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Equine Genetics 101: Genetic Concepts and Applications
- Sep 22, 2011
- Topics:
Deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) is the molecule containing genetic information passed from parent to offspring.
Photo: Photos.com
Even for the most knowledgeable horseman, equine genetics can be a confusing topic to grasp. Trying to conceptualize how genetics can be applied to equine performance can be even more confusing. But the attendees at the 2011 Thoroughbred Pedigree, Genetics, and Performance Conference, held Sept. 7-8 in Lexington, Ky., were in luck as Jamie MacLeod, VMD, PhD, and Ernie Bailey, PhD, presented an overview of equine genetics and the different applications they have in equine performance.
MacLeod began by confirming that there is, in fact, a link between genetics and performance in horses. Genetics is the basis of selective breeding programs, and it's generally the point upon which the financial value of bloodstock is based, he explained.
"Selecting parents (sire and dam) that hopefully will pass superior genetic determinants to their offspring (foal) represents the planned breeding strategy we use to enhance our chances of producing a truly outstanding individual," he added.
In producing an equine athlete, MacLeod explained, while a large number of genetic variables are involved in "something as complex as the performance of a racehorse," the equally large number of nongenetic variables, such as environmental factors, also influence the ability--or inability--of a horse to reach his or her peak athletic potential.
"Is everything figured out?" he asked. "Absolutely not. There is so much more to learn about. Understanding the role of inherited genetic determinants in health and performance are very active areas of scientific research."
The Basics
MacLeod explained that one of the limiting factors in most horse people's understanding of genetics is the terminology researchers use to discuss it. So to help attendees better understand the rest of the presentations they would encounter throughout the conference, MacLeod reviewed some of the basic terms often used in equine genetics discussions.
"The central dogma of gene expression," as MacLeod described it, is simply the functional relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein.
"DNA serves as a template for its own replication and for the transcription (more on that in a moment) of RNA which, in turn, is translated into protein," MacLeod explained in the program notes.
DNA--Deoxyribosenucleic acid is the molecule containing genetic information passed from parent to offspring. Four nucleotide bases--adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine--make up all species' DNA; however, how it is organized remains unique to each particular species with additional variation between individuals. Nucleotides are usually abbreviated using their first letters (adenine, for example, is referred to as "A") and only pair with certain other base pairs (adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine to form the DNA double helix, or twisted ladder, shape).
The DNA is located within the nucleus of a cell, MacLeod explained, and is structurally organized rather than just randomly distributed.
Genome--The "total endowment" of an organism's DNA is referred to as the genome, MacLeod said. The equine genome, for which the sequence was completed in 2007, contains about 2.7 billion nucleotide base pairs and has about 21,000 protein coding genes. (More on the genome in a minute.)
Genes--These discreet segments of the genomic DNA encode functional RNA or protein products. The key concept is that genes are "functional units of DNA," responsible for the inherited traits we observe in an individual, MacLeod said. He explained that genes have two broad functional parts:
- The coding region of the gene contains DNA bases that are expressed to generate the functional gene product ("The part that makes the protein that we all think about in terms of regulating the trait," MacLeod said); or
- The regulatory elements of the gene that control when, where, and how much a gene is expressed.
"These regulatory elements and the coding region work in a coordinated fashion in health, but if either part gets changed or reorganized, the gene's functional properties can be altered," MacLeod added.
Transcription--MacLeod then described the concept of transcription, which is "the process of synthesizing RNA as specified by the DNA template of a gene's coding region." Regulatory elements of a gene determine, when, where, and how much a gene is transcribed, and all transcriptional processes are localized in the cell's nucleus, he noted.
Translation--Not to be confused with transcription, translation is the process that produces a protein and occurs outside of the nucleus in the cell's cytoplasm.
Transcription converts the genetic information from DNA to RNA. Translation is when the base sequence of the RNA directs the formation of a defined linear order of amino acids to generate a specific protein, MacLeod said.
"For protein-coding genes, the protein is what regulates the trait we're interested in studying," he added.
Examining Genetic Traits
MacLeod then delved into scientific approaches used to study genetic determinants for a specific characteristic or trait of interest (for example, a performance trait, health trait, behavioral trait, conformational trait, etc.).
One of the classic strategies is to consider one or several candidate genes, which often are identified from other research studies conducted by another scientist, he said. If a gene has been shown to be important in what appears to be a similar trait in other species (such as humans, dogs, cattle, or mice), it could also be relevant in the horse.
"This approach has worked in equine science, but for many traits we don't have a good candidate gene or perhaps want to consider other possibilities as well," MacLeod said. "Now we can use unbiased genomic screens to identify important genes for a trait or other phenotype (physical characteristic) of interest in the horse."
These scans typically utilize genetic arrays or gene chips, which MacLeod described as "devices used by scientists to investigate a large set of nucleotide sequences." Very simply put, the arrays and gene chips are tools that stemmed from the complete sequencing of the equine genome. They enable researchers to examine all of the genes at once in an attempt to find gene(s) regulating a trait of interest.
From there, MacLeod explained that differences in the genomic DNA sequence between individual horses that are called single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs, are now commonly profiled on gene chips for genomic scans (in other species). In the notes, MacLeod explained that SNPs are "the smallest and most common type of genetic variant: the alteration of a single base of DNA from one nucleotide to another between individuals."
He explained that SNPs are distributed across the genome and inherited from the parents to the offspring. Through an analytical technique called Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), scientists can use SNPs to localize a specific region of the genome that appears to contain important genetic determinants for the trait being studied. In other words, the GWAS data can reduce the magnitude of the research challenge substantially by identifying a region of the genome that should be investigated further, focusing interest on just a few protein-coding genes from what was originally the full set of approximately 21,000 across equine genome, MacLeod said.
MacLeod noted that in addition to performance traits, equine scientists worldwide are using SNP-based genomic screens to study many important equine issues including congenital skeletal malformations, muscle diseases, infertility, respiratory diseases, growth characteristics, breed differences, and coat color patterns.
Genetic Applications
Bailey then took the stage to discuss some of genetics' current practical applications. For example, he explained that the origin (or the genetics) of the Thoroughbred horse can be traced back over 300 years. Paddy Cunningham, PhD, professor emeritus at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland, published an article in 2001 that described the contribution of the foundation horses (defined as those foaled before 1750 and of unknown lineage) to the breed, he explained.
A total of 158 horses were considered "founders" of the Thoroughbred breed, including 85 males and 73 females. Of course, as most Thoroughbred enthusiasts know, the three main sires to which all Thoroughbreds can trace their "tail-male" lineage are the Godolphin Arabian, the Darley Arabian, and the Byerley Turk.
"That precisely defines the source of the Y chromosome for horses," Bailey explained. "Ninety-five percent of Thoroughbred stallions are descended from the Darley Arabian, and consequently, they all have the Y chromosome of that founder."
The human Y chromosome contains about 86 genes, Bailey said, and the equine counterpart contains a similar number.
Bailey then explained that the "tail-female" line identifies the inheritance of the mitochondria, which are responsible for generating energy in the cells. Mitochondria are inherited only from the dam, and the modern day mitochondria are descended from the foundation mares. Mitochondria in horses contain 37 genes; however, most of the genes responsible for the mitochondria's structure and function are found on chromosomes, Bailey said, adding that this is the same location at which the remainder of the 20,322 genes are found.
"Cunningham also studied the overall contribution of each founder to the genetics of modern horses and found that the most significant contributor was actually the Goldolphin Arabian, which contributed 13.8% of all the genes, on average, in the modern Thoroughbred," Bailey explained. "The next highest contributor was the Darley Arabian, with 6.5%. This means that the most significant founder of the Thoroughbred breed was the Goldophin Arabian when considering the entire genetic profile. At the same time it shows that Thoroughbred horses are not clonal animals (those that descended from and are genetically identical to a single common ancestor) and there is lots of genetic diversity based on the pedigree."
Bailey reported that the first horse genome was completed for a Thoroughbred mare named Twilight, a resident of Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. Twilight's genome sequence shed light on more than one million different genetic variants (or SNPs). A total of 20,322 genes were predicted at the time, and a frequency of 1 SNP per 1,050 base pairs was estimated, he said.
The DNA sequences also allowed scientists to compare the amount of genetic variation (genetic complexity) among several species. Researchers have also found that horses have a more complex genome than dogs, but a less complex genome than humans. Bailey explained that this shows horses have a large amount of genetic variation for breeders to work with.
"It also means that we can make discoveries with more simple tools than required for human studies," Bailey added.
He then reviewed some of the different methods by which genetic mutations can be studied:
- Family studies, he explained, are beneficial but difficult to facilitate as families of horses are "tough to keep as laboratory animals";
- Candidate gene studies have been helpful in picking up new diseases and mutations, he explained, adding that in some cases predictions have been made from mutations identified on other species; and
- Genome-wide association studies are the type many researchers are most excited about. For GWAS studies, scientists do not need families and can investigate tens of thousands of genes and regulatory DNA elements simultaneously.
Bailey concluded by summarizing the current state of equine genetics: "Horse genetics has come a long way in the last 10 years. We have the ability to localize genetic effects for any well-defined trait to a specific region of the genome; we have a list of genes in that area from the analyses of the genome sequence; we can investigate gene expression; and we can also consider gene function in estimating which gene or set of genes are responsible for traits of interest."
He noted that research has revealed horses have "lots of genetic diversity" and has made it possible to "easily identify genes for simple hereditary traits."
Bailey expressed that although genomics has come a long way, there is still work to be done to more easily "identify genes for complex traits (such as athletic potential), to better understand the interplay of gene expression and management practices, and to better understand the complexity of 21,000 interacting genes."
About the Author
Erica Larson, News Editor
Erica Larson, news editor, holds a degree in journalism with an external specialty in equine science from Michigan State University in East Lansing. A Massachusetts native, she grew up in the saddle and has dabbled in a variety of disciplines including foxhunting, saddle seat, and mounted games. Currently, Erica competes in eventing with her OTTB, Dorado.
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Gov. Patrick cites $540M budget gap, orders cuts
BOSTON (AP) -- Gov. Deval Patrick on Tuesday ordered spending cuts across state government to close a projected $540 million budget hole that he pegged largely on economic uncertainty caused by the looming "fiscal cliff."
Patrick, who called the actions a "sensible and prudent" approach to a revenue shortfall that had been developing since the start of the fiscal year in July, said he would not be seeking any increase in state taxes to address the gap.
The governor said he would use his authority under state law to cut executive branch spending by $225 million, equivalent to about 1 percent of the budget for those state agencies.
He also said he would ask the Legislature to approve a 1 percent reduction in the budgets of the Massachusetts court system and other state constitutional offices, and for a $9 million cut in unrestricted local aid to cities and towns.
The governor took the action despite a slight uptick in state tax collections in November, but officials concluded that was not enough to offset the overall lower-than-expected collections for the current fiscal year.
Discussions with business leaders and economists have left Patrick convinced that the revenue shortfall stems from the ongoing budget deadlock in Washington.
"By all accounts, that uncertainty and the resulting slowdown in economic growth is the direct cause of our budget challenges," Patrick said. "Economists agree that the fiscal cliff is keeping a tremendous amount of private capital on the sideline. Business leaders I meet with confirm that fact."
The governor warned that if President Barack Obama and Congress fail to reach a deal by Dec. 31, triggering tax increases and federal budget cuts, it would likely result in a further downward revision of $300 million in revenue projections for the fiscal year.
In addition to the spending cuts, the governor said Tuesday he would also ask the Legislature to transfer $200 million from the state's reserve fund.
More than 700 new positions in state government that had been included in the fiscal 2013 budget will go unfilled, he said.
Geoffrey Beckwith, executive director of the Massachusetts Municipal Association, said he will urge lawmakers to reject the proposed cut in unrestricted local aid.
"Every community will be impacted," Beckwith said. "The 1 percent sounds small, but it will destabilize current budgets that are in place and communities will have to take action."
If you'd like to leave a comment (or a tip or a question) about this story with the editors, please email us. We also welcome letters to the editor for publication; you can do that by filling out our letters form and submitting it to the newsroom.

subset: commoncrawl


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damn this video + music and that art is just like MJ act amazing.
tru pacers lost thru their TO's i admit that.
damn this video + music and that art is just like MJ act amazing.
tru pacers lost thru their TO's i admit that.
I would like to go for the Spurs too, the Heats biggest weakness are defending opponents bigmen with great passing-skills, and Duncan has been the leagues best passin-bigman in the league for so long.
Coach Pop got Splitter & Diaw followin Duncan's lead .. with Green followin Parker's lead .. Leonard followin Ginobli's lead .... Coach Pop got a helluva 7-Man rotation that plays at any tempo on offense/defense .. Swept Lakers & Grizz, gave GS Steph Curry 6 games. A+ NBA Basketball Team.
However .......
I do not SLEEP on D.Wade & Lebron at any level of NBA Basketball, especially in a series .. we all know it was illegal for the two super-stars to be teammates .. one of the super-stars have to play down just to make the game look legal, the 27 win streak, and winning 36 games of the Heats final 38 games of the regular-season were a strong statement to the NBA League Teams and Sterns new CBA rules.
Swept Bucks, gave Bulls 5 games, and gave Pacers 7 games. A+ NBA Basketball Team.
All the Championship ring players n the super high-ratings are ready for all 7 games to be played ....
And 7 games favors the HEATS...
Doesnt matter where Spurs are playing game1 they are able to steal ut from U anyway this is the finals.
Look how amazing NBA adenture had POPovich since he started as coach of SPURS 1st pick Duncan then Parker and then Ginobili and then 4 titles
btw heat r 3-4 in last 7 games spurs are current 9-0 streak.
both Duncan Parker r playing their life playoffs if we r talkin about shape and r on roll.
If Miami can find 3 more games like yesterday they'll win. Ray Allan with a three from the left side, Mike Miller with a three from the right side and Lebron and DWade in the paint and Bosh scoring. That is tough to beat when all those pieces are going off like yesterday, no way even the best defensive team in the league can defend that.
I may have underestimated Miami's chances because SA had such an easy time in the WC playoffs. The Heat are the toughest team they have faced.
big 3 in game 3 was Neal and Green there should be much more 3s which they miss.
But Parker is factor he is diesel power for this series.
i dont know if Spurs can keep current roster [besides T-Mac] but if some key players will stay it will be Spurs in finals 2014 fur sure.
Funny how stars like Melo are called-selfish ball hogs, but now everyone calling Lebron "too passive" "needs to be more aggressive"....hmmm like Melo??? Melo understands that on most nights how he goes, so the team goes. Superstars get that. Not rebounding, "facilitating", defense, getting "others involved and making them better"...lol. A superstars primary responsibility is to put the ball in the hole so his team doesn't get blown out by 30. The rest is icing....
Where is the selection for "My Knicks aren't there. I'm too loyal a Knicks fan to care who's playing now."
basketball has been over. It returns when Knicks preseason begins.
it was LE WADE BOSH vs Spurs 8 pts diffrences between big 3 and rest of team vs Spurs
Parker no points in 2nd half means game is done
Spurs played just one 7 game series vs Piston
winner of game 5 should be winner of this series
neither Spurs or Heat cant plays twice awful game or outstanding game agaist each other.
proof was already in Indy series.
they played only 1 7 game series in Finals not in semis or 1/4
history says no team have won game 7 on road do we see Spurs clincher tuseday?
just read Bosh " Green wont be wide open"
what bout parker neal bonner splitter they will be wide? u cant guard 1 or 2 hot streakers.
Ginobili again in S5?
Game-6 of the FINALS was breath-taking to the final seconds of overtime.
If u missed GAME-6 of the FINALS .. then u missed exciting top-shelves NBA Basketball.
San Antonio 25 25 25 20 5 100 Final
Miami .........27 17 21 30 8 103 OT
SA: T. Duncan 30 Pts, 17 Reb, 0 Ast
MIA: L. James 32 Pts, 10 Reb, 11 Ast
Series tied 3-3
DAMN! That was a GREAT-GAME .... How the Spurs Loss?
Ray Allen - Ray Allen - Ray Allen
It was a great game. Spurs missed a couple of FT's that would have sealed the game, I saw Ray Allen motioning to the crowd to make some noise before Kawhi shot his FT's and he missed his first attempt perhaps because of nerves and that crowd noise. Manu said he would rather be playing the Pacers because the Spurs would have the home court if they did and I think yesterday's game proved home court advantage can be a huge factor.
Unfortunately for the Spurs, I think the advantage swings to the Heat for game 7. I think the Heat feed off that come from behind victory and blow out the Spurs in game 7.
Leonard was 68 in playoffs thats not big number
Ginobili is almost 36 so worst focus
but they made few mistakes
Bosh made reb and he should be fouled but they let him pass ball to Ray in other way Bosh should be shooting fts
worst thing no call on Ginobili and this security around floor wich making problems for both teams
20 secs remaining and Spurs lost title with 5 pts remaining
now game 7 since 2 3 2 no team win on road Spurs will be 1st? NBA let Spurs win @ Miami floor? Crafword will be main ref?


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Mark Neblett
Fairfax, VA
Hi all,
I've been following this thread and have purchased a set of SS brake hoses and plan to replace the original hoses on my RT at end of this riding season. However I was having our van's brakes serviced the other day and have decided to have the tech replace the front brake hoses, being that the van is a 1998 Nissan Quest (with about 200K km). I've asked for the original hoses to be returned to me, as I was interested in their internal condition. Anyhow yesterday I picked up the van and the old original brake hoses. The van's brakes felt pretty much the same as before the brake service. Anyhow, I tried to blow through the old hoses with my mouth, no issues, clear and free of any obstructions, then I cut both of the old brake hoses apart in several places on each hose, and there were no issues that I could see. The internals were clean and I could easily see daylight when viewing through one of the 3 inch sections. Pictures attached, well one only as the system is not allowing me to post more than one. BTW, the brake fluid was only replaced twice in the van over its life time.
I'm thinking there may be manufacturing differences between the BMW bike hoses and the Nissan van hoses. This may explain such a difference between what I've seen on this thread of hoses from 10 year old bikes. Or that the bike hoses are more exposed to UV light?? BTW anyone have instructions for replacing bike hoses with SS type?
2nd photo...
I've wondered about the automotive brake lines as well. They seem tougher than the motorcycle lines have been.
I got a set of Spieglers recently, will install them soon.
I sent an inquiry in to Galfer's customer service e-mail address and never heard back, so they are out of business in my book.
the easiest method is to route the new lines alongside the old ones before disconnecting. That mainly applies to the longer hoses.The short ones from calipers to union block on front , and the one from rear master to caliper, I just lay on correct sides before teardown.
Some minor twisting of hose ends is sometimes required...Spiegler gives you a little nylon "tool" to do that with. Just twist a little at a time and SLOWLY! Make sure the new crush washers are on both sides of fittings before snugging down.
I use a large syringe to empty the master resevoirs and cover all painted surfaces that may potentially get fluid on them.
Bleed everything and be careful the first time you grab the brakes hard...sometimes a huge difference in feel & action! Our '95 was the worst and had the biggest change in performance.
Steve Henson
SABMWRA MOA Club#62's Flat Fixer/ current forum moderator
It's not the breaths you take, but the moments that take your breath away-D.Dillon/G. Strait
My rt1100 had much smoother braking after the Spieglers went on. There were kind of grabby before the switchover.
Kent Christensen
Steve Henson
SABMWRA MOA Club#62's Flat Fixer/ current forum moderator
It's not the breaths you take, but the moments that take your breath away-D.Dillon/G. Strait
"Rode my '84 R100RS for 28 years with the same brake lines and they were always in fine condition."
From the outside, sure. But I assure you the inner tube material had softened and swelled. Because there is only one material that does not soften/swell in DOT3 or DOT4 brake fluid and that is Teflon. Teflon is the material used in stainless steel braided brake lines. Its not the braid that makes these hoses good, its the teflon inner tube.
Get trained! The best "performance" upgrade you can get is YOU. Visit msf-usa.org for training info.
I just finished replacing the brake lines on my sister-in-law's '05 Ford Escape with about 170,000 miles on it. I had about the same experience as chrisZ. All four of the lines were clear and cutting them apart revealed little or no deterioration. As far as I know the brake fluid has never been changed until now. The exterior of the front lines were badly cracked in several places, the rears didn't look too bad. All four lines had lost alot of their "flex" and were kind of stiff. The best part is the water pump started leaking after I drove it to test the brakes. Haven't told her about that yet!
FWIW, I do have a set of Spiegler SS lines that I will be installing on the RS this fall. Looking forward to some improvement in braking.
Ride Safe,
Steve Bechtel


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CHATTANOOGA, Tenn (UTC/The Loop) — The Chattanooga City Council passed an ordinance to grant wall tiebacks in the construction of the North Shore Publix at the February 25 meeting. The tiebacks will provide more stability for the walls along the blocks of Hamilton Avenue, Woodland Avenue, and Kent Street.
Neighbors of the construction are hoping that Publix will bring stability in more areas than just physical structure.
Rylee Johnson, Junior, lives in an apartment complex near the construction area. She is excited about the convenience of of a grocery store in the area.
Some residents fear that the store will threaten the local business in the area. Shervin Dadkhahi-Poor is hopeful about the increased traffic in the area according to an interview from News Channel 3 in April.
"I just hope the intent stays good and we keep Chattanooga original." says Dadkhahi-Poor.
Johnson agrees that the convenience store could threaten the local novelty of the area, but believes that the increased traffic for businesses could out-weigh that risk in the long run.
Mary Alice Ozment, a Signal Mountain resident, says that a grocery store is an essential part of a community, and she thinks Publix can offer this to the North Shore area.
The ordinance to use wall tie-backs in the construction originally appeared at the February 18th meeting of Chattanooga City Council. It then was approved on the 25th. City Council members Sally Robinson and Deborah Scott said they believe it will "raise property values and bring in new sales and property tax collections" according to a 2012 interview by the Chattanoogan.
Other Publix locations in the area include:
- Creek Plantation Village
5928 Hixson Pike Ste 112
Hixson, TN 37343-4839
- Hurricane Creek
8644 E Brainerd Rd
Chattanooga, TN 37421-8325
- Snow Hill Village
5958 Snow Hill Rd Ste 168
Ooltewah, TN 37363-7834
- Mouse Creek Crossing
635 Paul Huff Pkwy NW
Cleveland, TN 37312-2970
You can find a location closer to you with the Publix Store Locator.


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Monday night was one of the toughest things Anthony Odunsi has had to go through in his high school career.
There was his team, state-ranked Travis High School out of the highly touted Fort Bend ISD, playing its first playoff game of the season without him in the lineup. Odunsi, an Iowa State signee, and nationally heralded 2013 twins Aaron Harrison and Andrew Harrison were serving a one-game suspension for a fight amongst themselves during last Tuesday's UIL District 23-5A finale against Fort Bend Austin.
Odunsi, nicknamed "Papa," was not in uniform in Monday's UIL Class 5A Region III bi-district playoff against Clear Lake, but he sat on the front row of the stands near the bench, watching his teammates rally from a double-digit lead to beat Clear Lake, 66-62.
And when the smoke cleared, he stood tall -- almost like a proud papa would.
"I am very proud. They fought to the end and never gave up," Odunsi said. "They deserve it. I'm proud of those guys. It hurt, and it was unfortunate that I had to be watching from the stands, but I put all my pride aside and cheered my team on."
Odunsi was Travis' biggest fan Monday night, and for this reason, he's looked at as a leader on that team. He knew what happened last Tuesday was wrong, and he was willing to accept the consequences. The senior guard also was big enough to sit in the stands and watch his team, knowing that there were fans who were watching him -- particularly when Travis (30-5) trailed, 29-19, in the second quarter.
Travis, No. 11 in the state, never gave up and battled back in the fourth quarter. Reggie Davis took over the game and filled in the scoring void, scoring nine of his game-high 20 points in the final four minutes of the fourth quarter. Without Odunsi and the Harrisons in the lineup, Travis was missing more than half of the team's scoring production.
"It was very tough for me," Odunsi said, referring to sitting on the sidelines. "My team and I are very close. Every time something happened, my teammates were looking up at me. I just kept saying, 'Y'all will be fine,' and they were."
Odunsi and the Harrisons -- who were not in attendance Monday -- now will await pending decisions from head coach Craig Brownson, Travis High School higher-ups and other district officials to determine if they will be eligible for the team's area-round game later this week. Odunsi said that even after the incident, he has no disdain for the Harrisons and hopes they all get a chance to play together again.
"We're family," Odunsi said. "We get into altercations, but that's what makes us strong. I have nothing against them."
Odunsi continued: "I just want to apologize to anyone who heard or saw my childish behavior. I am human, and we make mistakes. I'm glad I'm getting to learn from it while I'm young."


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British Airways launch stresses service
British Airways' OpenSkies focuses on improving customers' flight experiences
British Airways is focusing on the customer experience with the June 19 launch of its OpenSkies subsidiary. The carrier, which offers flights from New York to Paris, is seeking to treat each of its flyers to a luxury experience and allow British Airways to take advantage of a US-EU Open Skies treaty that liberalizes the cross-Atlantic flight market.
"The idea started 15 or 16 months ago in a British Airways board meeting. It needed to come up with something that was new and innovative that would take advantage of the Open Skies treaty," explained Ron DiLeo, SVP and head of marketing for OpenSkies. "We wanted to do something that would take the best of British Airways and use the leverage British Airways had in a new environment, but we also wanted something different from British Airways. British Airways is looking to grow a whole new market segment."
By the end of 2009, OpenSkies plans to operate six aircraft on non-stop flights from Europe to New York.
British Airways' Executive Club loyalty program will be extended to OpenSkies fliers. OpenSkies passengers are being offered membership to the Executive Club, which allows users collect points for flying, using a British Airways credit card, staying in selected hotels, renting a car from partner businesses or shopping with British Airways retail partners. Points can be earned and used interchangeably between British Airways and OpenSkies. The airline is reaching out to existing Executive Club members as a key demographic in its direct marketing efforts.
To build up its own customer database, OpenSkies is tracking requests to its concierge service, which is offered to all three cabin classes, branded Biz, Prem+, and Economy. The concierge assists in finding hotels, transportation, tours and event tickets, and this information will be used to customize future incentives to travel.
Key markets for OpenSkies include small and midsize enterprises, due in part to the carrier's three-tier pricing structure for its cabin classes. Destinations will also play a role in determining passenger types. OpenSkies operates in Paris and New York with plans to expand to Milan, Amsterdam and Brussels — DiLeo expects a number of business fliers from the fashion, beauty, culinary and financial services industries.
In addition to the existing Executive Club fliers, the airline is reaching out to select travel blogs with its own closed user groups offering special deals for those communities. OpenSkies is also targeting the subscribers of gourmet magazines and other high-end leisure lists.
OpenSkies signed Taxi New York as its creative agency in April of this year. The agency is responsible for all creative and branding, as well as the launch campaign.
"On the creative side, we chose not to use the guerilla antics that are popular with launches because we wanted to be tasteful and were more interested in doing things right and in a timely manner," DiLeo said. "We did some fun things in Paris, [such as wrapping] a couple hundred taxis with ads for the launch."
Web Liquid was tapped for digital marketing in May. Plans for Web Liquid, which is working in conjunction with Taxi, include social media and online videos at www.flyopenskies.com.
"Our selection process for hiring a digital and creative agency included a number of different providers, including British Airways' agency [BBH]," DiLeo added. "What we saw from Web Liquid and Taxi was that they completely understood that we were trying to do something different from what our parent lineage had done in the past."


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Thanks for helping us sort this video!
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Помогите нам: эти порнозвезды присутствуют в этом видео?
Pornstar Name:
sounds like she is fucking darth vader
Very sexy mature woman. Anyone know her name?
wie schlecht ist das denn bitte? :D
when I was in college and dating this girl who was a senior in high school, I met her mom and thought she was an older sister. She use to greet me the same way, with those nice hugs, etc. One night after I got into town, I went over to my gf's house, but she was still working at the store and mom "entertained" me for several hours before daughter got home.... mom was definitely the better fuck
They always are - more experience! ;)
When I got together with my friends Mom I couldn't get over how tight see was and could she ride a dick.She wasn't the greatest cocksucker but she sure loved to fuck,I got so horny staring at her little asshole while fucking her doggy I just had to try her hard little ass,she told me to go slow as I eased my dick in her bunghole and she loved that to as she rode my dick with her ass until I exploded inside her as I watched my semen run outta her ass and down her legs
You have a beautiful sexy body and a desirable pussy that I would like to pleasure to the point we explode together. My cock would feel great as it feels the pleasure of your climax.
gorgeous woman with a hot body...so y does his cock go limp part way thru?? lol
Die würd ich auch gern mal ficken
I love MILFs for their tits and experience - and this MILF is no exception. She is so fucking hot. Who is she? I would love her to suck my (now very hard) cock and then present her adorable pussy for me to enter. MILFs forever !!
voll der erotische augenblick, als sie seinen schwanz in ihre muschi schiebt
Seen the lady as a brown hair in other videos i believe
After the 10 minute foreplay the next scene could have been where SHE put HIS cock INTO her PUSSY. It did not happen
Just like payal
Take off ur socks dude....
Is it me or does she look like Helen Mirren? They have very similar faces and bodies.
When I was in college, I went home with my roommate who wanted me to meet some of his friends. His mom was really quite nice, single, seemed kinda quiet and shy. My friend wanted to go see some of his friends, and I told him to go ahead, that I was tired and wanted to take a shower. He left, and after I had been in the shower for about 5 minutes, his mom opened the shower door and asked if she could join me. She was naked and had a damn fine body. I said yes and we fucked in the shower, then went to her room and fucked. We cleaned up some and we were sitting in the kitchen chatting when my roommate got back. He told me I had missed a good time, but I really hadn't.
Well she does have a nice set of tits!
I would gladly let her be my cougar. She is hot and fuckable!
She was ready to fuck at 9:43 because he ate pussy during the 69 scene. SHE did not put the cock into her pussy, though.
She is perfect.
Definately a yummy mummy
best milf ever
love the hairy muff
I have fucked during three years with a similar woman.She was very hot,but she was bad.She was happy with my modus to fuck her.During a holiday we did a porn and sexual hot video and I fucked a lot his hot pussy.She was a real bitch thirsty of sex
Wenn die Fo**e zu eng ist, sollte man keine Pornos drehen!
she puts the condom on him then takes it off, doesn't make sense. she is still super fukin hot. I had a woman ilke that i really appreciated and loved. husband almost killed me lol
lov this position
so ein lappen ey
she is hot and he a lucky guy.
She's so hot I wanna put my penis in her vagina
very nice how much?
what a great tits, I also like her hairy pussy
i want sex with you
who want to sex with me
she has amazing boobs and fantastic body . kadinin memesi ve vucudu cok guzel .
This MILF has a spectacular body!!!!
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text:
This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.
ABC News/Stanford University/Time Magazine Environment Poll #1, March 2006 (ICPSR 4658)
Principal Investigator(s): ABC News; Stanford University; Time Magazine
This special topic poll, conducted March 9-14, 2006, is part of a continuing series of monthly polls that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. The focus of this data collection was on environmental issues. Respondents rated the condition of the natural environment, and identified the most important environmental problem facing the world. Those polled were asked whether they approved of how President George W. Bush, the United States Congress, and American businesses were handling issues involving the natural environment, how much President Bush's policies, American businesses, and the American public did to help or harm the environment in the past year, and how much respondents wanted them to help the natural environment in the next year. Several questions asked how important the issue of global warming was to respondents, how much they knew about it, how serious a problem it was, and how much could be done to prevent future global warming and reduce its effects. Additional topics addressed changing local and worldwide weather patterns, scientists' assessments of the environment and global warming, whether the federal government should require companies and individuals to take measures to reduce global warming, and what type of vehicle respondents drove. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, education level, religious preference, household income, political party affiliation, political philosophy, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), whether respondents had any children or grandchildren, and whether they considered themselves born-again or evangelical Christians.
Access Notes
Data in this collection are available only to users at ICPSR member institutions. Please log in so we can determine if you are with a member institution and have access to these data files.
ASCII + SAS Setup SPSS Setup Stata Setup
Study Description
ABC News/Stanford University/Time Magazine. ABC NEWS/STANFORD UNIVERSITY/TIME MAGAZINE ENVIRONMENT POLL #1, MARCH 2006. ICPSR04658-v1. Horsham, PA: Taylor Nelson Sofres Intersearch [producer], 2006. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2007-06-29. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04658.v1
Persistent URL: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04658.v1
Export Citation:
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Scope of Study
Subject Terms: Bush, George W., climate change, environmental attitudes, environmental impact, environmental laws, environmental policy, federal government, global warming, natural environment, pollution, public opinion, United States Congress
Geographic Coverage: United States
- 2006-03
- 2006-03-09--2006-03-14
Unit of Observation: individual
Universe: Persons aged 18 and over living in households with telephones in the contiguous 48 United States.
(1) The data available for download are not weighted and users will need to weight the data prior to analysis. (2) Original reports using these data may be found via the ABC News Web site. (3) System-missing values were recoded to -1. (4) The FIPS and ZIP variables were recoded for confidentiality. (5) According to the data collection instrument, code 3 in the variable Q909 also included respondents who answered that they had attended a technical school. (6) Several codes in the variable CBSA contain diacritical marks. (7) Value labels for unknown/missing codes were added in the MSA, METRODIV, CSA, and CBSA variables. (8) The CASEID variable was created for use with online analysis.
Sample: Households were selected by random-digit dialing. Within households, the respondent selected was the adult living in the household who last had a birthday and who was home at the time of the interview.
Weight: The data contain a weight variable (WEIGHT) that should be used in analyzing the data. The data were weighted using demographic information from the Census to adjust for sampling and nonsampling deviations from population values. Respondents customarily were classified into one of 48 cells based on age, race, sex, and education. Weights were assigned so the proportion in each of these 48 cells matched the actual population proportion according to the Census Bureau's most recent Current Population Survey.
Mode of Data Collection: telephone interview
Extent of Processing: ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:
- Created online analysis version with question text.
Original ICPSR Release: 2007-06-29
Related Publications
Export Options: RIS/EndNote
Instructional Resources
Instructional guides that utilize this dataset are available:
Attitudes about Global Warming in the United States: A Data-Driven Learning Guide - Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
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