text:
Location: Emerging Pests and Pathogens ResearchTitle: The fusarin analogue NG-391 impairs nucleic acid formation in K-562 leukemia cells Author
|Bohnert, Markus
|Hans-martin, Dahs
|Gibson, Donna
|Krasnoff, Stuart
|Hoffmeister, Dirk
Submitted to: Phytochemistry Letters
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 1/16/2013
Publication Date: 5/1/2013
Citation: Bohnert, M., Hans-Martin, D., Gibson, D.M., Krasnoff, S., Hoffmeister, D. 2013. The fusarin analogue NG-391 impairs nucleic acid formation in K-562 leukemia cells. Phytochemistry Letters. 6:189-192. Interpretive Summary: Fungi in the genus Metarhizium can infect many insect pests, making them useful for development as insect biological control agents. For microbial strains already in use or under evaluation as biocontrol agents, it is especially important to identify all possible bioactive chemistries that are present in the organism, both from a regulatory standpoint as well as to further understand how various products serve the producing organism. In this paper, we further explored the biological activity of NG391, a compound we previously isolated and identified as a mutagenic toxin. This study explains the biological activity to include cytotoxic activity through a potent effect on nucleic acid biosynthesis. This finding does increase the need to develop a more complete understanding of the factors that regulate expression of these products and especially as they relate to biocontrol activity.
Technical Abstract: The clavicipitaceous fungus Metarhizium robertsii produces the fusarin-like mycotoxin NG-391. We report on the biological effects of NG-391 on K-562 human cancer cells, obtained with radionuclide incorporation assays, along with nucleosome release and caspase assays, respectively. Our data suggests that NG-391 does not induce caspase-dependent apoptosis, but interferes with nucleic acid biosynthesis in K-562 human cancer cells, while translation remains unaffected.


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OCEAN CITY – Placing ornamental lighting on St. Louis Ave. remains in question this week as city staff is directed to review other alternatives in the height of sidewalks and positioning of light posts.
St. Louis Ave. is currently in the first phase of reconstruction from 17th to 10th streets with completion targeted for the end of May. The second phase includes 10th to 4th streets and is scheduled to begin next fall. The third phase will follow in fall of 2014 and will complete the project from 4th to North Division streets.
Public Works Director Hal Adkins reminded the council that when the design of St. Louis Ave. was discussed last April it was made clear that funding was not available for the wiring or lights but in an effort to avoid disturbance to the roadway at a later date the design does include the installation of "empty conduits" for future ornamental street lighting similar to what is on Baltimore Ave.
The Ocean City Development Association (OCDC), in an effort to assist, recently applied for a $150,000 grant through the Community Legacy Program, which would be the cost to install the first phase of ornamental lighting.
OCDC Executive Director Glenn Irwin has received a notice of intent to be awarded $50,000 and tentative approval to reassign $25,000 of a historical Small Business Assistance Grant.
The grant funding would cover 50 percent of the first phase's lighting cost, leaving $79,000 for the city to fund. In discussions with Budget Manager Jenny Knapp over excess funds thus far from capital projects, Adkins felt that it wouldn't be difficult to cover that amount.
Adkins reminded the council there would be two other phases of lighting that would need to be funded to complete the project and there will be some maintenance costs.
Councilman Joe Mitrecic pointed out the ornamental lights installed on Baltimore Ave. match well with the commercial entity as the lights hang at a low level.
"St. Louis is more of a residential area and I am concerned those lights will be shining into the windows along there … this is more of a decorative nuisance to the homeowners adjacent to them," he said.
Mitrecic added that even if the OCDC does find grants for future phases the city would still be on the hook for $225,000 in lighting costs.
Mayor Rick Meehan has always been an advocate for installing eight-foot wide sidewalks but recognized the funding is not available to do so, and that wide of a sidewalk would either have to happen now or in 20 years when the road starts to wear out again.
"This is a great idea because in many ways it creates more of a residential component to the St. Louis area, which can be daunting sometimes," the mayor said. "But we do face some obstacles, one is the width of the sidewalk, and secondly what Councilman Mitrecic brought up as far as the glare, which I think you can probably address. This is a tough one … I also have confidence OCDC will be applying for those funds into the future."
Councilman Dennis Dare also wanted to see eight-foot sidewalks but knowing that wasn't going to happen he addressed the height of the sidewalks instead. According to Dare, eight to nine inches in height was the standard for sidewalks but most of the sidewalks along St. Louis reach two to three inches.
Heightening the sidewalks would benefit in a couple of ways, such as the elevation of the ornamental lights and cars cannot mount the curb at that height, according to Dare.
"I don't know with the decisions that have been made putting decorative lights is the thing to do at this point in time," he said. "However, when you have somebody willing to pay 50 cents on the dollar I think it would be wise to take advantage of that as far as taxpayers go and the residents of St. Louis Ave. I just wish the sidewalks were being addressed as well as the street so that it would be more of a finalized and finished installation."
Dare made a motion to have staff re-evaluate the sidewalk code in height to at least eight inches, which could only involve where the pavement meets the current sidewalks not the reconstruction of the sidewalks. As well as, review if the placement of light posts would be better off on the backside of the sidewalk or on the curb.
Dare said if those items become favorable he would be willing to move forward with ornamental lighting on as long the city's funding comes from excess bond proceeds for capital projects, not the general fund.
City Engineer Terry McGean said the Boardwalk reconstruction project, which was also included in the bond issuance along with St. Louis Ave., is $1,650,000 under budget at this time.
Adkins said he could have the responses to the motion by next week's Mayor and City Council regular session on Tuesday evening. The council voted 6-1 to approve Dare's motion with Councilwoman Margaret Pillas in opposition.
Pillas said at this point she is not able to vote regarding ornamental lighting because not knowing what the budget will look like in the fiscal year 2014, she has concerns over the ongoing costs to install the lights in the other phases.

subset: commoncrawl


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Remedies for Victims of Human Trafficking (Free Audio-only)
Tuesday July 09
- By: Practising Law Institute
- Time: 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM
- Time Zone: Eastern Time (US & Canada)
- CLE Credit
Online Webcast - Audio Only, PA
Practising Law Institute
- Website: www.pli.edu
- Source: Pennsylvania (Decommissioned)
The Practising Law Institute is offering a free one-hour audio briefing entitled Remedies for Victims of Human Trafficking, on July 9, 2013, 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm Eastern.
The newly reauthorized Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPRA) is the cornerstone of federal anti-trafficking law. This legislation provides a variety of remedies for victims and survivors of human trafficking, including providing immigration status as a form of humanitarian relief.
Please join Ivy O. Suriyopas, Director of the Anti-Trafficking Initiative at the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, for a free one-hour briefing on the TVPRA of 2013. AALDEF, founded in 1974, is a national organization that protects and promotes the civil rights of Asian Americans. By combining litigation, advocacy, education, and organizing, AALDEF works with Asian American communities across the country to secure human rights for all.
Topics to be addressed include:
- Screening and Identification of Human Trafficking Victims
- Forms of Immigration Relief Available for Human Trafficking Survivors
- Additional Remedies Available Under the TVPRA of 2013
- CLE Credit Comments:
CLE-PA Credits
Credit Status: Approved
Total Credits: 1.00
General: 1.00
There is a 4.0 credit limit per year for this type of viewing.


text:
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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia
Print version ISSN 1415-790XOn-line version ISSN 1980-5497
Rev. bras. epidemiol. vol.15 no.2 São Paulo June 2012
Adverse drug reactions leading children to the Emergency Department
Nicolina Silvana Romano LieberI; Eliane RibeiroII
de Prática de Saúde Pública da Faculdade de Saúde
Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
IIDepartamento de Farmácia da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo
The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADR) that led children to hospital emergency care in a university hospital in São Paulo, SP. Medical charts (MC) of patients seen at the pediatric emergency department were selected according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes consistent with ADR. Of 23,286 cases studied, 2,409 records were selected. An ADR was observed in 83 (0.36%) MC. Most ADR occurred in children aged 1-5 years with a slight predominance in males (51.8%). The drugs most commonly involved were antibiotics for systemic use (53.0%), vaccines (9.6%) and analgesics (7.2%). Most ADR were dermatological (54.2%) or gastrointestinal (22.9%) manifestations. Two ADR were considered severe (2.4%) while 61.4% were mild and 36.1% were moderate. The incidence was lower than in the literature, probably because it is a retrospective study that used the ICD for selecting the data assessed. The characteristics of ADR are similar to those found in other countries. Interventions are needed to improve the diagnosis and the use of antibiotics, as they were the drugs most involved in the ADR observed. Research in hospital emergency is important to acknowledge ADR that occur outside the hospital setting and may help to identify the most severe ones. Despite limitations, the method requires few resources and materials, and is a good alternative to initial diagnosis. The present study should be followed by studies with higher sensitivity to detect these reactions in order to propose prevention measures.
Keywords: Pharmacoepidemiology. Adverse drug reaction. Emergency care. Product surveillance. Drug utilization.
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are defined as "a noxious and unintended response to the use of a drug, which occurs at doses normally used in humans for prophylaxis, diagnosis or treatment of diseases or to modify a physiological function". 1 They are a particular type of adverse drug events (ADE) 2, occurring despite the proper use of these inputs.
A review of the literature suggests that the incidence of ADRs in hospitalized patients may range from 1.2% to 24.1%. The authors also found a rate of fatal adverse reactions of 0.23% to 0.41% and singled ADRs out as being between 4th and 6th leading cause of death in the United States3. It is estimated that such incidents occur among 2 and 5% of children4.
In general, research on drug-related problems is conducted during hospitalization or seeks to determine the frequency of reactions that are serious enough to require hospitalization. However, the latter do not express the frequency of visits to emergency services because many of these do not result in hospitalization5.
A prospective study carried out in a hospital on the Canary Islands showed that 1.73% of the visits to the emergency room were related to an ADR6. A similar study conducted in India, but with diverse results, observed, over a six-month period, a rate of 4.2% of the care provided at hospital emergency rooms were related to ADEs, 90% of which derived from ADRs7.
A meta-analysis of ADR studies in pediatric patients showed an average incidence of 1.46% (0.7 to 2.7%) of outpatient ADRs8, while a more recent systematic review found that the incidence of ADRs in pediatric ambulatory patients ranged from 0.75% to 11.1%9. In French emergency services there was a 0.93% incidence of ADRs among children which lead to the provision of care10.
In Brazil, there were 26,540 reported cases of poisoning by drugs (26.4% of all poisonings) in 2009. Of these, 11,242 (42.4%) occurred among children aged fewer than 14 years11. Part of the incidents, 2,792 (10.5%), was reported as having occurred due to therapeutic use12. However, despite this magnitude, studies on emergency room visits or hospital admissions of children on account of problems related with drugs are scarce in the country.
The most serious incidents, particularly the acute ones, tend to be cared for in hospitals. Therefore, researching this issue in emergency rooms is justified, since this is the interface between primary care and hospital care. The emergency room can be a good observatory, as that is where the most relevant reactions can be identified and analyzed.
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of ADRs that led children to hospital emergency care.
Material and Methods
A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted on the medical charts of the Pediatric Emergency Room at a university hospital in São Paulo that provides care to an average of 250 children aged up to 15 years every day.
The charts were surveyed for ADRs, i.e., harm or injury, mild or severe, caused by a drug therapy or by the lack of such therapy when one was needed2. The events were rated in two ways: 1) if the emergency treatment chart had some report of drug misuse or of any deviation from its therapeutic use, e.g., attempted suicide, such events were called medication errors; 2) when the report excluded product use deviations, there was a temporal relationship between use and effect, and when there was a pharmacological plausibility for the occurrence of a clinical manifestation, the events were rated as adverse drug reactions.
For this study, we only analyzed charts with suspected ADRs.
The expected frequency of adverse events in pediatric emergency services that appears in the literature, i.e. between 0.86% and 10.6%13 was considered.
An emergency room data collection period that would allow meeting a level of confidence of 95% was used. A random choice was made to begin collecting data regarding services provided in May 2006.
In order to calculate the total period of analysis, both the incidence of the variable from month to month and the expected error in the established confidence interval were examined. The observation period was determined by comparing the differences between two population proportions. The hypothesis test14 validated the sufficiency of the observation for 3 consecutive months. Therefore, the medical charts for the months of May, June and July 2006 were studied.
The information collected from the charts included demographics, drug use, reported signs and symptoms and diagnoses. The latter, classified according to the International Classification of Diseases - ICD 1015, was copied as it appeared in the medical charts. The description of each code was analyzed independently by two researchers, and the code was classified as compatible or not with a possible ADE even if it was not clear that this was the reason why the person had sought care. In the event of disagreement, consensus was sought.
All ICD grouped in Chapter XII (Skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases - L00-L99) were selected as compatible, as were others that described cutaneous manifestations. ICDs grouped in Chapter XIX (Injury, poisoning and other consequences of external causes - S00-T98) and in Chapter XX (External causes of morbidity and mortality - V01-Y98) were also searched for. The charts whose ICDs mentioned infectious or parasitic diseases or traumas were excluded. The remaining ones were examined one by one. From among the discarded ICDs, a random sample of 10% among those related to specific symptoms such as nausea and vomiting (R11) or cough (R05) were included for examination.
The ADRs were considered severe according to the criteria set forth by the World Health Organization16. When they required changes in therapy or specific treatment, they were considered moderate. Those not requiring specific treatment or antidotes, and those that did not require the drug to be suspended were considered as mild.
The drugs were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification Index (ATC)17.
The project was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research at the University Hospital - USP. There was no conflict of interests.
The ICD codes for a universe of 23,286 visits occurred during the study period were examined, of which 2,463 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 54 charts were not found, resulting in a loss of 2.2%. Thus, 2,409 charts were selected. A total of 136 suspected cases were singled out in the analyses. Adverse drug events were noticed in 96 of them (0.4% of all visits), 11 were dismissed as ADEs and 28 could not be classified due to a lack of information. Of the 96 ADEs, 13 (0.06%) were medication errors (suicide attempts, accidental ingestion, lack of adherence to treatment, among others) and 83 (0.36%) were considered as ADRs and analyzed for this study.
The characterization of the children who experienced ADRs, by gender and age, appears in Table 1. The drugs involved in the adverse reactions are shown in Table 2. In 77.1% of the cases, there was only one drug involved. In two situations, the drug could not be determined, since the child used two different medications and the ADR was compatible with both.
In terms of severity, of the 83 ADRs, 51 (61.4%) were mild, 30 (36.1%) required some type of intervention such as suspension (8), drug replacement (6), the prescription of an antidote drug or a specific medication for the symptomatology (13) or, also, combined interventions such as the suspension or replacement of the medication and prescription of an antidote (3) and were considered moderate. Two (2.4%) led to hospitalization and were considered severe. One was attributed to amoxicillin, while the other to metoclopramide. Fifteen adverse reactions to amoxicillin were considered as mild and 11 as moderate. Most of them (70%) had dermal manifestations such as a rash or hives, while the remaining were gastrointestinal reactions, mainly diarrhea. Two reactions attributed to amoxicillin-clavulanate were dermal and moderate.
All vaccine reactions were considered mild fever peaks with the exception of a seizure after a DPT vaccine, which was considered moderate in accordance with the criteria used in this study.
Considering all ADRs observed, most were dermal manifestations (54.2%) such as rashes and/or hives or gastrointestinal (22.9%), such as vomiting, diarrhea or nausea.
The incidence of adverse reactions seen in 0.36% of the provisions of care was lower than that portrayed in the literature, possibly due to factors such as methodology, population and data collection. Other studies performed with similar objectives use different concepts to define the events they are investigating. Sometimes the definition includes, for example, intentional overdoses20 or use other than that specified for the product21. A review of the literature found that the variety of terms used to define drug events leads to disparities in results and publications and, in daily practice, can be confusing to the professionals, who often do not know how to classify an event they witness or will report. This prevents the knowledge of the true impact caused by these events and is an obstacle to a true understanding of the issue20.
Using the ICD code to select the charts to be analyzed contributed to the low incidence rate observed. One can assume that the results are underestimated, since there may be other events in the universe of charts that were analyzed whose codes prevented them from being identified. It was also not possible to analyze all forms with suspected ADRs given the difficulty of locating some of them or on account of the lack of information in these documents, which may have underestimated the results. Problems related to lack of information in emergency room medical records had already been singled out as an issue in a similar study conducted in a Canadian hospital21. Moreover, in retrospective studies, the lack of contact with the patient to supplement the recorded data and information often precludes quality assessments. In general, retrospective studies show lower incidence rates than prospective ones13.
Most adverse events were seen in children aged 1-5 years. This is not surprising, given that among the care provided by these services during the study period, 42.3% were for children in this age group.
There was a slight predominance of ADRs among males. This was noticed in Spain22, in a Canadian hospital21 and in a study that used data from the VigiBase, the database belonging to the WHO's Uppsala Monitoring Center, located in Uppsala, Sweden23. In adults, however, adverse reactions have been predominantly observed among women24,25,26.
In general, the studies show adult women as the most susceptible to ADRs and suggest that the risk is associated with the number of drugs used, with the therapeutic class, the type of adverse reactions, age and to the physiological condition of women, such as lower body mass, reduced hepatic clearance, and differences in metabolism, among other factors27. Some authors also cite differences in metabolism between the genders and regarding drug classes. For example, boys have a higher prevalence of hypersensitivity to NSAIDs than girls. They mention, however, that this diversity requires further study28. Other studies report that it is unclear whether, in general, boys have more severe health problems and require the use of drugs favoring an ADR. Alternatively, they suggest that the young male population may be physiologically more sensitive to these events23. These inequalities may help explain why in this and in other ADRs studies, these events occurred predominantly among males.
Unlike other authors8,9, polypharmacy was not a factor associated with adverse reactions in this case, since most of the events that were observed reported the use of a single drug.
The therapeutic drug classes associated with adverse reactions in children are, with variations in order, the same as those found in this study. This was noticed for outpatient ADRs9, 29, i.e., occurring outside the hospital, and those leading to visits to the emergency room18, 21, 30, 31, as in this case. It was also noticed in spontaneous reports made to national pharmacovigilance systems, such as those in Spain22 and Sweeden32. In the assessment of the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System regarding events leading to care in the emergency room in U.S. hospitals, it was found that in 91.5% of cases, the events were associated with an antimicrobial agent and 2.8% of cases with vaccines33. In all cases, antibiotics were among the drugs that resulted in the most ADRs. This is not surprising, since studies show that these drugs are the most commonly prescribed for children.
An editorial says that the risks associated with the use of antibiotics continue on the rise and, depending on the antibiotic, 5 to 25% of patients have diarrhea associated with their use, about 2% will develop a dermatological reaction, and about 1 in 5000 users will have an anaphylactic reaction34.
It is estimated that 142,505 emergency room visits took place between 2004 and 2006 in the United States due to adverse events to antibiotics. These drugs, targeted for systemic use, were involved in 19.3% of all visits related to adverse events and 25.9% occurred among children aged fewer than 14 years35. The editorial claims that these findings are only the tip of the iceberg, since many patients have mild reactions that do not take them to the emergency room or they simply stop taking the antibiotic34.
Some authors consider that because the more immediate risks related to the use of antimicrobials are considered mild and infrequent, campaigns to reduce inappropriate use do not include messages about these issues, but are focused on antimicrobial resistance35. A change of focus to this other perspective could improve the use of these products.
Among the antibiotics, the use of amoxicillin was the most cited, and the most frequently observed reactions were gastrointestinal and dermal, predominantly the latter. The same was observed in the Netherlands29 and in Spain22. However, in the latter case, the amoxicillin-clavulanate ADRs were more frequent than those related to amoxicillin, unlike what happened here. In Italy, an analysis was made of a database of spontaneous reports of adverse reactions to compare the safety profile of these two antibiotics. The percentage of dermal reactions was higher for amoxicillin than for amoxicillin-clavulanate, whereas gastrointestinal, liver and blood reactions were more prevalent for the latter, which also had the highest proportion of severe adverse reactions. The authors recommend that, given the severity of the reactions that amoxicillin-clavulanate may cause, the risk-benefit of its use should be thoroughly evaluated before it is prescribed, favoring the indication of amoxicillin as the first choice of antibiotics for uncomplicated infectious diseases36.
From 1987 to 2001, 40% of the adverse reactions in Sweden, in the pediatric population, were related to vaccines. Among the 10 drugs most commonly involved with ADRs was a vaccine or a combination vaccine including dual DT (diphtheria-tetanus), a vaccine for Haemophilus influenza B and DPT (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis). The most severe reactions were fever and febrile seizures32. In the Spanish Pharmacovigilance System, vaccine reactions were preceded by reactions to antimicrobial agents for systemic use and drugs for the respiratory tract, a fact that has been attributed to differences in drug use patterns between those two countries. Seventy percent of febrile reactions were related to vaccines22.
The combined vaccine against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) is the one that is most frequently associated with adverse events among those of routine use. In fact, among the 8 vaccine reactions identified in this study, four were associated with this vaccine. An assessment of adverse events following DPT vaccinations reported in the state of São Paulo in the period ranging from 1984 to 2001, among children aged fewer than 7 years, identified 10,059 of such events. The most common were fever below 39.5°C, local reactions, hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes and seizures37. In this study, all children had fevers, one had irritability and there was one seizure. Identifying these events is important in order to maintain trust and adherence to immunization programs.
Most ADRs were considered as mild, with no need for intervention. The proportion of severe reactions was lower than in similar studies19,21, probably because in those studies, the definition of the studied event was more comprehensive than that used in this one.
The most frequently observed symptoms were similar to those seen in other studies of ADRs in children18, 19, 23 likely because the therapeutic classes involved were also similar.
This study shows that ADRs lead children to emergency care in Brazil. The frequency in the service studied was lower than that seen in the literature. However, the characteristics of the individuals affected, the symptoms observed and drugs involved were similar to those noticed in other countries. Since antimicrobial drugs appear to be the ones that cause the most ADRs in children, educational interventions are needed to improve the diagnosis and control of infections and to mitigate the consequences of the unnecessary use of this therapeutic class.
The research into emergency hospital care is important in order to get to know events related to drugs that occur outside the hospital setting and can help identify the more serious ones.
It is difficult to compare with other studies, particularly in Brazil, on account of the paucity of studies investigating ADRs in children leading to emergency care here. As already mentioned, the diversity in the definitions and methodology of the studies that have been published also renders it difficult to make comparisons. Retrospective studies allow for little accuracy in determining the observed events. However, despite the limitations, the methodology requires few human and material resources in order to be implemented. It was also shown to be a good choice for an initial diagnosis of the service, and may be succeeded by more elaborate studies. Prospective studies, for example, may include interviews with prescribers and patients, obtaining additional information that will improve the knowledge about ADRs that lead children to emergency care and their characteristics so it will be possible to propose measures to prevent them.
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7. Saha L, Pandhi P, Malhotra S, Sharma N. Adverse drug event (ADE) related medical emergency department visists and hospital admissions: a prospective study from a North Indian Referral Hospital. JCDR 2008; 4: 600-4. [ Links ]
8. Impicciatore P, Choonara I, Clarkson A, Provasi D, Pandolfini C, Bonati M. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in paediatric in/out-patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 52: 77-83. [ Links ]
9. Santos DB, Coelho HLL. Reações adversas a medicamentos em pediatria: uma revisão sistemática de estudos prospectivos. Rev Bras Saúde Mater Infant 2004; 4: 342-9. [ Links ]
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17. World Health Organization. The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Defined Daily Doses (ATC/DDD). Disponível em http://www.who.int/classifications/atcddd/en/ [Acessado em 9 de outubro de 2009] [ Links ].
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20. Rissato MAR, Romano-Lieber NS, Lieber RR. Terminologia de incidentes com medicamentos no contexto hospitalar. Cad Saúde Pública 2008; 24: 1965-75. [ Links ]
21. Sikdar KC, Alaghebandan R, MacDonald D, Barrett B, Collins KD, Gadag V. Adverse drug events among children presenting to a hospital emergency department in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010; 19: 132-40. [ Links ]
22. Morales-Olivas FJ, Martínez-Mir I, Ferrer JM, Rubio E, Palop V. Adverse drug reactions in children reported by means of the yellow card in Spain. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 1076-80. [ Links ]
23. Star Kristina, Norén GN, Nordin K, Edwards IR. Suspected adverse drug reactions reported for children worldside - an exploratory study using VigiBase. Dru Saf 2011; 34: 415-28. [ Links ]
24. Machado-Alba JE, Moncada-Escobar JC. Reacciones adversas medicamentosas em pacientes que consultaron a instituciones prestadoras de servicios em Pereira, Colômbia. Rev Salud Publica 2006; 8: 200-8. [ Links ]
25. Stoukides CA, Dágostino PR, Kaufman MB. Adverse drug reaction surveillance in an emergency room. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993; 50: 712-4. [ Links ]
26. Dall'Agnol RSA, Albring DV, Castro MS, Heineck I. Problemas relacionados com medicamentos em serviço de emergência de hospital universitário do sul do Brasil. Estudo piloto. Acta Farm Bonaerense 2004; 23: 540-5. [ Links ]
27. Rademaker M. Do women have more adverse drug reactions? Am J Clin Dermat 2001; 2: 349-51. [ Links ]
28. Franconi F, Brunelleschi S, Steardo L, Cuomo V. Gender differences in drug responses. Pharmacol Res 2007; 55: 81-95. [ Links ]
29. Schirm E, Tobi H, van Puijenbroek EP, Monster-Simons MH, Jong-van den Berg LTW. Reported adverse drug rections and their determinants in Dutch children outside the hospital. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 13: 159-65. [ Links ]
30. Toledo AS. Eventos adversos a medicamentos em crianças - avaliação de fichas de atendimento de urgência, Hospital de Clínicas, UNICAMP, 2001 [dissertação de mestrado]. Campinas: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da UNICAMP; 2003. [ Links ]
31. Cohen AL, Budnitz DS, Weidenbach KN, Jernigan DB, Schroeder TJ, Shehab N et al. National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 416-21.e2. [ Links ]
32. Kimland E, Rane A, Ufer M, Panagiotidis G. Paediatric adverse drug reactions reported in Sweden from 1987 to 2001. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005; 14: 493-9. [ Links ]
33. Budnitz DS, Pollock DA, Mendelsohn AB, Weidenbach KN, McDonald AK, Annest JL. Emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events: demonstration for a national surveillance system. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 45: 197-206. [ Links ]
34. Linder JA. Antibiotics for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections: decreasing benefit, increasing risk, and the irrelevance of antimicrobial resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 744-6. [ Links ]
35. Shehab N, Patel PR, Srinivasan A, Budnitz DS. Emergency department visits for antibiotic-associated adverse events. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 735-43. [ Links ]
36. Salvo F, Polimeni G, Moretti U, Conforti A, Leone R, Leoni O et al. Adverse drug reactions related to amoxicillin alone and in association with clavulanic acid: data from spontaneous reporting in Italy. J Antimicrob Chemoth 2007; 60: 121-6. [ Links ]
37. Freitas FRM, Sato HK, Aranda CMSS, Arantes BAF, Waldman EA. Eventos adversos pós-vacina contra a difteria, coqueluche e tétano e fatores associados à sua gravidade. Rev Saúde Pública 2007; 41: 1032-41. [ Links ]
Correspondence: Received:
Nicolina Silvana Romano Lieber
Departamento de Prática de Saúde Pública da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo
Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715
São Paulo, SP, CEP 01246-904
E-mail: email@example.com
Final version: 09/02/2011
Approved: 09/08/2011


text:
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Comes with an extra long three-prong cord — makes extension cords unnecessary.
Customize times to fit your schedule for immediate comfort when you get home. The built in timer allows you to preset the unit to turn on and off in half hour increments.
Our air conditioners maintain the preset room temperature, so you will remain comfortable at all times.
Allows you to precisely control the temperature and fan speed from across the room.
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Automatically resumes operating at its previous settings when power is restored to your unit.
Alert notifies you when your filter needs to be cleaned so you don't have to keep track of it yourself.
Easily select options with the touch of a button.
Allow you to set the comfort level to your preference, while a convenient temperature readout displays the set temperature.


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A's serve root beer floats for good cause
By Jane Lee and Jeff Kirshman / MLB.com
OAKLAND -- Manager Bob Melvin and several members of the A's, both current and former, took time before Wednesday's series finale against the Reds to participate in the team's 14th annual MUG Root Beer Float Day.
Participants included reliever Ryan Cook and outfielder Yoenis Cespedes -- who were joined by former players, including two-time American League MVP Frank Thomas, David Justice and Jermaine Dye -- to serve root beer floats in the Eastside Club.
Admission to the event was free with a ticket to the day's game, with proceeds benefiting the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation.
"Baseball does such a great job, [with] each of the teams having events like this to create awareness and raise money," said Melvin, whose daughter, Alexi, has been affected by juvenile diabetes. "I'm for anything like that, and doubly so because of my daughter."
Thomas described the quality of the floats as "excellent," adding that the event ranks among his favorites in which to participate.
The event, which raised more than $24,000 last year, brought in $32,000 this year and has totaled more than $385,000 since 2003.
"God blessed me with a platform, so I feel like it's my duty to use that platform to reach out and help other people," said cornerback Chimdi Chekwa of the Oakland Raiders, who also participated. "All these fans support us, so why not give them some support back by helping out the community?"
Family matter keeps Crisp out of starting lineup
OAKLAND -- A's outfielder Coco Crisp was out of the starting lineup against the Reds on Wednesday to attend to a family matter.
"He's got a family issue he's dealing with right now," manager Bob Melvin said, "but he will be here during the game at some point."
Melvin expected Crisp to be available off the bench and noted that his pregame absence was not the result of an emergency but rather a "planned" event.
"Everything's fine," Melvin said.
In Crisp's place, Chris Young got the start in center field.
Jane Lee is a reporter for MLB.com. Jeff Kirshman is an associate reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Opening day has come and gone, and the Florida Gators still haven't played a game.
Opening day has come and gone, and the Florida Gators still haven't played a game. That means they've moved one week closer to SEC play (and a week closer to a trip to No. 2 Alabama) without taking a snap yet, unless you count Saturday night's opening kickoff.
"You obviously like to get all the games in that you can," UF offensive coordinator Kurt Roper said Tuesday. "There's an old saying, you always have your most improvement between your first and your second game. So, obviously losing that game affects you that way.
"And then it also slows you down on learning what you're good at, what you're not good at, who you are, who those players are that you can really hang your hat on. So, obviously it affects you. But you just go on to the next thing, we don't have any control over it. So, just go on and go to work."
Having a game against a 36-point underdog suspended after the opening kickoff may not seem like much of a big deal on the surface. But when you consider the Gators were debuting a new offense and a whole bunch of young players were expected to see their first playing time on both sides of the ball, the lost opportunity could impact the early part of the SEC schedule.
UF opens league play against Kentucky in less than two weeks. A week later, the Gators are heading to Tuscaloosa to face Alabama.
One less game means one less opportunity to get up to speed for the rigors of the SEC.
But quarterback Jeff Driskel said he doesn't think losing Saturday's game to rain and lightning will have an effect on the Gators' early-season league games.
"Some teams play SEC games in their opener," Driskel said. "Coming out of camp, we felt we were ready to play, whoever that may have been. Obviously, we were prepared for Idaho. But whoever our opener would have been, we would have had the same game preparation for them.
"They say you make your biggest improvement from game one to game two, so we'll still have one game before we get into our SEC schedule. No matter how our schedule lines up, you've got to be ready to go. No excuses."
The original schedule set up nicely for a team breaking in a new offense, with two relatively weak non-conference opponents up first leading into the first SEC game at home against Kentucky.
But with UF's game with Idaho suspended after almost three hours of weather delays, the Gators now open their season Saturday in The Swamp against Eastern Michigan (1-0).
The Gators had a chance to warm up in front of a big crowd Saturday night, but only 11 players got onto the field during the game, and it was for just that one play, the opening kickoff that was returned 64 yards by Valdez Showers.
"You'd like to be getting live bullets. I mean there's no question that's important," UF coach Will Muschamp said. "Young players, how are they going to respond? We're going to have some young players on that side of the ball. How is our secondary going to respond? There's going to be some angst with some young players and some tough situations.
"You don't ever really answer some of those questions until you get out in front of 90,000 people."
Even though he won't know how his young players will react and respond in a live game until Saturday, Muschamp said he has a pretty good feel for how they will on both sides of the ball.
"As far as functioning as our top 15 to 18 on offense, I feel very comfortable with where we are," Muschamp said. "The young players that are going to be contributing I think are more than ready.
"I think C.J. Worton is a very mature young man. I think Brandon Powell is a very mature young man. I think Treon Harris is certainly ready for the opportunity. I think Will Grier will be ready for the opportunity, and I think David Sharpe is going to be a really good football player.
"As far as the young players playing on (the defensive) side of the ball, I've got a lot of confidence in those guys. You have heard me say it a bunch of times, playing as a freshman has as much to do with maturity as it does ability. All of those guys are mature young men."
Contact Robbie Andreu at 352-374-5022 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Also check out Andreu's blog at Gatorsports.com.


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This is John Hollinger talking.
Toronto has lost eight straight, and two reasons stand out: (1) lack of talent, and (2) Andrea Bargnani's injury. Here's a fun stat that I cribbed from Toronto's TV guys on Sunday while the rest of you were watching football: The Raps are 3-17 over the past two seasons when Bargnani doesn't play. He's been out the past six games with a calf strain, and the Raptors' offense has been a mess in his absence. Yesterday's 91 points against the Clippers were the most Toronto's scored without him; the Raptors are averaging just 83.2 in the six games.
Bargnani will likely return soon, perhaps as early as Tuesday in Phoenix, but with the Raps on a five-game road swing this streak may hit double digits before the bleeding stops.
Nonetheless, it shouldn't offset one piece of good news from Dwane Casey's project in Toronto: The Raps are now playing somewhat competent defense, standing 19th in Defensive Efficiency despite a copious lack of frontcourt muscle. If Bargnani can come back and revive the 29th-ranked offense, Toronto can avoid further skids.


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Rays acquire reliever Wesley Wright from Astros
By / MLB.com
ST. PETERSBURG, FL-The Tampa Bay Rays have claimed left-handed relief pitcher Wesley Wright off waivers from the Houston Astros. He is expected to join the Rays in St. Petersburg prior to tomorrow's game vs. the Seattle Mariners. A corresponding move for the 25-man roster will be made at a later time.
Wright, 28, has a 3.92 ERA (41.1-IP, 18-ER) this season and leads all American League lefties with 54 appearances. In 41.1 innings pitched, he has totaled 40 strikeouts and only 16 BB. He has compiled a 2.08 ERA (8.2-IP, 2-ER) since the All-Star break.
The left-handed pitcher has spent five seasons in the majors, all with the Astros. In 2012, Wright's 77 appearances were tied for eighth-most among all major league relievers. For his career, he is 10-15 with a 4.44 ERA in 286 games.
This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


text: Thank you for visiting Julie and Arthur's baby registry. Rachel Yoon Photography will be documenting their precious baby at the first days. If you'd like to give a truly meaningful and everlasting gift for their soon-to-arrive baby, please fill out this form to purchase a gift certificate. Once the payment is complete, we will send a gift certificate as directed in your mailing option.


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The perks and jerks that come with AFL territory
Who wouldn't want to be an AFL footballer? The rewards are huge.
There's the money for starters. The average salary in the AFL last year was $265,000, and if you've been around for a few years, like one or two greybeards I know, it's often significantly more than that. Our pay rises don't yet parallel the massive increases in the game's revenue, but we're getting there slowly (which is probably a discussion for another day).
But the AFL Players Association has recently managed to implement a "retirement package" –effective over a long period – which is another significant win for the players.
Each week, we love the challenge of testing ourselves in this elite competition against the best players and teams. Backing up every week to face a new machine, both as a collective and individually, may not sound too pleasurable, but is a reward in itself.
On top of that, there's the mateship, camaraderie and friendships forged during a career, some of which last a life time. The shared experience of winning big matches, losing close games and going to the wire week in week out is what creates such strong bonds. For a short period in our lives, we have 21 brothers we fight with every weekend.
And then there are the unusual perks that come with being a recognised figure around town. Let's just say that the public nature of the AFL, and the "celebrity" status foisted on us by the media, means certain, um, commercial opportunities arise.
I've been offered, for example, the use of a new car indefinitely; I've been offered free holidays; I've been given concert tickets and have seen Justin Timberlake and Robbie Williams in the past year or two; and I'm often asked to wear sunglasses, clothes and shoes that – it is clearly understood – will be provided for free. And then, of course, there are the nightclub drink cards ...
The "payment" for these goods often comes in the form of a photograph on Instagram or some other mention on social media. That's the pay-off – your "endorsement" of a particular product via an Instagram pic or Twitter mention.
Often those handing out such "rewards" are just happy to be able to tell their friends they have given clothes, or whatever, to stars such as Marc Murphy or Jack Riewoldt, to use two examples at random.
Those with fistfuls of drink cards like it to be known that they move in the same circles as players at nightclubs. Our club actively discourages accepting these drink cards because there's no such thing as a free lunch – or a free Corona.
One day, somewhere down the track, club officials fear a favour might be asked – or demanded – in return. So, as I say, there's plenty to like about being an AFL player … but as Isaac Newton kindly pointed out many years ago, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
And the opposite and equal reaction of being a public figure – an AFL "star" – is that I am recognised wherever I go on any given day. I'm often brought back to reality when sipping my morning latte while reading The Age by people wanting to discuss recent football gossip.
Bizarrely, it's the grown men that make me laugh the most. They'll stare and wait for eye contact and, that having been made, will approach and offer their expert opinion on the state of play.
One bloke has no qualms about bowling up to me, uninvited, and telling me what the coach of my AFL side has done wrong at the weekend, and helpfully pointing out the reasons for our defeat.
He's even gone so far as to give me advice on my kicking! On another occasion, after receiving a trouncing from Hawthorn the night before, one young lad approached me and coyly looked up to his mum for reassurance when I asked who his favourite player was.
I thought, it must be difficult to look your idol in the eye and act cool, but with a nod from Mum, Junior turned back and, with a cheeky grin, looked me in the eye and said Cyril Rioli. Having witnessed the real "Junior" tear us to shreds not 12 hours earlier, I felt like grabbing my coffee and tipping it on my head.
We both had a chuckle; I scuffed up his hair then signed his footy card. With a look of empathy bordering on pity, Mum mouthed "sorry" and the horrors from the night before were once again in the forefront of my mind. At least this time, with a smile.
You would imagine you'd be pretty safe wandering down the supermarket aisles, but even that can be a danger zone. In the midst of a losing streak a few years back, I was doing my shopping and threw a packet of chocolate biscuits in the basket, not noticing a total stranger watching me.
He then had the audacity to come over and ask me, with a raised eyebrow, if "I need those". I was actually considering whether the Tim Tams on special would be a nice treat after dinner. I turned around and thanked my new friend for his concern – then grabbed another packet for good measure.
Obviously I try to be as polite as possible in any of these conversations but when I'm in a hurry or can sense that my new friend is, well, a bit manic or slightly unhinged, I might look at my watch and say, "Jeepers, is that the time?" then make my excuses and leave.
But when in a big group of teammates on a night out, we are ready for these interactions. The danger becomes apparent when a bad egg approaches, having had too many beers, to discuss the state of the team. While it's easy to laugh them off and make small talk initially, things become tricky when it's clear their filter is non-existent and the discussion heats up. It's at this point that we rely on our teammates to save the day and drag us away.
Early in my career, I was king hit in a suburban pub. It wasn't late at night – in fact, I hadn't been there long – but as soon as I walked in with a few teammates, I could sense that something wasn't right.
A few blokes were eyeing us off and muttering to each other. As I was talking to someone, with my back turned, bang, I was hit from behind by one of these heroes.
He nicked off straight away – no-one saw exactly who it was – and although I told the bouncers, and later the club, nothing ever came of the incident. Partly as a result, I'm a bit gun-shy about going out to some pubs and clubs. I wouldn't say it's reached the point that I no longer go out publicly, but there are certainly venues I avoid.
So there are huge benefits to being an AFL footballer, but also a bit of baggage that comes along with it. Or an equal and opposite reaction ... just as Newton suggested.
The Secret Footballer is a current AFL player.
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Greetings, Hope everyone had a great 4th of July. Went and saw the new Spiderman movie, very awesome indeed. Would love to explore the idea of the whole fireworks thing, but it's just too friggin' hot to the tune of 105 degrees where I currently sit. I would like to use this week's blog to address a couple of things that I have read recently.
With any type of public display or interaction, people have the voice to share their opinions on that display, be it for or against what they see, hear or read. In addition, some people will also sometimes jump to conclusions as to what may or may not be real. In this case, reaction to my blog has been 50/50, positive/negative and I honestly welcome both. I will say this though, one thing you will always get with me in this blog is honesty. This blog is not some forced or fabricated piece.
I'm not some corporate monkey. I'm a real person and not some member wrestler or management posing as some guy busting people's chops. It's very true that yes, I do in fact have the ultimate freedom to do or say what I want, primarily because I have another gig or job elsewhere and I don't have to walk on eggshells or worry about getting bumped or fired. In a small way, I consider myself to be the voice of you the ROH fan. Being a hardcore fan myself, I have been here for a long time and feel like the "suits" should listen to us more, let the product breathe and let it be what it is.
I took a shot at the dirt sheet writers last week mainly because these guys live to line their pockets with wrestling fan's money by selling subscriptions to their negative product that seems to blast everything in it's path. These guys who run these sites, write these newsletters and record these podcasts slam everything solely because the public thrive on negative talk and gossip. In their case, that's exactly what it is, made up, false information sometimes given to them by people who have an axe to grind, providing pure speculation that dirt sheet writers refer to as "journalistic analysis", which is a joke.
I've seen the way this company runs ROH and I don't always agree with the things they do, but I am also man enough to admit when they do things right to give us fans the best wrestling product they can.
The sheet writers have no idea what really happens on a day to day basis within a company such as ROH. In fact, they judge ROH based on tips from fans that attend a live event. Everyone's perception is different. One person might say, "Man, this company is failing because there are only 500 fans at this show." That person probably gauged the headcount and there are really probably closer to 800-900 people at the show. They also don't take into account that there are people watching at home on TV, purchasing iPPV events, merchandise, video on demand and sponsorship deals. I'm here to tell you folks, ROH has a lot of irons in the fire.
I'm not saying all of the sheet writers are negative, there are some that are very good at what they do, are fair and informative. Those folks know who they are and I give them props for their work.
The best advice that I can give everyone this week is "Like what you like because you like it. Don't read too much into what you like or let anyone tell you what to like or how you should feel about something. Let it be what it is for you to enjoy and f*ck everyone who tries to sell you short."
Dear ROH fans, as long as I'm allowed to write this blog and do things like I have been, I will always be in your corner to help keep ROH delivering the wrestling just the way we like it.
In closing, I'm looking forward to meeting you all at the Milwaukee ROH live event of July 14th. It's going to be a great night in a historic building with a historic main event that will see Kevin Steen teaming with Jimmy Jacobs to face The Briscoes. Get your tickets today by clicking here.
Once again, look for me at the Milwaukee show and if you come up to me and mention the "Sidewalk Slam" blog, I'll reward your loyal readership with some free merchandise. I did this in Pittsburgh and as expected the "suits" got a little salty with me, but they'll get over it. This blog goes up in real time with no filter, so once I've said it and promised it, it must happen.
Stay tuned and check back in next week to the blog as I will be hiding some tickets and giving away a clue to where you can find these free tickets somewhere in Milwaukee. Finders keepers...
Patrick Edwards


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GLENDALE, Ariz. – Tendonitis in Landon Donovan's knee led the LA Galaxy star to be a shock omission from the U.S. National Team starting lineup for their 2-2 draw against Mexico.
What Donovan jokingly described as "old man issues," helped lead to contribute to a poor training session by the Galaxy midfielder according to head coach Jurgen Klinsmann leading the U.S. boss to leave him on the substitutes' bench for the start of the match.
"He had no tempo in his training sessions, he had no kind of higher pace, higher rhythm, he didn't take people on, so I sat him down [Wednesday] morning and we actually went through his training session yesterday," said Klinsmann. "I told him based on what I saw the last three days, 'I can't leave [Chris Wondolowski] out there because Wondo deserves after two goals against South Korea. He's working so hard.'
"[Donovan] understood it." Klinsmann added, '[He said,] Yeah, I didn't have good training sessions and I have a little bit of issues with my knee,' and I told him, 'You're ready coming off the bench.' He was ready; he came off the bench, so no problem at all."
Once he came on in the 59th minute, Donovan did not look out of sorts as he made several dangerous runs up field as he attempted to kick start the U.S. offense amid a dominating second half showing by El Tri.
"I felt good tonight. It was nice to get some minutes on the field, obviously, I wanted to start the game, but circumstances didn't allow that," said Donovan. "It was fun to be a part of this game and another great game between these two teams.
"When I'm healthy and I train, I train well. This week, I had some tendinitis and I couldn't play the way that I want to," he said. "It was good to back off a little bit and still get some minutes tonight."


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Pairs - I'd like Pang and Tong to win. I'm not feeling Volosozhar and Trankov this season, and I was never feeling Bazarova and Larionov. I'm comme ci, comme ca about Kavaguti and Smirnov. I would say that I'd like Duhamel and Radford or Moore-Towers and Moscovitch to win, but that's so unlikely. It would be nice if one of those teams (or both.. dare I hope?) could medal though. I think Duhamel and Radford have a better chance.
Dance - I'm fine with either Virtue and Moir or Davis and White winning, whichever one skates better. Ideally, I'd like Pechalat and Bourzat to win but we all know no one is going to beat the top two so I'll hope for a P and B bronze medal (which is very likely how it'll end up ).
Men - I'd like Takahashi to win, or Chan. I just don't want Hanyu to win because he annoys me and his skating doesn't have the maturity of a champion yet. His SP is very good, but his long is usually too much of a disaster to be a champion's long. My personal favourite is Takahashi but I would be totally fine with Chan winning, too. I'm pretty sure the podium's going to be those three, although of course someone else could pull an upset (Kozuka?).
Ladies - Ashley for the top of the podium! I want her to have her dream season, culminating in a win at the World Championships! It's nice to see someone CONSISTENT winning. I want Akiko to win silver and I guess Mao for bronze. I'd be ok with those two switched around, too, as long as the switcharound reflects what the ladies actually did on the ice. I'd rather the youngsters not win medals this time around, but if one does I'd rather it be Liza instead of Julia. Julia's skating just looks very juniorish still and doesn't appeal to me.


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Just 2 miles and five hours apart, Hakeem Murray and Reynard Jackson lose their lives. Police do not believe the shootings are related.
As police were investigating the shooting death of a 20-year-old man in North Sarasota early Saturday, officers were dispatched to another fatal shooting in a nearby neighborhood.
Sarasota police were patrolling Newtown in the area of the 1900 block of Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue when they heard several gunshots about 1 a.m. Saturday.
Officers investigated but did not find a victim.
A short while later, Hakeem Murray, 20, was taken to Sarasota Memorial Hospital with multiple gunshot wounds. He died at the hospital, police reported.
No suspects were located in the homicide of Murray, who lived in the 3200 block of Newtown Boulevard.
About 2 miles away and five hours later, someone called 911 and said there was an injured man on the floor of a home in the 1200 block of 32nd Street.
When deputies arrived they found Reynard Jackson, 34, dead on the floor from an apparent gunshot wound.
Authorities said Jackson had last told them he was homeless but sometimes lived with a family member at another address. The case is being investigated as a homicide.
Sarasota Police Department Capt. Paul Sutton said the shootings do not appear to be linked. Sutton also said he hopes the police and residents will work together to find the men's killers.
"We're going to need help from the community to solve these cases," he said.
Sherrina Brown, a longtime Newtown resident, was upset to hear of more deaths and crime in her community.
"We were just talking about how great it had felt not to have anybody's child be murdered or lives been taken," she said Saturday after learning of the shootings. "It hurts so bad."
Both men who died had lives marked with violence and crime.
In 2003, Murray's mother was beaten to death with a golf club and left on the front lawn of a Newtown home.
Murray was 12 at the time, and their great-grandmother had been caring for him and two brothers since their mother's death.
Then in 2005, one of his three brothers was killed when a driver ran a red light and smashed into his car.
Another of his brothers was shot in the leg in January 2009 when he saw an acquaintance rob someone then turn the gun on him. He recovered from the gunshot wound.
In the last two years, Murray had some brushes with the law.
He was charged but not prosecuted on three counts of marijuana possession and one for having a concealed firearm, according to court records. Murray was found guilty of driving with a suspended license in July.
Jackson, a convicted felon, was found guilty in January 2008 of carrying a concealed firearm and ammunition.
His criminal record in Sarasota County spans back to 1993 when he was found guilty of armed robbery and theft. He was later found guilty of battery in 2004.
Anyone with information on the Murray shooting is asked to call police at (941) 954-7049, and on the Jackson shooting to call (941) 954-7061.
SNN Local News 6 reporter Tom Lloyd contributed to this report.


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Hard Questions on Impact of Bank Transfer Day
With the one-year anniversary of Bank Transfer Day approaching, credit unions continue to tout how the national financial institution-switch movement helped catapult their new member figures into record territory. But that success has forced some credit unions to deal with unprofitable new accounts, an industry expert said.
"We may have underestimated the Bank Transfer Day switching lag and ensuing membership gains," said Dave Colby, chief economist at CUNA Mutual Group. "Further, if members gained due to BTD are experiencing the real benefits of credit union membership, this surge will continue, as they spread the word."
The latest industry estimates showed credit unions added 261,000 members in July for a total of nearly 95.6 million members. The year-to-date gain of 1.6 million is three times the same period results in 2011 and greater than any year since 2002, Colby said. The total year over year membership increase was 2.4 million.
Still, not all credit unions are growing membership. According to new NCUA data, 3,722 credit unions, or 52%, reported membership declines between the first quarter of 2011 and the second quarter of 2010. These credit unions held roughly 23% of industry assets.
Meanwhile, 80% of credit unions with assets above $500 million reported annual membership increases and those above that threshold accounted for 82% of all membership gains.
"As much as we hate to admit it, I believe that almost every credit union has drawn their own Bank Transfer Day line in their membership," said Ron Daly, president of DigitalMailer, a Herndon, Va.-based digital communications and electronic marketing firm. "On one side of the line are profitable accounts. On the other are future credit union transfer day candidates."
Daly said while it's true that credit unions' operating costs are lower than banks, there is a point at which they can't be driven down any lower. Marketing efforts, new remote services and technologies to stay competitive can easily add to those expenses, he noted. For instance, mobile banking can be critical to attracting and retain members, but it doesn't have a real impact on the operating costs for a call center.
"In fact, it likely shifts the Bank Transfer Day line for credit unions, moving even more members to the wrong side," Daly said.
Finding the balance between serving members and increasing profitability may mean managing members' expectations while moving them in a direction where they can positively contribute to the bottom line, Daly said. Credit unions may have to do some tweaking to the traditional loyalty plus relationship equals free stuff model to help steer members from what he said is the nonprofitable side of the Bank Transfer Day line to the side that's profitable.
There is evidence that credit unions are having an impact on wooing and retaining members. In 2011, credit unions provided $6.3 billion in direct financial benefits to the nation's 92 million members in the form of lower interest rates, higher dividends, and fewer and lower fees, according to a recent CUNA's "Membership Benefits Report," which compared credit union rates, fees, and dividends to those of banks, both nationally and locally, to determine how much consumers save by using credit unions.
"Despite the uncertainties and a host of new obstacles and burdens, the nation's credit unions are improving member households' financial condition by offering better loan terms, a path to debt reduction and the safety of insured deposits," Colby said.
In the thick of it all, credit unions are growing in size and financial strength.
"At the front of the pack are credit union leaders who have decided to create their own economic recoveries within their communities and fields of membership," Colby said. "Looking back through five economic cycles, in my 35 years of working with credit unions, I can tell you this is how real economic recoveries always begin."


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KEXP Reviews
|Browse by one of the following:
- (Touch and Go)
A number of great records have come out of the Northwest this year, and this Seattle band's seventh full-length release ranks with the best of them. Tim Midgett and Andy Cohen continue to hone their already impressive songcraft on this album of brainy and sophisticated indie-rock that's packed with emotion and some of the more memorable tunes you'll hear this year. 8/15/2000 - Don Yates
Other Silkworm album reviews:
Italian Platinum - 5/15/2002
Blueblood - 7/15/1998
Developer - 5/15/1997
Firewater - 2/15/1996


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Enrollment Forms and Information
The following forms are available for download or may be completed online and printed.Please note any required form may be completed online before being printed and returned to the MCC Business Office. You will, however, be required to actually sign any form that has a signature line. You may always print and complete any of these forms manually, if you wish.
All forms are in PDF format; you will need Adobe Reader (7.0+) to complete these forms online.If you do not have version 7 or higher, please download from the link on the right.
Note: An automatic late fee will be assessed if fee payment is not completed by the end of student's scheduled time. To enroll online students must see their advisor for the Advisor Pin prior to enrolling. MCC's on-campus enrollment each term.
Payment and Initial Disclosure Agreement
- Students are only required to sign this form one time for the duration of their enrollment at MCC.
- Federal Regulations now require schools to disclose information regarding enrollment, payment of fees, payment plans, withdrawals, and past due balances. All students must sign this form before their enrollment will be completed.
Insurance Waiver (required for all students)
- MCC requires ALL students to have insurance. A waiver with proof of existing coverage will be completed by students through MyMCC, You may elect your own coverage, Lafene Health Center (Kansas State University's Health Clinic) or MCC's Student Insurance Policy.
Lafene Health Clinic (this is a health clinic only not insurance)
- Students who do not have existing medical insurance are required to purchase access to K-State's Lafene Health Clinic through MCC, purchase MCC's Health Insurance plan or obtain their own coverage. For more information on what is covered by having access to Lafene Health Clinic link above.
***Please note*** K-State's Lafene Health Clinic is a health clinic only – it is not insurance and does not provide emergency services.
MCC Student Insurance Enrollment Form (could be required to submit)
- If you do not have insurance and wish to purchase insurance through the college, fill out this form.
MCC Student Insurance Brochure
- This brochure contains information about MCC's Student Insurance Policy.
Student Vehicle Registration (required to submit for parking permit)
- If you are purchasing a parking permit from MCC, you are required to fill out this registration form.
Parking Brochure (not required to submit)
- This brochure contains the rules and regulations for purchasing a parking permit from MCC as well as information about parking on campus.
Release Form (not required, but recommended)
- Due to federal privacy laws (Family Educational Right to Privacy Act 1974) MCC cannot release information about student account balances or financial aid status to anyone except the student on the account unless this form is filled out and submitted to the Business Office. If you have previously completed a Release Form, your current information will remain in effect until you no longer attend MCC and there is no reason to resubmit this form unless you need to make a change.
Unclaimed Property Turnover Policy (not required, but recommended)
- This policy contains instructions for the college to take in the event that a student does not claim property that is theirs. If you have already completed an Unclaimed Property Turnover Form, you do not need to recomplete this form.
Parent PLUS Loan check release to student (not required, to be completed by parents)
- Federal law says that if a parent takes out a Federal Parent PLUS loan for their student and a credit balance is generated on their student's account the money is required to be refunded to the parent. However, if you would like the money to go to your student directly, complete this form.
If you have any questions, please contact our office: email@example.com


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Ask for your CARFAX report which is generated from our database of over six billion records. Do you dread fueling up your vehicle? You'll stop less with this gas saver.(Free Lifetime Oil Changes)
Price may exclude tax, title, tags, governmental fees, any emissions testing charges and any finance charges (if applicable). Unless otherwise stated separately in the vehicle details, price does not include documentation, processing, administrative, closing or similar fees. Current mileage may vary due to test drives and vehicle relocation.


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PORTLAND, Ore. -- LA Galaxy head coach Bruce Arena addressed the media after LA's 1-1 draw with the Portland Timbers.
His comments are below.
(On the officiating…)
ARENA: "Our team played very well, but the referee has to give us that call on Juninho. It's at least a foul or a yellow card or red card. We have to manage the game better at the end, we had five minutes of extra time, but listen, we fell asleep at the end of the game. A bunch of guys can do better on the last play, but we played very well and should have walked away with three points….[Villarreal] blew it."
(On whether the team feels cheated…)
ARENA: "Our team played very well. We had a thoroughly dominating performance. They didn't create a lot except for their set piece where [Futty Danso] hit the far post. We were very good defensively and kept the ball very well, but it is a shame that we didn't get the three points. We can fault the referee as much as we want, but we were still in control at the end of the game where we could have denied them a goal scoring opportunity."
(On whether this is the team's best performance of the season…)
ARENA: "Yes, I'd say so. It will help us to play some games consecutively and get a bit of a rhythm."
(On the play of Landon Donovan…)
ARENA: "Landon was the best player on the field today, he played very well. It was good to see."


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Bedard scratched from next scheduled start
By Tom Singer / MLB.com
Brad Lincoln will move into the rotation and start in Bedard's place against Miami. Bedard left his most recent start this past Wednesday due to back spasms.
Manager Clint Hurdle made the decision after talking to both Bedard and the training staff. Bedard has been taking muscle relaxants and getting other treatment.
Bedard is tentatively slated to start on Wednesday in the opener of a two-game series against the Nationals.
What this means in the short term is that Lincoln was not available out of the bullpen for Saturday or Sunday's games against the Astros. The Bucs had Daniel McCutchen available for any needed long-relief assignment on Saturday, though he wasn't needed in the Pirates 5-2 win over Houston.
McCutchen was added to the roster when Joel Hanrahan went on the Bereavement List on Friday.
Hanrahan, whose grandmother passed away, is due back in town Saturday night, and he is expected to be activated for Sunday's game.
Tom Singer is a reporter for MLB.com and writes an MLBlog Change for a Nickel. He can also be found on Twitter @Tom_Singer. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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What Could Have Been, and What Is.
Before I start endlessly analyzing and fretting over the Hot Stove rumors, I want to talk about what is right before us: the League Championship Series. We have plenty of time to talk about the former–the void between the end of the postseason, and Spring Training. I have enjoyed watching these series even though the National League Championship Series didn't end the way I wanted it to.


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At the Milan Fashion Week last spring, Katy Perry was booed from the Moschino runway, but the singer has now been chosen as the new face of the fashion house. She got the campaign and she also nailed it.
This week on her Instagram account, Katy Perry made the announcement and also showed off her first photo. In the photo she shared she has a striking pose that is sultry.
In the photo, Katy Perry is wearing a black pencil skirt, a denim patchwork jacket and underneath a gold lame Princess Leia bra. She is also draped in gold chains that are the trademark of Moschino. It also appears that she is holding, what looks like a tiny boom box. The style and the look are spot on, but her hair is another matter.
However, with her hair aside, Katy Perry is defiantly excited about her new partnership with Moschino. Her snap was shared with her 21 million Instagram followers with the caption "♥THE FACE OF MOSCHINO♥".
This though is not the first time that Katy Perry has promoted Moschino on her fan base. This has happened ever since Jeremy Scott took creative control of the brand last February. Since then Katy Perry has been wearing his designs e very where, like at the Super bowl, the Met Gala and even on her own tours.


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Chancellor's Communication-February 6, 2001
DATE: February 6, 2001
TO: All CSU Employees
FROM: CSU Chancellor Charles B. Reed
RE: CSU Update
Greetings to all California State University faculty and staff members.
This e-mail is the latest in a series of messages aimed at keeping CSU
employees up to date on systemwide issues. I wanted to take this opportunity
to share some news about recent developments at the CSU and offer resources
for more information:
CSU BUDGET: Gov. Davis has once again shown strong support for the CSU
by proposing a $267.9 million increase in our 2001/02 general fund budget.
Highlights from the budget proposal include $62.3 million for an additional
8,760 full-time equivalent students projected to enroll in 2001/2002 and
$81.5 million for a 4 percent compensation pool for all CSU employees.
The CSU will continue to work with the state over the next few months
to fund certain items that were included in our request but not in Gov.
Davis's budget, including $40.8 million for an additional 2 percent for
CSU employee compensation and $5 million to help create a CSU employee
housing assistance program. (Many of you who joined the CSU in the past
few years will be receiving a web-based housing survey later this month.
This survey will help us better assess what form such a program should
take.) For more information about the budget, please go to: http://www.calstate.edu/PA/news/2001/GovBudget.shtml
FACULTY COMPENSATION: The CSU and the California Faculty Association (CFA)
have been engaged in reopener bargaining since last February. The primary
purpose of the reopener bargaining was to determine the amount of the
increase pool. After the release of a fact-finding report last month,
the CSU and CFA exhausted all phases of this collective bargaining process.
Meetings continued until January 22 in an attempt to address a number
of procedural and process concerns. The CSU discussed a variety of improvements
to the merit pay program and other compensation and benefit issues, but
we failed to reach agreement on those issues. I am disappointed that we
failed to reach agreement.
The Board of Trustees and I feel that our faculty have waited far too
long to receive their well-deserved salary increases (which we are not
permitted to distribute until the bargaining process has concluded). On
January 24, we began the process of instituting the salary increases required
under the current faculty contract. Paychecks that include salary increases
retroactive to July 1, 2000 will be distributed as early as March. Given
that the timing may vary from campus to campus, I am asking our campus
human resources departments to give you more specific information.
When the CSU and CFA begin bargaining on a new contract in March or April,
we will continue to discuss improving the merit pay process. In the meantime,
I will work to secure the additional two percent for employee compensation
to bring our 2001/2002 compensation increase pool to six percent. Once
again, improving compensation for our faculty and staff continues to be
among my top priorities.
REMEDIAL EDUCATION: Last month, the CSU released its latest remedial education
statistics. These new numbers show that the percentage of incoming CSU
freshmen who are proficient in English and mathematics has improved for
the last three years. In fall 2000, proficiency rates reached 55 percent
in mathematics and 54 percent in English. The numbers also show that students
are completing remedial education in a timely fashion. Of the fall 1999
freshmen who returned in fall 2000, 97 percent were fully proficient.
Even though we still have much more work to do, these numbers demonstrate
that our efforts to reduce the need for remedial education are succeeding,
especially in mathematics. I want to thank all of the faculty and staff
members who assisted these students and helped them reach the one-year
completion goal for remedial education. We will continue to assist K-12
schools, students, and teachers by providing clear guidance on our standards
and early assessment opportunities. For more information and statistics
on this important issue, please see:
ALCOHOL AWARENESS: In the wake of the tragic alcohol-related death of
one of our students last fall, the CSU has formed an Alcohol Policies
and Prevention Programs Committee to study the issue of alcohol abuse
on campus. The committee, chaired by Fresno State President John Welty,
includes CSU presidents, students, and faculty and staff representatives.
The committee is currently developing recommendations for standards and
guidelines on how to best curb alcohol abuse on our campuses. It will
present these recommendations to the Board of Trustees in May. Through
the committee's efforts, the CSU also will co-sponsor the National Social
Norming Conference in July. A "social norms" approach aims to help students
understand that responsible drinking is more the norm than excessive drinking.
As always, I invite you to respond to this e-mail with your comments or
questions. Due to the large volume of e-mails, I will not be able to respond
to your messages individually. I will post responses to the most frequently
asked questions (from among those received by February 13) at
/Executive/index.shtml on February 20. If you
have campus-specific questions, please address them to the appropriate
department head or administrator or to your campus president.
Thank you again for all you do to make the California State University
an outstanding institution.


text: I bought a racket from a user on this board, I will not reveal the username just yet, as he has a few good refs on the board and I dont want to taint those good refs just yet. Anyway, I payed the seller on monday morning and I got an email from the seller saying that the payment was received and he would be shipping the racket later on that day. Well, around 6 in the evening EST I emailed him asking if he got a chance to ship the racket off and he said "No, Im sorry, I couldnt find a box.", I was fine with it and didnt think anything of it, but that was the last email I received from him. Monday evening was the last time I heard from the seller. It is now thursday morning and I have not seen an email from him since. I find this to be a tad suspicious. The way that he maintained excellent communication before payment, but after I sent payment, he seemed to taper off and fall off the grid. How much longer should I wait to file a dispute with paypal? (I payed with a credit card so I should be able to get everything back if in fact I have been ripped off, but I dont think I have) and furthermore, how long should I wait to leave a bad ref with the username in it saying that I might have been scammed? And one last thing, If the racket DOES arrive here and he just did not use tracking, or maintain contact, should I leave a neutral ref or a negative ref? Again, I am not concerned as of now, as it has been a little under three days, Im am just wanting to know what should be the course of action? Thanks


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British gas explorer IGas said Monday results from an exploration well could provide a better road map for any future fracking of the Bowland shale play.
IGas announced it completed drilling operations at the Irlam-1 exploration well. The company said the data would be used to help provide information for any future program invoking hydraulic fracturing of the Bowland shale.
The British Geological Survey in June estimated the Bowland shale formation in the north of the country contains 1.3 quadrillion cubic feet of natural gas. A government report said shale could ensure energy security for a country where net natural gas imports are on pace to increase from 45 percent of demand in 2011 to 76 percent by 2030.
Protesters last year staged several demonstrations to protest shale operations. The practice is seen as a threat to the environment.
IGas Chief Executive Andrew Austin said his company was committed to conducting its shale operations responsibly.
"Our priority remains to conduct our operations safely, in an environmentally responsible manner and with consideration for the local community," he said.


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AVON LAKE -- The community of Avon Lake gathered one final time to celebrate and honor the career of former Head Coach Dave Dlugosz.
Dlugosz, who announced his retirement last November, was the guest of honor with former players, dignitaries and friends gathered to send Dlugosz into retirement in grand fashion at Ahren's Banquet Center on Saturday.
Even though it was a retirement party for Dlugosz, he stayed true to himself and what the night meant.
"They talked about it as a retirement dinner for me, but I really think what it is a football festival for Avon Lake," Dlugosz said. "Football in Avon Lake is very important. When I got the job as a head coach I tried to represent our community as best as I possibly could.
"I was fortunate to have tremendous assistant coaches and we have had some great athletes here. Many all-state kids and even high school All-American kids, but the biggest thing is we took the average kid - who bought into the program - and became good. Then the good kids became great."
Under Dlugosz's guidance, the Shoremen football program reached incredible heights. In 21 years, Avon Lake captured 18 Southwestern Conference championships, made 15 state playoff appearances with one state runner-up finish (2004) and one state championship (2003). His career mark stands at an incredible 200-44.
The success Avon Lake had certainly didn't go unnoticed in the amount of accolades he accumulated over the years, including being the SWC's Coach of the Year seven times and the Lorain County Coach of the Year a staggering 14 times. He was named to the Avon Lake Sports Hall of Fame in 2003 and Wilmington College Hall of Fame in 2011 -- for his outstanding football career. His coaching reputation reached elite status when he was named to the Ohio Football Coaches Hall of Fame in 2009.
Former Ohio State University Coach Jim Tressel, who Dlugosz's son Dennis played for at Youngstown State University, was happy to be part of night.
"I feel like I know the family more than I know every coach I have ever worked with around the state," Tressel said. "Plus I admired so much what he has meant to the game. He was always there for the game, so I was going to make sure I could be here for this if at all possible."
The impact Dlugosz had on his players was evident as many of them came in to see their coach. It didn't matter if you were a star player like Trey Stross or Mike D'Andrea, who both went to Big Ten schools or a player who didn't see a lot of time on the field. The disciplines taught along with the competition within the team built the tradition which is known as Shoremen Football.
"We were motivated by the players who came before us," Stross said. "It was a great legacy he built. It was a special program to be a part of. You can talk to guys who graduated 10 years before you or 10 years after you; it's just an understanding that a lot of people don't know unless you were in it.
"He instilled the values to push yourself and there is always someone chasing you. He brought out the best from player 1 to player 99. He's a great man and a great teacher."
As much as former players loved and respected their coach, it was Dlugosz who saw his own players and took great pride in seeing how they have succeeded in life.
"I like the best is seeing all my former football players," Dlugosz said. "See how good they look and how successful they have been."
During the evening's festivities, a proclamation was announced by Avon Lake Mayor Greg Zilka. Matt Lundy, who is from the Ohio House of Respresentatives, announced a commendation from the House. Tim Shuckerow, who graduated with Dlugosz, shared stories from their days in high school.
One of the big moments of the night was Avon Lake Athletic Director Tom Barone unveiling a street sign with Dlugosz Dr. on it which will be placed on the road behind Avon Lake Memorial Stadium.
It is only fitting for someone who has meant so much to not just a football team, but an entire community.


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The Environmental Protection Agency's well-timed announcement that greenhouse gases are dangerous pollutants responsible for climate change has lit a fire under global warming activists and skeptics alike, framing the debate as world leaders gather in Copenhagen to discuss the next steps to be taken on the climate front.
As ClimateGate 2009 heats up, the question remains: what should we do about that "global warming" thing?
- On the summit's Monday open, 56 newspapers from across the globe including London's The Guardian and The Miami Herald published the same editorial calling on conference politicians to push for reform. Lawmakers in Copenhagen have two choices on how to define our generation, the editorial reads: either as "one that saw a challenge and rose to it, or one so stupid that we saw calamity coming but did nothing to avert it."
- Paul Krugman at the New York Timeswrites that cutting greenhouse gas emissions is "essential." Giving climate change reform a chance can even bolster the flailing economy with investment spending, Krugman writes, helping to "save the planet at a price we can easily afford."
- Michael Fumento at the Washington Timestook the opposite tack, writing that fighting climate change could be necessary -- when the American piggy bank is a little fuller. "For those who say we can't afford to wait," Fumento writes, "the answer is, we can't afford not to."
- The Wall Street Journal's editorial staff pointed fingers at the EPA, calling the government agency a "bully" picking on playground kids in Congress as it pushes for greenhouse gas legislation in favor of the stalled Senate "cap and trade" agreement. "The White House has opened a Pandora's box that will be difficult to close, that is breathtakingly undemocratic," the editorial reads.
- Not one to miss an important opportunity to dispute the accuracy of global warming research, conservative talking head David Frum took to the blogs on CNN, blaming "arrogant" scientists for the ClimateGate fallout. "Everything important about global warming remains disputed," Frum writes, calling out advocates who "cheat and twist and betray scientific standards and public trust."


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KO Members & Melo-fans dont get me wrong .. I like the shiiii out of the "Melo-system-play-plan", I just dont like it for the entire 48 minutes per game, game after game.
It would work a helluva lot better if we only used it for 24 minute a game in certain lineups .. that would be the first-step toward Tyson/Stat/Melo co-existence .. a younger Jason Kidd wouldve built 3 types of systems with all the talent we have in our rotation.
We just need a plan-B and plan-C
Plan-A won us 23 games out of 34 games .. not bad.


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Ground Zero Has 4 Stars on Yelp
Hey, look: Ground Zero has a Yelp page. And it's only got four stars! We know Yelpers can be harsh, but can't the site of one of the century's defining moments catch a break?
So, the only details on the page is that Ground Zero is not "Good for Kids." Let's check out some of the reviews!
User Brian L. gave Ground Zero just two stars:
I give Ground Zero 2 stars because after 9 years, all we have is a hole in the ground.
Also, no bathrooms!
Of course, a flaw to one Yelper is a feature to another. For Lisa S. the hole is the best part:
I don't see how anyone can rate ground zero less than this. I remember coming here when the two towers were still around, and now it's just a big hole in the ground. Merely walking around the space makes me imagine what it must have been like during the ordeal
Anya F. asks the important questions:
I am not sure how one is suppose to review the site of the largest terrorist attack on US. Am I suppose to be a fan of it or dislike it. How do you rate it. I dislike the fact that we have it, yet we need a place to remember all the innocent people who were killed by islamic terrorists.
Then she gave it three stars. Take that, terrorists!
Ha ha, Bill B. has the right attitude:
Really??!!! Too soon to rate!!!!
Anyway, 9/11 is a living thing and how we remember that day should be able to adapt to new forms of communication. In that spirit, we just checked-in to Ground Zero on Foursquare and get the Tragedy Toursim badge. [via Chris Mohney]


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I graduated in Archives and History at The University of Comenius in Bratislava and in Lettere Moderne at La Sapienza University in Rome. I was awarded my Ph.D. in Medieval History at Comenius University after I defended my doctoral thesis "The Hungarian Policy of Gregory IX with a Special Focus on the Territory of Slovakia (1227-1241)".
I was employed as a Researcher in Slovak Medieval History at the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. Following a decision of the Academic Board of the University of Péter Pázmany in Hungary I was given 'venia legendi' and held a course "The History of Medieval Universities". Later on, I was invited to join the staff of the Vatican Library where I remained for three years; during this time I also studied at the Vatican School of Library Science.
Since 2010 I have been delivering a series of lectures for the Final Honour Schools (General History V, VI) entitled "The Thirteenth Century Papacy - The First Multinational?" which attracted interest from undergraduates, postgraduates and doctoral students equally and I am also contributing some lectures on British History II for the Preliminary Examinations and the History of the British Isles II for the Final Honour Schools. In January 2011, I was elected Director of the London Society for Medieval Studies.
I have conducted research in the Archives of Slovakia, Hungary, Italy and the Vatican City on Slovak Medieval History and Slovak-Hungarian-Italian relationships the results of which I published and presented both in Slovakia and abroad. My main areas of interest are Central European History, the History of Medieval and Modern Universities and the Medieval Papacy.


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You Are Here: AHRQ Archive Home > National Healthcare Disparities Report, 2005 > Appendix C. Measure Specifications
This information is for reference purposes only. It was current when produced and may now be outdated. Archive material is no longer maintained, and some links may not work. Persons with disabilities having difficulty accessing this information should contact us at: https://info.ahrq.gov. Let us know the nature of the problem, the Web address of what you want, and your contact information.
Please go to www.ahrq.gov for current information.
Healthy People 2010, measure 21-10.
85 Children age 2–17 with a dental visit in the past year, United States, 2002, by
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).
U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population: children age 2 –17.
Number of children age 2 –17 who had a dental visit in 2001.
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