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Summer Dress Under $50
(Un)Guilty Pleasure of the Day: Sweet Colorblocking and Stripes Under $50
If you're looking to make a statement at your next Summer fete, we've got the perfect find — minimal effort required. This little striped and colorblocked mini ($49) is multifunctional, adorably sweet, and just a little different than your average seasonal stripes. Picture it on the beach with sandals, at work with a blazer and ballet flats, or a cocktail party with an oversize clutch and a pair of strappy leather heels. With a wear-it-anywhere style and an under-$50 price, it would be silly not to, right?


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WASHINGTON, July 16 (UPI) -- A bill providing for stricter campaign donation reporting died in the U.S. Senate Monday when Democrats could not defeat a Republican filibuster.
The Senate voted 51-44 in favor of moving forward on the Democracy Is Strengthened by Casting Light On Spending in Elections Act, but 60 votes were required to break the filibuster. The vote fell along party lines, The Hill reported.
The bill, sponsored by Democrats in an attempt to reverse the U.S. Supreme Court ruling allowing virtually unlimited political donations, would require reporting of campaign spending totaling more than $10,000 by companies, unions and other organizations.
Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., filed a motion to reconsider the vote. The Hill said Democrats hope another vote on the measure can be held Tuesday, and planned to keep debating the bill into the evening Monday to draw attention to the issue.
"Putting an end to secret election spending by special interests is an essential step in protecting middle class priorities," Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, D-R.I. -- the lead sponsor of the measure -- said in a statement following Monday's vote. "For that reason, we are committed to continuing the debate on the DISCLOSE Act late into the night and asking for a second vote tomorrow if need be."
Republicans said Democrats were trying to score political points by forcing a vote they knew would fail.
Minority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., called the vote "an ultimate waste of Senate time," and accused Democrats of inaction on extending tax rates enacted during the administration of former President George W. Bush, which are scheduled to expire Dec. 31.
"For 40 straight months of unemployment above 8 percent ... and our friends in the majority want us to pass this bill that everyone from the ACLU to the NRA is opposed to," McConnell said of the DISCLOSE Act.

subset: commoncrawl


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It was one of the upsets of the season thus far, and it left Montreal Impact coach Marco Schallibaum calling the Columbus Crew his team's version of kryptonite. And it may have started at the feet of genius playmaker Federico Higuain, but it finished with the head of veteran defender Chad Marshall.
Marshall may have had an ugly moment in that 2-1 win at Stade Saputo - an early miscommunication with goalkeeper Matt Lampson that let Marco Di Vaio, No. 2 on this list, head home his league-leading 18th goal of the season. But he made up for it later with a clinical, towering header and his usual stellar defensive performance and his organization of the back line. For his efforts he earned the top spot in this week's Castrol Index.


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Ok. I'm doing this site's tutorial on C++, and I'm on the lesson about functions. I'm trying to do the multiplication example. But it won't work. here's what i haveWhen i copy and paste it in, it works just fine. What am i doing wrong?Code:
//a program to test out this whole idea of functions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std
int mult (int x, int y);
int main()
int x;
int y;
cout << "please input two numbers to be multiplied: ";
cin >> x >> y;
cout<<"the product of your two numbers "<< mult (x,y) << "\n";
int mult (int x, int y)
return x*y;
Never mind. I figured out what i was doing wrong. I need to put a ; after namespace std


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Rings have long symbolized the circle of life. At Gemvara, we believe that the rings you wear should be one of a kind, like you. That's why our rings are made to order in your choice of conflict-free gems and recycled precious metals. Choose tanzanite and yellow gold or emerald and platinum: it's your choice. Mix and match gems and precious metals for a look that's exactly you. It's jewelry for all life's occasions, from a wedding or anniversary to your own personal milestones and celebrations. Our unrivalled selection of designs by Damon Washington, Ji Hwang, Gemvara Essentials, and other talented jewelry designers means you can find a ring that's just your style. Design the perfect stackable rings to express your signature style. Because all Gemvara blue topaz stackable rings are made to order, we can hand-select the finest quality materials to perfectly suit your design. Be careful when removing rings to wash your hands. Don't leave your ring on the rim of a sink where it can slip down the drain! Clean blue topaz stackable rings with mild dish soap: use a soft brush where dust collects. Gemvara's fine quality blue topaz stackable rings are designed to be passed down for generations to come, crafted by hand in the United States.
We can help right away. Chat with a jewelry expert now!


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Phil Mushnick, NY Post Writer: Jay-Z is the Racist, Not Me
A New York Post columnist, Phil Mushnick, has come under fire for an article published Friday, May 4, in which he used racial and sexist epithets to describe rapper Jay-Z and the newly minted Brooklyn Nets. He responded to the backlash today.
"I don't call black men the N-word; I don't regard young women as b----es and whores; I don't glorify the use of assault weapons and drugs. Jay-Z, on the other hand…..Is he the only NBA owner allowed to call black men N---ers?" Mushnick emailed to BobsBlitz.com.
The controversy started when Mushnick attempted to lambast Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter, a minority owner of the Nets with 1.5 percent of the team, for the new "urban" logo, which uses only black and white. In addition, Mushnick attacked the Nets for allowing the influential rapper to be part of their marketing decisions, saying they might as well call themselves the "New York N-----s."
"Why [be] the Brooklyn Nets when they can be the New York N-----s? The cheerleaders could be the Brooklyn B---hes or H-s. Team logo? A 9 mm with hollow-tip shell casings strewn beneath," he wrote.
"Wanna be Jay-Z hip? Then go all the way!" Mushnick added. The sports columnists also cited the sentiments of many, who were less than impressed with the monochromatic design.
The public is outraged by the blatant racial overtones in the column, and- although it could have been an ultimately misguided and poorly received satire- many are calling for him to be fired.
"That's an unfortunate final column," tweeted Darin Gantt in response to the article.
Others posted that Mushnick "seems to have gone full Imus," and was "inappropriate, offensive, racist, [and] oblivious" while referring to the column.
The "oblivious" quote is especially relevant, as Jay-Z is known not only for his emceeing prowess, but for his multiple successful business ventures, including his marketing skills. He founded clothing line Rocawear along with music mogul Damon Dash and owns several "40/40 Club" sports bars.
He is also the co-brand director for Budweiser Select, where he assists with marketing and advertising- a part of his resume that not only makes Mushnick's claim baseless, but confusing.
His claim that Carter "profits from the worst and most sustaining self-enslaving stereotypes of black-American culture" are especially irrelevant to Jay-Z, who- after the January birth of his daughter Blue Ivy- has vowed to stop using the word b---- in an effort to uplift African-American people.
New York Post editors had no issue with the article being published as it was, according to BobsBlitz.com.


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Puppy: Chloe
Friends: 3
Member Since: October 26, 2010Add to Friends
Chloe is the best dog we could have hoped for. We've had her for about a year now (after adopting her from a local organization at 3 months old) and she's still puppy more than ever! Alaskan winters get very cold, but Chloe doesn't mind. She'll chase after snowballs for hours without caring too much about "where they went." Now that it's summer, Chloe gets to enjoy the midnight sun and doesn't ever want to go to sleep! This sun-loving dog will sit in the sun into the wee-hours!View Profile


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The only flight that will be directly impacted by Sandy is United Airlines' three daily nonstop flights in each direction between Orange County and Newark Airport. United cancelled one flight Sunday night and all flights for Monday and Tuesday. It hopes to resume a regular schedule on Wednesday.
While the cancellation of the nonstop flights to the New York City area were the most obvious impact, airport spokeswoman Jenny Wedge said there could be a cascading effect as the storm strands planes out of position for connecting flights or leaves airlines without sufficient crews.
"JWA has experienced minimal impacts from Hurricane Sandy, however, passengers departing JWA should check with their airline for updates to their flight status," Wedge said.
Most airlines are allowing free rebooking and in some cases, full refunds, for missed or rebooked flights during the storm period. Check with your airline for their policy.
Flight status can be checked on airline websites or for John Wayne Airport at ocair.com.
According to Los Angeles International Airport spokesman Albert Rodriguez, 10 airlines canceled flights at LAX, including 99 arrivals and 101 departures, primarily at airports in Philadelphia, New York, Boston and Washington, D.C.
He noted that the number only reflected nonstop and direct flights. Connecting flights that may have been canceled were not included in the LAX figures.
Airport officials suggested that departing passengers and motorists picking up passengers check with their airlines before heading to the airport.
Flight status information at LAX is also available at www.lawa.org/fsw/default.aspx.
The FAA's website also provides up-to-the-minute conditions at all U.S. airports at www.faa.gov. Click on "Airport Status and Delays."
At Bob Hope Airport, five Jet Blue flights were canceled between Burbank and New York City, including two flights in each direction today and one flight from Burbank to New York tomorrow morning, according to airport spokesman Victor Gill.
Amtrak said Sunday that it was canceling all service north of New York. Nearly all service across the Eastern Seaboard will be canceled starting Monday.
Amtrak says it has not yet determined when train services will resume.
City News Service contributed to this report.
Contact the writer: firstname.lastname@example.com or 714-704-3795


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The future of Pakistan in the hands of a schoolgirl
Protests in Islamabad today
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The Pakistani schoolgirl who caused a global outcry is said to be recovering in a hospital in the UK today. In the meantime, the group who attacked her school bus, the TTP (Pakistani Taliban), have put out a statement to defend their outrageous actions.
It says much about both the ideology of the Taliban and the state of Pakistan that they should be defending their attack on a 14-year-old girl trying to speak out against the repression of girls' education.
Their statement read: "Pashtun culture says women who mingle with 'na'mehram' (men outside their family) should be killed."
They also accused Malala Yousafzai, the ninth grader who wrote about her desire to go to school, of being a spy for the UK. The schoolgirl had been blogging about her experiences for the BBC under the banner 'Diary of a Pakistani schoolgirl.'
The blog included interviews with men outside of Malala's immediate family, which is considered forbidden under very strict interpretations of Islam.
Many in Pakistan were outraged by the attacks, which sparked large-scale protests in Karachi on Sunday and further demonstrations in Islamabad on Tuesday. However, most Pakistanis would tell you: the differences between liberal Karachi and conservative Swat Valley could not be exaggerated enough.
The latter area of North West Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan, is considered almost entirely outside of central government control. It is largely self-administered with tribal chiefs running local politics, their own flag and a set of laws that do not apply anywhere else. But that does not mean that the events inside the region do not affect the rest of the country.
Imran Khan, the famous cricketer turned politician has been trying to present himself as potential president material for many years. He decided to visit Malala when she was still in hospital in Pakistan, trying to tap into the public outcry and appear as supporter of such basic human rights as girls' education.
However, instead of condemning the actions of the Taliban, he endorsed their activities in neighboring Afghanistan as 'legitimate "jihad"'. It was an ill-timed comment to say the least but the gaff also said something more sinister about the state of Pakistan. While the Afghan Taliban and the Pakistani Taliban are not one and the same organization, the links are undeniable.
Khan's comments showed a politician's understanding of where his votes could be coming from and just how much influence the TTP can exert on the rest of the country. It does not bode well for Pakistan or for the future of girls' education.
What do you think about Malala's case? Should Imran Khan have kept quiet? Tell us what you think below.


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by Nate Wooley | January 18, 2013 10:24 am
[1]Troubled air carrier, American Airlines (PINK:AAMRQ[2]), Thursday showed off a new logo and a new look for its planes.
The new design is the first change in appearance for the firm since 1968, the Dallas Morning News reports[3]. The new logo features the name of the carrier with a blue and red slash separated by an eagle's head.
This comes just weeks before the firm must decide on a proposed merger with US Airways Group (NYSE:LCC[4]). American Airlines CEO Tim Horton said US Airways had no input into the design of the new logo.
"We are competitors today, so we didn't think it appropriate to discuss it with them. I will tell you that on my drive home last night [Wednesday], I called my good friend Doug Parker and informed him of what we were doing as a courtesy," Horton is quoted in the Dallas Morning News. Parker is chairman and CEO of US Airways.
The decision to roll out the new look came this week because the firm's newest plane, a 777-300ER, needed to be painted before it went into service.
Source URL: https://investorplace.com/2013/01/american-airlines-reveals-new-look/
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Marion County Sheriff's Office deputies arrested two teenage boys Wednesday for allegedly committing three commercial burglaries within the county and city limits of Belleview.
Marion County Sheriff's Office deputies arrested two teenage boys Wednesday on allegations of committing three commercial burglaries in Belleview and other spots around the county.
Deputy Timothy Andrews went to the 6000 block of Southeast 118th Place in reference to a suspicious vehicle seen backed into the front yard of the vacant residence.
Inside the vehicle, the deputy saw two teenage boys asleep in the front seat. One of the teens had a glass pipe that contained a green leafy, substance on his lap. The deputy saw another glass pipe in the center console.
The deputy called the Belleview Police Department, and Officer Charles Thigpin responded to the location.
The officials woke the teens and told them to get out of the vehicle. The 17-year-old boy sitting in the passenger seat said the pipe contained K2, which is synthetic marijuana. Found in his front pants pocket was a package of Mr. Nice Guy potpourri, which also is a form a synthetic marijuana.
The officials found a backpack that contained numerous unopened boxes of Newport cigarettes, cigars and pipes, some of which still had price tags on them. In the trunk they found a large bong-style pipe and two gas masks.
The other boy, age 16, said he picked up his friend and they went to the vacant property because he knew the property owner, who had given them permission to stay at the residence.
Thigpin was aware of a burglary at Smokerz Paridize and contacted an employee. The employee came to the scene and said some of the items in the vehicle matched items stolen from the store.
Detective Brandon Spillman also was called to the scene on a suspicion that some of the goods found might be connected to a gas station burglary in late January.
The 16-year-old boy told officials he would drop off the other teen, who committed the burglaries, and would then pick him up once the jobs were completed. The boy took Spillman and a deputy to a wooded area in Belleview where they recovered a cash register reported stolen in the January burglary.
Officials said the two teens admitted to three burglaries: one at the gas station, which was located in the county; the one at Smokerz Paridize and a third at Tas-T-O Donuts in Belleview.
The boys were taken to the county's juvenile center, where they were each charged with commercial burglary and grand theft.
Contact Austin L. Miller at 867-4118 or email@example.com.


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Research suggests that rumination may play an important role in insomnia. Whereas some have suggested that rumination mainly relates to depression, the evidence suggests that there may be insomnia-specific rumination. This paper explores insomnia symptom rumination across two distinct samples of varying levels of depressed mood and insomnia symptom severity.
The first sample consisted of nonclinical participants (N = 327) with a range of insomnia and depressed mood symptoms, and the second sample consisted of those who met both Major Depressive Disorder and Insomnia diagnoses (N = 66). Rather than relying on a measure developed for those with depression, we developed and tested an insomnia-specific measurement scale based on items from previous rumination studies and the addition of items derived from common daytime insomnia symptoms.
Internal consistency was highly acceptable across the two samples for the new insomnia-specific rumination measure (Cronbach α was 0.93 and 0.94). In the first study, poor sleepers reported significantly higher levels of daytime symptom rumination than did good sleepers. Across both studies, rumination about daytime insomnia symptoms and depression were signifi-cantly correlated; however, insomnia rumination scores predicted insomnia even after controlling for depression. Moreover, in Study 2, insomnia-specific rumination was related to insomnia, but general depressive rumination was not predictive of insomnia.
The findings provide support for the use of this insomnia-specific rumination scale; moreover the findings support previous observances regarding rumination about daytime insomnia symptoms that are not exclusive to depression.
Carney CE; Harris AL; Falco A; Edinger JD. The relation between insomnia symptoms, mood, and rumination about insomnia symptoms. J Clin Sleep Med 2013;9(6):567-575.
Repetitive thought is an important process that pervades across many disorders.1 Rumination is one such repetitive thought process, which is focused on past failure or the cause of current distress and typically occurs within the context of Major Depressive Disorder.2–4 Whereas rumination is most often associated with depression, it likely plays a role in other disorders as well, especially in those disorders that share similar symptomatology with depression. In particular, insomnia has many overlapping symptoms with depression, such as sleep difficulties, low energy, difficulty concentrating, low mood, and suicidality.5 Further, insomnia and depression are highly comorbid with one another.6 Thus, perhaps rumination plays an important role in insomnia.
As is the case with depression, research has supported a role for cognitive processes in maintaining insomnia.7–10 Harvey's Cognitive Model of Insomnia posits that those with sleep difficulties can suffer from repetitive thinking throughout the 24-hour period.7 This negatively toned mental activity usually focuses on worries about not getting enough sleep and whether it will be possible to function adequately during the following day while suffering from daytime symptoms of insomnia (e.g., fatigue, disturbed mood, concentration difficulties). Such repetitive thought can perpetuate further emotional arousal, and this cycle is thought to perpetuate insomnia. While certain repetitive thought processes, such as worry, have been explored in great depth within the context of insomnia,11,12 rumination has not received the same degree of attention with respect to its role in sleep disturbance. In the recent past, rumination and worry were used as interchangeable terms, but the content of these two repetitive thought processes are thought to be different (see Carney13 for discussion). Worry is most often associated with thinking about future consequences, e.g., what is going to happen tomorrow if I feel this way?"; whereas rumination is most often concerned with what is causing the current problem; that is, rumination is most often oriented to the past, e.g., "Why am I feeling this way?" Also, worry is more often associated with anxiety whereas rumination is more likely to occur with dysphoria. Whereas other repetitive thought processes, such as worry, have been shown to be sleep-disruptive factors in insomnia,11 worry and rumination are separate but related factors. For example, our previous study suggested that rumination and worry are distinct constructs since rumination was significantly related to insomnia severity, while worry was not.14 Despite these observations, there have been no previous efforts to develop an insomnia-specific rumination measure.
Current Knowledge/Study Rationale: Insomnia-specific rumination is a process in which there is repetitive thought about the symptoms of insomnia, such as fatigue. A few studies have found that rumination in insomnia is not merely a depressive process. The current study tested an insomnia-specific rumination measure in two distinct samples, including a sample of adults with clinical insomnia, and found similar support for insomnia-specific rumination that is distinct from depressive rumination.
Study Impact: The corroboration of previous findings showing that there is rumination in insomnia, distinct from that found in depression, suggests that rumination-targeted treatments are worthy of investigation in those with insomnia.
Recently, emerging studies have supported the link between rumination and sleep. In an undergraduate sample, there were significant associations between rumination and subjective sleep quality.15 Similarly, Carney and colleagues found a difference between good and poor sleepers on their tendency to ruminate when feeling low, and this difference was not accounted for by dysphoria.13 Good and poor sleepers did not differ on other rumination-related constructs, such as distraction (e.g., distracting yourself from depression by doing something fun with a friend) or self-focused rumination (e.g., asking yourself, "why am I reacting this way?"); they differed on a tendency to ruminate on dysphoric symptoms (e.g., thinking about how hard it is to concentrate) only. Thus, whereas those with depression and other disorders are characterized by increased self-focused rumination, those with poor sleep react with repetitive thought in response to insomnia symptoms. Thus, the construct of rumination and more specifically, symptom-focused rumination appears to be a key concept in insomnia.
The rumination characteristic in insomnia focuses on thinking repeatedly about daytime problems, such as poor concentration, low motivation, and low energy. Although insomnia is typically associated with nighttime pathology, a particularly prominent complaint is the resultant daytime fatigue.16 This daytime pathology, characterized by fatigue, cognitive complaints and low mood, can interfere with daily functioning. Thinking repeatedly about what caused daytime symptoms such as fatigue and poor concentration, can reinforce beliefs of poor sleep self-efficacy, increase anxiety about solving one's sleep problem, and may lead to maladaptive safety behaviors (e.g., spending more time in bed).7 However, the current lack of an instrument to measure the symptom-focused rumination process in insomnia limits our ability to scrutinize the role this process plays in perpetuating this form of sleep disorder. Hence, the current series of two studies reported herein describe our efforts to develop and test an insomnia-specific symptom focused rumination scale that includes the common range of daytime symptoms that preoccupy insomnia sufferers. In Study 1, we describe the item content of the scale and report results of psychometric testing with a large sample of mixed good and poor sleepers. We also report our findings in regard to its relationship with other measures of insomnia controlling for coincident levels of depressed mood. In Study 2, we further tested the psychometric properties and predictive validity of our instrument in a sample of individuals with comorbid insomnia and depressive disorders. Our aim was to test the general hypothesis that daytime symptom focus is independently predictive of insomnia over and above what insomnia symptoms might be predicted from coincident levels of depressive mood.
The participants consisted of 327 (82% female) undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at Ryerson University. Participants ranged in age from 18-49 years (mean = 20.38, SD = 4.60). The students were recruited via SONA, the Psychology Department's online system. Students who were interested in participating in this study volunteered to participate in partial fulfillment of their introductory psychology course requirements.
Given the emerging evidence for rumination in insomnia, it was important to develop a sleep-specific measure to assess ruminative tendencies in insomnia populations. The rumination measure used in previous studies of sleep and rumination13,14 was the Symptom-Focused Rumination Subscale (SYM)17 from the Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ).18 The SYM queries the degree to which one responds to feeling low, with repetitive thinking about: "how hard it is to concentrate" or "feelings of fatigue and achiness." While these items are associated with depression, they also are common daytime complaints in those with insomnia. Indeed, research has supported that there is substantial overlap between symptoms in depression and those found in insomnia.5 Given that the SYM is a validated subscale from a validated rumination measure and studies suggested that it was particularly useful in those with disrupted sleep, this 8-item subscale served as the starting point for developing the DISRS. All but one of the 8 original SYM items were retained for inclusion in the new scale. The excluded item from the SYM related to anhedonia (e.g., "Think about how you don't seem to feel anything anymore"), a cardinal symptom of depression, and one which discriminates between individuals with and without depression.5 Another item contained in the SYM was a compound item ("Think about your feelings of fatigue and achiness"); this was divided into 2 items (i.e., think about feelings of fatigue" and "think about how achy you feel") on the DISRS, as these are 2 distinct symptoms of insomnia. Twelve additional items based on daytime symptoms of insomnia were generated by the first author, based on daytime symptoms of insomnia reported elsewhere, including the daytime symptoms listed in Research Diagnostic Criteria for Insomnia.19 The items were sent to an expert in insomnia (J.D.E), who provided feedback and approved the items. The result was a 20-item scale in which people are asked how frequently they engage in the behaviors listed when feeling tired, on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 (Almost Never) to 4 (Almost Always). The scale is scored by adding the items and total scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating higher levels of rumination.
The ISI20 is well validated and commonly recommended self-report measure for assessing the severity of insomnia symptoms.21 It includes 7 items which measure insomnia symptom severity on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (Not at All) to 4 (Extremely). The ISI score is obtained by adding the individual item scores, resulting in possible values ranging from 0 to 28; within this range, higher scores indicate greater insomnia severity. The ISI has good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.91) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.80). The ISI also demonstrates good concurrent validity, as it correlates with sleep diary measures and polysomnography.22 A score ≥ 8 has been shown to differentiate good sleepers from those with insomnia symptoms22 and was used as the division between good and poor sleepers in this study.
The BDI-II23 is a 21-item self-report measure that assesses common depressive symptoms, such as depressed mood, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, sleep disturbance, and appetite change. Total scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating a greater degree of depression. The BDI-II has very good internal consistency (split half Pearson = 0.93). It also has well-established content validity and is good at differentiating between depressed and non-depressed individuals.23,24 The BDI-II has been used and validated in insomnia patients; however, there is reason to be cautious in using the BDI-II among those with insomnia because of the high number of non-discriminating items such as those querying insomnia and fatigue.5 For the purposes of this study, the highly overlapping insomnia and fatigue items were removed from the total BDI-II score.
The FSS25 is a 9-item scale which is used to measure fatigue symptoms. Items are scored along a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Agree) to 7 (Strongly Disagree). The FSS total score is the average of the 9 individual items. The scale has good psychometric properties, as demonstrated by good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.94) and good test-retest reliability.25,26
The PSWQ-PW27 is an abbreviated version of the original 16-item PSWQ, a common tool which measures the generality, excessiveness, and uncontrollability components of worry. The PSWQ-PW contains 15 items and specifically measures state worry over the past week. Sample items include, "my worries overwhelmed me" and "I worried about projects until they were done." The PSWQ-PW has good internal consistency (Cron-bach α = 0.91) and is highly correlated with other state measures of worry.27
After consenting to participate, participants completed a brief demographic information form, the DISRS, BDI-II, ISI, FSS, and PSWQ.
To test for multivariate normality, histograms were conducted for each of the DISRS items, and all items showed normal distributions. Outliers were screened by obtaining z values for each of the items, and data points were flagged if they had a value exceeding |3.29|.28 There were no outliers in this sample, and all data points were well within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
The means and standard deviations for each DISRS item are displayed in Table 1. The mean score on the DISRS in this sample was 41.43, with a standard deviation of 11.42 and a median score of 40. The total scores ranged from 20 to 75 across the sample, with 20 being the minimum possible score and 80 being the highest possible score. The skewness and kurtosis values were 0.30 and -0.48, respectively, well within the |2| and |7| cutoff scores, respectively.29 The internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach α was 0.93. The item-total statistics are displayed in Table 1. The item-total correlations range from 0.50 to 0.69, which indicates that each item is adequately correlated with the total scale. In addition, the Cronbach α if item deleted statistics did not suggest that any DISRS item should be removed.
Descriptive and item-total statistics
(more ...)
An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to examine the factor structure of the DISRS. The communalities ranged from 0.34 to 0.77 (as shown in Table 2), but most were within the 0.5 to 0.6 range (mean = 0.59). The inter-item correlation matrix was examined, and most of the correlations ranged from 0.3 to 0.6. There were no correlations greater than 0.8, indicating that multicollinearity is not likely to be a problem.30 The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy was 0.94 suggested that the sample size is adequate.31 Bartlett's test of sphericity [χ2(190) = 3,265.78, p = < 0.001] is significant, indicating that there is a relationship between the variables, and that the correlations are significantly different from zero.30 The EFA was conducted with a principle component extraction method. The rotated factor matrix was obtained using the direct oblimin rotation, a type of oblique rotation, given that all the items, and thus the components, should be correlated with one another, based on previous research.17,18
DISRS communalities for exploratory factor analysis
The EFA revealed a 3-factor solution according to Kaiser's (1960) criteria. The 3 factors together explain 58.12% of the total variance, and all of the Eigenvalues were > 1.32 The factor loadings for the pattern matrix are displayed in Table 3. All of the factor loadings were > 0.4, a level which meets the current recommended criterion.33 The first factor explains 43.38% of the variance (Eigenvalue = 8.77) and appeared to reflect cognitive and motivation complaints. The second factor, which accounts for 8.54% of the variance (Eigenvalue = 1.71), appeared to relate to negatively valenced state symptoms (e.g., lack of energy, achiness, low mood, irritability). The third factor, accounting for 6.21% of the variance (Eigenvalue = 1.24), consisted of items related to feeling tired. Table 4 displays the correlations between each of the 3 factors.
Factor loadings of exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation of the DISRS
Component correlation matrix
To investigate the relation between the DISRS and constructs that theoretically should relate, Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were calculated. The DISRS positively correlated with insomnia severity (ISI) and fatigue (FSS). The means and standard deviations of these measures are shown in Table 5, along with their correlations with the DISRS. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that good sleepers (mean = 36.7, SD = 10.9) had significantly lower DISRS scores than poor sleepers (mean = 44.1, SD = 10.8), F1,323 = 34.69, p < 0.001. Discriminant validity is also of importance, particularly with respect to worry, a construct which is theoretically distinct from that of rumination. In order to determine whether the 2 measures were indeed conceptually distinct from one another, we conducted a factor analysis of the DISRS and PSWQ items using a varimax rotation and extracting 2 factors. The rotated matrix can be seen in Table 6. The varimax rotated factor matrix was obtained using the maximum likelihood extraction method. The 2 factors together explain 47.5% of the total variance, and each of the Eigenvalues were > 1. The first factor explained 12.6% of the variance and contains the DISRS rumi-nation items, which load exclusively on this factor. The second factor, which accounted for 4.0% of the variance, contains the worry items from the PSWQ.
Descriptive statistics and correlations for convergent validity measures
Factor loadings of confirmatory factor analysis with varimax rotation of PSWQ and DISRS items
The multiple regression found that DISRS significantly predicted the ISI (β = 0.493; p < 0.001) and accounted for 24% of the variance. Adding the BDI-II without sleep and fatigue items (β = 0.296; p < 0.001) to the DISRS added marginally to the prediction (R2 change = 0.04; F change score = 0.001); together, depression and rumination accounted for 28% of the variance. The interaction of daytime insomnia symptom rumination and depressed mood was not significant (p = 0.618). That is, the contribution of rumination and depression to insomnia is not cumulative, but rather they each contribute to the variance independently.
There was good evidence for internal consistency of the measure, as supported by both Cronbach α and the item-total correlations. The factor analysis suggests that rumination in insomnia is multidimensional and reflects three domains: rumination about cognitive and motivation problems, negative emotions, and fatigue. Items from the PSWQ loaded exclusively onto the same factor and rumination items loaded onto a separate factor. There was greater rumination about insomnia in those with higher levels of self-reported sleep disturbance. As predicted, insomnia rumination predicted insomnia severity and was not moderated by depression.
This study recruited 66 men and women (67% female) aged 20-65 years old (mean = 41.5; SD = 11.8), with complaints of both depression and insomnia (NIH R01-MH076856), solicited from clinics and media advertisements. Sixty-three percent of the sample were Caucasian, 15% did not specify their race/ ethnicity, 13% were African American, and 9% were Asian American. These data were collected as part of the baseline measurement package obtained in a larger clinical trial to treat insomnia and depression. Participants were included if they were in good health (determined by medical and psychiatric history, and a physical examination), had insomnia (i.e., met Research Diagnostic Criteria19 for an Insomnia Disorder on the Duke Structured Interview of Sleep Disorders [DSISD],34 had a score ≥ 15 on the Insomnia Severity Index, showed a mean sleep diary total wake time ≥ 60 min/night and a mean sleep diary sleep efficiency [SE = (total sleep time ÷ time in bed) × 100%] < 85% during a one-week screening period), and met criteria for a Major Depressive Episode (without psychotic features) on the mood module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID)35 along with a score ≥ 15 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD).36 Those who had conditions thought to interfere with insomnia or depression treatment were excluded (e.g., those with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder with intrusive nighttime rituals, those with frequent nocturnal panic). Additionally, those who met criteria for sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome or Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder on the basis of the Duke Structured Interview of Sleep Disorders, and/or those with an apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15 or periodic limb movement-related arousal index ≥ 15/h of sleep during a screening laboratory polysomnogram were also excluded. Those who were hypnotic dependent (i.e., they reported that they were unwilling or unable to abstain from prescription medications for sleep during an 8-week treatment phase of the study) were also excluded from participation.
In addition to the DISRS, ISI, and BDI-II, which were used in the previous study, this study used a more comprehensive measure of fatigue, the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), rather than the FSS.
The MFI is a 20-item scale to assess dimensions of fatigue, including: general, physical, mental, reduced motivation, and reduced activity.37 These 5 dimensions represent distinct sub-scales of the MFI. Responses range on a 5-point scale from (yes, that is true) to (no, that is not true). The MFI has good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.84) and adequate convergent validity, as it has been found to be correlated with visual analog scales measuring fatigue.37 Along with the FSS, the MFI is also a recommended self-report measure for the assessment of fatigue in insomnia studies.21 For comparability to the first study, the Physical Fatigue subscale was used for this study.
All study procedures were approved by the Ryerson University Research Ethics Board. Study candidates telephoned the Project Coordinator (PC) in response to study advertising (i.e., advertisements, brochures in clinics), and the PC scheduled an in-lab screening interview. At the screening interview, the participants were told about the study and provided informed consent. After the consent process, participants were interviewed by master's or doctoral level psychology students with the Duke Structured Interview for Sleep Disorders (DSISD) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID), and they also completed an ISI. Those who met initial entry criteria for depression on the SCID, and insomnia criteria on the DSISD and ISI (≥ 15) were scheduled for (a) a standard medical evaluation that included a physical examination, as well as a Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17), (b) one night of PSG monitoring, and (c) one week of sleep log monitoring. Those who met entry criteria completed a battery of questionnaires, including the measures of interest for this study: the BDI-II, ISI, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS-16), DISRS, Response Styles Questionnaire (RSQ), and MFI. Those who continued to meet all study selection criteria for the parent study were randomized into treatment groups for an 8-week treatment phase wherein combinations of insomnia and depression treatments were tested. The parent study is ongoing and the study variables might be affected by treatment; thus, the present study reports on the baseline measures only.
Because of the relationship between rumination and depression in the previous studies, a regression analysis was conducted to determine whether daytime insomnia symptom rumination predicted insomnia severity and whether depression added any predictive value. The DISRS was entered as a predictor of ISI in the first step of a multiple regression. The BDI-II was added in the second step. Self-focused rumination (e.g., asking myself "why am I reacting this way?") (shown in previous studies to relate to depression but not insomnia) was added in the next step, to determine if in a comorbid mood sample this form of daytime symptom-focused rumination is important. In the last step, an interaction term was added to test whether the rumination-specific prediction was accounted for by its interaction with depression.
There were no outliers, and all data points were within 3 standard deviations of the mean. The DISRS mean was 56.2 (SD = 11.6), the median was 55.5, and scores ranged from 29-78. Cronbach α was 0.94. The skewness and kurtosis values (-0.13 and -0.63, respectively) were both within published acceptable cutoff scores.29 To investigate construct validity, we calculated the bivariate (i.e., Pearson product moment) correlation between the DISRS and daytime fatigue severity, as well as with sleep, general rumination, and depressed mood. The DISRS positively correlated with all of these related measures. The means, standard deviations, and correlations are shown in Table 5. The multiple regression found that the DISRS significantly predicted the ISI (Adjusted R Square = 0.07, β = 0.285; p = 0.02). Adding the BDI-II without sleep and fatigue items to the DISRS did not add to the prediction over and above rumination alone (F change 1,63 = 0.114, p = 0.74). Adding a depression-specific rumination scale (i.e., self-focused rumination) did not predict insomnia (F change 1,62 = 0.854, p = 0.36). The interaction of daytime insomnia symptom rumination and depressed mood was not statistically significant (F change 1,61 = 2.849, p = 0.10).
There was evidence of good internal consistency in this sample. In support of its validity, there were significant correlations with related constructs such as fatigue, mood disturbance, and general rumination. As expected, self-focused rumination, a form of rumination found in previous studies to be depression-specific, was not predictive of insomnia severity. Insomnia rumination was a predictor of insomnia severity and this was not accounted for by the interaction of depressed mood severity and rumination.
Symptom-focused rumination was characteristic of those with disturbed sleep; a finding consistent with several other earlier studies.13,14 Evidence for rumination in those with sleep disturbance also is consistent with Harvey's cognitive model.7 The model asserts that the repetitive thought process seen at night (e.g., worry about not sleeping) can occur during the day (e.g., thinking repeatedly about why one is feeling so tired). Namely, that the activation of thoughts and emotions relevant to the insomnia process, e.g., reflecting on the level of daytime fatigue after a poor night's sleep and feeling upset about it increases subsequent, selective monitoring for evidence of consequences of poor sleep. Such a process increases the likelihood of perceiving such daytime symptoms, which is presumed to lead to increase distress about the insomnia problem and further perpetuates sleep problems. This heightened level of distress may also stimulate activation of the sympathetic nervous system, due to the perceived threat to well being. This, in turn, could lead to increased arousal, as demonstrated in the chronic hyper-arousal model of insomnia38 and the caffeine model of insomnia.39 This study was not designed to test the paths of all these components, but the data are supportive of aspects of these purported processes. Perhaps the best articulated description of this process in insomnia is seen in Espie's Attention-Intention Effort model.40 That is, as one increases attention for daytime threats (e.g., fatigue or concentration problems) associated with the sleep problem, there is resultant effort in trying to "solve" the sleep problem. Rumination is commonly conceptualized as an (ineffective) problem-solving attempt41; future studies could more definitively test whether rumination in insomnia can be conceptualized as an example of sleep effort. In these samples, there were increased ruminative tendencies associated with increased sleep disturbance and mood problems, and Espie and colleagues have reported increased sleep effort in those with comorbid mood problems as compared to those with insomnia only.42 This is particularly worrisome as rumination has been shown to be a difficult process to stop and is an important predictor of depression.43 It is a repetitive thought process that limits the processing of outside, disconfirming information; that is, someone with a propensity to think negatively would have difficulty integrating more positive information that might disconfirm their deeply ingrained negative beliefs. The current study suggests that those with sleep problems respond to the daytime sequelae of insomnia by thinking about how much it bothers them and this tendency predicts insomnia severity. It has been well established that insomnia increases the risk for episodes of depression44; perhaps this common risk factor (i.e., rumination) may be one route by which insomnia increases depressive risk. The possibility of a shared cognitive risk pathway between insomnia and depression could be evaluated in future studies.
While insomnia severity and rumination were correlated in both studies, the size of the relationship between rumination and sleep was smaller in the clinical comorbid sample. Perhaps this may be related to the presence of depression in this sample. However, in the depressed sample, the unique contribution of insomnia symptom rumination to insomnia symptom severity is interesting. Other forms of rumination, namely self-focused rumination, were not related to insomnia severity, thus the content of the rumination was the same as it is in insomnia populations, even when there was a comorbid major depressive disorder. This supports Watkins' idea suggesting that the repetitive thought process may be trans-diagnostic, albeit the content of the rumination may differ across axis I disorders.45 Another possible explanation is that those with a comorbid mood problem may have a different array of perpetuating mechanisms that explain their insomnia. Psychological variables appear to relate differently to sleep in those with comorbid insomnias as opposed to those with insomnia only.46 Future research should continue to explore the role of rumination in those with primary diagnoses of insomnia and depression, in addition to the comorbid populations. Another important finding in the current paper is the support for an insomnia-specific measure. The Daytime Insomnia Symptom Response Scale exhibited similarly reliable characteristics across the two samples, as measured by an internal consistency estimate (Cronbach alphas were > 0.9). Further, the item-total correlations and the alphas if item deleted analyses in Study 1, suggest that there are no items that are considered poor. As such, the internal reliability of the DISRS for use in those with a range of sleep and mood problems is highly acceptable. The confirmatory factor analysis of DISRS and PSWQ items re-confirms that insomnia-based rumination and worry are indeed distinct constructs with respect to content.14 Correlations between the DISRS and other related measures, along with the finding that the DISRS predicts insomnia severity, supports the convergent validity of the scale for use in those with a range of insomnia symptoms. Given that the DISRS was evaluated against other validated questionnaires in order to establish convergence, future research could evaluate the DISRS with other tests that do not share method variance, i.e., without relying solely on self-report questionnaires.
While these constructs demonstrate appropriate degrees of convergent validity, the correlation between rumination and depression (r = 0.71) was high in those with preclinical levels of depression and insomnia, and was moderately high in those with clinical insomnia and MDD (r = 0.52). Given that rumination is a construct implicated in the etiology of depression, and that some of the items were taken from a depression-specific rumination scale (i.e., the symptom-focused rumination scale of the RSQ), it is not surprising that insomnia-symptom rumi-nation is correlated with depression. This may be a nosologic rather than a psychometric issue, as the daytime symptoms of insomnia overlap substantially with symptoms of depression, and depression inventories are confounded by insomnia symptom items.5 Nonetheless the prediction of insomnia by insomnia rumination was not moderated by depression, so rumination in insomnia is not a mere vestige of mood pathology.
Alternatively, one could consider refining the DISRS by removing four items on theoretical grounds (i.e., from a face-validity perspective, some may be more closely related to depression). The following items may have the highest association with depression: Items 8 ("Think about how sad you feel"), 11 ("Think about how bad you feel"), 14 ("Think 'I can't shake this feeling off'"), and 19 ("Think, 'I can't be around people when I'm feeling this way'"). Although there are no items that should be removed on empirical grounds, these four items have the highest correlations with the BDI-II, of 0.56, 0.56, 0.57 and 0.55, respectively. The internal consistency of the scale with these items removed was the same as the full scale (Cronbach α = 0.92; mean = 33.87, SD = 9.17). Ultimately, in order to determine whether the omission of these items is beneficial, this shortened 16-item scale would have to be administered to and validated in another sample. Although these two studies provided psychometric support for this scale, more research is needed.
It is important to consider that this scale was designed to measure a specific construct. That is, the instructions ask about the pervasiveness of the tendency to engage in repetitive thought behaviors in response to the state of "feeling tired." These instructions were chosen based on a prevailing operational definition of rumination, which conceptualizes rumination as the process through which individuals respond to particular disorder-relevant states by focusing on them and searching for possible causes of the state/symptoms.47 The relevant cue for rumination in depression is dysphoria, and dysphoria is not a pervasive state in insomnia; thus, using depression scales is inappropriate in this population. Fatigue is the most common symptom complaint in insomnia48 and the state most related to rumination in insomnia.13,14 Therefore, it is important to have a qualifier relevant to insomnia rather than depression to differentiate this state from other states, such as depressed mood, which is relevant to many of the items in the DISRS. Thus, we are not interested in general repetitive thought, or repetitive thoughts relevant to other disorders, and instead are orienting respondents to the specific state of fatigue.
The factor structure suggests that when faced with daytime insomnia symptoms, people with poor sleep tend to increase their thinking about: (1) their thoughts and motivation level, (2) their negative state (e.g., how badly they feel), and (3) tiredness. It is possible that there are other content areas not assessed with this measure, as these three domains accounted for less than two-thirds of the variance. The factor analysis was conducted to understand the construct only. Given that only three items load on the tiredness factor and that the latter two factors do not account for a substantive part of the variance, the use of these factors as subscales is not advisable; instead the total summed score should be used. However, insofar as the factor analysis helps us to further understand the construct, it would also be interesting to see whether and how the factor structure might differ when administering the scale to a clinical sample
The psychometric properties of this scale in a clinical sample suffering from uncomplicated insomnia without notable comorbidities are yet to be determined. Future studies could evaluate this measure to ensure it is valid in such a population. It is notable that this scale was derived from a smaller set of items shown to be useful in those with clinical insomnia.14 This study specifically examined those with a range of mood and sleep symptoms to show that rumination is not a mere artifact of mood problems. Comorbid insomnia is the rule rather than the exception in clinical practice,49,50 so arguably validation efforts in comorbid insomnia groups are equally if not more important than testing them in those suffering from isolated forms of insomnia. In sum, the present study found evidence in support of an insomnia-specific measure of rumination, and also confirmed previous studies' findings of symptom focused rumination, in both nonclinical and clinical groups with a range of sleep and mood pathology. In addition to the theoretical implications for understanding perpetuating factors in insomnia and also for models of the risk that insomnia may confer for depression, there also may be clinical implications. The front-line recommended treatment for chronic insomnia is cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I),51 and this treatment has little to offer with regard to rumination-specific strategies. It is also a treatment that de-emphasizes daytime focused strategies. Future studies could test whether addressing the tendency to respond to daytime symptoms would improve clinical outcomes, or whether improving CBT-I's effects on daytime symptoms would reduce rumination.
This was not an industry supported study. Dr. Edinger has received loaner equipment for research from Philips/Respironics; he has also received medications for research provided by Forest Pharmaceuticals. The other authors have indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
This study was supported by grant R01- MH076856. Authors' Note: Those interested in using the scale mentioned in this paper can contact Dr. Carney for permission.
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text:
Topic: FAO. Webmaster
Is 'War Games' your favourite movie?
Bedrock Messageboard
You are not logged in. Please login or register.
Is 'War Games' your favourite movie?
What do you prefer?
computer bits or Lisa Snowdens bits?
Webbo, why's my status gone to progressive obsessive? :nerd
Can you change it to 'monkey juggler'.
Don't think they biting !
Did I hear you using my girlfriends name????
how about changing 'progressive obsessive' to 'living at home' ??
Hadders, don't mess with the people in charge, they could make your life a living hell.
are you predicting a win on saturday BTW??
There's only one Webmaster, Michael.
Ok, I am told by the powers that be:
0 - 20 post = Bedrock Virgin
50 - 199 posts = Bedrocker
200 + = Progressive Obsessive
Looks like Hadfield is in the lead with posts, but I imagine loosing badly in the social life stakes. Go outside and explore mate, there is a whole world out there!
That or he has REALLY boring lunch breaks...
Hey I`m tenth.. class. How about a league??
That would mean Hadders go into Europe long ago.
I do actually feel like one sad cvnt.
I do actually feel like one sad cvnt.
I'm sure I could say something here...
Wicked Avatar Majortom
I do actually feel like one sad cvnt.
god, there are just too many things that could be said to this. Unlike Hadders to open himself up
are you feeling all riight Matt??
Fvcking funny thread!!!
Mattos in his latest cardigan
I don't have any grey cardigans with red x's on the back birfday boy.
You did 3 seconds ago! :lol
Fair do's.
Email them to peeps, they're fvcking genius.
i've already got the pics, shockers, each & everyone :lol
Steve, why post a photograph of your ring-worm?
lets see this cardie then
:laugh : :roll :laugh
i want one!!
Gonna have to dust the old boy down and wear it out again.
Last wore it in Spundae actually.
The Yanks certainly didn't get it. Actually nobody gets it.
Why can't I see the picture
Tania, your pussy's adorable.
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text:
The Cyclones finished eighth out of 26 teams — second behind Lake Hamilton and all Class 6A schools that participated. Lady Cyclone junior Ashton Purtle won her third consecutive indoor high jump state title.
Cyclones senior Alex Greene broke a school record and won the 60-meter dash with a 7.02-second finish. He also finished fifth in the 200-meter with a time of 23.06.
"We went up there without any long or triple jumpers in the boys, so we didn't score any points there," RHS head coach Charlie Goodman said. "We're hoping that we'll get a few from basketball once their season is over, and that will be enough to make up those extra points."
Junior Michael Troub scored a personal best in the shot put with a throw of 46-5. Junior Joey Shirley placed sixth in the 800 with a time of 206.17. Senior Elijah Knight came in fourth in the 1,600 in 4.38.90.
The 3,200 relay team of Rob Jacobson, Knight, Shirley and Mason Rhodes finished seventh overall with a time of 845.56.
"I was pleased with the effort all around. Lake Hamilton finished five points ahead of us," Goodman said. "We feel we're doing well as far as 6A teams go, coming in second. We were pleased with their performance."
The Lady Cyclones placed 13th out of 24 teams. Purtle won her third indoor state championship with a high jump of 5-2. She has won the event every year since she was a freshman.
"That's pretty special," Goodman said. "But it was really a sub-par performance for Ashton. She's jumped higher than that in practice, but with the weather we've had we weren't able to jump on some days that should have been jump days.
"She's a really athletic young lady who has been a gymnast all her life. Not many people have a chance to be a four-time state champion in anything, and she'll have an excellent shot at that next year."
Freshman Taylor Hathcote finished eighth in the pole vault at 9-0.
"We're hoping to fill out the girls team with some more basketball players as well," Goodman said, adding he has hopes for the upcoming track season and both teams should be able to compete well within Class 6A.
During a regional track and field meet at Kansas University, Greene finsihed third in the 60 dash with a time of 6.90. He was on campus Jan. 29 for an official visit.


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Green power takes center stage
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As they see the cost of energy rise, customers are demanding greater attention to the power consumption of their systems. Datacenter operators are focusing heavily on the operational cost of their systems and are prepared to pay to reap the benefits of lower electricity bills. This, in turn, is changing the way PSUs are designed – putting the focus not on the traditional peak efficiency but on how well the PSU performs across its output range.
A datacenter PSU is typically loaded at 20 percent of its rated power capacity. But the peak efficiency of many traditional PSU designs is only obtained when the PSU is running at 80 percent of its power capacity or more. The efficiency of traditional architectures can drop off rapidly as the load decreases. This is because switching losses begin to dominate the equation.
Although legislation is not yet targeting the data center, computer manufacturers have opted to move in the direction of greater efficiency for differentiation and also to offer customers operational cost savings. The highest-profile campaign is the 80 PLUS initiative. The idea behind 80 PLUS was first presented at the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) Market Transformation Symposium and was quickly adopted as the basis for PSU efficiency marking by the Energy Star program. By the end of 2007, several hundred PSUs on the market were certified to the original 80 PLUS standard, which demanded PSUs could provide efficiency of at least 80 percent down to 20 percent of the rated peak load.
In 2008, the standard was revised to accommodate the demand for higher efficiency and greater cost savings. The Bronze, Silver and Gold classifications pushed efficiency at 20 percent load up to 82, 85 and 87 percent, respectively. In 2009, the Platinum category was added, which increased the 20 percent load efficiency to 90 percent.
The lifetime energy and cost savings for data centers simply by using these higher-efficiency PSUs are immense. By using 80 PLUS Gold-rated PSUs, a high-end can save between 30 MWh and 50 MWh during its lifetime. Because they offer higher efficiency, the servers also suffer less thermal stress and exhibit higher reliability from running cooler, which helps overall lifetime.
Using knowledge obtained from seven design centers around the world for standard and custom power supplies in the communications sector, Murata has become a world leader in the business for Gold and Platinum 1U front-end PSUs. The company provides products that offer 400W in the smallest 54mm-width housing up to 2800 W in a single power shelf. The S1U-3X shelf design supports for power ratings up to 6000 W.
Murata's compact MVAC400 series provides 400 W high-density AC/DC power supply for medical, telecom and industrial applications


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PlayStation 4 / Orbis Launch Info, Rumors to Final Specs
Kuro Matsuri Video Games will be paying close attention to the details surrounding the launch of the new PlayStation. The information below, unless otherwise noted, are rumors or supposedly leaked information. Confirmed information will be tagged as it comes in.
First off, when can we expect official information to start coming out? It looks like it's February 20th at 6PM EST when Sony has a conference. Unofficial sources have confirmed that the PlayStation 4 / Orbis will be announced at that time. Here's the teaser trailer (which basically shows nothing):
The conference has occurred! The Playstation 4 is officially announced! (2/20/2014)
Sony has launched a Press Release about the PlayStation 4 specs. The information from that press release is included below. (2/21/2013)
Jack Tretton has made some statements during an interview with Forbes. Information from that has been added to this post. (2/23/2013)
So, here's the details that are floating around out there right now:
Name: It will be called the PlayStation 4! Confirmed by PlayStation directly.
Design: The design of the console itself is unknown, but Jack Tretton has stated that we can expect to see the console my E3, or possible sooner. Approximate time confirmed, design not confirmed.
Processor: Current leaked information states that the processor will be an 8-core AMD processor (Jaguar). The cores will be split into 2 clusters, simulating a setup with 2 processors that have 4 cores each. Claimed performance: 102.4 GFlops (102 billion floating-point operations per second). 8-core AMD x86 confirmed by Sony Press Release, pictured below.
Graphics Card: The graphics card appears to be an AMD R10XX-based card that shares memory with the processor. It will run at 800MHz and produce an estimated 1.843 TFlops (1.843 trillion floating-point operations per second). The GPU is on the same die as the GPU. Confirmed by PlayStation Live Event and Sony Press Release (above).
Memory: Most sources are saying that the PlayStation 4 will have 4GB of RAM, with a 176GB/s transfer rate. Some sources, though, are saying that Sony wants to try to get 8GB of RAM into the system before it launches. Compared to the 256MB (system) + 256MB (graphics) that the PlayStation 3 had, either is a vast improvement. During the PlayStation Event, the RAM was confirmed at a full 8GB of GDDR5 high speed RAM. Confirmed by PlayStation Event and Sony Press Release.
Storage: Sources say that the PlayStation 4 will have a Blu-ray drive with pretty nice specs, running at around 6x, cmpared to the PS3′s 2x. That should help with some of load speed issues and required installs that some games have had in the past. It also looks like at least one SKU will come equipped with a 500GB HDD. All details confirmed except size of the hard drive.
Controller: It looks like the Dualshock will live on, but it will be modified a bit. First off, the middle area could be turning into a touch-pad, similar to the one on the back of the PS Vita. It will include a front-facing speaker, much like the Wii controllers. The top of the controller will include the PS Move light, allowing you to use the normal controller as a Move controller. Additionally, Sony has listened to a lot of critics and made the analog sticks a little bit concave, allowing for a better grip. Here's a couple of the leaked images for the PS4 controller (keeping in mind that it is a prototype, so it could look a little different at launch):
These are the prototype controllers that were leaked:
Here's an official picture:
It looks like the leaks are true. The PS4 controller will act as a PS Move controller, as necessary.
Some sources have suggested that there will also be a Share button, but the leaked prototype does not have that button. It's not impossible for it to be added, but it seems unlikely. Confirmed, with Share button, by the PlayStation Event.
Compatibility: The PS4 will remain compatible with Blu-Ray movies, but will not maintain compatibility with PS3 or PS2 games. However, as a compromise, they have announced some service to announce the live streaming of PS3, PS2, and PS1 games on the PS4. While they have not announced cost, this appears to be the compromise between PS3 full backwards compatibility, and the limitations of the new system. PS1, PS2, and PS3 games will be available via streaming. Depending on the costs associated with streaming, time will tell if it is worthwhile for the consumer. Additionally, Sony has confirmed that you'll be able to "suspend" the console at any time and resume gameplay where you left off when you return.
As a bonus: Sony has announced that the PS Vita will support instant cross-platform play with the Vita – did your kids interrupt your play time with Call of Duty? Immediately switch to the Vita without losing any game time!
Partially Confirmed by PlayStation Event, Real-Time Switching between Home Console and Handheld Console Completely Confirmed. Gaikai technology will be used to live stream PS1, PS2, and PS3 content, but no details have been released on pricing or whether or not you'll be able to play the games you already own in this way.
Extras: Confirmed: the system will continuously record your current activities to allow you to share them with friends. Additionally, some sources are suggesting that the PlayStation 4 will support 4K resolutions, though it's highly unlikely that games will be anywhere near that even if it does. A new rumor is suggesting that the PlayStation Eye will be upgraded to a dual 720p camera setup with a 4 microphone array, which would significantly upgrde the accuracy and capabilities of the PlayStation Eye and the PlayStation Move. The system has been confirmed to support automatic recording of live gameplay, as well as sharing of that gameplay through a quick button press to social media networks. They have also confirmed live gameplay feeds, which can be set up in advance. The PlayStation Event has confirmed that at least some games will be cross-compatible with common systems like your tablet or your phone; you might be able to plat the next Gran Turismo on your PS4 and your iPad or iPhone, or on your Android phone or tablet! 4k output unconfirmed, sharing and live stream sharing capabilities confirmed, live streaming to more than just the PS4 (including phones and tablets) confirmed, upgraded PlayStation Eye confirmed (but it is not known if it will come with the system or not).
Price Point: A Japanese newspaper (Asahi Shinbum or 朝日新聞), which generally has pretty good info, is pricing the PS4 at 40,000 JPY, which probably means a US price of $400 USD. The PlayStation Event DID NOT announce the price of the system. Not confirmed.
Launch / Release Date: A few sources have suggested Christmas 2013 as the release window for the new PlayStation, but only for Japan and USA. Europe would get it some time the following year. Jack Tretton from Sony has confirmed that it will be released in the holiday season of 2013. Confirmed through a Jack Tretton interview.
Launch Games: The games that are announced for launch include:
Knack –cute game, reminds me of Trine except that it's 3D, interesting setting.
Killzone: Shadow Fall – impressive scale, futuristic environments
Drive Club – 1st person racing gameplay – can see competitors on the track in real time – certainly has potential as a high end racer
Infamous: Second Son – political commentary, player on the wrong side of the law, intense
Witness – Thought-provoking, RPG-like, vague information revealed
Deep Down, Working Title – looks a lot like Dark Souls, sounds fun
Watchdogs – be a whistleblower – steal from normal people while you catch the bad guys, without getting caught yourself
Diablo III – going to be available on the PS4… and the PS3. Hopefully it won't have always online DRM.
Destiny – a new Bungie title, "shared world shooter", limited information available. Not Sony exclusive, but will have exclusive content.
More info: According to the interview with Jack Tretton, more information will be coming during E3 in California (June 11 – 13), Gamescon in Germany (August 21 – 25), and Tokyo Game Show in Japan (September 19 – 22). Confirmed.
As a bonus, here's a series of high-resolution controller pics directly from Sony's Press Release
There we have it. The important pieces of information summed up in one place. To dig in further, feel free to look through some of our sources:
(Last updated 2/21/2013)


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Frequently Asked Questions About Celiac Disease 09/30/2015This Celiac.com FAQ on celiac disease will guide you to all of the basic information you will need to know about the disease, its diagnosis, testing methods, a gluten-free diet, etc. Subscribe to Celiac.com's FREE weekly eNewsletter What are the major symptoms of celiac disease? Celiac Disease Symptoms What testing is available for celiac disease? Celiac Disease Screening Interpretation of Celiac Disease Blood Test Results Can I be tested even though I am eating gluten free? How long must gluten be taken for the serological tests to be meaningful? The Gluten-Free Diet 101 - A Beginner's Guide to Going Gluten-Free Is celiac inherited? Should my children be tested? Ten Facts About Celiac Disease Genetic Testing Is there a link between celiac and other autoimmune diseases? Celiac Disease Research: Associated Diseases and Disorders Is there a list of gluten foods to avoid? Unsafe Gluten-Free Food List (Unsafe Ingredients) Is there a list of gluten free foods? Safe Gluten-Free Food List (Safe Ingredients) Gluten-Free Alcoholic Beverages Distilled Spirits (Grain Alcohols) and Vinegar: Are they Gluten-Free? Where does gluten hide? Additional Things to Beware of to Maintain a 100% Gluten-Free Diet What if my doctor won't listen to me? An Open Letter to Skeptical Health Care Practitioners Gluten-Free recipes: Gluten-Free Recipes
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About MistyRG
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Testing Post Diagnosis
MistyRG posted a topic in Celiac Disease - Post Diagnosis, Recovery/Treatment(s)I read on the University of Chicago website about what you should be tested for each year after diagnosis. My doctor isn't very knowledgeable on Celiac, and I am coming up on 2 years since diagnosis. At my last appointment (which was the first since diagnosis), I asked her to run the testing again to see if my numbers look good. She ran a "Celiac Panel" (all the lab slip said), and when they called me with the results, they said it was negative and to keep doing what I'm doing. I don't have the report in hand yet, but I wanted to see if anyone knows if this is good news . . . or really no indicator? I have been gluten-free for almost 2 years, but my family (husband and 5 kids) still consumes some gluten in the house. I am always worried about CC or the goldfish kisses from my kids!!! We eat out a few times a month, and, well, you can never be sure there!!! I just wanted to make sure I was definitely on the right track and healing. Thanks!!
What Do You Do To Help The Fatigue?
MistyRG replied to birdie22's topic in Celiac Disease - Coping WithI have 5 kids, and these days are the WORST!!!! I recently purchased some sublingual vitamin B that seems to help. I also grab some caffeine. I know it's bad, but it is harder when I have 5 kids needing my attention when all I want to do is nap!!!
Do We All Have Different Degrees Of Sensitivity?
MistyRG replied to TGK112's topic in Celiac Disease - Coping WithI have said since I was diagnosed that I don't have the "normal" symptoms. I only had the rash that started this whole ordeal. Now, 4 months into gluten free, my slip ups or unknown gluten is known immediately. I get a heavy, bloated feeling in my stomach, and it cramps up a little. It isn't bad, but it has progressively gotten worse with every exposure. On one hand, I'm glad because I can tell when I am eating something that could be contaminated. But I am really shocked at how much I have changed from zero symptoms to noticeable in that short time!!! And when I had zero symptoms, my biopsy came back with severe damage to my intestine. So even with no symptoms, we are doing damage.
Lab Results On My Son
MistyRG posted a topic in Celiac Disease - Parents of Kids or Babies With Celiac DiseaseI was diagnosed in June, and I decided to get my oldest 2 kids tested. My daughter (5) has complained of stomach pains and issues for the past year. My son (9) has no issues. Ironically, her tests were all normal, but my son's tests came back abnormal. Being new and not really doing anything but asking the pedi to run a celiac panel, I didn't know what they ran. (I can't find my lab slip to see what was run on me!) Here are his results . . . Immunoglobulin A (IgA) <7 (normal is 33-202) Endomysial IgA <1:10 (normal <1:10) TTG IgA 1.1 (<4 negative) His only abnormal test is the first one, which is really low. His pedi called a pedi GI specialist who said the low IgA will throw off the other 2 tests, and they asked her to run the IgG tests. So we are waiting on those results. Everything I have read say that a low IgA can increase their chance of developing an autoimmune disorder, and since mom has Celiac, it's not a reach to figure that out!! I am very anxiously waiting on the other results. I just wanted to see if anyone had more experience and information on this while I patiently wait!!!
Retesting . . .
MistyRG posted a topic in Celiac Disease - Post Diagnosis, Recovery/Treatment(s)Do you get retested to make sure you are healing your body after going gluten free? I don't have a lot of symptoms or issues. Yet my biopsy came back "severely damaged." So I am wondering if my doctor should retest my blood work or something to make sure I am on the mend and not eating hidden gluten since I may not even know.
New And Needing Some Help :(
MistyRG replied to Adrienne81's topic in Celiac Disease - Coping WithI had my testing ordered by my allergist after doing some research. She was happy to order the lab tests (Celiac panel), but she couldn't do anything for me beyond that. I would go see a GI doctor. He has been the most knowledgeable for me! After my lab results came back positive, I did have the intestinal biopsy. It was a VERY easy procedure!! Good luck!
Ana - Anti Nucleur Antibodies
MistyRG posted a topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsAnyone have an idea on this one? Of the Celiac panel, 3 of my 5 tests were positive. Endoscopy is positve. So I have Celiac. However, during the wait, I had my rash biopsied. It came back negative for DH but could be 4 other issues including lupus. So they ran an ANA test on me. Negative is < 1:40 Mine was extremely positive at 1:640 I am out of town and can't see my doctor for a few more weeks. I am hoping this has something to do with Celiac, but I am now being referred to a rheumatologist for futher testing. I'm hoping it's just Celiac related . . . otherwise I feel like I may be falling apart!!!!
It's Official . . .
MistyRG posted a topic in Celiac Disease - Post Diagnosis, Recovery/Treatment(s)I got the results back from my endoscopy, and I do have celiac. I am relieved that I wasn't crazy!! I am VERY thankful to have a great team of doctors that listened to me and ran the tests I requested without question!! I am extremely lucky that my diagnosis took only 2 months from rash to positive diagnosis (though rash is negative for DH! Go figure!!). So I am officially here . . . and it really hasn't been as difficult as I thought it would be!!! Oh . . . and I wake up feeling RESTED for the first time in years!!! I used to blame it on my kids . . . guess it was just the gluten!!!
MistyRG posted a topic in Dermatitis HerpetiformisWhile waiting for my endoscopy, I had 2 biopsies of my rash. Both came back negative. Actually, one came back with 4 other possible issues, and they ran some more labs. But I don't believe it!!! The rash was the reason I started this "could I have celiac" journey. I do have a positive intestinal biopsy. So celiac is confirmed . . . I just can't see how this rash could be anything OTHER than DH!!!
Hi, I saw you on my profile. I lost my mother to lymphomia at age 47. I'm sorry about your father. She didn't even have a chance to meet my husband. I hope things improve for you and you get this figured out.
Intro With Lots Of Mixed Emotions
MistyRG replied to Kallismom's topic in Celiac Meeting RoomIt's amazing to me how many light bulbs start going off when you figure something like this out. I know for me, I went back through my life and kept making check marks on the "list of symptoms!" It was amazing . . . and while I didn't want Celiac, it's nice to know that all these problems I have dismissed all my life actually have a cause!! And one I can take care of!!! I am sorry about your mother. I lost my father to non-Hodgkins Lymphoma in 2001 (age 47), and it is one of the main reasons I pushed so hard for testing. I don't want to be undiagnosed and have something horrible happen. Welcome . . .
Biopsy Today
MistyRG replied to MistyRG's topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsMy rash is extremely itchy red bumps. Some are clusters and some single. Some had fluid filled blisters. I have had 2 outbreaks, and they started on my elbows ans went up and down my arms. Then spread to my knees. Pics. Thank you for your replies! It is hard yo be patient!!
Biopsy Today
MistyRG posted a topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsI had my intestinal biopsy done today. Preliminary report is that everything looks normal. I should be happy, but I am confused! I know we have to wait for the results for a definitve answer, but I guess I assumed they would see something. Has anyone has a normal looking preliminary result followed by a positive biopsy? I am also waiting on biopsy results of my rash. Is it possible to have the rash positive and maybe too early for intestinal issues? I had 3 positive blood tests, including a positive EMA. Everyone says that is celiac specific showing damage, which is why I am confused with the "normal" report. Thanks!
5 Year Old Boy, And Possibly Me?
MistyRG replied to Irishgirl76's topic in Dermatitis HerpetiformisI've been going through this as well. Do I want to put my kids (5) through testing so we KNOW . . . or just have them go gluten free? If there was a rash, I wouldn't hesitate to get that biopsy. It's quick and painless!! I am more leery about the endo on them. Personally, I am getting the celiac panel on all the kids, and we'll go from there. I would hate for them to NEED a diagnosis in the future and have to reintroduce gluten for a while before being able to get an accurate biopsy and diagnosis. I want to know if I can be a bit relaxed when they go to friends' houses or parties . . . or if I need to send food!!! I am still new at this (and waiting for an official diagnosis), but I would give him crackers. If it causes a flare up, it gives the doc more to work with. I would think that a skin biopsy will come up positive for DH if it is DH whether you are eating gluten or not. Right??? I understand the intestinal biopsy would be inaccurate, but if there is a rash, it seems that it wouldn't be affected by diet. I have read a few stories of DH flare ups while gluten free. So that could be normal. I guess the biopsy is up to you. If you are already diagnosed, it will only tell you what the rash is. Then again, if it isn't DH, you may want to know what the rash is from!!!
Is It Common To Have False Positive Test Results?
MistyRG replied to beebee07's topic in Celiac Disease - Pre-Diagnosis, Testing & SymptomsI posted a similar question a couple weeks ago . . . my version of grasping at straws!!! I was told by my doctor that with the EMA positive, he would be shocked if I don't have a positive biopsy. It is Celiac specific test (as others mentioned). Welcome . . .


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The subject of intentional breeding or meat rabbits is prohibited. The answers provided on this board are for general guideline purposes only. The information is not intended to diagnose or treat your pet. It is your responsibility to assess the information being given and seek professional advice/second opinion from your veterinarian and/or qualified behaviorist.
LEADERS: Azerane Bam BinkyBunny JerseyGirl LBJ10 LittlePuffyTail LongEaredLions RabbitPam
It's amazing how in-tune to us rabbits are.
I remember one night when Chacha was a little bun, I was crying near her. She was extremely small and extremely scared of me at that point. When I was next to her, she flopped right next to me. This little baby that was scared of me could sense my feelings of sadness, and what does she do? She flops. We all know what flopping means


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The LWR Women's Club enjoyed an evening of hands-on cooking demonstrations Sept. 19, at the Viking Culinary Center on Lakewood Ranch Main Street. Members and guests of the event sipped wine while browsing the Viking showroom.
The LWR Women's Club's annual dinner and auction will take place Dec. 5, at the Lakewood Ranch Golf and Country Club. The Night of a Thousand Lights-themed event will feature a silent auction.


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Portions are generous for the price. Not every dish sings, but servers know the menu, the owners are super-friendly, and how often do you get to eat under a colorful, flowing tent?
Start with five briwatts ($10), little triangular filo-dough pies stuffed with your choice of fillings. Like bastilla, these are crisp and topped with cinnamon and confectioners' sugar. The chicken filling was tasty, but a little mushier than shredded.
Seven salads offer a wide variety, including spicy cucumber, sweet orange and carrot. All are $8.50, and during lunch hours you can make a meal by adding chicken, beef or shrimp kebabs ($4-$6).
Eggplant puree salad was excellent, spiced with a cumin kick. But it was served with wheat crackers. If you're going to serve mass-produced crackers in a Moroccan restaurant, how about pita? As one of my companions observed, "Make an effort."
It's odd, because effort is certainly made elsewhere. The wine list is well chosen to match the food, with nearly 20 choices. It lights up when you open it, as if happy to see you. Not only easy to read, it's easy to price: Whether from Morocco or Monterey, all wines are $10 a glass, $35 a bottle. We asked about three, and were given tastes before deciding.
Morocco's also has beer and spirits. The house sangria ($8) is like cold mulled wine, thick and redolent of cloves, cinnamon and lemon. It tastes like dessert.
Our best entree was the beef tagine ($18), slightly sweet and very tenderly braised with prunes and Turkish dried apricots. Sesame seeds and Marcona almonds dot the top. In fancier Moroccan restaurants, tagines are served in colorful clay pots with tent-shaped lids. Morocco's doesn't do that. The menu describes tagine as "a crock pot before the crock-pot was invented."
In the fresh fish and vegetable tagine ($18.50), tender mild white fish was set off nicely with garlic, cumin, cilantro and paprika and mixed vegetables.
The same carrots, zucchini and onions showed up in the lamb and vegetable couscous ($19), which featured a meaty lamb shank and garbanzo beans.
There are also three vegetarian tagines and a vegetarian couscous.
Two items were disappointing. The chicken kebabs ($13.50) may have been grilled but they weren't skewered. Instead of chunks of meat with a little crust, there were small pieces stuck together. And the Moroccan bread was leaden.
In case you're feeling celebratory or very hungry and have at least four people, the eight-course menu ($29.95) offers choices in each course.
In Mountain View as at the 3-year-old Morocco's in San Jose, there is musical entertainment every night. It ranges from belly dancing to blues, so if there's some type of music you'd really rather not eat with, check the events listing on the Morocco's website. The Mountain View restaurant is small. The night we visited, however, the musicians played happily in a corner and were not at all intrusive.
Yelpers have carped about the automatic dine-in 15 percent service charge. Our servers deserved the 18 percent they got.
873 Castro St., Mountain View
Hours: Lunch 11 a.m.-3 p.m. weekdays. Dinner 5-10 p.m. Sun.-Wed.; 5-11 p.m. Thurs.-Sat.
Reservations: yes
Credit cards: yes
Parking: street
Alcohol: yes
Children: yes
Outdoor dining: sidewalk
Party and banquet facilities: yes
Noise level: fine
Wheelchair access: yes
Bathroom cleanliness: good
This story contains 615 words.
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