCE) Memphite, and the huge royal pyramid tombs of this period, in the necropolises of Memphis, confirm this. Djoser, the second king of the 3rd dynasty, was the builder of the Step Pyramid of Ṣaqqārah, the first large monument to be constructed entirely of stoneearliest royal foundation at Memphis and the first important stone building in Egypt. Imhotep, the king's architect and adviser, is credited with this architectural feat; his reputation as a wise man and physician led , in later times , to his deification and his identification with the Greek god Asclepius.
The remains of several unfinished or badly ruined pyramids near Memphis have been attributed to other 3rd-dynasty kings. The first king of the 4th dynasty, Snefru, built two pyramid tombs at Dahshūr. The three great pyramids of Giza belong to Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, later 4th-dynasty monarchs. The Great Sphinx at Giza dates from the time of Khafre. The last legitimate known king of this dynasty, Shepseskaf, built his tomb at South Ṣaqqārah. It was not a pyramid but a distinctive oblong structure with sloping sides, now called the Maṣṭabat Firʿawn.
The royal pyramids are surrounded by large cemeteries where the courtiers and officials who had served the king during his lifetime were buried. The beautiful reliefs in certain of these tombs include scenes of daily life and thus give some idea of the crafts, costumes, and occupations of the royal court of Memphis. Since little has survived of domestic architecture and household furnishings, these reliefs are a valuable source of information on such subjects. A notable exception to the general rule of loss and destruction is the hidden tomb of Queen Hetepheres, the mother of Khufu, which was discovered near the Great Pyramid of Giza. Though the queen's body was unaccountably missing from her sarcophagus, her funerary equipment and furniture survived. The exquisite taste and craftsmanship of these objects testify, as do the splendid low reliefs of the tombs, to the high development of the arts and crafts of the period. Indeed, it is believed by some scholars that the Old Kingdom, influenced by the craftsmen of the Memphite court and the philosopher-theologians of Ptah, reached a peak of "classic" culture that was never surpassed in Egypt.
The kings of the 5th dynasty (c. 2465–c 2465–c. 2325 BCE) moved south of Giza to build their funerary monuments; their pyramids, at Abū Ṣīr, are much smaller than those of the 4th dynasty, but the pyramid temples and causeways were decorated with fine reliefs. This dynasty was probably marked by a decline of Memphite influence paralleling the rise of a sun cult centred at Heliopolis. The major monuments of the period are not the pyramids but the sun temples, which were, however, also part of the so-called Memphite pyramid area, not far from Abū Ṣīr.
During the 6th dynasty (c. 2325–c. 2150), which Manetho also designates as Memphite, the funerary monuments in the pyramid field of Ṣaqqārah continued to decline in size and workmanship; a curious fact is that the modern name of Memphis is ultimately derived from Men-nefer, the name of the pyramid city of the 6th-dynasty king Pepi I. This relatively small and obscure pyramid thus gave its name to the entire region. At that time the influence of the centralized government at Memphis began to wane, as is indicated by the increased prominence of provincial cities and the number of fine tombs located away from the Memphis area. This process of decentralization ended in the First Intermediate Period, a time of internal breakdown. Manetho's 7th and 8th dynasties (c. 2150–c. 2130 BCE) are both called Memphite, but it is believed that both dynasties together comprised a very short period and that the old Memphite house lost its control over the provincial princes soon after the end of the 6th dynasty.
Memphite influence continued during the Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1600? BC1938–c. 1630 BCE), when Egypt was once more reunited, but with the official residence of the 12th dynasty (1938–c1938–c. 1756) was at Lishtat nearby Itj-tawy (near modern Al-Lisht), near the entrance to Al-Fayyūm. Several 12th-dynasty monarchs erected pyramids at Dahshūr, the southernmost of the Memphite pyramid fields, but the majority of Middle Kingdom monuments were located nearer to Al-Lisht. Yet the predominant artistic and administrative influences during this period seem to be Memphite, and virtually every 12th-dynasty ruler added to the great temple of Ptah.
Another period of political and social chaos followed the 13th dynasty. This Second Intermediate Period (c. 1630–1540 BCE) is characterized by the presence in Egypt of the Asian Hyksos peoples. According to the 1st-century-AD CE historian Josephus, the Hyksos king, whom he calls Salitis, made his capital at Memphis and from there ruled both Upper and Lower Egypt. Inscriptional and archaeological evidence, though it is scanty, tends to confirm the assumption that the invaders Hyksos controlled northern Egypt, but their capital is generally supposed to have been located at Avaris, near Tanis, in the Nile delta. Records left by Kamose, the 17th-dynasty (c. 1630–1540 BCE) king who initiated the reconquest of Egypt from the Hyksos, describe his holdings as extending from Elephantine to Hermopolis Magna but note that he "could not pass by (the invader) as far as Memphis."
With the final expulsion of the Hyksos and the restoration of a united kingdom under the 18th dynasty (c. 1539–1292 BCE), based at Thebes in Upper Egypt, Memphis entered a new period of prosperity. Some scholars claim that Memphis never lost its political preeminence and that during the New Kingdom (c. 1539–1075 BCE), as in earlier times, the city was the actual political capital of Egypt, with Thebes merely the religious centre. Such a hypothesis is impossible to prove, and it may well be that such distinctions, with their rigidity and exclusiveness, are meaningless in terms of Egyptian culture.
The importance of Memphis was based to a considerable extent on its venerable religious role. Certain of the coronation ceremonies were traditionally enacted in Memphis, as was the Heb-Sed festival, a jubilee celebrated by the king after 30 years of rule and repeated every three years thereafter, perhaps a ritual reenactment of the coronation that restored and restated the supernatural powers of the kingshipunification of Egypt.
During the New Kingdom (c. 1539–1075), Memphis probably functioned as the second, or northern, capital of Egypt. At one time it seems to have been the principal residence of the crown prince. Several 18th-dynasty (c. 1539–1292) inscriptions mention royal hunting parties in the desert near the Sphinx. Amenhotep II (reigned c. 1426–1400 1426–00 BCE) was born at Memphis and held the office of high priest there. Both he and his son, Thutmose IV (reigned 1400–1390 BCE), left inscriptions at Giza.
Despite the rise of the god Amon of Thebes, Ptah remained one of the principal gods of the pantheon. The great temple of Ptah was added to or rebuilt by virtually every king of the 18th dynasty. Chapels were constructed by Thutmose I and , Thutmose IV, and by Amenhotep III. Amenhotep III's son, the religious reformer Akhenaton, built a temple to his god, Aton, in Memphis. A number of handsome private tombs dating from this period in the Memphite necropolis testify to the existence of a sizable court.
During the New Kingdom the city shared the increasingly cosmopolitan character of the nation, as trade, foreign conquest, and travel developed. Though Memphis was not on the Nile, it was connected with it by a canal, and it was probably important as a commercial centre. Specific quarters of the city were named for the foreign colonies—slaves, prisoners of war, or merchants—who resided there. A section called the "Field of the Hittites" is known, as are, in later periods, sections inhabited by Carians and Phoenicians.
Under the 19th dynasty (1292–1190 BCE) a new royal residence was built farther north at Per Ramessu in the delta, but Memphis continued to be important. The great temple of Ptah was rebuilt. The kings of that period pillaged the monuments of their predecessors for building materials, and some of the reused blocks come not only from structures in the city but also from temples and pyramid complexes in the Memphite necropolises. Ramses II (reigned 1279–13 BCE) erected several colossi in the temple. The Serapeum, dedicated to the cult of Apis, the bull-god, and built in the form of a labyrinth, was begun under the son of Ramses II, Khaemwese, high priest of Ptah.
By the end of the 20th dynasty (1190–1075 BCE) the united kingdom had begun to break down once again. The official capitals were Tanis and Thebes, but the royal palace at Memphis also continued to be mentioned. The growing popularity of the Apis cult led to further enlargement of the Serapeum. In the 8th century BC, BCE the Nubian king Piye conquered Egypt and restored its unity. Nubia (Cush, or Kush), to the south of Egypt, had been under Egyptian political and cultural influence for centuries. An inscription describing Piye's campaign has survived, and it mentions a siege of Memphis. The city had fortified walls and was surrounded by water, presumably from its encircling canals. Piye took the city, but it was left to his brother and successor, Shabaka, to claim the royal title. There are some indications that this king made Memphis his capital. But the Cushite ( Kushite ) dynasty was overthrown shortly thereafter, when the Assyrians invaded Egypt. Records left by the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (680–669 BC BCE) refer to the siege and destruction of Memphis, the royal residence of one Tarku (Taharqa), king of Egypt, who became pharaoh in 690 BC BCE. After the death of Esarhaddon, Taharqa regained Memphis, but he was driven out of the city again by Ashurbanipal of Assyria, in 667/668 BC BCE.
The collapse of Assyria (612 BC BCE) led to brief Egyptian independence under the 26th dynasty (664–525 BCE; see ancient Egypt: The Late period), but it was not long before new invaders appeared. The Persian Cambyses II took Memphis by siege in 525 BC BCE. After years of Persian rule, Egypt was ready to welcome Alexander the Great in 332 BC BCE. The conqueror used Memphis as his headquarters while making plans for his new city of Alexandria. After his death at Babylon, his body was brought to Egypt and was laid to rest temporarily in Memphis before being buried at Alexandria.
Under the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty (332–30 BC BCE), Memphis retained its cosmopolitan character and had a sizable Greek population. Some of the diversified racial types to be found in the city during Greco-Roman times are depicted in a series of striking terra-cotta heads dating from this period.
At the beginning of the Roman period (1st century BC BCE), Memphis was still considered an important provincial capital. The serious decay of the ancient city began after the rise of Christianity, when zealots of that faith defaced and destroyed the remaining pagan temples. In the 5th century AD CE the Christian monastery of Apa Jeremias rose among the venerable tombs of Ṣaqqārah. The capital continued to deteriorate, receiving its death blow during the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 640 CE. A garrison and fort called Babylon occupied the eastern end of the bridge that crossed the Nile from Memphis, and after a long siege the fortress was taken by the Arab general ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ. Memphis was abandoned, and later the few remaining structures were dismantled so that the stone might be reused in the neighbouring villages and in Cairo, after that city's foundation founding in the 10th century.
The ancient city of Memphis lies near the modern village of Mīt Ruhaynah. At the beginning of the 20th century some ruined walls were still to be seen, but these have now since disappeared, and the only monument above ground is a colossal statue of Ramses II, which once adorned the great temple of Ptah. Few city sites in Egypt have been excavated; and, like so many other ancient Egyptian sites, Memphis is known primarily from the exploration of its necropolises, which tend to yield more dramatic finds than the city itself.
The first archaeologist to work at the city site for any prolonged period was Flinders (later Sir Flinders) Petrie, who excavated between 1908 and 1913, uncovering sections of the great temple of Ptah. These remains, left exposed, soon disappeared under the depredations of the nearby villagers. A University of Pennsylvania expedition worked at the site in 1917, finding foundations of a palace of Merneptah (1213–04 BC BCE), east of the temple of that king. The university sponsored further digging in 1955 and 1956, excavating parts of the great temple and a small temple of Ramses II.
Since about the mid-19th century there has been hardly a season when archaeological activity was not proceeding at one or another of the pyramid sites. Almost all of the pyramids and a majority of the large private tombs were entered by treasure hunters before the beginning of scholarly excavation. One of the earliest scholars to work in the Memphite area was Auguste Mariette, who discovered the Serapeum in 1850. Among the most important of Mariette's successors were George Andrew Reisner and Hermann Junker, who excavated at Giza; Ludwig Borchardt, who excavated the sun temples and the 5th-dynasty pyramids at Abū Ṣīr; Ahmed Fakhry, who worked in the pyramids of Snefru at Dahshūr; and Zakaria Goneim, who discovered a previously unknown pyramid, probably of the 3rd dynasty, to the southwest of the Step Pyramid at Ṣaqqārah. Also noteworthy are the excavations of J.P. Lauer in the Step Pyramid complex. In the 1930s Walter Bryan Emery began the excavations that uncovered the great 1st-dynasty tombs. His work in the archaic cemetery disclosed another huge labyrinth, resembling that of the Serapeum, the precise function of which is as yet undetermined. The Memphis archaeological zone was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979.Beginning in the 1980s, the Egypt Exploration Society sponsored a long-range survey of the Memphite area to determine its extent and development from different historical periods. Large sculptural and architectural elements recovered from various excavations are displayed at an outdoor museum at Mīt Ruhaynah.
Petrie's excavations are detailed in W.M. Flinders Petrie et al., Memphis, 6 vol. (1909–15). Dorothy J. Crawford, Jan Quaegebeur, and Willy Clarysse, Studies on Ptolemaic Memphis (1980), describes the interaction between rulers and priests in Memphis in cultural and political terms. Dorothy J. Thompson, Memphis Under the Ptolemies (1988), studies all aspects of the city during the Hellenistic period. The Egyptian Exploration Society survey is chronicled in D.G. Jeffreys, The Survey of Memphis (1985– ).


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X FACTOR contestants Rylan Clark and Lucy Spraggan have moved out of the hotel they shared with other show hopefuls following a boozy night out.
The pair were pictured on a drunken spree which went into the early hours of Monday morning, including shots of Clark with his trousers pulled down.
Now the pair have been punished by being forced to move to another temporary home.
They posted an apology online yesterday - shortly before heading for another night out at an awards bash for Attitude magazine.
Clark wrote on Twitter: "Me and Lucy Spraggan are partaking in a small vacation from the hotel for a few days. Our most sincere apologies for our £beerfear behaviour."
"Beer fear" is a reference to a song by Spraggan about regrets over drunken behaviour.
Clark also admitted "we've been naughty", before telling fans he and Spraggan were off to the Attitude aftershow party.
A programme source said: "They have moved out, at least for the rest of week, to a hotel near the studios after their antics at the weekend. Producers got tough with them as punishment for their behaviour."


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Brad Pitt Talks Drug Use, Says He Had an "Epiphany" 10 Years Ago; Robert Pattinson Moves Out of Kristen Stewart's Home: Today's Top Stories
Brad Pitt opens up about doing "too much damage" with drugs and making a "conscious change" in his life while married to Jennifer Aniston. Plus, Robert Pattinson packs his things and leaves off-again girlfriend Kristen Stewart's house: See Us Weekly's top stories from Tuesday, May 21, in the roundup!
1. Brad Pitt on Drug Use: I Had "an Epiphany" During Jennifer Aniston Marriage
These days, Brad Pitt is just as famous for being a doting dad/partner as he is for being an actor. But 10 years ago, he was a different man entirely -- a man who worried his history of hard living and drug use had ruined him for good.
2. Robert Pattinson Moves Belongings, Dogs Out of Kristen Stewart's Home After Breakup
Is Robert Pattinson moving out or just doing a little spring cleaning? After breaking up with Kristen Stewart late last week, the 27-year-old actor was photographed leaving her L.A. home in a pickup truck filled with his belongings on Sunday, May 19.
3. Zahara Jolie-Pitt Asks Brad Pitt, Angelina Jolie to Stop Making Out
Get a room! Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie's daughter Zahara is apparently not a fan of PDA. In a profile of Pitt in Esquire's June/July issue, the actor's pal Frank Pollaro shares a story about how the 8-year-old cutie asked her famous parents to stop "making out."
4. Exclusive: Kristen Stewart Visits Taylor Swift After Robert Pattinson Breakup
Time to blast "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together"? Kristen Stewart is getting through her latest breakup from Robert Pattinson with the help of a girl who definitely knows something about heartache: country crooner Taylor Swift.
5. January Jones on Baby Daddy's Identity: "That's My Son's Business"
January Jones is a tough nut to crack. When The New York Times asked the Mad Men star to reveal who fathered her 20-month-old son Xander, the 35-year-old actress refused to answer. "That's my son's business," Jones explained in a May 19 interview. "It's not the public's business."
This article originally appeared on Usmagazine.com: Brad Pitt Talks Drug Use, Says He Had an "Epiphany" 10 Years Ago; Robert Pattinson Moves Out of Kristen Stewart's Home: Today's Top Stories


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Jackson sees rehab action for Triple-A Toledo
By Jason Beck / MLB.com
KANSAS CITY -- Austin Jackson began his Minor League rehab assignment on Monday night with a start at designated hitter for Triple-A Toledo at Rochester.
The Tigers' center fielder and leadoff man, who has been out since May 14 with a pulled left hamstring, went 0-for-5 with three strikeouts in his first game in four weeks.
Beforehand, Detroit manager Jim Leyland said that while the hope is that Jackson could be ready to rejoin the Tigers for Friday's series opener at Minnesota, they could be flexible with the plan.
Jackson is expected to play about seven innings in center field for the Mud Hens on Tuesday. The Hens are off on Wednesday, so Jackson will rest before starting at DH or in center on Thursday at Syracuse.
What happens from there depends on how Jackson says his leg feels after running in game conditions.
V-Mart working to find some hard-hit luck
KANSAS CITY -- Tigers designated hitter Victor Martinez is finally digging out his batting average from the early-season rut he found in his return from a season off. Realistically, though, he has been hitting the ball better than his average would suggest.
Manager Jim Leyland, has said repeatedly that Martinez hasn't had a whole lot of luck. The skipper won't find a stat for luck, but the statistics on hard-hit drives might be enough to back him up.
ESPN Stats and Information tracks the category with a category called hard-hit average, the percent of at-bats ending in a hard-hit ball, regardless of outcome. Entering Monday, three of the top four percentages among Major League players this season belong to Tigers.
Not surprisingly, Miguel Cabrera leads the pack at .276, while Prince Fielder is fourth. The shocking part is Martinez, who sits third at .250 behind only Cabrera and Toronto's Edwin Encarnacion.
Martinez is the only player in the top 14 whose batting average sits under .250. The way Martinez is hitting so far in June, that might not hold for long. His 10-for-30 performance through his first eight June games raised his average from .228 at the end of May to a season-high .242 on Monday.
Pena reunites with former Royals teammates
KANSAS CITY -- Brayan Pena was out to lunch with his old favorite pitcher, Bruce Chen, at Kansas City's Country Club Plaza, a shopping area across the street from the Tigers' team hotel. One of his new favorite pitchers, Justin Verlander, spotted them and pretended to cause a scene.
"There was a lot of people there. Justin saw me and he called me a traitor, right in the middle of the street," Pena said. "He's like, 'Traitor! Traitor!' Right outside in the middle of the street."
Pena was bound to get some grief like that regardless. Chen was Pena's best friend on the Royals, and Pena is set to be in Chen's wedding party when he gets married in the offseason, but he's still the enemy for a few days.
That said, Kansas City will always be special for Pena, who spent four seasons here (2009-12) after Royals general manager Dayton Moore plucked him off waivers from Atlanta. Pena became a free agent last winter and found an opportunity to catch a veteran squad in Detroit, but never felt slighted by Kansas City letting him go.
"It's one of those places where you meet a lot of people. I do have a lot of friends here, and I come here to visit them," Pena said. "The fans, they were great to me and my family, very respectful. It's something you can always carry with you, the appreciation. Some days, I was going 0-for-4, and some days, I was having good games, and they were always the same, and when you walk down the street, people respect you and recognize you.
"It's nice, man. That being said, like I talked to the boys out there [earlier Monday], I said, 'You know what, I know you guys are going to be good, but not until we win the World Series. You guys have to wait for your time.' And they were laughing."
One thing Pena will not miss about this place is the hot summer weather. This week will serve as a reminder.
"That's why I was eating a lot of ice cream [here]," Pena said. "And [Tigers strength and conditioning coach] Javair [Gillett] took that away from me in Detroit!"
Pena misses his Kansas City teammates, but he has formed friendships with new ones in Detroit. The ice cream is another story.
"Definitely miss the ice cream," he said.
Miggy has some fun with ex-Tiger Raburn
KANSAS CITY -- No, your eyes weren't fooling you. Miguel Cabrera apparently did throw something at Indians outfielder -- and former teammate -- Ryan Raburn as Raburn rounded third base on his game-tying homer on Sunday at Comerica Park.
Whatever it was, Raburn got a kick out of it.
"Miggy's my buddy," Raburn told MLB.com's Jordan Bastian on Monday. "It was kind of funny, because it kind of messed up my stride a little bit, and I almost missed third base. He's always kidding around, doing something. He's just a big kid."
Replays of the home run show Cabrera making a throwing motion in Raburn's direction as Raburn rounded third base. Raburn wasn't sure what it was.
"I'll ask him what he threw next time we play them," Raburn said. "If it was gum, it hit me right in the neck."
Cabrera is known for joking around with opposing players, from ex-teammates to sometimes complete strangers.
"Miggy's a good dude," said Raburn, who spent five seasons with Cabrera in Detroit. "He just has fun every time he goes out there. ... But when he's in that batter's box, with the feel he has, when that pitch is coming, it's time to go to work. But he's not afraid to be himself and make jokes and have fun. He's a character. It was always fun playing with him and being a teammate of his."
Leyland searching for right-handed 'pen mix
KANSAS CITY -- Tigers manager Jim Leyland is still sorting out his bullpen, trying to get one more middle reliever going, but feels like he's getting there with the mix. He doesn't believe he needs Octavio Dotel, Al Alburquerque or Brayan Villarreal back to finish the job.
"It automatically gets better when Phil Coke starts throwing like he's throwing," Leyland said.
That doesn't solve the right-handed portion of the bullpen behind closer Jose Valverde and setup man Joaquin Benoit, but that doesn't put him on hold for Alburquerque. The reports on his work at Triple-A Toledo have been mixed, and they leave Leyland scratching his head a bit, still looking for signs of consistency.
"Alburquerque's caught on fire a little bit down there," Leyland said. "He's either walking them or striking them out. He walks three and strikes out three. That's just what it seems like."
The fact that the Tigers have called up multiple right-handed relievers since Alburquerque's demotion, most recently Evan Reed, signifies they're looking for more out of him.
"I think if the situation presents itself, you just come in one day with the general manager and just sit and talk and you say, 'Let's pull the trigger,'" Leyland said. "But the reason for being down there is to eliminate the walks, so when you're still seeing those, it doesn't exactly make you want to hurry up. It doesn't seem like it's as urgent."
Reed joined the team on Monday for the second time this season. Leyland said he could use him anywhere from the third inning to the seventh to retire a right-handed hitter or two.
Quick hits
• Leyland said right-hander Anibal Sanchez is feeling fine, by all reports, and should be on track to make his next scheduled start this weekend in Minnesota. Sanchez was scratched from Sunday's start against the Indians with stiffness around his upper back near his right shoulder.
• Leyland said he's considering starting Matt Tuiasosopo in Wednesday's series finale against Royals right-hander James Shields, who's currently holding left-handed hitters to a .198 average compared to .273 for righties. Shields has similar reverse splits for his career, but not nearly so big. Leyland isn't committed to the start yet, but said he's pondering it.
Jason Beck is a reporter for MLB.com. Read Beck's Blog and follow him on Twitter @beckjason. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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- 2036
- 6Favorites
Artist Recognition
Art Description
Drawing: oil and Pencil on Paper.
From the series "Code", oil and pencil on paper.
When we consider a road map or a map of the territory we note that they contain different information that are represented by different means, according to the purpose for which they were created: each time we find colors, symbols and words that recall a precise meaning. What happens if I take these techniques of representation, these symbols, and take off the scope for which they were created and mingle them with each other? Will it be for the reader a text in a foreign language, that is meaningless, or through the world of associations and references that each of us possesses, will generate a new language and associate to those images a new meaning?
In these drawings, the invention of the map of a city is only a pretext. Gradually, by changing the shapes, colors and the hierarchy of associations between the various elements I explore the possibilities of changing this language increasingly moving away from its original meaning.
Keywords: aerial photo, city planning, urban plan, territory, town, Cityscape, cartography, city, city map, geography, map, mapping
Subjects: Abstract
Styles: Abstract


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Copenhagen Telephone Co., Inc.
List of Deals
- 1967 Copenhagen Telephone Company, Inc.: $10,000,000 6 3/4% sinking fund dollar debentures due October 15, 1982
Public telephone service in Denmark was instituted by International Bell Telephone Company, which in 1881 opened a central office in Copenhagen. In 1882 the business was taken over by the Kjobenhavns Telefonselskab, which was the Copenhagen Telephone Company, and in 1894 by Copenhagen Telephone Company, Incorporated, (Kjobenhavns Telefon Aktieselskab or KTAS) under the laws of the Kingdom of Denmark. The company was owned in part by the Danish government and was the sole supplier of telephone service on the Danish islands of Zealand, where Copenhagen is located.
In 1897 the Danish Government vested itself by law with a monopoly of all telephone communication services, and in 1898 it granted the company a concession to operate within stated areas. The government owned and voted 50.65 percent of the outstanding capital stock of the company.
In 1912 the Copenhagen Main Exchange introduced a telephone set that was manufactured at Telefon Fabrik Automatic in Copenhagen. Prior to the development of this set, wall telephones were the most common, as table models cost extra.
In 1946 and 1948 the company acquired two independently operated concessionary telephone companies serving the islands of Bornholm and Lolland-Falster.
Over 99 percent of the company's operating revenues were represented by two types of charges for telephone service: service subscription revenues and toll service revenues. The installation of automatic equipment in all new central stations and the conversion of many existing stations to automatic equipment, as well as the installation of call-measuring equipment in semi-automatic stations, increased the revenue represented by toll charges considerably. As a result of the installation of automatic equipment, the number of switchboard operators and other persons employed in central offices was reduced by approximately 1,000 employees since the first fully automated central office was put into service in 1954, whereas the number of subscribers increased by approximately 226,200.


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IN DECEMBER 1981, AN ARGENTINE SCRAP METAL salvage team landed on the island of South Georgia, a dependency of the British Falkland Islands, and ran up the Argentine flag. HMS Endurance immediately brought 21 Royal Marines from East Falkland to eject the intruders, with harumphing all around. No one thought this was the beginning of a war.
As Argentina urged the United Nations to review the case of the Malvinas, the name by which the Falklands are known in much of Latin America, Operation Rosario, a plan to invade and capture the islands, took form in the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. Argentina's claim, centuries old but fanned by nationalism since the Juan Peron era, would be vindicated; half the world away, the British would do nothing. Or so went the thinking in Argentina.
Neither of the combatants was prepared for a winter war in the far south Atlantic, and the sudden, unexpected conflict, though brief, was both improvised and lethal: In just two months of hostilities, 891 men died, 132 aircraft were lost, and 11 ships were sunk. Fought hundreds of miles from the nearest mainland, the war was decided in the air, and 20 years later, the pilots still remember every violent minute.
Argentina invaded the Falklands' capital, Port Stanley, early on Friday, April 2. Before noon, the small detachment of Royal Marines had surrendered, and the Argentine colors fluttered over Government House. But before night had fallen on occupied Port Stanley, Operation Corporate, the British counterthrust, was under way.
The carriers Hermes and Invincible, originally scheduled to be sold, had been alerted on April 1, when the invasion appeared imminent. A day later, two squadrons of Sea Harriers met the carriers at Portsmouth—Lieutenant Commander Andrew Auld's 800 Squadron was assigned to Hermes, while Lieutenant Commander Nigel "Sharkey" Ward's 801 Squadron was assigned to Invincible.
With the passing of the last conventional carrier, HMS Ark Royal, the Royal Navy had adopted a version of the Royal Air Force's Harrier GR.3 vertical-takeoff attack fighter. Hermes and Invincible, originally built with traditional decks, were modified by the addition of a bulbous ramp at the bow. By accelerating along the deck and up the ramp, the Harriers seemed to jump into the air, and they could carry a greater load than when they took off straight up.
The Sea Harrier differed from the RAF's GR.3 in having extensive corrosion-proofing, a cockpit that was raised to provide the pilot with a better view, and a multi-mode radar called Blue Fox, which could search for targets in the air or on the sea. The airplane was unusual, its capability a mystery. One squadron might report excellent results with the radar and navigation systems, while another found them unreliable. A comparative newborn, the aircraft had never been in a real fight in the demanding maritime environment.
But British forces train with a rigor exemplified by high scores against superior aircraft in competitions. "We had fought the Sea Harrier against every airplane in the western world," says Tim Gedge, then a lieutenant commander. And the British had adopted the new U.S.-built AIM-9L Sidewinder heat-seeking air-to-air missile, with a new wide-angle sensor to improve off-boresight engagement.
"We decided to take eight aircraft but had only six pilots," Gedge recalls. "We did a troll of the RAF. We needed people who'd actually flown a Harrier but also had single-seat fighter experience.…The RAF identified two. We phoned them on Friday in Germany, in a bar" and gave them the good news: "They were going to war with the Royal Navy."
The staff at Whitehall were not as confident as the pilots, Gedge says. "I was told by [Ministry of Defence] people that attrition of Sea Harriers would be so great that all of them would be lost in the first few days of the war. I kept this to myself." Gedge was on the beach as the task force sailed out of Portsmouth on April 5. That afternoon, his mood was brightened by orders to build a new squadron—809—with aircraft coming from the factory.


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West, Smolinski provide instant impact
By T.R. Sullivan and Grace Raynor / MLB.com
ARLINGTON -- The Rangers could use an immediate impact from some of their younger players. Outfielder Jake Smolinski and pitcher Matt West have done that.
Smolinski has had multiple hits in all three of his starts with the Rangers and is the first Ranger ever to record eight hits through his first four big league games. George Wright had seven in 1982.
Smolinksi left Friday's game with a left elbow contusion after getting hit by a pitch in the second inning. X-rays were negative.
Smolinski, who stays away from social media in an effort to keep his head down, said his agent broke the news to him Thursday night.
"I'm not really going to get caught up in the numbers," Smolinski said. "I feel like my mentality's good. I feel like I'm ready to compete at every bat ... and to hit every pitch."
West retired all six of the batters he faced Thursday night in his debut, becoming just the second Ranger in history to have a debut where he retired all of at least six batters faced. The first was Neftali Feliz in 2009.
"I'm trying to come in, get outs and throw strikes," West said. "Honestly it's kind of everything and more than you think it could be. You're trying to control your emotions when you get out there, but it's definitely a different feeling."
Wash asks slumping club for commitment
ARLINGTON -- Rangers manager Ron Washington is getting the effort he wants from his players. He wants to make sure he is getting the commitment as well and that was the main message he sent to his players during Thursday's postgame clubhouse meeting.
Effort is playing the game hard, according to Washington. Commitment is being committed to playing the game the right way; not worrying about statistics but playing to win.
"Commitment is doing what the game asks you to do and not looking for a reward for what you're doing," Washington said. "I'm in the process of getting this new bunch to understand what it means. Don't worry about stats or numbers. It's about the team. Some people need to check their attitude and check what commitment is.
"We've got some youngsters we're trying to teach and we have some veterans who are who they are. We have to try and get them into a cohesive unit, try to get our belief system going in the right direction. I can live with it if you try to do the right thing and don't get it done. If you at least try to do the right things, people with baseball eyes see you're trying to do the right thing. If you do that, more often than not, you're going to get the right results."
Washington's postgame meeting came after a 15-6 loss to the Angels on Thursday night. It was their 19th loss in their last 22 games.
"There was a bunch of guys that needed to hear that," shortstop Elvis Andrus said. "Wash is super cool but there comes a point where you need to find a way to do your job. Everything he said was right. He didn't say anything out of line. It's not the first time I've heard it but a lot of guys heard it for the first time.
"It's not enough just to be in the big leagues. You've got to help the team win. It's not about numbers. It's about winning. That's what this organization is about."
Rangers look for big return on Soria
ARLINGTON -- The Rangers are willing to trade closer Joakim Soriaaccording to Major League sources, but are looking for a substantial package in return. Word is the Rangers are looking for two to three prospects in return.
There are a number of teams looking for relief help as the July 31 Trade Deadline approaches, either in the closer's role or setup. The Tigers, Orioles and Angels are among those who are interested in somebody who could potentially close, but the Dodgers, Brewers and Giants are just looking to upgrade their bullpens.
Soria had a 2.76 ERA and 16 saves going into Friday's game and the Rangers have a $7 million option for him next season.There are other closers who could be traded, including Huston Street of the Padres and Jonathan Papelbon of the Phillies.
The Rangers are also getting some interest in right-handed setup reliever Jason Frasor and left-hander Neal Cotts. Both said they are not thinking too much about the possibility.
"Not much," Frasor said. "If it wasn't for the security guard and my cousin, I wouldn't hear much about it at all. I don't think about it much and when I step on the mound, I don't think about it at all … but if it happened, that would be all right too."
Said Cotts, "I don't think about it all. I'm just trying to do my job and help us play better baseball."
Adduci ready for rehab assignment
ARLINGTON -- Jim Adduci, who has been on the disabled list since April 19 with a broken pinkie on his left hand, is scheduled to begin a medical rehab assignment on Saturday with Double-A Frisco. He'll play five games with Frisco and then be re-evaluated.
Adduci was 6-for-13 at the time he broke his finger. Adduci can play both outfield and first base. But he has been getting extensive work at first base lately and that could be where he gets much of his playing time when he returns. Rangers first baseman Carlos Pena was hitting .137 with one home run and two RBIs in 16 games going into Friday.
Pitcher Derek Holland, who is still recovering from offseason surgery on his left knee, threw another bullpen on Friday but still hasn't been tested lately on his fielding. The Rangers haven't set a date on when he will be going on medical rehab assignment.
Worth noting
• The Rangers have signed veteran pitcher Jerome Williams to a Minor League contract and assigned him to Triple-A Round Rock. He was 1-4 with a 6.04 ERA in 26 relief outings with the Astros before being released.
• Outfielder Engel Beltre, who has been sidelined since Spring Training because of a fractured fibia in his right leg, has been transferred from Triple-A Round Rock to Double-A Frisco to continue his medical rehab assignment. He was 5-for-47 in 11 games at Round Rock.
• Michael Choice went 4-for-8 with a home run in his first two games since being optioned to Round Rock.
• Shortstop Elvis Andrus was back in the lineup on Friday after leaving Thursday's game in the fourth inning. Andrus had to leave after getting spiked in the left foot while turning a double play.
T.R. Sullivan is a reporter for MLB.com Read his blog, Postcards from Elysian Fields and follow him on Twitter @Sullivan_Ranger. Grace Raynor is an associate reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Discussion in 'Star Trek: Enterprise' started by od0_ital, Aug 8, 2011.
I didn't realize it was JB either. Then again, I'm not interested in scantily clad women anyway.
That's just too awesome.
And the best acting in an avatar goes to... Scott Bakula!
I'm just gonna go ahead and assume that's what the padd had on it all along.
Before Rick Berman told the FX team... "Water polo or you're all fired!"
I'm not either, usually, being a hetero gal an' all...but I have a straight girl crush on her. I have those pics on my hard drive. They're workout inspiration for me.
And now my entries:
Theme coming later.
Vote! ... for the gorgeous profile.
He is rather pretty, isn't he?
Here is my theme entry:
I always thought that Suliban ship was pretty small.
That's awesome, I should probably look at Anthony Montgomery pics on my phone when I'm at the gym - might get funny looks by other guys though
Skywalker are the Girls images of Jolene? That would be the icing on the cake
Earlier posts established that.
Yeah. Let me tell you, researching for that part of the avatar sure was boring.
I'll bet.
Time for a recap!
Wow...eight folks enterin'.
What do y'all think, if we hit ten contestants, three votes each?
Poll will go up some time tomorrow night (I start a cross country road trip today), so still plenty of time to enter!!!
Isn't it a 1:3 ratio on the votes:entries? So if we hit nine entries we get three votes?
1-5 = 1 vote.
6-8 = 2 votes.
9-11 = 3 votes.
12-up = 4 votes.
^^ From my sage pronouncement on June 26th:
As for when we get to vote for four... I'll let you know, if we ever hit those lofty heights.
So go find another avatar-maker, already!
Very quickly done, but should make up the numbers.
Skywalker didn't have a theme entry???
Sure I did. It's in both my post and od0's recap.
I thought you did, but it wasn't showing up in od0's post before. Now it is.
*kicks internet*
All good.
The poll will go up some time tonight! Still plenty of time for more folks to enter, if there's anyone left who hasn't!!!
It's not a nice job, but somebody had to do it
Separate names with a comma.


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Is this a false widow spider found in my living room in reddish.
Hi Katemoores1992,
This is a male lace web spider (Amaurobius species). They are common spiders, often found around the outside of our homes, sometimes inside too.
Hi there, I picked a book up this morning and found this fella underneath it, any chance you could identify him? Thanks.
Andy, yours is a female example of the Noble a False Widow, Steatoda nobilis ... well an ex one by the look of it.
For more info. on False Widow spiders please see these links:
Thanks for the quick response, is there anything I should do to avoid being bitten? as I found this one under a book which was on my bed, and I dont fancy one interrupting my sleep haha
Hi, thanks for replying i now see what type of spider it is I can see how they get mistaken for false widows. Do these spiders bite? Do they cause harm? Thanks again.
Hi Kate,
Amaurobius are the most common genus of spider that I see inside my own home (more than one a month, but be aware I don't deter them & do look for them). I have even woken up with a big fat female crawling over me. I don't particularly like them, but I have never been bitten by one. They can bite, it does happen very occasionally if trapped in clothing etc., but this is only likely to result in a some aching & swelling for a couple of days.
If you want to keep numbers down, don't get rid of any daddy long legs/cellar/skull spider (Pholcus phalangioides), these just love munching on Amaurobius & other big hairy spiders.


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The Uni-Ball Vision Elite Designer Custom Pens are the perfect pen for travel, since the exclusive ink will not explode or change due to cabin pressure when flying.
Get uni-ball quality with this best-selling rollerball promotional pen with leakproof and waterproof pigment ink.
Brand name promotional pens and markers are a smart way to advertise your company logo. BIC, Sharpie, and Pilot, are just a few of the many brand names we carry which range from colorful promotional markers, fun imprinted highlighters, to deluxe personalized mechanical pencils; every tool is manufactured from a notable manufacturer. Brand name pens are quite useful as the recipient associates your name with the quality of the brand name promotional item.
Make sure you and your employees always have logo pens on hand. They work better than just handing out business cards, because now the recipient has something with your logo on it that they will be using over and over again. Every time they take one of these brand name promotional pens out to jot down a note they will be reminded of your company or organization.


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Sequoia/Kings Canyon NP > Arrow Peak > Climber's Log
Arrow Peak Climber's Log
[ Sign the Climber's Log ]
|SE Sope and Smoke
Date Climbed: Aug 15, 2015
|Keeping the slope as Class 3 as possible...HATE sand and scree. Fun scramble with some Class 5 moves here and there. Incredible views despite the smoke from Willow Fire.
|Posted Aug 16, 2015 6:00 pm
|Winter Ascent
Date Climbed: Feb 15, 2015
|Crazy 34 hour nonstop push from camp to summit and back to camp at Taboose Pass for a winter ascent and successful summit of Arrow Peak via the NE ridge. 42 hour push without sleep to get back to the trailhead/car.
|Posted Feb 20, 2015 3:26 pm
|Class 2 route from Arrow Pass
Date Climbed: Aug 8, 2011
|Camped at Bench Lake. Insane mosquitoes between Bench and Arrow Pass. All clear and free from the Pass to the summit. Lovely day to spend on a sierra peak. What a view - won't forget this one.
|Posted Aug 16, 2011 10:32 pm
|NE Ridge
Date Climbed: Aug 13, 2011
|Did a dayhike from Taboose TH with Richard P and Bob P. The NE Ridge is fun with good exposure. Long 18.5 hrs.
|Posted Aug 15, 2011 6:37 pm
|Princess Buttercup
|NE Ridge
Date Climbed: Sep 5, 2010
|What a fun ridge, would definitely do it again, maybe in winter? Worth the huff and puff and Sean yelling down, "Laura, I think you want to be over THERE..." Thanks, guys! Afterwards, Tom and I headed over to Pyramid Peak.
|Posted Sep 10, 2010 9:26 pm
|NE Ridge
Date Climbed: Sep 5, 2010
|Repeat of 2 years ago but with Laura and Sean this time. Then off to Pyramid.
|Posted Sep 7, 2010 8:12 am
|NE ridge from Bench Lake
Date Climbed: Sep 5, 2010
|Fun ridge, despite not being that hard. Amazing views of the Palisades to the north and the rest of the Sierra to the south. Trip report
|Posted Sep 5, 2010 7:37 pm
|Taboose Pass
Date Climbed: Aug 11, 2008
|Up the southeast slope from Bench Lake, after spending 3 nights in from Taboose Pass. Very scenic summit, then over to Pyramid in the afternoon for a very long day and back at Bench Lake in the evening. Perfect CA weather each day, bagging Striped, Goodale, Cardinal, Wynne, Pinchot, Arrow, and Pyramid during the trip. Hiked out the next day.
|Posted Jun 13, 2010 7:27 pm
|Southeast Slope
Date Climbed: Sep 6, 2009
|Taboose Pass, Bench Lake, Arrow pass.
The puzzle was how to get up to Arrow Pass. Climbing up the solid slabs of the east peaklette and contouring to the pass on the east was much easier than our descent straight down from the pass to the lake below.
As usual, the final ascent was much easier than it appeared from a distance. Fantastic view from the summit!
|Posted Sep 16, 2009 3:42 am
|SE Slope
Date Climbed: Sep 20, 2008
|On a solo backpacking trip from Sawmill Pass.
|Posted Jul 7, 2009 3:55 am
|NE Ridge ascent / SE slopes descent
Date Climbed: Jun 15, 2008
|Day 2 of a tough weekend with Taboose Pass and Cardinal Mtn on Day 1 and Arrow Pk and exit on Day 2. Good exposure but easy Class 3 on the ridge with a heavy cornice on the last 400' section. Great views and perfect day. SE slopes to the first chute -- fortunate to find a rock band to descend as the cornice on the chute was 10-20' high. Pictures
|Posted Jun 16, 2008 3:56 pm
|Bob Burd
|SE Slopes
Date Climbed: May 22, 2008
|Long, 18.5hr dayhike from Roads End. Not the easiest way to get to Arrow Peak. Lots of snow in the higher elevations, found tedious boulders but no sand on the SE Slopes. Trip Report
|Posted May 27, 2008 7:38 pm
|Up the N.E. Ridge, & down the S.E. Slope
Date Climbed: Sep 12, 2007
|Wow! Tough hike in over Taboose Pass. We camped at the 3rd stream crossing, at 9,100ft. There was a spot at each stream crossing, & two more sites above 9,100ft. We made our basecamp at Bench Lake, beautiful spot! Then I climbed the N.E. Ridge, excellent route! This was the finest view I've had from any of my Sierra summits! Enjoyed the small summit for a 1/2 hr. or so, then preceeded down the S.E. Slope. We packed-up & headed over Taboose Pass, where we were finally stopped at around 10,000ft. by fatigue & darkness at 9:00pm. It was a great 4-day trip, into one of the finest areas the Sierra has to offer! After doing this, I don't see how someone can make this in a single day, it seems impossible!
|Posted Sep 17, 2007 2:24 pm
|Matthew Holliman
|Dayhike from Taboose Pass TH
Date Climbed: Aug 27, 2006
|Long dayhike out of the Taboose Pass TH, climbing the NE Ridge and descending the SE Slopes. The NE Ridge was a little disappointing, as the class 3 was very easy, contrived in places as there were many easy exits to the left if needed, and there was little real exposure. Still, at least I didn't ascend the SE Slopes--much sand there. Descended a chute from the first notch south of Arrow Peak, rather than continuing on to Arrow Pass as recommended by Secor. This was steep and loose, but no more than class 2. Saw only a couple of guys way off in the distance, in the valley south of Bench Lake, during the whole day.
|Posted Dec 1, 2006 4:58 am
|NE ridge
Date Climbed: Sep 3, 2005
|fantastic class 3 ridge. highly recommended.
|Posted Jun 21, 2006 11:59 pm
|Route Climbed: SE Slopes Date Climbed: 07/03/05
|This is a fabulous peak in so many ways. Remote, beautiful and some of the best summit views around. We hiked to it from our camp, which was about a mile over and away from Taboose Pass. Made for a long haul, but well worth it. Must go back for the NE spur route some time.
|Posted Jul 5, 2005 11:58 pm
|Route Climbed: NE Spur Date Climbed: July 5, 2002
|If you like sustained cl. 3 climbing, this route is for you! There is something like 2,700 ft+ of climbing. "Yeee Dawgies uncle Jed!"
|Posted Mar 1, 2005 4:51 pm
|Route Climbed: Southeast Slope Date Climbed: August 27, 2004
|Climbed Arrow Peak as a part of Sierra Club national outing exploring the Palisades region for seven days. We started from Bench Lake, contoured around to an unnamed lake, climbed to Arrow Pass, then aimed for the summit. I do not think a class 2 route exists, it is about class 3. If you are a geocacher, I've also made Arrow Peak as a virtual geocache.
|Posted Aug 30, 2004 12:41 am
|Route Climbed: East Slope Date Climbed: September 1st, 2003
|A sweet little route up from fly fishing on bench lake, climbed with Kent Dickson, my older brother. Views south to Mt. Gardner and North to the Pallisades. Very happy to find a summit register, i'd like to return some day to this gorgeous area to climb Pyramid and Window peaks.
|Posted Sep 12, 2003 1:18 pm


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Is Clipping Still Stressful for Well-Behaved Horses?
- Sep 23, 2013
- Intermediate
- Topics:
"Quiet acceptance (in well-trained horses) has been rewarded in the past and will tend to override their desire to escape and avoid whatever we are doing to them," said Hall.
Photo: The Horse Staff
It seems that people aren't the only ones who've learned to grin and bear it when faced with an unpleasant task: New study results suggest that even if horses act like they don't mind body clipping, they could still find it to be stressful.
"Quiet acceptance (in well-trained horses) has been rewarded in the past and will tend to override their desire to escape and avoid whatever we are doing to them," said Carol Hall, PhD, researcher and principal lecturer at Nottingham Trent University, in the U.K.
In a study led by Kelly Yarnell, a PhD candidate under Hall's direction, researchers evaluated 10 horses (five described as "compliant" during clipping and the other five described as "noncompliant") as they were "sham clipped"—meaning the researchers ran running clippers over the horses' bodies, but the blades were not active. The researchers observed the horses' behaviors, heart rate, salivary cortisol levels, and eye temperatures before, during, and after the sham clipping sessions. Thermographic eye readings can reveal instantaneous changes in stress level without touching the horse, unlike salivary sampling, Hall said.
True to their descriptions, the noncompliant horses showed more behavioral responses—moving around, resisting the clipper, kicking, etc.—than the compliant horses during the sham clipping phase and, to some extent, after clipping.
But the team found no significant differences in any of the physiologic stress measurements between the compliant and noncompliant groups. Horses in both groups experienced a rise in heart rate, salivary cortisol, and eye temperature during the sham clipping phase, said Hall. In other words, all the horses in this study appeared to find clipping stressful, but the compliant ones had simply learned not to react.
So does this mean that, in respect of equine welfare, we should stop clipping our horses? Not necessarily, Hall said. Sometimes as horse owners, we have to make the call to do things that our horse might not like because it's still what's best for him in the long run.
"We can't explain (to horses) why having their coat clipped off may be good for their comfort and health," she said. "But it's sometimes not clear from their behavior whether they are finding it easy to cope with the things we do to them 'for their own good.'"
But, Hall said, "if we are aware that they find it less than pleasant (even if they don't show it), we can make sure we prepare them well and carry out procedures such as clipping in a calm and considerate way to minimize the stress experienced by the horse."
The study, "An assessment of the aversive nature of an animal management procedure (clipping) using behavioral and physiological measures," was published in June in Physiology and Behavior.
About the Author
Christa Lesté-Lasserre, MA
Christa Lesté-Lasserre is a freelance writer based in France. A native of Dallas, Texas, Lesté-Lasserre grew up riding Quarter Horses, Appaloosas, and Shetland Ponies. She holds a master's degree in English, specializing in creative writing, from the University of Mississippi in Oxford and earned a bachelor's in journalism and creative writing with a minor in sciences from Baylor University in Waco, Texas. She currently keeps her two Trakehners at home near Paris. Follow Lesté-Lasserre on Twitter @christalestelas.
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The following commentary does not necessarily reflect the views of AgWeb or Farm Journal Media. The opinions expressed below are the author's own.
Our family farming history began with my great-great-... (nine generations ago) grandfather Johannes. He, his wife and three children left Saxony, Germany, on April 20, 1734, aboard the ship St. Andrew, mastered by Capt. John Stedman. They landed at Philadelphia on Sept. 22 and eventually settled our family's first "New World" farm near Society Run in Frederick Township, Montgomery County, Pa., in 1743. Pig farming was our family's specialty until the mid 1950s. A lot has changed since then. Our BQA cow–calf operation includes 100% grass-fed registered Red Angus, Hereford and purebred Beefalo; 30 to 35 pastured Duroc and Spot pigs; 100 Freedom Ranger broilers; and 90 Golden Comet and Buff Orpington layers. We organically maintain 80 acres, comprising 15 acres in rotational pastures, 15 acres in tillable cropland, and alfalfa/mixed grass hay on the balance. We have never used chemical pesticides or herbicides on our pastures or hay fields. We are not a "certified" organic farming operation, but we prefer the natural/organic approach to help promote sustainability.
To shade or not to shade?
With the extremely short transition from winter to Summer in the Northeast, and the extreme drought in the South West over the last couple of months, many producer have been struggling with the question of how much shade do my cattle need?
I recently read an article about research that was done in Australia where drought, heat and wild fires have also been a big problem for a long time. Researchers looked at the effect of shade on body temperature and overall performance of cattle, primarily in feed-lots where shade isn't usually even offered!
164 "Angus" steers were separated into 20 pens. 10 of the pens were shaded with an 80% solar block shade cloth, and 10 pens were left un-shaded. Water and dry matter consumption were closely monitored and measured as was body temperature every 30 minutes via an implanted transmitter. Ah! Modern technology. I guess it's better than being the guy or gal that needs to do continual rectal temperatures on 164 cattle for 120 day's! And some of us thought milking 2 or 3 times a day was fatiguing!
After the 120 day study, the cattle were harvested and data was collected. The shaded cattle had heavier "hot" carcass weights. That is because the shaded cattle also showed to have higher dry matter intake, average daily weight gain and gain-to-feed ratio. It (the shade), didn't however effect the loin muscle area, fat depth or marbling score of the carcasses. The un-shaded cattle did consume 51% less feed.
So if your looking to create a comfortable living arrangement for your cattle and not just looking for way's to cut feed cost's this summer, shade your cattle. Give them the option to find relief. If the option is there you can take the guesswork out of trying to figure out if your cattle need shade or not. If they seek comfort/shade than obviously they need it, right? It just like during the cold temperatures of February and March for most of us this past brutal winter. We have 2 kinds of cattle on our farm, BEEFALO & Red Angus. When winter is dishing out it's worst, the Angus are the first ones in the barn. The BEEFALO are the last one to seek shelter if at all. Some breeds of cattle are able to adapt to extreme conditions either by having been in one environment or region for many generations. Another cold weather breed that is winter hardy by genetics are highland cattle. Just looking at them and their "coat" is an obvious indicator. The same is true on the other end of the temperature scale. Senepol cattle evolved on the Caribbean Island of St. Croix when N'Dama cattle were imported for Senegal, West Africa in the 1800's. The island of St. Croix is the largest and southernmost of the U.S. Virgin Islands, located approximately 1,200 miles southeast of Miami, Florida. Now that's HOT! The N'Dama, a Bos taurus breed, was well suited for the Caribbean because of its heat tolerance, insect and disease resistance and ability to thrive on poor quality forage.
Shade is not often conveniently placed for rotational grazing systems. Often some paddocks have shade while others do not. The following alternatives can be used for shade in a rotational grazing system.
- Natural shade is the lowest cost alternative, but is not often in the proper location and care must be taken to avoid killing trees with too high a cow density. Strategic plantings can be used over time to create a natural shade environment. Placing shade trees on the west side of pasture areas is most desirable.
- Permanent shade can be provided by constructing barns or sheds, but is not often in the proper location in the grazing system and can be costly.
- Portable, low-cost shades can be built from 2.5" pipe and welded into a frame sturdy enough to take the abuse from cattle. For rotational grazing, the frames can be made portable and moved with the animals, or moved to different locations to avoid high manure build-up in a particular location. For covering, shade cloth will allow air movement while providing shade. Use 80% shade cloth for such structures. Another option that provides additional insulation value and complete shade is to use sheet metal or woven wire with straw or hay for insulation. However, the construction and maintenance of these type roofs for portable shades is greater. Frames should have a skid-type bottom member to allow moving from paddock to paddock if necessary. Dimensions of 10'x20' are practical maximums for portable shade size.
You have answered your own question..........don't worry about shade if you are not in a feedlot situation.......instead........use the right genetics for your area.


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According to an Associated Press report, the Hope City Council will consider an amendment to its agreement with FEMA to improve the area on which the agency is storing thousands of trailers at the municipal airport. We're not throwing stones at any Hope aldermen, they are just playing the cards they were dealt. Why can't we help but get a sinking feeling when thinking about this issue? By the way, Hope is generating revenue by leasing space for the trailers. FEMA is the faulty party here.
We're now spending more time on figuring out how to stop the thousands of trailers from sinking into the mud in Hope, instead of delivering them to the needy victims of hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
After recent tornados across the south several readers have asked us if those trailers that "are wasting away could be used for those families."
Obviously not. Apparently, making victims of disasters suffer even more is a goal of our federal government. They're good at it too.
Communication breakdowns and government organizations or agencies that only get in the way seem to have taken the blame for the immediate lack of disaster response. We can't imagine the excuse now.
Months after the disasters, we still can't get it done. Peoples' lives have been picked up and thrown away, while trailers continue to sink further and further into a governmental mud hole.
America is a refuge for many people while others hate us with a passion. How can we lead the world in human rights and freedom when we can't even help hurricane evacuees get back on their feet?
Our responses and actions to this day in regards to hurricane disaster relief are a disgrace. Solutions are needed to pull ourselves and the victims out of the deepest mud hole Hope has ever seen.
As always, call 968-5252 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com with any suggestion or story ideas.


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