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Jeep Commander Electrical Problem
in Jeep
My '06 Commander seems to be having some electrical problems. The rear assist lights come on, the auto high beam/low beam changes on the computer, the air bag light comes on & chimes. If the A/C is on, it goes from face to feet & back up. I've had it in & the dealer changed the ignition switch. This didn't fix it. I've searched the service bulletins but don't see anything specific to that problem. Any thoughts?
By the way, this all happens while driving - high speed, low speed, hot or cold. Thanks.
tom Posts: 8i also am having problem with my electrical system ...the windows don't work right sometimes they don't go up all the way ..the inside lights and gages blink and fad in and out ...and info????
So, now I've posted to the start/stall forum as well as this one on electrical problems.
I still love the look of the car, but, the reason I went to a Jeep from a Jaguar was for reliability; my first car was a jeep, then after having a BMW Convertible I went back to a Jeep, then a Jaguar and now back to a Jeep...because of the reliability of the first two, but after this series of problems which The Dealer says they have no knowledge of, it's doubtful that I'd get another Jeep (though I bet I'll end up having this one forever).
If any of you find out what is causing the electrical problem, please post the solution!
For the past month my 06 commander head lights decide to turn on and off when they please. Along with the control panel lights dimming and brightening on their own. Not going over any bumps, does it whenever, no matter if heat, radio etc are on or off. Took it to the dealer, which on the way there lights were blinking like crazy. they drove it and nothing. Cant find anything. Then it did it again this morning. This is a problem since we will be driving from AK to PA here in a month. I need info on this and any mechanic I take it to are stumped! Anyone else having issues?
jonboy48238 Posts: 1I recently took my 2007 Commander Limited with a 4.7L engine in for a oil change. I have had not ONE problem with this vehicle, not one. I wanted to have synthetic oil in the engine, tranny and transfer case.
Upon picking up my vehicle the service representative informed me that the oil was changed and that they had completed a software upgrade. Since this upgrade my Commander is doing almost everything that I have read in this chain one by one by one by one.
First it was the back-up sensor, then the dashboard lights coming on a off then the driver side window not auto raising, ghost in the machine now.
I work in the IT industry, if there is one rule we follow and that is NEVER upgrade unless it's completely vetted out COMPLETELY. This upgrade was not, I guarantee you. This is a Chrysler software issue.
I want my Jeep back
commander27610 Posts: 1Hi sstaddie.... please let me know if you have figured out what was going on with your vehicle. I've had my 2006 commander since December of 2008. I love, love, LOVED this car, when I first got it. But that love has now turn to fear. I've had issues with the transmission, had to get Chrysler involved earlier this year. They ate the cost on most of the repairs even though my car was out side of warranty. But the headlight thing is just ridiculous. Every now and again my radio or console lights would flicker. Now it happens almost every time I drive. But the most scary thing is when the headlights would actually cut off. I've taken my car to the dealership twice, with no results. The 'computer' isn't showing anything wrong. I just took it in today as a matter of fact. I was supposed to take the car back next week to leave it overnight for the service techs to have their way with it for a day or so. Well, i make it home from work this evening with plans to run an errand. Lo and behold my car will not start. I mean WON'T start at all. I call road side assistance the guy couldn't charge my battery with his personal vehicle OR the box that had over 3000 cranking amps (which he said was enough to power a tractor trailer). He felt like it HAD to be something electrical...... so now I'm stuck in the house all weekend. But thank goodness I wasn't actually driving when my car went down. I am so frustrated and angry right now. I don't even want the car anymore I have big plans of getting rid of it.
prowler_357 Posts: 1Hello, I don't know if anyone has come to any solution to this problem yet or not, but I have found the problem with my '06 Commander light flickering. Mine is in the light switch itself. Happens more often if you have fog lights and switch is pulled out. Switch is bad
None of the mechanics in this area could tell me what the problem was. It would do it the entire way to the dealer, headlights flickering then console lights flickering, both going out at times. Then the guys at the dealer have it and it doesn't do it. I took the manager of the service station for a ride RIGHT after it did it for me on the way THERE, and HE gets in the Jeep and NOTHING! ARGH! It suddenly stopped once summer hit, then last week it did it again!! At first we thought maybe condensation somehow since I am in AK and it gets 40 below 0 and my garage is heated. But it would do it on warmer days too. The guy at the dealer couldn't figure it out since the headlights and console lights have nothing to do with each other. I have no idea who to get to fix this problem, since it doesn't show up when a mechanic actually has it. They probably think I am nuts. Thank goodness my husband has witnessed it.
zachysdad28 Posts: 1Hello there, I have the V6 2007 Jeep Commander. I experienced some problems with every light on the dash flashing on and off. Now that I am back from a year long deployment from Iraq, where my Jeep sat for a year. I wasn't driven as much as I'd liked, but yet I still have these problems. Also I am starting to experiences some of the same problems as other people. The windows do not want to come up all the way. The locks act like they are locking while driving down the road. When opening the driver's door, doesn't unlock the other doors or turn off the radio. I have to unlock and walk around to open the passenger door to turn off the radio. Knock on wood, I haven't had the stalling problems, but I can say that I am close. PLEASE help! Any IDEAS?
Okay so got ahold of Jeep and got a Case Manager. Made an appt with my local place again. THIS TIME I got it on video of what the lights and instrument panel were doing. The service manager is really nice, always was. waiting for my appt I figured out what I thought was the problem. The actual switch where I turned the lights on. Mechanic last year kept telling me they couldn't figure it out because the headlights and instrument panel lights weren't on the same circuit etc. BUT DUH (can't believe I didn't see this last year) they are on the same SWITCH together. So manager tells me the mechanic has to hook it up to stuff looking for any error codes etc. I told him it was a waste of time and this should be on record from last year. BUT didn't have my jeep for the day and they didn't find anything. Took it in the next day when I could leave it all day and low and behold they called and said good news we know what the problem is we just need to order the part...I said..yeah it was the switch right...and he said yeahhhh how did you know???
DANG! SO it seems I have lucked out and it was only the switch and not al the other electrical problems alot of you are having. Keep you updated once they fix it.
1ibluebird Posts: 4I was sent a link to file a complaint (there are many already) at consumeraffairs.org. Perhaps someone will listen and help. My 2006 Commander stalls, will often not start and has electrical issues. My dealer has repeatedly told me that "they can not duplicate my concerns" or that I have purchased "bad gas." Yikes.
ahj4 Posts: 1Has anyone figured out what is wrong with the Commander- my car is stuck at a parking lot and will not start at all. Having it towed tomorrow. Just wondering what or where to tell the mechanic to start looking.
madbomber06 Posts: 1esp bas traction lights go on and off whenever they feel like. also the transmission light goes on and off, i have no cruise control now. it even turned off on me on hwy 77 going about 60 with a semi right next to me, very scary! took it to dealer, they told me it was the rain sensor module causing mayhem to all the sensors and quoted me 600 for the module. found it online for 80. not surprised...
My 06 commander has had the head light issue, I am lucky enough to have a great mechanic who figured out the issue right away and warranty covered the issue. just a switch replacement. But now our commander is sitting outside our house stalled. It refuses to start, when u leave the driver door open the cd changer continously changes cds even tho the car isnt on. if you close the door then the cd changer stops. if I turn the ignition, it clicks and all the lights start flashing calling for me to get the rear park assist serviced and a key code error PO153, Transmission over temp and service 4wd system. WHAT THE HECK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I have put money into this thing and now I have a brand new baby and a non reliable car. I have actually driven down a hill and ALL my brakes locked up and slid me near a cliff!!!!! UGH frustrating!!! Ideas anyone???
Issue with mine also. The jeep wont start, clicks when i turn the key. the screen says i need to service my 4wd system, PO 513 CODE, service park assist and transmission over temp. What???? Its stalled outside my house right now. Did u ever find the issue with your elecrtrical complications?
lauren21 Posts: 1Hi I have a 2006 jeep commander ! I just took a 10 hr road trip and on the way home the cruise control stuck! Accelerating to 100 mph before I could cancel it! Do you think it could be the same problem?
gordonbolina Posts: 1You may think Im crazy, but I have experienced some of the same thigs as other people, with the flashing head lights and the stalling at red lights. I personally think that the jeep not cranking up is a totally different problem. I was at my local mall about two months ago and when I got done shopping and got in my car to leave, it would not crank. After trying everything under the sun, over the course of three days I randomly tried my spare key, which my girlfriend normally kept on her in case I got locked out. She had taken me up to the mall for my forth day of working on the car, and I realized I had left my key at home. She said "don't worry I have your spare" I took it from her, unlocked my car and stuck it in rolling down the driver window which had been my routine the past few days. My girlfriend said "let me hear the click noise its making so I turned the key and it crunk right up. Still to this day my other key will not work.
hogan3 Posts: 12I have a 2006 jeep commander. I been having a problem with the abs brakes. The abs will light up on dash also esp. I drive down the street on dry road with foot on gas and the abs will engage and start braking. It happens intermittly and when I take in to dealership they say can not duplicate problem.
I also have had the headlights go off and on. The fan off and on and entire dash light up. Taken back to dealership twice so far. I don't know what to do at this point. I worry I will be driving down the highway and the brakes engaging.
I already went through a lemon law case around 3 years ago. The inside of my windshield would leak. I would have to chip ice from inside of windshield durning winter. Took it in countless times.Finally they subed it out to a company that specialized in leaks and it got fixed.
kr1st1 Posts: 1I used to have those problems with the lights on my 06 commander, and they stopped once we replaced the blower motor because it burnt out. The headlights used to go off and on, the dashboard lights did the same. The fan blower finally went out, and when we replaced it, some of the wires were fried. I think that was causing the problem with our commander because it hasn't happened since we fixed it. I hope you get the issues worked out.
(in addition to the many problems w/my commander that I have discussed here since 2009) I now have 'the sunroof-front windshield leak into the front passenger side' to the point that this morning I too had to scrape ice off of INSIDE of windshield. More: The puddle of water in the front passenger foot well took 20+ minutes to scoop out, and it is still wet after having been covered with large absorbent towel all day.
I just spoke with chrysler corporate and they are calling me back tomorrow.
I also earlier today called a few jeep dealer service centers in the area asking them only to call me back if any of them had actually had their own hands on a jeep commander for this sort of repair; a full business day down, and, so far, nobody has called me back. the last time i spoke with a dealer i was told that it would cost about $600 to repair the leak because they would be replacing all of the tubing that make up the sunroof drains.
Please tell me what was the final solution that actually worked for your commander to stop this leaking.
I have small confidence that Jeep Chrysler will do the right thing and admit this is a manufacturer's flaw, and am prepared to pay for the repair myself. That said, I want this to be a successful repair that doesn't take advantage of me $ as the dealer did when he did not file the warranty papers at time of purchase...
speaking with Chrysler Jeep Customer Relations Today and while the person I'm speaking with seems to be genuinely trying to determine how best to get this 'Jeep Commander Pandemic' attended to, it seems that the root of the ongoing'ness of the problem is that Jeep Chrysler Corporates Customer Service Policies simply don't allow The Company to take responsibility for putting faulty cars on the road & for the genuine remedy of the problem.
At this point, this will be my 3rd and last Jeep purchase.
Of course, this Jeep Commander will be mine forever, because I certainly can't sell it to anyone else knowing how much of a liability it is (cruise control switching on by itself being the worse example of that liability).
today, I endured 2 conversations with very polite but not at all genuinely 'helpful' , i.e., helpful in terms of actually solving the problem , Jeep Chrysler customer service representatives; they were - just as they were when I first purchased The Commander and called Chrysler Coporate regarding the 'stall problems' - more interested in selling me on the 'dealer diagnosis' which the coporate representatives still explain will then entitle me to be considered for a 'good will' rebate on repairs if the diagnosis determines that the problem is not from my negligence but is in fact a manufacturer defect...as if Chrysler Jeep doesn't already know that the problems came with the Commander at time of purchase. What's more, as i also told them in reply to what amounts to no more than a 'give us more of your $$$ gimmick', a.k.a. the dealer diagnosis, the last time they so encouragingly offered me this 'pay for diagnosis' for potential rebate, i didn't get the rebate with corporate telling me that they were not willing to 'rebuild' the car.
EBC Modulei was also informed that there had been an electrical related safety recall. i never received notice of this recall but it regards the stall that occurs when the commander slows down before a hill then has to accelerate quickly, i.e., the stall feeling that occurs is actually addressed via this safety recall.
are found here: http://www.xkjeeps.com/xk_tsb.htm
but as you can see even though Jeep Corporate acknowledges the problems we have detailed as experiencing here on this forum, Jeep Corporate does not assume responsibility to the extent that it will repair them, i.e., buying Jeep apparenly ain't what it used to be; now, buying Jeep Chrysler comes with 'buyer beware' principle.
why the US government bailed out such an unprincipled company as Jeep Chrysler has become is beyond the comprehension of reasonable Americans; bad investment of USA taxpayer dollars. (mercedese paying to get rid of it's investment in chrysler says it all...)
getting my Commander Folder in order for the attorney (I'm not too optimistic that Chrysler will come foward by tomorrow and accept responsibility for the state of my Commander) and reading 1st Certified Letter to Chrysler, i.e., my problems started with the simple 3,000mile oil change that i did at the dealer. the car was running perfectly until that oil change; from that point forward (literally, as The Certified Letter and receipts show, within 24 hours after that oil change, the Commander needed a new starter, and experienced stall problems when having to slow down and then accelerate on a slight incline.
is very easy to contact NHTSA regarding these problems. there are on-line forms and phone number. if you are still experiencing these problems, please report them to NHTSA.
going through my Commander Folder today i realized that my very first complaint to Chrysler Jeep about a brake-stall problem was eventually addressed by a safety recall (that i only found out about when i called in to Jeep regarding the water leak and electrical/cruise control problems).
papagreg Posts: 11ABS and ESP/BAS and some other lite with a skid mark lite stays lit....
Any ideas why these are staying lit? I thought that maybe the brakes were getting bad so I changes the brakes all 4 wheels but to no availe
does anyone have any idea why these lights are still lit. They effect my cruise control being on
has anyone else had this problem? it it/can it be related to the former rainwater leak via the sunroof drains?
the leak of rain water has stopped on its own but this evening i opened sunroof and when i went to close it, it would not close. i had to shut engine off, turn on, turn off and on before it would close.
also, incase it happens again, does anyone know how to close these sunroofs manually?
thank you!
My 2006 Hemi does the same thing. Lights flicker on dash board after it rains or go through car wash. No solution from jeep dealers yet.
I had the terrible water leak problem. Found out it was debris
Getting in drain lines from sun roof by leaving it open under trees. Jeep blew
out drain lines for $150.00. .
Solved problem finally!
My 2006 leaked so bad I thought I was leaving sunroof open. It is from leaving it open under a tree
Drain lines get clogged and need to be blown out $150.00 . Don't let them try and sell you new
$600.00 lines a good blowout solves the problem. Took me 3 years to figure this out just one little twig left in the sunroof track can get lodged in drain tubes as well as baby acorns ect.


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Gf Ferre Cologne
By Gianfranco Ferre for Men
Gf Ferre Cologne by Gianfranco Ferre, Created as an active scent for contemporary urban men, this is a woody/spicy fragrance for men in the city . Top notes of artemesia,bergamote, cardamom blend with heart notes of coriandre, muscade, héliotrope, carvi, grounded by a memorable base of cèdre du maroc, patchouli, acajou, benjoin notes. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations. ... Read More
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History and background of Gianfranco Ferre. A native of Legnamo, Italy, Gianfranco Ferre studied architecture from Politechnico Milan. After graduation, he was a freelance jewelry designer for four years, until he launched his own label in 1974. Read more about Gianfranco Ferre
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subset: commoncrawl


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Topic: Post install stuff
Hello all
After installing iRedMail several times I finally have an install that appears to work.
Now that it works, what next?
There appears to be no admin or management consol !!
How to I add domains ?
How do I add users ?
How to I manage the setup in general ?
I had to install the setup with MySQL only as the LDAP install completes without error, but you can't login to roundcude, and you can't login to the php LDAP manager.
This is on a Debian Lenny system.
I wouldn't normally bother, normally after the second install I would have just deleted it all and moved on to the next candidate on my list for email solutions, but this seemed to be aimed at the pleb (me) so I thought I would give it a try.
I have tried many, and I am still looking after several years. Nothing has come close to the ease of management of my windowz platform mail server (mdaemon), but it is just far to slow and is costing me a fortune in licences.
Any comments would be most appreciated.


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What Are the Best Travel Apps?
In this week's #AskWSJD, reader Michael Inselmann asks us about the most useful travel apps.
I travel domestically quite often and have a few staples in my "Travel" apps folder on my smartphone.
The one I rely on the most is TripIt. After signing up with an email account, it automatically scans an inbox for flight, hotel and car-rental reservations, and then organizes the information into a central itinerary. You can view that itinerary on the TripIt website or within the app. It is available for iOS, Android, Windows Phone or BlackBerry.
At the airport, pull up GateGuru, which not only lets you see what terminal and gate your flight will be leaving from but also lists stores and food chains nearby. The app is available for the iPhone, Android and Windows Phone.
If I'm taking a road trip, I rely on Waze for turn-by-turn directions and real-time traffic data. Unlike other maps apps, Waze users can share what they are seeing on the road. No one in the driver's seat should be using this sharing feature, but it's a great option if you are riding with someone else. Waze is available for the iPhone, Android and Windows Phone.
Any road warriors out there with other useful travel apps? Share them with us in the comments.
If you'd like to ask us a question, send a tweet with the question and the hashtag #AskWSJD. For video, please film yourself asking the question in 15 seconds or less, and upload it via YouTube, Instagram, Vine, Facebook or some other online video platform. If you'd like, you can send questions directly in email to the Personal Tech team at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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-Week 3 A nice little crop of entries highlighted by MacKenzie below…
-Week 2 of the search for Miss April takes us to a small town in Oz and the backwaters of Florida.
–Week 1 of the search for Miss April kicks off with submissions from Oahu, California, Virginia, New Jersey, Hungary and Jordan. Yep, the Model Search has gone international! To enter, email email@example.com. Please include name, age, hometown, and some info about yourself. You must be 18 to enter. Monthly winners receive prizes from B. Swim and Spy Optic.
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Leo Gong
- Yield
- Makes 8 to 10 servings
- Cake
- Nonstick vegetable oil spray
- 3 cups cake flour, sifted
- 1 cup finely chopped crystallized ginger
- 2 teaspoons ground ginger
- 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1 teaspoon baking soda
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 3/4 cup (1 1/2 sticks) unsalted butter, room temperature
- 3/4 cup (packed) golden brown sugar
- 2 large eggs
- 1 cup plus 2 tablespoons buttermilk
- Frosting
- 2 8-ounce packages cream cheese, room temperature
- 1/2 cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, room temperature
- 3/4 cup (packed) golden brown sugar
- 2/3 cup powdered sugar
- 1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
- 1/4 teaspoon ground ginger
- 1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract
- 1/2 cup minced crystallized ginger
- For cake:
- Preheat oven to 350°F. Spray two 8-inch round cake pans with 2-inch-high sides with nonstick spray. Line bottoms with parchment. Mix flour, crystallized ginger, ground ginger, cinnamon, baking soda and salt in medium bowl. Using electric mixer, beat butter and sugar in large bowl until light and fluffy. Add eggs 1 at a time, beating until well blended after each addition. Mix in dry ingredients alternately with buttermilk in 3 additions each, scraping down sides of bowl. Beat just until batter is smooth. Divide batter between prepared pans.
- Bake cakes until tester inserted into center comes out clean, about 30 minutes. Cool cakes in pans on racks 10 minutes. Run small knife around pan sides to loosen cakes. Turn cakes out onto racks and cool completely. Peel off parchment.
- For frosting:
- Using electric mixer, beat cream cheese and butter in large bowl until fluffy. Add brown sugar, powdered sugar, cinnamon, ground ginger and vanilla; beat until well blended. Mix in 1/4 cup crystallized ginger.
- Place 1 cake layer on platter. Spread 1 cup frosting over. Top with second cake layer. Spread remaining frosting over top and sides of cake. Sprinkle remaining 1/4 cup crystallized ginger decoratively atop cake. (Can be made 1 day ahead. Cover with cake dome and refrigerate. Let stand 2 hours at room temperature before serving.)
Related Video
Nutritional Info
- Calories1035
- Carbohydrates130 g(43%)
- Fat54 g(83%)
- Protein11 g(22%)
- Saturated Fat30 g(150%)
- Sodium578 mg(24%)
- Polyunsaturated Fat3 g
- Fiber2 g(8%)
- Monounsaturated Fat16 g
- Cholesterol187 mg(62%)


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Base Ten
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Three-dimensional rubber stamp replicas of Base 10 Blocks can be used for student work and for making worksheets. 6 stamps with handles.
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Use these Plastic Base Ten manipulatives to engage students in concrete demonstrations of place value and base ten concepts. Set supplies a class of 20–25 students with 600 individual units, 200 rods, 20 flats, three cubes, 112-page Base Ten Revived Book (LER 4296), Teaching Notes and box for organized storage.
Use these innovative foam frames to demonstrate early place value concepts and decimals. Use with standard 1-centimeter base ten blocks (sold separately). Includes frame, 21 number tiles, and teaching notes. Base Ten Decimal Frame.
Use this innovative foam frame to model ones, tens, and a hundred for base ten activities. A great, hands-on way to demonstrate early place value concepts. Use with standard 1-centimeter base ten blocks (sold separately). Includes frame, 21 number tiles, and teaching notes.
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Use these Plastic Base Ten manipulatives to teach math concepts, value and grouping while enabling students to easily manipulate and visualize varying quantities. Set includes 100 individual units, 30 rods, 10 flats, one cube, 112-page Base Ten Revived Book (LER 4296) and Teaching Notes.
Bright Owls superSpots® Stickers
800 stickers per pack. 6 colors.
Everything you need to teach basic numeracy in one great kit: Five Frame, Ten Frame, Double Ten Frame, and Number Bonds! EduStic's unique "Press & Stick" material allows students to hold up boards while teachers check for understanding. Inspire your class to explore counting, addition, subtraction, object-number correspondence, and more. Includes 2 Five/Frame/Ten Frame Boards, 2 Double Ten Frame/Number Bond Boards, 200 "Press & Stick" Circles, and comprehensive how-to CD with 30+ Common Core-aligned activities and lessons (75 pages). Boards measure 8 1⁄2" x 11". Grades K–2
Use Ten-Frame Trays to visually teach early math skills such as counting, 1-to-1 correspondence, number patterns, addition, subtraction, and more. Trays are connectable and can also form 5 x 5 arrays for teaching multiplication concepts. Set includes 10 ten-frame trays, 5 five-frame trays, 150 double-sided counters, and activity guide. Ten-Frame trays measure 6¼"L x 2 5/8"H.
Curriculum Cut-Outs, Ten Frames & Counters
A great resource for teaching and practicing counting, addition, subtraction, and beginning place value! Includes 44 ten frames and 440 counters. Printed on card stock. 484 pieces.
Strengthen place value understanding with these three fast-moving games! Adapt to learner needs by choosing among three levels: Small Numbers (to 4-digits), Large Numbers (to 9-digits), and Decimals (to thousandths). Two game boards and three card sets permit two games to be played at the same time. Prompted by cards, players identify the digit in a given place and put a chip on one of multiple spaces with the answer. The winner is the first player to place four chips in a row, column or diagonal. Use the cards to extend learning to ordering and rounding. Includes assessment masters. 2-4 players.
Small sets of these manipulatives make it easy and affordable to get children learning the hands-on way! Great for parents and as starter sets for teachers. Easy-to-use activities are included. Base Blocks: 111 foam pieces.
Five Frames help build part whole understanding and builds a solid foundation for anchoring fives before moving to tens. Includes 4 interlocking foam boards with 20 two-color foam pegs.


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Long Wavy Formal Hairstyle - Dark Red (Burgundy) Hair Color
Description(Added: 5th March 2014 )
Layers are cut around these fiery red tresses making it easy to hold the large loose waves added to the mid-lengths to ends for bounce and movement. This dainty do is easy to re-create at home with the right tools and perfect for any occasion. Regular trims is needed to maintain a healthy look and feel.
- Hair Category: Formal
- Hair Length: Long
- Hair Elasticity: Wavy
- Gender: Women
- Face Shape: Oval, Oblong, Square, and Diamond
- Hair Density: Thin/Medium
- Hair Texture: Fine/Medium
- Age: Under 21, 21 - 30, 31 - 40, and 41 - 50
- Height: Any
- Weight: Thin/Average/Large
- Glasses: Suits with and without
- Styling Time: 30 minutes
- Styling Tip: Apply a small amount of smoothing shine to your top sections for shine and hold.


text:
|N·mero de publicaci¾n
|Tipo de publicaci¾n
|N·mero de solicitud
|Fecha de publicaci¾n
|4 Ene 2011
|Fecha de presentaci¾n
|17 Feb 2010
|Fecha de prioridad
|15 Mar 2004
|Tambiķn publicado como
|N·mero de publicaci¾n
|Vincent So
|Cesionario original
|Vincent So
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (55), Otras citas (2), Citada por (11), Clasificaciones (31), Eventos legales (1)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesi¾n de USPTO, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/248,420 filed Oct. 13, 2005, which is itself a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/079,222 filed Mar. 15, 2005, and claims the benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/552,732 filed Mar. 15, 2004, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
This invention relates generally to image display and, in particular, to anti-piracy image display methods and systems.
Movie producers are continually becoming more concerned about movie piracy. In the past year, for example, more than 50 major movies were illegally copied and publicly released even before they came out in theaters, according to the Motion Picture Association of America (M.P.A.A.). The film industry lost a reported US$3.5 billion last year, and estimated losses may rise to US$5.4 billion this year. Illegally copied movies filmed during projection, with video cameras or camcorders and similar devices, are a significant contributing factor to revenue loss. While it may not be possible to completely eliminate theft by copying, it can be advantageous to modify image display and projection techniques so that pirated copies are of such low quality that they are of little or no commercial value.
It is known to provide a distinct symbol or watermark on an original still image as a means of image or copy identification, so as to enable authentication of a copy. As examples, U.S. Pat. No. 5,875,249 (Mintzer et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,914 (Tewfik et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,972 (Barton), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,949,885 (Leighton) disclose methods of applying a perceptually invisible watermark to image data as verification of authorship or ownership or as evidence that an image has not been altered. However, while such methods identify and validate image data, they provide no direct means of protection against copying an image, such as using a conventional scanner and color printer.
In contrast, U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,759 (Braudaway et al.) discloses providing a visible, color correct watermark that is generated by altering brightness characteristics but not chromaticity of specific pixels in an image. This approach could be objectionable if used for a motion picture, since the continuing display of a watermark on film could annoy an audience and adversely affect the viewing experience.
The above examples for still-frame images illustrate a key problem: an invisible watermark identifies but does not adversely affect the quality of an illegal copy, while a visible watermark can be distracting and annoying. With video and motion picture images, there can be yet other problems with conventional image watermarking. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,960,081 (Vynne et al.) discloses applying a hidden watermark to MPEG data using motion vector data. But this method identifies and authenticates the original compressed data stream and would not provide identification for a motion picture that was copied using a camcorder.
Other patents, such as U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,139 (Girod et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,914 (Cox), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,984 (Isnardi et al.) disclose adding an imperceptible watermark directly to the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of a MPEG-compressed video signal. If such watermarked images are subsequently recompressed using a lossy compression method (such as by a camcorder, for example) or are modified by some other image processing operation, the watermark may no longer be detectable.
These particular invisible watermarking schemes add a watermark directly to the compressed bit stream of an image or image sequence. Alternatively, there are other watermarking schemes that add the watermark to the image data itself, rather than to the compressed data representation. An example of such a scheme is given in U.S. Pat. No. 6,044,156 (Honsinger et al.), which discloses a spread spectrum technique using a random phase carrier.
However, regardless of the specific method that is used to embed a watermark, there is always a concern that a watermarking method might not be robust, that is, able to withstand various "attacks" that can remove or alter the watermark. Some attacks may be deliberately aimed at the underlying structure of a given watermarking scheme and require detailed knowledge of watermarking techniques applied, although most attack methods are less sophisticated, performing common modifications to the image such as using lossy compression, introducing lowpass filtering, or cropping the image, for example. Such modifications can be made when a video camera is used to capture a displayed motion picture. These methods present a constant threat that a watermark may be removed during the recording process.
The watermarking schemes noted above are directed to copy identification, ownership, or authentication. However, even if a watermarking approach is robust, provides copy control management, and succeeds in identifying the source of a motion picture, an invisible watermark may not be a sufficient deterrent for illegal copying.
As an alternative to watermarking, some copy deterrent schemes used in arts other than video or movie display operate by modifying a signal or inserting a different signal to degrade the quality of any illegal copies. The modified or inserted signal does not affect playback of a legally obtained manufactured copy, but adversely impacts the quality of an illegally produced copy. As one example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,959 (Kori) discloses deliberate modification of a burst signal to foil copying of a video. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,041,158 (Sato) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,663,927 (Ryan) disclose modification of expected video signals in order to degrade the quality of an illegal copy. As yet another example of this principle, U.S. Pat. No. 4,644,422 (Bedini) discloses adding a degrading signal to discourage copying of audio recordings. An audio signal having a frequency at and above the high threshold frequency range for human hearing is selectively inserted into a recording. The inserted signal is not detectable to the listener. However, any unauthorized attempt to copy the recording onto tape obtains a degraded copy, since the inserted audio signal interacts adversely with the bias oscillator frequency of a tape recording head.
The above-mentioned copy protection schemes deliberately inject a signal in order to degrade the quality of a copy. While such methods may be effective for copy protection of data from a tape or optical storage medium, these methods do not discourage copying of a motion picture image using a video camera.
As a variation of the general method where a signal is inserted that does not impact viewability but degrades copy quality, U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,374 (Wrobleski) discloses the use of a second projector in video and motion picture presentation. This second projector is used to project an infrared (IR) message onto the display screen, where the infrared message can contain, for example, a date/time stamp, theater identifying text, or other information. The infrared message is not visible to the human eye. However, because a video camera has broader spectral sensitivity that includes the IR range, the message will be clearly visible in any video camera copy made from the display screen. The same technique can be used to distort a recorded image with an "overlaid" infrared image. While the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,374 can be effective for frustrating casual camcorder recording, the method has some drawbacks. A more sophisticated video camera operator could minimize the effect of a projected infrared watermark using a filter designed to block infrared light. Video cameras are normally provided with some amount of IR filtering to compensate for silicon sensitivity to IR.
Motion picture display and video recording standards have well-known frame-to-frame refresh rates. In standard motion picture projection, for example, each film frame is typically displayed for a time duration of 1/24th of a second. Respective refresh rates for interlaced NTSC and PAL video recording standards are 1/60th of a second and 1/50th of a second. Video camera capabilities such as variable shutter speeds allow close synchronization of a video camera with film projection, making it easier for illegal copies to be filmed within a theater. Attempts to degrade the quality of such a copy include that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,680,454 (Mead) and 6,529,600 (Epstein), which disclose use of a pseudo-random variation in frame rate, causing successive motion picture frames to be displayed at slightly different rates than nominal. Using this method, for example, frame display periods would randomly change between 1/23rd and 1/25th of a second for a nominal 1/24th second display period. Timing shifts within this range would be imperceptible to the human viewer, but significantly degrade the quality of any copy filmed using a video camera. The randomization proposed therein would prevent resynchronization of a video camera to a changed display frequency. While these methods may degrade the image quality of a copy made by video camera, they also have limitations. As noted in the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 5,680,454, the range of frame rate variability is constrained, since the overall frame rate must track reasonably closely with accompanying audio. Furthermore, a video camera can easily be modified to so that its frame rate tracks with the motion picture.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,717 (Chaum) also discloses a method and apparatus for copy prevention of a displayed motion picture work. The apparatus of U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,717 includes a film projector along with a separate video projector. The video projector can be used, for example, to display an identifying or cautionary message or an obscuring pattern that is imperceptible to human viewers but can be recorded using a video camera. Alternately, the video camera may even display part of the motion picture content itself. By controlling the timing of the video projector relative to film projector timing, a message or pattern can be made that will be recorded when using a video camera, but will be imperceptible to a viewing audience. This method, however, requires distribution of a motion picture in multiple parts, which greatly complicates film replication and distribution. Separate projectors are also required for the film-based and video-based image components, adding cost and complexity to the system and to its operation. Image quality, particularly for large-screen environments, may not be optimal for video projection, and alignment of both projectors to each other and to the display surface must be precisely maintained.
U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2002/0168069 describes an apparatus and method for displaying a copy-deterrent pattern within a digital motion picture in order to discourage recording of the motion picture using a video camera or other sampling recording device. The copy-deterrent pattern comprises a plurality of pixels within each frame of the digital motion picture, and the displayed pixel intensities are modulated at a temporal frequency using modulation characteristics deliberately selected to be imperceptible to human observers while simultaneously producing objectionable aliasing in any copy made using a video camera. There are drawbacks in this approach. During recording using a video camera the camera shutter can be set to open long enough to average out the modulation. For example, in the example shown in
U.S. published Application No. 2004/0033060 describes a method of modulation of a video signal with an impairment signal to increase the video signal masked threshold. With this arrangement, an impairment signal is applied to a version of the movie having a higher frame rate than normal. The impairment signal is designed to produce an apparent motion across the frame when applied at a high frame rate and less rapid apparent motion when viewed at a lower frame rate. When a person views the high frame rate movie, the brain is capable of summing rapid frames such that the impairment is not visible. When a lower frame rate video camera records such a signal, it will not capture all of the images, but rather only particular ones and as such the summing of successive images to produce the proper result will not be achieved. However, with recent improvements in CCD technology, the exposure period possible with video recorders is much longer. Where previously a 60 frame per second camera would have an exposure time that was much less than 1/60th of a second, new technologies allow exposures approaching the full 1/60th of a second duration. In such a case, the video camera would be able to perform an integration to sum successive rapid frames such that the slower frames are substantially correct.
Conventional methods such as those described above could be adapted to provide some measure of copy deterrence and watermarking for digital motion pictures. However, none of the methods noted above is wholly satisfactory, for the reasons stated.
According to one broad aspect, the invention provides a method comprising: for each of a plurality of still images of a motion picture: rendering a respective sequence of sub-frames such that each sub-frame comprises the still image with one or more portions omitted, with every portion of the still image being included in at least one sub-frame; applying intensity compensation such that when the sequence of sub-frames is displayed, an image substantially equivalent to the still image is perceptable.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises:
processing each still image to determine portions that have a low intensity; wherein the portions that are omitted in rendering the sequence of sub-frames are selected from the portions determined to have low intensity.
In some embodiments, processing each still image to determine portions that have a low intensity comprises: determining portions that have an intensity less than or equal to 1/N times a maximum intensity, where N is the number of sub-frames in the sequence of sub-frames.
In some embodiments, applying intensity compensation such that when the sequence of sub-frames is displayed, an image substantially equivalent to the still image is perceptable comprises: rendering a film with one still image per processed still image in which portions that are to be omitted are brighter on the film; storing information identifying the portions of the film that are brighter; during projection, applying sub-framing using the stored information.
In some embodiments, rendering and applying intensity compensation comprises: storing one digital image per sub-frame; increasing intensity of stored pixels that are omitted in at least one sub-frame.
In some embodiments, applying intensity compensation and rendering comprises: storing one digital image per still image in which pixels of the portions to be omitted have increased intensity, and storing information identifying the portions that have increased intensity; during projection, applying sub-framing using the stored information.
In some embodiments, processing the image to determine portions that are less bright comprises: determining a maximum brightness of each of a set of possible portions to be omitted; selecting portions having a maximum brightness less than a threshold.
In some embodiments, determining a maximum brightness of each of a set of possible portions to be omitted comprises: determining a maximum Y value for each of the possible portions to be omitted.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises computing a Y value for each pixel from RGB coding.
In some embodiments, rendering the sub-frames comprises displaying the sub-frames.
In some embodiments, rendering comprises recording.
In some embodiments, the plurality of sub-frames of the still image comprises N sub-frames, wherein N is a positive integer greater than 1, and wherein each sub-frame is displayed for sub-intervals that is approximately a fraction 1/Nth of an image time interval, and wherein portions that are omitted in all but one sub-frame have their intensity increased by a factor of N1/γ, where γ is a power relationship between an encoded luminance (Y) of the portion and an actual desired image brightness (I) by
In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating each still image in a motion picture projector for projection onto a screen; wherein rendering comprises filtering the generated still image to allow the plurality of portions of the generated still image to pass to the screen during respective sub-intervals.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises: projecting each still image onto a mirror; wherein rendering comprises reflecting the plurality of portions of the still image from the mirror to a screen during respective sub-intervals.
In some embodiments, rendering comprises illuminating a mirror in a digital motion picture projector.
In some embodiments, displaying comprises: providing an LCD (liquid crystal display) covering at least a portion of the mirror; and controlling the liquid crystal display to position liquid crystals of the LCD to allow the portions of the generated still image to pass through the LCD during respective sub-intervals.
In some embodiments, rendering comprises filtering each still image to display the plurality of portions of the still image during the respective sub-intervals.
Other aspects and features of embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art upon review of the following description of specific embodiments of the invention.
Examples of embodiments of the invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying diagrams, in which:
Embodiments of the invention generally relate to methods and systems for displaying portions of a still image instead of a complete still image, such as a set of sub-frames instead of a standard frame in a motion picture. Each sub-frame does not have all the information of the frame, but the set of sub-frames preferably contains the same information as the frame. To an audience viewing a motion picture displayed in this manner, there is no visible difference, but for a video capture device such as video camera, there will be information missing if not all the sub-frames are captured.
If a still image is divided into a collection of small colored dots, then the human brain is able to effectively reassemble the dots into a meaningful image. Similarly, if a moving scene is divided into a sequence of still images which are shown in rapid succession, then the brain reassembles the still images into a single moving scene.
Movies work because of persistence of vision. The human eye generally retains an image for about 1/20th of a second after seeing it. Such persistence of vision creates the illusion of motion from still images. This phenomenon, however, is not exhibited to the same extent in recording devices such as a video camera. For example, when a video camera records a moving scene from a TV or computer monitor, there tends to be pronounced flicker and often a black rolling bar in the recorded image instead of the stable image that eyes see.
This flicker is caused by two characteristics, namely a difference in the scanning frequency between the TV or monitor and the camera, and a difference between the way in which phosphor dots are perceived by the human eye and the camera's image sensor. In a standard CRT display, a single electron beam scans horizontal lines of pixels across the screen, lighting up each pixel when the beam hits it. The pixels are made of individual phosphor dots that glow when the beam hits them. In human eyes, the dots glow for about 1/30th of a second, so we see a steady image. For a video camera, however, the dots do not appear to glow nearly as long. The camera is much less persistent than the eye.
With monitor refreshing every 1/60th of a second and a camera taking a frame every 1/60th of a second, for example, the video camera's lower persistence results in low quality recording. The black bar that is observed when the recorded video is played back is essentially a collection of pixels that had faded by the time the camera tried to image them. The bar rolls because the camera and monitor are not exactly synchronized, even though the frame rates may be nominally the same.
In projecting a movie from film for instance, each frame is exposed for a short time and then advanced to the next frame. Normally, the film is advanced at the rate of 24 frames per second.
If a regular repeating pattern of sub-frames is used, it is possible that a video capture device with a long enough exposure time will be able to capture all of the sub-frames. For example, referring to
Now referring to
Disadvantageously, with the sub-frame format of
Referring now to
In some embodiments, the fast response of advanced LCDs (liquid crystal displays) and DLPs (digital light processors) is exploited to display a number of sub-frames instead of a standard frame in a motion picture within a standard frame period of 1/24th of a second, which may be referred to more generally as an image time interval.
Generally, an image is separated into n portions, and each of the sub-intervals is preferably approximately a fraction 1/nth of the image time interval, where n is a positive integer greater than one. However, it should be appreciated that the portions need not be of equal size, and that the sub-intervals may also be of different lengths.
In another embodiment, the sub-frames of a given image interval on average are displayed during a period equal to the image interval, but with a small variation in the period used for successive images. This type of variation will not be perceptable to a user, but will further degrade the ability of a video capture device to synchronize to a frame or sub-frame rate.
In one embodiment, a sequence of impairment masks is applied to each image to produce a set of sub-frames for each interval with the order of the resulting sub-frames being randomized between successive image intervals.
The order does not need to be truly random. Rather, there needs to be some variation between at least some, and preferably all, consecutive image intervals to achieve the desired effect.
In one embodiment, the still image is generated in a projector for projection onto a screen. The operation at 12 in such embodiments may include filtering the generated still image to allow the portions of the generated still image to pass to the screen one at a time during the sub-intervals. This filtering may be accomplished, for example, by providing an apertured filter component and moving the apertured filter component to position apertures such that only a portion of the generated still image is allowed to pass to the screen during each of the sub-intervals. Such a filter component may be provided either within the projector or as an external component, such as in an accessory for the projector, and is preferably but not necessarily synchronized with the projector, such as once per image time interval. For a film projector, for example, movement of a filter component is preferably synchronized with the frame rate. Illustrative examples of a filter component are described in further detail below.
According to other embodiments of the invention, a projector projects generated still images onto a mirror, which may be internal or external to the projector. Portions of the still images are then reflected from the mirror to a screen during respective sub-intervals of an image time interval. Control of the portions that are reflected to the screen during any sub-interval may be provided by an LCD covering at least a portion of the mirror. Liquid crystals of the LCD are then positioned to allow the portions of the still image to pass through the LCD during the respective sub-intervals. In another embodiment, the mirror includes multiple mirrors with controllable angles, in a DMD (digital micromirror device) for instance. Each mirror is positioned at a particular angle during each sub-interval to reflect a portion of the generated still image to the screen.
Each image time interval preferably has substantially the same duration. Similarly, each sub-interval of an image time interval also preferably has substantially the same duration, which is less than the image time interval. However, it should be appreciated that the invention is in no way limited thereto. Embodiments of the invention may be used in conjunction with variable frame rate projectors, with synchronization at the beginning of each image time interval or frame for example, and may display portions of an image for different amounts of time.
The image generator 16 generates still images of a motion picture for display during respective image time intervals. In a preferred embodiment, the image generator 16 is a motion picture projector such as a film projector which illuminates motion picture film or a digital projector. One example of a digital projector is described in further detail below with reference to
Although shown and referred to as a connection, the connection 17 should be understood to include a physical connection, an optical connection with or without an actual physical carrier connected between the image generator 16 and the display controller 18, or possibly combinations thereof or a logical connection. For example, a physical connection may be provided to enable synchronization between the image generator 16 and the display controller 18, whereas still images generated by the image generator 16 are provided to the display controller 18 through an optical "line-of-sight" path.
The display controller 18 displays portions of each still image generated by the image generator 16 during respective sub-intervals of the image time interval in which the still image is generated. Thus, the display controller 18 effectively separates generated still images into portions for display in corresponding sub-intervals. The display controller 18 may be implemented in a projector which also incorporates the image generator 16, or as an external accessory for such a projector.
In one embodiment, the display controller 18 includes a filter for filtering each generated still image. Portions of each generated still image are thus passed, to a projection screen for example, during respective sub-intervals. Such a filter may include an apertured filter component, an illustrative example of which is shown in
Other forms of filter components will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which this application pertains. It should thus be appreciated that the invention is in no way limited to the filter component 70.
Where physically distinct components are provided, the display controller 18 moves the filter components during each image time interval to position any apertures to pass or transmit portions of a generated still image during respective sub-intervals. As will be apparent, the filter components may be moved through control of a motor, linkage, or other device (not shown) for moving the filter component.
According to further embodiments of the invention, the image generator 16 projects an image onto a mirror, which reflects the image onto a screen. In one embodiment, an LCD covers at least a portion of the mirror, and the display controller 18 controls the LCD to position liquid crystals of the LCD so as to allow portions of the image to pass through the LCD to the screen during respective sub-intervals an image time interval. It should also be appreciated that an LCD may be used in a similar manner on its own as a filter component as discussed above.
The mirror includes multiple mirrors in another embodiment of the invention, and the display controller 18 controls an angle of each mirror to reflect portions of the image to the screen during the respective sub-intervals.
As will be apparent from
There are currently two major digital cinema projector technologies: micromirror projectors and LCD projectors. Micromirror projectors form images with an array of microscopic mirrors. In this type of system as shown in
In actuality, most of the individual mirrors are flipped from "on" (reflecting light) to "off" (not reflecting light, or reflecting light to a location outside an area of a projection screen) and back again thousands of times per second. A mirror that is flipped on a greater proportion of the time will reflect more light and so will form a brighter pixel than a mirror that is not flipped on for as long. This is how the DMD creates a gradation between light and dark. The mirrors that are flipping rapidly from on to off create varying shades of gray (or varying shades of red, green and blue, in this case). Each micromirror chip reflects the monochromatic image back to the prism, which recombines the colors. The red, green and blue rejoin to form a full color image, which is projected onto a screen.
LCD projectors reflect high-intensity light off of a stationary mirror covered with an LCD. Based on a digital video signal, the projector directs some of the liquid crystals to let reflected light through and others to block it. In this way, the LCD modifies the high-intensity light beam to create an image.
Since signal information is already encoded in digital format for digital projectors, and each micromirror (in micromirror technology) or pixel (in LCD technology) is independently addressable, embodiments of the invention can be easily incorporated into digital projectors.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, portions of a still image or frame of a motion picture, the still image or frame having an associated image or frame rate, are generated. The portions of the still image or frame are then displayed during respective sub-image or frame time intervals at a sub-image or sub-frame rate which is greater than the image or frame rate. Where there are n portions (n a positive integer greater than one), the sub-image or sub-frame rate is preferably n times the image or frame rate.
Such an embodiment of the invention may be implemented, for example, by recording the portions of the image or frame on a recording medium and then operating a projector at the sub-image or sub-frame rate instead of the image or frame rate. The recording medium may be motion picture film or a digital recording medium such as a DVD (digital video disk) for instance.
In another embodiment, the manner in which the sub-frames is generated can be changed in real time locally and/or remotely.
For example, although described primarily in the context of separating an entire image into separately displayed portions, the techniques described herein may alternatively be applied to only a particular section of an image, with other sections of the image being displayed during an entire image time interval. In this case, illumination strengths are preferably controlled to avoid any perceptible differences in intensity between the sections of the image.
In the embodiments described, the sub-frames are generated by first generating the still image and then applying a sequence of impairments to generate these sub-frames. More generally, any method of rendering the sub-frames may be employed. For example, the film may be produced to have a higher frame rate in which these sub-frames are present. It may be that the entire image is never actually generated, but rather the sequence of sub-frames alone is generated. The rendered images may in some embodiments be projected or otherwise displayed. Alternatively, the rendered images may be recorded for later display. This recording can take place in any suitable recording medium.
Preferably, the variation in the manner in which the portions of the still image are generated is selected such that a gap left in a first still image due to the omission of a first sub-frame of the sequence of sub-frames for that still image is not filled by a first sub-frame of the next still image. Preferably, this variation is present for multiple pairs of consecutive images and in some embodiments for all pairs of consecutive images.
In some embodiments, the portion shapes used for rendering the sub-frames of each still image are the same. In such an embodiment, the variation in the manner in which the respective portions are generated is achieved by rendering the sequences of sub-frames to have a variation in the order of the set of portion shapes among the pairs of consecutive still images. For example, if five different portion shapes are used such as was the case in the example of
In another embodiment, there is no relationship between the sub-frames, this not being the case for the "picket fence" approach taught in above-referenced Application No. 2004/0033060.
In another embodiment, there is randomness or pseudo-randomness in the sequences of sub-frames.
In addition, enhanced control of image separation and illumination intensity may be provided to implement variable separation schemes, wherein a number of image portions and sub-intervals are varied during projection of a motion picture.
Sub-Frame Intensity Compensation
In some of the above described embodiments, each frame is divided into a number of sub-frames (N). Each sub-frame contains only part of the picture and is exposed only 1/Nth of the frame duration. Other embodiments do not necessarily require equal sub-frame exposure. The sum of all sub-frames equals the whole original frame. However, the effective exposure time for the whole frame is only 1/Nth that of the original frame. In some embodiments, to compensate for this an increased light intensity is employed, for example by using a more powerful lamp. In another embodiment, the intensity of portions of the original picture is modified to compensate for the reduction of exposure time. This is possible because the mind effectively performs an integration over the frame length such that something displayed more brightly for a shorter period of time will be perceived the same as something displayed less brightly for a longer period of time.
Frames collectively will have regions that are relatively bright, and regions that are relatively less bright. For areas that are already bright, it may not be possible to have their intensity adjusted to compensate for the reduction of exposure time since there is a maximum brightness. However, for areas that are less bright, they can have their intensity adjusted to compensate for the reduction in exposure time, since there is "room" to increase the brightness before reaching the maximum brightness. For frames that do not have any dark areas, preferably no sub-framing is applied. Equivalently, a set of identical sub-frames with no omitted portions can be displayed. This is not very common in a typical movie.
Note that in implementations where maximum brightness is not a factor, the above method can be implemented without consideration to the brightness of the portions being omitted. In other words, portions can be arbitrarily omitted, with appropriate intensity compensation to deal with the shorter exposure time.
An example of this more general application is shown in the flowchart of
In some applications image coding is based on the YUV model. Each spot (pixel) is represented by three numbers (Y,U,V). Y stands for the luminance component (the brightness) and U and V are the chrominance (color) components. In one example of how the maximum brightness can be determined for such applications, the maximum brightness within an area is just the maximum value of Y in that area.
More generally, any appropriate method of determining brightness can be employed.
YUV signals are created from an original RGB (red, green and blue) source. The weighted values of R, G and B are added together to produce a single Y signal, representing the overall brightness, or luminance, of that spot. By examining the value of Y, the brightness of that spot can be determined.
In another example, if the coding is based on the RGB model, the relationship between YUV and RGB can be calculated by the following equations and the brightness can be easily determined based on the Y value calculated. Of course, if only Y is needed then U and V need not be determined.
An example of an application of a very particular instantiation of the method will now be illustrated by way of example with reference to
When the sub-frames 204,206,208 are displayed in sequence, assuming proper selection of the intensity adjustment and exposure times of the sub-frames 204,206,208 the perceived effect will be the same as if the original picture 200 had been exposed for the entire time.
The relationship between the encoded luminance of the picture and the actual desired image brightness is a power-law relationship i.e.
where I is the image brightness, Y is the encoded luminance of the picture and γ is the power relationship, with a typical value of γ being about 2.5. γ depends on how the brightness is being coded. To increase the brightness by a factor of N, Y has to be increased by N1/γ. For example, if N=3, and γ is 2.5 then Y is increased by 1.5518.
Digital Implementations
For digital projectors, the method can be applied in real time, or the processing can be performed off-line. In real-time implementations, the frames are analyzed and the regions of low intensity are mapped in real time, and sub-framing is applied to those regions.
Film Implementations
The approach can also be incorporated in implementations employing film projectors. In film production, typically at some point the video is converted into digital format where special effects are added and videos are edited. The finished video is then converted into film. At the digital stage, the frame can be analyzed and the low intensity region is mapped and its intensity is increased appropriately. The information is stored and used to control the sub-frame generation during projection.
Referring to
Referring first to
Referring next to
In some embodiments, the portions are defined to align with segmentation performed by a compression algorithm. For example, MPEG applies compression on a block-wise basis, and preferably the sub-framing is performed using these same blocks.
Another embodiment of the invention provides a projection system adapted to implement any one of the methods described herein, such as the method of
Another embodiment of the invention provides a motion picture medium production system adapted to implement any one of the methods described herein. For such embodiments, sub-framing and/or intensity compensation is performed while producing the motion picture medium that is ultimately distributed for projection.
The system of
Further embodiments of the invention provide various motion picture media. Such media include structural features that render them to achieve certain functionality. These can be implemented as film, or as digital media storing digital images.
In one example, a motion picture medium is provided that consists of, for each of a plurality of still images, a respective sequence of sub-frames such that each sub-frame comprises a respective portion of the still image and such that all portions of the still image are included in at least one sub-frame. Intensity compensation is applied to the sub-frames such that each portion of the still image that is not included in all sub-frames is perceptable to have a brightness substantially equivalent to what would have been the case had the portion been included in all sub-frames.
In another example, an intensity compensated sub-framed motion picture medium that has a plurality of still images in which intensity compensation has been performed such that when subsequently a respective sequence of sub-frames is produced and displayed from each still image such that each sub-frame comprises a respective portion of the still image and such that all portions of the still image are included in at least one sub-frame, each portion of the still image that is not included in all sub-frames is perceptable to have a brightness substantially equivalent to what would have been the case had the portion been included in all sub-frames. There is a computer readable medium containing information on how sub-framing is to be performed consistently with how intensity compensation was performed.
In yet another example, an intensity compensated sub-framed motion picture medium is provided that consists of for each of a plurality of still images, a respective sequence of sub-frames such that each sub-frame comprises a respective portion of the still image and such that all portions of the still image are included in at least one sub-frame. There is also a computer readable medium containing information identifying where intensity compensation needs to be performed within the sub-frames such that each portion of the still image that is not included in all sub-frames is perceptable to have a brightness substantially equivalent to what would have been the case had the portion been included in all sub-frames.
Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
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|Clasificaci¾n de EE.UU.
|382/274, 382/100, 382/174, 380/201
|Clasificaci¾n internacional
|Clasificaci¾n cooperativa
|Clasificaci¾n europea


text: What would have happened if the Enterprise didn't achieve warp when the genesis device exploded? The shields weren't working due to the nebula. Woud the Enterprise have been destroyed? Or, would the genesis wave just destroy the existing life aboard the ship? Also, would Peter Preston be rejuvinated like Spock eventually was? Just some odd questions as I'm sitting in a boring meeting at work. Thanks


text:
As the vote-for-me signs get picked up and the e-mails stop filling our inbox, we are getting a glimpse of the new order of things, post-election. We see new faces blending with incumbents in several towns and cities in our area. These changes will surely adjust the overall dynamic of our local government, hopefully for the better. Now that the election is almost over, we anticipate differences will be put aside so that we can get on with the work at hand - building stronger, healthier communities.
But before we can close the book on this year's election, there's still an important race to be decided, that which will select who will hold the office of Russellville mayor. A run-off between incumbent Tyrone Williamson and alderman Bill Eaton is slated for Nov. 23, with early voting beginning on the 16th. Run-off elections historically have low voter turnout, which in this case is a concern to us. The process of deciding who will oversee day-to-day operations of Russellville is as important as it gets for us locally. This race deserves everyone's vote. History shows us that a scant 3,387 voted in the 2006 mayoral runoff - not enough, in our mind, to choose who will run a city of more than 25,000 people. Tuesday's mayoral vote count was 5,848, low as well by our standards, but very close to the count posted four years ago (6,109). Will history repeat itself in the run-off?
As in the past, we will cover this race closely so that you have the information you need to make an informed decision. Ultimately, though, it's up to all of us to cast our vote for the one we think is best suited for the task.
As the dust is settling on this election cycle, we offer congratulations to the winners. Enjoy the moment because hard, important work lies ahead. And to the voters in Russellville: Your work isn't quite done yet.
Be informed about the issues facing us.
Get to know both candidates.
Most importantly, cast that vote!
- The Courier


text:
This is an archived article that was published on sltrib.com in 2012, and information in the article may be outdated. It is provided only for personal research purposes and may not be reprinted.
Begin with what is new or different or screwball about this football season.
No Bobby Petrino Harley in Fayetteville, no Joe Paterno statue in State College, Pa., no Kansas-Missouri game after 120 years. Ohio State and Penn State have gone to 87 bowl games between them, but both will spend this postseason in the NCAA cooler.
The Football Bowl Subdivision has swollen to 124 teams, 12 of them from Texas.
After another rash of realignment, the Big Ten still has 12 teams and the Big 12 still has 10, including West Virginia, which is 900 miles from its nearest league neighbor.
Temple, expelled from the Big East eight years ago for chronic football lousiness, has been welcomed back, since the Owls are better and the league needs warm bodies.
In the South, all eyes look toward Nov. 24 and that most traditional of SEC games, Missouri vs. Texas A&M.
The nation's longest winning streak, at nine, belongs not to a blue blood but Northern Illinois.
Hawaii is led by Norm Chow, a 66-year-old lifetime assistant who had never been a college head coach. Toledo's new coach, Matt Campbell, is 32. Bob Davie, who has been in the TV booth since Notre Dame fired him 11 years ago, is at New Mexico, which scored 18 touchdowns last year. Speaking of ex-Notre Damers, Charlie Weis is at Kansas. Pittsburgh's new man is Paul Chryst, the Panthers' fourth head coach in the last 20 months. One of the four is Todd Graham, who is at Arizona State, his fourth school in seven years. College football has gone back to the Bowdens, with Terry coaching at Akron, where the Zips went 2-22 the last two years.
There are the scheduling quirks.
Iowa doesn't play is first true road game until Oct. 13. Purdue doesn't leave its state until Oct. 20. Ohio has no Saturday games after Oct. 27. Central Michigan talked Michigan State into coming for a visit. Louisiana Tech plays a road game in all four continental U.S. time zones. Florida has two true road games after Sept. 15.
Massachusetts, in its first season in the FBS, decided to woo its state by playing all home games in Foxborough nearly 100 miles from campus.
Washington's fate might be sealed in its first six games, since they include a trip to LSU and a back-to-back-to-back slog through Stanford, Oregon and Southern California.
On the other hand, Georgia not only can feast on a non-league schedule that includes Buffalo, Florida Atlantic and Georgia Southern but can thank the gods for somehow missing LSU, Alabama and Arkansas on its SEC slate.
And there are the questions that only four loud months can answer. These 10, for instance:
1. Another year, another SEC national championship?
We should really step back and take a minute to appreciate the wonder of the same league producing six consecutive national champions, in an era of deep parity and disposable karma. Even if SEC zealots are insufferable about it.
With five lodge members in the preseason top 10, it looks as if the beat might go on. Alabama lost Trent Richardson and much of its magnificent defense, and LSU must move past the sudden loss of Tyrann Mathieu, but both programs are way too powerful to go away. Their Nov. 3 meeting is a natural crossroads of the season.
Still, even the Ice Age finally ended. USC and Oklahoma are most likely to break the streak, but the main threat might simply be the law of averages.
2. From the dust of Penn State will come … what?
Nobody ever faced a new coaching job with quite the same dynamics as Bill O'Brien. The last year that Joe Paterno was not on the sideline for the Nittany Lions was 1949, but filling shoes is the least of O'Brien's worries. Penn State has some bite at linebacker at least that hasn't changed and tools on offense. If enormous adversity can unite a team, the Nittany Lions will look as if they were put together with Super Glue.
But hard times are ahead, and nobody really has a clue about how long they might last. The nation will watch Penn State this season with the same fascination onlookers watch the implosion of a historical landmark building.
3. Was it smarter to stay than to go?
USC's Matt Barkley and Oklahoma's Landry Jones, both bitten with the unfinished-business bug, turned down the chance to be highly drafted as NFL quarterbacks.
Nothing wrong with that. You get to be a college kid once. But each blindside crunch by a blitzing linebacker will be a reminder of what they've risked for a shot at the national championship. We'll find out by January if it was the right call.
4. How quickly can Urban Meyer dot the "i" in Ohio State?
There were 28 FBS coaching changes this season, and none more significant than in Columbus, where Meyer presumably rested and refocused from his sabbatical has been called on to speed along the Buckeyes' revival.
He seems perfect for the position, but the Ohio State job can test a man in ways even life in Florida's Swamp did not. Let's see how he enjoys his first Michigan week, since that is the Buckeyes' bowl game this year.
5. And the rest of the new guys?
This is a bumper crop of recirculated familiar names who carry scars but are seeking better days in new ZIP codes. Weis, Davie, Bowden. Rich Rodriguez at Arizona, Mike Leach at Washington State.
But one of the most important retreads might be an assistant. Mike Stoops, after up-and-down years as coach at Arizona, is back as defensive coordinator for brother Bob at Oklahoma, where he once thrived. The Sooners gave up 130 points in their three losses last season, and that has to stop if they're to be legitimate SEC-busters.
6. How do the new arranged marriages work out?
Consider the possibilities of the brave new world. Missouri shocks Georgia in the second week. Oklahoma has trouble with the charms of a visit to Morgantown, W.Va. TCU turns out to be just as hard to defeat in the Big 12 as the Horned Frogs were in the leagues of paler lights.
The conference realignments do not all make sense, and some of them reek of panic. Among the most unfortunate byproducts is the gutting of old rivalries, such as Texas vs. Texas A&M. But there is something to be said for new faces and new challenges.
7. Can Notre Dame overcome the most frightening prospect of all national irrelevance?
Thirty-two schools have won a BCS-level bowl since the Irish last won one after the 1991 season. The echoes aren't sleeping, they've been in a coma.
Notre Dame again has promise, and Brian Kelly needs only to find the right quarterback to make the Irish potent. But they face the hardest schedule in recent memory with Michigan, Michigan State, Stanford, Miami, Oklahoma, BYU and USC on the docket.
Notre Dame always wants to keep its ghosts happy. But wait till Rockne sees the new helmets.
8. Who finds light at the end of their tunnels?
The Army folks would like to be able to show their faces around the Pentagon again. The Cadets are 1-19 the last 10 years against Navy and Air Force.
Derek Dooley needs something good to happen fast at Tennessee.
Frank Spaziani must make the Boston College faithful forget about the first losing season in 13 years.
Randy Edsall had an awful 2-10 debut at Maryland, where even the helmets were (rightfully) panned. This year has started no better. He lost one quarterback to Wisconsin and another to a knee injury and has nobody left who has thrown a pass in college.
9. What inexplicable numbers will enrich the Saturday landscape?
Last season, Southern Mississippi returned eight interceptions for touchdowns, meaning its defenders took more passes into the end zone than New Mexico's receivers.
Ten of Utah State's games were decided by a combined 35 points.
Illinois won six in a row, then lost six in a row.
LSU averaged 41 points a game against every opponent not named Alabama but managed three field goals in two games against the Tide.
Toledo lost 63-60 one week, then won 66-63 the next week.
10. Come December, will we see a raging BCS controversy?
Oh, let's hope so. The BCS is a lame duck, and there would be no better way to send it out the next couple of years than with farewell chaos. Get back to college football as we've known it where the uproar is about what comes out of a computer ranking, not a courtroom or accident report.


text:
|HealthyLife® Students' Self-Care Guide
|Section II–Playing It Safe
Tests & Immunizations
The following tests are recommended for persons between the ages of 11 and 24. If you have an increased risk for certain conditions, testing may need to be done sooner or more often. Additional tests may also need to be done. Follow your health care provider's advice.
This chart shows vaccines to get between ages 11 and 24, provided recommended childhood vaccines have already been given. Guidelines may change from year to year. Find out what vaccines you need from your health care provider and your school. Get information on vaccines from the CDC National Immunization Hotline at 800.232.2522 (English) or 800.232.0233 (Spanish) or at www.cdc.gov/nip. For information on smallpox, contact 888.246.2675 (English); 888.246.2857 (Spanish); or www.bt.cdc.gov.
Also, before you travel to other countries, find out if you need certain vaccines. Do this several months before you plan on traveling to allow enough time to get required vaccines. Get information from the CDC Travelers' Information Line at 877.394.8747 or at the www.cdc.gov/travel Web site. Discuss your needs with your health care provider.
6th edition. American Institute for Preventive Medicine
All rights reserved.
December 08, 2005


text:
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. - Duval County Schools Superintendent Nikolai Vitti is responding to some harsh criticisms of his district made by a county judge.
Juvenile Judge Henry Davis wrote an opinion article to the Florida Times-Union saying, "Duval County Schools are unable to protect nonviolent kids from disruptive and violent classmates."
In a two-page letter, Davis said it's impossible to operate a high quality public school system in Duval County because he said the criminal and immoral behavior that exists in the community is transferred into the schools.
Vitti said the judge's opinion is shortsighted.
"What's disappointing to me is that we are linking troubled youth and the experiences of Judge Davis to all schools and all children," Vitti said.
He said Davis' comments don't tell the whole story about a school district that has spent millions of dollars on safety. Vitti said Davis' comments are irresponsible.
"If you walk in any of our schools on any day, you'll see our kids learning at a high level," he said. "You won't see kids running amuck or constant interruptions and problems. Unfortunately, his perspective is based on the toughest and most troubled kids that he's seen."
Davis, in a phone interview, said Duval schools are deteriorating, and he's worried about what he calls the culture of violence.
In the letter to the newspaper, he also refers to "attacks that occur in the community, as children are walking to and from their schools and bus stops." The judge is making reference to the case of 14-year-old Aria Jewett, who was attacked near Oceanway Middle School by another student.
Vitti said that reference isn't fair.
"The latest incident he cites didn't happen in public schools. It happened in the community when someone got off a bus," Vitti said.
Attorney John Phillips represents the 14 year old, and he is siding with the judge.
"I'm getting a call a week from people with children who are beaten or intimidated, that they have to call a lawyer. That's a problem," Phillips said.
Still, Vitti said the judge's statements do more damage than good.
"It defeats and discredits what we do on a day-to-day basis, and it discredits all the kids that have escaped poverty in Jacksonville," Vitti said.
He said students are getting involved in fights and confrontations at bus stops and other places in the community because they know solid safeguards have been put in place in the school along with stricter penalties.
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