text:
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by Meir Eidelbaum - Tel Aviv
Translated by Jerrold Landau
The Jewish community of Mezritsh (as its name appears in documents and literature until the modern era) was not one of the earliest Jewish settlements of Poland and Lithuania. Many settlements preceded it. The exact date of its founding is difficult to determine, but we can estimate the date from what is known to us.
We have two sources available to us. One explicitly mentions Jews. The second makes no specific reference to Jews. Reb Yakov Szapira[1], a native of our town, writes in his correspondence with Professor Simon Dubnow (source: Dubnow Archives, YIVO, New York), that a Christian official in Mezritsh, having researched the town's history, told him [Szapira] that King Jagiello[2] gave the villages of Stolpno-Mezritsh to the Jew Avraham Hartz (perhaps Hertz or Hirtz M. E.) to establish a city for Jews. According to the official, 400 years had elapsed since this gift had taken place. The official also noted that he had written and printed documents confirming the gift. Szapira advises in his letter to Dubnow that he is attempting to obtain these documents.
If we accept the premise of the Szapira-Dubnow correspondence, and include the years elapsed between the writing of that letter (the date was 3 Tevet 5655 1895) until the Nazi destruction overtook the community, Jewish settlement of Mezritsh would have begun in 1495 and existed for 428 years. Using these calculations, King Jagiello would have died 52 years before the gift of the towns was said to have occurred. Obviously this would not have been possible because the king would no longer have been alive when he purportedly made the gift to establish a city for the Jews. This contradiction can be resolved if we concede that the Christian official had not been precise about the number of years in his correspondence with Szapira; all he meant to convey was that Mezritsh was a very old town built by Jews.
The second source seems more reliable. In the geographical atlas Stara-Zaszitna Polska, it is written that King Jagiello gave the villages of Stolpno and Mezrtish to Avraham Chamiec in 1390. In comparing the two sources, we find both corroboration and contradiction. The sources corroborate each other in that they both refer to the same king and the same villages. Both sources also mention a man named Avraham. Contradictions lie in the surname - the first source refers to a man named Hartz while in the second source, it is Chamiec. Chamiec is not a Jewish surname, but was common amongst Polish people. The name Avraham is not exclusively Jewish. It is known that Christians also used
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Biblical names, though much more rarely. Having said this, it still seems that the Avraham mentioned in both sources was likely a Jew, because very few Catholics used Biblical names. With regard to the surname Chamiec, which is without doubt Polish, we can surmise that this is a corruption of a Jewish name. For example, Ben-Chaim, which would be translated as Chaim's in Yiddish, could be corrupted to Chamiec. (Or perhaps, the name Chamiec arose for entirely different reasons.) In any event, we can conclude that the Jewish community was founded in 1390, or in any case no later than the beginning of the 1400s. Jews lived in Mezritsh for approximately 587 years.
In the entry for Stolpno-Mezritsh, the editors of the aforementioned geographical atlas made no mention of Jews. This is not surprising. It is known that the Poles refused to regard the Jewish residents as citizens, certainly not as equal citizens. It was only after the First World War that Poland was forced to sign a treaty granting Jews equal rights and the right to develop their own cultural, religious and national life. A Pole, even a historian who should be guided by historical truth, would not be so audacious as to state that Mezritsh was founded as a Jewish city and built up by Jews.
Both sources mention the two towns [Stolpno and Mezritsh] in one breath. However, Jewish settlement, from the town's beginnings until almost the middle of the 19th century, was only in Mezritsh. There was no Jewish settlement in Stolpno, not even in our day. The reason is not known, but it is possible to surmise that the owners of these villages were not interested in living in a city of Jews, and preferred that their private estates and palaces be isolated. Since Stolpno borders on the large palace garden, that village remained within the bounds of the area that was not favored for Jewish settlement[3].
The first Jews of Mezritsh began to build their city on the northern side of the Krzna River, from east to west. The river formed the southern border. The village owners lived on the other side of the river. Stolpno was also across the river. One explanation for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Mezritsh rather than Stolpno might be that the spread of the Jewish settlement from north to south was blocked by the river. Though this was certainly the case, the river could not have been the obstacle, because there were already Jewish towns and settlements on the southern side of the river, and there was no obvious reason for Jewish settlement not to have begun in Stolpno and spread northward. With the passage of time, the Jews began to drain the banks of the Krzna River and to build structures. The old cemetery formed the northern boundary of the newer part of town, with the old settlement directly behind it. The old Yiddish name of the street was Di Tzebrochene Gasse, The Broken Street. Its Polish name is Staromiejska, which means Old City. From there the settlement spread southward, eastward and westward. As has been noted, it only spread to the other side of the river when the river banks were drained and bridges were built.
Where Did the Residents Come From?
There is no doubt that the first settlers of Mezritsh were Jews from Western countries such as Germany. They did not come only to Mezritsh. During that period, Jews from the west streamed eastward to Poland as they fled their oppressors and killers. Poland was the only country that opened its gates to the Jewish refugees.
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Most of the communities of Poland and Lithuania were established during that era. The prayer rite in Mezritsh, especially in the synagogue, points to a definitive influence from Frankfurt [Germany][4] and its surroundings. However, there is no doubt that Jews from the region also came to settle in this new place based on the privileges which the landlords granted to the settlers who hoped that this would, in turn, lead to the improvement of their own estates. Similar agreements were in place for refugees in other villages. The development of Mezritsh followed the custom for many new communities in that it was not established all at once. Even a few public services required expenditures. A small community certainly could not, at least in the first years, maintain a rabbi, a shochet [ritual slaughterer], Beis Midrash, etc. We can surmise that the settlers depended on the assistance of well-established communities in the region to provide a schoolteacher, a shochet, a rabbi, etc. This support would certainly have come from the largest city of the region, Brisk[4], which was even in those days, one of the most important communities in the entire Kingdom of Lithuania, of which Mezritsh was a part.
With the establishment of the Central Council for the Jews of Poland, which centralized all Jewish activity, each community became an independent jurisdiction. The leaders of each community concerned themselves with matters pertaining to the needs of their own residents, including internal affairs, as well as relations with government and local landowners. With respect to government relations, the community leaders were first and foremost obligated to collect the royal poll tax, which was paid to the royal treasury and was imposed on every individual and every head of a Jewish community. The Jews of Mezritsh paid this tax, of course. As long as the Jewish population and the number of communities remained small, the government had no difficulty collecting its taxes. Representatives of the king would travel through the communities and collect the tax. As the years passed, and the Jewish population and the number of communities grew, Jewish leaders found themselves in a new situation. The communities were no longer able to resolve the wide array of internal or external problems that arose. With regard to internal affairs, each community operated independently. No single organization supervised or oversaw matters of religion, worship, custom, education or relations with other communities. Though the leaders of the larger communities would meet from time to time to deal with common matters, these meetings did not have any legal basis, and therefore did not have the authority to represent the Jewish public.
At that time, the government also came to the conclusion that their old protocol regarding the collection of taxes from the Jews was not working. The collectors did not encounter obstacles as long as the Jewish population was small and the communities were few. But as the population grew, and number of communities increased, collectors were no longer collecting taxes effectively. King Zygmunt August the Old[5] tried a new system: leasing out the collection of Jewish taxes to Jews, primarily rich Jews and bankers. This did not work out because for various reasons the Jews did not cooperate with the collectors. Then the authorities came up with the idea of granting autonomy to the Jews of Poland and Lithuania. In the year 1551 (or 1581 according to others), Zygmunt II August granted the Magna Carta of autonomous government to the Jews. The heads of the communities and important rabbis convened and established a Central Committee that would concern itself with organizing Jewish life in all of Poland and Lithuania, and would serve as the representatives of Jewry to the governments in those two countries. The Central Committee included the Jews of Lithuania and the four lands of Poland Greater Poland,
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Lesser Poland, Wolhyn, and Red Russia. Mezritsh was in Lithuania. Each land was divided into districts. Each district had a central community, upon which the smaller communities were dependent. Mezritsh belonged to the district of Brisk, which at that time was the largest community in Lithuania.
Mezritsh the Struggle for Independence
Relations between Mezritsh and Brisk were orderly. We did not find opinions indicating otherwise. However, when administrative changes took place in the Central Committee, Mezritsh began a struggle for independence from the district to which it belonged.
In 1623, Lithuania's Jews seceded from the Central Council and established its own Central Council. The disagreement that caused the secession of Lithuanian Jewry from the Central Council was due to a political dispute between the governments of Poland and Lithuania. In 1570, the final, definitive union between Poland and Lithuania was formed. Prior to that time, the countries were independent but shared a common king. In 1570 the two countries united into one. This unification became known as Unia Lubelska. Based on the Unia, Lithuania transferred Podliasza to Polish rule. In the wake of the Unia, the Central Council decided to remove Podliasza from Brisk's governance and to establish a new district the district of Podliasza with the town of Tyktin[4] as the district's center. Brisk opposed this decision and quit the Council. Mezritsh also revolted and refused to join the new region. Mezritsh refused to dissolve its relationship with Brisk, despite the decision of the Council. Though Brisk no longer belonged to the Central Council, Mezritsh continued to maintain its administrative connection to Brisk until the year 5436 (1675). In Pinkas Medinat Lita [Proceedings of the Jewish Council of Lithuania][6], published by Professor Simon Dubnow, Mezritsh is last mentioned in the year 5436 [1675], indicating that the town's rebellion continued for 52 years. Mezritsh was apparently forced by the Council of the Four Lands to accept the authority of Tyktin in 1675. Mezritsh refused and began a struggle for independence. The disagreement between Mezritsh and Tyktin was judged before Central Council's Beit Din ha-Gadol [Supreme Court]. At first, the council found in favor of Tyktin, but in the year 5441 [1681], the Beit Din recognized the validity of Mezritsh's claims for independence. Like other large communities such as Krakow, Lublin and others, Mezritsh gained the right to become an independent community and to send delegates directly to the Central Committee, no longer requiring the intermediation of the district. From that time onward, the delegates from Mezritsh were recognized as leaders of Polish Jewry, on a par with all the other members of the Central Committee, rather than as the representatives of a small community. Who were the delegates of Mezritsh to the Council of the Four Lands? We found only one name. The old ledgers were lost (the last ledger was lost during the Holocaust). We found his name in the final ledger of the Chevra Kadisha [Burial Society]: The Torah scholar and head, Rabbi Elia Kac, the father-in-law of the rabbi of the holy community of Frankfurt am Main[4], died in Nisan 5475 (1714).
Reb Elia Kac was not a Mezritsh native. His roots were in Germany. His father was the famous rabbi of Furth[4], Rabbi Shmuel, author of the classic book Beit Shmuel, which is a commentary on the Even Haezer section of the Shulchan Aruch [Code of Jewish Laws][7]. This is a fundamental book on Hebrew jurisprudence. Rabbi Shmuel
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married a woman from Mezritsh. We do not know the name of Rabbi Shmuel's father-in-law or mother-in-law [who were from Mezritsh]. We do know that [Reb Kac] was the father-in-law of the famous Rabbi Avraham Abosh, who was born and raised in Mezritsh, and later left for Frankfurt am Main to become the rabbi of that community. There he was known as Reb Aboshl Frankfurter. Rabbi Elia Kac was the parnas [community leader] of the Council of the Four Lands. He was, evidently, one of the great leaders of the community.
The Expulsion from Mezritsh and Disturbances
The latter half of the 15th century was full of disasters for Jews. The clergy and various anti-Semites worked tirelessly to convince the rulers to expel the Jews from Poland and Lithuania. The Jews were expelled from Bavaria, Wurtzburg, and Magdeburg[4]. This terrible time culminated in the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal two years later[8]. The Polish clergy and noblemen who wished to rid themselves of the Jews were happy to learn of these disasters, and they redoubled their efforts to expel the Jews. King Jan Kazimierz who had engaged in wars against the Tatars and the Muscovites, died. He left behind many debts to the Jews, as he had borrowed money from them to finance the battles against his enemies. His two sons Aleksander, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and [Jan I] Olbracht, of Krakow, inherited their father's debts. Aleksander, who was influenced by the clergy, gave in to them in 1495 and expelled the Jews, freeing himself from the Jews and the debts. His brother [Jan I] Olbracht, on the other hand, stood up to the pressure of the clergy and anti-Semites. Aleksander died in the interim, and [Jan I] Olbracht was crowned as the King of Poland and Lithuania[9]. Not only did he not listen to the advice of the instigators, but he also permitted the Jews of Lithuania to return to their estates. He did, however, impose a special tax on them called powrotni[10], which was a returnee tax, as well as a financial obligation to support 1,000 riders during the wartime. The Jewish returnees, who were poor for the most part, had to redeem their property and belongings from the people who had taken possession of it. The Jews of Mezritsh also had to restore their lives from the ruin that had befallen them.
The glorious era of Polish Jewry, which began with the autonomous rule in the latter half of the 16th century, did not last long. In the years 1648-1649, the [Ukrainian] Cossack leader Bogdan Chmiel (Chmielnicki) led a successful rebellion against the Kingdom of Poland, and unleashed a surge of wrath and anger against the Jews. More than 200 communities were destroyed and at least 150,000 Jewish men, women and children were killed. Thousands were sold as slaves, and Jewish women were raped. Jewish property was pillaged. Rabbi Natan Noteh Hanover writes about these events in his book Yaven Metzula [11]. He writes, and from there they went to the country called Podliszi and from there they walked along the border for eight days, for there were no Jews there. Then they went to the border of Briszkfa and came to the large holy community of Mezritsh. There, there were 300 householders, and almost all were murdered. Chmiel and the Muscovites perpetrated this entire destruction.
The book Teet Hayaven cannot be compared to Reb Natan Noteh Hanover's Yaven Metzula, because Rabbi Natan Hanover was still alive and took up the wandering stick himself to escape from Chmiel. Historians nevertheless acknowledge the great importance of Teet Hayaven, whose author, Reb Shmuel Feibisz wrote down what he had heard from the refugees. Perhaps the numbers he cites are not accurate,
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perhaps names were switched, but there is no doubt that our Mezritsh is in Podliasza and is close to Briszkfa, known today as Brisk[4]. There is also no doubt that the community of Mezritsh was subject to pillage and murder by Chmiel and his Cossacks, because Yaven Metzula also tells about the slaughter that Chmiel perpetrated in Brisk, Wlodowa and Lukow, towns that surround Mezritsh. Direct testimony to this is found in the Memoirs of Ber of Bolechow. He [Ber of Bolechow] reports that when Chmiel approached Mezritsh, his grandfather and family escaped from there. These years are known in the Jewish calendar as the years of Tach veTat[12]. The Tisha BeAv dirges also mention the decrees of Tach veTat. The rebellion against Poland ended with a peace treaty, but within a year Chmiel and his confederates, the Muscovites, returned to warfare, and yet again killed, murdered, raped and pillaged. The situation improved with the election of Jan Sobieski as the king of Poland [in 1674]. Sobieski was a faithful friend of the Jews, and did everything he could to protect them. This protector and defender died in 1695[13], and misfortune befell the Jews once again. August of Saxony was appointed King in his stead. Certain Polish noblemen preferred another contender for the crown, Stanislaw Leszczyñski. A bloody battle broke out between the supporters of the two candidates for the crown. The noblemen sought assistance from the outside. The Swedes came to the aid of Leszczyñski, and Moscow came to the aid of August. Both Sweden and Russia invaded Poland and the Jews were the first to suffer. Both sides pillaged and murdered Jews. More than 350,000 Jews were lost during these wars. Polish Jewry, wealthy and splendid, was turned into a community of beggars who appealed for donations to sustain themselves and their families. The Jews of Mezritsh were also made to drink from the poison cup.
Poland broke apart. Despite this, the Poles continued persecuting the Jews to the point of annihilation. The final blow came in the year 5522 (1762), when the Polish government annulled the Jewish autonomy. Only local communities managed to remain independent, because Polish rulers were unable to collect taxes from the Jewish population without the involvement of Jewish leadership. Polish Jewry became a community without any rights.
In the years 1772-1793, Poland was divided up among Austria, Prussia and Russia. Mezritsh fell under Austrian control. In 1793, a revolt broke out in Poland headed by [Tadeusz] Kosciuszko. The community of Mezritsh sent a message to his provisional government via a delegation, promising to do everything in support of the revolt, even to sacrifice their lives for the homeland. In spite of this, the revolutionaries pillaged Jewish Mezritsh. They also plundered the entire supply - 8,000 liters - of copper filling that was stored in a well-known factory of copper boilers and implements in Mezritsh. The factory's owners were robbed of their property and never re-opened their factory. Jews continued to manufacture copper utensils until the middle of the 20th century.
With the passage of the decade, Napoleon's star began to rise. After his victory in Vienna (1809), the Duchy of Poland was established, and Mezritsh returned to the jurisdiction of independent Poland. However, the downfall of Napoleon there quickly led to the end of Polish independence. The Congress of Vienna (1815-1824) officially annexed the Duchy to Russia[14]. Czar Aleksander of Russia was also made the King of Poland, and his representative acted in his name. Poland was granted autonomy. A new revolt broke out in 1830. Mezritsh again promised its full support [to the revolutionaries]. The revolt was once again put down. In 1863
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the Poles revolted for the third time. In their memoirs, the revolutionary leaders mention Mezritsh with accolades. One states that the Jews of Mezritsh gathered in the synagogue and swore their allegiance to the leader who spoke at that gathering. This final revolt was also suppressed, and from that time onward, Russia ruled Poland undisturbed.
Blood Libels
Blood libels against Jews were commonplace throughout Poland. The Jews of Mezritsh experienced their own confrontations over blood libels. The first one was in the year 5351 [1596]. In the village of Szwiniarowa[15], the Jewish tavern keeper and his family were accused of murdering a Christian child to use his blood for religious services. At first, the investigation proved that the Jews were innocent of wrongdoing. Nevertheless, the clergy and others did not give up. Through the clergy's influence, the matter was brought before the court in Lublin. The witness, who was the maid of the tavern keeper, retracted her testimony under pressure from the priest. She admitted that the child had been murdered, that the blood had been removed from his body, and that she had personally removed the corpse from the house. Furthermore, she stated that her friends, who served in other Jewish households in Mezritsh, had also assisted their masters in the murder of Christian children for use in Jewish religious practice. The Jews of the village were brutally murdered. We do not know what effect this incident of blood libel had on the lives of the Jews of Mezritsh. Perhaps one clue can be found in a legend that went through Mezritsh. According to the legend, Reb Izak offered his life to protect the Jews of Mezritsh from the threat of execution by admitting that he had carried out the murderous deed. Before being put to death, Reb Izak is said to have made his children swear that neither they nor their descendants would ever walk upon the street where he was taken to be killed.
In 1815, three leaders of the community were threatened by blood libel after the death of a child. A neighbor, a priest and the physician who had examined the corpse did not find any signs of murder. A corrupt thief named Waluly, angry at these three men who had brought about his imprisonment on the eve of the great market day, informed the investigator that the accused men had falsely had him imprisoned to silence him because he had witnessed the child's murder. Eleven people, including four women, were sentenced to imprisonment, and suffered for 20 months before they were exonerated. Three of the accused died while in prison.
Reb Yakov Szapira, a native of our city, wrote about these libels. Professor [Simon] Dubnow published it in his journal of Jewish historical research Juriskaya Starina. In his account, Reb Szapira added that Waluly was murdered in the fortress of Zamosc where he had been sentenced to hard labor for his act of murder.
Jews of Mezritsh Advise the Autonomous Government
When the Councils were abolished in 1764, the government allowed the local community to retain its status as an autonomous entity. This was done, as has been said, so as to ensure the government's ability to collect the head tax and all other taxes.
The community retained its autonomous status when Poland lost its independence.
In 1815, when the Congress of Vienna granted home rule to Poland,
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the Jewish problem rose to the fore once again. The government appointed a Jewish Council in order to obtain advice on Jewish matters. The Council was also charged with developing a plan to solve the problem.
The following important Jews of Poland were appointed to this Council: Rabbi Shlomo Eger the son of Rabbi Akiva Eger the renowned rabbi of Pozno[4]. He was a son-in-law of the wealthy Natanson family. He later filled his father's position in Poznan; Michael Etynger and Izak Janosz, representatives of the assimilationists; Reb Shlomo Pozner, a well-known manufacturer, scholar, and even-tempered intellectual; Reb Avraham Sztern, a great Torah scholar and famous mathematician, who was also an intellectual. He was the son-in-law of Ch. Slonimski; the Tzaddikim[16] Rabbi Yisrael of Koznitz and Rabbi Simcha-Bunim of Pshicha as representatives of the Hassidim[17]; Reb Chaim Halbersztadt; Avraham Blumental of Dzialoshitz; A. Mejzel who owned an estate in the region of Krakoy; Reb Yakov Minc of Ostrova; Rabbi Shlomo Ashkenazy, the rabbi of Lublin, and a zealous opponent of Hassidism; Chaim Rozen of Mezritsh, and others.
We were not able to obtain information about Chaim Rozen, a native of our city, because we did not receive any material from Poland. However the fact that Chaim Rozen was appointed to the council testifies not only to Rozen's personal status, but alto the economic standing of Mezritsh. Rozen must have been an important person in the community and a very wealthy man. No good came from the autonomy that was granted to the communities. The communities did not have actual authority. All decisions required the review of higher echelons of government. They were allowed only to appoint rabbis according to quotas set by the governments. There were some communities with larger quotas, and other communities which were permitted only one rabbi. Mezritsh was allotted one rabbi and two assistants, who were known as dayanim [judges] and morei-tzedek [teachers of righteousness]. The community's sources of income were diverse. A communal tax was recognized in Poland, and collected by the local community authority. The community also received a share of the income from shechita [ritual slaughter] as well as from the sale religious objects [such as mezuzot, tefillin, tallitot, etc ed.]. The community paid the salary of the rabbis and helped fund the Talmud Torah [primary school for boys of modest means]. This was the state of affairs in Mezritsh.
Sources of Livelihood of the Jews of Mezritsh
From its inception, the community of Mezritsh was based on commerce. Some of the Jews earned their livelihood from trades, particularly trades that were needed by fellow Jews, such as tailoring. Due to the halachic ban on shatnez[18], there was a need for Jewish tailors to ensure that clothes would not contain this forbidden fabric. There were, of course, other tradesmen such as shoemakers, tzitzit [ritual fringes] tiers, bakers, butchers, shochtim [ritual slaughterers], schoolteachers, and others. There is evidence that the Jews of Mezritsh maintained commercial contacts with Germany. Mezritshers would travel to the fairs in Germany, taking with them wax, olives, mushrooms, fibers, and other such products. They would return with textile and silk products that were not available in Poland, and then sell the imported merchandise at the local fairs. Until 1775, three annual fairs took place in Mezritsh. These fairs took place at specific times and seasons. In 1775, Prince Czartoryski, the owner of the city, received a permit from King Poniatowski to establish a fourth fair for eight consecutive days. These fairs attracted visitors from near and far who came to buy and sell their wares. Mezritsh was
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a primary supplier of textile products. Businessmen came from Lomza[4] and the surrounding area to purchase textiles in Mezritsh.
Many changes took place when Poland was annexed to Russia [1815]. The guilds and professional unions, which had always been under Polish leadership, and had restricted Jewish labor, were abolished. Jews had not been accepted into the professional unions, so they could not legally work in many professions and trades. For their own reasons, the Russians abolished these unions. This resulted in an increase in the number of Jewish tradesmen. The Poles lost their advantage, and Jewish merchants were able to conduct business undisturbed, at least in cities in which allowed them to live without restrictions. The large Russian marketplace was thus opened to the Jews of Poland. Jewish merchants owning large companies were able to conduct business in Russia without limitation.
Bristle manufacturing seems to have developed in Mezritsh in the latter half, but perhaps as early as the first half, of the 19th century. According to a legend of the Bromberg family, Moshe Michel Bromberg employed 300 workers in his workshop, which was already in existence in the middle of the 19th century.
As has been stated, this is only legend, and we do not have actual facts to support it. It is possible that the numbers are exaggerated. It does indicate that Moshe Michel had a large combing machine. His combing machine was not the only one in town, which means that manufacturing on a large scale was already present. It must have taken some time for manufacturing to take root and flourish. From this evidence we can surmise that bristle manufacturing must have developed at the end of the first half of the 19th century.
Mezritsh was not the only place that was engaged in bristle combing. There were several centers in Russia and Poland, such as Vilna, Minsk, Trestina[4], and others. Mezritsh quickly surpassed these other centers. In 1906, a survey indicated that Mezritsh employed 3,000 workers in bristle manufacturing, half of all the bristle workers in Russia and Poland. That year, Mezritsh sold half a million silver rubles worth of bristles, a large sum in those days. The volume increased from 1906 until the First World War. Only Trestina's workforce could be compared with that of Mezritsh, but its numbers were still significantly smaller.
Even before the establishment of bristle manufacturing, Mezritsh was a leader in the hide tanning industry. Mezritsh became famous for tanning several types of hides, which were sold throughout the country. The production of sheep hides ranked third in importance. The merchants of Mezritsh would travel to the large fairs of Russia to sell their hides. There were other factories in Mezritsh, including a pen factory, and a match factory that employed more than 100 people, mainly women.
Mezritsh was also a center for the trade of wild animal hides. Representatives were sent abroad from Mezritsh. Foreign merchants would send their buyers to Mezritsh to purchase the merchandise from the local businesses. The Jews of Mezritsh made their living mostly from manufacturing and commerce, which were the biggest employers in the town. Even people not employed in manufacturing and commerce directly were influenced by them; a recession in the areas of bristles and hides would influence
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everyone, from baker to shopkeeper, the various tradesmen, and even the teacher. This was the uniqueness of Mezritsh in relation to other cities of Poland and Russia.
Hassidim and Misnagdim[19]
Mezritsh was an exception to the geographical map of Hassidim and Misnagdim. All of the towns in the area were Hassidic, meaning that the majority of the population was Hassidim. Even Brisk, a city of confirmed Misnagdim with a Hassidic minority, had more Hassidim than Mezritsh in the last few decades. By our estimates, in the last few decades [before WWII] Hassidim formed less than a quarter of the population. Despite the town's orientation, Hassidism took root in the town from the time of its inception, and Hassidic Mezritshers included well-pedigreed families. Leaders of the Hassidic movement would often visit Mezritsh. For example, Rabbi Levi Yitzhak often came to Mezritsh when he served as the rabbi of neighboring towns, and a Hassidic community formed around him in Mezritsh. Rabbi Asher the Great, the son of Rabbi Aharon the Great of Karlin, also visited Mezritsh as did the Holy Jew[20] and his student Peretz. Rabbi Shlomo Leib of Lenchna came often to Mezritsh, as did the well-known Admorim[21] such as Rabbi Yitzhak Meir later of Gur, Rabbi Mordechai Yosef of Izbitza, Rabbi Mendele of Kotzk, Rabbi Yehoshua of Ostrova and others[4]. There was also a Hassidic Rabbi in Mezritsh, the well-known, sharp-witted Rabbi Yechiel Michel Heilprin of Kozmir. He served in the rabbinate in Mezritsh from the year 5545 to 5566 (1785 to 1806), and was of the second and third generation after the Besht[22]. It is interesting that this rabbi had several opponents from among the Misnadgim. They were not comfortable with him because of his relationship with the masses, and his use of segulot[23] for sick people and others. Due to these activities, the leaders of the community did not want to renew his contract, but the masses prevailed and forced its renewal for an additional ten years. Rabbi Yakov David Biderman, a native of Mezritsh from a very well-pedigreed family, served as the head of the rabbinical court of Mezritsh. Generally the Misnagdim and Hassidim of Mezritsh enjoyed good relations. Disagreements broke out occasionally, but the two sides would quickly reach a compromise. Both sides labored to prevent disagreements from turning into the types of disputes that would seep out of Mezritsh and erupt in other towns. It was actually when disputes seemed to settle down in other places that they would explode in Mezritsh, sometimes almost coming to bloodshed. Justification for these arguments could not be attributed to ideological differences because Mezritsh would not have always remained on the sidelines during the disputes between Misnagdim and Hassidim in the wider Jewish community. One example of the sudden hostility between Hassidim and Misnagdim in Mezritsh occurred in 1859 when it was revealed that the Hassidim would recite Hodu before Baruch Sheamar, say Kedushat Keter rather than Naaritzach, walk around and not stand during the times of prayers, and smoke in the Beis Midrash[24]. Disputes, of course, would not break out without instigators. There were always stubborn Misnagdim in Mezritsh, but as long as the rabbi of the city was a calm man, he could imbue others with a spirit of composure and prevent unruly outbursts. During those days, the renowned Gaon Rabbi Yom Tov Rafael Lipman Heilprin, the author of the famous book Oneg Yom Tov served as the rabbi of Mezritsh. He was a zealous Misnaged and supported extremists who encouraged disputes so as to teach the Hassidim a lesson. This dispute ended with the imposition of a ban on Rabbi Mendele of Kotzk [known also as the Kotzker Rebbe] and on the Hassidim. This excommunication took place in a ceremony in the Great Beis Midrash attended by the community and the rabbi. Black candles were burned and the sound of the shofar blasts frightened everyone.
[Page 25]
Rabbi Heilprin imposed a ban of Yehoshua ben Nun[25] on the Hassidim and their rabbi, and forbade their wine. Families members turned on one another, and Misnagdim and Hassidim would no longer marry each other. The ban took place in the year 5619 (1859). The dispute affected Rabbi Heilprin in his role as rabbi of Mezritsh. All of the great rabbis of Poland attempted to make peace between the sides. Rabbi Heilprin was stubborn, however, and he was finally forced to uproot himself from Mezritsh. During the year of the ban, he became the rabbi of Bialystok.
The dispute died down when the rabbi left, but it took a long time for the wounds to heal and for the families of Hassidim and Misnagdim to once again intermarry. Rabbi Heilprin's son, Rabbi Hertz, who later became the rabbi and head of rabbinical court of Bialystok, eventually married a woman from Mezritsh, the daughter of the wealthy scholar Reb David Teitelbaum (David Yocheved's)[26] who wrote the book Dvash Tamar on the Talmud. This incident brought to an end the disputes between Misnagdim and Hassidim in Mezritsh.
Education and Culture
As has been stated, the dispute between the Misnagdim and Hassidim was exceptional and out of character for the community of Mezritsh, where all religious streams lived together in harmony and mutual respect. Mezritsh was not a zealous community, and a liberal attitude prevailed. The main reason for this was, without a doubt, the business connection that existed between the town's Jewish merchants and Jews in wider world. By comparison with the Jews of Mezritsh, the Jews of other towns, with the exception of the largest cities, were very isolated - as though locked in a ghetto. Not only did fresh, new ideas not blow through these towns, but the Jews there did all they could to extinguish every new spark of inspiration. Jewish Mezritshers, on the other hand, returning from the international fair in Leipzig[4] brought with them not just the proceeds of their trades, but also new and desirable objects. They also brought back the Biur [27], which was purchased from Moses Mendelssohn, who sold his books in the Leipzig marketplace. Naftali Hertz Weisel[28] was a well-known name in Mezritsh. Wealthy Mezritshers married into Jewish families of Germany, and the new sons-in-law brought their spiritual inclinations with them. Mezritsh merchants learned new customs and were influenced by the practices and conduct prevalent in other places. Thanks to these connections, the town's youth studied the national language [Polish] as well as German, arithmetic, etc. All of this influenced the residents of the city and was conducive to a tolerant atmosphere.
Of course, at the outset, education was religious only. The purpose of the education imparted by every Jewish community was to raise a generation of devout believers in Torah and commandments who were not boors. It was expected that some of them would reach a level of great expertise in Torah. Prior to this time, it was customary for the rabbi of the city to also serve as the head of the rabbinical court, where he adjudicated court cases related to monetary, religious and personal matters. He was also the head of the Yeshiva, where he taught Torah to the residents of the city. Sometimes, students would come from outside the city to study Torah with the rabbi. Local householders would support these students. If the community had a sufficient economic base, it would maintain a separate Rosh Yeshiva [head of the Yeshiva] who was appointed solely for this role. It seems that by the latter half of the 16th century (and perhaps even before that time we do not have data about these years), Mezritsh maintained a Yeshiva with its own Rosh Yeshiva. This is clear from a responsa
[Page 26]
written by the Maharam (Rabbi Meir) of Lublin[29] to the Desired and beloved one the esteemed prince and head of the Yeshiva, the strong hammer, Rabbi Hirsch, May G-d protect and preserve him. (Responsa of the Maharam of Lublin, response 56). The illustrious responder did not call him Head of the Rabbinical court and Rosh Yeshiva as was usual. From this, we can surmise that Mezritsh maintained a Rosh Yeshiva in addition to a rabbi. As was the custom, students streamed into the Yeshiva from outside the city. This demonstrates that already in those days [late 16th C to early 17th C], Mezritsh was firmly established from an economic perspective and was able to maintain a Yeshiva. This is corroborated by two additional responsa of the Maharam to the aforementioned Rabbi Hirsch (responsa 113 and 115). These responsa indicate that the rabbi had either died in or had gone to serve in a different city, and the Rosh Yeshiva was appointed as the rabbi of the community. In those two responsa, the Maharam also refers to him as the head of the rabbinical court. This is not surprising, for in the year 1575 (5436) there were 425 houses in Mezritsh, the majority of which were certainly Jewish. In those days, a population of that size was considered quite large. We find additional testimony regarding the existence of a Yeshiva in Mezritsh which attracted students from out-of-town. From the biography of Rabbi Yakov Kranc who was known by his popular name, the Maggid of Dubno[4], we know that he studied in Mezritsh during his youth where he developed a reputation, and responded to the community's wishes that he become a Maggid [preacher]. It is said that he married a woman from Mezritsh. During his old age, he once again received the post of Maggid in Mezritsh, where he had first become famous, but he died before moving to Mezritsh for a second time. He died in Zamosc, where he had served as Maggid. His son Rabbi Yitzhak inherited his position in Mezritsh and was married there. In the ledgers of the Chevra Kadisha we find that in the year 5612 (1852), during the days of Rabbi Eliezer Charlap, the Rosh Yeshiva died. His name is not mentioned. Perhaps this was because he was so famous that it was unnecessary to mention his name. In any case, we learn from this record that Mezritsh maintained a Yeshiva that attracted students from outside they city. Years later, there was only a small Yeshiva in Mezritsh. Approximately two years before the outbreak of the First World War, a Yeshiva was founded through the efforts of Reb Baruch Meir Rozenblum. This was a Yeshiva without a dedicated Rosh Yeshiva. The Yeshiva students were scholars. Most came from Brisk and had studied Torah under Rabbi Chaim Soloveitchik of Brisk. The Yeshiva closed when the war broke out. It was re-opened at the beginning of the 1920s by students of Rabbi Yozel (Yosef) of Novohorodok[4]. Customarily the first educational institution in any community was the Talmud Torah, and Mezritsh was no exception. It is not known if it had its own premises, rented its location, or if they studied in the Beis Midrash. A Talmud Torah in its own building would surely have been burnt in the many large fires that broke out in Mezrtish. Fires spread quickly, as the houses were constructed of wood. In the year 5637 (1877), a large, splendid building was erected as a Talmud Torah with money given by the head of the community, Shraga Feivel Dagensztejn. During the 1890s, Reb Shimon Ber Minc was the chairman of the board of this institution. Reb Shimon Ber was a cautious and deliberate scholar, a Zionist, and the owner of the Sh. B. Minc commercial bank. His aim was to turn the Talmud Torah into an exceptional educational institution, so that the wealthy people of the city would not be embarrassed to send their children to study there. To this end, a program of secular studies was instituted. After several years, the quality of education declined, and the Talmud Torah once again reverted to an institution for the poor and destitute. Only between the two world wars did the institution turn into an upper school through the efforts of the city residents Rabbi Yakov Wachtfogel, Rabbi Baruch Meir Rozenblum and others.
[Page 27]
In the survey that was conducted in the year 5648 (1888) regarding the number of workers, tradesmen and the like in Mezritsh, we find 125 melamdim [teachers], 6 of whom taught foreign languages and secular subjects, and 10 morim [teachers] who taught the Hebraic languages, which is Modern Hebrew meaning that they did not teach prayer, chumash etc., but rather Hebrew as a language. It seems to me that this is an accurate accounting of the educational system in Mezritsh.
|The Talmud Torah building
At the beginning of the 20th century, we find modern cheders [traditional religious elementary schools] in Mezritsh. In two of them they used the Hebrew in Hebrew methodology[30]. They stressed Hebrew language and literature. The students spoke Hebrew, and also studied secular subjects. One was coeducational. There were also two girls' schools. In 1912, the well-known educator Mrs. Anuszka Adler opened up a four-year pro-gymnazjum [pre high-school] where they also taught Hebrew.
Aside from these schools, classes for the general population were conducted in all of the Beis Midrashes. Chumash and Rashi, Mishna, Ein Yaakov, Menorat Hamaor and Chayei Adam were taught[31]. Working class people would come to study Torah. Some even attained the status of a talmid chacham [scholar]. They also studied Gemara in Talmud study groups a separate group existed for the scholars.
The great majority of the general population, who no longer studied in the Beis Midrashes as did their forefathers, were not neglected. Members of the intelligentsia, who were for the most part left leaning, organized courses in Yiddish. The girls learned to read and write, and listened to lectures from writers and experts in literature. Among the writers who visited the city and conducted readings of their works were Sholom Aleichem, Y. L. Peretz, H. D. Nomberg, Sholem Asz, Avraham Reisin and others. Ninety years ago [late 1880's ed.], a large library opened in Mezritsh containing books in Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian and German. The library was called ARZ in memory of the well-known writer and editor of Hamelitz[32], Alexander Zederbaum, who died
[Page 28]
a short time before the opening of the library. The library served as a meeting place for Maskilim[33] for many years, until other libraries opened in the city between the two world wars.
The Jews of Mezritsh enjoyed theater. Theater troupes would often come to perform plays which were received with appreciation by the audience. The Kompanyetzes Troupe in particular attracted large audiences to its performances. During one such performance, a ballerina committed suicide by drinking poison. She was buried next to the fence as is the law[34], but with the passage of time, the cemetery spread and her grave came to be located almost in the center. Mezritsh also had its own amateur theater troupe. Its members would appear at times along with professional performers who came to stage productions in the city.
The Jewish firefighters maintained a band. This band was organized by the well-known violinist Mendel Szpilman. He was a very talented musicologist, who raised the ensemble to a high artistic level. Mezritsh's band was famous, and it was often invited to perform concerts in other towns in the region.
Approximately two years before the outbreak of the First World War, Yeshaya Yosef Rogoszyk opened up a printing press which published several books, including the books of Reb David Weisman and Chaim Eliezer Muskat, who was a Maskil and a great scholar. Mezritsh was first made known as publishing center by Reb Yakov the son of Reb Avraham, known as The Bookseller of Mezritsh of Lithuania, and a native of the city. Reb Yakov went to Frankfurt am Main and Basel [Switzerland] where he published Machzors, Selichot books,[35] and prayer booklets containing the grace after meals with its laws, all in Yiddish. He was the first to publish a pocket size Machzor. His most famous book, which made a great impression lasting until our day, is Maaseh Buch, published in 1602 in Basel[36].
Historians are divided on the question of authorship of the Maaseh Buch. Most are of the opinion that it was not the native of our city who wrote it. However everyone agrees that he edited it and improved its language and style. Some claim that he was also the author, but those who disagree claim that the book already was in existence before its publication in 1602. In truth, to this day no evidence exists that supports the opinion that it was not our city native who wrote it. The Maaseh Buch is a primary source for researchers of the Yiddish language and literature, and many people use it to study the art of writing.
Charitable Institutions
Charitable institutions existed within the communities from the earliest days. Mezritsh was graced with many charitable institutions. As in every community, Mezritsh supported Hachnasat Kalah [support of needy brides], Bikur Cholim [visiting the sick], Linat Tzedek [providing lodging to wayfarers], a guest house with its own Beis Midrash, an organization to provide food for the poor, an orphanage, an old-age home, a cooperative bank, and various other charitable funds. The largest of all the benevolent organizations was the hospital, which was established approximately 140 years ago [the late 1830's, -ed.]. The building was large, even by modern standards. It had large halls, spacious rooms, special rooms for communicable diseases, an operating room, recreation rooms, a kitchen for the sick, and a large garden so that the patients could stroll about
[Page 29]
and breathe fresh air. The garden extended as far as the opposite road which was the distance of a large housing block. There was also a special building for laundry.
The chief physician, whom the writer of these lines remembers, was Dr. Tovia Rozenblum. He was a native of the city, who had studied regularly with the rabbi of the city. Dr. Rozenblum was a good and well-liked doctor, who observed tradition and was close to his Jewish brethren. Despite his being Jewish, and despite the pressure of the anti-Semites, he was appointed as the physician overseeing the health care of the entire region to which Mezritsh belonged. He joined the army during the First World War. He attained the rank of general in the Russian army. He died in a foreign land during the wartime years. After him, other physicians from the city were appointed to head the medical staff, including Drs. Kaplan, Lichtensztejn, and Kozes.
JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of
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for verification.
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(SportsNetwork.com) - Yankee Stadium is the home of the Bronx Bombers, but on Sunday afternoon it will open its gates to host the latest addition of the Hudson River Rivalry. The New York Rangers and New Jersey Devils clash at the famous ballpark in the continuation of the NHLs "Stadium Series" looking to continue pushes for playoff positioning. These Metropolitan Division rivals are set to engage in the third outdoor game on the NHLs 2013-14 schedule. The Toronto Maple Leafs and Detroit Red Wings got things started with the Winter Classic on New Years Day at Michigan Stadium, won in a shootout 3-2 by the Leafs, and the Anaheim Ducks and Los Angeles Kings met on Saturday night at Dodger Stadium. The Ducks blanked the Kings 3-0 in a game that featured a temperature of 62 degrees at opening faceoff. Things are expected to be much cooler in New York, where the Rangers will also serve as the road team on Wednesday against the New York Islanders at Yankee Stadium. "I guess the conditions (Sunday) are supposed to be ideal except its going to be a little cool. Lets go, lets bundle up and lets go play some hockey," said Blueshirts coach Alain Vigneault. The Rangers hope the shift in venues can help them solve the Devils for the first time this season. They are 0-2-1 versus New Jersey after winning three of the four meetings last season. The Devils have won five of their last seven as the home team against the Blueshirts and will be making their outdoor debut. The Rangers, meanwhile, visited the Philadelphia Flyers and Citizens Bank Park in the 2012 Winter Classic, winning 3-2. Brad Richards had the game winner and he is the only current Ranger who has scored a goal in a regular-season outdoor game. Devils forward Michael Ryder is set to tie a record by playing in his third regular-season outdoor game, having played for Montreal in the 2003 Heritage Classic and for Boston in the 2010 Winter Classic. He had an assist on Richard Zedniks goal in the Canadiens 4-3 win over Edmonton in 2003, the first ever goal scored in a regular-season outdoor game. The Rangers are looking to avoid a third straight setback, having dropped back-to-back contests following a 7-1-1 stretch. Still, New York has vaulted into second place in the division thanks to the run, while New Jersey is just one point back of the eight spot in the Eastern Conference after going 5-1-3 in its past nine games. The Rangers were last in action on Thursday, dropping a 2-1 decision to the St. Louis Blues despite Rick Nashs 10th goal in 10 games. He scored with 1:43 to go in the second period, but also took a slashing call to give the Blues a power play, and St. Louis cashed in with Kevin Shattenkirks game-winner. "The difference was the power play," Vigneault remarked. "We had an advantage at the beginning of the third. We didnt get anything off it. Their power play did what theyve done very effectively this year. Right off the draw they established a shot. Within a few seconds they take the shot, they score." Henrik Lundqvist, who missed Tuesdays loss to the New York Islanders because of illness, finished with 23 saves in the setback, which featured the Ranger debut of defenseman Kevin Klein. He was acquired a day earlier from Nashville in exchange for blueliner Michael Del Zotto. Nash will try to stay hot in the cold weather, having scored six times during a four-game goal streak. He had netted just seven goals in his previous 26 games before his current 10-goals-in-10-games run. Lundqvist, who made 34 saves to beat the Flyers in the 2012 Winter Classic, will start for the Rangers and is 28-14-6 with a 1.89 goals against average and seven shutouts in 48 career games with the Devils. He has started all three setbacks this season. The Devils will be trying to win a third straight game and are coming off a 2-1 win over the Washington Capitals on Friday. Cory Schneider made 30 saves and the Devils got goals from Adam Henrique and Stephen Gionta. Jaromir Jagr had two assists to give him 1,033 in his career, tied with former teammate Mario Lemieux for 10th on the all-time list. Schneider moved to 5-1-2 in his last eight starts dating back to Dec. 28 with a 0.96 GAA and .961 save percentage. "Cory has given us great goaltending," Devils head coach Peter DeBoer said. "He was the difference." Despite that run of success, DeBoer will start Devils icon Martin Brodeur in this outdoor event, a decision that Schneider said following the win over the Caps that he would be okay with. "Its a pretty special game and Martys been a big part of this (franchise) and gotten a lot of wins for us this year," Schneider said. "Whether (DeBoer) picks him or me, I dont think it changes the way we feel about it or how we play it. We both trust each other and respect the way were playing." Brodeur is set to make his 100th career regular-season start versus the Rangers and is 49-30-5 against them lifetime with 15 ties, nine shutouts and a 2.13 GAA. He has beaten them twice in two starts this season. "It really is an easy decision from a right thing to do perspective. I mean, you know, his career, 20 years with the Devils, what hes done, and also hes played some excellent hockey for us this year," said DeBoer of starting Brodeur. Added Brodeur, "I would have accepted it one way or the other. They decided to go with me. So were in a situation that sometimes we get these games that mean a lot to different people for different reasons. And I guess they felt it meant a lot to me and they put me in."
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Few wrestlers ever experience the joy that accompanies winning a high school wrestling championship.
Following another outstanding performance, Montezuma-Cortez High School junior Seager Oliver can count himself among those who have.
Competing in the 170-pound finals of the Class 4A Colorado State Wrestling Tournament on Feb. 22, Oliver was nothing short of spectacular, beating Erie High School's Ladd Bunker 13-6.
"I never thought that being a state champion would feel this good, but it sure does," said Oliver shortly after his match.
Dominating from start to finish as he did throughout the tournament, Oliver scored an early takedown before pulling Bunker onto his back to take a 4-0 lead.
The move used by Oliver to subdue Bunker the same move used by the junior throughout the tournament.
"They call it a cheap tilt and it's pretty much my signature move," said Oliver. "I rack up points with that."
Although Bunker recovered to cut Oliver's lead to 5-2 entering the second period, Oliver began widened the gap, pulling ahead 10-2 entering the third frame.
After holding off a spirited attack from Bunker early in the final period, Oliver watched the clock expire and let out a spirited "yes" before quickly moving to congratulate his devastated opponent.
Classy as always, Oliver made an impression on fans, teammates and coaches alike and after the match, M-CHS head coach Shad Bellmire spoke about the experience of coaching the standout junior.
"We had a blast coaching (Oliver)," said Bellmire. "He just has that can't stop me attitude. He always has wrestling on his mind."
Rest assured, wrestling will not soon be far from the star junior's mind as he basks in the joy of his state championship.


text:
Arterial embolism
Arterial embolism is a sudden interruption of blood flow to an organ or body part due to a clot (embolus).
Causes of Arterial embolism
An embolus is a blood clot or a piece of plaque that acts like a clot. Emboli means there is more than one clot or piece of plaque. When the clot travels from the site where it formed to another location in the body, it is called an embolism.
An arterial embolism may be caused by one or more clots. The clots can get stuck in an artery and block blood flow. The blockage starves tissues of blood and oxygen. This can result in damage or tissue death (necrosis).
Arterial emboli often occur in the legs and feet. Emboli that occur in the brain cause a stroke. Ones that occur in the heart cause a heart attack. Less common sites include the kidneys, intestines, and eyes.
Risk factors for arterial embolism include:
- A type of abnormal heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation
- Injury or damage to an artery wall
- Conditions that increase blood clotting (such as a very high platelet count)
Another condition that poses a high risk for embolization (especially to the brain) is mitral stenosis. Endocarditis (infection of the inside of the heart) can also cause arterial emboli.
A common source for an embolus is from areas of hardening (atherosclerosis) in the aorta and other large blood vessels. These clots can break loose and flow down to the legs and feet.
Paradoxical embolization can take place when a clot in a vein enters the right side of the heart and passes through a hole into the left side. The clot can then move to an artery and block blood flow to the brain (stroke) or other organs.
If a clot involves the arteries supplying blood flow to the lungs, it is called a pulmonary embolus.
Arterial embolism Symptoms
You may not have any symptoms.
Symptoms may begin quickly or slowly depending on the size of the embolus and how much it blocks the blood flow.
Symptoms of an arterial embolism in the arms or legs may include:
- Cold arm or leg
- Decreased or no pulse in an arm or leg
- Fingers or hands feel cool
- Lack of movement in the arm or leg
- Muscle pain in the affected area
- Muscle spasm in the affected area
- Numbness and tingling in the arm or leg
- Pale color of the arm or leg (pallor)
- Weakness of an arm or leg
Later symptoms:
- Blisters of the skin fed by the affected artery
- Shedding (sloughing) of skin
- Skin erosion (ulcer)
- Tissue death (necrosis; skin is dark and damaged)
Symptoms of a clot in an organ vary with the organ involved but may include:
- Pain in the part of the body that is involved
- Temporarily decreased organ function
Tests and Exams
The health care provider may find decreased or no pulse, and decreased or no blood pressure in the arm or leg. There may be signs of tissue death or gangrene.
Tests to diagnose arterial embolism or reveal the source of emboli may include:
- Angiography of the affected extremity or organ
- Doppler ultrasound exam of an extremity
- Duplex Doppler ultrasound exam of extremity
- Echocardiogram
- MRI of the arm or leg
- Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE)
- Plethysmography
- Transcranial Doppler exam of arteries to the brain
- Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
This disease may also affect the results of the following tests:
- Euglobulin lysis time (ELT)
- Factor VIII assay
- Isotope study of the affected organ
- Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity
- Platelet aggregation test
- Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) levels
Treatment of Arterial embolism
Arterial embolism requires prompt treatment at a hospital. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms and to improve the interrupted blood flow to the affected area of the body. The cause of the clot, if found, should be treated to prevent further problems.
Medicines include:
- Anticoagulants (such as warfarin or heparin) can prevent new clots from forming
- Antiplatelet medications (such as aspirin or clopidogrel) can prevent new clots from forming
- Painkillers given through a vein (by IV)
- Thrombolytics (such as streptokinase) can dissolve clots
Some people need surgery. Procedures include:
- Bypass of the artery (arterial bypass) to create a second source of blood supply
- Clot removal through a balloon catheter placed into the affected artery or through open surgery on the artery (embolectomy)
- Opening of the artery with a balloon catheter (angioplasty) with or without a stent
Prognosis (Outlook)
How well a patient does depends on the location of the clot and how much the clot has blocked blood flow. Arterial embolism can be serious if not treated promptly.
The affected area can be permanently damaged. Amputation is needed in up to 1 in 4 cases.
Arterial emboli can come back even after successful treatment.
Potential Complications
- Acute MI
- Infection in the affected tissue
- Septic shock
- Stroke (CVA)
- Temporary or permanent decrease or loss of other organ functions
- Temporary or permanent kidney failure
- Tissue death (necrosis) and gangrene
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
When to Contact a Health Professional
Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911) if you have symptoms of arterial embolism.
Prevention of Arterial embolism
Prevention begins with finding the source of the blood clot. Your health care provider may prescribe blood thinners (such as warfarin or heparin) to prevent clots from forming. Antiplatelet drugs may also be needed.
You have a higher risk atherosclerosis and clots if you are:
- A smoker
- Inactive and do little exercise
- Overweight
- Stressed
Goldman L. Approach to the patient with possible cardiovascular disease. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 50.
Rooke TW, Hirsch AT, Misra S, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Focused Update of the Guideline for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease (Updating the 2005 Guideline). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2020-2045.
Sobel M, Verhaeghe R. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral arterial occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133(6):815S-843S.
Related Images
|Review Date: 5/13/2014
Reviewed By: Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.


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Casablanca brings subtle Moroccan design and inspiration to a warm and calming retreat. Simplistic, geometric and transitional designs, combined with a soothing and natural color pallet, will turn each room into a new magical oasis. All stated sizes are approximations.
- 100% Wool
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- Hand Tufted in India
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- Vacuum regularly and spot clean; do not dry clean
- Yarn dyed for vibrant, lasting color
- Please Note: The digital images and product dimensions on our website are as accurate as possible. Due to differences in computer monitors, some rug colors may vary slightly. Lengths and widths may vary from the published dimensions. We do our best to provide you with an exact measurement, but please be advised that some variation exists. Patterns may vary slightly according to shape and size selected.


text:
Decode Your Symptoms
Yoga for Indigestion
Quiz: Stomach Fact or Fiction?
Memo From Your Gut
Stomach Cures from Top Docs
Your Poo's Clues
Get Killer Abs
How I Lost My Belly
Best Foods for Your Abs
10 Dress-Slimmer Secrets
Conquer Your Cravings
Tummy ache? Massive diarrhea? Uncontrollable gas? Here are 10 of the most common stomach problems, and advice from the pros on how to fix 'em.
1. Stop Diarrhea
The cause: A very common cause of diarrhea is mild food poisoning. And of course, we've all heard of—or experienced firsthand—Montezuma's revenge: Traveling overseas can often bring on bouts of loose bowel movements, primarily because your body has to adjust to the new bacteria in the food and water you're consuming while away from home.
The quick fix: For food poisoning, there is no fix other than the passage of time. "You need to let your body flush itself of the toxins," says Amit Bhan, M.D., a gastroenterologist at Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit.
If diarrhea strikes at a moment when heading to the bathroom is either inconvenient (like during an important meeting) or if it's so frequent that it keeps you from sleeping, Bahn recommends knocking back some Pepto-Bismol. The pink liquid is a remedy that will attack the diarrhea-causing bacteria in your system so you can sleep and function during the day. If you're traveling overseas, take Imodium, which works by slowing down the speed at which fluids move through your intestines.


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Podcast: The Super Bowl Blowout We Deserved
On the latest Sports Retort: Why would any neutral observer enjoy a 43-8 Super Bowl? We have the answers. Darren Everson makes the case that fans have gotten too spoiled and need a blowout to appreciate the great games more. Then there's the simple nostalgia for the years of our youth when the Broncos lost Super Bowls like this all the time. Geoff Foster and Jim Chairusmi report on the highlights and lowlights of watching the game in person. (This includes wildly different reviews of the pregame marriage of the Rutgers and Syracuse marching bands.) We speculate on whether a perfect game from Peyton Manning would have made a difference for Denver against Seattle's absurdly strong defense. We analyze this year's crop of ads, including why Heinz felt the need to spend millions to make an appearance when it appears to have the ketchup market on lockdown.
Plus, Ben Cohen joins us to explain why he viewed Duke's Saturday loss to Syracuse as good news, and whether the 17-5 Blue Devils deserve to be feared more than undefeated Wichita State. Jim starts flexing his innovation muscles in anticipation of his trip to Russia this week for the Sochi Olympics. And of course, we remember to follow up on the Davis Cup.


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Dear Hilary,
I have a question. And it is this: how do you know when it's time to move on? To give up? I said I wasn't like anyone else. That I wasn't going anywhere. And I don't want to. What if the deep quiet love with a wild and crazy illogical side is the true love. I'm sure I could meet someone new some day and fall in love with them, have a passionate romance, what have you. But what if this is my only chance for that deep true sitting quietly by your side not saying a word just being there love? What if he is the person i could spend the rest of my life with, just like he was terrified of? How do I know whether to let go because clearly he isn't ready to admit anything yet? If he even actually feels the same at all? and because i don't need this back and forth pushing me away and pulling me back nonsense? Or whether to just be patient and hold on, because the wild quiet love is worth waiting for?
Steadfast and confused.
Dear Steadfast,
I pondered your letter the whole time I was away, driving along the autobahn or standing in museums looking at bits of five hundred year old German script or taking pictures in front of statues of Martin Luther outside churches. I pondered while I ate cake and drank black coffee – what do I possibly say?
Your letter asks the question I answer two ways and then ten and then back to one, and then wrap myself in a knot trying to sort out. I don't have a clean answer; I can only tell you a bit about what other, wiser people have told me, and tell you a bit of a story, and hope that spreads a little glow on your path as you go.
Not too long ago, there was a guy – I'll call him Mr. W – that I was firmly, steadfastly convinced that I would be in a romantic relationship with. We hadn't had one up to that point, but we had the glimmering possibility of one. We had long conversations about what felt like everything on the planet, we liked a lot of the same books, we liked ideas, we liked to sit in bars over wine or gin and argue. There was chemistry, no doubt about it, and there were sparks flying, and I was sure that this was the love you talk about: wild and quiet and passionate and steadfast all at once.
But. That little word, every so often, would pop up – in conversations about Mr. W with my friends, or with myself. But. There was the irreproachable fact that we weren't in the relationship I saw a glimmering possibility for. We weren't together on the couch after a long day of work. We weren't writing the letters, making the picnics, holding hands, telling our friends. I knew that possibility was there; but it hadn't been made true.
So, Steadfast, I asked, point-blank, not in pretty words but in true ones. I put on makeup and thought about what I'd wear and ate half a grilled cheese in my brother's truck beforehand because I was so nervous. And the answer was no.
Before the story gets too long-winded, I want to bring you with me, if you will, to an afternoon just before I asked Mr. W for the last time about the glimmering possibility of us. I am sitting on a couch in a brightly lit office, and my counselor, wise woman that she is, asks me how I feel about the prospect of having this confrontation. The words, awful, terrible, please don't make me do this please please please come to mind. But there, clanging like an iron bell (thank you, Sugar), are the words I speak:
"The truth has already arrived, though, hasn't it? I'm just going to open the door for it now."
She looks at me in surprise, and I mirror the same expression back to her. Yes, she says, smiling. Yes.
Steadfast, I think the truth has arrived. I think you know this, from the letter you sent me, and I think you are now peeking at it from behind the door of your heart, and you have to decide if you open the door. Opening the door to the truth won't mean you get special knowledge of what the future holds. But from everything you tell me, this guy, he is saying no, and that's the truth standing at your door. The other things you know about him or his life situation, they aren't knocking. They aren't here. When all has been laid out on the table before you, and the answer is no, then no is knocking at your door.
My counselor told me over and over in the year before I opened the door that it takes the time it takes. No more and no less. So I'll echo that to you, too. It takes the time it takes. You are allowed to be steadfast and confused before you open the door and walk outside and meet this guy's answer and grapple with what it offers you and what it denies.
But eventually, I think, that's where you must go. You must open the door. You must look that answer in the eyes and listen to it, and let it ache, and let it roam around, and let it lead you. Because the truth will always lead you somewhere. His no will journey you to a new place. Mr. W's no took me somewhere completely unexpected. The truth does that.
And here is the other thing, for your fear (and my fear) about whether there will ever be any love like the one you express in your letter – the truth also always leads towards fullness. The guy in your letter, he doesn't sound like he leads there. His no will not bring an end to the fullest love that you can imagine – it will bring only an end to one possibility, glimmering and beautiful though it was.
There is fullness and joy on the other side of the door. I promise this. And in the acceptable time, I have all kinds of confidence you'll fling that door open.


text: I haven't read IfM yet, but I was really happy when I heard about how much new development Geordi got, so I am rather disapointed to hear about it being undone. Geordi has had a real lack of decent development over the year, and I was really hoping IfM would start to reverse that trend. Very disappointed to hear that he appears to be going back instead of going forward.


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What was your favorite year?
1998. Because I
Who inspires you the most?
I think my boss, The Drama Llama, inspires me the most. He inspires me to further my education and to move forward in my career. Mainly so I don't have to keep working for clowns like him.
If you could taste only one flavor for the rest of your life what would you want that flavor to be.
Technically this is not a question because there is no question mark at the end. That means I don't have to answer it. But I will anyways because I'm awesome like that. Mint. No, peanut butter. Chocolate? I think I'll go with pizza.
If you have any questions for me, apparently you can ask them by going here. And in nine months or so, I might answer them. Or not.


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This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.
General Social Survey [United States] and German Social Survey (ALLBUS) Combined Files, 1982 (ICPSR 8365)
Principal Investigator(s): National Opinion Research Center
As part of a program of crossnational research, a collaboration took place in 1982 between the United States General Social Survey (GSS) and the Zentrum fur Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA) of the Federal Republic of Germany. Funded by the National Science Foundation, this data collection effort explored attitudinal similarities and differences between the two countries on a range of social issues. A common set of questions was included in both the 1982 GSS and the German Social Survey (ALLBUS). These common items included questions on job values, abortion, and subjective social class. The 1982 ALLBUS also contained several GSS items that were not contained in the 1982 GSS, but had been used in other years. Of the 4,497 total cases in the file, the General Social Survey portion contains 1,506 cases and the German Social Survey portion has 2,991 cases.
Series: General Social Survey Series
Access Notes
One or more data files in this study are set up in a non-standard format, such as card image format. Users may need help converting these files before they can be used for analysis.
Data in this collection are available only to users at ICPSR member institutions. Please log in so we can determine if you are with a member institution and have access to these data files.
ASCII + SPSS Setup
Study Description
National Opinion Research Center. GENERAL SOCIAL SURVEY [UNITED STATES] AND GERMAN SOCIAL SURVEY (ALLBUS) COMBINED FILES, 1982. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center [producer], 1985. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1985. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08365.v1
Persistent URL: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08365.v1
Export Citation:
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- EndNote XML (EndNote X4.0.1 or higher)
This study was funded by:
- National Science Foundation (SES-8118731)
Scope of Study
Subject Terms: abortion, civil rights, class identity, families, life cycle, morale, morality, quality of life, race relations, racial attitudes, self concept, sexual attitudes, sexual behavior, social attitudes, social control, social indicators, social issues, social mobility, socioeconomic status, work attitudes
Geographic Coverage: Germany, United States, Global
- 1982
Universe: General Social Survey: English-speaking persons 18 years old or older living in noninstitutional arrangements within the continental United States. German Social Survey: German citizens 18 years old and older living in private households in the Federal Republic of Germany, including West Berlin.
Sample: General Social Survey: Stratified multistage area probability sample of clusters of households. German Social Survey: Random selection of 630 electoral precincts, random selection of households within the precinct, and random selection of a single eligible respondent from each of the selected households.
personal interviews
Original ICPSR Release: 1985-05-24
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text: I have a spare Kaon STB which has firmware provided by Dish TV. After stopping subscription, the STB has got locked. (Don't know whether they have right to do that as you have paid for the hardware. But that's a different discussion altogether.) Is it possible to install generic firmware on this STB so as to receive free to air channels? Anyone knows any shops that can do that? Mayuresh


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Modern Cartoonist: The Art of Daniel Clowes
Modern Cartoonist: The Art of Daniel Clowes
Daniel Clowes is one of the most beloved and renowned comic book artists of our time, with nearly 50 publications to his credit. His acclaimed graphic novels—including Ghost World (1997), David Boring (1999), and Wilson (2010), among others—have been instrumental in establishing literary credibility for the genre. The exhibition presents original black ink and Zipatone drawings of pages from these works, as well as beautifully realized gouache paintings of the covers of Ghost World and other publications. Organized by the Oakland Museum of California and a recent hit at Chicago's Museum of Contemporary Art, Modern Cartoonist: The Art of Daniel Clowes is the first museum survey of his work, bringing together over 90 pieces of original art and artifacts from the full range of his career.
Daniel Clowes was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1961, and lives and works in Oakland, California. He attended the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, graduating with a BFA degree in 1984. Clowes is the recipient of numerous awards, including several Harvey Awards, given for achievement in comic books, and he recently won the 2011 Pen Award for Graphic Literature.
Make it a comics-packed trip and visit our friends and neighbors at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum (located in Sullivant Hall, next to the Wex). On view through August 3 are Exploring Calvin and Hobbes, a retrospective of the landmark comic strip and its creator Bill Watterson, and The Irresistible Force Meets the Immovable Object: A Richard Thompson Retrospective, a look at the work of this major comics artist, featuring his acclaimed strip Cul-de-Sac and his work as cartoonist and painter. The Billy Ireland also is home to Treasures from the Collections of the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, a permanent exhibit highlighting the breadth and depth of its collections. The museum is open 1–5 PM Tuesday–Sunday. Admission is free.
Organized for the Oakland Museum of California by independent curator Susan Miller and René de Guzman, Senior Curator of Art, Oakland Museum of California. This presentation organized for the Wexner Center for the Arts by David Filipi, Director of Film/Video.
Free for members, college students (with valid ID), those under 18
$8 general public
$6 senior citizens (65 and older)
$6 Ohio State faculty and staff (with BUCK ID)
All visitors are admitted to the exhibitions for free on Thursdays after 4 PM and on the first Sunday of each month; also free with a ticket to any same-day Wexner Center event.
Greater Columbus Arts Council
The Columbus Foundation
Nationwide Foundation
Ohio Arts Council


text:
Bowling club gets a green makeover
IN a region known for its steelworks and heavy manufacturing, a local bowling club has been quietly forging an environmental campaign.
The groomed bowling lawns of Oaks Flats Bowling Club, near Port Kembla have been replaced by synthetic ones, fluorescent lighting has been swapped for energy-saving light bulbs, the club's food scraps are fed to chickens, plastic straws have been switched to biodegradable straws and perhaps the most controversial move: bottled beer has been replaced by kegs.
Over eight years, these gradual changes have led the federal government agency Low Carbon Australia to declare Oak Flats as the first registered club to be recognised as carbon neutral.
The chief executive of the club, Matt OHara, puts the achievement down to education and staff initiatives.
Staff, who were trained in an eight-week TAFE course, had to start explaining to disgruntled bowling members why they should swap their bottled beer for a glass, Mr OHara said.
The club chairman, Kevin Grainger, said it was important for the club board to show it was ''fair dinkum'' about creating environmental change.
Get the Morning Edition
Sign up for our daily wrap of the news you need to start your day.


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Diabetes Forecast is a lifestyle magazine for people with diabetes. It provides people with diabetes and their families with comprehensive, accurate, and timely information and support on all aspects of diabetes, including diet, fitness, self-care, and research.
American Diabetes Association (ADA)
This website is filled with information about living with diabetes and developing habits for healthy eating and physical activity through small, sensible steps. En español
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text: Submitted by gabeparr on Sun, 2014-05-11 09:06 Vote Up Down +137 + Middle Deschutes River - Spring 2014 Video of Middle Deschutes River - Spring 2014 Middle Deschutes River - Spring 2014 Back to Gallery This is a short clip of the Middle Deschutes, a stretch of the river between Lake Billy Chinook and the City of Bend. I was introduced to this area by the friends I have made while coming to call this place home. While the condition of this river is in a constant state of flux because it is fundamentally used as a drainage canal for irrigation - this time of year, it's condition is something I find awe inspriring. Log in or register to post comments


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butter_beer_drinker -
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 creates a line from one end of the page to the other. Most authors use this as an indication of a shift in time/place/perspective

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You may find a better explanation if you Google each tag.


text:
Long-time local postmaster, Denice Phillips-Kunze, retires after 32 years
Thirty-two years ago, Denice Phillips-Kunze would strap on a mail satchel full of letters, then pile the circulars on top of the bag and trudge 12 miles through her mail route.
"The bag was as big as me," the diminutive woman laughed. "I was young."
Phillips-Kunze retires as Park Rapids' postmaster at the end of this month. She was offered an early buyout during the service's massive reorganization, so she decided to take it.
She is only one year from retiring the old-fashioned way, by aging.
She looks much younger.
"I don't know what I'll do with the second half of my life," she laughs, admitting that customers are shocked that she's even close to retirement age.
She's been commuting from Perham, where the majority of her postal career was served. She was Perham's postmaster when she was recruited to come to Park Rapids in April 2007. Before that she held positions as a carrier, clerk and then postmaster in that city.
"It was a step up," she said of the transfer to Park Rapids.
Today, if she was lugging that satchel around, it would weigh one-fourth what it did then, she estimates.
"People don't write letters anymore," she said. "It's sad. Birthday cards are all electronic and Facebook."
Phillips-Kunze is leaving a beleaguered business battered by politics and trying to stave off bankruptcy.
The U.S. Postal Service lost $3.2 billion in the second quarter of this year and reported it is unable to make a $5.5 billion payment Aug. 1 for its retiree health account for 2011.
Another $5.5 billion payment is due Sept. 30 to cover 2012 retiree accounts.
Computers transmit much of today's communications.
Packages are now being sent via UPS and Federal Express.
"E-mails and electronics" have overshadowed the post office's raison d'etre, she acknowledged.
Phillips-Kunze retires while a "defined benefit" level is still in place, one that gives out pension and medical benefits to all retirees.
She's leaving the politics behind, but admits to pressures as a postmaster.
Electronics have diminished the support system postmasters used to have by personally meeting and discussing issues.
"We don't meet with our peers to get the support we used to," she said, "Everything is handled electronically."
She's looking forward to gardening, reading, walking and swimming. Her youngest child is almost out of college, and she has four grandchildren she'll see more of now.
She briefly thought of a landscaping career after a lifetime of hard work spent as a Certified Nurse's Assistant, working at a Tasty Freeze, at the Barrel of Fun factory and in the U.S. Postal Service.
"My dad had a really strong work ethic," said the eldest of six kids. "If you were 12, you could work."
But landscaping may have to be a hobby, not a vocation. She said she doubts she can still do the heavy lifting required.
A temporary officer will be put in charge of the Park Rapids office until the position is filled, likely by October.
Even the hiring process is done online, she said.
So the lucky candidate won't be getting a card in the mail informing her or him they got the job or delivered by postal carrier.


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This Heavy-Duty Continuous Lift System is a manually operated mechanism for raising and lowering any of our Pleated Shades. By simply pulling on the control cord, the operator can easily and precisely position any shade. The system is appropriate for both commercial and residential applications
Shades stay level. All the lift tape is wound onto the spool at exactly the same rate, keeping the shade absolutely level. The clutch then locks the shaft so that the shade will stay in position.
Shades can be accurately and easily adjusted to any height. Simply stop pulling on the cord and the shade holds its new position automatically. No more trial-and-error positions.
Adjacent shades are easily set to matching levels. Just stop pulling the chain when each shade reaches the desired position. You can`t get that kind of precision with cord locks!


text: I like this approach to their "adaptations": they're familiar enough to cue up recognition in the long-time fans while having enough new elements or perspectives to make it interesting for those same long-time fans. It also helps the comic creators to side-step the differing timeframe issue of when the prime stories took place versus when the nuTrek stories are happening. The comic series itself has been improving in large measures by avoiding the more straight adaptation stories of its beginning run of issues. The creators have been very successful with their recent standalone issues (the Keenser and red shirt stories) and I'm glad to see them experimenting more with the format in the solo-focusing issues that will lead up to the new movie. All in all, the Star Trek ongoing is a fun read each month and I encourage anyone that didn't initially enjoy the book to give it another try. In particular, I recommend issues 13, 14 or the most recent issue, 15.


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Onion Shortcake Recipe
5 1 1
My dear friend, Barbara Gruis, is asked to bring this bread for just about every type of gathering. She was kind enough to share the recipe with me.
Recommended: Vintage Baking: 25 Fascinating Facts
VERIFIED BY Taste of Home Test Kitchen
- 1 package (8-1/2 ounces) corn bread/muffin mix
- 1/3 cup milk
- 1/4 cup vegetable oil
- 1 egg
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 1 can (8-1/2 ounces) cream-style corn
- 1-1/2 cups (6 ounces) shredded cheddar cheese, divided
- 1 cup (8 ounces) sour cream
- 1/2 cup mayonnaise*
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 2 drops hot pepper sauce
- In a bowl, combine the corn bread mix, milk, oil and egg. Spread in a greased 9-in. square baking pan. In another bowl, combine the onion, corn, 1 cup cheddar cheese, sour cream, mayonnaise, salt and hot pepper sauce; mix well. Spoon over batter. Top with remaining cheese. Bake at 425° for 25-30 minutes or until golden brown. Cool for 15 minutes before cutting. Refrigerate leftovers. Yield: 12 servings.
Originally published as Onion Shortcake in Best of Country Breads 2000, p111
Reviews forOnion Shortcake
My Review
Click stars to rate
Any changes to your rating or review will appear where you originally posted your review
Average Rating
Reviewed Nov. 23, 2009
"This dish is fantastic! My kids, who don't care for onions, love it! It is a crowd pleaser everytime I serve it. One piece of advice: You don't have to use creamed corn, use regular canned corn otherwise it turns out too soft in the center... try this recipe soon!"


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edwardlikeshaystacks wrote:who_needs_fangs? wrote:edwardlikeshaystacks wrote:But they didn't show anything from Edward's POV in Twilight so I really hope they stick to that.
Actually, they did show Edward's POV in Twilight, if they had kept it Bella's POV throughout the whole thing, we never would have seen the fight in the ballet studio, which wasn't really true to the books, since Emmet and Jasper were supposed to have a fight with James outside the ballet studio because they couldn't handle the blood. Edward was just supposed to pull him off...
Back on topic! I'm worried that they won't do a good job distributing the budget for New Moon and spend too much on actors and not enough on special effects.
Its understandable that they did that though since if it were from Bella's POV, you would had just seen a black screen since she was unconscious or screaming in agony.
I suppose you're right, though they could have had a black screen, and come back for the scene when Carlisle, Alice and Edward are 'assessing the damage', that wouldn't be all that interesting. My rant was more about the fight between Edward and James, I would have liked it better if the fight was between James and Jasper and Emmet. Since when are the best fighters in the family so wimpy that they can't dismember James without Alice's help?


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Take Up Arms
The Take Up Arms quest is obtained from Kodlak Whitemane in Jorrvaskr.
- Train with Vilkas
- Give Vilkas's sword to Eorlund
- Bring Aela her shield
- Follow Farkas to your quarters
While you've been surviving by yourself just fine up to this point, you'll have to prove yourself to Kodlak and The Companions before they accept you into their ranks. Follow Vilkas out to the training grounds to test your mettle against this trained swordsman. Be sure to equip a weapon and swing at Vilkas, who gives you Vilkas's sword to be sharpened with Eorlund at the top of the steps nearby.
Show Vilkas' sword to Eorlund to learn more about the group's leadership (or lack thereof). As you turn to go, Eorlund asks a favor of you: to bring Aela her shield. You can find Aela inside Jorrvaskr's living quarters. After the talk with Aela, Farkas will show you to your appropriate sleeping arrangements and also give you the quest Hired Muscle.
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Achievements / Trophies | The Companions Quests | Kodlak Whitemane


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Randy,Glad you continue to tweak your Aurelio's pizza.....all of them look really good!Would you mind telling us what cheese you are using....it really does give that Aurelio's look....thanks!Bob
I use what they use...low moisture, part skim mozzarella.
Any particular brand Randal?
I am not convinced you are correct in your statement that it is low moisture part skim mozz, ive cooked a lot of pizzas with low moisture part skim, all kinds of brands, all different qualities. never turned out like aurelios' cheese, which to me takes on a almosy crunchy outer texture. closest ive ever used was chellino scarmoza, chellino out of joliet, il provides scamorza to several pizzerias i hear. and when i worked at aurelios, and would grind the cheese, the cheese was in big blocks almost as dry as parm. i think they use Chellino brand scarmoza. just my op!
low moisture/part skim gives me the best "crunchies" on a Chicago thin...
whole milk mozz and fresh grated parm gives me the best crunches on My Chicago thin. anyhow Scamorza is drier than mozz and tasted saltier to me. iv tried both imported and domestic. Chellino says on the package cheese for pizza and they sell to a lot of pizzerias in chicago......so some one must think it's different!
Pics or it didn't happen.... Anyway, yeah I've been wanting to try some Scar but it's hard to come by. I understand it has a saltier taste than Mozz and I like the sound of that....I am still searching for the cheese of my youth' pizza's circa 1970. I wonder if this could be it....
Looks great Mojo!...any chance you have a pic of the laminated crust?