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|Publication number
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|Application number
|Publication date
|2 Nov 2010
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|30 Jan 2009
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|31 Jan 2005
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|Alex Nugent
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|Knowm Tech, Llc
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|Patent Citations (88), Non-Patent Citations (85), Referenced by (16), Classifications (14), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/269,416, "Fractal Memory and Computational Method and Systems Based on Nanotechnology," which was filed on Nov. 7, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,502,769, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/269,416, was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/147,081, entitled "Plasticity-Induced Self Organizing Nanotechnology for the Extraction of Independent Components from a Data Stream" filed on Jun. 6, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,409,375, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/269,416 was also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/045,538, entitled "Solution-Based Apparatus of an Artificial Neural Network Formed Utilizing Nanotechnology," filed on Jan. 31, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,039,619, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Embodiments generally relate to molecular technology, such as, for example, nanotechnology. Embodiments are also related to content-addressable memories, methods and systems. Embodiments are also related to fractal memory devices, methods and systems. Embodiments are also related to distributed computing architectures, methods and systems. Embodiments also relate to object and pattern recognition devices, methods and systems. Embodiments are additionally related to neural networks and neural devices, such as, for example, artificial synapse integrated circuit (IC) components and chips.
Object and pattern recognition involves the goal of recognizing patterns and objects from large quantities of data and also the ability to estimate the positions and orientations of recognized patterns and/or objects in three-dimensional space. The data to be analyzed can be, for example, two-dimensional gray-scale or color images or three-dimensional range data images, depending upon specific design goals. Applications for object recognition are many and include industrial machine vision, medical image analysis, and speech recognition.
One of the problems with current object and/or pattern recognition techniques is that such methodologies are limited primarily to software-based implementations. A number of software-based object recognition methods have been developed. Because software implementations are performed on conventional sequential computers, however, they are unable to take advantage of the inherent parallelism of recognition algorithms. That is, object and/or pattern recognition can be enhanced substantially if based on parallel processing configurations rather than sequential methods.
Hardware accelerators do exist for performing parallel pattern matching. Such systems have become known as a Content Addressable Memory (CAM). Content Addressable Memories (CAM's) perform simultaneous matching of many patterns by associating comparison circuitry with stored data and greatly improve the performance of a number of applications. Unfortunately, current CAM's do not completely solve pattern recognition problems and their results must be analyzed further by serial processing methods. We are left with a system that possess great potential but substantially lacks at performing the calculations required for massive pattern recognition tasks, particularly for the field of intelligent signal processing.
As recognition systems grow to encompass many classifications, the size of the computation increases dramatically. For example, consider the case of a pattern recognition system designed to recognize 10 patterns and another system design to recognize 100 patterns. Although the later recognition device will classify 10 times the number of patterns it will consume 10 times the resources. If the system is emulated in a serial device it will take 10 times as long. Yet, it is usually the case that the recognition of each pattern is not dependant on the recognition of any other pattern. If the recognition system is constructed in an entirely parallel arrangement, so that each pattern can be analyzed independently, then as the pattern recognition system grows larger the time for recognition remains the same. For these types of highly parallel recognition problems it would be advantageous to design a completely parallel architecture capable of infinite scalability while utilizing current fabrication technology.
Applications drive the need for computational power. Many of the current unsolved problems with commercial applicability require real-time signal processing of massive data streams. Image and speech recognition are two important examples. Object recognition is intrinsically solved in most moderately complex biological nervous systems in 100 synaptic steps or less. Almost without exception, current technology fails at performing tasks most animals and insects find effortless. Actions such as walking, flying or driving require prodigious amounts of computation and analysis on vast quantities of high-dimensional noisy data. With current technology it is relatively easy to obtain massive data streams. It is not easy, however, to effectively act on this data. The ability to distinguish objects in large quantities of high-dimensional streaming information is absolutely critical, and currently represents a serious computational bottleneck. A robust and scalable solution to this problem would make possible vastly more intelligent computer systems.
It is believed that a possible solution to the aforementioned problems may involve the use of nanotechnology-based devices and implementations. One example of a hardware device implemented with nanotechnology-based components is the physical neural network disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,889,216, entitled "Physical Neural Network Design Incorporating Nanotechnology," which issued to Alex Nugent on May 3, 2005. U.S. Pat. No. 6,889,216 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Such a physical neural network, which can be referred to as a Knowm™ network generally includes one or more neuron-like nodes, which are formed from a plurality of interconnected nanoconnections formed from nanoconductors. Such connections constitute Knowm™ connections. Each neuron-like node sums one or more input signals and generates one or more output signals based on a threshold associated with the input signal.
The Knowm™ device physical neural network also includes a connection network formed from the interconnected nanoconnections, such that the interconnected nanoconnections used thereof by one or more of the neuron-like nodes are strengthened or weakened according to an application of an electric field, variations in frequency, and so forth. U.S. Pat. No. 6,889,216 is incorporated herein by reference.
Another example of a Knowm™ network or system is described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030236760, entitled "Multi-layer Training in a Physical Neural Network Formed Utilizing Nanotechnology," by inventor Alex Nugent, which was published on Dec. 25, 2003. U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030236760 generally describes methods and systems for training at least one connection network located between neuron layers within a multi-layer physical neural network (e.g., a Knowm™ network or device). The multi-layer physical neural network described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030236760 can be formed with nanotechnology-based components in the context of a plurality of inputs and a plurality outputs. Such a multi-layer physical neural network is composed of a plurality of layers, wherein each layer includes one or more connection networks and one or more associated neurons, which are configured with nanotechnology-based components.
Thereafter, a training wave, as further described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030236760, can be initiated across one or more connection networks associated with an initial layer of the multi-layer physical neural network which propagates thereafter through succeeding connection networks of succeeding layers of the multi-layer physical neural network by successively closing and opening at least one switch associated with each layer of the multi-layer physical neural network. At least one feedback signal thereof can be automatically provided to each preceding connection network associated with each preceding layer thereof to strengthen or weaken nanoconnections associated with each connection network of the multi-layer physical neural network. U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030236760 is incorporated herein by reference.
A further example of a Knowm™ network or system is described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040039717, entitled High-density synapse chip using nanoparticles" by inventor Alex Nugent. U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040039717 published on Feb. 26, 2004 and generally describes a physical neural network synapse chip (i.e., a Knowm™ chip) and a method for forming such a synapse chip. The synapse or Knowm™ chip can be configured to include an input layer comprising a plurality of input electrodes and an output layer comprising a plurality of output electrodes, such that the output electrodes are located perpendicular to the input electrodes. A gap is generally formed between the input layer and the output layer.
A solution can then be provided which is prepared from a plurality of nanoconductors and a dielectric solvent. The solution is located within the gap, such that an electric field is applied across the gap from the input layer to the output layer to form nanoconnections of a physical neural network implemented by the synapse chip. Such a gap can thus be configured as an electrode gap. The input electrodes can be configured as an array of input electrodes, while the output electrodes can be configured as an array of output electrodes. U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040039717 is also incorporated herein by reference.
A further example of a Knowm™ network or system is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040153426, entitled "Physical Neural Network Liquid State Machine Utilizing Nanotechnology," by inventor Alex Nugent, which was published on Aug. 5, 2004. U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040153426 generally discloses a physical neural network (i.e., a Knowm™ network), which functions as a liquid state machine.
The physical neural network described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040153426 can be configured from molecular connections located within a dielectric solvent between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic electrodes thereof, such that the molecular connections are strengthened or weakened according to an application of an electric field or a frequency thereof to provide physical neural network connections thereof. A supervised learning mechanism is associated with the liquid state machine, whereby connections strengths of the molecular connections are determined by pre-synaptic and post-synaptic activity respectively associated with the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic electrodes, wherein the liquid state machine comprises a dynamic fading memory mechanism. U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040153426 is also incorporated herein by reference.
A further example of a Knowm™ network or system is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040162796, entitled "Application of Hebbian and anti-Hebbian Learning to Nanotechnology-based Physical Neural Networks" by inventor Alex Nugent, which published on Aug. 19, 2004. U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040162796 generally discloses a physical neural network (i.e., Knowm™ network) configured utilizing nanotechnology. The Knowm™ network disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040162796 includes a plurality of molecular conductors (e.g., nanoconductors) which form neural connections between pre-synaptic and post-synaptic components of the physical neural network.
Based on the foregoing, it is believed that a need exists to perform massively parallel object recognition. In particular, a need exists for performing a probabilistic best match of a pattern from an unlimited size database in a fixed time interval. It is a believed that a solution to this need involves the use of nanotechnology components and systems as disclosed in greater detail herein.
The following summary is provided to facilitate an understanding of some of the innovative features unique to the embodiments presented herein, and is not intended to be a full description. A full appreciation of the various aspects disclosed herein can be gained by taking the entire specification, claims, drawings, and abstract as a whole.
It is, therefore, one aspect of the embodiments to provide for an object circuit based on nanotechnology.
It is another aspect of the embodiments to provide for fractal memory devices, systems and methods based on nanotechnology.
The above and other aspects can be achieved as will now be described. Fractal memory systems and methods are disclosed. In general, a fractal tree can be provided that includes one or more fractal branches emanating from a common fractal trunk. One or more object circuits are associated with the fractal tree. The object circuit(s) is configured from a plurality of nanotechnology-based and microelectronic-based components to provide a variety of computational functions, for example pattern recognition, logical operations or programs run on a microprocessor. Additionally one or more fractal addresses of an object circuit is provided at a fractal trunk by the selective activation of trunk electrodes and signals are routed to the respective address by router circuits.
Data can be transmitted to a fractal address of an object circuit by specifying the fractal address at the fractal trunk. Data can also be sent from an object circuit to another object circuit associated with the fractal tree by mapping the output of the fractal trunk and utilizing a portion of it as the address of another object circuit. The object circuit can be provided in the form of pattern recognition circuitry, programmable logic circuits and/or may be implemented as a microprocessor.
The object circuit can be configured as a pattern recognition circuit from a plurality of neural nodes configured as an ensemble of ensembles. Such neural nodes can be configured from nanotechnology-based components. The object circuit can also be configured based on a circuit layout in which a distance from each object circuit to an output point is the same. Additionally, temporal data can be utilized to encode recognition accuracy for object circuits configured as pattern recognition circuitry. The fractal architecture can be configured as a fractal memory chip, wherein a plurality of content-addressable memories can be stacked in association with a plurality of router chips to provide an enhanced fractal tree structure. Additionally, one or more recognition trigger electrodes can be utilized to route signals in the fractal architecture.
The accompanying figures, in which like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally-similar elements throughout the separate views and which are incorporated in and form part of the specification, further illustrate the present invention and, together with the detailed description of the invention, serve to explain the principles of the present invention.
The particular values and configurations discussed in these non-limiting examples can be varied and are cited merely to illustrate an embodiment of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Statistical regularities from the data stream can be coupled to the alignment of molecular connections between pre- and post-synaptic electrodes, which modify their electrical resistance and in turn drive modular integrated circuits. System 100 therefore is composed of a plurality of particles 102 disposed within a solution 101 between electrodes 104 and 106. Electrode 104 can comprise, for example, an input electrode, and electrode 106 can comprise, for example, an output electrode.
The particles 102 form connections (e.g., nanoconnections) between electrodes 104 and 106. The connections 102 are located generally between the input electrode 104 and the output electrode 306. A network of connections can be implemented between a cross-bar arrangement of input and output electrodes. Examples of particles 102 include components such as, for example, nanoparticles including but not limited to nanowires, nanotubes, nanoribbons, nanofibers and so forth.
A nanotube, for example, can be configured as a fullerene molecule having a cylindrical or toroidal shape. Note that fullerenes are one of only four types of naturally occurring forms of carbon (the other three being diamond, graphite and ceraphite. Such components are typically configured as molecules composed entirely of carbon, taking the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are sometimes called buckyballs, while cylindrical fullerenes are called buckytubes or nanotubes. A nanowire, on the other hand, can be implemented as a wire of dimensions on the order of a nanometer or smaller. Such a nanowire can also be referred to as a "quantum wire" due to the fact that at these scales quantum mechanical effects are important. The use of carbon or other such materials merely represents illustrative examples. It can be appreciated that a variety of other types of materials may also be utilized to implement such particles or nanoparticles, depending upon design considerations.
Other potential particles that can be adapted for use in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein include for example, but are not limited to, other molecular particles such as, for example, DNA. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that such particles can be provided in a variety of shapes and sizes and material without departing from the teachings herein. System 100 therefore can constitute a connection network that is disposed not merely of one connection between two electrodes, but a plurality of connections between a plurality of input electrode and output electrodes.
System 100 can be utilized to implement a physical neural network (i.e., a Knowm™ enabled physical neural network) that is composed of two basic components. First, such a physical neural network or system 100 can possess one or more neuron-like nodes that sum a signal and output a signal based on the amount of input signal received. Such a neuron-like node is generally non-linear in output. In other words, there should be a certain threshold for input signals, below which nothing can be output or a low value is output and above which a high output is generated. This is considered the basic building block neural networks, and can be accomplished by an activation function. The second requirement of the system or physical neural network 100 is the inclusion of a connection network composed of a plurality of interconnected electrodes (i.e., nanoconnections).
System 100 thus can constitute a physical neural network composed of many molecular or nanoparticles 102 that form a bridge across respective pre- and post-synaptic electrodes 104, 106. An individual particle in the liquid or solution 101 is not stable. The statistical properties of a group of particles, however, under the influence of a plasticity rule and random thermal motion, are stable. It is this stability that permits the use of plasticity rules to train the resulting synapse and/or physical neural network 100.
An example of a synapse chip architecture that may be adapted for use in accordance with one or more embodiments is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US2004/0039717A1, entitled "High-Density Synapse Chip Using Nanoparticles" by Alex Nugent, which published on Feb. 26, 2004 based on a patent application filed Aug. 22, 2002. U.S. Patent Publication No. US2004/0039717A1 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The configuration depicted in U.S. Patent Publication No. US2004/0039717A1 can be implemented in the context of a cross-bar array pattern.
As indicated previously, there exists a need to perform massively parallel object recognition. The embodiments disclosed herein therefore are directed toward devices and methodologies for performing statistical pattern recognition of an unlimited size pattern database in a fixed time interval using microelectronic circuits and a nanotechnological implementation of a synapse. Note that as utilized herein the term "object recognition" can be utilized interchangeably with the term "pattern recognition" or "sequence recognition" to refer to essentially the same type of recognition objectives. In all cases it is desired to match a pattern of binary data to statistical templates and provide a means to record the address of the circuit that provided the best match.
The basic idea behind a fractal implementation of a pattern recognition system or method involves construction of a tree-like architecture with many branches. At the very tips of such branches are located object circuits configured for pattern recognition. Each pattern recognition circuit independently analyzes a particular data sequence that is projected to all pattern recognition circuits. The more accurate the match between the projected pattern and the pattern stored at the pattern recognition circuit, the faster the circuit will activate an output electrode to a high voltage.
When an output electrode activates, it sends a signal down the fractal tree. At the convergence of every branch, a router circuit routes the signal from the branch that activated first, sending this information as one addition bit on an increasing number of electrodes. The first signal to get to the base of the tree is the best match and this information is encoded by the fractal address of the object circuit that made the first match. The time interval from the broadcast of the pattern to the occurrence of an address at the fractal trunk relates a measure of the certainty of the pattern match.
Consider for instance the fractal tree architecture depicted in
The object circuit addresses represent every possible combination of 1's and 0's for an "N" dimensional binary pattern, where N is the number of branching levels in the fractal tree 300. Two specific sample object circuits 302 and 304 are generally indicated in the fractal tree 300 depicted in
The router circuitry of router circuits 431, 434, and 436 can take a variety of forms, but the basic functionality is fairly simple. To understand the routing circuitry of router circuits 431, 434, and 436 it is important to understand the desired behavior within a pattern recognition device. First, when a recognition event occurs at an object circuit configured as a pattern recognition circuit, such as object circuits 502 and 504 of
For illustrative purposes, assume that each object circuit 502 and 504 depicted in
Note that two electrodes pairs 414, 416 and 418, 420 are input to router circuit 434 and three electrodes 408, 410, 412 are output from router circuit 434. In addition to passing the information of object circuit detection direction, one electrode is considered the "recognition trigger". The routing direction is determined by which recognition trigger is activated first.
It is important at this point to review the general operation before discussing the specific router circuitry. Recall that the purpose of such a circuit is to broadcast the fractal address of the object circuit to make the first recognition down the fractal tree (e.g., fractal tree 300) and to the "trunk". When the user presents a pattern to the object recognition device, it is thus analyzed by every object circuit of the chip simultaneously and the fractal address of the best-match object circuit appears at the fractal truck. The address indicates not only the object circuit to make the best match, but the fractal quadrant(s) as well. It can be seen that by assigning object circuits of various object classes to various fractal quadrants, any possible classification of input space is possible.
The first object circuit to identify the pattern activates and consequently sets up a series of electrical comparisons at every branch router circuit. For every comparison, the direction of the winning branch is added to the increasing number of electrodes via a voltage indicating the direction of the route. If the "winning" electrode came "from the right", then the voltage on the electrode will indicate a logical "1". If the winning electrode came "from the left" then the voltage on the electrode will indicate a logical "0". The assignment of a logical 1 to a right direction and a logical 0 to a left direction is of course arbitrary. Via a series of comparisons at each branch router circuit, the voltage at the fractal tree trunk will eventually indicate the address of the object-recognition circuit that performed the closest match. The opposite of this process is also possible. That is, if one provides an address via a pattern of binary voltages at the fractal tree trunk, a signal will be propagate to the specified object-recognition circuit. In such a way the fractal tree structure can be used for both receiving and transmitting information to and from object circuits.
Router circuit 436 generally includes tri-state inverters 606 and 608 in
Possible voltage states are also depicted in the configuration for router circuit 436 depicted in
The router circuit 436 can receive as inputs a voltage at electrodes 424 and 425. When inputs 636 and 638 are set to complimentary voltages, the tri-state inverters 606 and 608 activate and pass gate 604 turns off (i.e. non-conducting). In the particular example detailed previously, object circuit electrode 2 (electrode 425) is of a higher voltage, which forces electrode 424 to a low voltage and electrode 425 to a high voltage. The complimentary object circuit electrode voltages turn on pass gates 614 and 616 and turns off pass gates 610 and 612. This in turn passes a logical "1", or high voltage, to electrode 634, or address bit 1. The second output, the "recognition trigger", is passed by pass gate 614 to electrode 636.
Electrode 636 and 632 can be provided as input to NAND gate 634. In addition, the output of NAND gate 634 is connected to electrode 632. The function of NAND gate 636 is important and the same function can be attained with a number of alternative circuits. The NAND gate can be used for example, for the case where electrode 632 has already been driven low by a lower-level router circuit. This can happen if, for instance, an object circuit on another branch of the fractal tree is activated before an object circuit on the branch indicated by
In addition it is preferred that the attractor landscape of the NAND gate (634) or an equivalent circuit be such that when electrode 632 is lowered to a negative voltage while electrode 636 is held constant at a zero or near-zero voltage, the voltages will reach a stable state when electrode 632 is low and electrode 636 is high. Additionally, it is advantageous that the attractor landscape of the NAND gate (634) or an equivalent circuit be such that when electrodes 636 and 632 are equal or nearly equal to zero voltage, where zero voltage is defined as half the supply voltage, the NAND gate is in an unstable equilibrium and the time for the circuit to decay to a stable attractor point outside the influence of external voltage sources is longer than the clock period. The various attractor properties of the circuit can be attained by selective modification of transistor sizes comprising the NAND gate. The NAND gate 634 prevents static power dissipation in the event of one object circuit activating before another object circuit on another branch of the fractal tree while still allowing a recognition signal to pass if another has not already.
The entire device is in its resting state when the voltage on all recognition trigger electrodes is equal to approximately half the supply voltage, which is defined as "zero volts". During the process of recognition, for every recognition electrode that is positively activated there will be a complimentary electrode that is negatively activated. For example electrodes 424 and 425 in
As depicted in
To continue with the above mentioned example, if the object circuit 502 is activated before object circuit 504, the address bit available at address bit electrode 634 a may output a logical "1" or high voltage and the recognition trigger output available at the recognition trigger electrode 632 would be high. Thus, by looking at the address bit, it can be determined which recognition circuit activated first and therefore provided the best pattern match. It is important to note that the object circuit can generally provide a match for a pattern that is much larger than a fractal dimension (i.e. the number of trunk electrode or branch levels). In this manner, a large dimensional pattern can be mapped efficiently to compact low-dimensional pattern. Because every object circuit receives the same input pattern and processes independently, the recognition speed is independent of the number of object circuits available. In other words, by combining chips in the fractal pattern depicted in
To put this device function into perspective, such a circuit can allow for the recognition of the best-match for a particular pattern, as given by a probabilistic weighting of each input line by the neural states of the neural nodes in the pattern recognition circuit. In other words, this structure is similar to a content-addressable memory in the respect that it will output the address of an object circuit that matches an applied pattern. The circuit is vastly more powerful for object-recognition (pattern recognition) tasks because 1) The device can be scaled indefinitely, 2) The address provided is the probabilistic best-match and not simply a direct match or hash-match, 3) The device holds significantly more content-addressable memory than any current device, 4) The fractal structure of the device allows for the most compact dimensionality reduction possible, 5) The fractal branching structure allows for arbitrary and indefinitely scalable partitions of the input space which results in universal pattern classification occurring on the chip rather than in software, 6) probabilistic pattern weighting may be learned on-chip and during device operation, 7) the time between pattern presentation and recognition provides a measure of the certainty of pattern match, and 8) the device will always return a result, which is useful in situations where "no answer" is not acceptable, such as robotic navigation.
The only difference in recognition time for a larger fractal tree is the time for the electrical signal to propagate through the fractal branches. One can appreciate that this technology can profoundly impact information processing, particularly in the fields of machine vision, voice recognition, robotics and intelligent Internet searching to name a few.
Two tri-state inverters 706 and 708 can also be implemented as a part of the router node circuit 700. The output from inverter 706 can be connected to the input of inverter 708 and also to a left branch recognition trigger electrode 705. In a similar manner, the output from inverter 708 can be connected to the input of inverter 706 and to a right branch trigger electrode 707. A left branch address bit 1 electrode 741 can be provided to pass gate 714 as indicated in
Pass gate 714 can be connected to pass gate 716 and address bit electrode 734. Address bit 2 electrode 733 can be connected to pass gates 717 and 719. Both pass gates 717 and 719 can be connected to pass gate 721. A recognition trigger electrode 732 can also be connected NAND gate 742. NAND gate 742 can also be connected to electrode 744. In the example depicted in
Because every right-branch electrode has a complimentary left-branch electrode that shares both size and layout, the capacitances will be equal in value and thus the magnitude of the charge stored on the capacitors will be equal. When the positive feedback circuits are deactivated and the pass-gates are opened, charge sharing between the two electrodes will result in the voltage being reset to a value midway between the supply rails. The complimentary voltage reset mechanism is illustrated generally in
For example, consider the recognition event as depicted in
Q total =C 1 V + +C 2 V −
Q total =+CV + CV − =C(V + +V −)=0
Object circuitry can take a variety of forms. Such functionalities can be described in the context of, for example, a Knowm™ enabled synapse device and/or a molecular-switch-enabled circuit. A variety of object circuits are possible and it is intended that the varying embodiments disclosed herein generally cover such possibilities.
In a distributed pattern-recognition embodiment, the uppermost layers duplicate a signal and broadcast it to every object circuit. These electrodes can form pre-synaptic electrode terminals. Such electrodes are demonstrated in the example depicted in
For the purpose of properly broadcasting electrical signals across a chip it is usually beneficial to provide buffer circuitry.
When a signal is duplicated and broadcast over the surface of the chip, neural circuit modules integrate the signal via synaptic connections formed at the intersections of the input layer electrodes and a metal layer immediately beneath the electrode. These electrodes, or "dendrites", can be seen in greater detail in
In the final detail view of portion 1108, electrodes 1112, 1114, 1116, and 1118 can be seen. Electrodes 1112, 1114, 1116, and 1118 can constitute for example, a dendritic electrode (i.e., metal layer 4). Thus, as previously mentioned, the dendritic electrodes 1112, 1114, 1116, and/or 1118 comprise the metal layer immediately beneath the input layer electrodes (i.e., metal layer 5). Each dendrite can be connected to one neural node. For illustrative purposes, neural node 1120 may be connected to dendritic electrode 1112 with a series of vertical connections through the chip layers. These connections can be seen in
The neural node 1200 circuitry disclosed in
Additionally, a via 1208 (i.e., 3-4 via) can be formed above layer 1210, while a layer 1206 (i.e., metal layer 4) can be formed above layer 1208. Additionally, a via 1204 (i.e., 4-5 via) can be formed above layer 1206. Finally, an input layer 1202 (i.e., metal layer 5) can be formed above layer 1204. Layer 1206 can be utilized to implement the dendritic electrodes (i.e., metal layer 4) illustrated in
The basic requirement of a neural node circuit is the ability to implement the flip-lock cycle, which has been detailed in other patents. The flip-lock cycle is the process of inverting either the pre- or post-synaptic electrode for a period of time and locking either the post- or pre-synaptic voltage (respectively) so as to implement a form of competitive Hebbian learning across a junction of meta-stable switches.
By combining differential connections, a bi-stable synapse component can be created from meta-stable switches. For the benefit of the reader two such example circuits are depicted in
Two tri-state inverters 1308 and 1310 can also be provided, such that the output of inverter 1308 is connected to post-synaptic electrode 1306 and the input of inverter 1308 is connected to post-synaptic electrode 1304. Likewise, the input of inverter 1310 is connected to post-synaptic electrode 1306 and the output of inverter 1310 is connected to post-synaptic electrode 1304. A pass gate 1312 can also be connected to post-synaptic electrode 1306. A pass gate 1316 can also be provided. An electrode can be formed between pass gates 1312 and 1316 with a capacitance 1314.
Neural node circuit 1301 includes pass gates 1322 and 1326, along with tri-state inverters 1330 and 1328. If the output of the neural node is to be fed to another 2-1 neural node, the output may be inverted by inverter 1332. The input of tri-state inverter 1334 may be connected to post-synaptic electrode 1320. A post-synaptic electrode 1320 is connected to pass gate 1322. The input of inverter 1328 and the output of inverter 1330 are connected to an electrode with capacitance 1324 and to pass gates 1322 and 1326.
The configurations depicted in
A number of examples can be provided based on neural node circuits 1300 or 1301. For example, a 2-2 node can be provided that receives at least two inputs and returns at least two outputs. A flip-lock cycle can be determined that is relatively simple and in its most basic form comprises one complete clock cycle. Both circuits 1300 and 1301 can be analyzed with respect to two clock periods, including an evaluate phase, a first feedback phase, a second feedback phase and a reset phase.
The 2-1 neural node circuit 1300 contains two post-synaptic electrodes 1304, 1306. Synapses can form on these two electrodes 1304, 1306 from a perpendicular pre-synaptic electrode. A synapse can thus be seen as a differential connection, where the sign of the connection is a function of the relative sizes of the connections on each electrode. The post-synaptic electrodes each charge via the current from the synaptic junctions. Pass gate 1312 is deactivated (non-conducting) during the evaluate phase.
The 1-2 neural node circuit 1301 contains one post synaptic electrode 1320. Synapses can form on electrode 1320 from two perpendicular pre-synaptic electrodes. A synapse can thus be seen as a differential connection, where the sign of the connection is a function of the relative sizes of the connections on the electrode. The post-synaptic electrode charges via the current from the synaptic junctions during the evaluate phase. Pass gate 1322 is conducting and pass gate 1326 is non-conducting during the evaluate phase. Note that the purpose of the evaluate phase is to provide a seed voltage on the capacitor 1324, which will be evaluate to a saturated level by the feedback circuit composed of inverters 1336 and 1328.
The first feedback phase (i.e., Feedback 1) for the 2-1 node neural circuit 1300 occurs after the post-synaptic electrodes 1304 and 1306 have partially charged, and tri-state inverters 1308 and 1310 are activated. This forces the electrode at the highest potential to saturate at the high supply rail and forces the other electrode to saturate to the complimentary supply rail. The pass gate 1302 is non-conducting during this stage. The temporal integral of the energy density across the pre- and post-synaptic electrodes over the evaluate and feedback stages gives the probability of total synaptic update. The mechanism for the synaptic update and its connection to a computationally useful plasticity rule is covered in other patents. For the sake of clarification to the reader, each synapse is composed of an array of meta-stable switches, for example a Knowm™ synapse or molecular switches. Pass gate 1312 remains conducting during this stage while pass gate 1316 remains non-conducting.
The first feedback phase for the 1-2 neural node circuit 1301 occurs after the post-synaptic electrode 1320 has charged, pass gate 1322 is de-activated (non-conducting), and tri-state inverters 1328 and 1330 are turned on. Inverter 1334 is turned on, thus forcing the post-synaptic voltage state to an opposite value as required by the flip-lock cycle. In other words, the flip state for the 1-2 neural node circuit 1301 is implemented by the pre-synaptic electrode 1320. The temporal integral of the energy density across the pre- and post-synaptic electrode provides for a total synaptic update. The mechanism for the synaptic update is covered in other patents, for example "plasticity-induced self-organizing nanotechnology for the extraction of independent components of a data stream". For the sake of clarification to the reader, each synapse can be composed of an array of meta-stable switches, for example, Knowm™ synapses or a molecular switches. The pass gate 1326 remains non-conducting during this stage and pass gate 1322 remains conducting.
With respect to the 2-1 neural node circuit 1300 and the second feedback phase, pass gate 1302 remains off and pass gate 1312 is off. Pass gate 1316 is made conducting, thus dumping the charge stored between pass gates 1312 and 1216 out of the neural node. The feedback from inverters 1308 and 1310 is turned off during the second feedback phase.
With respect to the 1-2 neural node circuit 1301 and the second feedback phase, pass gate 1322 remains non-conducting. The feedback from inverters 1328 and 1330 turn off. Pass gate 1326 turns on, thus dumping the charge accumulated between pass gates 1322 and 1326 out of the neural node circuit 1301.
During the reset phase for the 2-1 neural node circuit 1300, pass gate 1302 is turned on. Inverters 1308 and 1310 remain off. Pass gates 1312 and 1316 are turned on. The effect is to share the charge across all electrodes. Since the device is capacitively balanced, an equal amount of positive and negative charge results in a voltage reset that takes all electrodes to a zero value.
With respect to reset phase for the 1-2 neural node circuit 1301, pass gate 1322 and 1326 is turned on. Inverters 1328 and 1330 remain off. The effect is to share the charge across all electrodes. Since the device is capacitively balanced, an equal amount of positive and negative charge result is a voltage reset that takes all electrodes to a zero value.
To detect the presence of a feature it may be necessary to assign many neural nodes to each pattern recognition circuit. Object circuits are thus configured as pattern recognition circuits. Each pattern recognition circuit can thus be composed of one or more neural nodes. Each neural node can operate under the auspices of the Anti-Hebbian and Hebbian (AHAH) rule via the Flip-Lock cycle. The use of the AHAH rule in such circuits is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20040162796, entitled "Application of Hebbian and Anti-Hebbian learning to Nanotechnology-based Physical Neural Networks," by Alex Nugent, which published on Aug. 19, 2004 based on a patent application filed on Dec. 30, 2003. Under a full basis set of binary inputs, the AHAH rule allows 2N attractor states, where N in the number of inputs to the neuron. Each attractor state passes or inverts one of the input lines. A pattern recognition circuit can be constructed as depicted in
During the Feedback 2 stage, a charge quanta on each node is released onto an ensemble electrode. The instantaneous voltage on the electrode is generally a direct measure of the accuracy of the pattern input with the stored synaptic weights. In other words, if a bit of an input pattern matched a neural state, the charge quanta would equal +Q, whereas if the charge quanta would equal −Q if it did not.
It should be noted that an ensemble may contain upwards of thousands of neural modules, depending of the input dimension and the level of pattern recognition accuracy required. As previously mentioned, during the Feedback 2 stage each neural node dumps a quanta of charge onto the ensemble evaluation electrode. The voltage on the electrode is of course a function of the capacitance of the ensemble electrode and the amount of charge released by the node circuits. The voltage on the ensemble evaluation electrode is a function of the agreement between the input pattern and the states of each node in the ensemble.
Recall that the stable states of a neural node under the influence of the AHAH rule and a binary data stream is a connection that passes or inverts one of the node inputs. As an example, consider an input pattern of [1010]. If the ensemble node states were [[1---], [-0--], [--1-], [---0]], then the total output charge on the ensemble electrode would be equal to +4Q, where Q is the charge built up in each node between the node pass gates and [--1-] indicates null synaptic connection to the 1st, 2nd, and 4th inputs and a positive connection (non-inverting) connection to the 3rd connection.
Alternately, if the input pattern was [1000] and the ensemble node states were given as above, a total of +2Q of charge would be released onto the ensemble electrode. During the Feedback 2 cycle, the ensemble node feedback turns on, thus forcing the ensemble electrode voltage to either a high or low value. The more accurate the match between the input pattern and the ensemble neural state, the faster the ensemble electrode will saturate.
The first ensemble electrode voltage to reach a high value thus forms the recognition event that is propagated down the fractal tree through the router circuits. Since the distance from the ensemble electrode to the router circuits are identical, the circuit with the best match will beat the other nodes to the router circuit block and consequently the signal cascade results in the output of the address of the object circuit block with the closest match at the fractal trunk.
One can appreciate that the operation of this device is in fact quite simple. The extreme efficiency of the circuitry is a function of the type of problem it is trying to solve and the ability of the problem to be solved in a completely parallel way.
Allocation 1608 can comprise a location for a Level 3 router circuit. Allocation 1610 can comprise a location for a Level 4 router circuit. Allocation 1612 can comprise a location for a Level 5 router circuit. Allocation 1612 can comprise a location for a Level 6 router circuit. Allocation 1614, as depicted by an enlargement of segment 1618, can comprise a location for a Level 7 router circuit. Allocation 1616 can comprise a location for a Level 8 router circuit. The depicted 8 levels of router circuitry are of course arbitrary and more, or less, levels may exist. As depicted in
The fractal structure of the output electrodes and router circuitry is thus critical to device function because it satisfies this condition. The fractal structure illustrated in
As previously mentioned, the charge output of a neural ensemble circuit block configured for pattern recognition is related to the degree the input pattern matches the stored pattern. This charge is the seed in a positive-feedback circuit that evaluates to one of two stable states. The closer the match of the pattern with the states of the neural nodes, the higher the seed charge and the shorter the time the ensemble circuitry will take to saturate the ensemble electrode at a high voltage. This high voltage thus starts a chain reaction down the fractal tree.
The ensemble electrode to saturate first will "win the race" down the fractal tree, resulting it its fractal address being displayed as voltages on the fractal trunk electrodes. It can be appreciated that the time between pattern presentation and the occurrence of an address at the fractal trunk is a direct measure of the degree of match between the input pattern and a stored patter. In this way one may retrieve not only the address of the most-likely match but also the degree of certainty related to the returned match.
The speed of this signal transduction is a function of the degree of matching between an input pattern and a stored pattern, but can also be affected by two circuits on the fractal tree having the same stored pattern. In this case, the signals will reach a router node at the same time. The feedback circuit will attempt to amplify the signals to make a decision. Without voltage noise, however, the time the router takes to switch may take too long. Since voltage noise is of course in no short abundance, especially at elevated operating temperatures, the circuit will randomly pick a branch and output the corresponding address. This problem can be avoided by careful initialization of the device, which entails nothing more than insuring each object circuit is initialized into a different state.
One example of a method that can be adapted for use in accordance with moving the connections into such an excited state is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/045,538, "Solution-Based Apparatus of an Artificial Neural Network Formed Utilizing Nanotechnology." The nanoparticles comprising a Knowm™ synapse can be made mobile by heating the chip and thus transitioning the particle suspension medium from a solid to a liquid or from a high-viscosity state to a low-viscosity state. In addition, heating the chip may transition molecular switches from a stable to a meta-stable state. Heating can occur by an external heating apparatus or via normal chip operation, which is indicated by block 1906.
When the connections have reached an adaptive state, defined as a state susceptible to thermal-induced state transitions, input vector/object circuit address pair is applied to the chip, as indicated by blocks 1908 and 1910. The input vector may comprise an exemplar of a collection of various examples of a pattern to be learned. The address may be an object circuit assigned to learn the input pattern. If the state of the object circuit is positive then the object circuit address is specified. If the state of the object circuit is negative then the address of the complementary object circuit is specified.
For example, [0100111] and [0100110] are considered can be tested to determine if the state has been set. This test may be accomplished by de-activating the teach mode and presenting a series of input patterns. If the output of the object circuit agrees to a test measure to within some maximum allowable error then the object circuit state is considered set and the process is terminated, as indicated by block 1916. If the object circuit state is not set then the teach mode is activated and input vector/address pairs are applied, as indicated by block 1914.
Electrodes 2034 2036, 2060 and 2058 are connected to router circuits 2032 and 2038. In addition, interface electrodes 2028, 2030, 2066, 2064 and 2062 may be connected to router circuit 2032. As indicated in
Assuming that one desires to "OR" two or more input lines, the input lines can be routed to an "OR" object circuit such as logic component 2112 by including a circuit address. For example, one can input [Z1010], where "Z" indicates a floating value. This input can be broken down into its component form: [output][input][address].
When the input is applied, the signal will be routed to the OR gate and the inputs [10] will be provided to the circuit. The output of the circuit can then be read on the output line. In this manner, it can be seen that a fractal architecture can be utilized to route an input, and receive and output from, any circuit on the fractal tree. By increasing the complexity of the fractal tree it is not difficult to see how such an architecture can be utilized as a basis for networking microprocessors. As the number bits required for input and output grow, the size of the router circuitry will of course grow as well.
For modern microprocessor architectures it is advantageous to provide the capability of at least 64 bit processing. As an illustrative example, the trunk electrode would thus contain two 64 bit input busses, one 64 bit output bus and associated address bits. Although these inputs can be easily configured on one chip in the same format as outline in this document, it would be advantageous to create a structure where an unlimited number of circuits can be connected to one another. This is easily possible by making each object circuit, or a portion of the fractal tree, contained on one chip and stacking the chips between router circuitry. This can be seen in
System 2200 is based on a chip stacking configuration. In the example depicted in
Step 2 comprises the voltage on the output electrode being driven by the result of the logical calculations performed at the object circuit specified by the address. For illustrative purposes this logic calculation can comprise a logical "OR" operation. The output electrodes would thus equal [01xx], where [01] is the result of the operation and "xx" indicates the address of an object circuit, which may comprise any potential object circuit. In the example given the address is [01] which indicates object circuit 2304. Step 3, as detailed by block 2324, illustrates the process of using the output obtained in step 2 as the input and address for step 4. In this way, the output from object circuit 2308 is sent as an input to object circuit 2304.
Because the chips can be combined in a fractal tree in an infinitely scalable architecture, this opens up the possibility of constructing infinitely scalable distributed computing system, where each object circuit is in fact a microprocessor. Alternately, the system itself can comprise a microprocessor and object circuits representing specialized logical operations required for more efficient calculations.
In the same manner that the fractal memory system previously disclosed utilized Knowm™ synapses formed on the surface of the chip to store information, these chips can store memory on the surface of the chip with a cross-bar of molecular switches. Each object circuit can then store many gigabits or perhaps even terabits of information for use in data processing. It can be appreciated that this form of computing architecture is not of course limited to advanced molecular switch or Knowm™ synapse implementations and can in fact be configured with currently available micro fabrication technology.
The first metal layer, as indicated by layer 2404 can form the object and router circuit interconnect as well as a power distribution layer. The second metal layer, as depicted by layer 2406 may comprise a clock and teach signal distribution layer, as well provide for object and router circuit interconnects. The third metal layer 2408, as depicted in layer 2408 may comprise an output layer as well as object and router circuit interconnect. Metal layer four, as depicted by layer 2410, may provide for dendritic electrodes, as well as power, clock and teach signal distribution. Metal layer five, as depicted by layer 2412, may comprise the axonic or input distribution layer.
A number of applications are thus possible based on the foregoing embodiments. Arbitrary circuit blocks may also be implemented in the context of the fractal architecture described herein. Such an architecture makes it possible to scale a system upward indefinitely by adding additional components to the utilized fractal tree. The resulting fractal structure provides a number of enhancements, particularly in respect to a pattern-recognition embodiment. For example, if it is desired to search a larger database of patterns, two chips and a router chip can be utilized to essentially configure a chip-router-chip "sandwich". Hence, both chips can be searched simultaneously. If four times the number of patterns is required to be searched, two "sandwiches" can be stacked together with a router chip and so forth.
It should be appreciated that an artificial synapse or artificial synapses as contemplated for use in the architecture and methods/systems described herein may be implemented from a variety of different types of synapse configurations currently available in the art or developed in the future. Therefore the current architecture is not limited to a specific type of artificial synapse, but the general use of an artificial synapse is contemplated. For example, the Knowm™ type synapse disclosed herein represents merely one possible type of synapse that may be utilized in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. Synapses based on other types of architectures and configurations can be configured for use with the disclosed embodiments.
It will be further appreciated that variations of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Various modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|706/26, 706/28, 706/20, 706/33
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|30 Jan 2009
Owner name: KNOWMTECH, LLC, NEW MEXICO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NUGENT, ALEX;REEL/FRAME:022182/0614
Effective date: 20090128
|29 Apr 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
IN-su-lin GLAR-jeen, ree-KOM-bi-nant
Insulin, Long Acting
Insulin glargine is a long-acting type of insulin that works slowly, over about 24 hours. Insulin is one of many hormones that help the body turn the food we eat into energy. This is done by using the glucose (sugar) in the blood as quick energy. Also, insulin helps us store energy that we can use later. When you have diabetes mellitus, your body cannot make enough insulin or does not use insulin properly. This causes you to have too much sugar in your blood. Like other types of insulin, insulin glargine is used to keep your blood sugar level close to normal. You may have to use insulin glargine in combination with another type of insulin or with a type of oral diabetes medicine to keep your blood sugar under control.
This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription.
In deciding to use a medicine, the risks of taking the medicine must be weighed against the good it will do. This is a decision you and your doctor will make. For this medicine, the following should be considered:
Tell your doctor if you have ever had any unusual or allergic reaction to this medicine or any other medicines. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. For non-prescription products, read the label or package ingredients carefully.
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated pediatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of Basaglar® or Lantus® to treat type 1 diabetes in children 6 years of age and older. However, safety and efficacy of Lantus® have not been established in children younger than 6 years of age with type 1 diabetes and in children with type 2 diabetes.
Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of Toujeo® in the pediatric population. Safety and efficacy have not been established.
Older adults
Appropriate studies performed to date have not demonstrated geriatric-specific problems that would limit the usefulness of insulin glargine in the elderly. However, elderly patients are more likely to have unwanted effects, which may require caution in patients receiving this medicine.
There are no adequate studies in women for determining infant risk when using this medication during breastfeeding. Weigh the potential benefits against the potential risks before taking this medication while breastfeeding.
Other medicines
Although certain medicines should not be used together at all, in other cases two different medicines may be used together even if an interaction might occur. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. When you are taking this medicine, it is especially important that your healthcare professional know if you are taking any of the medicines listed below. The following interactions have been selected on the basis of their potential significance and are not necessarily all-inclusive.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines is usually not recommended, but may be required in some cases. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines.
Other interactions
Certain medicines should not be used at or around the time of eating food or eating certain types of food since interactions may occur. Using alcohol or tobacco with certain medicines may also cause interactions to occur. Discuss with your healthcare professional the use of your medicine with food, alcohol, or tobacco.
Other medical problems
The presence of other medical problems may affect the use of this medicine. Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially:
A nurse or other trained health professional may give you this medicine. You may also be taught how to give your medicine at home. This medicine is given as a shot under your skin.
Always double-check both the concentration (strength) of your insulin and your dose. Concentration and dose are not the same. The dose is how many units of insulin you will use. The concentration tells how many units of insulin are in each milliliter (mL), such as 100 units/mL (U-100), but this does not mean you will use 100 units at a time.
Each package of insulin glargine contains a patient information sheet. Read this sheet carefully and make sure you understand:
It is best to use a different place on the body for each injection (eg, under the skin of your abdomen or stomach, thigh, or upper arm). If you have questions about this, contact a member of your health care team.
Since insulin glargine lowers the blood glucose over 24 hours, it should be injected once daily at bedtime.
The insulin solution should look clear and colorless. Do not use insulin glargine if it is cloudy or thickened.
Follow carefully the special meal plan your doctor gave you. This is the most important part of controlling your condition, and is necessary if the medicine is to work properly. Also, exercise regularly and test for sugar in your blood or urine as directed.
The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
The amount of medicine that you take depends on the strength of the medicine. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Do not keep outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed.
Ask your healthcare professional how you should dispose of any medicine you do not use.
Store unused vials, cartridges, or SoloStar® prefilled pens in the refrigerator. Protect from light. Do not freeze.
You may store the opened vials that you are currently in the refrigerator or at room temperature in a cool place, away from sunlight and heat. Use within 28 days.
The SoloStar® prefilled pen that you are currently using should not be refrigerated. You should store the pen at room temperature, away from direct heat and light. Throw away any opened Lantus® SoloStar® pen after 28 days, or Toujeo® SoloStar® pen after 42 days.
After a cartridge has been inserted into a pen, store the cartridge and pen at room temperature, not in the refrigerator.
Never share insulin pens or cartridges with others under any circumstances. It is not safe for one pen to be used for more than one person. Sharing needles or pens can result in transmission of hepatitis viruses, HIV, or other bloodborne illnesses.
Your doctor will want to check your progress at regular visits, especially during the first few weeks you take this medicine. Blood tests may be needed to check for unwanted effects.
It is very important to follow carefully any instructions from your health care team about:
In case of emergency There may be a time when you need emergency help for a problem caused by your diabetes. You need to be prepared for these emergencies. It is a good idea to:
Too much insulin glargine can cause hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Low blood sugar also can occur if you use insulin glargine with another antidiabetic medicine, delay or miss a meal or snack, exercise more than usual, or drink alcohol. Symptoms of low blood sugar must be treated before they lead to unconsciousness (passing out). Different people may feel different symptoms of low blood sugar. It is important that you learn which symptoms of low blood sugar you usually have so that you can treat it quickly.
Symptoms of low blood sugar include anxiety, behavior change similar to being drunk, blurred vision, cold sweats, confusion, difficulty in thinking, dizziness or lightheadedness, drowsiness, excessive hunger, fast heartbeat, headache, irritability or abnormal behavior, nervousness, nightmares, restless sleep, shakiness, slurred speech, and tingling in the hands, feet, lips, or tongue.
If symptoms of low blood sugar occur, eat glucose tablets or gel, corn syrup, honey, or sugar cubes, or drink fruit juice, non diet soft drink, or sugar dissolved in water to relieve the symptoms. Also, check your blood for low blood sugar. Get to a doctor or a hospital right away if the symptoms do not improve. Someone should call for emergency help immediately if severe symptoms such as convulsions (seizures) or unconsciousness occur. Have a glucagon kit available, along with a syringe and needle, and know how to use it. Members of your household also should know how to use it.
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) may occur if you do not take enough or skip a dose of your antidiabetic medicine, overeat or do not follow your meal plan, have a fever or infection, or do not exercise as much as usual.
Symptoms of high blood sugar include blurred vision, drowsiness, dry mouth, flushed, dry skin, fruit-like breath odor, increased urination, ketones in the urine, loss of appetite, stomachache, nausea, or vomiting, tiredness, troubled breathing (rapid and deep), unconsciousness, and unusual thirst.
If symptoms of high blood sugar occur, check your blood sugar level and then call your doctor for instructions.
This medicine may make you dizzy or drowsy. Do not drive or do anything else that could be dangerous until you know how this medicine affects you.
This medicine may cause serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Call your doctor right away if you have a rash, itching, trouble breathing, trouble swallowing, or any swelling of your hands, face, or mouth while you are using this medicine.
This medicine may cause low levels of potassium in your blood. Do not use medicines, supplements, or salt substitutes that contain potassium unless you have discussed this with your doctor.
Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention.
Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur:
Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Also, your health care professional may be able to tell you about ways to prevent or reduce some of these side effects. Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them:
Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional.
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
6-Year-Old Hospitalized After Eating Walmart Donut
Logan Ratai, from Fort Riley, Kansas, had a less than satisfactory experience with a Walmart donut over the weekend. According to news station WIBW, the six-year-old allegedly consumed a Walmart bakery treat that contained pieces of black metal. He was eventually hospitalized due to abdominal pains and is currently on antibiotics and a clear liquid diet until further notice, his mom Kelly Ratai told reporters. His parents realized what happened after he said the donut was "crunchy" and they noticed he had chipped a tooth. A Walmart spokesperson says the company is looking into the incident.
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text:
After installing zonealarm my network adapter is now being disconnected when the computer goes into powersave mode.
Before the installation my computer would sleep all the time but my downloads and uploads would continue with now problem. Now, when I come out of powersave mode, I get a message "network is now connected" over the icon in the systray. I am using the free version of ZoneAlarm and am wondering is there anyway to keep this behavior from happening, short of disabling powersave/sleep mode.