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Discussion in 'Doctor Who' started by StCoop, Jan 25, 2013.
^^ Or the brickyard, barnyard . . .
But, it would be hilarious if they set an entire story in some sort of self aware barnyard that turned out to be the Doctor's future self...
Ok. Maybe not hilarious.
Valeyard's cool but also a Michael Grade symbol so, yes
Scaaaaary stuff.
Oh that would be awesome! I'd be happy with either of them!
Ok, that's interesting. But it would mean them giving away the whole look of a new Doctor in the special, without anything to publicise for the follow-up season...
Considering that the page says "A Doctor & iconic monster t-shirt EVERY MONTH in 2013," and there are no iconic monsters in silhouette between January and November, then it stands to reason that December is probably a Dalek.
One of those Top Secret Daleks they can't show a photo of.
There's an iconic monster every month, not just once-- that's why there are two shirts per month. The second January design is a Dalek T-shirt based on "The Dalek Invasion of Earth." If the first Doctor shirt is anything to go by, there are no character images on the Doctor shirts, only fake logos, so they wouldn't need a twelfth Doctor costume or look, although what they would use for such a design is an open question. The company's announcement on Facebook coyly says "...and who knows what may appear in December."
I was trying to be charitable. I'm still reeling from this Moffat interview; I can't decide if he's drunk or if he's deliberately yanking the interviewer's chain.
From this viewer's read, it sounds like he really just doesn't have anything to say about the anniversary. That could be a sign that there isn't anything to say, or they're just being very very secretive for some reason.
Wow. That's pretty amazing
So he's anxious about getting the 50th wrong? Not about getting it right? He's anxious that he's getting it wrong?
I have to see that again.
especially with the Daleks 50th being in December
If there's a 12th Doctor immediately post-anniversary, we'll know it by the end of April, not October
Not really related to this but it's interesting that the big Dimensions convention in Newcastle which was meant to take place on the anniversary weekend has been moved forward to October - apparently for reasons that will become apparent over the next few weeks.
So are the BBC planning some big live events for that weekend.
He looks very tired. I wonder if he should end the current showrunner formula and maybe give his plans for series eight to Gatiss or something. His mission of raising the quality of the show seems to be about done. And he already did the improvised series arc thing twice. His work here seems to be done.
He's on a night out, of course he looks tired
I'm not sure what Allyn means about yanking the interviewers chain? Is it aroud the fact that he still seems to be suggesting Who will take over the telly in November? If so, it can do that without having a whole stream of episodes. I imagine we may get classic repeats on BBC3, and I imagine a whole host of Who alumni will be appearing on every panel show/chat show going! Plus whether it's Jena or someone else (still betting on Davison myself) there's bound to be a Who presense on Strictly this year.
As for a 12th Doctor, I think Lonemagpie is right, if there is going to be one we'll know way before the autumn
No, I meant Moffat's inability to answer the questions straight and forthrightly.
I realize that Moffat didn't want to say anything about the anniversary plans, but at the same time he didn't have to be a joker about it.
Ah I sI thought he'd said something ridiculous like "We're making a three hour long film" or something!
That was my impression as well. A bone-tired, mentally exhausted state. I think he was trying to be humorous but just too exhausted to actually be funny. Can't blame him, he sounds busy!
Also, I thought the answer about Bond was telling. He didn't want to be involved so he could still enjoy it, which sort of implies he's not enjoying his current work as much. Probably because it's too much.
It's probably been stated, but does anyone known when filming for the anniversary special will start?
Mr Awe
I can think about now is what a Moffat scripted Bond film would be like!
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Miley Cyrus + Liam Hemsworth Make the Internet Think They're Married [PHOTOS]
Did Miley Cyrus and Liam Hemsworth secretly get married and then slyly tell the internet about it by blatantly showing off their new rings in a recent series of Christmas photos Cyrus posted on the internet? Probably not.
More importantly: Does anyone care?
The couple created quite a flurry of speculation when Cyrus shared some snaps of she and fiance Hemsworth on Dec. 25 with what may be but probably aren't wedding bands on the ring fingers of their left hands.
This isn't the first time the duo has made everyone think they were already married. Back in June, Hemsworth misspoke at an award show, saying of the two co-starring in 'The Last Song,' "I was fortunate enough to get called back in to read with my now-fiancee, who I recently got engaged to … we read together and fell in love and now we're married."
"Well, not married yet but we will be," he quickly back-pedaled.
Rumors also flew when Cyrus' father Billy Ray said the couple was having three separate weddings because they're just attentionwhorish enough to do that.
But Miley later corrected him, saying, "There's some rumor going around that I'm having 47 weddings, I'm not. I'm having one wedding."
Reps for Hemsworth and Cyrus have yet to respond to requests for comment on the latest brouhaha, probably because they too don't really care.
Besides, we're sure when the wedding day actually comes, Miley will tweet all about it — sex dolls and big-booty hos and all.

subset: commoncrawl


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For entrepreneurs and other business people, there are seminars and workshops out there by the hundreds, usually involving generic hotel ballrooms and large Powerpoint presentations. At very few will participants gather in a circle and be asked to kick a beach ball around, which is how Camp Jumpstart begins.
Rosemary Senjem, a White Bear Lake consultant who co-founded Camp Jumpstart three years ago, moves to the middle of the circle. She tells the 11 campers to spread their arms and legs as wide as they can, and they all start waddling around the conference room of Northfield's historic Archer House hotel.
"Just start exploring, 'How much space can I take up?'" she says. "As an entrepreneur, that's really important. Start imagining that you take up space. As an employee, you're asked to be invisible sometimes -- to be small. You really need to be big."
The emphasis on movement might put off many straight-laced business types, but Senjem believes one important tool for an entrepreneur is learning to read signals from the body. Don't have a good feeling in your gut about the banker you're seeing for a loan? Go find someone you connect with, she says.
Over three days, campers will also talk finance, marketing, and other nitty-gritty aspects of running a business. But movement and fun are important elements of this curriculum.
This year the alternative approach of Camp Jumpstart has attracted, among others, an interior designer, a statistician, a psychologist, a jewelry maker, and a woman who wants to open a bed and breakfast. They hope the $600 registration fee will leave them better equipped to make a living doing work they love.
The only returning camper is Nancy Plagman, who lives near Des Moines. When she attended the camp in its first year, 2004, she had just left a nursing job of 30 years to start up as a massage therapist.
"Why I'm here now is to explore some new profit centers, new ideas," she says. "I'm looking at expanding, moving into different areas, or doing something more creative."
The camp also drew Diane Watson, a part-time photographer from Atlanta. Watson works 60-plus hour weeks for a major hotel chain, but intends to launch five side businesses by the time she retires. She's already moving on a line of greeting cards, as well as housewarming cards for the real estate industry.
The basic message for campers is that by working for yourself, you can and should do what you love.
A conversation in the first moments of camp has already given her another photography business idea -- making housecalls to photograph children.
It "occurred to me (while) we were talking about being a grandmother," Watson says. "I'm not a mother or a grandmother, but I said, 'Someone would want me for a grandmother because I'd get great pictures of those kids.'"
One of Camp Jumpstart's attractions is the other co-founder, Barbara Winter. Winter is a frequent speaker, and author of books like "Making a Living Without a Job."
On the opening morning, she whips through a list of businesses that began with a passion and the owners found a way to make money at it: The Body Shop, Ben & Jerry's, Cirque de Soleil. Her basic message for campers is that by working for yourself, you can and should do what you love.
"Part of my mission is to help people who think of themselves as artists develop the entrepreneurial side of themselves, and people who think of themselves as entrepreneurs to develop the creative, artistic side of themselves," Winter tells the group.
Early on day one, the group swarms a table in the conference room filled with stickers, markers, and colored Post-It® notes. They're each decorating a take-out food container to make what organizer Rosemary Senjem calls a "personal option bank" -- someplace to store business ideas that occur to them during camp.
"Throughout the weekend people will get ideas of, 'Oh, I could do this,' or 'Maybe someday I'll incorporate that into my business,'" she says. "It's a place to store that idea so it doesn't get lost in the shuffle of notes from the weekend."
A little bit of arts-and-crafts time?
"Yes! We have several arts-and-crafts portions. This is the first one."
Saturday, campers venture out on what Senjem calls an entrepreneurial "treasure hunt" in downtown Northfield. Senjem calls Northfield a "wonderful lab" for the camp because of the many independent businesses.
Camp Jumpstart lasts only through the weekend -- not long enough for home-ickness to set in, but long enough, campers hope, to give their business plans a boost.


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KANSAS CITY, Kan. — Regan Smith is eager to get another shot at driving Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s Hendrick Motorsports car.
He made the most of it Thursday, leading the Sprint Cup test session at Kansas Speedway with a lap that was more than six miles per hour faster than the track record.
Smith is driving Hendrick's No. 88 car while Earnhardt recovers from two concussions in a six-week span. Earnhardt missed last week's race at Charlotte Motor Speedway and will miss Sunday's race at Kansas.
— Kansas preview: Familiar favorites for sixth race in Chase for the Sprint Cup
Smith drove the car at Charlotte but blew an engine about 60 laps into the race.
On Thursday, he navigated the repaved and reconfigured Kansas oval at 186.143 mph. Six drivers — Mark Martin, Greg Biffle, Joey Logano, Paul Menard, Aric Almirola and Sam Hornish Jr. — all topped 185 mph during the final four-hour test session before the race weekend that starts Friday.
Cup teams got a total of six hours on the track Wednesday and Thursday because the track was resurfaced since April's race. Progressive banking in the turns of 17 degrees by the apron to 20 degrees near the wall was added to create a second groove.
Whether drivers can rubber in a second groove remains to be seen. Denny Hamlin, trying to use the high line going into Turn 1, hit the wall, spun and then hit the wall hard Thursday morning.
Hamlin estimated he was going 202 mph at that point. Some cars were running as fast as 205 mph.
Of the 44 drivers who tested, 43 — all but Danica Patrick — were faster than the track qualifying record of 180.856 mph.
"It's fast," Hamlin said. "It's typical new racetrack. Goodyear brought a good tire and it's sticking to the racetrack, so speeds are going to be up.
"I'm slightly concerned with the groove and how we're going to move around. That's my really only concern."
Hamlin's accident was the only major crash of the day.
Learn more
— Kansas preview: Chase leaders remain best bets
— Cup standings | Schedule/results
— See more: Charlotte night race | Talladega wreck-o-rama


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All quotes tagged Animalism
(1977 quotes found)
"The assumption that animals are without rights and the illusion that our treatment of them has no moral significance is a positively outrageous example of Western crudity and barbarity. Universal compassion is the only guarantee of morality."
- Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher"
"Of all the animals, man is the only one that is cruel. He is the only one that inflicts pain for the pleasure of doing it"
"Animals are reliable, many full of love, true in their affections, predictable in their actions, grateful and loyal. Difficult standards for people to live up to."
"The great pleasure of a dog is that you may make a fool of yourself with him and not only will he not scold you, but he will make a fool of himself too."


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Kirkland, 45, of Russellville had previously worked as the SRO for Pope County through the sheriff's office and as a part-time officer with the Dover Marshal's Office.
Kirkland said the transition will be "smooth as silk." "I'm familiar with all the administration and the kids," he said. "I can't wait to be there bright and early the first day of school. I'm excited."
Kirkland, who graduated from Dardanelle High School, said he's been impressed with Dover.
"One of the main reasons I decided to become the new SRO is because Dover is committed to education which means a lot to me," he said. "The community is educated-minded and I appreciate that."
Kirkland said his goal as SRO is to allow children to have a safe and secure environment where they can learn and grow.
Johnson said the council agreed Tuesday to a memorandum of understanding with the school district that the school will pay Kirkland's salary during the school year and the city will pay his salary the rest of the time.
Minutes from the City Council meeting, which would disclose Kirkland's salary, were not available Friday.


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Can't see the video? Here is the link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9L3n-w3N5I
Jay Leno has the car collection that every enthusiast dreams of. He also gets invited to awesome car-related events because well… he's a famous & ridiculously knowledgeable car-guy. That's what famous car-guys do. Most recently, he was in Wolfsburg Germany checking out the brand new Volkswagen Beetle that has been buzzing around the internet for a few months now. It seems that the vast majority of VW enthusiasts are excited about the new model because of it's sleeker, more Porsche-esque look. Jay Leno agrees. What's that you say? You like old cars? Well you are in luck, because in the video, Jay also drives the worlds oldest Volkswagen Beetle from 1938.


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Discussion in 'Pro Match Results and Discussion' started by InvisibleSoul, Feb 9, 2012.
I heard Raonic withdrew with injury.
There goes whatever miniscule chance Canada had of winning this tie. More importantly, will Milos be healthy enough to defend SJ and not jeopardize the end of his hardcourt season? His ranking will take a tumble if he doesn't defend his 250 SJ Champion points and 300 Memphis finalist points.
Having Milos play doubles yesterday sounds even more silly now.
Triple bagel coming up.
milos out - knee injury
damn, I'm concerned about San Jose too, not good at all.
They just interviewed coach Larendeau and he says the knee flared up overnight. :???: I feel sorry for all the people who paid fairly big bucks for tickets to this 'world class' event and walked into the arena today to be met with this news. What a downer. There was so much hype about this weekend and it sure has fizzled out these last couple days.
That's a real shame that Raonic has had to withdraw, as we could have been in for a great forecourt duel between him and Tsonga.
Well JustBob, guess we'll get to see if Dancevic is a better player or not, eh?
oh, dear..
i have a feeling Milos will never be off injuries from now on.
Switzerland had it worse
Imagine those guys on the last day there.
milos more worried about san jose as well
lots like a bagel first set
it looks like Tsonga is mixing his 1hbh more and more.
who is this kid playing him btw? (rank?)
Sadly, that looks to be the truth. Way too many injuries for a 21 year old Milos. Seems to be a pattern with him.
Why isn't Raonic playing this crucial rubber??
EDIT: Just saw the earlier posts. NVM.
Apparently knee injury.
at least Dancevic tries his best and gives some good energies.
but he's no match for Jo.
* from near bagel to 5-4 is not bad..
You know, tennis isn't all about Federer. The Swiss fans have had plenty to cheer about through the years. Canada was finally getting their chance so please don't begrudge them their moment.
That said, Frankie is giving them some pretty good moments. I'm enjoying watching Jo Willie muttering to himself and looking to his bench in frustration.
Dancevic is about 170 but he hasn't played a meaningful match in six months. He's always had good potential and about five years ago he got up into the 60's and won a few matches at Wimbledon and the US Open that gave Canadians a lot of hope but he's had a significant back problem that has seen him miss a lot of time and never live up to his potential. Maybe this will provide him with the impetus to see some more success.
This is the best match of the whole Tie.....Loving Dancevic....he has so much talent but never brings the goods sometimes. It like once a year.....
He says he still growing taller.....so his frame isn't fully stabilized. He will grow out fully and then work on physique to prevent injuries......it can turn out well.
Tsonga breaks.......hoping Dancevic takes the set and Tsonga fumes in flames from pressure.
Well I do think it was smart of him not to play DC and jeopardize the rest of his year. He needs to focus on more important ATP tournaments rather than DC, let's face it. No need to aggravate a minor injury with the possibility that it could become more severe.
Certainly not for you at least.
Canada has no chance here. France will take it in this match.
Is Raonic the new Joachim Johansson?
Does this mean Milos won't come to san jose to defend his crown ?
I heard him say he is going to San Jose and will get further tested there. I guess if it all checks out he will play there.
Anyone who just had tickets for today didn't get to see Milos. They didn't get to see the 'big' matchup, although I think the match they did get to see was probably a lot more entertaining than Raonic/Tsonga would have been. They certainly got to see La Monf in full clown mode too so all was not lost.
Nadal never said he was going to play and no one should have expected him to. In fact, any reasonable person knew that his participation was highly unlikely since it was only a week after the toughest part of his season. It wasn't his fault that the media hyped up that he might come. He had just played 49 matches in four months and gotten to the finals of 8 out of the 9 tournaments he entered. I think the guy deserved a break.
Raonic, the world No. 29 from Thornhill, Ont., experienced some pain in his knee during and after Saturday's doubles match. Raonic said he experienced soreness all week while practising, but was prepared to deal with the discomfort. He said it was his decision to play doubles, rather than wait until Sunday's singles match, because the team indicated it needed him.
However, the knee got worse just before the first-set tiebreaker Saturday, and he decided not to play singles Sunday because he did not know the extent of the injury.
"It started affecting the main parts of my game, my serve and my first step," said Raonic, adding he would have been "useless" in the decisive singles match if it started hurting after one set.
After being sidelined much of 2011 with a hip injury that required surgery, he did not want to risk a similar ordeal again.
"I went through that last year," said Raonic. "I don't need that again, and we felt that, considering the condition I was in, (Dancevic) was a much better player -- as he showed today. He really played well. No matter who you put out there today, the way (Tsonga) is playing, he's tough to beat."
Raonic's injury raised questions about whether he will play in next week's ATP Tour event in San Jose. He plans to go there and get evaluated further before deciding.
"I really have no understanding of what I'm really dealing with," said Raonic. "I still need a lot more information. "That's going to be a big part of the decision."
I wouldn't play San Jose under these circumstances, with pain for a whole week already. Think larger picture, Milos.
After the Monfils dead rubber I think there was a good feeling with Canadian fans even though we lost to France. Monfils lightened the disppointment by closing the tie on a light note with his acrobatics and his engaging personality. And even Pospisil was relaxed and doing his very best. At least that's how i felt when the tie was over.
And we get another chance to stay in the World group later in the year.
Go Canada!
Canada needs one more solid player. Can't always rely on Milos, and Nestor has to be close to retiring. Vasek is a challenger level player now and idk if he can break through and become consistent enough to be a tour regular. If Vasek can get into the top 70-80 and Dancevic can have some sort of late career comeback we'd have a solid team. Just need Milos into the top 10, Frank into the top 100 and Vasek into the top 60
OK, Raonic is scheduled to play the last match of the day tomorrow, with Kamke.
Let's see how he is.
milos won his match. didnt see the match. did he look like he was injured?
He played conservatively: not a lot of movement. Baseline FH mainly.
After serving, it seemed to me at times to hobble on the left foot.
We'll see.
Damn it... Raonic could and would have played against Tsonga if it were not for a misread MRI.
Did they show the Monfils clown show live on TV even though it was a dead rubber? I watched it live, and it was fun to see.
looks like he had an ultrasound, not an MRI in vancouver , being an ultrasound tech myself i can tell you a knee ultrasound is not a definitive test like and MRI and any radilogist would have a suggested an MRI to confirm any suspicion for tears.
but in canada MRI's are pretty backed up with patients and they wouldn't squeeze in somebody because of who they are.they could have gone to a private facility and paid for it if they wanted to, i'm sure tennis canada has 700 bucks to spare.
Hope this tendonitis doesn't linger too long and affect this whole year, he should take some time off during the clay season maybe to rest up for the slams.
on sportsnet, instead of "another win for milos" after every milos win, its now "not bad for a guy with a bum knee"
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Saturn's name comes from the Roman god of agriculture, who is equated with the Greek deity Cronus, one of the Titans and the father of Zeus (the Roman god Jupiter). As the farthest of the planets known to ancient observers, Saturn also was noted to be the slowest-moving. At a distance from the Sun that is 9.5 times as far as Earth's, Saturn takes approximately 29.5 Earth years to make one solar revolution. The Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610 was the first to observe Saturn with a telescope. Although he saw a strangeness in Saturn's appearance, the low resolution of his instrument did not allow him to discern the true nature of the planet's rings.
Saturn occupies almost 60 percent of Jupiter's volume but has only about one-third of its mass and the lowest mean density—about 70 percent that of water—of any known object in the solar system. Hypothetically, Saturn would float in an ocean large enough to hold it. Both Saturn and Jupiter resemble stars in that their bulk chemical composition is dominated by hydrogen. Also, as is the case for Jupiter, the tremendous pressure in Saturn's deep interior maintains the hydrogen there in a fluid metallic state. Saturn's structure and evolutionary history, however, differ significantly from those of its larger counterpart. Like the other giant, or Jovian, planets—Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune—Saturn has extensive systems of moons (natural satellites) and rings, which may provide clues to its origin and evolution as well as to those of the solar system. Saturn's moon Titan is distinguished from all other moons in the solar system by the presence of a significant atmosphere, one that is denser than that of any of the terrestrial planets except Venus.
The greatest advances in knowledge of Saturn, as well as of most of the other planets, have come from deep-space probes. Four spacecraft have visited the Saturnian system: Pioneer 11 in 1979, Voyagers 1 and 2 in the two years following, and, after almost a quarter-century, Cassini-Huygens, which arrived in 2004. The first three missions were short-term flybys, but Cassini went into orbit around Saturn for years of investigations, while its Huygens probe parachuted through the atmosphere of Titan and reached its surface, becoming the first spacecraft to land on a moon other than Earth's.
Saturn orbits the Sun at a mean distance of 1,427,000,000 km (887 million miles). Its closest distance to Earth is about 1.2 billion km (746 million miles), and its phase angle—the angle that it makes with the Sun and Earth—never exceeds about 6°. Saturn seen from the vicinity of Earth thus always appears nearly fully illuminated. Only deep space probes can provide sidelit and backlit views.
Like Jupiter and most of the other planets, Saturn has a regular orbit—that is, its motion around the Sun is prograde (in the same direction that the Sun rotates) and has a small eccentricity (noncircularity) and inclination to the ecliptic, the plane of Earth's orbit. Unlike Jupiter, however, Saturn's rotational axis is tilted substantially—by 26.7°—to its orbital plane. The tilt gives Saturn seasons, as on Earth, but each season lasts more than seven years. Another result is that Saturn's rings, which lie in the plane of its equator, are presented to observers on Earth at opening angles ranging from 0° (edge on) to nearly 30°. The view of Saturn's rings cycles over a 30-year period. Earth-based observers can see the rings' sunlit northern side for about 15 years, then, in an analogous view, the sunlit southern side for the next 15 years. In the short intervals when Earth crosses the ring plane, the rings are all but invisible.
Saturn's rotation period has not yet been well determined. Cloud motions in its massive upper atmosphere trace out a variety of periods, which are as short as about 10 hours 10 minutes near the equator and increase with some oscillation to about 30 minutes longer at latitudes higher than 40°. Scientists have attempted to determine the rotation period of Saturn's deep interior from that of its magnetic field, which is presumed to be rooted in the planet's metallic-hydrogen outer core. Direct measurement of the field's rotation is difficult because the field is highly symmetrical around the rotational axis. At the time of the Voyager encounters, radio outbursts from Saturn, apparently related to small irregularities in the magnetic field, showed a period of 10 hours 39.4 minutes; this value was taken to be the magnetic field rotation period. Measurements made 25 years later by the Cassini spacecraft indicated that the field was rotating with a period 6–7 minutes longer. It is believed that the solar wind is responsible for some of the difference between the two measurements of the rotational period. Other analyses based on Saturn's shape and interior structure suggested that the internal rotation period could be as short as 10 hours 32 minutes or as long as 10 hours 41 minutes. The time differences between the rotation periods of Saturn's clouds and of its interior have been used to estimate wind velocities (see below The atmosphere).
Because the four giant planets have no solid surface in their outer layers, by convention the values for the radius and gravity of these planets are calculated at the level at which one bar of atmospheric pressure is exerted. By this measure, Saturn's equatorial diameter is 120,536 km (74,898 miles). In comparison, its polar diameter is only 108,728 km (67,560 miles), or 10 percent smaller, which makes Saturn the most oblate (flattened at the poles) of all the planets in the solar system. Its oblate shape is apparent even in a small telescope. Even though Saturn rotates slightly slower than Jupiter, it is more oblate because its rotational acceleration cancels a larger fraction of the planet's gravity at the equator. The equatorial gravity of the planet, 896 cm (29.4 feet) per second per second, is only 74 percent of its polar gravity. Saturn is 95 times as massive as Earth but occupies a volume 766 times greater. Its mean density of 0.69 gram per cubic cm is thus only some 12 percent of Earth's. Saturn's equatorial escape velocity—the velocity needed for an object, which includes individual atoms and molecules, to escape the planet's gravitational attraction at the equator without having to be further accelerated—is nearly 36 km per second (80,000 miles per hour) at the one-bar level, compared with 11.2 km per second (25,000 miles per hour) for Earth. This high value indicates that there has been no significant loss of atmosphere from Saturn since its formation. For additional orbital and physical data, see the table.
Viewed from Earth, Saturn has an overall hazy yellow-brown appearance. The surface that is seen through telescopes and in spacecraft images is actually a complex of cloud layers decorated by many small-scale features, such as red, brown, and white spots, bands, eddies, and vortices, that vary over a fairly short time. In this way Saturn resembles a blander and less active Jupiter. A spectacular exception occurred during September–November 1990, when a large, light-coloured storm system appeared near the equator, expanded to a size exceeding 20,000 km (12,400 miles), and eventually spread around the equator before fading. Storms similar in impressiveness to this "Great White Spot" (so named in analogy with Jupiter's Great Red Spot) have been observed at about 30-year intervals dating back to the late 19th century. This is close to Saturn's orbital period of 29.4 years, which suggests that these storms are seasonal phenomena.
Saturn's atmosphere is composed mostly of molecular hydrogen and helium. The exact relative abundance of the two molecules is not well known, since helium must be measured indirectly. Currently the best estimate is that the planet's atmosphere is 18 to 25 percent helium by mass. The remainder is molecular hydrogen and about 2 percent other molecules. Helium is less abundant relative to hydrogen compared with the composition of the Sun. If hydrogen, helium, and other elements were present in the same proportions as in the Sun's atmosphere, Saturn's atmosphere would be about 71 percent hydrogen and 28 percent helium by mass. According to some theories, helium may have settled out of Saturn's outer layers.
Other major molecules observed in Saturn's atmosphere are methane and ammonia, which are two to seven times more abundant relative to hydrogen than in the Sun. Hydrogen sulfide and water are also suspected to be present in the deeper atmosphere but have not yet been detected. Minor molecules that have been detected spectroscopically from Earth include phosphine, carbon monoxide, and germane. Such molecules would not be present in detectable amounts in a hydrogen-rich atmosphere in chemical equilibrium. They may be products of reactions at high pressure and temperature in Saturn's deep atmosphere, well below the observable clouds, that have been transported to visible atmospheric regions by convective motions. A number of other nonequilibrium hydrocarbons are observed in Saturn's stratosphere: acetylene, ethane, and, possibly, propane and methyl acetylene. All of the latter may be produced by photochemical effects (see photochemical reaction) from solar ultraviolet radiation or, at higher latitudes, by energetic electrons precipitating from Saturn's radiation belts (see below The magnetic field and magnetosphere). (A similar molecular composition is observed in Jupiter's atmosphere, for which similar chemical processes are inferred; see Jupiter: Proportions of constituents.)
Astronomers on Earth have analyzed the refraction (bending) of starlight and radio waves from spacecraft passing through Saturn's atmosphere to gain information on atmospheric temperature over depths corresponding to pressures of one-millionth of a bar to 1.3 bars. At pressures less than 1 millibar, the temperature is roughly constant at about 140 to 150 kelvins (K; −208 to −190 °F, −133 to −123 °C). A stratosphere, where temperatures steadily decline with increasing pressure, extends downward from 1 to 60 millibars, at which level the coldest temperature in Saturn's atmosphere, 82 K (−312 °F, −191 °C), is reached. At higher pressures (deeper levels) the temperature increases once again. This region is analogous to the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, the troposphere, in which the increase of temperature with pressure follows the thermodynamic relation for compression of a gas without gain or loss of heat. The temperature is 135 K (−217 °F, −138 °C) at a pressure of 1 bar, and it continues to increase at higher pressures.
Saturn's visible layer of clouds is formed from molecules of minor compounds that condense in the hydrogen-rich atmosphere. Although particles formed from photochemical reactions are seen suspended high in the atmosphere at levels corresponding to pressures of 20–70 millibars, the main clouds commence at a level where the pressure exceeds 400 millibars, with the highest cloud deck thought to be formed of solid ammonia crystals. The base of the ammonia cloud deck is predicted to occur at a depth corresponding to about 1.7 bars, where the ammonia crystals dissolve into the hydrogen gas and disappear abruptly. Nearly all information about deeper cloud layers has been obtained indirectly by constructing chemical models of the behaviour of compounds expected to be present in a gas of near solar composition following the temperature-pressure profile of Saturn's atmosphere. The bases of successively deeper cloud layers occur at 4.7 bars (ammonium hydrosulfide crystals) and at 10.9 bars (water ice crystals with aqueous ammonia droplets). Although all the clouds mentioned above would be colourless in the pure state, the actual clouds of Saturn display various shades of yellow, brown, and red. These colours are apparently produced by chemical impurities, perhaps as the photochemical products rain down on the clouds from above. Phosphorus-containing molecules are also candidate colorants.
A consequence of Saturn's large axial tilt is that the rings cast dark shadows onto the winter hemisphere, further reducing the dim winter sunlight. Cassini images of sunlit swaths of the northern hemisphere during winter revealed a surprisingly clear blue atmosphere, which perhaps was a consequence of the comparative lack of photochemical haze production in the shadows of the rings.
Even at the extremely high pressures found deeper in Saturn's atmosphere, the minimum atmospheric temperature of 82 K is too high for molecular hydrogen to exist as a gas and a liquid together in equilibrium. Thus, there is no distinct boundary between the shallow, visible atmosphere, where the hydrogen behaves predominantly as a gas, and the deeper atmosphere, where it resembles a liquid. Unlike the case for Earth, Saturn's troposphere does not terminate at a solid surface but apparently extends tens of thousands of kilometres below the visible clouds, becoming steadily denser and warmer, eventually reaching temperatures of thousands of kelvins and pressures in excess of one million bars.
Like the other giant planets, Saturn has an atmospheric circulation that is dominated by zonal (east-west) flow. This manifests itself as a pattern of lighter and darker cloud bands similar to Jupiter's, although Saturn's bands are more subtly coloured and are wider near the equator. The features in the cloud tops have such low contrast that they are best studied by spacecraft.
Since Saturn lacks a surface, its winds must be measured relative to some other frame of reference. As with Jupiter, the winds are measured with respect to the rotation of Saturn's magnetic field. In this frame, virtually all of Saturn's atmospheric flows are to the east—in the direction of rotation. The equatorial zone at latitudes below 20° shows a particularly active eastward flow having a maximum velocity close to 470 metres per second (1,700 km [1,050 miles] per hour) but with periods when the velocity is 200 metres per second (700 km [450 miles] per hour) slower. This feature is analogous to one on Jupiter but extends twice as wide in latitude and moves four times faster. By contrast, the highest winds on Earth occur in tropical cyclones, where in extreme cases sustained velocities may exceed 67 metres per second (240 km [150 miles] per hour).
The zonal flows are remarkably symmetrical about Saturn's equator; that is, each one at a given northern latitude usually has a counterpart at a similar southern latitude. Strong eastward flows—those having eastward relative velocities in excess of 100 metres per second (360 km [225 miles] per hour)—are seen at 46° N and S and at about 60° N and S. Westward flows, which are nearly stationary in the magnetic field's frame of reference, are seen at 40°, 55°, and 70° N and S. After the Voyager encounters, improvements in Earth-based instrumentation allowed observations of Saturn's clouds at distance. Made over many years, these tended to agree with the detailed Voyager observations of the zonal flows and thus corroborated their stability over time. The mechanism by which the flow of the jets is maintained in the presence of atmospheric friction is not known.
Strong hurricane-like cyclonic vortices are found within about 11° of both the north and south poles of Saturn. The warm eye of the vortex at the south pole has a diameter of 2,000 km (1,200 miles) and is ringed by clouds towering 50 to 70 km (30 to 40 miles) above the polar clouds. Tropical cyclones in Earth's southern hemisphere also have warm central eyes, flow clockwise , and are ringed by high clouds, but all at a much smaller scale. Unlike hurricanes on Earth, there is no ocean below Saturn's vortices. The first jet to the south of the northern vortex at 75° N follows a hexagonal pattern around the planet. Cloud features are observed to move around the hexagon counterclockwise at about 100 metres per second (360 km [220 miles] per hour). Similar angular patterns have been observed in buckets of spinning fluids and probably arise from interacting waves. Why the hexagonal wave is stable and how it developed at this particular latitude in Saturn's atmosphere is not yet understood.
A rich variety of smaller-scale features has also been observed in the atmosphere. Particularly striking are about two dozen similarly sized (1,500 km [930 miles] in diameter) cloud clearings spaced nearly uniformly across 100° of longitude near 33.5° N. In infrared images of Saturn's thermal emission these clearings appear as a bright "string of pearls" stretching across the planet. In the southern hemisphere, shortwave radio emissions from lightning storms, hundreds of times more intense than those on Earth and lasting weeks to months, were frequently detected by Cassini at 35° S. The thunderstorm centres are associated with thick light-coloured cloud features apparently produced by strong convective motions driven by water vapour. Both the latitudes of the cloud clearings in the north and the lightning storms in the south are zones of fast westward winds, traveling opposite to most of the other zonal flows on the planet.
The general north-south symmetry suggests that the zonal flows may be connected in some fashion deep within the interior. Theoretical modeling of a deep-convecting fluid planet such as Saturn indicates that differential rotation tends to occur along cylinders aligned about the planet's mean rotation axis (see the figure). Saturn's atmosphere thus may be built of a series of coaxial cylinders aligned north-south, each rotating at a unique rate, which give rise to the zonal jets seen at the surface. The continuity of the cylinders may be broken at a point where they intersect a major discontinuity within Saturn, such as the core.
Saturn's magnetic field resembles that of a simple dipole, or bar magnet, its north-south axis aligned to within 1° of Saturn's rotation axis with the centre of the magnetic dipole at the centre of the planet. The polarity of the field, like Jupiter's, is opposite that of Earth's present field—i.e., the field lines emerge in Saturn's northern hemisphere and reenter the planet in the southern hemisphere (see Earth: The geomagnetic field and magnetosphere). On Saturn a common magnetic compass would point south. Saturn's field deviates measurably from a simple dipole field; this manifests itself both in a north-south asymmetry and in a slightly higher polar surface field than is predicted by a pure dipole model. At Saturn's one-bar "surface" level, the maximum polar field is 0.8 gauss (north) and 0.7 gauss (south), very similar to Earth's polar surface field, while the equatorial field is 0.2 gauss, compared with 0.3 gauss at Earth's surface. Jupiter's equatorial field, at 4.3 gauss, is more than 20 times stronger than Saturn's. If one represents Saturn's magnetic field as produced by a simple current loop with a specified magnetic moment (see magnetic dipole), then that magnetic moment is about 600 times Earth's, whereas Jupiter's magnetic moment is 20,000 times Earth's.
Saturn's magnetic field is generated by the fluid motions in the electrically conducting portion of the interior of the planet. This region, in which hydrogen exists in a fluid metallic state around a central rocky core, comprises the inner half of the planet. Compared with Jupiter, less of Saturn's mass and volume consists of this conducting metallic fluid, which may partly explain why Saturn's magnetic field is much weaker. Jupiter's interior is also hotter, so the fluid motions in its interior may be more vigorous, possibly contributing even further to the differences in the field strengths.
Saturn's magnetosphere is the teardrop-shaped region of space around the planet where the behaviour of charged particles, which come mostly from the Sun, is dominated by the planet's magnetic field rather than by interplanetary magnetic fields. The rounded side of the teardrop extends sunward, forming a boundary, or magnetopause, with the outflowing solar wind at a distance of about 20 Saturn radii (1,200,000 km [750,000 miles]) from the centre of the planet but with substantial fluctuation due to variations in the pressure from the solar wind. On the opposite side of Saturn, the magnetosphere is drawn out into an immense magnetotail that extends to great distances.
Saturn's inner magnetosphere, like the magnetospheres of Earth and Jupiter, traps a stable population of highly energetic charged particles, mostly protons, traveling in spiral paths along magnetic field lines. These particles form belts around Saturn similar to the Van Allen belts of Earth. Unlike the cases of Earth and Jupiter, Saturn's charged-particle population is substantially depleted by absorption of the particles onto the surfaces of solid bodies that orbit within the field lines. Voyager data showed that "holes" exist in the particle populations on field lines that intersect the rings and the orbits of moons within the magnetosphere.
Saturn's moons Titan and Hyperion orbit at distances close to the magnetosphere's minimum dimensions, and they occasionally cross the magnetopause and travel outside Saturn's magnetosphere. Energetic charged particles trapped in Saturn's outer magnetosphere collide with neutral atoms in Titan's upper atmosphere and energize them, causing erosion of the atmosphere. A halo of such energetic atoms was observed by the Cassini orbiter.
Saturn possesses ultraviolet auroras produced by the impact of energetic particles from the magnetosphere onto atomic and molecular hydrogen in Saturn's polar atmosphere. Ultraviolet images of Saturn taken by the Earth-orbiting Hubble Space Telescope in the late 1990s and early 21st century succeeded in capturing the auroral rings around the poles. These gave vivid evidence of the high symmetry of Saturn's magnetic field and revealed details of the way the auroras respond to the solar wind and the Sun's magnetic field.
Saturn's low mean density is direct evidence that its bulk composition is mostly hydrogen. Under the conditions found within the planet, hydrogen behaves as a liquid rather than a gas at pressures above about one kilobar, corresponding to a depth of 1,000 km (600 miles) below the clouds; there the temperature is roughly 1,000 K (1,340 °F, 730 °C). Even as a liquid, molecular hydrogen is a highly compressible material, and to achieve Saturn's mean density of 0.69 gram per cubic cm requires pressures above one megabar. This occurs at a depth of 20,000 km (12,500 miles) below the clouds, or about one-third of the distance to the planet's centre.
Information about the interior structure of Saturn is obtained from studying its gravitational field, which is not spherically symmetrical. The rapid rotation and low mean density that lead to distortion of the planet's physical shape also distort the shape of its gravitational field. The shape of the field can be measured precisely from its effects on the motion of spacecraft in the vicinity and on the shape of some of the components of Saturn's rings. The degree of distortion is directly related to the relative amounts of mass concentrated in Saturn's central regions as opposed to its envelope. Analysis of the distortion shows that Saturn is substantially more centrally condensed than Jupiter and therefore contains a significantly larger amount of material denser than hydrogen near its centre. Saturn's central regions contain about 50 percent hydrogen by mass, while Jupiter's contain approximately 67 percent hydrogen.
At a pressure of roughly two megabars and a temperature of about 6,000 K (10,300 °F, 5,730 °C), the fluid molecular hydrogen is predicted to undergo a major phase transition to a fluid metallic state, which resembles a molten alkali metal such as lithium. This transition occurs at a distance about halfway between Saturn's cloud tops and its centre. Evidence from the planet's gravitational field shows that the central metallic region is considerably denser than would be the case for pure hydrogen mixed only with solar proportions of helium. Excess helium that settled from the planet's outer layers might account partly for the increased density. In addition, Saturn may contain a quantity of material denser than both hydrogen and helium with a total mass as much as 30 times that of Earth, but its precise distribution cannot be determined from available data. A rock and ice mixture of about 10–20 Earth masses is likely to be concentrated in a dense central core.
The calculated electrical conductivity of Saturn's outer core of fluid metallic hydrogen is such that if slow circulation currents are present—as would be expected with the flow of heat to the surface accompanied by gravitational settling of denser components—there is sufficient dynamo action to generate the planet's observed magnetic field. Saturn's field thus is produced by essentially the same mechanism that produces Earth's field (see dynamo theory). According to the dynamo theory, the deep field—that part of the field in the vicinity of the dynamo region near the core—may be quite irregular. On the other hand, the external part of the field that can be observed by spacecraft is quite regular, with a dipole axis that is nearly aligned with the rotation axis. Theories have been proposed that magnetic field lines are made more symmetrical to the rotational axis before they reach the surface by their passing through a nonconvecting, electrically conducting region that is rotating with respect to the field lines. The striking change observed in the magnetic field rotation period over the past 25 years, mentioned above, may be related to the action of deep electric currents involving the conducting core.
On average, Saturn radiates about twice as much energy into space than it receives from the Sun, primarily at infrared wavelengths between 20 and 100 micrometres. This difference indicates that Saturn, like Jupiter, possesses a source of internal heat. Kilogram for kilogram of mass, Saturn's internal energy output at present is similar to Jupiter's. But Saturn is less massive than Jupiter and so had less total energy content at the time both planets were formed. For it still to be radiating at Jupiter's level means that its energy apparently is coming at least partially from a different source.
A calculation of thermal evolution shows that Saturn could have originated with a core of 10–20 Earth masses built up from the accretion of ice-rich planetesimals. On top of this, a large amount of gaseous hydrogen and helium from the original solar nebula would have accumulated by gravitational collapse. It is thought that Jupiter underwent a similar process of origin but that it captured an even greater amount of gas. On both planets the gas was heated to high temperatures—several tens of thousands of kelvins—in the course of the capture. Jupiter's present internal energy output can then be understood as the slow cooling of an initially hot planet over the age of the solar system, some 4.6 billion years. If Saturn had slowly cooled, its energy output would have dropped below the presently observed value about two billion years ago. The most likely explanation for the required additional energy source is that in Saturn's interior helium has been precipitating from solution in hydrogen and forming dense "raindrops" that fall. As the helium droplets in the metallic phase of hydrogen "rain" down into deeper levels, potential energy is converted into the kinetic energy of droplet motion. Friction then damps this motion and converts it into heat, which is carried up to the atmosphere by convection and radiated into space, thus prolonging Saturn's internal heat source. (It is thought that this process also has occurred—although to a much more limited extent—in Jupiter, which has a warmer interior and thus allows more helium to stay in solution.) The Voyagers' detection of a substantial depletion of helium in Saturn's atmosphere originally was taken as a vindication of this theory, but it has since been opened to question.
Although Saturn's rings and moons may seem to constitute two groups of quite different entities, they form a single complex system of objects whose structures, dynamics, and evolution are intimately linked. The orbits of the innermost known moons fall within or between the outermost rings, and new moons continue to be found embedded in the ring structure. Indeed, the ring system itself can be considered to consist of myriad tiny moons—ranging from mere dust specks to car- and house-sized pieces—in their own individual orbits around Saturn. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between the largest ring particles and the smallest moons, determining a precise number of moons for Saturn may not be possible.
In 1610 Galileo's first observations of Saturn with a primitive telescope prompted him to report:
Saturn is not a single star, but is a composite of three, which almost touch each other, never change or move relative to each other, and are arranged in a row along the zodiac, the middle one being three times larger than the lateral ones.
Two years later he was perplexed to find that the image in his telescope had become a single object; Earth had crossed Saturn's ring plane, and, viewed edge on, the rings had essentially disappeared. Later observations showed Galileo that the curious lateral appendages had returned. Apparently he never deduced that the appendages were in fact a disk encircling the planet.
The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens, who began studying Saturn with an improved telescope in 1655, eventually deduced the true shape of the rings and the fact that the ring plane was inclined substantially to Saturn's orbit. He believed, however, that the rings were a single solid disk with a substantial thickness. In 1675 the Italian-born French astronomer Gian Domenico Cassini's discovery of a large gap—now known as the Cassini division—within the disk cast doubt on the possibility of a solid ring, and the French mathematician and scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace published a theory in 1789 that the rings were made up of many smaller components. In 1857 the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated mathematically that the rings could be stable only if they comprised a very large number of small particles, a deduction confirmed about 40 years later by the American astronomer James Keeler.
Today it is known that, while Saturn's rings are enormous, they are also extremely thin. The major rings have a diameter of 270,000 km (170,000 miles), yet their thickness does not exceed 100 metres (330 feet), and their total mass comprises only about 3 × 1019 kg, about the mass of Saturn's moon Mimas (see below Significant satellites). The entire ring system spans nearly 26,000,000 km (16,000,000 miles) when the faint outer rings are included. (See figure.)
Like the rings of the other giant planets, Saturn's major rings lie within the classical Roche limit. This distance, which for the idealized case is 2.44 Saturn radii (147,000 km [91,300 miles]), represents the closest distance to which a fairly large moon can approach the centre of its more-massive planetary parent before it is torn apart by tidal forces. Conversely, small bodies within the Roche limit are prevented by tidal forces from aggregating into larger objects. The limit applies only to objects held together by gravitational attraction; it does not restrict the stability of a relatively small body for which molecular cohesion is more important than the tidal forces tending to pull it apart. Thus, small moons (and artificial satellites) with sizes in the range of tens of kilometres or less can persist indefinitely within the Roche limit.
Although the individual particles that make up Saturn's rings cannot be seen directly, their size distribution can be deduced from their effect on the scattering of light and radio signals propagated through the rings from stars and spacecraft. This analysis reveals a broad and continuous spectrum of particle sizes, ranging from centimetres to several metres, with larger objects being significantly fewer in number than smaller ones. This distribution is consistent with the result expected from repeated collision and shattering of initially larger objects. In some parts of the rings, where collisions are apparently more frequent, even smaller (dust-sized) grains are present, but these have short lifetimes owing to a variety of loss mechanisms. Clouds of the smaller grains apparently acquire electric charges, interact with Saturn's magnetic field, and manifest themselves in the form of moving, wedge-shaped spokes that extend radially over the plane of the rings. Although spokes were observed frequently during the Voyager encounters, they were not seen during the Cassini mission until September 2005, possibly an indication of the effect of a different Sun angle on the production of charged grains. The spokes may be seasonal, appearing only in the periods around equinox. Larger bodies dubbed ring moons, on the order of several kilometres in diameter, may exist embedded within the major rings, but only a few have been detected. There is evidence that transient "rubble pile" moons are continually created and destroyed by the competing effects of gravity, collisions, and varying orbital speed within the dense rings.
The rings strongly reflect sunlight, and a spectroscopic analysis of the reflected light shows the presence of water ice, in addition to darker contaminants. It is thus conceivable that the major rings were produced by the breakup of a moon the size and composition of Mimas. Because the rings are known to be irreversibly spreading due to collisions between particles and because there is no known mechanism for confining them indefinitely in their present configuration, many planetary scientists suspect that the postulated ring-forming breakup happened relatively recently, perhaps only some tens of millions of years agoTitan. The outer icy layer of the moon was stripped off to become the rings, while the inner rocky core of the moon fell into Saturn. The new ring system would have been much larger than the rings today and would have shrunk by forming the icy inner moons such as Tethys.
The main ring system shows structures on many scales, ranging from the three broad major rings—named C, B, and A (in order of increasing distance from Saturn)—that are visible from Earth down to myriad individual component ringlets having widths on the order of kilometres. The structures have provided scientists a fertile field for investigating gravitational resonances and the collective effects of many small particles orbiting in close proximity. Although many of the structures have been explained theoretically, a large number remain enigmatic, and a complete synthesis of the system is still lacking. Because Saturn's ring system may be an analogue of the original disk-shaped system of particles out of which the planets formed, an understanding of its dynamics and evolution has implications for the origin of the solar system itself (see solar system: Origin of the solar system).
The structure of the rings is broadly described by their optical depth as a function of distance from Saturn. Optical depth is a measure of the amount of electromagnetic radiation that is absorbed in passing through a medium—e.g., a cloud, the atmosphere of a planet, or a region of particles in space. It thus serves as an indicator of the average density of the medium. A completely transparent medium has an optical depth of 0; as the density of the medium increases, so does the numerical value. Optical depth depends on the wavelength of radiation as well as on the type of medium. In the case of Saturn's rings, radio wavelengths of several centimetres and longer are largely unaffected by the smallest ring particles and thus encounter smaller optical depths than visible wavelengths and shorter.
The B ring is the brightest, thickest, and broadest of the rings. It extends from 1.52 to 1.95 Saturn radii and has optical depths between 0.4 and 2.5, the precise values dependent on both distance from Saturn and wavelength of light. (Saturn's equatorial radius is 60,268 km [37,449 miles].) It is separated visually from the outer major ring, the A ring, by the Cassini division, the most prominent gap in the major rings. Lying between 1.95 and 2.02 Saturn radii and not devoid of particles, the Cassini division exhibits complicated variations in optical depth, with an average value of 0.1. The A ring extends from 2.02 to 2.27 Saturn radii and has optical depths of 0.4 to 1.0. Interior to the B ring lies the third major ring, the C ring (sometimes known as the crepe ring), at 1.23 to 1.52 Saturn radii, with optical depths near 0.1. Interior to the C ring at 1.11 to 1.23 Saturn radii lies the extremely tenuous D ring, which has no measurable effect on starlight or radio waves passing through it and is visible only in reflected light.
Exterior to the A ring lies the narrow F ring at 2.33 Saturn radii. The F ring is a complicated structure that, according to Cassini observations, may be a tightly wound spiral. Between the A and F rings, distributed along the orbit of the inner moon Atlas, is a tenuous band of material probably shed by the moon.
Still farther out is the tenuous G ring, with an optical depth of only 0.000001; lying at about 2.8 Saturn radii, it was originally detected by its influence on charged particles in Saturn's magnetosphere, and it is faintly discernible in Voyager images. Cassini images taken in 2008 revealed the presence in the G ring of a small moon, named Aegaeon, that is about 0.5 km (0.3 mile) across. This moon may be one of several parent bodies of the G ring. Those rings of Saturn that lie outside the A ring are analogous to Jupiter's rings in that they are composed mostly of small particles continuously shed by moons.
Beyond the G ring is the extremely broad and diffuse E ring, which extends from 3 to at least 8 Saturn radii. Cassini observations have verified that the E ring is composed of ice particles originating from geysers (a form of ice volcanism, or cryovolcanism) at a thermally active region—a hot spot—near the south pole of the moon Enceladus.
Extending from 128 to 207 Saturn radii, far beyond the other rings, is the outermost, a vast, tenuous ring of dust shed from impacts on the moon Phoebe. It is the largest planetary ring in the solar system. The Spitzer Space Telescope discovered this ring; its observations showed an optical depth of 2 × 10−8. Unlike the other rings, this dust ring has the same inclination as Phoebe's orbit. Other small satellites have tenuous rings or ring arcs associated with them, including the co-orbital moons Janus and Epimetheus, Methone, Anthe, and Pallene.
Numerous gaps occur in the distribution of optical depth in the major ring regions. Some of the major gaps have been named after famous astronomers who were associated with studies of Saturn (see below Observations from Earth). In addition to the Cassini division, they include the Colombo, Maxwell, Bond, and Dawes gaps (1.29, 1.45, 1.47, and 1.50 Saturn radii, respectively), within the C ring; the Huygens gap (1.95 Saturn radii), at the outer edge of the B ring; the Encke gap (2.21 Saturn radii), a gap in the outer part of the A ring; and the Keeler gap (2.26 Saturn radii), almost at the outer edge of the A ring. Of these gaps, only Encke was known prior to spacecraft exploration of Saturn.
Following the Voyager visits, scientists theorized that particles can be cleared from a region to form a gap by the gravitational effects of a moon about 10 km (6 miles) in size orbiting within the gap region. In 1990 one such moon, Pan, was discovered within the Encke gap in Voyager images and was recorded again in Cassini images. (See the video.) Daphnis, the anticipated corresponding moon within the Keeler gap, was found in Cassini images in 2005. Similar moons may exist within the Huygens and Maxwell gaps. More than 150 100-metre (300-foot) moonlets out of thousands believed to exist have been detected by the Cassini spacecraft in the A ring from propeller-like structures they leave in their wakes. Cassini also discovered a 400-metre (1,300-foot) moonlet in the B ring, although it does not appear to clear a gap.
Other theories indicate that a gap can also be cleared in a ring region that is in orbital resonance with a moon whose orbit is substantially internal or external to the ring. The condition for resonance is that the orbital periods of the moon and the ring particles be a ratio of whole numbers. When this is the case, a given ring particle will always make close approaches to the moon at the same points in its orbit, and gravitational perturbations to the particle's orbit will build up over time, eventually forcing the particle out of precise resonance. If the moon orbits outside the ring, it receives angular momentum from the resonant ring particles and, in turn, launches a tightly wound spiral density wave in the ring, which ultimately clears a gap if the resonance is strong enough. The boundary region at the outer edge of the B ring and the inner edge of the Cassini division is in a 2:1 resonance with Mimas, meaning that the orbital period of Mimas is twice that of the ring particles located at that radius. As predicted from such a resonance, the boundary is not perfectly circular but shows deviations in radius that result in a two-lobed shape. Although the location of this boundary clearly shows the influence of the resonance in sculpting the inner edge of the Cassini division, the remainder of the division's structure is not fully understood. Similarly, the outer edge of the A ring is in a 7:6 resonance with the co-orbital moons Janus and Epimetheus (see below Orbital and rotational dynamics) and is scalloped with seven lobes. Effects of other resonances of this kind are seen throughout the ring system, but many similar features cannot be so explained. In general, the number of known moons and resonances falls far short of what is needed to account for the countless thousands of ringlets and other fine structure in Saturn's ring system.
Data for the rings are summarized in the table.
Saturn possesses more than 60 known moons, data for which are summarized in the table. Names, traditional numbers, and orbital and physical characteristics are listed individually. Of the first 18 discovered, all but the much more distant moon Phoebe orbit within about 3.6 million km (2.2 million miles) of Saturn. Nine are more than 100 km (60 miles) in radius and were discovered telescopically before the 20th century; the others were found in an analysis of Voyager images in the early 1980s. Several additional inner moons (including Polydeuces)—tiny bodies with radii of 3–4 km (1.9–2.5 miles)—were discovered in Cassini spacecraft images beginning in 2004. All of the inner moons are regular, having prograde, low-inclination, and low-eccentricity orbits with respect to the planet. The eight largest are thought to have formed along Saturn's equatorial plane from a protoplanetary disk of material, in much the same way as the planets formed around the Sun from the primordial solar nebula (see solar system: Origin of the solar system).
A second, outer group of moons lies beyond about 11 million km (6.8 million miles). They are irregular in that all of their orbits have large eccentricities and inclinations; about two-thirds revolve around Saturn in a retrograde fashion—they move opposite to the planet's rotation. Except for Phoebe, they are less than about 20 km (12 miles) in radius. Some were discovered from Earth beginning in 2000 as the result of efforts to apply new electronic detection methods to the search for fainter—and hence smaller—objects in the solar system; others were found by Cassini. These outer bodies appear to be not primordial moons but rather captured objects or their fragments.
Titan is Saturn's largest moon and the only moon in the solar system known to have clouds, a dense atmosphere, and liquid lakes. The diameter of its solid body is 5,150 km (3,200 miles), which makes it, after Jupiter's Ganymede, the second largest moon in the solar system. Its relatively low mean density of 1.88 grams per cubic cm implies that its interior is a mixture of rocky materials (silicates) and ices, the latter likely being mostly water ice mixed with frozen ammonia and methane. Titan's atmosphere, which has a surface pressure of 1.5 bars (50 percent greater than on Earth's surface), is predominantly nitrogen with about 5 percent methane and traces of a variety of other carbon-containing compounds. Its surface, veiled in a thick brownish red haze, remained largely a mystery until exploration of the Saturnian system by Cassini-Huygens. The spacecraft's observations showed Titan to have a complex surface topography sculpted by precipitation, flowing liquids, wind, a few impacts, and possible volcanic and tectonic activity—many of the same processes that have shaped Earth's surface. (A fuller treatment of the moon is given in the article Titan.)
Saturn's other moons are much smaller than Titan and, except for Enceladus, possess no detectable atmospheres. (Cassini detected a localized water-vapour atmosphere in the vicinity of Enceladus's south polar hot spot.) Their low mean densities (between 1 and 1.5 grams per cubic cm), as well as spectroscopic analyses of their surface solids, indicate that they are rich in ices, probably mostly water ice perhaps mixed with ices of more-volatile substances such as carbon dioxide and ammonia. At Saturn's distance from the Sun, the ices are so cold that they behave mechanically like rock and can retain impact craters. As a result, the surfaces of these moons bear a superficial resemblance to the cratered rocky surface of Earth's Moon, but there are important differences.
Mimas reveals a heavily cratered surface similar in appearance to the lunar highlands, but it also possesses one of the largest impact structures, in relation to the body's size, in the solar system. The crater Herschel, named in honour of Mimas's discoverer, the 19th-century English astronomer William Herschel, is 130 km (80 miles) across, one-third the diameter of Mimas itself. It is roughly 10 km (6 miles) deep and has outer walls about 5 km (3 miles) high.
The surface of Enceladus reflects more light than newly fallen snow. Voyager images showed many regions with few large craters. The presence of smooth, crater-free areas and extensive ridged plains gave convincing evidence that fairly recent internal activity, possibly within the last 100 million years, has caused widespread melting and resurfacing. Spectral data from Cassini show that Enceladus's surface is almost pure water ice. The moon's south polar hot spot is at a temperature of 140 K (−208 °F, −133 °C), far hotter than is predicted from solar heating alone; the region also exhibits enigmatic geologic structures dubbed "tiger stripes." The water ice particles that form the E ring are being expelled from Enceladus in plumelike structures at the rate of about 1,000 metric tons per year. The particles have sizes in the range of one micrometre and could persist for only a few thousand years. Thus, the events on Enceladus that have produced the present ring must have been occurring within the recent past.
Tethys, although larger than Enceladus, shows little evidence of internal activity. Its heavily cratered surface appears quite old, although it displays subtle features indicative of creep or viscous flow in its icy crust. Dione and Rhea have heavily cratered surfaces similar to the lunar highlands, but with bright patches that may be freshly exposed ice. Although Dione is smaller than Rhea, it has more evidence of recent internal activity, including resurfaced plains and fracture systems.
The surface of Iapetus shows a striking difference in reflectivity between its leading and trailing hemispheres. The leading hemisphere is remarkably dark, the darkest material concentrated at the apex of orbital motion. Cassini spectral data show the presence of carbon dioxide, organics, and cyanide compounds. The trailing hemisphere, which is as much as 10 times more reflective than the leading one, is heavily cratered and is mostly water ice. The reflectivity difference is caused by dark material from the Phoebe dust ring collecting on the leading hemisphere of Iapetus and absorbing more sunlight, which heats up this region. Any water ice there turns to water vapour, which condenses onto the trailing hemisphere and freezes. The low mean density of Iapetus suggests that the moon as a whole is mostly water ice.
The orbital and rotational dynamics of Saturn's moons have unusual and puzzling characteristics, some of which are related to their interactions with the rings. For example, the three small moons Janus, Epimetheus, and Pandora orbit near the outer edge of the main ring system and are thought to have been receiving angular momentum, amounting to a minuscule but steady outward push, from ring particles through collective gravitational interactions. The effects of this process would be to reduce the spreading of the rings caused by collisions between ring particles and to drive these moons to ever larger orbits. Because of the small size of the moons, scientists have found it difficult to find a mechanism by which this process could have endured over the age of the solar system without driving the moons far beyond their current positions. The sharpness of the outer edge of the main ring system and the present orbits of such inner moons as Atlas are puzzling, and they appear to support the idea that the current ring system is much younger than Saturn itself.
Pandora and its nearest neighbour moon, Prometheus, have been dubbed shepherd moons because of their influence on ring particles. During Voyager 1's flyby, the two bodies were discovered orbiting on either side of the narrow F ring, which itself had been found only a year earlier by Pioneer 11. The moons' gravitational interactions with the F ring produce a "shepherding" effect, in which the ring's constituent particles are kept confined to a narrow band. Prometheus, the inner shepherd, transmits angular momentum to the ring particles, pushing the ring outward and itself inward, while Pandora, the outer shepherd, receives angular momentum from the ring particles, pushing the ring inward and itself outward. Cassini obtained a spectacular video record of this process, in which complex wavelike bands of particles are drawn out from the F ring as the shepherds pass it. (The term shepherd often is used to describe any moon that constrains the extent of a ring through gravitational forces. Consequently, in this expanded sense, moons such as Janus and Epimetheus, whose ring effects are described in the paragraph above, and gap-creating moons such as Pan also qualify as shepherds.)
Janus and Epimetheus are co-orbital moons—they share the same average orbit. Every few years they make a close approach, interacting gravitationally in such a way that one transmits angular momentum to the other, which forces the latter into a slightly higher orbit and the former into a slightly lower orbit. At the next close approach, the process repeats in the opposite direction. Tethys and Dione also have their own co-orbital satellites, but, because Tethys and Dione are much more massive than their co-orbiters, there is no significant exchange of angular momentum. Instead, Tethys's two co-orbiters, Telesto and Calypso, are located at the stable Lagrangian points along Tethys's orbit, leading and following Tethys by 60°, respectively, analogous to the Trojan asteroids in Jupiter's orbit. Dione's Trojan-like companions, Helene and Polydeuces, lead and follow it by 60°, respectively, on average.
Several pairs of moons are in stable dynamic resonances—i.e., the members of each pair pass one another in their orbits in a periodic fashion, interacting gravitationally in a way that preserves the regularity of these encounters. In such a resonance the orbital periods of a pair of moons are related to each other approximately in the ratio of small whole numbers. For example, the orbital periods of Hyperion and the nearer Titan, at 21.28 at 15.94 days, respectively (see table), are in the ratio 4:3, which means that Titan completes four orbits around Saturn in the time that it takes Hyperion to complete three. Titan and Hyperion always pass most closely at Hyperion's apoapse, the farthest point of its elliptical orbit. Because Titan has more than 50 times the mass of Hyperion and always transmits the most momentum to the smaller moon at the same points along its orbit, Hyperion is forced by these periodic "shoves" into a relatively elongated (eccentric) orbit. Analogously, the moon pairs Dione and Enceladus and Tethys and Mimas have orbital periods in the ratio 2:1.
Because resonances between pairs of moons can force orbital eccentricities to relatively large values, they are potentially important in the geologic evolution of the bodies concerned. Ordinarily, tidal interactions between Saturn and its nearer moons—the cyclic deformations in each body caused by the gravitational attraction of the other—tend to reduce the eccentricity of the moons' orbits as well as to brake their spins in such a way that they rotate at the same rate as they revolve around Saturn. This state, called synchronous rotation, is common in the solar system, being the case, for example, for Earth's Moon and several of Jupiter's and Saturn's nearer moons. For a moon that rotates with respect to its planet, the internal deformation is dynamic; it travels cyclically around the moon and generates heat by internal friction. Once a moon is in synchronous rotation, it always keeps the same hemisphere facing the planet and the same hemispheres forward and rearward in its orbit; the deformation no longer travels but remains stationary in the moon's reference frame, and frictional heating does not occur. However, even a moon in synchronous rotation experiences tidal interaction if it is forced into an eccentric orbit by resonance; as it travels alternately farther from and closer to its planet, the ensuing dynamic deformation heats its interior. The most dramatic example of such a moon is Jupiter's Io, whose resonance with another Jovian moon, Europa, forces it into an eccentric path. As Io moves through Jupiter's powerful gravitational field, it is heated so intensely that it is the most volcanically active body in the solar system.
Although calculations indicate that the present tides on Saturn's moons are not particularly significant as a heating mechanism, this may not have been true in the past. Furthermore, as discussed above, the hot "tiger-stripe" region of Enceladus is the present-day source of the icy material for the diffuse E ring in which it orbits. The cause of the region's thermal activity remains to be deduced, but it is likely to be related to some form of tidal deformation.
Hyperion is a spectacular exception to the rule in which tidal interactions force moons into synchronous rotation. Hyperion's orbital eccentricity and highly nonspherical shape, which is unusual for a body as large as it is, have led to a complicated interaction between its spin and orbital angular momentum. The outcome of this interaction is a behaviour that is described mathematically as chaotic. Although the fleeting Voyager encounters found Hyperion to be rotating nonsynchronously with a period of about 13 days, chaos theory applied to Voyager data and subsequent Earth-based observations of the moon shows that it is actually tumbling in an essentially unpredictable manner. Hyperion is the only object known in the solar system to be in chaotic rotation.
Even under the best telescopic viewing conditions possible from Earth's surface, features on Saturn smaller than a few thousand kilometres cannot be resolved. Thus, the great detail exhibited in the rings and atmosphere was largely unknown prior to spacecraft observations. Even the A ring's Encke gap, reported in 1837 by the German astronomer Johann Franz Encke, was considered dubious for well over a century until it was confirmed in 1978 by the American astronomer Harold Reitsema, who used measurements of an eclipse of the moon Iapetus by the rings to improve on normal Earth-based resolution.
Modern research on Saturn from Earth's vicinity relies on a variety of special telescopic techniques. Infrared spectroscopy of the rings, atmosphere, and moons has yielded considerable information about their composition and thermal balance. Spatial resolution of the rings and atmospheric structures on the scale of kilometres is obtained by observing light from bright stars that pass behind the planet as seen from Earth. Such an instance occurred in 1989, when both Saturn and Titan occulted the bright star 28 Sagittarii, allowing astronomers to observe ring and atmospheric structures at a level of detail not seen since the Voyager encounters. The 1990 appearance of the Great White Spot in Saturn's atmosphere was successfully observed not only with surface-based telescopes but also with the Hubble Space Telescope above the distorting effect of Earth's atmosphere. In 1995, when Earth passed through the ring plane, the edge-on viewing geometry permitted a direct determination of the ring thickness and a precise measurement of the rate of precession of Saturn's rotational axis.
The first spacecraft to visit Saturn, the U.S. Pioneer 11, was one of a pair of probes launched in the early 1970s to Jupiter. Though a retargeting was not part of the original objective, mission scientists took advantage of Pioneer 11's close encounter with Jupiter's gravitational field to alter the spacecraft's trajectory and send it on to a successful flyby of Saturn. In 1979 Pioneer 11 passed through Saturn's ring plane at a distance of only 38,000 km (24,000 miles) from the A ring and flew within 21,000 km (13,000 miles) of its atmosphere.
The twin spacecraft that followed, the U.S. Voyagers 1 and 2, were launched initially toward Jupiter in 1977. They carried much more elaborate imaging equipment and were specifically designed for multiple-planet flybys and for accomplishing specific scientific objectives at each destination. Like Pioneer 11, Voyagers 1 and 2 used Jupiter's mass in gravity-assist maneuvers to redirect their trajectories to Saturn, which they encountered in 1980 and '81, respectively. Together the two spacecraft returned tens of thousands of images of Saturn and its rings and moons.
The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft was launched in 1997 as a joint project of the space agencies of the United States, Europe, and Italy. It followed a complicated trajectory involving gravity-assist flybys of Venus (twice), Earth, and Jupiter that brought it to the Saturnian system in mid-2004. Weighing almost six metric tons when loaded with propellants, the interplanetary craft was one of the largest, most expensive, and most complex built to that time. It comprised a Saturn orbiter, Cassini, designed to carry out studies of the planet, rings, and moons for several years, and a probe, Huygens, that descended by parachute through Titan's atmosphere to a solid-surface landing in early 2005. For about three hours during its descent and from the surface, Huygens transmitted measurements and images to Cassini, which relayed them to scientists on Earth. The Cassini mission is scheduled to continue, if the spacecraft remains healthy, until 2017. As the spacecraft nears the end of its fuel supply, it will be directed to make several very close passes to the planet, measuring the magnetic and gravitational fields, and eventually enter a trajectory that plunges it into Saturn's atmosphere.


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Moldova: Russian student organizations, particularly the League of Russian Students; their goals, activities and treatment by the authorities (January 2005 - April 2010)
|Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
|Publication Date
|4 May 2011
|Citation / Document Symbol
|Cite as
|Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Moldova: Russian student organizations, particularly the League of Russian Students; their goals, activities and treatment by the authorities (January 2005 - April 2010), 4 May 2011, MDA103364.E, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4e4275a22.html [accessed 19 January 2018]
|This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.
A 4 June 2009 article by the Moldovan news agency Infotag states that the League of Russian Youth in Moldova has 1,324 members between the ages of 16 and 30 years old. Another Infotag News Agency article states that the leader of the Ravnopravye, [a pro-Russian party (ProTV 4 Nov. 2008)], told a news conference that the chairperson of the Russian Students League and three other young people were arrested in Chisinau on 4 November 2006 (Infotag 7 Nov. 2006). The Ravnopravye leader stated that the police stopped the car in which the four people were travelling, forcibly removed the passengers and took them to the Buiucani police commissariat; they were released on 6 November 2006 (ibid.).
An 18 August 2008 Infotag News Agency article states that the League of Russian Youth, led by the aforementioned Chairperson, held a rally at the United States (US) embassy in Chisinau to protest that country's policy in the conflict between Georgia and the Georgian region of South Ossetia.
Further information on the League of Russian Students and information on other Russian student organizations in Moldova could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.
Infotag News Agency [Chisinau, in Russian]. 4 June 2009. "Pro-Russian Youth Asks Moldova to Recognize Election in South Ossetia." (BBC Monitoring Ukraine and Baltics 4 June 2009/Factiva)
_____. 18 August 2008. "Russian Youth Activists in Moldova Protest US Support for Georgia." (BBC Monitoring Ukraine and Baltics 18 Aug. 2008/ Factiva)
_____. 7 November 2006. "Pro-Russian Movement in Moldova Complains of Pressure From Authorities." (BBC Monitoring Ukraine and Baltics 7 Nov. 2006/Factiva)
ProTV [Chisinau, in Moldovan]. 4 November 2008. "Ethnic Russians in Moldova Demand Second State Language." (BBC Monitoring Ukraine and Baltics 4 Nov. 2008/Factiva)
Additional Sources Consulted
Oral sources: The Central Connecticut State University in New Britain, Connecticut, the European Centre for Minority Issues in Flensburg, the League for Defence of Human Rights of Moldova in Chisinau and Minority Rights Group International in London did not respond to requests for information within the time constraints of this Response.
Internet sources, including: Amnesty International (AI), British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, the Centre for SouthEast European Studies, European Center for Minority Issues, European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), European Country of Origin Information Network (ecoi.net), Fédération internationale des ligues des droits de l'homme (FIDH), Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in the Republic of Moldova, International Crisis Group, League for the Defence of Human Rights in Moldova, Minority Rights Group International.


text: Neil Brock Posted March 14, 2012 21/03/12 An additional update (12.2.2) has been released to rectify a couple of issues that had not updated properly in 12.2.1 - details of these can be found in the changelist below. 14/03/12 I am pleased to announce the release of the Football Manager 2012 12.2.1 update. After receiving feedback post 12.2.0* some issues were raised to us that needed attention. This update has been released to address those issues. The changelist of all changes can be seen in the post below. Again as with previous updates, you may already have already noticed Steam updating your game automatically (depending on your Steam settings) and once complete you will be running the latest version of the game. If you get any messages stating the game is now unavailable, we recommend verifying your cache as shown here in the FAQ - http://community.sigames.com/showthr...=1#post7184719 Please if you have any feedback in regards to the 12.2.1 update feel free to post it in this thread – http://community.sigames.com/showthread.php/300658 As always this update is save game compatible, however for some fixes (such as the Turkish Premier League fix) you'll have to start a new game for this to take effect. Likewise the two data changes (Nottm Forest Chairman and Sam Hutchinson) will also need you to start a new game – these changes have been added to the 12.2.0 database. There is no new database option when starting a new game. Thanks. *Details in regards to the 12.2.0 update and all the previous changelists can still be found here - http://community.sigames.com/showthread.php/300648-January-Transfer-Update-12.2.0 0 Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Ranking the MLS squads before a game has been played will surely rile up fans. But that didn't stop MLSSoccer.com from rolling out preseason Power Rankings today.
FC Dallas is No. 11 according to the pot-stirrers who compile the rankings and had this to say:
"Blas Pérez will score goals and, by June at the latest, be the most hated striker in MLS for his diving and histrionics. But will David Ferreira and Daniel Hernandez be healthy? Is Brek Shea's head already overseas? And how will they replace Marvin Chávez, Jackson and possibly George John?"


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Thank you for your honesty. It's not easy being right; hang in there.
The end of what? How is this any different than any other year you losers predict embarrassment. You're all pathetic. Bawaa look at me. Who are you to say anything about Santonio? You guys are way worse than he is. Where's Jordy with his crying babies when you need him?
Deported to the UFL.
But stats don't lie - he still went over 1000 and had a hugely respectable 4.2 ypc. I'm not saying he's MJD but to REALLY think that this guy can't have another good season in the tank?? - makes no sense to me . . .
With better line play and a less predictable offense Greene could easily be an upside surprise.
You think the team doesn't feel like this is a make-or-break year? I see guys fighting to be special once again, as underdogs [even to their fans apparently] and that's always been a pretty advantageous place for the Jets to be.
It amazes me how some fans just can't look at actual football teams and the game itself without the lens of fantasy football. Lol! Oh god! I'm not sure if it's funny or sad?
Is there any other fanbase besides the Jets that concedes the season before training camp starts?
You mean the one that didn't show up for 14 games last season, the one that quit on it's head coach, the one that let up 45 points at Philiadelphia, the one that allowed the Giants to go 99 yards in a single play, the one that couldn't hold the Miami Dolphins, the one that didn't add a single player of significance this past offseason?
This team is going to suck mainly because it's defense is grossly overrated and hasn't stepped-up and won a big game since the end of 2010.
Doesn't camp open on the 26th? This thread is moot.
Sent from my LTEvo
The team has done nothing to fix its problems on the OL, S, RB, or WR but put out a flyer on a couple of oft-injured projects and some rookies. We still don't have a pass rush. We no longer have LT out of the backfield. Revis and Cromartie can't stop TE's. Our HC has not regained any locker room respect. Our punter is wearing someone else's Super Bowl ring.
There's a time to play the SOJF card. This isn't it. The team is a mess. It's arguably worse than last year with a harder schedule and a massive personality conflict.
You mention the offense being ignored, and WR first on the list. You list Kerley as the potential #2, meanwhile the Jets drafted Stephen Hill, and signed Chaz Schillens. They also drafted another WR in Rd 7, not to mention signing a player in Terrence Ganaway who has opened a lot of eyes this off-season. Yeah, having a clue here would at least help to "keep it real."
The rest of your post is pure trash, and why should anybody "trust" you?
Last edited by Ray Ray19; 07-25-2012 at 01:37 AM.
2. Your personal attack has been reported.
3. I look forward to your disappearance this October, true to form, just like you always do when your ridiculous predictions backfire and you hide from us until the following year thinking we've forgotten, thinking that JI doesn't have a search engine and 5 years of recorded history of your never-ending support of horrific head coaches. If I had the time or the patience I'd dig up a couple, paste 'em here for all to read, make you run and hide through the weekend.


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Meredith's CMO reshapes its story
Nancy Weber had a clear goal when she signed on as CMO of Meredith Corporation in July 2005: define and put a face to the media conglomerate's then audience of 75 million.
But Weber encountered another, more nebulous challenge. She had to establish Meredith's presence in an area that wasn't generally considered to be its core competency: as a marketing services provider.
Meredith, best known as the national publisher of magazines like Better Homes and Gardens and Ladies' Home Journal, also has 12 local broadcast stations and an extensive portfolio of marketing solutions and services, including Meredith 360° and Meredith Engagement Dividend. "We used to refer to ourselves as a magazine and broadcast company, which didn't truly describe who we are," Weber says, who adds that she is strictly concerned with the national media and marketing services aspect of the brand, and thus does not work on any issues among the local broadcast division of Meredith. "My concern was really how can we tell a new story and position Meredith as a key media and marketing partner for a lot of clients."
Ultimately, Weber must oversee the marketing strategies for two of Meredith's three lines of business. Doing so means ensuring collaboration across those units.
One way the company does this is through Meredith 360°, a strategic marketing unit pioneered by chief development officer John S. Zieser that Weber helped launch. The group's focus is to provide clients access to Meredith's portfolio of media products and services across its print, broadcast, and marketing services units. "Meredith 360° consists of a team of marketing and sales experts that leverage all of Meredith's assets, including its national media brands, 12 local network affiliated stations, and marketing company," Weber says.
While marketing services continue to be a point of focus, Meredith's heritage is as a publishing company that caters to women, "from young adults to empty nesters," she says. That demographic was extensive and Weber needed to distill it further to better understand the company's audience.
In 2008 Weber commissioned "The Gamma Factor: Women and the New Social Currency," an executive marketing report identifying a type of American woman: the "gamma" woman, which the comprehensive report claims constitutes nearly 60% of Meredith's audience—more than 55 million individuals.
"The gamma woman is all about collaboration; [she knows] information is power and shares it instead of holding onto it," Weber says. She speculates that the growing segment of gamma women is due to the ever-increasing popularity of social networks and online communities. "The whole blogger social scene is all about gammas and sharing," she explains. "On the Internet, there is no hierarchy, everyone has a place."
This research helped define the direction of Meredith's line of print and online magazines. Ultimately, Meredith's titles revolve "around home, family, and personal development," Weber says. She notes that food seems to be the connective theme that runs throughout the titles. "Looking at how to improve diet and nutrition is a big trend right now," says Weber, who was a key member of a strategic team that identified the critical need to grow Meredith's presence in the food space.
"While we had a lot of food-related content, we didn't have specific brands entirely focused on food [or] cooking," Weber says. Consequently, she helped lay the foundation for major acquisitions of publications with a foodie-following.
In 2011 Meredith acquired communications company EatingWell Media Group, which publishes an array of cookbooks and nutrition-related books, alongside its flagship magazine title, EatingWell, the magazine Every Day with Rachael Ray, and the website Allrecipes.com. Weber describes the latter as "the third leg of the stool, bringing a critical user-generated kind of social component to our portfolio."
With a clear vision of the target audience, numerous acquisitions, and significant updates to its marketing services portfolio, Weber sought to demonstrate "how magazines can increase sales of products." So in June 2011 Meredith leveraged Nielsen Homescan, a tool designed to link online marketing with offline purchases, to launch The Meredith Engagement Dividend, a program that Weber says, "guarantees advertisers a sales list when they advertise in a [Meredith] magazine."
The Meredith Engagement Dividend uses Nielsen analytics and is based on a 52-week research study conducted by Nielsen across Meredith's database of 85 million magazine readers from 2009 to 2010. The program took two years to implement, and is now a substantial program for advertisers seeking ROI for their paid ads, Weber says, adding that the program showed a sales lift for specific brands ranging from 3 to 66%.
But the company isn't resting on current successes. In moving forward, Meredith is focused on video and mobile advertising across its brands. "There are a lot of how-to and informational videos coming from our brands," she says. It's this type [of] diversity of offerings that's vital to Meredith's continued success.
The advertising environment, Weber notes, is still challenging as "the economy is still coming back, but the consumer demands for our products has never been greater."


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