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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'The Sandbox - AKA Flatistan' started by DualSportDad, Aug 1, 2008.
Tommy, it's got full coverage on it and it's just a motorcycle. (Replaceable) Friends are not!
Amen. And tommy if its a weekend that I have parker you are more than welcome to take my bike.
On a seperate note.... anyone going to bike night at Florida motorsports tomorrow night?
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Hope more of you FFs (other than Lurker Kyle) are going to join us on the Wanker 3.0 ride on Saturday 1-26-13 .
I might not join on the ride since you guys are riding to my coast but Kyle and I should be joining you for lunch.
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I may join for lunch after the Dania Classic MC show. After the 300+ miles I did on the KLX last weekend I am NOT going to be riding the slab on that thing for a while!.
Man up. ..lol. im an hour away from home right now in Naples. Rode out for bike night, got talked into entering the show race, won. Getting something eat now and then headed home. I do ride the shit outta my bike to and don't have a better bike for the road.
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Yeah I hear you. I am working on a "better for the road" DS bike. I love my KLX for the dirt and short trips on the slab but the 2 hour blast to the other coast kills me and the bike doesn't seem to like it much especially now that it has over 40k on the clock. I would probably do more street riding if the speed limit was 45mph but @ 65mph on the highway I feel like I'm beating the piss out of the old girl.
I hear ya. ..I feel the same way. She keeps on taking the beating to so I'll keep giving it to her. I would like a 2nd bike tho.
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Alex, I was thinking about leaving early enough to meet them over in Clewiston at 10AM. Tommy would have to come down here first to get the DRZ and we could meet you on the way. (Next weekend!)
So you and tommy are going to ride to Clewiston in the am? What time would you be leaving and what route would you take?
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Ive been sick for the last couple days so I'm not sure Il make it yet. and thanx to both of ya for offering bikes. I caught some respiratory funk from the wife and its kicking my ass so far.if I can shake it I'm down to ride. If i can't there's no way...
Alex, I'm going to meet them in Arcadia now, at 10AM. Don't know if you want to ride over there or not? Tommy, we'll check back in with you closer to Saturday. I've got both bikes ready to go!
It depends on what the route the route back to this area is. If it just street there and back ill pass. I might end up having to go to miami saturday morning to pick sometbing up so im not sure how that will fit into my plans either.
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Saturday ride? Tommy and I are meeting at Sawgrass Grill and probably riding in the Squares. Meeting time 8:30.
Here's a little clip from Saturday's ride.
<iframe width="640" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/7dLtBCTiC7U?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
nice video. i have ridden those trails so many times i knew where you were through the whole video. what was ahead at the end? i usually go right where you turned off the camera. can't remember if i ever explored left.
OK, time to plan a ride for Saturday! Who's going out East of Naples? I need to make a run from Jane's Scenic west end to the intersection of 29 and I-75 cross country. Yes there is a marked trail!
I was thinking about going to the vintage motorcycle show at the BMW dealer on Saturday. I have to work on my jeep as well this weekend. I need to get this thing done!
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New to the area.Tell me about Bike Night.:huh
Is it this one:http://www.downtownfortmyers.com/bike_night/
Cape coral bike night is better. I like the one every other weekend to at the Naples ale house. I went once when it was at cypress motorsports and had a good time. I can't go anymore tho cause I have my son every weekend.
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Check BNN and Bulbanews for up-to-date Pokémon news and discuss it on the forums or in the Bulbagarden Discord server.
Which One ~ Is It?
| This article is incomplete.
Please feel free to edit this article to add missing information and complete it.
|Japanese ending themes
| Pikachu Records single
Which One ~ Is It? (Japanese: ドッチ~ニョ? Docchi ~ Nyo?) is the fifth ending song of the Diamond & Pearl series. It debuted in DP145, replacing Get Fired up, Spiky-eared Pichu!. It aired until DP183, when it was replaced by In Your Heart, LaLaLa.
- 1 Ending animation: DP ED 5
- 2 Lyrics
- 3 Variants
- 4 Trivia
- 5 External links
Ending animation: DP ED 5
The ending starts out with a light purple curtain unfolding, then Buneary, Piplup, Pikachu, Croagunk point at the right side, and then the left side. All four Pokémon are shown thinking and confused. Buneary and Pikachu point up, Piplup and Croagunk point down. All make a superman pose. Then, all four are shown in a scene with their heads in their corners. Medicham and Meditite meditate and duplicate. Four polygons containing the 4 main Pokémon show and spin. Pikachu walks and does a pose with his hand behind his back. Piplup Spins on one foot then tucks his leg out and puts his hand out. Buneary flips and sways, then pulls both arms out. Croagunk makes an X with his hand and turns it into a || shape and then sways his and behind his leg continuously. All the Sinnoh Poké Balls show under 4 spotlights. The 4 Pokémon hold their arms up. Bubbles appear with different Pokémon in them. Team Rocket is shown fishing while a blue Shellos rises up from the water. Hoothoot puts his foot down and the 4 Pokémon stare at it in wonder. Psyduck is shown and zoomed in with a headache. The Pokémon line up and 2 Pokémon are shown at a time according to the lyrics. Looker's face expands. The Pokémon point in alternating directions. They finish off with 4 arrows (←↑→↓). A random three disappears and the screen goes to the remaining arrow's direction. The direction varies according to the episode. See the section down below for more info. The screen goes to different pictures for different directions.
- Ash (Up and Right variants)
- Brock (Up and Right variants)
- Dawn (Up and Right variants)
- Jessie
- James
- Looker (DP146 to DP170)
- Pikachu (Ash's)
- Staraptor (Ash's) (Up variant)
- Grotle (Ash's) (Up variant for DP146, DP150 and DP155)
- Buizel (Ash's) (Up variant)
- Monferno (Ash's) (Up variant for DP146, DP150 and DP155)
- Gliscor (Ash's) (Up variant for DP146 and DP150)
- Gible (Ash's) (Up variant for DP172)
- Meowth (Team Rocket)
- Piplup (Dawn's)
- Buneary (Dawn's)
- Pachirisu (Dawn's) (Up variant)
- Mamoswine (Dawn's) (Up variant)
- Cyndaquil (Dawn's) (Up variant)
- Togekiss (Dawn's) (Up variant for DP172)
- Croagunk (Brock's)
- Sudowoodo (Brock's) (Up variant)
- Happiny (Brock's) (Up variant)
- Meditite
- Medicham
- Psyduck
DP146 to DP170
- Magikarp (submarine)
- Shellos (East sea)
- Hoothoot
- Mantyke
- Exeggcute
- Bibarel
- Weedle
- Lapras
- Luvdisc
- Mankey
- Mamoswine
- Scizor
DP171 to DP183
- Gloom
- Bellossom
- Sableye
- Murkrow
- Poliwag
- Nosepass (Many)
- Palkia
- Tyrogue
- Shroomish
- Totodile
- Koffing
- Loudred
- Metang
- Ditto
- Clefable
- Uxie
In Bubbles (DP146 to DP170)
- Gallade
- Shellos (West Sea and East Sea)
- Garchomp
- Munchlax
- Onix
- Machamp
- Wingull
- Magmortar
- Dusknoir
- Quilava
- Charizard
- Aipom
- Shinx
- Butterfree
- Zubat
- Ludicolo
- Exeggutor
- Goldeen
- Cacnea
- Shuppet
- Snorunt
- Gardevoir
- Fearow
- Abomasnow
- Kecleon
- Tangela
TV Size (DP146 - DP170)
TV Size (DP171 - DP182)
Full version
- The last shot of the ending sequence changes according to the chosen direction: Up with Pikachu, Left with Buneary, Right with Croagunk and Down with Piplup, just like the third to last scene. (Note: 1 hour special episodes are shown with only one ending)
- Up Variant (with Ash's Gliscor)
- Up Variant (without Ash's Gliscor)
- Up Variant (featuring Ash's Gible, Ash's Torterra, Ash's Infernape and Dawn's Togekiss)
- Left Variant
- Right Variant
- Down Variant
- A live-action promotional video for the song was aired with DP159 and DP160 in place of the regular ending animation. DP162 aired the PV alongside the normal animation.
- A combined, animated as well as live action version of Which One ~ Is It? is used as the ending song from DP163.
- From DP171, a new version of this ending was used. The lyrics of the song is of the second half of the full version, but kept the last few lines of the TV version. Some screenshots were changed in order to associate with the lyrics of the song.
External links
|Japanese ending themes
|This article is part of Project Music, a Bulbapedia project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each Pokémon song, CD and musician.

subset: commoncrawl


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Just last week, I wrote on here that A.J. Green might be the best receiver in the NFL. So it has to be a little scary for NFL defenses that Green, finally, is getting some help.
The biggest boost recently has come from rookie Mohamed Sanu, who found the end zone twice in the first half Sunday against Oakland to give him four TDs over Cincinnati's last three games. Not coincidentally, the Bengals scored 31 and 28 points in winning the first two of those games, and went into the half against Oakland with 24 and a huge lead. The soon-to-be three-game winning streak has come at the right time for the Bengals, who had lost four straight before that and had their playoff future in serious qustion.
It's also quite a turnaround for the rookie receiver -- he struggled throughout camp and did not even make a reception until Week 7.
With Andrew Hawkins out of the lineup, though, Sanu has claimed a starting spot. He was on the field for 63 snaps in Week 11, matching Green's number, and earned another starting nod Sunday.
Tempering the excitement over Sanu a bit: His last two outings have been against Oakland and Kansas City, bottom-feeders in the NFL this season. Still, any uptick in performance from the second receiver spot is welcome for Cincinnati. Entering Sunday, Jermaine Gresham was No. 2 on the team in receptions (43), behind only Green; Hawkins (34) sat in third, followed by a big drop-off.
But Sanu's performance is exactly what Cincinnati had in mind when it used a third-round pick on him in April.
Counting Green and Sanu, the Bengals have used four draft picks on receivers over the past two seasons -- they also selected Ryan Whalen in 2011 and Marvin Jones in 2012. Neither of the latter two have panned out yet, making it all the more necessary that someone else step up.
Cincinnati coach Marvin Lewis' task in the near future will be balancing his new-found depth out wide. Jones recently returned to practice after an injury, and Hawkins should be ready to go in the near future.
The extra bodies could be viewed as good or bad, depending on how staunchly Lewis tries to force his way back into his old rotation.


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Only in HollywoodWill Warren Beatty every accept his girl becoming a boy?
By Alison Boshoff and Julie Moult In Los Angeles
Last updated at 5:59 PM on 9th July 2010
Kathlyn delivered a monumental surprise. She insisted on being presented with a new name - and a new sex. She had styled herself Stephen Ira Beatty. Indeed, it soon became clear that she had been living fully as a man for at least two years.
What's more, she is now apparently preparing for gender reassignment surgery which will allow her to become fully male.
Confusingly, although she wishes to become male, it is clear from her writings and blogs that she is attracted to men.
comp article on link
Actually it makes perfect sense. Gay men are different in personality than straight men. No value judgment indicated by that statement. So if a female is strongly attracted to gay men the only way that she can have a complete relationship with a gay man is to become a man herself.


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Before being hauled off to the police station, Reyes was held in custody for four hours at PS X114. He was then taken to the 44th Precinct station house for another six hours of interrogation.
What is most disturbing is that the parents say that police would not allow them to see their child while in custody. When they did, they found him handcuffed to a wall.
When cops finally allowed the pair to see the boy, they found the panicked kid seated in a shabby chair with his left wrist cuffed to the wall, Mendez said.
Another child later admitted to taking the money.
But quite apart from questions of guilt or innocence, keeping a seven-year old child from his parents for 10 hours (the police say it was just five) and handcuffing him to the wall seems extraordinary. And yet, the police say that such action by them is routine.
But law-enforcement sources insisted that Wilson was treated like any other young suspect.
"We responded to a 911 call of a robbery and assault … Eventually, [Wilson] was taken back to the precinct and placed in the juvenile room," a source said.
"He was charged with robbery. The allegation was that he punched the kid and took his money. He took the money forcibly.
"The kid came into the precinct a little bit after 3 p.m., and he was out by 7:45 p.m. … That's standard for a juvenile arrest."
Reyes's mistake was not stealing $5 billion because then he would have been 'too big to jail' and treated with great deference.


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DETROIT - Detroit police said a 14-year-old girl was robbed by two men Wednesday.
Police said the teen was in the 15800 block of Patton Street at about 5 p.m. when a man got out of a car and demanded she had over her belongings. She dropped her stuff and ran.
Police said the man grabbed her stuff and got back into the car before it sped away.
Police said the teen was hurt, but didn't elaborate on her injuries.
Police have only released a detailed description of one of the men.
-Black man in his 20s, 5 feet 8 inches, black hair, mustache, light brown complexion, medium build. He was wearing a blue jacket, blue jeans and a black knitted hat.
Anyone with information is asked to call Detroit police at 313-596-5240.
Read more Local News headlines:
- Rockwood officer accused of sex crime with prisoner
- 72-year-old shot in Detroit home, police track gunman
- Wayne County judge suspended without pay
- Tips sought in death of woman found in Detroit
- Fair grounds project with Magic Johnson moves ahead
- Detroit man sentenced in assault on gay gas station patron
- City worker shoots would-be robbers in Detroit
- Arrest made in father of seven's murder
Copyright 2013 by ClickOnDetroit.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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World War I was one of the great watersheds of 20th-century geopolitical history. It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties (in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and, in its destabilization of European society, laid the groundwork for World War II. See the video.
With Serbia already much aggrandized by the two Balkan Wars (1912–13, 1913), Serbian nationalists turned their attention back to the idea of "liberating" the South Slavs of Austria-Hungary. Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, head of Serbia's military intelligence, was also, under the alias "Apis," head of the secret society Union or Death, pledged to the pursuit of this pan-Serbian ambition. Believing that the Serbs' cause would be served by the death of the Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austrian emperor Francis Joseph, and learning that the Archduke was about to visit Bosnia on a tour of military inspection, Apis plotted his assassination. Nikola Pašić, the Serbian prime minister and an enemy of Apis, heard of the plot and warned the Austrian government of it, but his message was too cautiously worded to be understood.
At 11:15 am, on June 28, 1914, in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, Francis Ferdinand and his morganatic wife, Sophie, duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead by a Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip. The chief of the Austro-Hungarian general staff, Franz, Graf (count) Conrad von Hötzendorf, and the foreign minister, Leopold, Graf von Berchtold, saw the crime as the occasion for measures to humiliate Serbia and so to enhance Austria-Hungary's prestige in the Balkans; and . Conrad had already (October 1913) been assured by William II of Germany's support if Austria-Hungary should start a preventive war against Serbia. This assurance was confirmed in the week following the assassination, before William, on July 6, set off upon his annual cruise to the North Cape, off Norway.
The Austrians decided to present an unacceptable ultimatum to Serbia and then to declare war, relying on Germany to deter Russia from intervention. Though the terms of the ultimatum were finally approved on July 19, its delivery was postponed to the evening of July 23, since by that time the French president, Raymond Poincaré, and his premier, René Viviani, who had set off on a state visit to Russia on July 15, would be on their way home and therefore unable to concert an immediate reaction with their Russian allies. When the delivery was announced, on July 24, Russia declared that Austria-Hungary must not be allowed to crush Serbia.
Serbia replied to the ultimatum on July 25, accepting most of its demands but protesting against two of themthem—namely, namely, that Serbian officials (unnamed) should be dismissed at Austria-Hungary's behest and that Austro-Hungarian officials should take part, on Serbian soil, in proceedings against organizations hostile to Austria-Hungary. Though Serbia offered to submit the issue to international arbitration, Austria-Hungary promptly severed diplomatic relations and ordered partial mobilization.
Home from his cruise on July 27, William learned on July 28 how Serbia had replied to the ultimatum. At once he instructed the German Foreign Office to tell Austria-Hungary that there was no longer any justification for war and that it should content itself with a temporary occupation of Belgrade. But, meanwhile, the German Foreign Office had been giving such encouragement to Berchtold that already on July 27 he had persuaded Francis Joseph to authorize war against Serbia. War was , in fact , declared on July 28, and Austro-Hungarian artillery began to bombard Belgrade the next day. Russia then ordered partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary; , and on July 30, when Austria-Hungary was riposting conventionally with an order of mobilization on its Russian frontier, Russia ordered general mobilization. Germany, which since July 28 had still been hoping, in disregard of earlier warning hints from Great Britain, that Austria-Hungary's war against Serbia could be "localized" to the Balkans, was now disillusioned insofar as eastern Europe was concerned. On July 31 Germany sent a 24-hour ultimatum requiring Russia to halt its mobilization and an 18-hour ultimatum requiring France to promise neutrality in the event of war between Russia and Germany.
Both Russia and France predictably ignored these demands. On August 1 , Germany ordered general mobilization and declared war against Russia, and France likewise ordered general mobilization. The next day , Germany sent troops into Luxembourg and demanded from Belgium free passage for German troops across its neutral territory. On August 3 Germany declared war against France.
In the night of August 3–4 German forces invaded Belgium. Thereupon, Great Britain, which had no concern with Serbia and no express obligation to fight either for Russia or for France but was expressly committed to defend Belgium, on August 4 declared war against Germany.
Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia on August 5; Serbia against Germany on August 6; Montenegro against Austria-Hungary on August 7 and against Germany on August 12; France and Great Britain against Austria-Hungary on August 10 and on August 12, respectively; Japan against Germany on August 23; Austria-Hungary against Japan on August 25 and against Belgium on August 28.
Romania had renewed its secret anti-Russian alliance of 1883 with the Central Powers on Feb. February 26, 1914, but now chose to remain neutral. Italy had confirmed the Triple Alliance on Dec. December 7, 1912, but could now propound formal arguments for disregarding it: first, Italy was not obliged to support its allies in a war of aggression; second, the original treaty of 1882 had stated expressly that the alliance was not against England.
On Sept. September 5, 1914, Russia, France, and Great Britain concluded the Treaty of London, each promising not to make a separate peace with the Central Powers. Thenceforth, they could be called the Allied, or Entente, Powerspowers, or simply the Allies.
The outbreak of war in August 1914 was generally greeted with confidence and jubilation by the peoples of Europe, among whom it inspired a wave of patriotic feeling and celebration. Few people imagined how long or how disastrous a war between the great nations of Europe could be, and most believed that their country's side would be victorious within a matter of months. The war was welcomed either patriotically, as a defensive one imposed by national necessity, or idealistically, as one for upholding right against might, the sanctity of treaties, and international morality.
When war broke out, the Allied Powers powers possessed greater overall demographic, industrial, and military resources than the Central Powers and enjoyed easier access to the oceans for trade with neutral countries, particularly with the United States.
Table 1 shows the population, steel production, and armed strengths of the two rival coalitions in 1914.
All the initial belligerents in World War I were self-sufficient in food except Great Britain and Germany. Great Britain's industrial establishment was slightly superior to Germany's (17 percent of world trade in 1913 as compared with 12 percent for Germany), but Germany's diversified chemical industry facilitated the production of ersatz, or substitute, materials, which compensated for the worst shortages ensuing from the British wartime blockade. The German chemist Fritz Haber was already developing a process for the fixation of nitrogen from air; this process made Germany self-sufficient in explosives and thus no longer dependent on imports of nitrates from Chile.
Of all the initial belligerent nations, only Great Britain had a volunteer army, and this was quite small at the start of the war. The other nations had much larger conscript armies that required three to four years of service from able-bodied males of military age, to be followed by several years in reserve formations. Military strength on land was counted in terms of divisions composed of 12,000–20,000 officers and men. Two or more divisions made up an army corps, and two or more corps made up an army. An army could thus comprise anywhere from 50,000 to 250,000 men.
The land forces of the belligerent nations at the outbreak of war in August 1914 are shown in Table 2.
The higher state of discipline, training, leadership, and armament of the German Army army reduced the importance of the initial numerical inferiority of the armies of the Central Powers. Because of the comparative slowness of mobilization, poor higher leadership, and lower scale of armament of the Russian armies, there was an approximate balance of forces between the Central Powers and the Allies in August 1914 that prevented either side from gaining a quick victory.
Germany and Austria also enjoyed the advantage of "interior lines of communication," which enabled them to send their forces to critical points on the battlefronts by the shortest route. According to one estimate, Germany's railway network made it possible to move eight divisions simultaneously from the Western Front to the Eastern Front in four and a half days.
Even greater in importance was the advantage that Germany derived from its strong military traditions and its cadre of highly efficient and disciplined regular officers. Skilled in directing a war of movement and quick to exploit the advantages of flank attacks, German senior officers were to prove generally more capable than their Allied counterparts at directing the operations of large troop formations.
Sea power was largely reckoned in terms of capital ships, or dreadnought battleships and battle cruisers having extremely large guns. Despite intensive competition from the Germans, the British had maintained their superiority in numbers, with the result that, in capital ships, the Allies had an almost two-to-one advantage over the Central Powers. Table 3 compares the
The strength of the two principal rivals at sea, Great Britain and Germany, is compared in Table 3.
The numerical superiority of the British Navynavy, however, was offset by the technological lead of the German Navy navy in many categories, such as range-finding equipment, magazine protection, searchlights, torpedoes, and mines. Great Britain relied on the Royal Navy not only to ensure necessary imports of food and other supplies in wartime but also to sever the Central Powers' access to the markets of the world. With superior numbers of warships, Great Britain could impose a blockade that gradually weakened Germany by preventing imports from overseas.
The planning and conduct of war in 1914 were crucially influenced by the invention of new weapons and the improvement of existing types since the Franco-German War of 1870–71. The chief developments of the intervening period had been the machine gun and the rapid-fire field artillery gun. The modern machine gun, which had been developed in the 1880s and '90s, was a reliable belt-fed gun capable of sustained rates of extremely rapid fire; it could fire 600 bullets per minute with a range of more than 1,000 yards (900 metres). In the realm of field artillery, the period leading up to the war saw the introduction of improved breech-loading mechanisms and brakes. Without a brake or recoil mechanism, a gun lurched out of position during firing and had to be re-aimed after each round. The new improvements were epitomized in the French 75-millimetre field gun; it remained motionless during firing, and it was not necessary to readjust the aim in order to bring sustained fire on a target.
Machine guns and rapid-firing artillery, when used in combination with trenches and barbed-wire emplacements, gave a decided advantage to the defense, since these weapons' rapid and sustained firepower could decimate a frontal assault by either infantry or cavalry. See the video.
There was a considerable disparity in 1914 between the deadly effectiveness of modern armaments and the doctrinal teachings of some armies. The South African War and the Russo-Japanese War had revealed the futility of frontal infantry or cavalry attacks on prepared positions when unaccompanied by surprise, but few military leaders foresaw that the machine gun and the rapid-firing field gun would force armies into trenches in order to survive. Instead, war was looked upon by many leaders in 1914 as a contest of national wills, spirit, and courage. A prime example of this attitude was the French Armyarmy, which was dominated by the doctrine of the offensive. French military doctrine called for headlong bayonet charges of French infantrymen against the German rifles, machine guns, and artillery. German military thinking, under the influence of Alfred, Graf von Schlieffen, sought, unlike the French, to avoid frontal assaults but rather to achieve an early decision by deep flanking attacks; and at the same time to make use of reserve divisions alongside regular formations from the outset of war. The Germans paid greater attention to training their officers in defensive tactics using machine guns, barbed wire, and fortifications.
Years before 1914, successive chiefs of the German general staff had been foreseeing Germany's having to fight a war on two fronts at the same time, against Russia in the east and France in the west, whose combined strength was numerically superior to the Central Powers'. The elder Helmuth von Moltke, chief of the German general staff from 1858 to 1888, decided that Germany should stay at first on the defensive in the west and deal a crippling blow to Russia's advanced forces before turning to counterattack the French advance. His immediate successor, Alfred von Waldersee, also believed in staying on the defensive in the west. Alfred, Graf von Schlieffen, who served as chief of the German general staff from 1891 to 1905, took a contrary view, and it was the plan he developed that was to guide Germany's initial wartime strategy. Schlieffen realized that on the outbreak of war Russia would need six full weeks to mobilize and assemble its vast armies, given the immense Russian countryside and population, the sparsity of the rail network, and the inefficiency of the government bureaucracy. Taking advantage of this fact, Schlieffen planned to initially adopt a purely defensive posture on the Eastern Front with a minimal number of troops facing Russia's slowly gathering armies. Germany would instead concentrate almost all of its troops in the west against France and would seek to bypass France's frontier fortifications by an offensive through neutral Belgium to the north. This offensive would sweep westward and then southward through the heart of northern France, capturing the capital and knocking that country out of the war within a few weeks. Having gained security in the west, Germany would then shift its troops to the east and destroy the Russian menace with a similar concentration of forces.
By the time of his retirement in 1905, Schlieffen had elaborated a plan for a great wheeling movement of the right (northern) wing of the German armies not only through central Belgium but also, in order to bypass the Belgian fortresses of Liège and Namur in the Meuse Valleyvalley, through the southernmost part of the Netherlands. With their right wing entering France near Lille, the Germans would continue to wheel westward until they were near the English Channel; they would then turn southward so as to sever the French armies' line of retreat from France's eastern frontier to the south; and the outermost arc of the wheel would sweep southward west of Paris, in order to avoid exposing the German right flank to a counterstroke launched from the city's outskirts. If the Schlieffen Plan succeeded, Germany's armies would simultaneously encircle the French Army army from the north, overrun all of northeastern France, and capture Paris, thus forcing France into a humiliating surrender. The large wheeling movement that the plan envisaged required correspondingly large forces for its execution, in view of the need to keep up the numerical strength of the long-stretched marching line and the need to leave adequate detachments on guard over the Belgian fortresses that had been bypassed. Accordingly, Schlieffen allocated nearly seven-eighths of Germany's available troop strength to the execution of the wheeling movement by the right and centre wings, leaving only one-eighth to face a possible French offensive on Germany's western frontier. Thus, the maximum of strength was allocated to the wheel's edge—that is, to the right. Schlieffen's plan was observed by the younger Helmuth von Moltke, who became chief of the general staff in 1906. Moltke was still in office when war broke out in 1914.
Russian Poland, the westernmost part of the Russian Empire, was a thick tongue of land enclosed to the north by East Prussia, to the west by German Poland (Poznania) and by Silesia, and to the south by Austrian Poland (Galicia). It was thus obviously exposed to a two-pronged invasion by the Central Powers; , but the Germans, apart from their grand strategy of crushing France before attempting anything against Russia, took note of the poverty of Russian Poland's transportation network and so were disinclined to overrun that vulnerable area prematurely. Austria-Hungary, however, whose frontier with Russia lay much farther east than Germany's and who was moreover afraid of disaffection among the Slav minorities, urged some immediate action to forestall a Russian offensive. Moltke therefore agreed to the Austrian general staff's suggestion for a northeastward thrust by the Austrian Army army into Russian Poland—the more readily because it would occupy the Russians during the crisis in France.
The Russians, for their part, would have preferred to concentrate their immediately available forces against Austria and to leave Germany undisturbed until their mobilization should have been completed. The French were anxious to relieve the German pressure against themselves, however, and so they persuaded the Russians to undertake an offensive involving two armies against the Germans in East Prussia simultaneously with one involving four armies against the Austrians in Galicia. The Russian Armyarmy, whose proverbial slowness and unwieldy organization dictated a cautious strategy, thus undertook an extra offensive against East Prussia that only an army of high mobility and tight organization could have hoped to execute successfully.
For some 30 years after 1870, considering the likelihood of another German war, the French high command had subscribed to the strategy of an initial defensive to be followed by a counterstroke against the expected invasion: a great system of fortresses was created on the frontier, but gaps were left in order to "canalize" the German attack. France's alliance with Russia and its entente with Great Britain, however, encouraged a reversal of plan, and after the turn of the century a new school of military thinkers began to argue for an offensive strategy. The advocates of the offensive à l'outrance ("to the utmost") gained control of the French military machine, and in 1911 a spokesman of this school, General J.-J.-C. Joffre, was designated chief of the general staff. He sponsored the notorious Plan XVII, with which France went to war in 1914.
Plan XVII gravely underestimated the strength that the Germans would deploy against France. Accepting the possibility that the Germans might employ their reserve troops along with regular troops at the outset, Plan XVII estimated the strength of the German Army army in the west at a possible maximum of 68 infantry divisions. The Germans actually deployed the equivalent of 83 12 divisions, counting Landwehr (reserve troops) and Ersatz (low-grade substitute troops) divisions. But , but French military opinion ignored or doubted this possibility; and during the war's crucial opening days, when the rival armies were concentrating and moving forward, the French Intelligence counted only Germany's regular divisions in its estimates of the enemy strength. This was a serious miscalculation. Plan XVII also miscalculated the direction and scope of the coming onslaught: though it foresaw an invasion through Belgium, it assumed that the Germans would take the route through the Ardennes, thereby exposing their communications to attack. Basing itself on the idea of an immediate and general offensive, Plan XVII called for a French thrust toward the Saar into Lorraine by the 1st and 2nd armies, while on the French left (the north) the 3rd and 5th armies, facing Metz and the Ardennes, respectively, stood ready either to launch an offensive between Metz and Thionville or to strike from the north at the flank of any German drive through the Ardennes. When war broke out, it was taken for granted that the small British Expeditionary Force (BEF) under Sir John French should be used as an adjunct to France's forces, more or less as the French might see fit. It is clearly evident that the French were oblivious to the gigantic German offensive that was being aimed at their left (northern) wing.
For the smooth working of their plan for the invasion of France, the Germans had preliminarily to reduce the ring fortress of Liège, which commanded the route prescribed for their 1st and 2nd armies and which was the foremost stronghold of the Belgian defenses. German troops crossed the frontier into Belgium on the morning of August 4. Thanks to the resolution of a middle-aged staff officer, Erich Ludendorff, a German brigade occupied the town of Liège itself in the night of August 5–6 and the citadel on August 7; , but the surrounding forts held out stubbornly until the Germans brought their heavy howitzers into action against them on August 12. These 420-millimetre siege guns proved too formidable for the forts, which one by one succumbed. The vanguard of the German invasion was already pressing the Belgian field army between the Gete River and Brussels, when the last of the Liège forts fell on August 16. The Belgians then withdrew northward to the entrenched camp of Antwerp. On August 20 the German 1st Army entered Brussels while the 2nd Army appeared before Namur, the one remaining fortress barring the Meuse route into France.
The initial clashes between the French and German armies along the Franco-German and Franco-Belgian frontiers are collectively known as the Battle of the Frontiers. This group of engagements, which lasted from August 14 until the beginning of the First Battle of the Marne on September 6, was to be the largest battle of the war and was perhaps the largest battle in human history up to that time, given the fact that a total of more than 2,000,000 two million troops were involved.
The planned French thrust into Lorraine, totaling 19 divisions, started on August 14 but was shattered by the German 6th and 7th armies in the Battle of Morhange-Sarrebourg (August 20–22). Yet this abortive French offensive had an indirect effect on the German plan. For when the French attack in Lorraine developed, Moltke was tempted momentarily to postpone the right-wing sweep and instead to seek a victory in Lorraine. This fleeting impulse led him to divert to Lorraine the six newly formed Ersatz divisions that had been intended to increase the weight of his right wing. This was the first of several impromptu decisions by Moltke that were to fatally impair the execution of the Schlieffen Plan.
Meanwhile, the German imperial princes who commanded armies on the Germans' left (southern) wing in Lorraine were proving unwilling to forfeit their opportunity for personal glory. Crown Prince Rupert of Bavaria on August 20 ordered his 6th Army to counterattack instead of continuing to fall back before the French advance as planned, and Crown Prince William of Germany ordered his 5th Army to do the same. The strategic result of these unplanned German offensives was merely to throw the French back onto a fortified barrier that both restored and augmented their power of resistance. Thus, the French were soon afterward enabled to dispatch troops to reinforce their left flank—a redistribution of strength that was to have far-reaching results in the decisive Battle of the Marne.
While this seesaw campaign in Lorraine was taking place, more decisive events were occurring to the northwest. The German attack on Liège had awakened Joffre to the reality of a German advance through Belgium, but not to its strength or to the wideness of its sweep. In preparing a counterattack against the German advance through Belgium, Joffre envisaged a pincer movement, with the French 3rd and 4th armies on the right and the 5th, supported by the BEF, on the left, to trap the Germans in the Meuse–Ardennes area south of Liège. The fundamental flaw in this new French plan was that the Germans had deployed about 50 percent more troops than the French had estimated, and for a vaster enveloping movement. Consequently, while the right-hand claw of the French pincer (23 divisions) collided with the German 5th and 4th armies (20 divisions) in the Ardennes and was thrown back, the left-hand claw (13 French and four British divisions) found itself nearly trapped between the German 1st and 2nd armies, with a total of 30 divisions, on the one hand, and the 3rd, on the other. As the French 5th Army, under General Charles Lanrezac, was checked in its offensive south of the Sambre River by a German attack on August 21, the British, who reached Mons on August 22, at first agreed to stand there to cover Lanrezac's left; but on August 23 news of the fall of Namur and of the German 3rd Army's presence near Dinant induced Lanrezac to wisely order a general retreat; and on August 24 the British began their retreat from Mons, just in time to escape envelopment by the German 1st Army's westward march around their unprotected left flank.
At last Joffre realized the truth and the utter collapse of Plan XVII. Resolution was his greatest asset, and with imperturbable coolness he formed a new plan out of the wreckage. Joffre decided to swing the Allied centre and left back southwestward from the Belgian frontier to a line pivoted on the French fortress of Verdun and at the same time to withdraw some strength from the right wing so as to be able to station a newly created 6th Army on the extreme left, north of Paris. This plan might, in turn, have collapsed if the Germans had not themselves departed from Schlieffen's original plan due to a combination of Moltke's indecisiveness, poor communications between his headquarters and the field army commanders of the German right wing, and Moltke's resulting confusion about the developing tactical situation. In the first place, the German right wing was weakened by the subtraction of 11 divisions; four were detached to watch Antwerp and to invest French fortresses near the Belgian frontier, instead of using reserve and Ersatz troops for this as earlier intended, and seven more regular divisions were transferred to check the Russian advance into East Prussia (see below). In the second place, Alexander von Kluck, in command of the 1st Army, did , in fact , wheel inward north of Paris rather than southwest of the city.
Kluck's change of direction meant the inevitable abandonment of the original wide sweep around the far (western) side of Paris. Now the flank of this wheeling German line would pass the near side of Paris and across the face of the Paris defenses into the valley of the Marne River. The premature inward wheel of Kluck's 1st Army before Paris had been reached thus exposed the German extreme right wing to a flank attack and a possible counter-envelopment. On September 4 Moltke decided to abandon the original Schlieffen Plan and substituted a new one: the German 4th and 5th armies should drive southeastward from the Ardennes into French Lorraine west of Verdun and then converge with the southwestward advance of the 6th and 7th armies from Alsace against the Toul–Épinal line of fortifications, so as to envelop the whole French right wing; the 1st and 2nd armies, in the Marne Valleyvalley, should stand guard, meanwhile, against any French countermove from the vicinity of Paris. But such an Allied countermove had already begun before the new German plan could be put into effect.
Already on September 3, General J.-S. Gallieni, the military governor of Paris, had guessed the significance of the German 1st Army's swing inward to the Marne east of Paris. On September 4 Joffre, convinced by Gallieni's arguments, decisively ordered his whole left wing to turn about from their retreat and to begin a general offensive against the Germans' exposed right flank on September 6. The French 6th Army, under M.-J. Maunoury, forewarned by Gallieni, had actually begun attacking on September 5; , and its pressure caused Kluck finally to engage the whole 1st Army in support of his right flank when he was still no farther up the Marne Valley valley than Meaux, with nothing but a cavalry screen stretched across the 30 miles between him and Karl von Bülow's 2nd Army (at Montmirail). While the French 5th Army was turning to attack Bülow, the BEF (between the 5th and the 6th armies) was still continuing its retreat for another day; , but on September 9 Bülow learned that the British too had turned and were advancing into the gap between him and Kluck. He therefore ordered the 2nd Army to retreat, thus obliging Kluck to do likewise with the 1st. The counterattack of the French 5th and 6th armies and the BEF developed into a general counterattack by the entire left and centre of the French Armyarmy. This counterattack is known as the First Battle of the Marne. By September 11 the German retreat extended to all the German armies.
There were several reasons for this extraordinary turn of events. Chief among them was the utter exhaustion of the German soldiery of the right wing, some of whom had marched more than 150 miles (240 kilometres) under conditions of frequent battle. Their fatigue was ultimately a by-product of the Schlieffen Plan itself, for while the retreating French had been able to move troops by rail to various points within the circle formed by the front, the German troops had found their advance hampered by demolished bridges and destroyed rail lines. Their food and ammunition supply was consequently restricted, and the troops also had to make their advance by foot. Moreover, the Germans had underestimated the resilient spirit of the French troops, who had maintained their courage and morale and their confidence in their commanders. This fact was strikingly evidenced by the comparatively small number of prisoners taken by the Germans in the course of what was undeniably a precipitous French retreat.
Meanwhile, the assault by the German 6th and 7th armies on the defenses of the French eastern frontier had already proved a predictably expensive failure, and the German attempt at a partial envelopment pivoted on Verdun was abandoned. The German right wing withdrew northward from the Marne and made a firm stand along the Lower Aisne River and the Chemin des Dames ridge. Along the Aisne the preponderant power of the defense over the offense was reemphasized as the Germans repelled successive Allied attacks from the shelter of trenches. The First Battle of the Aisne marked the real beginning of trench warfare on the Western Front. Both sides were in the process of discovering that, in lieu of frontal assaults for which neither had the manpower readily available, the only alternative was to try to overlap and envelop the other's flank, in this case the one on the side pointing toward the North Sea and the English Channel. Thus began the "Race to the Sea," in which the developing trench networks of both sides were quickly extended northwestward until they reached the Atlantic at a point just inside coastal Belgium, west of Ostend.
The First Battle of the Marne succeeded in pushing the Germans back for a distance of 40 to 50 miles and thus saved the capital city of Paris from capture. In this respect it was a great strategic victory, since it enabled the French to renew their confidence and to continue the war. But the great German offensive, though unsuccessful in its object of knocking France out of the war, had enabled the Germans to capture a large portion of northeastern France. The loss of this heavily industrialized region, which contained much of the country's coal, iron, and steel production, was a serious blow to the continuation of the French war effort.
The Belgian Armyarmy, meanwhile, had fallen back to the fortress city of Antwerp, which ended up behind the German lines. The Germans began a heavy bombardment of Antwerp on September 28, and Antwerp surrendered to the Germans on October 10.
After the failure of his first two attempts to turn the Germans' western flank (one on the Somme, the other near Arras), Joffre obstinately decided to try again yet farther north with the BEF—which in any case was being moved northward from the Aisne. The BEF, accordingly, was deployed between La Bassée and Ypres, while on the left the Belgians—who had wisely declined to participate in the projected attack—continued the front along the Yser down to the Channel. Erich von Falkenhayn, however, who on September 14 had succeeded Moltke as chief of the German general staff, had foreseen what was coming and had prepared a counterplan: one of his armies, transferred from Lorraine, was to check the expected offensive, while another was to sweep down the coast and crush the attackers' left flank. The British attack was launched from Ypres on October 19, the German thrust the next day. Though the Belgians of the Yser had been under increasing pressure for two days already, both Sir John French and Ferdinand Foch, Joffre's deputy in the north, were slow to appreciate what was happening to their "offensive"; "offensive," but in the night of October 29–30 the Belgians had to open the sluices on the Yser River to save themselves by flooding the Germans' path down the coast. The Battle of Ypres had its worst crises on October 31 and November 11 and did not die down into trench warfare until November 22.
By the end of 1914 the casualties the French had so far sustained in the war totaled about 380,000 killed and 600,000 wounded; the Germans had lost a slightly smaller number. With the repulse of the German attempt to break through at the Battle of Ypres, the strained and exhausted armies of both sides settled down into trench warfare. The trench barrier was consolidated from the Swiss frontier to the Atlantic; the power of modern defense had triumphed over the attack, and stalemate ensued. The military history of the Western Front during the next three years was to be a story of the Allies' attempts to break this deadlock.
On the Eastern Front, greater distances and quite considerable differences between the equipment and quality of the opposing armies ensured a fluidity of the front that was lacking in the west. Trench lines might form, but to break them was not difficult, particularly for the German army, and then mobile operations of the old style could be undertaken.
Urged by the French to take offensive action against the Germans, the Russian commander in chief, Grand Duke Nicholas, took it loyally but prematurely, before the cumbrous Russian war machine was ready, by launching a pincer movement against East Prussia. Under the higher control of General Ya.G. Zhilinsky, two armies, the 1st, or Vilna, Army under P.K. Rennenkampf and the 2nd, or Warsaw, Army under A.V. Samsonov, were to converge, with a two-to-one superiority in numbers, on the German 8th Army in East Prussia from the east and the south, respectively. Rennenkampf's left flank would be separated by 50 miles from Samsonov's right flank.
Max von Prittwitz und Gaffron, commander of the 8th Army, with his headquarters at Neidenburg (Nidzica), had seven divisions and one cavalry division on his eastern front but only the three divisions of Friedrich von Scholtz's XX Corps on his southern. He was therefore dismayed to learn, on August 20, when the bulk of his forces had been repulsed at Gumbinnen (August 19–20) by Rennenkampf's attack from the east, that Samsonov's 13 divisions had crossed the southern frontier of East Prussia and were thus threatening his rear. He initially considered a general retreat, but when his staff objected to this, he approved their counterproposal of an attack on Samsonov's left flank, for which purpose three divisions were to be switched in haste by rail from the Gumbinnen front to reinforce Scholtz (the rest of the Gumbinnen troops could make their retreat by road). The principal exponent of this counterproposal was Lieutenant Colonel Max Hoffmann. Prittwitz, having moved his headquarters northward to Mühlhausen (Młynary), was surprised on August 22 by a telegram announcing that General Paul von Hindenburg, with Ludendorff as his chief of staff, was coming to supersede him in command. Arriving the next day, Ludendorff readily confirmed Hoffmann's dispositions for the blow at Samsonov's left.
Meanwhile, Zhilinsky was not only giving Rennenkampf time to reorganize after Gumbinnen but even instructing him to invest Königsberg instead of pressing on to the west. When the Germans on August 25 learned from an intercepted Russian wireless message (the Russians habitually transmitted combat directives "in clear," not in code) that Rennenkampf was in no hurry to advance, Ludendorff saw a new opportunity. Developing the plan put forward by Hoffmann, Ludendorff concentrated about six divisions against Samsonov's left wing. This force, inferior in strength, could not have been decisive, but Ludendorff then took the calculated risk of withdrawing the rest of the German troops, except for a cavalry screen, from their confrontation with Rennenkampf and rushing them southwestward against Samsonov's right wing. Thus, August von Mackensen's XVII Corps was taken from near Gumbinnen and moved southward to duplicate the planned German attack on Samsonov's left with an attack on his right, thus completely enveloping the Russian 2nd Army. This daring move was made possible by the notable absence of communication between the two Russian field commanders, whom Hoffmann knew to personally dislike each other. Under the Germans' converging blows Samsonov's flanks were crushed and his centre surrounded during August 26–31. The outcome of this military masterpiece, called the Battle of Tannenberg, was the destruction or capture of almost the whole of Samsonov's army. The history of imperial Russia's unfortunate participation in World War I is epitomized in the ignominious outcome of the Battle of Tannenberg.
The progress of the battle was as follows. Samsonov, his forces spread out along a front 60 miles long, was gradually pushing Scholtz back toward the Allenstein–Osterode (Olsztyn–Ostróda) line when, on August 26, Ludendorff ordered General Hermann von François, with the I Corps on Scholtz's right, to attack Samsonov's left wing near Usdau (Uzdowo). There, on August 27, German artillery bombardments threw the hungry and weary Russians into precipitate flight. François started to pursue them toward Neidenburg, in the rear of the Russian centre, and then made a momentary diversion southward, to check a Russian counterattack from Soldau (Działdowo). Two of the Russian 2nd Army's six army corps managed to escape southeastward at this point, and François then resumed his pursuit to the east. By nightfall on August 29 his troops were in control of the road leading from Neidenburg eastward to Willenberg (Wielbark). The Russian centre, amounting to three army corps, was now caught in the maze of forest between Allenstein and the frontier of Russian Poland. It had no line of retreat, was surrounded by the Germans, and soon dissolved into mobs of hungry and exhausted men who beat feebly against the encircling German ring and then allowed themselves to be taken prisoner by the thousands. Samsonov shot himself in despair on August 29. By the end of August the Germans had taken 92,000 prisoners and annihilated half of the Russian 2nd Army. Ludendorff's bold recall of the last German forces facing Rennenkampf's army was wholly justified in the event, since Rennenkampf remained utterly passive while Samsonov's army was surrounded.
Having received two fresh army corps (seven divisions) from the Western Front, the Germans now turned on the slowly advancing 1st Army under Rennenkampf. The latter was attacked on a line extending from east of Königsberg to the southern end of the chain of the Masurian Lakes during September 1–15 and was driven from East Prussia. As a result of these East Prussian battles Russia had lost about 250,000 men and, what could be afforded still less, much war matériel. But the invasion of East Prussia had at least helped to make possible the French comeback on the Marne by causing the dispatch of two German army corps from the Western Front.
Having ended the Russian threat to East Prussia, the Germans could afford to switch the bulk of their forces from that area to the Czȩstochowa–Kraków Częstochowa–Kraków front in southwestern Poland, where the Austrian offensive, launched on August 20, had been rolled back by Russian counterattacks. A new plan for simultaneous thrusts by the Germans toward Warsaw and by the Austrians toward Przemyśl was brought to nothing by the end of October, as the Russians could now mount counterattacks in overwhelming strength, their mobilization being at last nearly completed. The Russians then mounted a powerful effort to invade Prussian Silesia with a huge phalanx of seven armies. Allied hopes rose high as the much-heralded "Russian steamroller" (as the huge Russian Army army was called) began its ponderous advance. The Russian armies were advancing toward Silesia when Hindenburg and Ludendorff, in November, exploited the superiority of the German railway network: when the retreating German forces had crossed the frontier back into Prussian Silesia, they were promptly moved northward into Prussian Poland and thence sent southeastward to drive a wedge between the two armies of the Russian right flank. The massive Russian operation against Silesia was disorganized, and within a week four new German army corps had arrived from the Western Front. Ludendorff was able to use them to press the Russians back by mid-December to the Bzura–Rawka (rivers) line in front of Warsaw, and the depletion of their munition supplies compelled the Russians to also fall back in Galicia to trench lines along the Nida and Dunajec rivers.
The first Austrian invasion of Serbia was launched with numerical inferiority (part of one of the armies originally destined for the Balkan front having been diverted to the Eastern Front on August 18); , and the able Serbian commander, Radomir Putnik, brought the invasion to an early end by his victories on the Cer Mountain (August 15–20) and at Šabac (August 21–24). In early September, however, Putnik's subsequent northward offensive on the Sava River, in the north, had to be broken off when the Austrians began a second offensive, against the Serbs' western front on the Drina River. After some weeks of deadlock, the Austrians began a third offensive, which had some success in the Battle of the Kolubara, and forced the Serbs to evacuate Belgrade on November 30; , but by December 15 a Serbian counterattack had retaken Belgrade and forced the Austrians to retreat. Mud and exhaustion kept the Serbs from turning the Austrian retreat into a rout, but the victory sufficed to allow Serbia a long spell of freedom from further Austrian advances.
The entry of Turkey (or the Ottoman Empire, as it was then called) into the war as a German ally was the one great success of German wartime diplomacy. Since 1909 Turkey had been under the control of the Young Turks, over whom Germany had skillfully gained a dominating influence. German military instructors permeated the Turkish Armyarmy, and Enver Paşa, the leader of the Young Turks, saw alliance with Germany as the best way of serving Turkey's interests, in particular for protection against the Russian threat to the Straitsstraits. He therefore persuaded the grand vizier, Said Halim Paşa, to make a secret treaty (negotiated late in July, signed on August 2) pledging Turkey to the German side if Germany should have to take Austria-Hungary's side against Russia. The unforeseen entry of Great Britain into the war against Germany alarmed the Turks, but the timely arrival of two German warships, the Goeben and the Breslau, in the Dardanelles on August 10 turned the scales in favour of Enver's policy. The ships were ostensibly sold to Turkey, but they retained their German crews. The Turks began detaining British ships, and more anti-British provocations followed, both in the Straits straits and on the Egyptian frontier. Finally the Goeben led the Turkish fleet across the Black Sea to bombard Odessa and other Russian ports (October 29–30). Russia declared war against Turkey on November 1; and the western Allies, after an ineffective bombardment of the outer forts of the Dardanelles on November 3, declared war likewise on November 5. A British force from India occupied Basra, on the Persian Gulf, on November 21. In the winter of 1914–15 Turkish offensives in the Caucasus and in the Sinai Desert, albeit abortive, served German strategy well by tying Russian and British forces down in those peripheral areas.
In August 1914 Great Britain, with 29 capital ships ready and 13 under construction, and Germany, with 18 and nine, were the two great rival sea powers. Neither of them at first wanted a direct confrontation: the British were chiefly concerned with the protection of their trade routes; the Germans hoped that mines and submarine attacks would gradually destroy Great Britain's numerical superiority, so that confrontation could eventually take place on equal terms.
The first significant encounter between the two navies was that of the Helgoland Bight, on Aug. August 28, 1914, when a British force under Admiral Sir David Beatty, having entered German home waters, sank or damaged several German light cruisers and killed or captured 1,000 men at a cost of one British ship damaged and 35 deaths. For the following months the Germans in European or British waters confined themselves to submarine warfare—not without some notable successes: on September 22 a single German submarine, or U-boat, sank three British cruisers within an hour; on October 7 a U-boat made its way into the anchorage of Loch Ewe, on the west coast of Scotland; on October 15 the British cruiser Hawke was torpedoed; and on October 27 the British battleship Audacious was sunk by a mine.
On December 15 battle cruisers of the German High Seas Fleet set off on a sortie across the North Sea, under the command of Admiral Franz von Hipper: they bombarded several British towns and then made their way home safely. Hipper's next sortie, however, was intercepted on its way out: on Jan. January 24, 1915, in the Battle of the Dogger Bank, the German cruiser Blücher was sunk and two other cruisers damaged before the Germans could make their escape.
Abroad on the high seas, the Germans' most powerful surface force was the East Asiatic squadron of fast cruisers, including the Scharnhorst, the Gneisenau, and the Nürnberg, under Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee. For four months this fleet ranged almost unhindered over the Pacific Ocean, while the Emden, having joined the squadron in August 1914, was detached for service in the Indian Ocean. The Germans could thus threaten not only merchant shipping on the British trade routes but also troopships on their way to Europe or the Middle East from India, New Zealand, or Australia. The Emden sank merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal, bombarded Madras (September 22; now Chennai, India), haunted the approaches to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and had destroyed 15 Allied ships in all before it was caught and sunk off the Cocos Islands on November 9 by the Australian cruiser Sydney.
Meanwhile, Admiral von Spee's main squadron since August had been threading a devious course in the Pacific from the Caroline Islands toward the Chilean coast and had been joined by two more cruisers, the Leipzig and the Dresden. On November 1, in the Battle of Coronel, it inflicted a sensational defeat on a British force, under Sir Christopher Cradock, which had sailed from the Atlantic to hunt it down: without losing a single ship, it sank Cradock's two major cruisers, Cradock himself being killed. But the fortunes of the war on the high seas were reversed when, on December 8, the German squadron attacked the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands ( in the South Atlantic), probably unaware of the naval strength that the British, since Coronel, had been concentrating there under Admiral Sir Doveton Sturdee: two battle cruisers (the Invincible and Inflexible, each equipped with eight 12-inch guns) and six other cruisers. The German ships were suffering from wear and tear after their long cruise in the Pacific and were no match for the newer, faster British ships, which soon overtook them. The Scharnhorst, with Admiral von Spee aboard, was the first ship to be sunk, then the Gneisenau, followed by the Nürnberg and the Leipzig. The British ships, which had fought at long range so as to render useless the smaller guns of the Germans, sustained only 25 casualties in this engagement. When the German light cruiser Dresden was caught and sunk off the Juan Fernández Islands on March 14, 1915, commerce raiding by German surface ships on the high seas was at an end. It was just beginning by German submarines, however.
The belligerent navies were employed as much in interfering with commerce as in fighting each other. Immediately after the outbreak of war, the British had instituted an economic blockade of Germany, with the aim of preventing all supplies reaching that country from the outside world. The two routes by which supplies could reach German ports were: (1) through the English Channel and the Strait of Dover Straits, and (2) around the north of Scotland. A minefield laid in the Strait of Dover Straits with a narrow free lane made it fairly easy to intercept and search ships using the Channel. To the north of Scotland, however, there was an area of more than 200,000 square miles (520,000 square kilometres) to be patrolled, and the task was assigned to a squadron of armed merchant cruisers. During the early months of the war, only absolute contraband such as guns and ammunition was restricted, but the list was gradually extended to include almost all material that might be of use to the enemy.
The prevention of the free passage of trading ships led to considerable difficulties among the neutral nations, particularly with the United States, whose trading interests were hampered by British policy. Nevertheless, the British blockade was extremely effective, and during 1915 the British patrols stopped and inspected more than 3,000 vessels, of which 743 were sent into port for examination. Outward-bound trade from Germany was brought to a complete standstill.
The Germans similarly sought to attack Great Britain's economy with a campaign against its supply lines of merchant shipping. In 1915, however, with their surface commerce raiders eliminated from the conflict, they were forced to rely entirely on the submarine.
The Germans began their submarine campaign against commerce by sinking a British merchant steamship (Glitra), after evacuating the crew, on Oct. October 20, 1914. A number of other sinkings followed, and the Germans soon became convinced that the submarine would be able to bring the British to an early peace where the commerce raiders on the high seas had failed. On Jan. January 30, 1915, Germany carried the campaign a stage further by torpedoing two Japanese liners three British steamers (Tokomaru, Ikaria, and Ikaria Oriole) without warning. They next announced, on February 4, that from February 18 they would treat the waters around the British Isles as a war zone in which all Allied merchant ships were to be destroyed, and in which no ship, whether enemy or not, would be immune.
Yet, whereas the Allied blockade was preventing almost all trade for Germany from reaching that nation's ports, the German submarine campaign yielded less satisfactory results. During the first week of the campaign seven Allied or Allied-bound ships were sunk out of 11 attacked, but 1,370 others sailed without being harassed by the German submarines. In the whole of March 1915, during which 6,000 sailings were recorded, only 21 ships were sunk, and in April only 23 ships from a similar number. Apart from its lack of positive success, the U-boat arm was continuously harried by Great Britain's extensive antisubmarine measures, which included nets, specially armed merchant ships, hydrophones for locating the noise of a submarine's engines, and depth bombs for destroying it underwater.
For the Germans, a worse result than any of the British countermeasures imposed on them was the long-term growth of hostility on the part of the neutral countries. Certainly the neutrals were far from happy with the British blockade, but the German declaration of the war zone and subsequent events turned them progressively away from their attitude of sympathy for Germany. The hardening of their outlook began in February 1915, when the Norwegian steamship Belridge, carrying oil from New Orleans to Amsterdam, was torpedoed and sunk in the English Channel. The Germans continued to sink neutral ships occasionally, and undecided countries soon began to adopt a hostile outlook toward this activity when the safety of their own shipping was threatened.
Much more serious was an action that confirmed the inability of the German command to perceive that a minor tactical success could constitute a strategic blunder of the most extreme magnitude. This was the sinking by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, of the British liner Lusitania, which was on its way from New York to Liverpool: though the ship was , in fact , carrying 173 tons of ammunition, it had nearly 2,000 civilian passengers, and the 1,198 people who were drowned included 128 U.S. citizens. The loss of the liner and so many of its passengers, including the Americans, aroused a wave of indignation in the United States, and it was fully expected that a declaration of war might follow. But the U.S. government clung to its policy of neutrality and contented itself with sending several notes of protest to Germany. Despite this, the Germans persisted in their intention and, on August 17, sank the Arabic, which also had U.S. and other neutral passengers. Following a new U.S. protest, the Germans undertook to ensure the safety of passengers before sinking liners henceforth; but only after the torpedoing of yet another liner, the Hesperia, did Germany, on September 18, decide to suspend its submarine campaign in the English Channel and west of the British Isles, for fear of provoking the United States further. The German civilian statesmen had temporarily prevailed over the naval high command, which advocated "unrestricted" submarine warfare.
Germany's overseas colonies, virtually without hope of reinforcement from Europe, defended themselves with varying degrees of success against Allied attack.
Togoland was conquered by British forces from the Gold Coast (now Ghana) and by French forces from Dahomey (now Benin) in the first month of the war. In the Cameroons (German: Kamerun), invaded by Allied forces from the south, the east, and the northwest in August 1914 and attacked from the sea in the west, the Germans put up a more effective resistance, and the last German stronghold there, Mora, held out until Feb. February 18, 1916.
Operations by South African forces in huge numerical superiority were launched against German South West Africa (Namibia) in September 1914 but were held up by the pro-German rebellion of certain South African officers who had fought against the British in the South African War of 1899–1902. The rebellion died out in February 1915, but the Germans in South West Africa nevertheless did not capitulate until July 9.
In Jiaozhou (Kiaochow, ) Bay a small German enclave on the Chinese coast, the port of Qingdao (Tsingtao) was the object of Japanese attack from September 1914. With some help from British troops and from Allied warships, the Japanese captured it on November 7. In October, meanwhile, the Japanese had occupied the Marianas, the Caroline Islands, and the Marshalls in the North Pacific, these islands being defenseless since the departure of Admiral von Spee's naval squadron.
In the South Pacific, Western Samoa (now Samoa) fell without blood at the end of August 1914 to a New Zealand force supported by Australian, British, and French warships. In September an Australian invasion of Neu-Pommern (New Britain) won the surrender of the whole colony of German New Guinea within a few weeks.
The story of German East Africa (comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi, and continental Tanzania) was very different, thanks to the quality of the local askaris (European-trained African troops) and to the military genius of the German commander Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck. A landing of troops from India was repelled with ignominy by the Germans in November 1914. A massive invasion from the north, comprising British and colonial troops under the South African J.C. Smuts, was launched in February 1916, to be coordinated with a Belgian invasion from the west and with an independent British one from Nyasaland in the south; , but, though Dar es Salaam fell to Smuts and Tabora to the Belgians in September, Lettow-Vorbeck maintained his small force in being. In November 1917 he began to move southward across Portuguese East Africa (Germany had declared war on Portugal in March 1916); , and, after crossing back into German East Africa in September 1918, he turned southwestward to invade Northern Rhodesia in October. Having taken Kasama on November 9 (two days before the German armistice in Europe), he finally surrendered on November 25. With some 12,000 men at the outset, he eventually tied down 130,000 or more Allied troops.


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INDOGAMERS is a cyber community of the largest in Indonesia, the main objective Indogamers is to develop a mindset Gamers Indonesia to make the game as the nature of entertainment but it can also be educative and informative. INDOGAMERS established in 2006 to the present also continue consistency to bring games to a new genre in the gaming world Indonesia, ranging from games by genre such as Real Time Strategy Warcraft III or AION, and MMORPGs like World of Warcraft. INDOGAMERS forum itself is forum.indogamers.com really be centralized for the Gamers in Indonesia.
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Few questions, about designing a game like warcraft III
Q1: how would I design 3d images for it?
Q2: what are the languages required to make it,
Q3: what languages for getting it to connect to a specific server
Q4: what editors should I get
Q5: what other software should I get
I hope this is the right place for this... I think c++ is for designing programs.. I think games too?
Thanks all!
oh and
just to start off basic.. whats a simple game to design?
such as brick or a simple arcade game?
again, the same questions as above


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Click and click again...
Finally! :D
Via KStewartFans
- Lorabell
She is so cool, confidant and exactly what girls need to look up to these days!! Go Kristen!!!ReplyDelete
Love the outfit.. very sexy secretary ;)ReplyDelete
Very nice :)
But I prefer her kick ass rock style photoshoots! :D
She looks like the actress from the show Mercy in this picture...those two could be sisters!!ReplyDelete


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Good player...
Crutchfield Customer Review (What's this?)
No complaints...was easy to set-up and works as expected. Basically just wanted a decent quality blue-ray / dvd player and I think that's what I got. We already had a Roku so I have not used the networking aspect of the player yet. However, getting it on my home network was very easy, so I'm pleased with the set-up and the play quality is great - as expected.
Pros: Price and functinoality.
Cons: None.


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Movie Review
Stand Up Guys
Rated R for language, sexual content, violence and brief drug use. 1 hour, 35 minutes.
Publication date: Feb. 1, 2013
Review by Peter Canavese
Released: (2013)
But that's why you hire Second City veteran and Oscar winner Alan Arkin: to spin gold from straw. It's also why you hire Oscar winners Al Pacino and Christopher Walken, the former an Actors Studio vet and the latter famed for his refusal to respect punctuation. Their spontaneity makes the picture's first scene an immediate pleasure, though a sinking feeling sets in soon enough.
These guys are so good as to almost make the slight script they're given irrelevant ... almost. Pacino and Walken play BFFs Val and Doc, who reunite when Val walks out of prison after 28 years. Though he owes Val for being a "stand-up guy," Doc finds himself in the position of having to kill his only friend (at the behest of Mark Margolis' mobster Claphands). The screenplay does backflips to explain this contrivance and delay the inevitable, to little avail.
Over 95 leisurely minutes, "Stand Up Guys" covers a period of about 17 hours between Val's release and Doc's deadline. The characters wander the streets by night: stealing a luxury car for a joyride, busting their old wheel man Hirsch (Arkin) out of a nursing home, and getting their drink and prostitutes on.
With hope springing eternal, director Fisher Stevens plays these "adventures" for the cheapest of laughs. In addition, the requirements of sticking Pacino, Walken and Arkin into the likes of a sub-"Blues Brothers" police chase result in choppy editing. But the director's long resume as an actor is the film's secret weapon, for the movie's best bits are surprisingly tender moments between friends.
Those moments, sadly, are outnumbered by crass (OK) but dumb (not OK) episodes designed to allow the old men to bond with younger women, in the hope their demographic will sit through the movie. These scenes take place at the local bordello (run by Lucy Punch); the local hospital, where one of the nurses (Julianna Margulies) is Hirsch's daughter; and the local diner, which not-so-mysteriously draws Doc to a kind and pretty young waitress (Addison Timlin). There's also the naked victim (Vanessa Ferlito) the guys happen upon, who provides a sudden excuse for a righteous mission against bad guys.
The awfulness of the narrative is plain to see, and yet acting junkies probably won't be able to resist the cast. Fertile comic Arkin, graceful hangdog Walken and shambling wild man Pacino can't do much for the story. But each inevitably brings his own cinematic backstory to the table. No one can say "Stand Up Guys" lacks personality.


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Wednesday, December 16, 2015
Marc Lawrence College Bowl & Pro Upsets, Weekend of Dec. 19, 2015
PHILLY over Arizona by 6
Another rescheduled Sunday night flex game pits two teams on opposite paths to the playoffs – one with a cushy 3-game lead in its division looking forward to a Bye week at the end of the season; the other locked in a heated battle atop its division looking to punch its ticket via a Wild Card invite. While the main concern in this contest is Philly's penchant for surrendering more yards than it gains (-35 net YPG on the season), it should be noted the Cardinals are just 4-26 SU in Last Road Games of the campaign the last 30 years, including 1-23 SU versus greater than .400 opponents. Jeez. Toss in the fact that NFL home dogs in Game Two of a three-game home stand, off a SUATS home favorite win, are 3-0 SUATS the last seven years in this rare but highly successful role. We also can't ignore Arizona's dreary 8-15 SU and ATS record on Sunday nights. The always-informed database supplies The Clincher: Game 13 or greater .460 or better home dogs who won 9 or more games last season, taking on a foe off back-to-back wins that won 14 or less games the previous year, are 18-4-1 ATS when the visiting team is off a home game.
New Mexico Over Arizona by 1
The 2015 NCAA Bowl Season kicks off in 'The Land of Enchantment' but unlike Bugs, Rich Rod and his stumbling Wildcats – losers of four of their last five – probably wish they didn't have to make a left turn into Albuquerque where only a minor payday ($456,250) awaits. Rodriguez can blame that on a lousy 3-6 Pac-12 record but this non-conference clash doesn't figure to pique the 'Cats' curiosity. As it is, ASU is just 1-4 ATS in its last five bowl games while Rich Rod has only cashed twice in nine tries. The host Lobos are also just 1-4 ATS in their last five trips to the alleys but they are 9-5 ATS versus Pac-12 opposition and we just can't pass up double-digit home dogs in this spot, not with 'Zona arriving with the No. 106 scoring defense (35.7) in the land. And remember – New Mexico's last bowl appearance was on this field in 2007 and they promptly whitewashed Nevada, 23-0. From a pure football style, it should be an interesting clash as the Wildcats operate from a spread-option attack while Bob Davie's men like to ground-and-pound. And if the Lobos can do what they do best, our database likes their chances as it notes: bowl dogs who out-rush a .sub 700 opponent are 110-27-1 ATS, including 41-6-1 ATS as dogs of 6 or more points. That has us grabbing the points... especially when a disinterested favorite is handing them out. An absolute must-take.
Marc Lawrence can also be found at Playbook.com - One Click Handicapping


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Suzie Awalt, the 2012 president of the Chamber of Commerce, announced George as the Citizen of the Year after playing a five-minute slide show of various pictures of George and her loved ones. George strode to the front of the auditorium to a standing ovation from a crowd of more than 200 people, one of the largest recorded attendances in recent memory at a chamber banquet.
Other awards included the 2013 Chamber of Commerce Scholarship, which was awarded to Kenedie Weber. The Richard Chwalinski family was awarded the 2012 Yell County Farm Family Award, while Gordon Miller was given the 2012 President's Choice Award. The 2012 Chamber Member of the Year went to Kathy Haston.
Precluding the banquet was a speech given by Craig O'Neill, the lead anchor at "Today's THV" who rose to fame in Arkansas as a radio personality.
O'Neill started the night off with several jokes. "I love towns that tell you what they grow," he said. "Magnolia, Greenwood — although it does make me wonder about Pottsville."
Then he shifted to a more somber tone, telling a story of how his family gathered on the front porch of his house before buying televisions that distanced his loved ones. "Tonight, I'm asking you to make a concerted effort to stay on the front porch," he said. "The best way to stay on the front porch is to volunteer."
Miss Lake Dardanelle 2012 Chelsey Jones sang the national anthem to begin the night, and Montie Sims delivered the invocation before guests ate dinner and participated in a silent auction.


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19 March 2010 - 0303h - In my apartment block we have a rather aged lift (elevator) which breaks down often. In use it also generates some rather idiosyncratic lift sounds, which to me sound very elevator-y.
This recording includes pressing the lift button, door opening, entering the lift, door closing, pressing the destination button, ascending one floor from ground level to the 1st floor, door opening, exiting the lift, door closing.
Recorded in a 1998 Ennis Lift with an Audio Technica AT8010 and a Zoom H4n digital recorder.
For more information and an image of the panel inside the lift, check out
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It's the second live show on The Voice of Ireland and three more acts from each team will compete for a chance to progress to the next round of the competition. The top scoring act from each team will go straight through. And it will be up to that team's coach to decide who stays and who goes from the bottom two acts.
There will also be music from a very special act!
Website: http://www.rte.ie/blogs/thevoice/


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Hello 1bear!
Please tell us where you found this fossil? (so that we can suggest an age).
From the photograph it look like a section of crinoid stem. Is the cross-section circular, I cannot quite see from the image? Are the lines inbetween the apparent stripes wiggly/ripply?
I will await your reply before adding more information about crinoids .... if you are interested?
All the best,
Let me just add another question to Fiona's:
is it cylindrical (parallel-sided) or does it taper (even if only slightly)?
Thanks a lot to both of you!
yes, its got the lines, exactly as you described,
I will try to add some closer images, it looks like larva,
I would be really interested to get more information about Crinoids,
oh, the location, near north berwick,
i will also show you in another discussion 2 interesting objects that i found on the beach


text: Played a match indoors yesterday, and this was the first time I had ever used a poly string that I had strung myself at the 10 hour mark (string age). So anyway, I couldn't keep the ball in. I was using an IG YT Prestige MP with BHB7 17 @ 52 lbs. It was a rocket launcher! So my question is: as poly dies, is it supposed to get more powerful? No amount of spin I put on that ball kept it in. 90% of my shots sailed long. We only won our match because my partner stayed more consistent and dug me out of trouble. other than that, there are no "classic" identifiers of string death. The strings weren't overly stiff, there wasn't a lot of string movement. The only symptom was way too much power. thanks


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Panache Ariza Balconnet Bra 5051
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This stunning, sexy balconnet bra features cups made of sheer mesh and adorned with beautiful floral embroidery with a Swiss design. Features fantastic support up to a K cup and 40 band size. Delicate embroidery along the top of the cups and bottom of the center panel creates a stunning look.
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Hinch, scouts emphasize gathering information
Assistant GM has department canvassing country, getting multiple looks at players
By Corey Brock / MLB.com
PEORIA, Ariz. -- If you survey the landscape of any professional scouting department, you'll run across a common -- and entirely understandable -- objective.
"We're trying to be in as many ballparks as we can," said Padres assistant general manager A.J. Hinch, who is in his third season overseeing the professional scouting department.
Where teams differ is how they go about achieving that goal. For Hinch and the Padres, it's been about building the department with quality hires -- he added eight scouts after joining the organization in the fall of 2010 -- with the intent on canvassing the country and getting multiple looks at players.
"Our job as a department is to provide [general manager Josh Byrnes] with as much information as we can," Hinch said. "Being able to impact our Major League roster, our Minor League depth and through trades, you can feel the impact of the scouting department through and through."
The Padres have 13 scouts in their professional scouting department -- Joe Bochy (brother of Giants manager Bruce Bochy), Chris Bourjos, Jim Elliott, Al Hargesheimer, Kevin Jarvis, Eric Junge, Steve Lyons, Mark Merila, Jeff Pickler, Matt Smith, John Vander Wal, Mike Venafro and Chris Young.
Jarvis and Vander Wal played for San Diego, and Merila was a longtime bullpen catcher for the club before moving into the scouting department a year ago. The Padres lost one of their best, and most revered, scouts when Van Smith passed away last May.
All of the scouts gathered at the team's Spring Training facility in Peoria this week. They've already been dispatched throughout the Cactus and Grapefruit Leagues to evaluate players.
"We've been able to get different backgrounds, different styles and different points of view, and been able to grow our department in a way so we can cover all 120 full-season Minor League teams and certainly the 30 Major League teams to a greater extent," Hinch said.
"Information is power in our business. And getting the perspective of a scout who has seen the player more than once, watched him grow and mature and change, we can better utilize the scouting eye in our decision-making, which is something that's very important to the organization."
Case in point was before the Trade Deadline in 2011. Seeing how the Rangers matched up pretty well with what the Padres might be willing to move -- relievers Heath Bell and/or Mike Adams -- San Diego had Elliott extensively watch Texas prospects.
"Jim Elliott had the Rangers, and he was able to really identify Joe Wieland and Robbie Erlin as guys of interest," Byrnes said. "We scouted them a lot. That was a good job by a scout to ring the bell to let us know about these guys."
On July 31, the Padres dealt Adams to the Rangers for Wieland and Erlin. Wieland made his big league debut last season before having Tommy John surgery. Erlin is a candidate this spring to win a job in the rotation. Even if he starts at Triple-A Tucson, he's not far off.
Byrnes saw the benefit and need for a strong professional scouting department years ago when he was part of the Indians' dynamic front office that not only included general manager John Hart, but future general managers Dan O'Dowd and Mark Shapiro.
"In Cleveland, we were one of the first to create a dedicated pro scouting department," Byrnes said. "The first trade we made was acquiring a Minor League outfielder from the Tigers, Dave Roberts [who is, oddly enough, San Diego's first-base coach]. He went on to have a great career.
"That's a perfect illustration. Dave was in the Florida State League and one of our scouts identified him. There's a lot of players out there, whether that be prospects or getting a guy at the right time, such as [current pitcher] Tyson Ross. Those are the guys we're scouting more than Zack Greinke."
The Padres had plenty of information on Reds prospects leading up to the December 2011 deal that saw San Diego send pitcher Mat Latos to Cincinnati for four players. Jarvis got an extensive look at one of the players in the trade, first baseman Yonder Alonso. Jarvis estimate that he saw Alonso in upwards of 10 times before the trade.
"When you watch him over 20, 25 at-bats, you see he's got the ability to make adjustments to different velocity, recognize spin," Jarvis said of Alonso in September.
The Padres don't just have their professional scouts scour the Minor Leagues looking at the prospects from other teams.
"Another thing our guys do from the scouting department through the front office is scouting our own players," Hinch said. "We've got to have a good knowledge of our own system -- where they are developmentally, where they are in relation to the vast amount of players throughout baseball.
"We're fortunate to have good scouting eyes in our player development system with Randy Smith, Randy Johnson, Mike Cather, guys who have scouted before and coaches throughout the organization."
Smith is the vice president of player development and international scouting. Johnson is the Padres' Minor League field coordinator and Cather is the Minor League pitching coordinator.
Corey Brock is a reporter for MLB.com. Keep track of @FollowThePadres on Twitter. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.