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This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.
Northwest Area Foundation Horizons Social Indicators Survey, 2004-2005 (ICPSR 21181)
Principal Investigator(s): Northwest Area Foundation; University of Oregon. Oregon Survey Research Laboratory
The purpose of the study was to gather information pertinent to community, neighborhood, local government, and community-based activities in order to find ways to reduce poverty throughout the Northwestern states of Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Oregon, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Washington. The survey first asked the respondents to name their place of residence (in terms of state, county, and town), how long they had lived at their residence, and how much longer they planned to reside there. Then a sequence of questions asked respondents for their thoughts about the community, such as how they felt about it, whether they felt they belonged, whether they were fairly treated or excluded from the community, and how safe they felt walking around their community at night. They were also asked about the attitudes of individuals and the relationships between community members. The survey further asked about community involvement, group membership, and social participation, access to outside sources for problem-solving, and how well the members cooperated with one another (in groups and in neighborhoods) when they disagreed. The questionnaire also asked respondents to assess how well people of different ethnic groups interacted with the community as a whole and within groups, organizations, and activities. It asked for respondents' assessment of government services for the community, their trust in government as well as members and leaders of local groups (business, ethnic, and religious), and the cooperation of the community in emergencies. Respondents were asked to evaluate their ability to make a positive impact in their community and the ability of people and groups to provide assistance to the poverty-stricken and to reduce the number of those in poverty. Moreover, the survey asked respondents about the presence of leadership programs in their community and the effects, if any, they had on its members. Switching the focus, respondents were asked to evaluate their personal or financial status, their ability to acquire a loan, credit, or other financial services, and if they ever had difficulty paying for living costs (food, housing, electricity, heating, telephone, or health care). They were also asked to estimate how many people in the community could not afford the basic living costs. Questions were asked of respondents about their interest in staying informed about public affairs, how often they accessed information in newspapers, how often they voted in elections, the frequency in which young people left town in search of better opportunities, and about the possibility of implementing and developing small/local businesses within the community. Finally, the survey collected general demographic information including marital status, age, gender, race, education, religion and religious affiliation, employment status, location of residence (state, county, and town), whether they own or rent their home, household composition, current assets and income, and their access to telephones and the Internet.
Access Notes
Data in this collection are available only to users at ICPSR member institutions. Please log in so we can determine if you are with a member institution and have access to these data files.
One or more files in this collection have special restrictions ; consult the restrictions note to learn more.
To protect respondent privacy, certain geographic and demographic variables are restricted from general dissemination. Users interested in obtaining these data must complete an Agreement for the Use of Confidential Data, specify the reasons for the request, and obtain IRB approval or notice of exemption for their research. Apply for access to these data through the ICPSR Restricted Data Contract Portal, which can be accessed via the study home page.
ASCII + SAS Setup SPSS Setup Stata Setup Other
Study Description
Northwest Area Foundation, and University of Oregon. Oregon Survey Research Laboratory. Northwest Area Foundation Horizons Social Indicators Survey, 2004-2005. ICPSR21181-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2008-05-21. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21181.v1
Persistent URL: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21181.v1
Export Citation:
- RIS (generic format for RefWorks, EndNote, etc.)
- EndNote XML (EndNote X4.0.1 or higher)
Scope of Study
Subject Terms: access to information, communication, communities, community development, community involvement, community leaders, community organizations, community participation, community power, economic conditions, government, government performance, job opportunities, leadership, living conditions, memberships, neighbors, newspapers, place of residence, political participation, poverty, race relations, residents, social activism, social attitudes, social environment, social interaction, social isolation, social networks, trust in government, voting behavior
Smallest Geographic Unit: town
Geographic Coverage: Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, United States, Washington
- 2004-08-23--2004-12-09
- 2005-03--2005-05
- 2004-08-23--2004-12-09
- 2005-03--2005-05
Unit of Observation: individual
Universe: Adults aged 18 and older living in 36 Horizon communities (selected by the Northwest Area Foundation) in the Northwestern region of the United States in the following states: Idaho, Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Washington.
(1) More information about the Northwest Area Foundation can be found online at http://www.nwaf.org/. (2) The following variables are only available in the restricted-use version of the collection: LEAD7, AGE, RACEFUL, RELIG1AF, RELIG1B, RELIG1BF, EMPLOY2F, ENDING5, INTOBS, INTOBS2, FIPS, and TRIBE2. (3) Responses to open-ended questions can be found in the Open-End PDF file. (4) Two different collection modes were used: computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) survey and supplemental mail-back survey. Although the data collection instruments are not exactly the same, they share many questions and response categories. Please note that much of the data corresponds more closely to the wording of questions and response categories in the CATI instrument. (5) Excel charts are being provided by the data producer for further reference. (6) In the mail-back questionnaire, the "NO OPINION" responses were recoded as "DON'T KNOW" in the final dataset. (7) Respondents coded 1 'YES, LIVE IN COMMUNITY' and 2 'NO -- DON'T LIVE IN COMMUNITY, BUT CLOSE ENOUGH' for variable QAL11 (CENTRAL WASHINGTON CLUSTER SCREENER) are also coded as 11 'Q11=WA East' for the variable QUOTAVAR (Horizons Cluster). Please note that the Final Report has this cluster labeled as "Washington East," and the Cluster Reports have it labeled as "Central Washington." (8) PHONE2, URB_RUR2, SCREEN1, and SCREEN3 are in the NWAF codebook but are not present in the dataset. (9) QUOTAVAR: This variable appears to have a discrepancy in the total number of respondents for the Western Washington cluster for which there is no clear explanation. (10) The skip patterns have been checked for consistency by ICPSR, however there are several cases that were allowed to respond to questions they should have skipped. Please refer to #21 of the processing notes in the ICPSR codebook for further details. (11) Some variables in the data show sysmis for which there is no clear explanation. (12) The totals of respondents for the North Dakota cluster in the dataset and the final report do not match. The total of respondents in the dataset is 277, the final report shows the total to be 274.
Sample: Sampling was conducted at the household level with sample sizes in each of the 12 clusters large enough to ensure within-cluster margins of error no higher than 5 percent. Telephone numbers were selected randomly from each of the 36 communities, with the goal of having the number of interviews by community within the clusters be closely proportional to the proportions within the cluster. According to the primary investigator, the sampling methodology for the Western Washington supplemental mail-back survey somewhat complicates the issues discussed in the Final Report. Please refer to the "Methodology" and "Appendix" sections in the "Final Report" section of the ICPSR codebook for further details.
Mode of Data Collection: computer-assisted telephone interview, mail questionnaire
Response Rates: For the total telephone sample, the response rate was 49.6 percent (measured by the accepted scientific standard set by the Council of American Survey and Research Organizations), and the refusal rate was 17.4 percent. Response and refusal rates vary from community to community and cluster to cluster.
Extent of Processing: ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:
- Performed consistency checks.
- Created online analysis version with question text.
- Checked for undocumented or out-of-range codes.
Original ICPSR Release: 2008-05-21
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- Citations exports are provided above.
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If you're looking for collection-level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our Metadata Records page.


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@stackmack: 1/2 @DeMar_DeRozan on staying in Toronto: Yeah. At the end of the day, this is where I got drafted, this is definitely where I want to be
@stackmack: 2/2 @DeMar_DeRozan continued I just want to bring good things to the city and be a part of it for years to come. Well see what happens.
Hmm... Can't decide if this is a good thing or bad thing.

subset: commoncrawl


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By Shannon Carlin
Phil Collins doesn't want to play Coachella. Mostly, because he's not exactly sure what it is.
Since 2011, loyal Collins fans have been petitioning to get their favorite singer on the bill of the Indio, California fest. But at the premiere of the Carole King musical, Beautiful on Sunday night (Jan. 12) the "In the Air Tonight" singer admitted to Vulture that he wasn't privy of the petition or the festival itself. "I don't know it," he told the publication.
Related: Coachella 2014 Lineup: OutKast, Muse, Arcade Fire, Lorde, Skrillex
After Vulture briefly explained what Coachella is to Collins, the singer said he wasn't interested in playing the festival anytime soon. But as Justin Bieber so wisely said, never say never.
"If ever I come back and do shows, I'll be thinking about it, rehearsing for it," Collins explained. "A festival is not the place to go for my first show after I've been out for a while."
Read more about Phil Collins on Radio.com
Read More Music News On Fresh1027.com:


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Latest Lion Aid News
"Combating" the illegal wildlife trade will be difficult as organized crime syndicates are well entrenched in Africa.
Friday 23rd August 2013
Is this man supporting terrorism, insurgency, regional destabilization or just making a buck?
In recent years we have all been advised by a series of pundits that the trade in illegal wildlife products (ivory, rhino horn, lion body parts and cub smuggling, pangolins, shark fins, rosewood, ebony, sandalwood, etc, etc) is driven by criminal syndicates. Organized crime. We have been told the profits benefit terrorist groups, insurgent militias, and unscrupulous dealers and individuals who support them at high levels in government and in the business community. We have been told that wildlife crime contributes to the destabilization not only of governments but entire regions, and also will lead to the destruction of the wildlife populations that are so important to our global heritage.
We are told that campaigns are mounting to stop the trade, including better law enforcement, better intelligence sharing, better customs controls, agreements between source and destination countries to better control supply and demand, more public and private funds being mobilized to control illegal offtake (anti-poaching), more awareness raising campaigns in source and destination countries to educate people about the consequences of buying and selling, etc. This all sounds positive and encouraging.
However, a recent and excellent report from the Institute of Security Studies (The Evolution of Organized Crime in Africa – Towards a New Response; Mark Shaw and Tuesday Reitano, April 2013) shows that organized crime had been well established in many of the countries well before the recent poaching crisis; that organized crime has penetrated deeply into state institutions and private enterprises as a result of long and mutually beneficial associations; and that organized crime is highly flexible, responsive to new opportunities, and moves more quickly than policymakers can respond. States with dysfunctional governments (fragile states) are key areas of operation, but more stable states are key areas of investment of profits and also serve as regional hubs.
The ISS report, while not dealing much with wildlife crime, has some very important things to say and I recommend a careful read if you are interested in possible ways of reducing wildlife crime. The report makes these key points:
•Organized crime became established in the 1970's largely operating from South Africa and Nigeria. At the end of the Cold War, many armed groups involved in local insurgencies sought alliances with foreign criminal groups to fund armed conflict. Increasingly, such criminal groups began to buy collusion at the highest levels in many states. In the new millennium, a consolidation phase started, and there is evidence of greater ownership and initiative of African criminal groups.
•Nowadays, Nairobi, Johannesburg and Lagos form the core triangle of urban hubs involved in organized crime but cities like Cape Town, Dakar, Kinshasa and Addis Ababa also play distinctive roles.
•The report estimates that by 2010, Africa was linked in some way to 7-10% of the global illicit trade. The global revenue accruing to organized crime is thought to be in the region of $1.3 trillion. By contrast, legal African trade accounts for only 3% of global trade in goods and services and only 2.4% of global GDP in the legal economy.
•West Africa has emerged as a major transit and repackaging hub for Latin American cocaine. At least 25 tons of cocaine per year is trafficked out of Guinea Bissau to Europe, with a street value of $4.29 billion.
•Nigeria, Ghana and Cameroon are ranked among the top world countries in terms of global cybercrime, valued at $600 million annually.
•The US State Department estimates that Kenya's financial institutions launder over $100 million per year.
•Illicit trafficking of gold and natural resources, principally out of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is estimated to be worth $1.2 billion per year.
•Illicit financial outflows alone (money laundering) from Sub-Saharan Africa outpaced development assistance to the area by a ratio of 2:1.
•Part of the problem in attempting to combat organized crime in Africa is that criminal networks are difficult to disentangle from the activities of warlords, insurgent groups, and even some political, military and community groups.
•Increased demand for natural resources from Asian economies, most notably China, have led to many African countries becoming increasingly linked to China via the legitimate and illegitimate markets. It is estimated that the global value of the Chinese illegitimate market was $2.18 trillion between 2000 and 2009.
•The port of Mombasa has become notorious for linkages with organized crime. A previous report stated "Mombasa is like a tunnel. All illicit business happens here, and it is controlled by traders supported by customs personnel and powerful people in government. Whoever controls the port controls the illicit business in Kenya." http://www.ipinst.org/~ipinst/images/pdfs/ipi_epub-kenya-toc.pdf
•Efforts by the international community to combat organized criminality in Africa have had minimal impact as there is minimal activity by the states themselves. There is a great need to combat the underlying reasons for the proliferation of organized crime in all sectors, including targeting income inequality, building a broad base for the rule of law and democratic governance, fighting corruption and increasing community-level participation.
The authors sum up their report as follows:
•The traditional way of responding to organized crime has been to view it as a criminal justice or security issue requiring strengthened cross border and domestic law enforcement, border control and intelligence-gathering capability. However, it is clear from organized crime's evolution across the continent that fighting this phenomenon can no longer be understood in terms of curbing the illicit trade. Given the almost continent-wide interdependence of organized crime and corruption at the highest levels, and the degree of entrenchment within communities, addressing organized crime in the future will also involve preventing and reversing the criminalization of governments and providing sustainable economic alternatives for its citizens.
So where does this leave the efforts to combat wildlife crime, that by all indicators intend to proceed along lines that have not worked in the past? The authors have some suggestions for the overall situation and I combine these with some specific ones of my own:
•National ownership of any plan to control organized crime is crucial, and should not largely depend on the will of those in power. Citizens should insist on ownership of their natural resources and require that state institutions do not allow channelling of profits only to elites.
•Rather than concentrating on combating individual criminal groups, the supply chains need to be closed down, necessitating cross-border and international collaboration.
•There cannot be any level of impunity for those involved – lack of prosecution undermines citizens' trust in democratic institutions and encourages new recruitment into illegal activities.
•There should be a strong emphasis on re-establishment of community and social control, and known members of crime networks ostracized rather than tolerated and even celebrated. Rather than expecting control to come from governments, there should be a much larger focus on grassroots initiatives. Key among these will be funding for projects stimulating alternative and sustainable income streams.
•Support to community structures, civil society organizations and independent media can provide momentum against organized crime where state institutions or political will are lacking.
•Combating organized crime has always been a reactive process, playing into the hands of syndicates that are dynamic, flexible, opportunistic and very good at anticipating control measures, in no small part due to information received from penetrated institutions. Information gathering by international institutions is crucial, but is currently dominated by concerns about terrorism. A much more dedicated approach to specific wildlife crime activities is required.
•Those involved in wildlife crimes are often well-known to national and international agencies. While prosecution nationally could be a difficult issue given levels of immunity, certainly their names should be published (as are those of known drug kingpins) to discourage anyone dealing with them at international levels and international assets frozen?
We also need a much better definition of what constitutes wildlife crime. At present, it is accepted that the illegal wildlife trade ranks in the top five of illegal trade activities (after drugs, human trafficking, counterfeiting and weapons) and is worth somewhere between $7-$10 billion per year. However, wildlife crime is largely classified as "poaching" in very many African countries, and poaching carries very light penalties and fines. Also, the illegal wildlife trade has only recently been given significant prominence because Hillary Clinton said the profits were used by terrorist groups.
So overall, the whole definition of wildlife crime lingers in a grey area. Is an ivory poacher an illegal wildlife trafficker? Is a middleman caught with hundreds of kilos of ivory supporting terrorism? If the ultimate destination of most of the poached ivory is China, is China therefore funding terrorism?
Certainly, at present, those trading in drugs and arms are given high penalties when caught. But at a local level poaching is still treated as a misdemeanour. Until we know what actually constitutes illegal wildlife trafficking, and until appropriate penalties are assigned for various levels of involvement, we are no further in combating the crime, even though there is plenty of evidence that wildlife trafficking is conducted by organized crime syndicates. Until all those caught up in the rush of needing to combat wildlife crime come up with some much better definitions of what they mean by wildlife crime, and until they learn what they are up against from reports like that of the ISS, it remains a lot of flag waving parades banging drums.
For further reading, see also this article:
Picture credit: Standard Tribune
Categories: Pieter's Blog, Lion Research, Politics & Policy, Lions in Africa
Posted by Pieter Kat at 10:39
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text: Much has been made of Barack Obama's identification with Abraham Lincoln. Of course, Lincoln makes a powerful role model for any president, especially in troubled times. But there are at least ways in which Obama should not follow Lincoln's example, and five corresponding ways in which Lincoln should serve Obama as an example of what NOT to do.


text: And there have to be similar names and crew with the exact same names. Although. The computer probably has a list of often called/favourites and it extrapolates from their if the crew don't make their own lists manually like we do on cell phones with speeddialing. Remember everything, even crew speaking English to other crew listening for English, it all still goes through the universal translator so the computer is picking up a lot of nuance.


text:
Blue Ridge Parkway > Linville Gorge > Table Rock > Climber's Log
Table Rock Climber's Log
[ Sign the Climber's Log ]
|via North Ridge
Date Climbed: Nov 17, 2016
|Quick run up the North Ridge landed us on the summit. Glad I wasn't here on a weekend.
|Posted Nov 21, 2016 10:42 am
|Stu Brandel
|Table Tension
Date Climbed: May 15, 2015
|Decided to hike up this before forecasted afternoon rain hit and almost paid for it. In my haste to leave the summit before the now visible line of storms hit, I am embarrassed to say that I could not find the trail back down amidst the foliage and rocks, and wasted 5-10 minutes thrashing about on the south end of the table. Finally recovering the way down, I scampered down, encountering a black bear on the trail. He too scampered off to shelter, and I reached my car before the deluge.
|Posted May 19, 2015 9:37 pm
|Gorgeous hike
Date Climbed: Apr 24, 2015
|We took the walk-up route and had a fabulous hike. Amazing views on a beautiful day.
|Posted May 3, 2015 3:34 pm
|Great Spot
Date Climbed: Sep 8, 2012
|Great hike with wonderful views. The main trail offers great scenic outlooks and is easy enough for kids 5+ to partake with ease.
It's already been said but very busy on weekends.
|Posted Jun 6, 2013 7:14 pm
|Great memories!
|Climbed here for numerous summers in the 90's. Lots of moderate routes and big views in a temperate rain forest!
|Posted Dec 30, 2012 11:25 pm
|Tourist Route
Date Climbed: Sep 24, 2011
|A very scenic mountain with a great road for everyone to enjoy. Beware of weekends.
|Posted Oct 22, 2011 2:47 pm
|Loop hike
Date Climbed: Mar 19, 2011
|Took the Spence Ridge trail to Little Table Rock trail, then up to the top of Table Rock. Then the Mountain to Sea trail back to the parking lot at Spence Ridge trailhead. The views from the top are fantastic.
|Posted Apr 26, 2011 1:42 pm
|A day hike, sometime in June 2002
|As I reached the Linville Falls area while traveling along the Parkway, I decided to check out the Linville Gorge Wilderness. I bought a good map and went for a long hike.
I parked less than a mile north of Hawksbill Mountain. I followed a trail - according to my map it was 244 - down into the gorge, crossed the Linville river and followed the good path on the right hand side. Further downstream, I hopped a couple of rocks to cross the river again and hiked via the Spence Ridge trail and the Little Tablerock trail to Tablerock summit, before returning to my car via the Mountain-to-Sea trail. Nice view from the summit, and quite a few other people out there. Didn't find any sea though ;-).
|Posted Nov 22, 2010 12:22 am
|Part of Linville Gorge Rim2Rim2Rim Day
Date Climbed: Jun 11, 2010
|Awesome views!
This was the last stop before heading back to the Babel Tower Trail on our "Eastern Rim2Rim2Rim" hike in the Gorge. First stop of the day was Babel Tower. After hitting Babel Tower we continued onto Spence Ridge, to Little Table Rock Trail and up to Table Rock. We came down Spence Ridge and back out Babel Tower Trail. A really tough but awesome day.
|Posted Jun 14, 2010 5:27 pm
|North Ridge
Date Climbed: Apr 3, 2010
|Led one pitch - first trad lead. Lots of fun climbs.
|Posted Apr 5, 2010 7:11 pm
|All over the place
Date Climbed: Jun 1, 2009
|Climbed at Table on a regular basis on a lot of routes. Great place for classic moderates.
|Posted Sep 1, 2009 3:33 am
|Nice summit
|fun climbs all over, north ridge is a keeper
|Posted Jul 7, 2009 4:33 pm
|Great teaching wall
Date Climbed: Aug 4, 2008
|Tons of great climbs here and in the gorge. North Ridge (5.6) is a good area to setup top ropes to teach new leaders. Plenty of diverse pro and access to the top.
|Posted Mar 17, 2009 5:11 pm
|Very impressive
Date Climbed: Mar 9, 2007
|I was impressed by this mountain. The mountains in the east are somewhat the same in that they are entirely covered with trees and are less exposed than rocky western summits. Table Rock is a refreshing exception to both of these generalizations.
|Posted Dec 16, 2008 10:11 am
|Cool place
|Did a coupe routes to hte summit
|Posted Oct 3, 2008 6:45 pm
|My last climbs were here!
Date Climbed: Jun 30, 1980
|I was attending Outward Bound and we spent a couple days climbing here as part of the 23 day course.
|Posted Sep 24, 2008 10:32 pm
Date Climbed: May 28, 2003
|We bagged Jim Dandy, The Cave Route, Peekaboo and a couple of others while there. Without a doubt, this is my favorite place to climb in the south.
|Posted May 21, 2008 4:46 pm
|The start
|This is were I started climbing with Rob and Carlos- I hope to get back there someday
|Posted Nov 26, 2007 1:31 pm
|Climbed with the Southeast Summitposters
Date Climbed: Oct 20, 2007
|A great day to be out there. Perfect weather and perfect views in all directions.
|Posted Oct 23, 2007 7:04 am
|Southeast Gathering
Date Climbed: Oct 20, 2007
|Working with a bad knee so my first attempt to climb it via a longer trail did not work well. I ended up summiting via the shorter route.
|Posted Oct 22, 2007 5:00 pm


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Location: Aquatic Animal Health ResearchTitle: Identification of gyrB and rpoB gene mutations and differentially expressed proteins between a novobiocin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila catfish vaccine strain and its virulent parent strain Author
|Wei Pridgeon, Yuping
|Yildirim-aksoy, M.
|Klesius, Phillip
|Kojima, Kyoko
|Mobley, James A.
|Srivastava, K.k.
|Reddy, P.g.
Submitted to: Veterinary Microbiology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 7/22/2013
Publication Date: 9/1/2013
Publication URL: http://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/58421
Citation: Wei Pridgeon, Y., Yildirim-Aksoy, M., Klesius, P.H., Kojima, K., Mobley, J., Srivastava, K., Reddy, P. 2013. Identification of gyrB and rpoB gene mutations and differentially expressed proteins between a novobiocin-resistant Aeromonas hydrophila catfish vaccine strain and its virulent parent strain. Veterinary Microbiology. 166:624-630. Interpretive Summary: To understand the molecular basis of novobiocin resistance in live attenuated vaccine strain AH11NOVO, multiple approaches were used in this study. Genomic DNA sequencing results revealed that mutations at the target site of novobiocin as well as other genes might be the reason why the vaccine strain is resistant to novobiocin. In addition, transcriptional and translational regulation of antibiotic-resistance related genes might also have contributed to the resistance of the vaccine strain to novobiocin. Furthermore, overexpression of immunogens in the vaccine strains might have contributed to its efficacy as a vaccine.
Technical Abstract: Sequence comparison between the full-length 2412 bp DNA gyrase subunit B (gyrB) gene of a novobiocin resistant Aeromonas hydrophila AH11NOVO vaccine strain and that of its virulent parent strain AH11P revealed 10 missense mutations. Similarly, sequence comparison between the full-length 4092 bp RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) gene of AH11NOVO and that of AH11P revealed 13 missense mutations. SDS-PAGE and LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed a total of 23 proteins presumably over-expressed in AH11NOVO, with putative functions in the following four major categories: 1) resistance to antibiotics or response to stress (7/23=30%); 2) immunogens (6/23=26%); 3) virulence factors (5/23=22%); and 4) metabolism (5/23=22%). Quantitative PCR revealed that the transcriptional levels of the majority (19/23=83%) genes corresponding to the proteins identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS were over-expressed at least 10-fold higher in AH11NOVO compared to that in AH11P. Western blot and LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed a total of 55 AH11 proteins recognized by either preimmune or hyperimmune catfish sera, including 9 of the 23 proteins identified earlier. The nine proteins included the following six putative immunogens that was identified earlier: 1) pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component; 2) phosphate aetyltransferase; 3) chaperone htpG; 4) transketolase; 5) serine hydroxymethyltransferase; and 6) fructose-biphosphate aldolase. In addition, the following three proteins that were not previously known as immunogenic were identified by both LC-ESI-MS/MS: 1) acetate kinase; 2) periplasmic nitrate reductase; and 3) cysteine synthase. Our results will improve our understanding of the molecular basis of novobiocin resistance and how AH11NOVO works as a vaccine.


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Collectively, the Hymenoptera are most important to humans as pollinators of wild and cultivated flowering plants, as parasites of destructive insects, and as makers of honey. The Hymenoptera are divided into two suborders: Symphyta (mainly sawflies and horntails) and Apocrita (wasps, ants, bees, and most parasitic forms).
The order includes the best known of the social insects—ants and some species of bees and wasps. Most species, however, are solitary in habit. Hymenopterans may be parasitic or nonparasitic, carnivorous, phytophagous, or omnivorous.
Hymenopterans are chiefly small to medium-sized insects, usually with four membranous wings and a narrow waist that sets off the abdomen from the thorax, or middle region of the body. The mouthparts may be either of the biting type or of the biting-sucking type. In the higher evolutionary forms—bees, for example—mouthparts are modified into a sucking apparatus, although many also retain biting mandibles. The ovipositor, or egg-laying organ in the female, is often very long and may be modified for piercing, sawing, or stinging. Metamorphosis is complete—i.e., the insect develops through four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Sex is usually determined by whether or not an egg is fertilized, with fertilized eggs developing into females and unfertilized ones becoming males.
Hymenoptera display an array of interesting behavioral characteristics, particularly in social species. The dancelike movements of honeybees communicate information from one individual to another about the location, distance, quantity, and quality of a particular food source. These movements were carefully studied and described by the German entomologist Karl von Frisch. Trophallaxis, or the mutual exchange of food between larvae and adults of bees, ants, and wasps, has been of special interest to hymenopterists. Hyperparasitism—the parasitic habit of one species upon another parasitic species—has also attracted attention. Polyembryony, the development of many individuals (as many as 1,000) from a single egg, is an unusual phenomenon occurring in some members of the families Chalcididae and Proctotrupidae. Parthenogenesis (production of young by females that are not fertilized by males) also occurs in some forms.
Certain ants are remarkable for their relationship with insects such as aphids and scales that provide honeydew or other sweet fluids. Ants that obtain sweet fluids from the caterpillars of certain species of blue butterflies (Lycaenidae) reciprocate by allowing the caterpillars to devour ant larvae. The honey ant (Myrmecocystus in the United States, Plagiolepis in Africa) has in the nest a division of worker ants known as repletes, which are fed sugary secretions. As a consequence of high food intake, the abdomens of repletes swell into globules up to 1 cm (about 0.4 inch) in diameter.
Hymenoptera, even those equipped with a sting, are sought as food by other animals. Skunks, badgers, field mice, shrews, and other animals attack bee nests for the insects as well as for the honey. The larvae of the wax month (Galleria mellonella) live in bee nests, where they eat beeswax, thus damaging the nest. The cuckoo bee (Anthophorinae), a close relative of the bumblebee, lays its eggs in bumblebee nests, where the larvae are cared for and nourished by bumblebee workers.
Hymenopterans range in size from the smallest fairyflies (Mymaridae), which are about 0.21 mm (about 0.008 inch) in length, to the largest of the Pelecinidae, which may exceed 5 cm (about 2 inches) in length.
Principal differences in structure within the order include the presence or absence of wings that, when present, consist of two pairs; the presence or absence of a "waist"; modifications of the ovipositor; and adaptations of mouthparts for specific eating habits. Polymorphism, the occurrence of two or more forms of a species, is highly developed in some of the social Hymenoptera. A honeybee colony, for example, contains at least one queen, plus workers and drones, with each form being structurally and physiologically different from the others.
Bees and wasps, as the most significant agents for the pollination of flowers, are found virtually everywhere that flowering plants occur. Social species may live in colonies of as many as 1,000,000 individuals. Ants are most numerous, both in numbers and in species, in tropical and subtropical regions. The number of ant species in arctic or Alpine regions is extremely small. The group appears to be absent over great areas north of the Arctic Circle.
The honeybee has been valued since pre-Christian times for its honey and beeswax. Beekeeping in modern times has become a lucrative and highly developed enterprise. Royal jelly, produced by honeybee workers, has enjoyed some popularity as a cosmetic, although its beneficial properties in this respect have not been satisfactorily demonstrated.
Certain parasitic forms are valuable control agents against insect pests. Notable among these are the parasitic wood wasps that attack wood-boring beetles; braconids that parasitize many Lepidoptera and wood-boring beetles; eulophids that parasitize scale insects; pteromalids that parasitize several crop pests; chalcids and trichogrammatids that parasitize a variety of orchard pests; and tiphiids that parasitize the Japanese beetle. Fig insects (Agaonidae) are valuable as the only pollinators of the Smyrna fig, an important crop in the Western United States.
Relatively few Hymenoptera species are serious economic pests. Chief among these, however, are the wheatstem sawfly (Cephidae); some seed chalcids that are also pests of wheat; the larch sawfly (Pristiphora erichsonii), which destroyed much of the larch forests in Britain and North America late in the 19th century; and the European spruce sawfly (Gilpinia), which was once a serious pest in North America. In order to control the European spruce sawfly, parasitic wasps were introduced from Europe.
The fire ant (Solenopsis saevissima), accidentally introduced into the United States from South America, feeds on young plants and seeds and is known to attack young mammals. The destructive habit of legionary ants, or army ants (Dorylinae), is of particular importance in South America. Armies of as many as 1,500,000 such insects destroy almost all animal life they encounter. Leaf-cutting ants (Atta) are serious pests, especially in Brazil, where they may ravage extensive plantings of cultivated plants overnight. These insects are used locally as a source of food by people in South America.
The ovary of the queen bee is composed of several hundred ovarioles, each of which contains about 60 eggs and so-called nutrition cells. The so-called spermatheca, a sperm reservoir that collects sperm from the male in the course of several matings, connects with the oviduct, through which eggs are carried to the outside. The sperm can remain alive and viable in the fluid medium of the spermatheca for several years.
When an egg passes down the oviduct, it may or may not be fertilized by emerging sperm, at the "discretion" of the female. Fertilization occurs if the female relaxes a muscular ring around the sperm duct, thus allowing the duct to open and sperm to pass through. Since unfertilized eggs result in males (haploid; n chromosomes) and fertilized eggs result in females (diploid; 2n chromosomes), the queen determines the sex of the offspring by relaxing or closing the muscular ring.
In addition to this facultative (haplo-diploid) sex determination, hymenopteran reproduction is often remarkable in other respects. An extreme and pronounced dimorphism often exists between the two sexes. Some male and female hymenopterans are so different in appearance that at one time they were thought to represent different species. The consequence of such extreme difference is that the two sexes, with markedly different ways of life, also have different tasks in the insect community. As a rule, only the female cares for the brood, and males live only long enough to mate. This dimorphism also involves the senses. Female bees, for instance, are sensitive to yellow, blue-green, blue, and ultraviolet light. The drones (males), however, are blind to yellow but are particularly sensitive to ultraviolet light. The yellow colour of many flowers is of no significance to the drones since they cannot feed themselves. Sunlight, however, which contains much ultraviolet light, is important in orienting the insect during the mating flight.
Parthenogenesis, which occurs in many insect orders, is particularly common in the Hymenoptera and can occur in three forms: arrhenotoky, thelytoky, and deuterotoky. In arrhenotoky, males are produced from unfertilized eggs laid by mated (impregnated) females or by so-called secondary, or supplementary, queens, which have not been impregnated. In thelytoky, which occurs in many species of the suborder Symphyta, unmated females produce males. In deuterotoky, unmated females of some Symphyta produce females as well as males. The occurrence of these forms is not always mutually exclusive. For example, in Apis, about 1 percent of the eggs laid by secondary queens may be female.
Parthenogenetic reproduction in Hymenoptera often occurs in a cycle of alternate generations. In chalcids, the first generation, consisting of males and females, produces a second generation of females, which lay unfertilized eggs that produce both males and females, thus repeating the first generation. In some gall wasps (Cynipidae) no males have yet been observed. The females of these wasps invariably produce thelytokous females.
The first generation of the braconid Microtonus brevicollis is parthenogenetic and parasitizes the adult form of the beetle Haltica amphelophaga. The second generation, however, lives in the larvae of the same beetle, and the females are impregnated by males. The occurrence of parthenogenesis is determined by a nutritional or hormonal factor in the larva of the host. The mode of reproduction is also determined by the number of chromosomes (i.e., cell structures that contain hereditary information) in the egg.
Polyembryony, the development of more than one individual from a single egg, occurs in numerous parasitic Hymenoptera, including chalcids, encyrtids, proctotrupoids, braconids, and dryinids. In this type of reproduction, the embryo divides into several separate, identical parts at an early stage. Each of these then develops into an individual insect. In Litomatix truncatellus, which is parasitic on the larvae of the noctuid moth Plusia gamma, about 1,000 embryos develop from one egg. The offspring from one egg are all male or all female, and, as a rule, several eggs are laid at one time so that both sexes will occur in one brood. It is believed that polyembryony is controlled by internal factors, either genetic or chemical, a view supported by the fact that in some species (Platygasteridae) only part of a brood may occur polyembryonically.
The solitary wasps, of which there are about 20,000 species, usually build nests or cells, which they provision with permanently paralyzed insects or spiders. One egg is laid in each cell, and the body of the paralyzed host provides all the nutriment needed by the developing larva. Some solitary wasps nest in woody or pithy stems, whereas others dig tunnels in the soil. The mason, or potter, wasps construct nests of mud, which are sometimes vaselike or juglike and may be found attached to twigs or other objects.
Sawflies, which are phytophagous, lay their eggs in incisions in plants, cut by the sawlike blades of the ovipositor. Species of several genera, notably Pontania, induce the growth of galls on willows.
The spider wasps (Pompilidae) usually construct single cells in the ground, in rotten wood, or in rock crevices and provision them with paralyzed spiders. The threadwaisted wasps (Sphecidae) have diverse nesting habits. Most of them nest in the ground and use leafhoppers, treehoppers, cicadas, stinkbugs, bees, winged ants, beetles, or caterpillars as food for the young, each species or group confining itself to one type of prey. Mud daubers (Sceliphron, Chalybion) build small nests of mud, often in attics, outbuildings, or eaves, and provision them with the bodies of paralyzed spiders.
The females of the superfamily Ichneumonoidea deposit their eggs in or on the larvae or pupae (rarely eggs or adults) of the host species. The legless, maggotlike larvae that hatch from these eggs feed on the body fats and fluids of the host until fully grown. At this time, the larvae usually spin silken cocoons, within which they pupate and from which the adult parasites eventually emerge. Those species parasitizing exposed hosts usually develop as internal parasites, whereas those attacking hosts concealed in wood burrows, plant stems, cocoons, or leaf mines feed externally. In the case of internal parasites, the hosts feed and behave normally until shortly before the parasitic larvae have completed their development. The hosts of the external feeders are paralyzed by the female parasites. In most cases, one parasitic larva completes its development within or upon its host, although in some species, many larvae develop in one host. Adults of ichneumon wasps feed principally on honeydew secreted by aphids and related insects or on host juices that exude from punctures made by the ovipositor.
Most cuckoo wasps (Chrysididae) lay their eggs in the nests of solitary wasps or bees. Among the exceptions is an African species that is parasitic on the tsetse fly. Tiphiidae and Scoliidae are mostly parasites of beetle grubs that live in the soil. The female wasp digs into the soil to locate the grub, stings and paralyzes it, and deposits an egg on it. The wasp larva lives on the outside of the grub.
Most species of the superfamily Apoidea are solitary bees, with each female making her own nest (usually a burrow in the ground) and provisioning it. Among such bees there are no castes (worker, queen). The female bee constructs cells—each of which is an enclosed space provided with a supply of pollen and honey—lays an egg in each cell, then closes it, and goes on to build and provision another.
Most solitary bees are short-lived as adults. Some species may be in flight only a few weeks, having spent the rest of the year in their cells as eggs, larvae, pupae, and young adults. Other species have several generations yearly, so that adults may be found more or less continually. In temperate climates, solitary bees usually pass the winter in their cells, either as mature larvae (prepupae) or as young adults.
Several families of bees have evolved species that are called parasitic because they lay their eggs in cells of various bee species. The young larva, which usually has a large head and large jaws, destroys the egg or young larva of the host, then eats the provisions of the host. Such bees not only lack the scopa (i.e., pollen-collecting apparatus) and other structures associated with collecting and carrying pollen but also lack the various structures of the jaws and legs that other species use for making nests.
In several families of Hymenoptera the larvae are completely dependent upon the continuous care of the adults. The colony is a family community of which every insect is an integral unit. Apart from the community, any one individual cannot properly function or survive. The essential work in the society—such as nest building, feeding and tending the brood, and defense of the nest—is performed by female workers. The fertile female, the queen, performs only one task: egg laying. The workers can be differentiated morphologically and physiologically as soldiers, outside workers, inside workers, and nest builders. The males play no part in everyday nest activities. They live only for a short time at a specific time of year, occur in limited numbers, and are virtual parasites of the colony that must feed them.
The activities of certain solitary bees of the subfamily Halictinae are helpful in understanding certain aspects of the evolution of the highly organized hymenopteran societies. The females of Halictus quadricinctus survive the hatching of their own offspring. Mother and daughter stay together in the same nest, which consists of single brood cells. Thus, although each female takes care of her own cells, they build and defend the nest together. In Augochloropsis sparsalis there is a further development in that females of one nest stay together for one summer, and a division of labour occurs. Some of the young females return, still unmated, from the nuptial flight. These individuals then take charge of gathering pollen and nectar and further building of the nest and are called worker bees. The mated females merely deposit eggs.
The social behaviour of Halictus (Evylaeus) malachurus has advanced another step. Morphological differences are apparent between the ovipositing female and the assisting females. The latter are poorly fed as larvae and, as a result, are smaller with poorly developed sexual organs. Bumblebee colonies are often highly developed, with different castes clearly established. Social companionship and division of labour become "obligatory" and, although a mated queen can build a nest independently and raise the first worker bees herself, she needs the assistance of workers to help rear sexually mature bees.
Similar preliminary stages to a social organization are found in the Vespidae. The female Stenogaster depressigaster passes several generations in the communal nest, and the daughters build their own cells and care for their own offspring. In the case of Belenogaster, however, whose nests include about 60 cells, the females not only feed their own brood but also indiscriminately feed all larvae present. Trophallaxis, or exchange of food between workers and larvae, is a further development.
The first evolutionary step toward a division of labour occurs in Polybia. Some female Polybia only lay eggs. In others, called assisting females, the gonads are poorly developed; these females take charge of repair and construction, larvae care, and food gathering. They thus are useful in the society, even though they produce no offspring. This society lasts at least one summer and possibly as long as several years before it dissolves, and young sexually mature insects establish a new nest in spring.
The life of the honeybee colony is potentially endless. Because the queen's honey-collecting apparatus and her pharyngeal glands and wax glands are degenerated, she is incapable of building a nest or feeding and tending the brood. The continued survival of the colony results from the fact that young queens replace the old and that queens mate with many males (a practice called polyandry) to promote genetic diversity within the colony. After their nuptial flight young queens return to the home nest. If, during the spring, many offspring develop, the colony population greatly increases, and the number of cells in the comb for developing young is no longer adequate. The colony then divides by swarming, during which the old queen leaves the nest with about half of the worker bees, and the old nest is relinquished to a newly hatched queen. The swarm finds a new nesting place and builds new combs. To make the task easier, all the departing workers consume honey before leaving the old nest.
For nest building, the Polistinae (paper wasps) and Vespinae (e.g., yellow jackets) use paperlike coverings, which they construct by gnawing wood particles from structures such as fences, telephone poles, and barn doors. This is then kneaded together with saliva to form a little ball. After returning to the nest, insects roll the balls into layers of paper-thin cell walls. Vespinae also build the outer nest covering in several layers to help modulate the interior temperature, the air between the layers of paper serving as insulation. Interior warmth is produced by the body heat of the larvae and by the constant contraction of the muscles of the adults. This agitation, like human shivering, generates heat and raises the temperature of the hive. If the nest becomes overheated, drops of water are carried in. Temperature regulation of the nest is so precise that on warm days a constant temperature of 35 °C (95 °F) can be maintained. An equally precise temperature regulation occurs in the hive of the honeybee.
All ant species are social in habit. The virgin queen ant, who is usually winged, mates in flight with only one male. During the flight he transfers to her seminal receptacle all the sperm she will require for the rest of her life, which may be as long as 15 years. Each fertilized queen is immediately capable of establishing or taking over a nest. After the mating flight has ended, she first seeks a place to raise her brood. Her wings then drop off, and the bulky wing muscles degenerate, providing nutritive materials from the breakdown of the muscle tissue.
As soon as the wings have fallen the ovaries become functional, and egg laying begins. In primitive species the queen leaves the nest and forages for food for the larvae. In more advanced forms, the queen rarely leaves the nest. She feeds so-called nutrition eggs or other food stores within her own body to the first brood. The larvae that survive in the nest develop into dwarf workers, which forage outside the nest for food to nourish additional larvae.
A few ant species (e.g., Atta) have developed colonies that live for long periods, with one queen succeeding another. In Eciton the young queens, which are wingless, mate in the nest and are dependent upon the help of the workers as the nest is being built.
The degree of social organization in a Hymenoptera colony is most evident in the division of labour. In honeybee colonies the division of labour is achieved in an especially interesting manner. Tasks are assigned according to age. The first day after the bee's emergence as an adult, female workers carry out wastes, clean the cells, and line them with a disinfectant secretion preparatory to deposition of the egg by the queen. On about the fourth day this young bee advances to brood nursing, where she provides older larvae with honey and pollen. On the sixth day she also provides young, newly hatched larvae with specific larval food from her pharyngeal glands. At about 16 days the bee becomes active in secreting wax and using it to build the comb. Soon afterward, she makes her first orientation flight outside the hive. On about the 20th day she begins serving as an entrance guard, shortly after which she becomes a forager. She remains at this job until her death. This activity sequence parallels certain physiological changes in the bee. The pharyngeal glands start to secrete larval food substances on the third or fourth day, and the wax glands become active on about the 10th day. By the time the bee moves to service outside the hive, both the pharyngeal and wax glands have degenerated.
In the division of labour among some ant forms highly specialized types of polymorphism have been developed. The Cryptocercus ants, for example, make nests in hollow stems of plants, then bore a circular entrance that remains under constant surveillance by special guards whose heads are modified into pluglike structures that fit the entrance. Each guard is relieved after several hours and another guard takes its place. Nest members who wish to enter indicate that they are members by means of a special movement of the antenna. Entrance guards are useless for other tasks. Repletes (see above General features) are a special worker caste of the honey ant. When food is plentiful, these workers are fed so much that the size of the abdomen is greatly increased. Unable to walk, they hang as living honey jugs from the ceiling of the nest, to be used as a food source when fresh food is scarce.
The very close relationship between insects that are social parasites of the Hymenoptera and their hosts is made possible by the host's division of labour and by a special secretion produced by the parasite. The beetles Lomechusa and Atemeles (Staphylinidae) enter unmolested into the nests of ants, such as Formica and Myrmica. The beetle larvae are adopted, fed, and reared together with the ant brood. The adults and larvae of the beetle pacify their hosts by means of chemical secretions, which induce the ants to care for them.
The highly integrated activities of the Hymenoptera colony require sophisticated methods of passing information among its members. The so-called dance of the honeybee is perhaps the most remarkable demonstration of methods of communication in insects.
After a bee has discovered a new source of food, she returns fully loaded to the comb, delivers nectar and pollen, and notifies the other bees about the new food source before returning to the field. Information about the plant species is conveyed by the odour of the flower, which adheres to the bee's body and is sensed by other bees through their antennae. She communicates information about the quality and location of the food source by means of various dancelike movements. Information about the quality and quantity of the food source is conveyed by the liveliness and duration of the dance movements of the bee. If the food source is unusually rich and of high quality, certain sounds are also made to convey this information. The location of the food source is indicated by the rhythm of the dance and by the orientation of the axis of the abdomen with respect to gravity. If the food source is near the hive, a "round" dance is performed. A "tail-wagging" dance indicates that the food source is more than 80 metres (260 feet) away. This dance transmits precise information about direction as well as distance. The number of dance cycles performed by the bee in a certain length of time is inversely related to the distance of the food source. Thus, about 10 cycles are performed every 15 seconds for a food source 100 metres (330 feet) away, but only one cycle is made in that period if the food source is 10,000 metres (33,000 feet) away. The bee measures the distance in terms of how much energy she expends in travelling to the food source. The sun and gravity are used in conveying directional information. During the flight to the food source the bee determines the angle between the line of flight and the sun. The angle to the vertical at which she then dances on the vertical face of the honeycomb describes the angle between the line of flight to the food source and a line drawn in the direction of the sun. An upward tail-wagging run means: "The flight is toward the sun," whereas a downward run means: "The flight is away from the sun." A run 45° to the left indicates that the source is 45° to the left of the sun. Because the position of the sun changes during the day, the dance angle must also change in the course of the day. If the sun is concealed behind clouds or behind some obstruction such as a mountain or a group of trees, the bee analyzes the pattern of polarized light coming from the sky. If only a small opening of sky appears between the clouds, it reveals to the bee's eye a typical pattern that travels along with the sun. A particular intensity of polarized light is generated toward the earth's surface from every point in the sky. The sun's position is determined by virtue of the bee's sensitivity to polarization differences.
The tail-wagging dance is also performed when a swarm is searching for a new nest location. When a swarm accompanies its queen from the hive, it gathers first in the immediate neighbourhood of the original hive. Scouts fly out in all directions looking for a suitable nesting place. When a suitable site is found, the scouts return to the cluster and announce the site by means of the dance, and the swarm then moves en masse.
As the principal insect pollinators of flowering plants, the Hymenoptera have played a vital ecological role ever since the two groups evolved. The mutual dependency of many species of bees and wasps and flowering plants is firmly established. Indeed, many plants cannot reproduce without the helpful intervention of a particular insect species, most often a hymenopteran.
Parasitism, which occurs among most families of Hymenoptera, is usually apparent to none but the interested student. However, the ecological significance of parasitism within the order might well overshadow that of pollination. Hymenoptera, the most prevalent and successful of insect parasites, exert a profound, if subtle, control over populations of other insects and certain other arthropods—groups that might otherwise overpopulate and thus upset their particular ecosystem. Humans have utilized this control mechanism to their own advantage by importing, breeding, and maintaining many species of Hymenoptera parasites that prey upon insect pests.
Concomitant with diversity of habit in the adult Hymenoptera is a diversity of form. This variety prevails to such a degree that only the briefest, general description applies to the order as a whole.
As in all adult insects, the segmented body consists of three primary body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen. In most forms a narrow constriction at the anterior (front) end of the abdomen distinctly separates it from the thorax. Two pairs of membranous wings are usually present. The vein pattern in the wings is usually reduced, and, in some forms, veins are entirely absent. The hindwings, noticeably smaller than the forewings, are interlocked with the latter by tiny hooklets on the anterior margin. In certain solitary wasps, particularly the wasp family called velvet ants (Mutillidae), females are wingless. All worker ants (Formicidae) lack wings. Winglessness also occurs in some genera of ichneumons and chalcids, usually only in females, sometimes in both sexes, but rarely in the males alone.
The mouthparts are usually modified for biting or for biting and sucking. The compound eyes (i.e., consisting of many mosaic-like facets) are large. There are usually three ocelli, or simple eyes, arranged in a triangle on the top of the head. The antennae vary greatly in form. Rarely are they shorter than the head is wide. Usually they are moderately long, sometimes longer than the body, and composed of many segments. Often the basal segment, or scape, is greatly elongated. In some, segments near the tip are modified into a club, whereas others may have branched segments. The leg is nearly always characterized by five segments, of which the fifth is the tarsus, or "foot." The abdomen of the female has an ovipositor at the tip. In the sawflies, the ovipositor is modified into a sawlike tool used for making slits in the leaves or stems of plants in which the eggs are deposited, but in all other Hymenoptera it is modified for stinging or piercing.
The form of the digestive system in Hymenoptera is relatively uniform throughout the order. In ants, an infrabuccal chamber located under the mouth has as its apparent purpose the trapping of indigestible particles that have been ingested along with food. This solid residue is regurgitated as a pellet.
In stinging forms the esophagus enlarges near the stomach into a crop, or honey stomach, which serves as a reservoir for liquids to be later regurgitated. In honey ant repletes, the crop may be greatly distended. In honeybees, it may contain as much as 75 milligrams (0.003 ounce) of nectar, which can be about one-third the insect's total weight. In bees and wasps, the stomach, or ventriculus, is the largest part of the digestive system; in most ants, solitary wasps, and other forms, it is quite small.
Two pairs of salivary glands are well developed, particularly in bees. One pair is found in the head and the other in the thorax. The ducts leading from them unite to form a single canal that passes into the pharynx. Drones and queen bees also have a mass of salivary gland cells in the head near the ocelli. Worker bees have one pair of pharyngeal glands that produce food, especially royal jelly, for the young larvae. The pharyngeal glands are rudimentary in drones and absent in queens.
The function of the mandibular glands, which open near the inner angle of the mandible, is not fully understood. However, in gall wasps their secretion is known to cause an abnormal growth of cells in leaves. Among social forms, this gland in the queen produces both the substance that inhibits ovary development in workers and one that attracts males during her mating flight.
The so-called Nassonow gland, opening on the dorsal side of the abdomen, produces a substance that is used to mark the entrance to the bee hive as well as food sources away from the hive. Honeybees, bumblebees, stingless bees, and many solitary bees have wax glands on the sternites (ventral body plates). The wax is used in the construction of brood cells and cells for the storage of pollen and honey.
The eggs of parasitic forms are often attached to a surface by means of a pedicel, or stalk. In some forms, the pedicel may be five or six times the length of the egg itself.
The larva typically has a distinct head region, three thoracic segments, and usually nine or 10 abdominal segments. In the suborder Symphyta, the larvae are usually caterpillar-like. The head covering is especially tough and the mouthparts powerfully developed. There are usually three pairs of legs on the thorax and six or eight on the abdomen. Symphyta larvae that are wood borers or stem borers have no abdominal legs and the thoracic legs are smaller than those of nonborers.
With rare exceptions larvae of the suborder Apocrita have no legs and are maggotlike in form. The head covering is softer and thinner than in the Symphyta. In parasitic forms, the head is often greatly reduced and partially withdrawn into the prothorax (anterior part of the thorax). Sense organs appear to be poorly developed, with no ocelli, very small or absent antennae, and toothlike, sicklelike, or spinelike mandibles. In most Apocrita larvae the stomach is a blind sac until the final larval stage, when it opens into the intestine. The larvae of stinging forms (Aculeata) generally have 10 pairs of spiracles, or breathing pores, whereas parasitic forms usually have nine pairs present.
In the Apocrita, the final stage, the prepupa, begins to show certain adult features such as wings and adult legs. The prothoracic segment has begun to distend because of the growing head. The first abdominal segment, or propodium, becomes part of the thorax. The pupa is exarate, meaning that the developing adult appendages (legs and wings) are separate from the body rather than molded into its surface.
A cocoon is usually formed. It may be parchmentlike in texture, made of soil particles, or, in stinging forms, a thin, silken lining within the larval cell. Certain ants form no cocoon whatever.
A great variety of structural adaptations have evolved in hymenopterans, and several interesting ones will be discussed here. In worker bees, hairs on the tarsi of the forelegs are used to brush pollen from flowers. The tarsi of the forelegs and middle legs are used to brush pollen from hairs on the body of the bee. During the flight from one blossom to another, the collected pollen is passed to pollen-bearing organs, which vary among different kinds of bees.
Some primitive bees (e.g., in the families Colletidae and Halictidae) have masses of long hairs on the basal segments (coxae, trochanters, femurs) of the hind legs and on the undersurface of the abdomen. These hairs constitute the scopa, or pollen-bearing structure. In many colletids and halictids, the scopa is limited to the hind legs. In two subfamilies, Panurginae and Anthophorinae, the scopa is enlarged on the fourth segment (tibiae) of the hind legs and reduced or absent on the abdomen and on the basal leg segments. In the social bees, the scopa is limited to the outer sides of the hind tibiae, where it consists of long hairs surrounding a smooth area, the entire structure being called a pollen basket, or corbicula. In leaf-cutting bees (Megachilidae), the scopa is limited to the underside of the abdomen. In some colletids (Hyaleinae), the scopa is absent, and the pollen, mixed with nectar, is carried to the nest in the crop (anterior end of the digestive tract).
Reproduction, the search for food, and, in the case of social species, coordinated group activity require highly developed sensory and orientative capability. In these respects the Hymenoptera are the most advanced of the insects.
It has been demonstrated that the eye of the bee is sensitive to ultraviolet radiation but is blind to red light. White flowers, which only partially reflect ultraviolet as a rule, appear coloured to a bee. Certain colour combinations, while invisible to the human eye, are not only visible but also may be of special interest to bees. In response to certain colour combinations, they instinctively extend the proboscis (feeding organ) into the flower for nectar.
Some flowers that appear entirely yellow to the human eye reflect ultraviolet from the outer ends of the petals. Only the inner part, then, appears yellow to the bee, directing it to the nectar source.
The facetted compound eye of the insect is apparently unable to perceive forms in sharp outline, and it seems to be the patterns of flowers that attract bees rather than their geometric shapes. In addition, striking landmarks serve for orientation from the hive to the food source.
Recognition of a member of the same species and colony and discovery of a mate and of the nest are largely determined by smell. Guards at the beehive entrance smell every bee who seeks to enter to determine if she belongs to the colony, because each colony has its own specific odour.
Ants use scent marks, which they place on their pathways. They are thus able to find their way back to the nest and direct other colony members to a food source. When danger threatens, ants, wasps, and bees secrete an alarm substance. This marks the place of danger and notifies other colony members to be on the alert.
During the nuptial flight of the bees, the queen announces her presence to the drones by releasing a substance from her mandibular gland. If this secretion is obtained experimentally and sent aloft by means of a balloon, a swarm of drones will gather around it. A queen bee constantly identifies herself in the hive by means of the so-called queen substance, which also originates from the mandibular gland. This secretion, passed by certain workers in minute portions to all hive mates, inhibits ovary development in workers. It is also perceived by smelling and controls certain types of behaviour. As long as the odour is present in the hive, the bees are unable to produce new queen cells. If the queen disappears or is weak, this substance is no longer produced or is produced in reduced amounts. At that time substitute queens are immediately produced from young larvae. The sense of smell is also essential to many parasitic forms in their search for a host. Some parasites can detect, chemically, whether another parasite has already laid an egg in an intended host. If such is the case, no egg will be deposited by the second visitor.
Nest building and mutual communication are aided in numerous ways by mechanical means of orientation. Wasp and bee nests, which have horizontal and vertical combs, as well as ant nests are designed with respect to gravity. Highly developed gravity-sensing organs have been found in bees and ants. Hair tufts on the neck and in the leg joints sense the response of the various body parts to gravity. In this way the individual parts of the body assist the organs of balance, and the brain is informed of each change in position. In ants the hair tufts on the basal antennae segment also are used for the perception of gravity.


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Discussion in 'Shiny Things' started by RC Pilot, Apr 15, 2009.
Yes, you are correct.
Good stuff, I absolutely love flying RC gliders... almost as good as the real thing.
Wanted one of these for a while but didnt want one that much to go out and find one. Was in the Tamiya store in Singapore on saturday and saw the body shells, they had the kit as well.
Went back yesterday and brought it!
The kit comes with a clear body shell but I also brought a pre-painted one as well. It also has the lights installed!
Body shells are SIN$135
I have a Bigwig that is mostly complete, needs radio kit and motor and I have a Supershot that is also mostly complete.
This will wait for a while ....
Hay Ewe
Thanks, Saget. I understand the costs involved. I guess the reason I don't build my own is I don't know what I'm doing, as far as controller, properly sizing the motors, etc.
I've been checking out the DJI quad.
I hear ya, I don't know what I'm doing either!! That's why it took me so long. But hey, I figured it out along the way. I suppose a good way to cut the cost significantly would be to sell them in kit form. There could be an airframe kit for those who want to choose their own electronics. Then an electronics kit with everything I used, along with instructions.
Something else to think about, I guess.
I hear ya! It takes a lot of trial and error, I'm sure. I still don't even know how some of these controllers work. Which are you using?
I'm on rcgroups.com right now shopping for a quad for FPV/video :)
I'm using the KK2 board from Hobby King.
Sweet. I found this one on RC Groups, an HT-FPV. Needs a flight controller, receiver, and battery. $270 for frame, motors, ESCs, all soldering done.
That would be a good way to get started without having to spend an excessive amount of time on it. Add another $75 or so for a controller, Rx, and battery and you're in the air.
Eaxactly! I found this http://www.rctimer.com/index.php?gOo=goods_details.dwt&goodsid=765&productname which is what the seller used on it.
I have a Rx and battery. Plus, it's made for PFV and has a Go Pro tray on it already.
Might get enough snow on Friday to use this!

Kyosho Blizzard 27 Dec 2010 from J B on Vimeo.

I'd go for it!! I'm not familiar with that RCTimer board, just been using the KK's so far. But I like the looks of it, since it has interfaces for GPS and such. That would be fun to play with once you get familiar.
What do you want to use for an FPV setup? That seems to be a whole 'nuther can of worms I haven't cracked open yet. I hear you need a HAM license to legally operate some systems (in the U.S.), although I'm sure there must be some lower power units that don't require it.
I can see why you'd want to use a low-res FPV link for navigation and aiming your camera, while still carrying a GoPro or similar to record HD video at the same time. Currently on my aerial photo/video missions, I'm shooting blind. Aiming the camera is just a guess.
Did it! I'm researching FCs now. Man, this stuff is so over my head. Can I PM or email you, Saget, about some controller questions?
Absolutely!! Don't know if I'll have any answers, but we can sure try.
Got my car back together, my little 1/18th scale HPI Mini Recon. It's pretty fun. I fried the stock brushed ESC so I put in a 1/10th scale Hobbywing BL kit with a 7800kv BL motor. At the LHS track the 1/8th scale truggies were hauling ass so I had to keep out of their way.
Burned up the rear diff in the process
In other news. I ordered a KK 2.0 FC for my quad which should be arriving tomorrow. I'll install the KK and when the Crius AIOP gets here I'll play with that and see how it works. The KK is pretty straightforward, though.
Correct, Saget?
Tuning the KK2 board isn't difficult, but it IS a bit time-consuming to get it just right. Lots of trial & error.
I'd recommend following the instructions in the "PI Gain Setup" file you'll find on the HK site, under the "Files" tab for the KK2 board. Or here's a direct link: http://www.hobbyking.com/hobbyking/store/uploads/475200704X68736X56.pdf
You should set the Roll/Pitch I-Gain to zero before you start. Also set the Height Dampening to zero. Concentrate on tuning just the Roll/Pitch/Yaw P-Gain values first. Once you get a good steady hover by adjusting only the P-Gains, THEN start increasing the I-Gains to get smooth forward flight. Finally, add height dampening (if you want) to help smooth out your throttle inputs.
Once you have all that dialed in, you can go to the Stick Scaling menu and play with those values. Those are sort of like programming the end point adjustments on your transmitter. You can adjust how sensitive the controls are to your liking. Higher values are like having more servo throw; it makes the model more sensitive.
You'll find that there is also an "auto level" capability on the KK board. Leave it turned off until you get everything else right!! It'll just get in your way. If it's on and your quad doesn't behave right, you won't know if it's a gain setting or auto-level messing you up. Best to just eliminate it at first.
And take lots of notes as you go!! Write down every value you set, how it performed, and what props you were using. Different props make a huge difference in how it behaves, and you may want to revert back to some other setup.
Here's a good youtube video that shows what happens with different gain settings:
Aw shit... I forgot one important step. Make sure you do the sensor calibration first! It's in one of the menus on the KK board, and it will have instructions right on the LCD. It's very simple... it's just a matter of keeping your quad level and still for a few seconds while the controller figures out where it is. Just have to do it once.
Ready for the snow!
question for RC home builders. I am in the process of making a RC ground effect boat. Using styrofoam and epoxy. I was going to cover it with fiberglass or other fabric. What is a good type/ weight of cloth to use. The model is about 1/4 scale. It will be powered by a weedeater type motor. its 5 ft. wide and will be about 5-6ft long nose to tail. I built sail boats and small speed boats with foam and fiberglass before, but i just used what ever stuff i had lying around left over from a real boat project, so i know they where pretty heavy for a rc craft. I want to keep this " boat" as light as possable but also dont want to spend to much money as its a experiment and may not work.
Another question for the plane guys, the wing area is about 1450 sqr inches. I will be using a stock 35 cc weed eater motor with a pusher prop. I think a 16" three blade will work. They seem cheap enough so i was going to try a few differnt pitch and dia. Can any body recomend a starting point for props size.
I picked up my RC10GT about 12 years ago. Ran it for a bit, then decided to eliminate the pull start and use a starter box. That never really worked, and I put it away.
Well, I got it back out recently, and decided I have a defective motor in the starter box. Amazingly, the exact same box and parts for it are still available, so I will order a new motor and see how that works. I had forgotten about some of the cool mods I did to it, so it will be exciting to get it running again.


text:
Millions of poor people will remain without health insurance because they live in states - many of which are largely controlled by Republicans - that have refused to expand Medicaid, according to a New York Times analysis of census data. The move disproportionally affects blacks, single mothers and low-wage workers. Meanwhile, experts have begun to worry that people will begin to lose interest in signing up for health insurance on the online health exchanges if the website's glitches aren't solved soon.
Millions of Poor Are Left Uncovered by Health Law (NY Times)
- The national push to extend health coverage to millions of uninsured Americans will leave out two-thirds of poor blacks, single mothers and more than half of low-wage workers without insurance, according to an analysis of census data by The New York Times.
- These people live in states largely controlled by Republicans, which have refused to participate in an expansion of Medicaid. That leaves nearly eight million impoverished Americans uninsured and ineligible for help.
- The 26 states that rejected expanding Medicaid are home to about half of the country's population, with 68 percent of poor, uninsured blacks and single mothers. And about 60 percent of the nation's working poor are in those states as well.
- Every state in the Deep South, except Arkansas, has rejected the expansion of Medicaid.
- Poor people excluded from the expansion will not be subject to fines for lacking health insurance. The Times analysis found that about 14 million eligible Americans are uninsured and living poverty.
"Please stay on this page." But will they? (NBC News)
- The technical glitches on the online health exchanges continued Wednesday, as some experts began to worry that Americans used to fast Internet speeds would lose interest in signing up for health insurance.
- More than 6.1 million people have tried to log on since the health exchanges launched on Tuesday morning. But there is no word on how many people actually enrolled.
- While online traffic continued to back up the federal site, many people could sign up on exchanges run by individual states that chose to do so.
- People have until Dec. 15 to enroll for health coverage online that will start on Jan. 1. The sign-up period will span until the end of March to sign up for 2014.


text:
Space Invaders Mobile: Totally Geeky or Geek Chic?
I've always thought of baby mobiles as colorful and whimsical things parents put above their children's cribs to keep them calm and entertained, not a means of scaring a child into worrying about aliens. The Space Invaders mobile, created by Chicago artist pixelparty turns the usually innocent mobile into a retro geek (and slightly creepy) art piece. It's made from wool felt, dowels and cord and features nine individual "invaders" as well as one "laser base." It costs $70 at Etsy. Is this the perfect gift for a gamer's baby, or too geeky to put in a child's room?


text:
>Running 101>Minimum Time Between Doubles
I having trouble finding an answer to this question... For those of you who run doubles, how many hours should you give yourself between runs? I have a feeling the answer is, "It depends on what the two runs are" but I'm curious to see if there's a minimum amount of time you give yourself. I'm trying to figure out the wisdom of squeezing in two runs before 3:30pm vs. just recording one of the playoff games. And, I'd also be curious if you do anything in particular to recover between the two.
Thanks! (Go Ravens!)
"What counts is not necessarily the size of the dog in the fight – it's the fight in the dog. – Dwight D. Eisenhower
My blog is JT Running DC. It's awesome.
I like running every 12 hrs-- i.e. 7am, 7pm & trying not to run so hard that I can't get them both in. I'm currently not feeling up to the task, but looking forward to bringing back doubles asap.
Super Pro Lurker
I usually do 6-7 mi around 10-11am (lunch) and then 2-3 mi at 5 pm (after work). I drink chocolate milk after the longer one. The only other stuff I do is eat lunch and a snack before the second run and sit at my desk at work. These aren't particularly long runs though.
Feeling the growl again
Pretty much what I do now. Not because running them that close is ideal, but because right now it is not practical to do an early AM and after work run.
"If you want to be a bad a$s, then do what a bad a$s does. There's your pep talk for today. Go Run." -- Slo_Hand
I am spaniel - Crusher of Treadmills
2 days a week I usually do 5 miles starting at 7am, then 7ish starting at 11:45, so four hours between runs. As others have noted - this isn't because this is ideal, it's just what I can fit in. The morning five is always super easy, so I don't have any problem "recovering" before the next run (hours spent at my desk at work).
Come all you no-hopers, you jokers and roguesWe're on the road to nowhere, let's find out where it goes
Good Grief!
The shortest time I've ever taken between doubles is two hours. I do not recommend that.
2018 Goals: taking suggestions2018 Races: D3 50K, Nun Run 5K, Rundle's Revenge 25K, NC 24
Me too, 'cept my first run is usually beginning at 11:30am (6-8miles) and second is ~5pm (3-5) miles. Maybe twice a week.
Juila, I usually do them about 9-12 hours apart. As with the others, this is more of a life schedule thing, not a training strategy. I see people here squeezing them closer. My way allows me to double multiple days in a row.
Ravens, eh?
"If you have the fire, run..." -John Climacus
Options,Account, Forums
Shortest I've done is finish a run, go to dinner, and go out & run again. Works for me & some of the guys I run with. I understand that doesn't work for everyone.
But generally I have no minimum or maximum time in-between -- never worry about it really.
It's a 5k. It hurt like hell...then I tried to pick it up. The end.
I don't know if what I do is a double or just one long run with a moderate break in the middle. But I will often run 9 miles with my running club and then have some coffee with them at the end of the run, drive home and then run another 7 to 10 miles. There is about an hour break between the two runs. Is that a double?
(Go Ravens!)
mta: Also, I guess I'll answer the question even though I'm disappointed to learn you are a Ravens' fan...the least amount of time I've gone between doubles is about 3 hours. It totally depends on what kind of runs but if it's 2 easy runs that amount of time is fine.
Runners run.
Go figure
Trying to find some more hay to restock the barn
Seems like you all usually try to space them as far apart as you can, schedule permitting. In my case, they were both recovery runs (6 miles then 4 miles) and I spaced them 5 hours apart. Had a recovery drink (water based) and bagel between them and my stomach didn't complain. I even managed a one hour power nap in between.
And, sorry to upset the Patriot fans. It's two very good teams. I hope it's a nail biter and not a blow out on either side. (That was good sportsmanship, yes?)
A Saucy Wench
We've had a discussion about this before because on the one hand you are stopping and the very act of stopping provides a partial recovery - even stopping long enough to wait for the light to change provides miniscule recover vs. running straight through. On the other hand, if you dont refuel in between you arent recovering as much as you might with a traditional double.
OP - If I double I typically double at 5:30 am and around 11 am. I dont often have time to run in the afternoon plus lunch is usually my largest meal. If I run after 5 pm I dont sleep well.
For awhile though I was going to yoga 2 nights a week and running before yoga to loosen up and I did have significantly better recovery with a 12 hr gap. OTOH doing a shorter recovery double makes the second run provide different training. (running tired vs. running fresh has some benefits too)
Today do whatever you want to do and figure out how you feel about it afterwards. Maybe it is a good opportunity to experiment with a shorter recovery and see how it makes YOU feel.
I have become Death, the destroyer of electronic gadgets
"When I got too tired to run anymore I just pretended I wasnt tired and kept running anyway" - dd, age 7


text:
Cards recall top prospect Taveras, option Rondon
By Jenifer Langosch / MLB.com
SAN FRANCISCO -- An offense that scored just four runs in a four-game series against the Dodgers gets a needed spark this week, as the Cardinals announced on Monday that top prospect Oscar Taveras will rejoin the club Tuesday in advance of its upcoming series in San Francisco.
The decision to callup the 22-year-old outfielder was not a reactionary move, manager Mike Matheny said, but rather one the Cardinals had been calculating since sending Taveras to the Minors on June 13. With the shift back to carrying 13 position players and 12 pitchers, the Cardinals believed the timing was now right.
"I don't want to pass two messages. One, that we never were in a state of urgency because we have been since Opening Day. And secondly, I don't want it to come across that we've lost patience with anybody," Matheny said. "I still see us having a group of guys with the potential to throw up some huge offensive numbers in consistent spurts. I guess the message here is: How can we improve our offense? And part of that is taking a known quantity we have in the Minor League level and seeing if we can somehow maximize him and use him with what we already have to make us even better."
Matheny was also clear that the plan is not to bring Taveras up as a replacement, but rather as a complement. He'll get regular playing time, but not necessarily an immediate everyday job. Taveras' fit as a corner outfielder will allow the Cardinals to spell time for Matt Adams, Allen Craig and Matt Holliday.
"We're trying to generate some offense," Matheny said. "I don't think this is going to be exactly like we saw before when we had him up where it was, 'Here you go, you're going to be in there every day.' But we're going to have to find some considerable time for him."
Matheny also did not rule out giving Taveras some time in center, a position the organization was previously reluctant to thrust him into. But the Cardinals will be selective in such opportunities, considering Taveras as a center-field option when other elements -- playing behind a ground-ball-style pitcher, playing in certain ballparks -- match up.
The challenge of shuffling playing time may not be all that different than it was a year ago, when the Cardinals were active in creating starting opportunities for Adams while he played behind Craig. One other byproduct of that timeshare was that it typically left Matheny with a big bat on his bench. That should be the same case now.
"We're going to try and be as creative as possible to get him playing time and make sure our other guys are getting the time that they deserve as well," Matheny said. "A lot of this is going to come down to, we're going to throw him in some opportunities, but he's going to have to produce. And if he produces, just like any of the other guys, you keep swinging it right, you're going to have the opportunities."
It was a lack of everyday at-bats that prompted the Cardinals to send Taveras back to Memphis in mid-June once Adams returned from the disabled list. Taveras hit .292/.358/.417 in 13 games during that most recent stint in the Minors.
"I think everybody understands he doesn't have a whole lot more to prove there," Matheny said. "He's done what he needs to do. We just need to figure out how he fits with us."
In the meantime, Adams has come back with a booming presence. In 16 games since returning, he has six homers, 11 RBIs and a .328 batting average. Though Craig leads the team with 40 RBIs, his overall production has been less than expected this year. He's hitting .255/.305/.368 as the team's primary right fielder.
Taveras, the No. 2 overall prospect on MLB.com's Prospect Watch, went 7-for-37 with three runs scored and two extra-base hits during his first stay with the Cardinals. He hit one home run, that coming in his Major League debut.
"A lot of things that I said before I still stand by," Matheny said. "He didn't look like he was overmatched. There were times when he didn't look as sharp as we know he can be. But he still put pretty good at-bats together. Not getting great results. One more thing that we're excited to see is him putting it together on a consistent basis at our level."
In order to create space on the 25-man roster for Taveras, the Cardinals optioned reliever Jorge Rondon to Triple-A. Rondon's stay with the Cardinals lasted one day, though he was able to make his Major League debut on Sunday. He pitched a scoreless inning and walked one.
Jenifer Langosch is a reporter for MLB.com. Read her blog, By Gosh, It's Langosch, and follow her on Twitter @LangoschMLB. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


text:
George Orwell wrote a good essay on this, Politics and the English Language [resort.com], two bits of which I liked in particular:
It is easier -- even quicker, once you have the habit -- to say "In my opinion it is not an unjustifiable assumption that" than to say "I think".
And this set of rules for writing well:
There is even a (cookie free) online version [sut.ac.th], although
Yep. However, do note that the current edition is the 4th edition, and what those sites have is the first. The 4th is somewhat more modern (it mentions computery stuff, but doesn't offer an opinion on terms such as email).
It's usually best to have some form of modern style reference =)


text:
Switzerland's lower house of parliament pushed back strongly Tuesday against a government proposal to end a bitter dispute with U.S. authorities over American tax cheats suspected of hiding money in the country's banks.
The compromise legislation is at heart a debate over the Alpine nation's vaunted banking secrecy which is now threatened by the U.S. crackdown on tax evaders.
But the odds are now increasing that the clock will run out on the bank and more U.S. criminal charges will be brought against Swiss banks.
By 126-67 with two abstentions, Switzerland's National Council voted not to discuss the measure, which is intended to let Swiss banks sidestep secrecy laws so that they can pursue settlements with U.S. prosecutors. It instead sent the plan back to the upper house for reconsideration.
The vote was a blow to the Swiss Cabinet — the group of seven ministers and president that run the country — and notably to Finance Minister Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, who had presented the legislation as a way for Swiss banks to turn over confidential client data to U.S. prosecutors without breaking Switzerland's strict client secrecy laws.
By doing so, the banks would be able to cut deals that may include the payment of fines to avoid criminal charges. Many opponents in the lower house, however, argued that the proposal either violated Swiss sovereignty or failed to provide enough detail about the potential consequences, such as how it would affect Swiss bank employees.
With Parliament's summer session drawing to a close this week, the odds are diminishing for an imminent compromise. A second refusal by the lower house would effectively kill the bill, which was supported by several centrist and Green parties but strongly opposed by the nationalist Swiss People's Party.
"The draft law is an act of surrender," said a member of that party, former Justice Minister Christoph Blocher.
Widmer-Schlumpf told lawmakers that the U.S. is planning to bring criminal charges against some Swiss banks and that without the legislation there is "real danger of an escalation" in the standoff between the two countries. More than a dozen Swiss banks are being investigated by U.S. authorities.
"Rejecting the bill will lead to a difficult situation, threatening the economy and undermining the reputation of Switzerland's financial center," she warned.


text:
my $cgi = CGI->new;
# print headers
print "Content-type: text/html\n";
print "Set-Cookie: cookie=" . $cgi->param('cookie') . "\n";
print "\n";
# print content
print "<html>.....</html>";
Attacker can pass as value of "cookie" parameter something like "\n\n<javascript>....</javascript>" so this CGI ends up printing:
Content-type: text/html
Set-Cookie: cookie=
<html>.....</html&g t;
See? Since arbitrar
$r->headers_out->add() or the Cookie taglib (which uses headers_out underneath). Creating cookies with the cookie taglib automatically encodes and decodes them.
I don't think it's limited to one call, but even if it is you always have Good Ol'
eval() there so it don't make much of a diff I'm afraid.
AxKit has the pro re XSS that it will be more likely to blow up given some treacherous charset than other solutions will be, especially if you charconv from UTF-8 to Latin-X at the end. Apart from that, it's prolly just as open as anything that deals with user-provided content.
I'm not sure there's much to protecting the Wiki. A Wiki is, by definition, well, XSS enabled
Very, very, very wrong. Security module of client side scripting is that there is single trust zone per one hostname. If you have, say, properly coded ecommerce shop and wiki with XSS bugs sitting on same domain than ecommerce shop is also vulnerable. Attacker needs only to lure ecommerce shop user on part of wiki with XSS bug and, bummer, user's auth coookie is known to "bad" guy.
Oh yeah, that I know. I was thinking about axkit.org. And I must say I haven't seen many Wiki that were on the same domain as an e-commerce site, it would be quite dangerous imho. There are so many ways to get JS code to run (URL, cookie-munging, on* event handlers, redirects, script elements...).
Depends on what kind of security you want. For axkit.org's Wiki I'd allow everything, including javascript:, so that we can have bookmarklets in there. For a site that has sensitive information I wouldn't use a Wiki.


text:
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Watertown City Clerk issues certified copies of Watertown death certificates of individuals who died within city of Watertown, which can typically be used to obtain death benefits, to claim insurance proceeds and for other legal purposes.
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text: BEST WESTERN Presidential Hotel - Deals & Coupons See more about this business Find Deals and Coupons Key: Deals Coupons Sorry! No deals found for this search. Showing 1 - 0 of 0 Page: « Previous Next View: 20 per page 50 per page 100 per page Find more deals