text:
Pritchard v. Purcell,
KISHON PRITCHARD, Petitioner
ROBERT PURCELL, Respondent
High Court of American Samoa
Trial Division
DR No. 65-88
April 18, 1989
Marriage contracted with the sole purpose of changing the immigration status of one of the parties was nevertheless a valid marriage, regardless of whether there was subsequent cohabitation or sexual relations.
Marriage conducted with the purpose of deceiving immigration officials may change the parties' marital status even if it does not change their immigration status.
In the absence of citation of authorities concerning applicable foreign law, the foreign law is presumed not to differ from that of the forum.
Even if petitioner could prove her marriage void under applicable foreign law, action for annulment would be subject to equitable defenses and limitations applicable to annulment actions in the forum.
Where one party to a marriage was the victim of fraud or duress, or was without capacity to marry, subsequent voluntary cohabitation or sexual relations is evidence of ratification.
Refusal by one party to engage in sexual relations or to live with the other party might be evidence of a secret pre-marital intention which, if unknown to the other party, might be a fraudulent inducement to marry.
A marriage contracted between two people who mutually agree not to cohabit or to engage in sexual relations, or even in the mutual knowledge that one party is unable to engage in such relations, is not on that account invalid.
Marriages should only be annulled upon strict proof of invalidity.
Testimony of parties who have shown a willingness to perjure themselves by entering into "immigration marriage," with respect to unverifiable event such as whether subsequent sexual relations occurred, is not "clear, convincing, and satisfactory" evidence. Provided that parties to a marriage ceremony understood the ceremony, and that neither was a victim of force or fraud, their vows and affidavits should be given the legal significance they knew society meant them to have. [11ASR2d17]
Statute providing that court "may" annul illegally contracted marriages follows the general rule that annulment is an equitable remedy which may be barred by equitable defenses including estoppel, laches, or the doctrine of unclean hands. A.S.C.A. § 42.0203.
Before REES, Associate Judge, and TAUANU'U, Chief Associate Judge.
Counsel: For Petitioner, Charles Ala'ilima
This action is for annulment of a marriage. Respondent was served in New Zealand by certified mail and has not answered.
Petitioner testified that in 1984 she asked respondent to marry her for the sole purpose of obtaining permanent resident status in New Zealand. She further testified that she gave respondent money in exchange for his participation in the fraudulent marriage; that neither party intended, at the time of the ceremony, to "consummate" the marriage; that they never did have sexual relations; and that they did not live together.
Petitioner says she purchased a house and a car which were registered in the names of both parties. According to her petition, the acquisition of these properties was "intended to establish the validity of the marriage before the New Zealand authorities" Her testimony, although not entirely clear, appears to be that she lived alone in the house but that she and respondent shared the use of the car. When she left New Zealand in 1986, respondent took over possession of the house and car.
Upon her departure from New Zealand, petitioner asked respondent to bring an action for divorce as per their earlier agreement. He refused, however, to bring such an action.
Petitioner testified that respondent is happy with the existing arrangement, apparently because he enjoys the house and car. (1) Petitioner says she now [11ASR2d18] "understands -that her acts in New Zealand were wrong and prays this Court forgive this youthful indiscretion."
Although the power of forgiveness is reserved to another forum, this Court has the authority to declare a marriage null provided that it "was illegally contracted." A.S.C.A. § 42.0203. It is by no means clear, however, that a marriage was "illegally contracted" simply because the parties entered into it for an illegal reason.
I. Consent to Marry
Marriage ceremonies conducted with the sole purpose of deceiving immigration officials are lamentably common. Although courts of the united States have construed the immigration laws so as to deny such ceremonies their desired effect, these courts have frequently taken care to acknowledge that the ceremony may change the parties' marital status even if it does not change their immigration status. See, e.g., Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604 (1953); United States v. Lozano, 511 F.2d 1 (7th cir. 1975); United States v. Sacco, 428 F.2d 264 (9th cir. 1970); Mpiliris v. Hellenic Lines, Ltd., 323 F.Supp. 865, 882 n.2 (S.D. Tex. 1969).
"Immigration marriage" is a special instance of the "limited purpose marriage" in which two people, at least one of whom does not really want to be married, nevertheless very much want something that can be obtained through marriage. It is often agreed in advance that one of the parties, after the ceremony and the attainment of the desired object, will bring an action for annulment. A substantial majority of the reported decisions dealing directly with the question, however, have concluded that such marriages--- [11ASR2d19] whether or not they are effective in achieving their purposes ---are valid as marriages.
[B]y reason of the strong social interests in protecting the
integrity of the marital status, when two persons, otherwise
qualified voluntarily go through a marriage ceremony, albeit
for a limited purpose, with the intention, mutual understanding
and anticipation that the marriage is to be accorded legal
significance, the marriage is binding....
Mpiliris, supra, 323 F.Supp. at 880-81 ("immigration marriage"). See also Re Estate of Duncan, 285 P. 757 (Colo. 1930) ("trial marriage"); Schibi v. Schibi, 69 A.2d 831 (Conn. 1949) (marriage ceremony conducted solely "to give the child a name"); Mitchell v. Mitchell, 310 A.2d 837 (D.C. 1973) (legitimation of child); Hanson v. Hanson, 191 N.E. 673 (Mass. 1934) (ceremony conducted to avoid loss of employment by man whose salary had" been raised on the strength of his approaching marriage); Erickson v. Erickson, 48 N.Y.S. 693 (N.Y. App. 1944) (legitimation of unborn child); Campbell v. Moore, 1 S.E.2d 784 (S.C. 1939) (legitimation); Harding v. Harding, 118 P.2d 789 (Wash. 1941) ("It was a business proposition. I had been in this water district for a good many years, had good connections, and we figured that we could make a go together."). Cf. Lozano, supra, 511 F.2d at 3 (immigration); Sacco, supra, 428 F.2d at 269-70 (legitimation); United States v. Diogo, 320 F.2d 898 (2d cir. 1963) (immigration). (2)
A few courts have held, however, that a "limited purpose" marriage is invalid in the [11ASR2d20]
absence of subsequent cohabitation or sexual intercourse between the parties. See Stone v. Stone, 32 So.2d 278 (Fla. 1947) (legitimation); Faustin v. Lewis, 427 A.2d 1105 (N.J. 1981) (immigration); Ramshardt v. Ballardini, 324 A.2d 69 (N.J. Ch. 1974) (immigration). These decisions seem to depend partly on an expansive definition of "consent," and partly on an apparent misapplication of the idea that a defective marriage can be "ratified" by sexual relations.
Marriage, being a sort of contract, requires the consent of the parties. When one party undergoes the proceeding at the point of a gun, or under a delusion that the ceremony is something other than a wedding, or in a state of dementia or extreme intoxication such as would render assent impossible, there is no consent and hence no marriage. (3) This principle has sometimes been extended to cases in which "two people participate in a mock marriage ceremony as the result of jest, exuberance, hilarity or dare and harbor no intention to be bound thereby." Mpiliris, supra, 323 F. Supp. at 881. (4) [11ASR2d21]
The jest-marriage doctrine has been cited to support the view that parties who enter into marriage with a limited or special purpose have not truly consented to the marriage. (5) Unlike the [11ASR2d22]
parties to a jest marriage, however, the parties to a limited purpose marriage specifically do intend that their marriage should have at least some of the legal and practical effects of a marriage. In contracting marriage they would seem to have made a deliberate decision to accept the marital status with all its legal consequences in order to obtain the consequences they particularly desire. In the formation of contracts it often happens that a party wants only some of the effects of his contract and would, if he could, avoid the rest. And yet the law understands him to have consented to the whole contract, even the parts he did not really want.
Those few decisions declaring limited purpose marriages to be nullities have invariably stressed the absence of sexual relations between the parties subsequent to the ceremony. The idea seems to be that the parties have not consented to marriage unless they have consented to a "real" marriage. (6) And yet neither cohabitation nor "consummation" has traditionally been held essential to the validity of a marriage.
The presence or absence of sexual relations is generally relevant to an annulment action only as evidence of "ratification." A party whose consent to marriage was procured by fraud or duress, or who lacked the capacity to consent, may cure this defect by engaging in voluntary sexual relations after the fraud, duress, or lack of capacity has come to an end. See generally H. Clark, The Law of Domestic Relations in the united States §§ 2.15-.17. Or a refusal by one party to engage in sexual relations or live with the other party might be evidence of a secret pre-marital intention by that party to limit the marital relationship; such a intention (if and only if it was not disclosed to the other party prior to the ceremony) might itself be a fraudulent inducement to marry, giving the defrauded party a right of action for annulment. [11ASR2d23] See. e.g., Anders v. Anders, 113 N.E. 203 (Mass. 1916). A marriage contracted between two people who mutually agree not to cohabit or to engage in sexual relations, however, or even in the mutual knowledge that one party is unable to engage in such relations, is not on that account invalid. See. e.g., Samuelson v. Samuelson, 142 A. 97 (Md. 1928); Martin v. Otis, 124 N.E. 294 (Mass. 1919).
To wrench "consummation" from its context to serve as the test of validity for limited purpose marriages creates a host of practical and theoretical problems. In the first place, cases such as the one before us almost by definition involve people who have shown a willingness to perjure themselves. The testimony of such a person on the occurrence vel non of an almost uniquely unverifiable event is not the sort of evidence on which courts ordinarily feel comfortable deciding cases. And yet courts are said to have a special responsibility not to annul marriages except on "clear, satisfactory and convincing evidence." (7)
Even more important, the substantive distinction created by the consummation test makes no sense. Many of the couples who contract marriages for immigration purposes or other special reasons, without the slightest intention of [11ASR2d24] spending their lives together, are no doubt fond of each other. Assuming the correctness of the premise that the law should look behind their sworn consent to marry ---and that they are found to have specifically intended something other than a "true" marriage should the law then, upon encountering a single act of sexual intercourse, forego further inquiry and irrebuttably presume that the parties must have thought better of their plan?
Cohabitation is even more unrealistic than consummation as a test of whether limited purpose consent has become true consent. If the present petitioner and respondent had lived together for a few weeks to lend verisimilitude to their immigration project, parting forever on the day petitioner received her visa, any inference of consent (beyond the "limited purpose consent" given at the time of the ceremony) would be an inference contrary to fact.
This is not to say that cohabitation and sexual relations cannot be important evidence of the parties' intentions. In marriages to which one party's consent was vitiated because he or she was the victim of fraud or duress, later voluntary cohabitation and sexual relations are strong objective evidence of forgiveness ---evidence that the victim has freely chosen the status into which he was originally led by force or fraud. Where the parties were co-perpetrators of the fraud, however, neither has anything for which to forgive the other. In this context sexual relations and brief cohabitation are not particularly strong evidence of a change of heart .
It is always possible, of course, that a couple who marry for a limited or special purpose might later decide to remain together for more traditional reasons. Assuming that such reformed marriages should be regarded as valid notwithstanding their origins, there is one thing to be said for the consummation test: it might be more practical for courts to decide whether sex or cohabitation had occurred than whether the parties ever really came to love each other. (8) [11ASR2d25]
It is even more practical, however ---less likely to lead to uncertainty, less consumptive of judicial resources, and more consistent with what the law generally means by consent ---simply to abide by the majority rule. Provided that the parties understood what a marriage ceremony was when they procured one, and that neither was a victim of force or fraud, their vows and affidavits should be given the legal significance they knew society meant them to have, rather than the different and contrary effect they secretly preferred.
Petitioner and respondent freely chose to contract a legal marriage. They were free to agree whether to live together or not, to have sexual relations or not, to enjoy or forego other privileges of their marital status. The status itself, and the obligations attached to it by law, are terminable only in accordance with the divorce statute.
II. Clean Hands
Not everyone who is a party to a defective marriage is entitled to an annulment. In providing that the Court "may" annul illegally contracted marriages, A.S.C.A. § 42.0203 follows the general rule that annulment is an equitable remedy which may be barred by equitable defenses including estoppel, laches, or the doctrine of unclean-hands. See, e.g., Schotte v. Schotte, 21 Cal. Rptr. 220 (Cal. App. 1962) ; Tonti v. Chadwick, 64 A.2d 436 (N.J. 1949); Commonwealth v. Case, 189 A.2d 756 (Penn. 1963); Gress v. Gress, 209 S.W.2d 1003 (Tex. App. 1948).
In cases involving bigamous or incestuous marriages some jurisdictions have refused to apply the doctrines of estoppel and unclean hands. In such cases the court generally considers the private equities of the case relatively unimportant compared to the overarching social interest in proscribing bigamy or incest. See Simmons v. Simmons, 19 F.2d 690, 691 (D.C. cir. 1927): "The interest of the state extends beyond the interests of the parties... It refuses to countenance [11ASR2d26] the continued perpetration of crime between such parties in violation of law and good morals." See also, e.g., Johnson v. Johnson, 16 So.2d 401 (Ala. 1944); Townsend v. Morgan, 63 A.2d 743 (Md. 1949); Martin v. Martin, 46 S.E. 120 (W.Va. 1903). Many jurisdictions, however, apply the doctrines of estoppel and unclean hands to bar annulments even of such "absolutely void" marriages. See, e.g., Case, supra: Schotte, supra; Endres v. Grove, 111 A.2d 638 (N.J. Ch. 1955).
Where the marriage is not absolutely void but merely "voidable," as in cases of defective consent, equitable barriers to recovery do apply. See, e.g., Gress, supra, 209 S.W.2d at 1007 (estoppel); Payzant v. Payzant, 168 N.E. 168 (Mass. 1929) (unclean hands); Jwaideh v. Jwaideh, 140 A.2d 303 (D.C. 1958) (laches). (9) Even the few cases declaring limited purpose marriages invalid seem to recognize that annulment of such marriages might ordinarily be barred by equitable defenses. In Ramshardt, supra, the court held the doctrine of unclean hands inapplicable only because plaintiff had shown his "innocence of any intentional violation of law" by voluntarily reporting his fraudulent marriage to the immigration authorities soon after it occurred. Id., 324 A.2d at 71. In Faustin, supra, the court acknowledged the applicability of the doctrine but found plaintiff to be "not so much a willing party to a 'marriage of convenience,' but rather the victim of unscrupulous persons who preyed on Haitian aliens...." Id., 427 A.2d at 1108. See also Stone, supra, 32 So.2d at 278-79 (Plaintiff, who had acted from "laudible" motives in marrying a pregnant teenager when the father of her unborn child "had become involved in other trouble and was not available," was entitled to an annulment, although the father himself would not have been so entitled.). [11ASR2d27]
Even if we agreed with petitioner that her marriage was voidable, this case calls so strongly for the application of the doctrine of unclean hands that we would regard it as an abuse of our discretion to grant her petition. Although she was young at the time of the arrangement from which she now seeks relief, she was its architect. Although she now says she is sorry, this case does not involve a wrongdoer moved by remorse to bring a premature end to his wrongful scheme, nor even one who has tired of it. On the contrary, the Court was always part of the plan. Parts One and Two--- arranging a marriage and staying in New Zealand until petitioner wished to leave ---seem to have gone well. By acquiescing in its designation as Part Three, this Court would countenance an abuse of its own processes: granting an annulment in this case would be the juridical equivalent of driving the getaway car. Moreover, a rule that marriages contracted for immigration purposes will be cheerfully annulled, no questions or only one question asked, would surely encourage many similar frauds. This is not what we are here for.
Accordingly, the petition is denied.
1. There is some tension between petitioner's testimony and her pleading, which states that "[t]he properties have, by agreement of the parties, been placed for sale with the proceeds to be divided equally." The petition also states that respondent was believed to be residing in Hawaii. As it turned out, on December 24, 1988, he signed a certified mail receipt in New Zealand. If, however, petitioner believed respondent to be living in Hawaii and to have agreed to an amicable disposition of the property, it is difficult to understand how she could also believe that he was unwilling to divorce her only because he wished to remain in possession of the New Zealand property. On this evidence we cannot conclude with any confidence that respondent does not have some more conventional reason for wishing to remain married, or that the marriage itself was not more conventional than petitioner now represents.
2. Since this marriage was contracted in New Zealand, its validity or nullity depends on New Zealand law. Loughran v. Loughran, 292 U.S. 216 (1934). Counsel for petitioner has cited no New Zealand authorities, so the applicable law is presumed not to differ from that of the forum. See Hanson v. Hanson, supra, 191 N.E. at 674-75; Theo H. Davies & Co. v. Pacific Development Co., 6 A.S.R.2d 5 (1987). We do note that the English rule with regard to limited purpose marriages seems to be identical to the majority American rule, with which we concur. See H. Clark, The Law of Domestic Relations in the United States § 2.18 at 115-16 & n.8 (1968) and authorities cited therein. Even if the petitioner could prove her marriage to be void under New Zealand law, however, her action in this Court would be subject to such equitable defenses and limitations as are applicable to annulment actions in American Samoa. See Part II infra.
3. See, e.g., Fowler v. Fowler, 60 So. 694 (La. 1913) ("[P]laintiff was coerced by a threat of death as the alternative to enter into the contract. ...The alleged ratification was clearly the result of the same form of coercion as that which was originally applied, and produced no better result."); Clark v. Field, 13 Vt. 460, discussed in Hanson, supra, 191 N.E. at 675 ("[A] marriage, entered into under the mistaken belief by the bride that the ceremony was merely one of engagement and that a later ceremony of marriage would be held in the future, was annulled."); Montgomery v. U'Nertle, 122 A. 357 (Md. 1923): ("[A]t the close of the evening performance these two young men. ..met the chorus girls as they came out from the show.... [They] had had some drinks and were to a greater or less extent under the influence of liquor. It was then and there proposed that Montgomery and Miss U'Nertle should be married that night.... Accordingly they next went to the Bellevue Stratford Hotel and perhaps while there had some light refreshments. The night was an extremely cold one, the thermometer being at or near the zero point, and accordingly the party then went and obtained some moonshine liquor, to the amount of between two and three quarts of which the young men partook.... Miss U'Nertle was exceedingly strong for the marriage... Mr. Montgomery at this time was... too drunk to know just what did happen.... As to whether he was held up during the propounding and answering of these [marriage license] questions, is affirmed by the chauffeur Simmons...").
4. See Meredith v. Shakespeare, 122 S.E. 520 (W.Va. 1924):
[W]hile on their automobile ride, and while passing an
old and abandoned farm house along the road, plaintiff
observing the house, but purely by way of jest, suggested
to defendant that they return to town, get married and
go back and live in the abandoned house; .. later...some
one of the party, in a spirit of banter and jest again brought
up the subject and demanded that they carry out the joke,
and that plaintiff and defendant joining in the spirit thereof,
with their young friends proceeded to obtain a marriage
license and a ring, and in the highest of spirits and with
great fun and laughter proceeded to the church, where the
ceremony was performed....
Id. at 521. See also Davis v. Davis, 175 A. 574 (Conn. 1934):
The plaintiff and the defendant went on an automobile ride
with several young people. It was a joyous occasion, and
to add to the excitement the defendant dared the plaintiff to
marry her. The plaintiff accepted the dare....
Id. at 574-75.
It is hard to know what to make of the "marriage in jest" cases. The decisions leave the impression that important facts have been left unstated; this impression arises, if for no other reason, from the difficulty of imagining that two people would think such a joke funny enough to be worth the trouble. Perhaps matrimonial joyriding was a Roaring Twenties fad akin to goldfish swallowing; or perhaps the joy, hilarity, excitement, and banter said to have animated these proceedings should be understood as Prohibition-era code words for extreme intoxication sufficient to vitiate assent.
The jest decisions would make sense at face value if marriage were nothing but a private contract between two parties. They seem inconsistent, however, with the oft-stated observation that society is an interested party in every marriage. Parties to marriage contracts are routinely denied some of the basic attributes of contractual freedom, such as the power to make their legal relationship terminable at will or to limit its scope and duration, all on account of what are thought to be the strong social interests in the solemnity and stability of marriage. Yet the only conceivable point of undergoing a "mock" marriage ceremony with a real marriage license before a real magistrate or minister of religion would be to flout these interests. Society, like the goldfish, is no position to take comfort from the parties' private understanding that all is in fun. See Hand v. Berry, 154 S.E. 239 (Ga. 1930) (Marriage entered into "in a spirit of fun, braggadocio, and levity" after automobile ride was valid, since there was no fraud by either party against the other; "[s]ociety in general is interested in all marriage contracts, and therefore they cannot be set aside lightly and without cause.")
5. The ceremony in Dorgeloh v. Murtha, 156 N.Y.S. 181 (N.Y. App. 1915) was treated by the Court as a "jest" marriage although its actual purpose was to enable the bride to obtain employment. See also United States v. Rubenstein, 151 F.2d 915 (2d Cir. 1945).
6. See Ramshardt, supra, 324 A.2d at 70 ("[A]lthough the parties intended a valid marriage ceremony, they in no way intended a valid 'marital relationship'..."); Stone, supra, 32 So.2d at 279 ("Such pretended marriages as these, while they may be laudible [sic] ...thinking of the interest of the innocent unborn child, are contrary to public policy and are without the sacred elements on which the estate of matrimony is founded. The courts should not hesitate to annul such marriages... on clear and unequivocal proof. ..that the marriage status was never consummated by any cohabitation.").
7. Maduro v. Maduro, 145 p.2d 683, 684 (Cal. 1944); see Schibi, supra, 69 A.2d at 197; A.S.C.A. § 42.0205 (Court must "examine all parties and witnesses and... take all evidence, as far as it reasonably can" in order to draw its own conclusions on the merits).
The necessity of strict proof is said to be at its strongest in uncontested cases. Schibi, supra, 69 A.2d at 197 ("Since the case was uncontested, it was particularly incumbent upon the trial court to satisfy itself fully that the plaintiff had sustained the burden of proving the lack of mutual consent which [s]he claimed vitiated the marriage."). This is because in actions for the dissolution of marriage, unlike ordinary civil actions, the law does not permit judgment by stipulation. See A.S.C.A. § 42.0206. Moreover, the presumption that two people who went through a marriage ceremony gave their mutual consent to enter into the marital status "is considered to be one of the strongest recognized by law." Mpiliris, supra, 323 F.Supp. at 880. Although the presumption is rebuttable, "marriage contracts will not be dissolved except for the soundest of reasons and upon the strictest of proof." Carr v. Carr, 82 F.Supp. 398, 398-99 (D.D.C. 1949).
Application of this rigorous standard to petitioner's testimony would entail not only an evaluation of her demeanor on the witness stand but also some recognition of her role in the sustained and elaborate fraud upon the New Zealand government that gave rise to the situation from which she now seeks to extricate herself. See also note 1 supra. Because we believe the law not to depend on cohabitation or "consummation," we make no finding on this question.
8. Cf. R. Pascal, Louisiana Family Law Course § 4.15 at 56 (1973): "Canon law would treat the [limited purpose] marriage as null for lack of intent to contract true marriage. But the canon law has the advantage of a procedure more suitable than ours for the discovery of actual intent."
9. Since a voidable marriage can generally be annulled only at the instance of the "innocent" party, a petitioner with unclean hands or estoppel would seldom have a right of action in the first place. Indeed, this is an independent rationale for denying annulment of limited purpose marriages. See Mitchell, supra, 310 A.2d at 841, quoting Erickson, supra, at 589-90: "If a fraud has occurred, they are the parties who purposely and intentionally brought it about"; therefore the parties had no right of action under a statute defining marriages as voidable for defective consent. Cf. Appeal of O'Rourke, 246 N.W. 461, 462: "[S]ince no Minnesota or Iowa statute declares a limited purpose marriage void ab initio, Kathleen's marriage was at most voidable. ...[and] may not be collaterally attacked."


text:
Car Hacking: NXP Pushes Flexible Security
25 comments
MADISON, Wis. — Talking about the vulnerabilities of the electronics in automobiles is a risky business.
On one hand, as long as the auto industry hasn't yet experienced any real-life disasters as a result of car hacking, why even bring it up? Such talk starts to sound like "fear-mongering."
On the other hand, automotive security is a relatively new issue even for many people working in the industry -- chip suppliers, module developers, and, of course, the car makers. While reliability has been always high on vendors' minds, car security has hung below the radar for long time. For decades, cars weren't as much interconnected with the external world as they are now.
But over the last few years the mindset of the automotive industry has changed.
For Dirk Besenbruch, engineer, group leader of Systems & Applications, Automotive, at NXP Semiconductors, a turning point (triggering his work on NXP's automotive security solutions) came when he read a 2011 paper, written by researchers at the University of Washington and the University of California at San Diego, commonly know, among experts, as the "Savage" paper. Stefan Savage of UC San Diego was an author of the paper, which detailed experimental analyses of automotive attack surfaces.
To be clear, the automotive industry didn't entirely dismiss the issue of risks interconnected cars might face. Nor did they stand still.
Several automotive companies, including BMW and Audi, have gotten together to develop a spec called SHE (Secure Hardware Extension). SHE offers protocols for secure communication among different modules inside the car, explained Richard Soja, a distinguished member of Freescale Semiconductor's technical staff. Soja is responsible for the company's 32-bit automotive SoC architecture.
More than a few players also worked on the development of EVITA (E-Safety Vehicle Intrusion Protected Applications, somehow), an EU-sponsored project, to create "a set of guidelines to allow manufacturers to satisfy security features," Soja told us. The EVITA project was completed at the end of 2011.
It might be a while, though, before an appreciable number of cars with newly minted security features hit the road, especially considering the lengthy (about five years) development cycle of a car.
Still, automotive security is a boon for semiconductor companies. It affords an opportunity to demonstrate security expertise, pitch the idea to add secure elements to cars, or even convince carmakers to replace current MCUs with completely new secure SoCs.
NXP early on realized that automotive security could benefit from the company's experience and expertise in developing a "secure element" -- successfully deployed in millions of smartcards. NXP's Besenbruch says his company's approach to automotive security is to leverage that "field-proven" smartcard knowledge, and offer "separated secure elements."
NXP's approach creates a clear contrast to the strategy some competitors -- to wit, Infineon -- are pursuing. Infineon is redesigning the entire MCU to create embedded secure modules. While an embedded secure module might be a good solution for high-end cars, "changing micro [in its entirety] means getting locked into a certain type of MCU," argues Besenbruch.
NXP, in contrast, hopes to sell the flexibility of its separated secure element approach. Considering lifecycles and reliability demanded in the automotive industry, NXP believes its flexible approach can give auto companies more options to get started with protections against certain attacks sooner.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Elite education for the masses
"The courses pose questions for top universities: Are they diluting or enhancing brands built on generations of selectivity? Are they undercutting a time-tested financial model that relies on students willing to pay a high price for a degree from a prestigious institution? Or are they accelerating the onset of a democratized, globalized version of higher education? MOOC students, for the most part, aren't earning credit toward degrees. Educators say that before credits can be awarded, they must be assured that there are adequate systems to prevent cheating and verify student identities. But at the very least, these students can claim to have been educated by some of the world's most prestigious universities."


text: Well, not to start a debate--;-)--but I'm inclined to count the Rihannsu novels as relevant to the novelverse, since the Sherman/Schwartz novels tried to incorporate as much of Diane Duane's somewhat variant universe as possible, keeping most of the core cultural elements, making Remus a hellhole, and having the Romulans start expanding at a much earlier date. (Duane herself changed this; the earlier novels had Romulan expansion only beginning with First Contact and then from the Eisn system only, producing an empire by the late 23rd century much smaller than the Federation and the Klingon, but The Empty Chair particularly established multiple generations of colony planets and an assorted of conquered planets adding up to an empire more comparable, at least.) Selected bits from the novels, like the existence of Artaleirh, the concept of a reformist regime under Empress Ael, and most noticeably elements of the Rihannsu language including name formation, have also made it into the established novelverse. I tend to see the Rihannsu novels as canonical except where they can't be, because they've been surpassed by the TV/movie canon, secondarily the new novelverse canon. It gives the Romulans a character that, unlike the Cardassians on DS9, wasn't developed on the show. Even if we discount completely the Rihannsu novels, with its Sunseed and the mechanically augmented psi power machines and the massively overpowered generation starships and the hyperflare weapons, there's still enough evidence suggesting a certain Romulan fondness for metaweapons.


text:
Results 1 to 8 of 8
Thread: Toe Side Help
Toe Side Help
I'm comfortable moving around on my heal side and landing out in the flats on jumps but still feel akward on my toe side. I've never even thought about jumping the wake toe side. I ride a Ronix Mona and can spin it around without any problems. I've been wakeboarding for several years and thought this would get easier for me at this point.
What do I need to do to feel more comfortable on my toe side?
Don't try and clear the wake right away. Make sure your are edging all the the way through the top of the wake and you're keeping the handle close to your hip. From there start with small jumps where you feel comfortable while still using good form. Once you feel comfortable jump a little further and so on until you clear the wake. I discourage people from trying to clear the wake right from the get go because I think it leads to bad form and taking unnecessary hard falls.
Make it a point to jump heelside and toeside back and forth everytime you ride.-2012 Supra Launch 21V
-2008 Mobius LSV
Everything he said ^^^
Also keep your legs straight - DON'T try to jump/stand tall/whatever you do heelside. Just keep them straight.
And your chest should be pointed up to the sky/toward the boat (not down or away from the boat.) You can start by practicing hard toeside cuts out in the flats prior to your heelside jumps. Then inside-out TS jumps, then 1 wake, then W2W. Good luck! It makes wakeboard SO MUCH BETTER to jump both ways.Dan
08 LSV Mods
And don't be afraid to commit that was my biggest problem. I wouldn't commit then I would come off edge and be all out of shape, get pulled out the back ect.-Mark
14 Mojo - 72 hours and growing
02 Mobius LSV ---- Sold and always will be remembered as the one that started it all.
"Hey you only live once"
As others have said break it down and take baby steps to avoid unnecessary falls. Learn the body/ handle position for edging first, keep the handle close to your body at your lead hip. I teach to "put the handle in his back pocket". This keeps your body twisted, keeps the handle close to your body and you stay in control of the handle not the handle controlling you. Once you leave the wake push the handle down to your lead knee to keep you balanced in the air and help with keep you from falling back onto your heels. Once you are getting ready to land take your back hand off the handle for balance, trust the TS edge, keep your chest over your toes and pick a spot on the shore/horizon to look at. You may have heard "look up=stay up, look down= fall down", once you land hold the edge and keep edging in that direction.
With all that said I teach a TS180 before doing TS wake jumps for two reasons. 1)The takeoff for both is the same 2) a switch heel side landing is easier to learn because of your body wanting to untwist when the board releases from the wake. The TS wakejump is more difficult because you have to keep your body twisted when there is no resistance to keep you twisted.Todd
01-13-2013, 10:17 PM #6Senior Member
- Join Date
- Jan 2008
- Location
- Pensacola, FL
- Posts
- 1,585
I've been boarding for almost 2 decades and it is still not a normal feeling, especially TS wake to wake. I suspect that almost every TS flip, jump, etc was designed to get them to land HS. So, you need to practice everytime that you go out. I suggest that your first run and your last run is focused on riding TS. First when you are fresh and last when you are tired. With practice, you will get used to the twisted uncomfortable position until is seems normal (but it isn't). When I TS jump into the flats, I always land 1 handed to limit the twist.1997 MasterCraft 205
2008 Moomba Outback
1999 MasterCraft Sportstar OB
1992 MasterCraft 205
1999 Malibu Response LX
1987 Marlin Magnum Skier
The best piece of advice i got is when cutting in, you should have 80% of the weight on your back hand/arm as you hit the wake. And when you start your toe side cut, slowly lean over your rear arm, making sure you can feel your bicep pressed against your chest. It may sound awkward but wow, does it work. Toe side is all about LEANING away from the boat and against the rope. People always let off at the last moment and thats where they lose their pop. Commit using this technique.Levi
Former owner of a 08 Mobuis XLV, Cat340, 2650 Lbs.
I miss that boat!
01-18-2013, 05:46 PM #8Senior Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2010
- Location
- saskatchewan, canada
- Posts
- 331
I had to learn to commit to holding my edge all the way up the wake, when i figured that out i was impressed by how easy some grabs became and how i like to let go with my leading hand so I didnt get pulled out of shape. This made it so easy to grab the board and to tweak the grabs. It still feels akward to me but the pop when you hold the edge is the same as a heel side pop.2005 Mobius LSV
Gravity IV (750s rear, 400 mid and 650 bow)
wakeplate, perfect pass,
Not sure what stereo I have, but I have 3 amps 2 subs 6 x 6.5 mids and tweets and 4 tower speakers ( 2 x 8 inch and 2 x 6.5 and tweets)
Fuel Injected
1433 acme prop


text:
Please feel free to share this SoonerScoop.com feature with your friends
As Oklahoma looks to go more and more nationally in it's recruiting scope, with a particular focus on the West coast, there is one question that Sooner fans have on their mind about each offer - will this prospect actually leave home to come to Norman?
Apparently it's a question that the Sooner coaches are also aware of and if Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. safety Tahaan Goodman is any indication they are making sure they get a response before going any further with their pursuit.
The 6-foot-2, 185-pound prospect recently spoke with Mike Stoops and prior to his offer the Sooner assistant needed to know just what Goodman thought about getting out of state.
"I was actually at home when I first heard about it. My coach gave me (Stoops') number, and when I called them they offered me then," Goodman recalled.
"He basically just said they were very interested and asked if I was willing to go far away - they thought I wanted to stay in California. He said he really liked my highlight tape and they were really interested.
"The offer was out of left field. It's funny, some people just say it they don't know for sure, a lot of California people want to stay out there - so I get that they have to make sure and asked me and I told them I'm open-minded to whatever.
"I'm kind of in the middle, I'm not too sure if I want to stay or go, but I'm more toward leaving California."
Goodman, who says he plans to speak to Stoops weekly, is the teammate of another Sooner offer, Rancho cornerback Chris Hawkins. Like Hawkins, Goodman says that he'll be taking his time with a decision. And in that time he has plans to learn a lot more about Oklahoma.
"It really could go either way. I'm doing a lot of unofficials, I could do that, but I can't really see myself committing too fast, it might just be when the season ends, I want to take in the whole recruitment process," he said.
"Basically I have to learn a lot more. I just know that they are good and win games, coach Stoops told me he was going to send me some more information.
"My visits, they are all kind of up in the air, I do want to do an official to Oklahoma. Maybe to a place like Washington, maybe to Florida. I think Oklahoma is going to be one of them though, for sure."
With offers from not only the Sooners but Arizona, Arizona State, Boise State, Cal, Nebraska, Texas A&M, and Washington among many others his choice figures to be no small endeavor. So what is he looking for to narrow the field?
"It's a lot of different things, education, that's No. 1. Then the facilities, some places have better facilities than others, and other than that it's just tradition and I want to see how the coaches treat me and how they act - just see what kind of connection they have with their players," he said.
"I also want to talk to some of the players and see how they interact and how they treat each other."
"I want to see a place I could see myself at for four years, or even longer than that. All those things tie in together, a place that is beautiful that I would like to live in and all those other things tie in, that's a school I would like to go to."
Though he is from the Los Angeles area it seems that Goodman has plans to hit up Oklahoma's growing roster of California products if he gets to Norman.
"If I could see them, I would definitely like to interact with them. Maybe have the coaches introduce me and just see how they like the school and ask a lot of questions and see how the school really is," he said.


text:
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text:
Budget: revenues: $12.33 million
Definition: This entry includes revenues, expenditures, and capital expenditures. These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.
Source: CIA World Factbook - Unless otherwise noted, information in this page is accurate as of September 17, 2009
© 2009 IndexMundi. All rights reserved.


text:
What's Included
About This Organizer
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text:
In 1890, there was no public water supply at Grace Hill in Pasadena, where owner William Stanton had a mansion built for his family. So a water tower was built.
Nobody is sure when that was.
"I'm told by some history buffs that often artists didn't put the water tower in their drawings because it was considered a utility, so it's confusing as to exactly when it was built," said Lorna Moore, a former resident of the water tower who now lives in Santa Barbara.
The tower was designed to mimic the four corner towers of Stanton's Grace Mansion, Moore said. Only one of the mansion's towers remain; the others were damaged by fires and the 1971 Sylmar earthquake.
Eventually, the area was developed and utilities became available, so sometime between 1903 and 1910, Stanton hired architect Frederick Roehrig to convert the 50,000-gallon steel water tower for residential use. Roehrig added shingles and a conical roof and turned it into a three-story, 1,100-square-foot home. (Roehrig's other works include Castle Green and the Finnish Folk Art Museum in Pasadena and the Neff Mansion in La Mirada.)
After Stanton and his wife died, their daughter put Grace Mansion and its companion water tower house up for sale, Moore said. After going through several hands, a carpenter from Eagle Rock bought the properties and converted the mansion into eight apartments. In 1976, Dan Moore moved into the tower. Lorna and Dan Moore married and bought the tower house in 1990.
"I thought I died and went to heaven when I saw the whole property and met Dan and we ended up buying it. It was so charming," Moore said.
The tower boasted a first-floor living room, a second-floor kitchen and bathroom, and a bedroom on the third floor, all linked by a long, steep staircase.
"I had to have a very good memory for what I needed on each floor," Moore said. "You'd get two floors down and realize, 'Oh, I forgot that screwdriver.' "
Windows were added near the tower roof and Moore's husband installed a loft above the bedroom, which has a 360-degree view.
Without windows, "Dan said it was like sleeping at the bottom of a giant trash can," Moore said.
The three-quarter fourth floor has enough space for a small bedroom and a bathroom with a tub and laundry space.
"One of the things I did have a problem with was noise because we were the highest point and the bedroom was on the fourth floor," Moore said. "You just hear dogs barking from miles away, the traffic on Fair Oaks and Pasadena Avenue, all the Harley-Davidsons when the bars close in Pasadena roaring down Fair Oaks to get on the 110 Freeway. I had a really hard time sleeping."


text: I think Gasquet should be able to pull this match out. He seems to be hitting his forehand really well during this tournament and is making an active effort to stand closer to the baseline. He also has a winning head to head, so I think he should make the finals. In fact, I personally think Gasquet would be a good choice to win the whole tournament given the players left. He has a winning record against Nieminen, Tipsarevic, and Simon; a combined 10 and 1 to be exact. I was most worried about Raonic, but thanks to Nieminen that problem was solved:grin: What do you guys think?


text:
With renewed energy, Sox look to reverse course
After notching just 69 wins last year, Boston is a potential sleeper this season
By Ian Browne / MLB.com
BOSTON -- Typically when the Red Sox head to Spring Training, they set out to prove that they are worthy of the hype. But something has changed this year. There really is no hype.
Despite a payroll that will still rank among the highest in the Majors, Boston enters 2013 in the strangest place -- a potential sleeper.
After the historic September collapse of 2011 and the bottom falling out entirely amid a 69-win season last year, it is hard to know just what to make of the Red Sox.
But they have some new energy in the dugout via an old friend. John Farrell, who was Boston's pitching coach from 2007-10, is the manager.
The roster has also added key pieces at catcher (David Ross), first base (Mike Napoli, Lyle Overbay), shortstop (Stephen Drew), left field (Jonny Gomes), right field (Shane Victorino), starting rotation (Ryan Dempster) and bullpen (Joel Hanrahan and Koji Uehara).
"I'm excited about our balance," said Farrell. "We have professional, successful individuals with proven track records. We have guys who have come from winning playoff teams and World Series teams, and to bring those ingredients in here this year, we're just looking forward to bringing everyone together in Spring Training.
"We have a challenge ahead of us. With nine new players to add to a 25-man roster, that's a lot to integrate, and to understand that we're coming together and sacrificing for one another towards a team approach. That's where I think the people we brought in -- above and beyond the talents that they are -- have that reputation."
And in 2013, the Red Sox will try to restore their reputation as one of the most successful franchises in the game.
Pitchers and catchers report
Feb. 11
Full squad reports
Feb. 14
First Spring Training game
Home vs. Northeastern University at 1:35 p.m. ET and vs. Boston College at 5:05 p.m., Feb. 21
First Grapefruit League game
Home vs. Rays, Feb. 23, 1:35 p.m.
Opening Day
Away vs. Yankees, April 1, 1:05 p.m.
Triple play: Three questions that need answers
1. Can Jon Lester pitch like an ace again?
The way the Red Sox are built, they simply cannot afford for Lester to go 9-14 with a 4.82 ERA again. In the four years that preceded 2012, the lefty was one of the best starting pitchers in the American League. Considering that Lester is only 29, there's every reason to believe he can bounce back in a big way.
2. Will David Ortiz's Achilles tendon hold up?
Ortiz is probably the most important bat in Boston's lineup because of his imposing presence. The Red Sox missed him badly over the last couple of months of 2012. The Achilles injury Ortiz had was anything but minor. Fans won't truly feel comfortable until the designated hitter proves that he's healthy again.
3. Which Jacoby Ellsbury will show up?
Was 2011 an aberration? Or can Ellsbury put together another season where he is a leading candidate for the AL Most Valuable Player Award? Though Ellsbury missed a lot of time due to a partially dislocated right shoulder last season, he wasn't much of a presence when he was on the field. If the Red Sox are to have any chance of being a championship-caliber team, Ellsbury needs to be a lot closer to what he was two years ago than last year.
2012 record
69-93, fifth place in the AL East
Projected batting order
1. CF Jacoby Ellsbury:
.271 BA, .313 OBP, .370 SLG, 4 HR, 26 RBIs in 2012
2. RF Shane Victorino:
.255 BA, .321 OBP, .383 SLG, 11 HR, 55 RBIs in 2012
3. 2B Dustin Pedroia:
.290 BA, .347 OBP, .449 SLG, 15 HR, 65 RBIs in 2012
4. DH David Ortiz:
.318 BA, .415 OBP, .611 SLG, 23 HR, 60 RBIs in 2012
5. 1B Mike Napoli:
.227 BA, .343 OBP, .469 SLG, 24 HR, 56 RBIs in 2012
6. 3B Will Middlebrooks:
.288 BA, .325 OBP, .509 SLG, 15 HR, 54 RBIs in 2012
7. C Jarrod Saltalamacchia:
.222 BA, .288 OBP, .454 SLG, 25 HR, 59 RBIs in 2012
8. LF Jonny Gomes:
.262 BA, .377 OBP, .491 SLG, 18 HR, 47 RBIs in 2012
9. SS Stephen Drew:
.223 BA, .309 OBP, .348 SLG, 7 HR, 28 RBIs in 2012
Projected rotation
1. LHP Jon Lester, 9-14, 4.82 ERA in 2012
2. RHP Clay Buchholz, 11-8, 4.56 ERA in 2012
3. RHP John Lackey, Did not pitch in 2012
4. RHP Ryan Dempster, 12-8, 3.38 ERA with Cubs and Rangers in 2012
5. LHP Felix Doubront, 11-10, 4.86 ERA in 2012
Projected bullpen
Closer: Joel Hanrahan, 36/40 saves, 2.72 ERA with Pirates in 2012
RH setup man: Andrew Bailey, 7.04 ERA in 2012
LH setup man: Andrew Miller, 3.35 ERA in 2012
The new guys
1B Napoli: The Red Sox eyed Napoli for years because of his powerful swing from the right side that seems perfectly suited for Fenway Park. However, contract negotiations were anything but perfect. Napoli's original three-year deal was reduced to one after a physical revealed a condition in his hips. If Napoli can stay healthy and productive, Boston will have some much-needed protection behind Ortiz.
RF Victorino: The Red Sox coveted Victorino's glove in right field and his enthusiasm in the clubhouse, but they will truly benefit from this signing if he can recover from his offensive woes of last year. When Victorino is right, he is a dynamic player who can create problems with his bat and speed.
LF Gomes: Is it a coincidence that he keeps playing for teams that overachieve? Those who have played with Gomes will tell you that he is just the type of personality a winning team needs. Gomes is selfless and energetic, and he loves being in the middle of a positive clubhouse atmosphere. But the Red Sox got him for his bat, which can be potent, particularly against left-handed pitching.
SS Drew: The Red Sox are again going to a short-term option at shortstop, hoping that Drew can do as well on a one-year contract as another Scott Boras client did with Boston three years ago in Adrian Beltre. Drew was stung by the criticism of his durability, considering he's only had one major injury in his career. Drew has traditionally been a far better hitter than he was last year. He's also a plus defender.
RHP Dempster: Experience and durability. Those are the two biggest traits that led the Red Sox to sign Dempster, who has been in the National League for most of his career. However, Boston thinks that Dempster is mentally tough enough to pitch anywhere. He will have a chance to prove it in the middle of the Sox's rotation.
RHP Hanrahan: The Red Sox are expecting big things from their closer, who has been under the radar in Pittsburgh. That won't be the case in Boston, where Fenway fans will get a look at a closer who has nasty stuff. Hanrahan might be able to replace Jonathan Papelbon, something nobody on Boston's 2012 staff was capable of doing.
RHP Uehara: There have been some health issues at times, but Uehara has put up dominant numbers in his time in America. He can also serve as a mentor for fellow Japanese righty Junichi Tazawa. This could be one of the most unheralded signings of the winter.
C Ross: He is just the type of veteran game-caller the Red Sox need to complement Saltalamacchia. Pitchers have long enjoyed throwing to Ross, who also has some pop in his bat and some experience playing in winning environments.
1B Overbay: The veteran gives the Red Sox a solid defender for the late innings, and also a reliable pinch-hitter from the left side. He is also insurance in the event Napoli's health doesn't hold up.
Prospects to watch
SS Xander Bogaerts: Everyone knows that Bogaerts, who is ranked as the organization's top prospect by MLB.com, has a big bat. His goal this year is to improve his speed and defense. If all goes well, Bogaerts will complete his development in 2013 and be ready for Boston the following year.
CF Jackie Bradley CF: Viewed as the heir apparent to Ellsbury in center field, Bradley seems to have all the intangibles necessary to succeed in the Majors. Ellsbury has one year left on his contract. That will give Bradley some time to fine-tune all aspects of his game.
RHP Rubby De La Rosa: The righty is the main piece the Red Sox got back in the blockbuster with the Dodgers last August. De La Rosa was considered one of the best prospects in the game before undergoing surgery in 2011. He should be healthy going into this season.
RHP Allen Webster: Another piece from the Dodgers' trade, Webster is known for having a nasty sinkerball and projects, at the very least, to be a middle-of-the-rotation starter once he completes his development.
On the rebound
RHP Lackey: In a way, this is like getting a new acquisition. Lackey didn't throw a pitch last season, but he is now fully recovered from Tommy John surgery. Lackey is determined to prove why the Red Sox spent so much money on him three winters ago.
RF Victorino: The outfielder never looked like himself at the plate in 2012, not even after a trade to the Dodgers. The Red Sox hope he can rediscover his stroke.
SS Drew: It was obvious that Drew had a tough time coming back from his ankle injury last year, but he seemed more comfortable by the end of the season. He has a solid bat for a shortstop.
RHP Daniel Bard: The righty tried to make the transition to the starting rotation last year, and the result was a breakdown of mechanics and confidence. He will be back in his familiar role of relief this spring, but Bard knows he needs to pitch his way back to a prominent spot in the pecking order.
Classic departures
RF Victorino: For the second time, Victorino (Team USA) will play in the Classic. Before that, he will take time to get to know his new teammates in Fort Myers, Fla.
RHP Alfredo Aceves: The fact that Aceves is willing to pitch in the Classic (Team Mexico) likely means that he has no thoughts of winning a spot in the starting rotation.
Long gone
OF Cody Ross: The right fielder brought production and enthusiasm to Boston last year, but he couldn't find common ground with the club on a new deal. Instead, Ross will play for the Arizona Diamondbacks.
SS Mike Aviles: The Red Sox traded last year's starting shortstop to Toronto for their new manager (Farrell). But the Blue Jays then sent Aviles to the Indians, where he will be reunited with Terry Francona.
1B James Loney: The only Major Leaguer to come back to Boston in the blockbuster with the Dodgers, Loney didn't show much in his six-week trial run with the Red Sox. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Rays.
RHP Scott Atchison: An underrated member of Boston's bullpen for the last three years, Atchison signed a Minor League deal with the Mets.
RHP Daisuke Matsuzaka: It's hard to believe Matsuzaka came to Boston with so much hype six years ago. He left with hardly a whisper. Matsuzaka, who had a bad season following Tommy John surgery, remains unsigned.
RHP Vicente Padilla: Pitching in a relief role, Padilla did a pretty good job in Boston last year. He will pitch in Japan in 2013 for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks.
Ian Browne is a reporter for MLB.com. Read his blog, Brownie Points, and follow him on Twitter @IanMBrowne. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


text:
Mini-Plate Boundary Observatory Project
Station Information | Data access | Reports | Collaborations
The Integrated Instrumentation Program for Broadband Observations of Plate Boundary Deformation, commonly referred to as ``Mini-PBO'', is a joint project of the BSL, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at Menlo Park, the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW), and the IGPP at UC San Diego (UCSD). It augments existing infrastructure in central California to form an integrated pilot system of instrumentation for the study of plate boundary deformation, with special emphasis on its relation to earthquakes. This project is partially funded through the EAR NSF/IF program with matching funds from the participating institutions and the Southern California Integrated Geodetic Network (SCIGN).
The project has three components. One is focused on the San Francisco Bay area, and augments existing instrumentation along the Hayward and San Andreas faults with up to 8 sites with borehole tensor strainmeters and seismometers, downhole pore pressure and tilt sensors, and geodetic GPS receivers. The second component of this project is to link the BARD network in central and northern California to the SCIGN network in southern California through the installation of 9 continuous GPS sites in the Parkfield area of central California. The third component is InSAR and supports the skeleton operations of a 5-m X-band SAR downlink facility in San Diego to collect and archive radar. In addition, some funds are used to develop an online SAR database for WInSAR users.
As part of the first component, four borehole sites were drilled during the summer/fall of 2001, at Ohlone Park (OHLN) in Hercules, on San Bruno mountain (SBRN) near Brisbane, at the Marin Headlands (MHDL) in Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and on Ox Mountain (OXMT) near Half Moon Bay. Two of these sites have been instrumented with newly fabricated borehole tensor strainmeters and seismometers, and downhole pore pressure and tilt sensors will be added in the near future.
Please note - as of 5:00 PM 6/30/2003, the BSL has modififed the FIR filters on the Mini-PBO Q4120 dataloggers. The NCEDC News report contains more complete information.
- Network Codes
(also includes the
NHFN, and
- Typical Station Equipment
3-component tensor strainmeter (designed and built by CIW)
3-component geophone (Mark Products)
Atmospheric pressure
Pore Pressure
Geodetic GPS
Heat flow
24-bit Quanterra Q4120 digital data logger and a 18-bit ZENO-3200 data logger
GPS clock
Continuous telemetry to UC Berkeley and to the USGS
Backup power supply
- Typical Recorded Channels
As part of this collaboration, the borehole sites will have two sets of digital
data loggers. The table below lists which channels will be recorded and the
SEED network and location codes which will be used.
Sensor Network
Rate (samples/sec) Sampling Mode Datalogger Tensor strainmeter UL RS1, RS2, RS3 T0 1/600 Continuous ZENO-3200 Tensor strainmeter BK US1, US2, US3 0.01 Continuous Q4120 Tensor strainmeter BK VS1, VS2, VS3 0.1 Continuous Q4120 Tensor strainmeter BK LS1, LS2, LS3 1.0 Continuous Q4120 Tensor strainmeter BK BS1, BS2, BS3 20.0 Continuous Q4120 Tensor strainmeter BK HS1, HS2, HS3 100.0 Continuous Q4120 Geophone BK BP1, BP2, BP3 20.0 Continuous Q4120 Geophone BK EP1, EP2, EP3 100.0 Triggered Q4120 Atmospheric Pressure UL RD1 T0 1/600 Continuous ZENO-3200 Atmospheric Pressure BK LDO 1.0 Continuous Q4120 Pore Pressure BK LDD 1.0 Continuous Q4120 Heat Flow (?) UL ?? T0 (?) 1/600 Continuous ZENO-3200 Tiltmeter (?) UL RAX, RAY (?) T0 (?) 1/600 Continuous ZENO-3200
- Network State of Health
State of health is monitored through automated REDI alarm system
notifications, waveform evaluations of significant and repeating small
earthquakes and using SeisNetWatch software.
- Station and Channel Information
- Map of Mini-PBO stations
- Table of Mini-PBO stations
- BK Information Directory, including
- List of station locations
- List of available channels
- UL Information Directory, including
- List of station locations
- List of available channels
- Instrument Response
- Information on Quanterra 4120 FIR Filter changes - 6/30/2003
- Data access
Waveform data from the BK network are available in
SEED format at the
Northern California Earthquake
Data Center.
Several tools provide access to SEED format data at the
NCEDC, both in terms of querying the archives and
allowing data requests.
- Querying the archives
- Access data through NCEDC web services
- Requesting data by channel and time
- Requesting data by event
Help on using these tools is available.
GPS data from Mini-PBO sites are available through the BARD network:
- Raw (for selected sites)
- Site Logs (receiver and antenna type history)
- Holdings listed by GPS Week (see Calendar)
- Reports
- Report on the Mini-PBO Borehole Adapter for GPS
- Reports on the Mini-PBO from the Annual Report of the BSL:
- AGU poster from the Fall '02 meeting (PDF)
- USGS Crustal Deformation Project
- Collaborations
As described about, the Mini-PBO is a collaborative experiment among
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory
- Carnegie Institution of Washington
- IGPP at UC San Diego (UCSD)
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at Menlo Park, CA
- Other useful links


text:
LOGAN residents who rely on weekly dialysis treatment to survive are angered at the scrapping of patient transfer vehicles by the State Government.
Just before Christmas, both Steve Bean and Margaret Perry were told they would need to find alternative transport to take them to and from the hospital, as funding would no longer be provided to the service.
Both feel this is a spending cut which has put their lives in jeopardy.
Mr Bean, who is being treated with dialysis, said since the axing of the patient transfer service, he has found it hard to make his weekly appointments.
"Anybody who has ever had dialysis before knows it can make you very ill," Mr Bean said.
"Because I can't drive myself to and from the hospital for my treatment, I have been having to rely on my elderly parents to take me.
"If they can't take me I have been having to take a cab, which costs me about $25 each way.
"But the problem with taking a cab as well is they don't always arrive on time, so that could mean you are late for your appointment which means that your dialysis treatment could be cut shorter.
"Our health is compromised if we are not there on time.
"When you have finished your dialysis you feel very unwell and most taxi drivers are hesitant to take you if you are going to be sick."
Ms Perry said she was disgusted with the way in which she was told.
"It was just before Christmas which meant it was very hard to find anything out or make other arrangements," she said.
"We hardly had a minutes notice.
"I tried to call the Premier's office to find out what was happening but they were not helpful at all."
State Member for Woodridge Desley Scott said more than 40 patients had been put at risk due to this recent funding cut.
"Just a week before Christmas the State Government had again callously slashed a vital frontline healthcare service which was helping some of the most vulnerable members of our community," she said.
"To leave patients on kidney dialysis in limbo was really scrapping the bottom of the barrel for heartless acts," she said.
The Reporter did contact the Minister for Health, Lawrence Springborg for a comment but he was unavailable.
However, a media representative said they were looking into the issue.


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I am writing a bot and I was wonder if there was a way to check the mutiple cases of a single word due to capitalization.
The way I check for the use of a word Hello, hello, HELLO, HeLlO would all be different words and this isnt what I want.
This is how I am doing things right now..
cout << "Hello.\n";
return 1;
How would I make a simple function that would check for all the different capitalixations of a single word, and not only hello, but any other as well.


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Follower of Forrest
Check out the clean slate.
6/21 - Manitou's Revenge 54mi
A man may never run the same trail twice for it is not the same trail and he is not the same man
delicate flower
I like it.
Dr. Cornsitter
Anyone else thinks it looks hauntingly similar to this forum?
Edit: With more ads, though (of course).
Quote from BeachRunner3234 on 6/25/2013 at 8:20 PM:
So I'm currently sitting with a bag of frozen corn in my ass.
So I'm currently sitting with a bag of frozen corn in my ass.
Clean slate? So did they shitcan the old mods/admins who basically "thumbed their collective noses" at the community for so long? It was only until after a mass exodus occurred that they finally did something and even then took their sweet time? Sorry...any community where the mod/admin staff refuses to reply to requests/concerns by the members in an expedient manner is not a community I want to be part of. I ran a site for years and I actively engaged the members with questions as to how I could improve the site all the time.
Dave, very well said.
The R&R group is a unique bunch and had their own forum. Now there is only 1 forum for L&O plus them called off-topic. Those Global Warming threads will get the endless debate attention they deserve.
It has always seemed that RW/Rodale's focus was/is 99% on magazine/website. The forum is just a side thing that the bosses assigned to a couple of folks to handle on top of their other main duties of running the website. The exodus demonstrated they weren't doing a proper job. My thinking is they are hoping that switching to hoop.la will "fix" things on its own. I doubt that admin/moderation will be any different.
Mostly harmless
"It doesn't matter how often you do it or how much you accomplish, in general, not running is a lot easier than running." - Meb Keflezighi
Hip Redux
Chief Unicorn Officer
I like the new forums and I am so happy to see a separate Team Challenge forum. I hate having team threads clogging the front page.
Why would anyone be surprised or offended by the fact that the main focus is the magazine? The forums are offspring of, and run by the magazine. DUH. I love how people get affronted by the fact that that's a priority.
If you don't like it, don't go back. The show will go on.
Mile 5:49 - 5K 19:58 - 10K 43:06 - HM 1:36:54
Pigtail Connoisseur
It would be a decent looking forum if they would cut back on all the advertising BS. While the software of previous years sucked, as with any system, it's only as good as the people using it and the people managing it...
Something witty
I like it. As far as ads I use addblock over there and here. So there is no adds.
What is that? I have a popup block, but haven't heard of that. I barely notice the ads here anymore. They are definitely less annoying than RWOL.
Adblock is an Extension (plug-in) for Firefox. Maybe they make one for IE too? It basically just doesn't show any ads on your web pages.
- Andrew
I just did a google search for this. I use Chrome for browsing and there's a simple Addon in the web store for this. We'll see how it works. Looks promising!
They'll tell you that failure is not an option. That's ridiculous. Failure is always an option. It is the easiest and most readily available option. It's your choice though.


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Revision as of 17:03, 26 November 2012
|BME 103 Fall 2012
| Home
Lab Write-Up 1
Lab Write-Up 2
Lab Write-Up 3
Course Logistics For Instructors
Wiki Editing Help
Thermal Cycler Engineering
Our re-design is based upon the Open PCR system originally designed by Josh Perfetto and Tito Jankowski.
Key Features
1. Gather all components for PCR reaction (template DNA, primers, Taq polymerase, magnesium chloride, and dNTP's).
DNA Measurement Protocol
Research and Development
Background on Disease Markers
Alzheimer's disease is the slow deterioration of the brain. There is no known cure for this disease and it eventually results in death. This disease usually begins with the inability to remember things that have recently happened and in the late stages patients will have much difficulty in remembering basic cognitive functions. The specific missense mutation that I am examining changes a Thymine to a Guanine on the ninth chromosome. This mutation has a 3.8 times increased risk for an early onset of Alzheimer's. The data reference number is Rs908832. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=908832
Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a mutation of the protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This protein regulates the movement of chloride and sodium ions. Symptoms include slow growth, accumulation of mucus, chest infections, coughing, and shortness of breath. The average patient will be able to live 37 years. The specific mutation I am looking at is a deletion of three nucleotides on the seventh chromosome and causes the deletion of phenylalanine from the polypeptide. In 1979 about 70% of all cystic fibrosis patients carried this mutation. The data reference number is rs113993960. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?rs=113993960
When testing the Alzheimer's mutation the forward primer will be TGGCTCCACCACCTCGTGCCC and the reverse primer will be TTTGTGGGGCACGAGGTGGTG. When testing for the cystic fibrosis mutation the forward primer will be TCTTTTATAGTAACCACAAA and the reverse primer will be AACACCAAAGATATTTTCTT.
The following illustration is an example of how the primers for Alzheimer's disease would be able to bind to the template strand. Then the TAQ Polymerase would be able to amplify the DNA and result in a positive PCR reaction. The red shows the location of the SNP.
The following illustration shows how a primer would not be able to bind to the mutation resulting in Cystic Fibrosis as it still contains the three nucleotides that would be deleted if their was a mutation present. Since the primer is designed for the mutated DNA the primer is not able to bond to the normal DNA, which results in zero amplification and a negative PCR result. The red parts show which three DNA nucleotides should be deleted due to the SNP.


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Bus drivers and maintenance workers aren't the only employees of the Mountain View Whisman School District who spend a significant portion of every day behind the wheel.
School nurses like Jamie Saxena also are required to travel from campus to campus -- often making multiple trips to the same school in a single day.
With only three nurses to watch over nine schools, and with a growing number of children with medical issues that require the regular attention of a medical professional, Saxena says it is a tricky balancing act.
There are many days that she and her fellow nurses "are barely able to tread above water," Saxena says.
All the same, according to Sue Barrie, the district's head nurse, her team of three nurses is lucky. If it weren't for a grant from El Camino Hospital, Barrie would be the only nurse for the entire district.
"We're actually very fortunate," Barrie says. "If I were the lone nurse it would be impossible to do this."
After shadowing Saxena for half a day it is clear: if her workload were doubled -- and certainly if it were tripled -- she would be unable to keep up. She makes regular cross-town trips between Crittenden Middle School, near the intersection of Highway 101 and Shoreline Boulevard, down to Bubb Elementary, which is located south of El Camino Real near Miramonte Avenue.
"Driving is a part of the job," Saxena says, hopping into her black sport utility vehicle and heading to Monta Loma Elementary after helping a group of students at Crittenden -- first with a set of vision and hearing tests, then with insulin injections.
At Crittenden, Saxena huddles with a group of diabetic students, supervising as one of the girls draws the appropriate amount of insulin into a syringe and gives herself an injection.
"We have a chart," Saxena says, explaining that her nurse's office often doubles as a classroom. She arrives at Crittenden at lunchtime and helps the students track what they eat. Then she supervises as they consult the chart and figure out their insulin needs based upon what they ate. "Ultimately, we want the kids to be independent."
On her way to Monta Loma, she stops by Theuerkauf to pick up a book of "color vision plates" -- circular drawings, composed of dots that vary in size and color. If a student cannot see the number within the circle, it indicates he or she has a vision deficiency in a particular color.
Many instructional materials are color-coded, Saxena explains. It is important to identify color blindness early, so that teachers can make accommodations for colorblind students and so the children don't get frustrated and confused if they are unable to perform tasks that require them to differentiate between colors.
At Theuerkauf, Saxena meets up with Barrie, who explains that she regularly has to bounce between schools, just like Saxena.
Barrie says that currently the school has many children with chronic conditions. There are five children with cancer conditions, six are the recipients of organ transplants, and there are also kids who are fed through a tube, require regular catheterization and, of course, insulin injections.
"We're having more children with more severe, more complicated medical conditions coming to school," Barrie says.
She says that she sees more diabetic children than when she started 30 years ago. Students with food allergies also appear to be on the rise -- the district has more than 50 students who run the risk of going into anaphylactic shock from eating certain foods, most commonly nuts.
Barrie is reluctant to speculate exactly why more children seem to be at risk for these conditions these days, but noted that in the past such conditions were less understood and under-diagnosed. On top of that, children who suffered from chronic conditions were often sent to special schools when she began her career. Now, more are brought into regular schools, or "mainstreamed."
Improvements in medical technology play a role, she says. "A lot of these kiddos, years ago, would not have made it through infancy."
When Saxena arrives at Monta Loma, she checks in at the office and after a quick phone call is rushing down the hall to Rayna Shah's first-grade class to administer the color vision screenings.
Sitting in a far corner of the classroom, Saxena speaks in hushed tones with the youngsters as they come up, one after another, and tell her what they see in plates. She marks down results on a sheet of paper as Shah continues with her lesson.
These are precisely the kinds of tests that the grant from El Camino Hospital was intended to facilitate, according to Barbara Avery, director of community benefits at the hospital.
"We're very interested in the health of the youth in our community," Avery says.
Before the grant -- which provides Mountain View Whisman, along with three other local districts, $200,000 annually -- local schools were having trouble simply meeting the essential needs of students with chronic conditions, Avery says.
Now, with a bit more breathing room, districts like Mountain View Whisman are able to conduct scoliosis, vision and hearing testing, and have more time to follow up with parents of students -- who very often need to be nudged to get their children to the doctor for appropriate treatment.
Avery says that the state recommends that there be one nurse for every 750 students. Though the grant has not made that recommendation a reality, it has helped.
"Every time I feel like I'm finally catching up, I get worried," she says, "because I know that is the calm before the storm."


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Alderman Martin Irwin said last week he was concerned that the appearance of the monetary offer by the company felt like a bribe. Walmart responded to the criticism with a statement from a company spokesman.
"We are disappointed that some members of the city council have chosen to mischaracterize our coordinated efforts with them to mitigate traffic concerns at the proposed Neighborhood Market site," Daniel Morales, Walmart director of communications, said.
"Walmart was asked to provide solutions and options under the PUD (planned unit development), which would allow us to work with the community to ensure that the impact of our store is minimized on infrastructure while still providing low price shopping solutions and convenience for our customers."
The issue of a mitigation fee has been constantly on the surface of the Walmart PUD in Russellville.
The city's ordinance code for property development does not specifically address the term "mitigation fee," but Mayor Bill Eaton believes it may in the future. Eaton said the term "impact fee" may be more appropriate when referencing this type of regulation.
"Officially, we don't have the document in hand that would collect impact fees," Eaton told The Courier on Tuesday.
But he said such a plan may be in the process, once the Walmart zoning issue is settled. The context of a new fee could be a consideration for permanent ordinance regulations. In addition, it must take into account existing documents such as the city's Master Plan.
All of the city's ordinance contents need some updating, he said.
"When considering updates, we may include impact fees as part of the ordinances," Eaton said. "They use them all over the U.S."
When asked about the bribe label given to the mitigation fee offered by Walmart, Eaton said "for someone to look at it in that manner is off base."
A bribe is something that is underhanded, he said.
It is something possibly discovered later. Walmart, although with very short notice, did mention the fee in the open and upfront to the City Council's Budget Committee.
"If it was a bribe, it would have come under public scrutiny," Eaton said,
"Action could have been taken because it was presented in such a manner. It was primarily the period of time. The council wanted to look at it in greater detail before taking action."
There should be enough time allowed to review the fee offer, he said, adding this is why the ordinance is required to be read during three separate sessions, so aldermen have an opportunity for input and dialog, and time for considering context.
A PUD has its place and is a valid option for development, Eaton said.
"It was never intended to be more than it really was ... an impact fee. It has been discussed in the past, There are pros and cons to having an impact fee and some have merit," he said.
Bryan Patrick, planning director for the city of Conway, said Monday that his city has such fees built into the city's ordinances.
"We have an impact fee, and it applies to all new businesses that plan to build. It's referred to as a road impact fee. And it is paid to the city upon final inspection of the project. It is outside of the PUD process in Conway," he said.
"It helps lock a certain project down to specific requirements such as lighting, hours of operation, buffering, truck delivery times and garbage pick-up." he explained. "Kroger went through a remodel recently and we had to use a PUD to accommodate changes."
"I have never done a mitigation fee" he said, and added he had not heard the term used for that sort of regulation.
"Impact fees are discussed on the front end of the proposal. And before project finalization, we do a project development review. If changes or improvements are needed, and if they are directly related to the development, there's no problem accessing the fee."
The money from such fees go directly to parks and roads, he said. The fee amount is based on square footage.
Jim von Tungeln, planning consultant for the Arkansas Municipal League, said that PUD zoning classification was derived about 45 years ago. It incorporates a zoning class, plus a site plan.
This is not news for the attentive and concerned residents of Russellville, he said.
"Impact fees are enacted by cities to handle the burden a project might bring to the infrastructure-roads, traffic, drainage, etc. Searcy used impact fees as part the negotiation process for zoning very recently," von Tungeln said. "They chose this way so they could negotiate."