text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|11 Apr 2006
|Filing date
|3 Jun 1999
|Priority date
|3 Jun 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Serge de Gheldere, Mahmood Mohiuddin, Peyton S. Metzel, George D. Cimino, Derek J. Hei, Michael S. Clarke
|Original Assignee
|Baxter International Inc., Cerus Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (103), Non-Patent Citations (18), Referenced by (8), Classifications (38), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention generally relates to apparatus, systems and methods for processing and treating biological fluids, such as blood and blood components. More particularly, the present invention relates to improved apparatus, systems and methods for the light treatment of a biological fluid that contains a light activated photochemical agent, for the purpose of inactivating pathogens that may be present in such biological fluid.
Apparatus, methods and systems for treating biological fluids, such as blood and blood components, with light are well known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,812, incorporated by reference herein, discloses an apparatus for treating unwanted white blood cells in platelet concentrate with ultraviolet radiation to limit the white cells' ability to trigger an immune reaction in a patient. To treat containers of platelet concentrate, the containers are placed on a slidable drawer that is introduced into a housing between facing arrays of lamps for irradiation from both sides of the container. During irradiation, the drawer (or a portion of the drawer) may be pivoted in a rocking motion to agitate the platelet concentrate.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,098, also incorporated by reference herein, discloses a system and apparatus for treating a biological fluid with light for the purpose of inactivating pathogens that may be present in the biological fluid. A slidable drawer is used to position the containers of biological fluid between facing arrays of light emitting diodes. Extended flaps on the containers, located outside the light field, are automatically punched to indicate different stages of the light treatment.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/121,820, filed Sep. 15, 1993, which is also incorporated by reference herein, discloses apparatus and methods for treating a container of a blood product between two facing arrays of light. The container includes a light sensitive tape which changes color when exposed to ultraviolet light, thereby indicating when the treatment process is complete.
Still other apparatus and systems for treating biological fluid are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,991, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/081,168, filed May 18, 1998, both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
While the prior art apparatus, systems and methods have generally worked satisfactorily, work continues to develop new and improved apparatus, systems and methods that provide, for example, improved reliability, greater flexibility and efficiency, improved ease of use and serviceability, as well as enhanced tracking, record keeping and the like.
In one aspect, the present invention is embodied in a disposable processing set for treating a biological fluid that includes a first portion including a container for containing the biological fluid during treatment, a second portion including a container for receiving the biological fluid after treatment, and tubing connecting the containers and defining an openable flow path therebetween. The processing set includes a holder for temporarily holding the second portion separate from the first portion.
In another aspect, the present invention is embodied in a method for providing a substantially pathogen-free biological fluid that includes providing a biological fluid in a collection container wherein the collection container includes a length of tubing extending therefrom. The tubing includes a sealed end and defines an openable flow path between the collection container and the sealed end. The method further includes providing a disposable fluid processing set comprising at least a first container integrally connected to a second container and a length of tubing extending from the second container, wherein the tubing includes a sealed end and an openable flow path between the first container and the sealed end.
The method further includes joining the collection container tubing and the first container tubing in a sterile manner and establishing fluid communication between the collection container and the first container. The biological fluid is then transferred from the collection container to the first container. A photochemical agent is also combined with the biological fluid. The method includes providing a light source capable of providing a light sufficient to activate the photochemical agent, and treating the biological fluid in the first container by contacting the biological fluid with light from the light source. The status of the treatment of the fluid in the first container is indicated on the second container to which the biological fluid is afterward transferred.
For purposes of illustration, the various aspects of the present invention will be described, in large part, in connection with their preferred embodiments. However, it should be recognized that the apparatus, systems and methods embodying the different aspects of the present invention are not limited to the specific details described herein.
An apparatus for treating a biological fluid is generally shown in
Light box 10 is particularly useful in the treatment of biological fluids. As used herein, biological fluid refers to any fluid that is found in or that may be introduced into the body including, but not limited to, blood and blood products. As used herein "blood product" refers to whole blood or a component of whole blood such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma or a combination of one or more of such components that have been separated from whole blood.
One specific, non-limiting use of light box 10 is in the treatment of a blood product that has been combined with a photochemical agent for activation when subjected to light. Such photochemical agents are used, for example, in the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, white blood cells and other contaminants (collectively referred to herein as "pathogens"). In pathogen inactivation applications, the activated agent inactivates pathogens that may be present in a blood product.
Typically, the biological fluid to be treated is introduced into a fluid treatment chamber within light box 10 in flexible, plastic, sterilizable, translucent, biologically compatible containers. In accordance with aspects of the present invention, the containers may be integrally connected to other containers and plastic tubing useful in the processing of the biological fluid both before and after the treatment provided by light box 10. Examples of the disposable processing set and its components are shown in
As shown in
For convenience and efficiency, it is preferred that light box 10 be fairly compact. In one, non-limiting example, light box 10 may be approximately 100 cm wide, 20–40 cm deep and between approximately 30–40 cm high. A compact instrument allows, for example, for placement of a greater number of instruments per treatment center and/or may allow two or more instruments to be stacked on top of each other (as shown in
Light box 10 may include a control module 26 and a fluid treatment module 28. As described in more detail below, control module 26 may include and/or house the command and control elements for the treatment of biological fluid. Fluid treatment module 28 houses the elements and components where fluid processing takes place.
Control module 26 and fluid treatment module 28 may be contained in the same housing but in a preferred embodiment, as shown in
Providing light box 10 in two readily separable modules 26 and 28 allows for easier access to the control and fluid treatment modules 26 and 28 and, generally, provides for easier serviceability of light box 10. For example, if off-site service is required for control module 26 only, that module can be removed without requiring removal and transport of the entire light box 10.
As shown in
The interior components of control module 26 are generally shown in
Control module 26 may be adapted for connection to external components such as a printer 500 (
Turning now to the fluid treatment module 28, as shown in
Returning to
As shown in
Turning more specifically to a description of fluid carrying drawer 50, as shown in
For ease of loading and unloading containers of biological fluid, fluid carrying drawer 50 preferably includes a pivot mount that permits the drawer to be tilted downwardly when fully withdrawn. The ability to tilt drawer 50 downwardly may be particularly useful for loading containers of fluid in the upper light boxes where two or more light boxes are stacked on top of each other, as shown in
As shown in
During treatment of the biological fluid, it may be desirable that the fluid within fluid carrying drawer 50 be continuously or periodically agitated to provide mixing of the biological fluid and ensure that substantially all of the biological fluid is sufficiently and uniformly exposed to light and/or any photochemical agent. Accordingly, fluid carrying drawer 50 may be attached to means for agitating the biological fluid.
As shown in
Light box 10 may include one or more light sources, preferably disposed above and below fluid treatment chamber 50. For ease of serviceability, such as lamp replacement, it is preferable that the light source(s) be readily accessible. As used herein, "readily accessible" means that access to the light source can be quickly and easily had without the use of, for example, a screwdriver or other tools. For example, in one embodiment, it may be desirable that the light source be either partially or completely removable from the housing 12 and/or fluid treatment module 28. The light source(s) may be accessible through any one of the front, side, top or bottom panels. In one embodiment, the light sources are housed in light drawers 60 and 70. As shown in
As shown in
Each of light chambers 101 and 103 of light drawer 60 or 70 is generally defined by four side walls 105 a–d and a bottom wall 107. Walls 105 a–d and 107 may be made of or coated with a reflective material to maximize the amount of light delivered to the biological fluid. In one specific embodiment, where the light source provides light in the ultraviolet A (UVA) range, walls 105 a–d and 107 may be made of a highly reflective aluminum to provide substantial reflection of UVA light. Such a material is sold under the name 1500 G-2 and is available from ALANOD of Ennepetal, Germany.
The light sources suitable for use in the present invention may include any light source that is capable of providing light of a particular wavelength and intensity for treating a particular biological fluid. For example, light sources capable of providing white light, red light, infrared, ultraviolet A and/or B light may be used. Light drawers 60 and 70 may include a single lamp or an array of multiple lamps 100. In one embodiment, light source may include standard fluorescent lamps or bulbs capable of providing light of a wavelength in the UVA (ultraviolet A) range. Such lamps may be obtained from Sagyo Denkai of Japan under the product code BL352. Light drawers 60 and 70 further include fans 109 for cooling lamps 100 and, more specifically, ends of lamps 100 at or near the lamp filaments.
As shown in
As shown in
As set forth above, fluid treatment module 28 further includes marker assembly 74. Marker assembly 74 may include one or more markers 76 a–76 d for marking containers within fluid treatment chamber. One or more markers 76 may be provided to mark containers at different stages of the treatment. Markers 76 a–d may be punches for punching holes into a portion of the container such as the container flap as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,098, which is incorporated by reference. Alternatively, and more preferably, markers may be stampers for stamping designated portions of a container with ink. Such makers are commercially available from Trodat of Wels, Austria under the product name Printy 4911.
As shown in
As shown in
Fluid treatment module 28 includes blower 134 which provides air flow into fluid treatment chamber 40 and fluid containers and thus, provides for temperature control of fluid treatment chamber 40 (
Returning to the fluid treatment module 28 and more specifically fluid carrying drawer 50, as shown in
Where one or more containers are to be treated, tray 90 may be divided into a first portion 180 and a second portion 182 separated by dividing wall 184. As shown in
Where the biological container is part of an integrated fluid processing set, tray 90 may be compartmentalized to provide separate compartments for the container undergoing treatment on the one hand, and the remainder or a portion of the remainder of the disposable processing set, on the other hand. As shown for example, in
When the tray 90 with disposable processing set is introduced into fluid treatment chamber 50, container 206 within a first compartment 188 is positioned substantially within the field of light provided by the light source. The remainder of the disposable processing set and/or containers within a second compartment 190 are aligned substantially with marker assembly 74 as shown in
Light box 10 may include sensors for detecting different conditions during the pretreatment and treatment process. The sensors relay signals to the microprocessor of the light box 10 which is housed within control module 26. As shown for example in
For example, light box 10 may include internal light intensity sensors 404 for measuring the intensity of light provided by the lamps 100 to fluid treatment chamber 50. In the event that the light intensity provided by lamps 100 is insufficient for the desired treatment, sensor 404 sends a signal through input/output board 170 (
In one embodiment, light intensity sensors 404 may be located within the light chambers 101 and 103 of light drawers 60 and 70 (
A fluid carrying drawer sensor 144 may be included for monitoring the position of fluid carrying drawer within fluid treatment chamber 40. Fluid carrying drawer positioning sensor 144 ensures that the drawer 50 is in a fully closed position and therefore, that containers of biological fluid are substantially within the field of light provided by lamps 100. If the drawer is not in a fully closed position, sensor 144 sends a signal to the microprocessor, alerting the operator and preventing treatment from proceeding.
Light box 10 may further include temperature sensors 145 for either directly or indirectly monitoring and measuring the temperature within fluid treatment chamber 40. Temperature sensor may be disposed within the fluid treatment chamber 40 or, as shown in
Additional sensors may be provided, including a sensor for monitoring the agitation provided by the agitation assembly. Sensor 430 may be attached to marker subassembly 74, as shown in
Light box 10 may also include a sensor 440 to detect whether the front door of the light box is closed during treatment. Door sensor may be a magnetic switch which detects contact between door 36 and magnetic plate 441 shown in
Light box 10 may also include sensors 450 for determining whether containers are in position for marking by markers 76. As shown in
In addition, a portable and attachable light intensity sensing, verification and calibration device or radiometer 460 may be provided to verify light intensity provided by light box 10 and for calibration of light box 10. Radiometer 460 may be adapted for placement within fluid treatment chamber 40 for measuring the energy dose delivered to the biological fluid. More specifically, radiometer 460 may be adapted for placement within the fluid container carrying tray 90. In one embodiment, radiometer 460 may be adapted for placement within a compartment of tray 90 such as first compartment 188 of tray 90.
As shown in
It is known that a light source may not always uniformly emit light. For example, depending on the age of the lamp, the intensity of light emitted from one part of the lamp may not be the same as the intensity emitted from another part of the lamp. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, as shown in
An electrical cord (not shown) is attached to radiometer 460 for electrical connection to light box 10 and, for example, port 461 (
Sensors 469 may typically be photodiodes capable of detecting light of selected wavelengths. Sensors 469 may also include or be used with filters to filter out unwanted light as substantially described above.
When used in connection with light box 10, it is preferred that the dimensions of radiometer 460 be substantially equivalent to the dimensions of the fluid-filled containers used with light box 10. Accordingly, it is preferred that the light sensing area of radiometer 460 have a height, a width and a thickness substantially equal to such filled containers. A radiometer with dimensions substantially equal to the fluid-filled container provides a reliable approximation of the energy being delivered to the fluid and of the effectiveness of the treatment.
As set forth above, radiometer 460 may be used for light intensity verification by, for example, the operator and for calibration of light box 10 generally and more specifically, of internal sensors 404. In accordance with the method of using radiometer 460 for light intensity verification, the operator may place radiometer 460 in first compartment 188 of tray 90. Cord may be pressed into strain relief tabs 474 within light box 10 (
Thus, for example if the energy dose measured by radiometer 460 is substantially equal to the energy dose detected by sensors 404, but is outside the pre-set dose range, this may be an indication that the output of lamps 100 has diminished and that lamps 100 may have to be replaced. Alternatively, if the energy dose as measured by radiometer 460 is substantially equal to the expected pre-set dose of the instrument, but both are different from the energy dose as measured by sensors 404, this may be an indication that sensing capability of sensors 404 has diminished. Finally, if the dose as measured by sensors 404 is substantially equal to the expected pre-set dose, but different than the energy dose as measured by radiometer 460, this may indicate that the sensing capability of radiometer 460 has diminished. Radiometer may also be used to calibrate light box 10. Radiometer 460 itself may be calibrated against a standard (e.g. a standard from the National Institute for Standards and Technology or NIST).
Of course, it will be appreciated that radiometer 460 may have utility in other applications and is not limited to use in the apparatus or methods of the present invention. Indeed, radiometer 460 may be used whenever light is to be measured over an extended surface area.
The components of the fluid treatment module 28 including the agitator assembly, the light sources, the blower, the marker subassembly are powered by power supplies as shown in
Finally, light box 10 includes a programmable computer software-based control system to control the operation of light box. The control system is generally and diagrammatically depicted in
Disposable processing sets useful with light box 10 are shown in
One embodiment of a disposable fluid processing set 200 is shown in
Where the disposable processing set is used in or as part of a pathogen inactivation treatment, container 202 may include, for example, a photochemical agent which is mixed with the biological fluid. Examples of such photochemical agents include psoralen compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,991 and compounds from the family of phenothiazine dyes such as, but not limited to, methylene blue. Container 202 may be made of any material suitable for holding such photochemical agents. One such material may be a blend of ethylene polypropylene, polyamide and a block copolymer of ethylene and butylene with terminal blocks of polystyrene. Containers made of such material are available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation under the name PL2411. Container 202 includes a tubing segment 203 extending therefrom and having a sealed end 204. A second tubing 205 extending from container 202 is integrally connected to container 206. In another embodiment, the photochemical agent may be contained or predisposed within container 206, thereby eliminating the need for a separate container 202 for holding the photochemical agent. In still another embodiment, the photochemical agent may be combined with the biological fluid prior to joinder to the disposable processing set. For example, the photochemical agent may be included in a container 201 used to hold the biological fluid collected from a donor (
Container 206 is preferably a container suitable for holding the biological fluid during light treatment. Accordingly, it is desirable that container 206 be made of a clear, durable, thermoplastic material that is translucent to light of the selected wavelength and sterilizable by known forms of sterilization including steam sterilization, gamma and electron beam radiation. For example, where the blood product to be treated includes blood platelets or blood plasma and the treatment is to be with light in the UVA range, container is made of a material that is substantially translucent to UVA light and remains stable after sterilization. Such materials may include polyvinyl chloride, but more preferably, may be blends of thermoplastic polymers and copolymers, including general purpose polymers, elastomers and the like. One such material includes the block copolymer described above which includes a central block of ethylene and butylene and terminal blocks of polystyrene. Block copolymers of the type described above are available from the Shell Chemical Company under the name KRATON. The block copolymer may be blended with other polymers such as ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). Containers made of the blended material are available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation of Deerfield, Ill. under the name PL-2410. Other thermoplastic materials may also be suitable for container 206, including materials including KRATON, EVA, and polypropylene. A container made from such material is also available from Baxter Healthcare Corporation under the name PL-732. Still other suitable materials for container 206 include fluoropolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), PFA or copolymers including such fluoropolymers.
Container 206 further includes a slit 207 which, as described above, may be placed over retaining tab 186 in tray 90. Container 206 includes a tubing segment 208 which may be integrally connected to a container 210.
In the pathogen inactivation of biological fluid, container 210 may, for example, include an adsorbent material 211 for removing excess photochemical agent or the byproducts of the photoactivation process. The adsorbent material may be contained in a semi-permeable pouch, preferably affixed to the container walls or portions thereof within the interior chamber of container 210. The interior chamber of container 210 has a volume sufficient to hold the biological fluid from container 206. Such a container and the adsorbent material are disclosed in more detail in copending patent application entitled "Plastic Containers Having Inner Pouches and Methods for Making Such Containers" which is being filed simultaneously herewith in the names of Mahmood Mohiuddin, George D. Cimino and Derek J. Hei, and is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Materials such as those used in the PL-2410 and PL-732 containers described above are suitable for use in container 210.
Container 210 may also include a time-sensitive tape 209. Tape 209 changes color with time, thus informing the operator if the biological fluid has contacted the adsorbent material for a sufficient period of time. Container 210 may be integrally connected by tubing segment 211 to another container 214 which may be suitable for storage of the biological fluid. As shown in
Container 214 may include and/or be capable of receiving a label 216 which may carry bar codes 222 or other indicia which provide information about the biological fluid. For example, bar codes 222 may identify the donor, the product, the lot number of the biological fluid, expiration date and the like. Container 214 may include additional bar codes or indicia 224 which are used to provide information regarding the status or progress of the fluid treatment (described in more detail below). Container 214 may also include a slit 226 and/or apertures 228, 230 for placement over corresponding pegs (193) on tray 90. Materials such as those described above are suitable for use in container 214. Container 214 may also include sampling pouches 214 a and access ports 214 b to allow for fluid access during later transfusion, as will be recoginzed by those of ordinary skill.
In an alternative embodiment, disposable processing set may include a single container for housing the adsorbent material of container 210 and for storing the biological fluid, thereby combining the functions of container 210 and 214 described above.
The disposable processing set 200 described herein may further include frangible members 230 (a–c) disposed within tubing segments as shown in
Another embodiment of a fluid processing set is shown in
In contrast to the container 210 of the earlier described embodiment, container 246 is a flow through device which includes adsorbent material 212 but does not include a chamber for holding the biological fluid for any significant period of time. Such flow through devices are described in International Publication No. WO 96/40857 which is incorporated by reference herein. Disposable processing set 240 may further include an air reservoir 256 and air sink 258. Air reservoir 256 provides air to help expel biological fluid from container 244 and air sink 258 receives excess air expelled from storage container 248 after processing. Air reservoir 256 and air sink 258 may be made of any suitable biocompatible material, including the materials described above. Likewise, the containers of disposable processing set 240 may also be made from the materials generally described above. Preferably, container 256 is substantially impermeable to air.
As in the embodiment of
Disposable processing set 200 (or 240) is typically provided to the user in a sealed package in a manner that is easy for the user to unpack and use. For example, upon opening the package, it is preferred that the container to be used first in the fluid processing be located near the top of the package. For example, in the processing set 200 shown in
In a preferred embodiment, containers 210 and 214 may be contained within or held together by a holder. Holder may be any device such as a clamp that holds together containers 210 and 214. The holder may be integral with the disposable processing set or may be provided separately.
More preferably, holder 260, shown in
Alternative embodiments of holder 260 are shown in
In one embodiment, container 210 is placed in the front portion of holder 260, such that a label to be applied to the container 210 and other indicia on the container itself are exposed to the outside environment through the open portion of holder 260 as shown in
The method of processing fluid using disposable processing set 200 (or 240) and treating a biological fluid with light in, for example, light box 10 will now be described. Although the following description will be provided in the context of processing the biological fluid for subsequent inactivation of pathogens in the biological fluid, it should be understood that many of the steps described below may also be carried out in other fluid processing and treating methods that do not involve pathogen inactivation. The following description will be provided using the disposable processing set of
In accordance with the method of processing a biological fluid such as blood using the processing set 200, a container of collected blood or biological fluid is provided. Although the method of collection is beyond the scope of the present application, representative methods of collecting blood products include the automated and manual centrifugal processing, separation and collection of blood products, membrane separation of blood products and the like. One example of a centrifugal blood processing system is the AMICUS� Separator sold by Baxter Healthcare Corporation.
Regardless of the collection method, containers of the collected blood product will typically bear a label that includes information identifying the donor, the blood product and lot numbers. Most typically, such information is presented in the form of one or more bar codes on the label which can be scanned and read by bar code reader, such as bar code reader 41 of light box 10. Such labels may be removable and transferable to container 214 of the disposable processing set 200.
Typically, the collection container will include a tubing segment extending therefrom. Accordingly, tubing from the collection container 201 and tubing segment 203 from the disposable processing set 200 are brought together and joined in a sterile manner, as shown generally in
Once tubing segments have been joined, frangible member 230 a is broken to provide an open flow path from the collection container 201 to the container 206 (
Before or after placement of the disposable processing set in tray 90, operator may scan the label and other container indicia with bar code reader 41. Bar codes 222 on the main container label 216 or the container itself provide the instrument with information regarding the biological fluid to be treated. Based on the data, the light treating instrument or operator prescribes the light dosage and then calculates the duration of the treatment.
Container 206 of disposable processing set 200 is typically placed in first compartment of tray 90. Slit 207 in container 206 is placed over retaining tab 186 in first compartment 188 and holder 260 with containers placed therein are placed within the second compartment 190 of tray 90. Slits and/or apertures in container 216 are likewise placed over retaining tabs or pegs 193 in second compartment 190. Tubing connecting container 206 with container 210 (and/or 214) may be pressed into the slot in wall 192. It is preferable that the tubing be positioned parrallel to the direction of the side-to-side oscillation provided by the agitator assembly described above. This further ensures that any fluid within tubing segment 208 is also mixed. Indicator 234 b not only serves as a reference point for severance of the tubing but also serves as a reference point for container placement by ensuring that substantially the entire container and biological fluid therein is within the field of light. The indicator has a diameter greater than the width of the slot.
Once the containers are in their respective compartments of tray 90, fluid carrying drawer 50 is closed. As set forth above, plunger switch 36 a (
Light box 10 includes a programmable computer software-based control system to control the operation of light box 10. The control system is generally and diagrammatically depicted in
For example as shown in
If the treatment function 306 is selected, the control system, through the programmed software will automatically determine if treatment is appropriate and more particularly, if the light box 10 is prepared for treatment as shown in
As shown in
After containers have been placed into tray 90, to commence treatment the system activates the light source(s) 100, shaker motor 92 and fans as shown in step 328 of
In one embodiment, container may be marked by markers 76 at the beginning of treatment and after treatment is completed. The marks made by marker 76 obliterate or otherwise masks the bar code, making it unreadable. Thus, a container with two masked bar codes 224 indicates that treatment has been successfully completed. On the other hand, if only one of the bar codes 224 has been masked, this serves as an indication that treatment was not successfully completed and the container may have to be discarded. Masking of bar codes 224 by markers 76 also ensures that a treated container will not be treated again.
During treatment, the system performs an energy calculation 332 which is computed by multiplying the light intensity sensor readings by preselected calibration factors, averaging the readings across the sensors in the same chamber and plane and adding the reading received for planes in the same chamber. The control system further verifies the treatment status 334. If treatment is completed, the system will automatically turn off lamps 100 as shown in 336.
The system may automatically update information on the lamp life as shown in 337 and update container records 338. Control system may continue to power shaker motor 92 until terminated. The results may be transmitted to a central computer 502 (
Treatment time and energy dosage will vary depending on the biological fluid to be treated. For example, the treatment time may be at least one minute but may also be less than one minute. Where light box 10 is used for the pathogen inactivation of biological fluid, the treatment may typically be anywhere between 1–30 minutes. For example, for the pathogen inactivation of blood platelets, treatment is typically between 1–10 minutes, but more typically approximately 3–4 minutes. For the pathogen inactivation of blood plasma, treatment may also preferably be approximately 3–4 minutes.
Energy per unit area, or energy flux, is the product of power per unit area or, in the case of radiant flux, at the target, and the time of exposure. Accordingly, the amount of energy per unit area delivered to the target (for example, in one embodiment, the biological fluid) will vary with the duration of exposure and the irradiance—the radiant power per unit area incident on the target. In one embodiment the total radiant energy flux delivered may be between approximately 1–100 J/cm2 measured across a wavelength range of between approximately 400–700 nm. In another embodiment, where the light source provides light generally in the ultraviolet range, the total radiant energy flux delivered to the biological fluid may preferably be between 1–20 Joules/cm2 measured across a wavelength range of between approximately 320–400 nm. In one specific embodiment, the total radiant energy flux delivered to blood platelets or blood plasma may be between approximately 1–5 J/cm2 and more typically approximately 3–4 J/cm2 measured across a wavelength range of between approximately 320–400 nm. Preferably, the energy should not be outside the predetermined range in that excess heat generated within fluid treatment chamber 40 is to be avoided. For light treatment of blood platelets and blood plasma, for example, temperature within chamber 40 should typically not exceed 37� C. If an external temperature sensor of the type described above is used, the ambient temperature should be between 18�–30� C.
During treatment, tray 90 is preferably agitated at a preset frequency. Of course, the frequency should not be so great so as to harm the biological fluid or components thereof. Typically, the tray 90 may be agitated between approximately 50–100 cycles/min and for blood platelets, more preferably, between approximately 55–80 cycles/per minute. A cycle is defined as one complete back and forth oscillation of drawer 80.
Once treatment has been successfully completed, fluid from container 206 may be transferred to container 210 by breaking frangible number 230 b and opening the flow path between the containers 206 and 210 (
Alternatively, in the disposable processing set 240 shown in
The residence time, if any, of the biological fluid in container 210 (or 246) will be anywhere between approximately 30 seconds and 7 days. In addition, during contact of the biological fluid with the adsorbent material of container 210, it may be desirable to shake or otherwise agitate container 210 to ensure maximum contact with the adsorbent material.
Regardless of which disposable set is used, after the required residence time, if any, the biological fluid may be transferred to container 214 (or 248 in
In addition to the treatment function generally described above, the control system may prompt the operator to perform other functions such as the maintenance function 336 which may include printing a maintenance log 338, resetting lamp hours 340 resetting bag marker count 342. The operator may also select a system settings function 343 which allows the operator to set dates, times, languages 344,346,348. Finally, the control system may allow the operator to perform certain container management functions such as transmitting or printing container records or overwriting container records 350, 352, 354 as generally depicted in
Alternatively, the diagnostics function shown in general in
It will be appreciated that various modifications of the embodiments and methods described herein are possible in accordance with the scope of the present invention which are set forth in the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|19 Aug 1999
Owner name: BAXTER INTERNATIONAL, INC., ILLINOIS
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Owner name: CERUS CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CIMINO, GEORGE D.;HEI, DEREK J.;CLARKE, MICHAEL S.;REEL/FRAME:010192/0526
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text:
January 17, 2009
Listen to Robert Pattinson sing 'Let Me Sign' *LIVE*
This is so cool! Over at Pattinson Online's Music Archive, you can listen to Robert sing the *live* version of 'Let Me Sign', as well as hear his other songs. You can read the official 'Let Me Sign' lyrics.
6 comments:
I have the Twilight soundtrack but this song isnt on it. I loved what I heard of it in the movie. why dont I have it and how can I get it?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMay 27, 2009 at 2:02 PM
- AnonymousMay 27, 2009 at 8:31 PM
i got it from itunes online...its on it song is only a minute and half but its amazing. its my ringtoneReplyDelete
- AnonymousJuly 1, 2009 at 4:51 PM
i want the ringtone is it good?ReplyDelete
- AnonymousAugust 18, 2009 at 4:05 PM
there's a longer version of the song how do you get it?? if you look up the lyrics you will see the song keeps going and on youtube if you look up fullversion they have almost the whole song, but its not the best audio and still not complete.. does anyone know how to get the full song??ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 5, 2010 at 6:12 PM
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Me In A Nutshell
I'm a 27-year-old Christian homeschool graduate from Oklahoma, USA. I thoroughly enjoy reading, writing, and photography.
I hope you enjoy my blog! :)
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Lake Eufaula (Sept. 2017) – part 9
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Aerykah's bookshelf: favoritesby Jane AustenMarch 2016 UPDATE: Read count up to 5 now. ;) This time around, I listened to the audiobook (Blackstone Audio - Narrated by: Carolyn Seymour) and thoroughly loved it!! :D I couldn't have asked for a better narrator! So if you're looking...Another book to add to my favorites. :) There's a good reason that Lynette Eason made it onto my favorite authors list so quickly. She's a wonderfully talented suspense author who makes me want to read her books all the way through in o...by Melissa TaggWow. What a pleasant surprise! I mean, I did expect an enjoyable read -- this is one of Melissa Tagg's books, after all! ;) -- but I was still taken by surprise by how much I really enjoyed this book! If you know me well, you know that I...
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Tag Archives: A Question of Honor
Bess Crawford series by Charles Todd
Dear Fellow Bookworms, (First of all, I apologize for accidentally posting this last Tuesday before I had completely finished writing it… not sure how that happened. ) I have discovered a new author. Well, it's two authors, actually. … Continue reading
Posted in Book Reviews, Books Tagged A Bitter Truth, A Duty To The Dead, A Pattern of Lies, A Question of Honor, An Impartial Witness, An Unmarked Grave, An Unwilling Accomplice, audiobook, Bess Crawford, book, books, Caroline Todd, Charles Todd, England, fiction, France, good, historical, Military, nurse, reading, recommendation, recommended, review, Rosalyn Landor, series, The Shattered Tree, war, World War 1, World War I, WW1, WWI 3 Comments


text:
Teresa Freeborn Leveraged Her Marketing Bona Fides
"The Communicator" could easily be a code name for Teresa Freeborn, president/CEO of El Segundo, Calif.-based Xceed Financial Credit Union.
"As a CEO with a solid marketing and business development background, I consider my ability to communicate effectively as my most powerful strategic weapon," said Freeborn. "With this honed skill set, I am able to motivate my associates–every single person in the credit union–to move steadfastly forward toward our vision. I like to finish each meeting I have with my team with the question 'What do we need to communicate to everyone?' I subscribe to the mantra 'Be Kind–No Exceptions' philosophy. I take care of people, I listen intently, I apologize, I'm honest. And my belief? If you do that, a lot of good things will come your way."
She added that effective communication doesn't happen without a lot of hard work and discipline.
"To be successful, everyone at the credit union has to be able to be able to describe what it is we do at the credit union. What's our purpose and how do we get it done? And further, why is this so good for our members," said Freeborn.
Like many, Freeborn didn't set out to work in a credit union, but once she did after graduating from high school, she never looked back. While she worked at the credit union retail level for many years, tackling every position available, an opportunity to work in market research doing consumer studies, product analysis and branch feasibility studies sparked more than just a passing interest.
"The marketing campaigns with their glossy posters and brochures were always fun but deciding a course of action based on thorough research that's what I enjoyed."
In fact, it was this love of market research that led her to leave her beloved British Columbia and head south to Southern California. On turning 40, with her MBA and solid operational, accounting, lending, marketing and communications skills under her belt, she determined she wanted to be a CEO. Breaking that glass ceiling in the Canadian credit union system would prove to be a challenge.
"Most of my male colleagues were getting their shot at the big job, but 15 years ago, credit unions in Canada were consolidating like crazy and opportunities were slim," said Freeborn. "And further, I had built my name and reputation as a marketing' person–not a finance person, not a lender. To my major disappointment they simply were not hiring marketers as CEOs."
While working as a senior executive with the then Credit Union Central of British Columbia, Freeborn had earned a pretty solid reputation internationally for championing a very successful cooperative credit union advertising program. It caught the eye of Tom Graham, the then CEO of Hughes Aircraft Credit Union (today Kinecta Federal Credit Union) in Manhattan Beach Calif. And Freeborn was hired to help guide his very large credit union through a significant brand and identity transition. Six years later, she accepted the CEO position of the then Xerox FCU and led it through a similar successful transition to Xceed.
Those interested in nabbing that corner office, Freeborn said to remember that it is not a right.
"There is no shortage of competition for that corner office. So you need to stand out as remarkable and be viewed as indispensible to succeed. And to be seen, heard, and talked about–not to mention desired and respected–amid all of the chaos out there," said Freeborn.
She also offered some advice.
Plan for your career. Start with your personal brand. Build it steadfastly. Don't do anything that might compromise your brand.
Be passionate about what you do. Love what you do.
Be a good story teller. Because it's all about emotion. And emotion is what moves mountains.
Be comfortable with less or imperfect data. There's no time to assemble everything you'd like to before making a decision. At times you have to trust your instincts, and go with your gut.
Make mistakes and learn from them. Screwing up is the essence of trying a lot of new stuff. Create an environment that encourages trying a lot of new things. You're going to make mistakes.
Love schmoozing. You either love politics or don't expect to get anything done because that's how the world works. Be a networking fiend.
Don't ever lose sight that leadership equals sales. Period. It's all sales. All the time. If you don't love sales, find another life because you'll never be a successful CEO.
Based on a firm belief in professional development, Xceed provides a $10,000 per year education funding program per associate in addition to budgeting for specific job training across all levels of the organization as needed.
"My preference is to nurture talent throughout the credit union, but I personally focus on my executive team and then to some degree my leadership team–the most senior folks at the credit union. They in turn, focus on their associates," said Freeborn.
It's all part of the accessible, approachable, caring culture that has taken some four years to cultivate so that it manifests in everything that happens at Xceed, which Freeborn is most proud of.
Not one for formalities, operating under a policy of no surprises, Freeborn has an open-door policy. She also makes a point to incorporate branch and SEG visits into her schedule along with a monthly podcasts for all associates sharing the latest financials, how Xceed is performing to budget and talking about what's really important at that time and why. Whenever the markets get a bit rocky, she corresponds with the high-balance depositors, reminding them of how well their credit union is doing and offering to help them and their families solve their financial woes.
"During these times of economic crisis, associates and members need to be reassured on a regular basis. My branch visits and SEG visits are designed to do just that. I hear directly from them and more importantly, I continue to build the relationship. And I hear vital input and feedback that assists me in making future decisions that will affect them," said Freeborn. "I think leaders today have to be so much more visible. And all other forms of communication have to be stepped up."
Freeborn and her all female executive team also have a standing weekly meeting. The meeting serves as a forum for difficult questions and challenging one another's ideas.
"We always have full agendas, and our discussion is always passionate, intense and downright exhausting. But never boring. My team knows everything that is going on at the credit union and holds each other accountable for behaviors conducive to team productivity and success, which means respect for each other's opinions, no hand-held devices and no interruptions," said Freeborn. "We argue all the time but about the issues, not personalities. And, it is a very rare occasion that I make a decision that hasn't been discussed with them with plenty of input from all."
As for the lack of testosterone on the executive team, Freeborn is looking forward to the day it is as blithely accepted as the numerous all male executive teams that exist worldwide. Given challenges ranging from unemployment, job loss, decline of home values, credit deterioration, consumer confidence and NCUA assessments to earnings pressure, there's a lot more pressing matters to focus on.
"I'm concerned about the number of credit unions in hunker-down mode," said Freeborn. "Bleeding off balance sheets to right your capital ratio is a very short-term strategy. Are we considering the future to the degree we should? My opinion, slow and steady loses this race. With the kind of bank sentiment that exists in our marketplace, now is the time to make some noise and ramp up your offerings, not scale them back."
Five years ago Xceed made a clear statement about being a workplace credit union–one that caters to its SEGs its business partners. Strategies for the next few years are focused on pushing that envelope further in terms of increasing the penetration within its SEGs, developing strategies that speak to the demographics of each SEG, getting really good at measuring the profitability of the SEG business, furthering its personal banker strategy especially to appeal to the women segment, taking its SEG ambassador program to a whole new level, and restructuring its business development resources to accommodate a focus on more relationship management versus business sales.
"There is a lot we can do to help our SEGs on the business services front. Products and services that we did not have in place just a few years ago," said Freeborn. "We will also be positioning ourselves as the financial institution that 'brings banking to you' with some pretty cool technologies such as kiosks in the workplace and a new online banking platform that will wow our members. I am so very passionate about this 'credit unioning' thing we do. We do noble work. How many CEOs in other industries can say that? I love the philosophy behind what we do–we solve members' financial problems in their best interest. That's pretty powerful stuff."
Nominations for Women to Watch are being sought thought Oct. 19. Check out the whole story on the new Women to Watch program at its own website


text:
I have Zone Alarm Pro on Windows Vista, tried downloading and installing Zone Alarm Extreme Security. I keep getting the message to rurn off True Vector. During the upgrade it asked me to reboot and I still get this even with a fresh download. I do not see Zone Alarm anywhere on my system.
Operating System:Windows Vista Home Basic
Software Version:8.0
Product Name:ZoneAlarm Extreme Security


text:
Retirement systems are dynamic and can be expected to change over time. But one hindrance to thinking about change is the common practice of promoting excessively gloomy views of retirement outcomes in the United States. For example, a recent New York Times op-ed suggested that "downward mobility in retirement is a looming reality for both middle- and higher-income workers," with half of middle-class workers expected to be "poor or near poor."
This kind of observation flies in the face of the observed facts. Federal Reserve and academic economists have estimated that 18% of Americans will live in poverty or near-poverty in retirement.* This is not half the middle class. It's also a well-established fact that the individuals most at risk in retirement are those who have an economically difficult working life—namely, households with very low incomes. And if there's one thing we know about retirement readiness, it's that higher-income households are one of the groups least at risk.**
A view that's too gloomy distracts us from a realistic understanding of the retirement savings challenge. According to two recent studies, just over half of Americans seem clearly on their way to a financially secure retirement—good news but hardly encouraging as a top-line result. Yet dig a bit deeper in the data, and you find that an additional 30% to 35% of Americans are on the path to being prepared for retirement. They need a "nudge" to save or work a bit more (or both).*** Lumping half of the population into the high-risk poverty category distracts us from the different policies that can benefit these different groups.
Another critique is that most individuals can't be successful at saving and investment—"the retirement system simply defies human behavior." As a result, the argument goes, a big slice of America's retirement savings should be directed to a government-guaranteed investment option, not private markets.
I've spent the last decade documenting poor planning skills among segments of the saving and investing public. The central question in this behavioral economics research hasn't been, "How can we prove that most Americans are incompetent to make decisions on their own?" Rather, the question has been, "What can we do to alter the framework (the so-called decision architecture) to improve private choices?"
This research has yielded some important insights. For example, in 401(k) plans, we know that young workers, low-income workers, and minorities often fail to save for the future, even though they believe saving is important. It's a failure to take action. **** As a result, Congress has shifted policy to encourage automatic enrollment and automatic investment features in retirement savings plans. More workers today are on "autopilot" when it comes to their savings and investment decisions, and the trend is expected to continue to grow.
Moreover, when thinking about the U.S. retirement system, it's critical to look at all of the pieces of the puzzle. Virtually all Americans are supported by a government-guaranteed safety net in the form of Social Security and Medicare. With meaningful government support as a "floor" of protection, the idea that households should be protected from making any risky financial decisions with a portion of their retirement portfolio seems like an extreme aversion to risk-taking. The notion that households should run from any financial risk-taking, or that they lack any ability to assume such risks, seems flawed.
In our broader lives, we make many decisions that have far-reaching consequences and so can be seen as "risky." These include the choice of education, relationships and children, job and career, plus other consequential financial decisions like buying a home. I'd argue, for example, that the decision about whether to go to college is more economically consequential than how to invest for retirement. And most of these decisions don't have a government safety net underlying them.
From a household's perspective, owning private financial assets like stocks and bonds can have other benefits. It helps diversify the political risk associated with government benefit programs (in other words, the risk the government might reduce benefits), as well as the liquidity and pricing risks associated with owning a home, as I wrote about recently.
So a healthy debate about change in retirement systems is a good idea. But it's not useful to start the debate with an excessively gloomy view of retirement outcomes or of our risk-taking and decision-making abilities.
* Love, David A., Paul A. Smith, and Lucy C. McNair, "A New Look at the Wealth Adequacy of U.S. Households," Review of Income and Wealth 54(4), December 2008, 616–642.
** See chapters 3 and 4 of Redefining Retirement: How Will the Boomers Fare? Brigitte Madrian, Olivia S. Mitchell, and Beth J Soldo, Oxford University Press, 2007.
*** In "Retirement Savings Readiness and Retirement Savings Shortfalls for GenXers," Employee Benefit Research Institute Notes, June 2012, 33(6), researchers find while approximately 44% of households are "at risk" at 100% of their target goal, less than 20% are "at risk" at 80% of goal. Similarly, in "National Retirement Risk Index: How Much Longer Do We Need to Work?" Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, Issue Brief 12–12, researchers note that 50% of Americans are prepared for retirement at age 65 but that rises to 85% by age 70.
**** Madrian, Brigitte C., and Dennis F. Shea, 2001, "The Power of Suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior," Quarterly Journal of Economics 116(4): 1149–1187. And also see Choi, James J., David Laibson, Brigitte C. Madrian, and Andrew Metric, 2006, "Saving for Retirement on the Path of Least Resistance," in Behavioral Public Finance: Toward a New Agenda, Ed McCaffrey and Joel Slemrod, editors, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 304–351.


text: I am in the process of moving my quilting to two small bedrooms which are across the hall from each other. The smaller will have shelves for fabric and other supplies. The larger, which has 2 windows will have my Baby Lock embroidery and sewing machine, my Juki which I do all my piecing on, The serger and the embellisher. I will also have the ironing board and a design wall in the larger bedroom. I have started sorting, discarding, refolding all my fabrics. Trying to get all the supplies in one spot so I can decided how to store them, etc. While doing that I pulled out a box of blue and purple strip scraps and, of course, decided to stop working and play awhile, so I made a lamp shade for a lamp I already had in the donate box. Think it is really cute and will go really good in my quilting room.


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Privacy Shades, Blinds & Window Treatments
- Opaque products to maintain privacy
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- Good for bed, bath & streetside rooms
Privacy blinds and shades are opaque, or non-transparent, enough to prevent view-through, even when backlit. Perfect for rooms facing the street or a neighbor, privacy shades or routeless blinds are perfect for keeping the inside of your home hidden. Some blind styles, such as woven woods, will require an added privacy liner to provide the extra opacity needed. We also recommend choosing a top down/bottom up lift option or layering your treatments, like a faux wood combined with drapery, to best balance your light control and privacy needs. While these products will block view-through, they will not necessarily block all light like our blackout shades.
Graber® CrystalPleat® Cellular Shades: Blackout
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customer reviews for privacy
"Really good blackout blinds"
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We did all of the windows with Crystal Pleat blackout blinds from Blindsgalore when we moved into our place 13 years ago. We were very pleased - got tons of compliments from visitors because the colors are so nice and they do the job perfectly. We just replaced two blinds this year - and the quality is even better now. Customer service at Blindgalore was very helpful.View this product
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Hip-Hop Marketing in the Digital Era
In the Digital Age, music and information sit at our fingertips. How do rappers use tools, new and old, to distinguish themselves from the competition?
Thanks to waning album sales, the experts say we've reached the end of the Record Store Era. It looks like we've finally come to grips with the reality that the music business is different now, in the Digital Age, compared to the industry's business model of the past. Much of our analysis pertains to the changes in that business model, often attributed to downloading, file sharing, and e-commerce.
At the same time, technology has aided the proliferation of home studios and decreased recording costs, creating a boom in "independent" output. With this higher volume of musical traffic, how do the players in this ever-changing system market themselves and distinguish their wares from the pack? What are the marketing strategies for the Digital Age and, interestingly, how have the tools of the past been transformed in importance by our evolving technologies and methods for disseminating information?
The artist of the '80s might have relied on a record company's promotional vehicles, making sure to reach his or her audience through public appearances, videos, product endorsements, and performances. Street teams were, and still can be, vital promotional avenues. Touring is still relevant -- maybe more so. But the artist of the '80s only expected "hits" on the radio and the charts, not the "hits" we look for today on websites.
Back then, you might hear music playing in stores while you browsed. Now, music is streamed and gets embedded in blogs and MySpace pages. Music, and indeed information in general, sits at our fingertips. Our access to information through online culture impacts the ways in which we become privy to, and ultimately enjoy, music. Below, I've outlined some of the strategies I've noticed that hip-hop artists are using in order to give their work extra shine.
1. Radio on the TV
Musicians are appearing on television and in movies, either in song or in person. Well, that's nothing new. But for our purposes, the fundamental level of significance is that hip-hop artists weren't always so prominent in the entertainment business.
Hip-hop's rise in profile and perceived legitimacy, from a "mainstream" point of view, has opened new opportunities and revenue streams. These days, a show like HBO's Entourage, produced by former rapper Mark "Marky Mark" Wahlberg, can be a rapper's delight. Entourage follows the ups and downs of a young actor struggling to climb the Hollywood ladder to stardom while maintaining his relationships with his two closest homeboys and his older half-brother who's also in the acting biz.
A single episode might feature a hip-hop song or two (or more) along with a cameo or extended guest spot from artists such as Mary J. Blige, Saigon, Kanye West, Bow Wow, and 50 Cent. Of course, we can't forget Snoop Dogg. He has enhanced his career by showing up on as many TV spots as he can. For Snoop and everyone else, clips of TV shows and movie scenes play on official sites and other sites like YouTube, creating more opportunities to keep the artist in front of an audience.
In the case of Entourage, the show has done a great job of 1. featuring a mixture of "mainstream" and "underground" rap for its background music and 2. offering a wide array of music from various genres and eras. The latter, I think, is at least as important as the former, since this sort of musical integration suggests a certain amount of foresight and planning. That is, the songs are being chosen to fit the mood and pace of the scenes in which they appear.
Some rappers go beyond mere television cameos. Instead, they do entire reality shows about finding talent (P. Diddy's band making series), reuniting with partners in rhyme (Salt 'N' Pepa's foray into reality-vision), making amends and spearheading community outreach activities (T.I.'s Road to Redemption), MC Hammer's Hammertime, and (once again) Snoop's Father Hood. People can say what they want about Flavor Flav, but the absurdity of his reality show career has at least made him relevant as a cultural punchline.
Artists, it's tough to go wrong with TV promotion. It definitely keeps you away from the stigma associated with something like, say, "ringtone rap". Personally, I think it could be a smart move to make songs that would sound good as a ringtone. Unfortunately, there's a prevailing undercurrent of disdain for ringtones, largely due to the image of ringtone music as frivolous and utterly disposable.
Back to the screen, it's a good idea to properly time your TV and movie events. If you've released a song or album, why not follow it up with a TV appearance? Play an attorney on Law & Order or just play yourself on a sitcom. On the other hand, a solid TV performance might enhance your profile prior to a release. For instance, Mos Def, before his Ecstatic album dropped, capitalized on his acting chops for an episode of FOX's House, M.D.. Mos Def's work on the show was a highlight in an otherwise scattershot season.
The release of The Ecstatic has seen critical acclaim, although I've listened to it at least seven or eight times and I'm still undecided about what I think of it. I'm pretty sure I'm a bigger fan of his earlier LPs Black on Both Sides and The New Danger (there, I said it!), but that's not the point. The point is that Mos Def's acting abilities didn't hurt, and probably helped, his album promotion.
TV commercials provide artists with another marketing tool, either in voiceovers (like MC Lyte has done) or personal endorsements (like a bunch of people have done). I find these commercials to be a strange and awkwardly executed strategy, though. There's something about a celebrity personality endorsing a random product that never sits right with me. Like, Dr. Dre's commercial tying a well known soft drink to the good Doc's skills as a deejay.
I don't see how being a success or an expert in one field, such as rapping or deejaying, translates into a learned opinion about food, soft drinks, weight loss, automobiles, or any number of products we see advertised. These kinds of commercials always strike me as kind of goofy.


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Mulch fire contained in southwest Phoenix
PHOENIX — A three-alarm mulch fire in southwest Phoenix spread to a
salvage yard before crews contained it.
The fire was burning at 3250 S. 35th Ave. Officials believe a piece of heavy equipment ignited a mulch pile.
Phoenix Fire Department officials say the blaze broke out about 5 p.m. Friday.
Video from news helicopters appeared to show numerous vehicles and storage containers burning in a salvage yard next door to the mulch pile.
Fire officials say some abandoned buses, trailers, trucks and amublances.
They say some propane trucks may also have exploded, but there are no reports
of any injuries.
The blaze is sending up lots of smoke that can be seen from downtown Phoenix.
Phoenix police closed 35th Avenue in both directions between Lower Buckeye Road and Broadway because of the fire.
There was no estimate on how long it would take to put the fire out.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


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Mavs' Chris Kaman on gun control proposals: 'What about people's rights?'
Maverick's center Chris Kaman was on KTCK-AM 1310 The Ticket on Thursday for his radio show. An owner of firearms, Kaman brought up recent proposals to gun legislation. Here are some highlights from the interview.
"They're trying to ban all this stuff and I just don't understand it all."
"What about people's rights? At one point we started letting women vote, ok, it changed people's rights. Now we're letting gay — we're letting homosexuals get married. They're making more rights for more people. So why all of the sudden are we taking away the right for people to own guns?"
"Listen, I'm just saying, I'm a big time advocate for gun control, all that. But it's got to be within reason. You don't just kill the whole deal."
"I think it's important. You can't just sell anything to anybody. There's got to be some kind of rules. There's got to be better background checks. I agree with all that. The magazine thing, I'm OK with them changing the magazines down to even five rounds. But to outrightly just ban the whole setup? You know how many people have assault rifles in this world? It's unbelievable."


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Costly errors nullify Gorzelanny's strong spot start
MILWAUKEE -- Tom Gorzelanny did all he was asked to do and more in Sunday's spot start for the Brewers. Milwaukee's defense did what has become expected of it of late.
The result was a 2-1 loss to the Mets that churned stomachs in the Brewers clubhouse.Full Game Coverage
MILWAUKEE -- Tom Gorzelanny did all he was asked to do and more in Sunday's spot start for the Brewers. Milwaukee's defense did what has become expected of it of late.
The result was a 2-1 loss to the Mets that churned stomachs in the Brewers clubhouse.Full Game Coverage
Despite Gorzelanny's quality outing in his second spot start of the season, the Brewers dropped the rubber match of a three-game set at Miller Park. Defense again was the culprit as two Juan Francisco throwing errors led to both of New York's runs.
"A loss like that is always tough," said Gorzelanny, who filled in Sunday to give Wily Peralta extra time to heal a strained left hamstring. "I think it's always tougher to lose like that than lose 7-0 or 8-0. It's definitely gut-wrenching a little bit."
The Mets turned two wild throws from Francisco -- his third and fourth errors in three games at third base for the Brewers -- into a pair of unearned runs, one in the fourth inning and another in the sixth, and Mets starter Jeremy Hefner worked around a Jonathan Lucroy solo home run.
When the Brewers traded for Francisco on June 3, word was that he was a decent defensive third baseman, but he adjusted to playing mostly first base for Milwaukee before making his third start at the hot corner Sunday.
Brewers manager Ron Roenicke said transitioning Francisco to first base may attribute to his struggles at third.
"Slow rollers, they're always tough plays," said Roenicke of the two grounders that resulted in Francisco miscues. "I think Aramis [Ramirez], when he's healthy, is really good on them, Yuni [Betancourt] is really good on them, but they're not easy plays."
The Brewers committed five errors in the series and have piled up seven over their last four games. A missed call at second base that led to the Mets' first run didn't help the Brewers feel any better.
In the fourth inning, Josh Satin took an 0-2 Gorzelanny fastball to the left-center-field gap that center fielder Carlos Gomez cut off and fired to second base. Rickie Weeks took the throw but missed the sliding Satin on a swipe tag attempt. Weeks' follow through got Satin on the upper thigh, though, when his feet-first slide stopped short of the bag.
But Satin was called safe, prompting a rebuttal from both Weeks and Roenicke. Andrew Brown followed with a chopper down the third-base line that Francisco fielded cleanly but threw wide of first base, scoring Satin from second.
"If Rick missed him, Rick wouldn't say anything," Roenicke said. "That's why I went out so quick. I know when Rick's arguing that he tagged him. I'm not saying that was an easy call. ... It's easy to see when you go back and look on replay, but he doesn't have that. When it's in fast motion, it's tough to see. But it hurt us."
Francisco bare-handed another chopper down the line in the sixth inning but threw wide of first base again to put Marlon Byrd on second with one out. Satin made it hurt with an RBI double two pitches later off Gorzelanny, giving the Mets a 2-0 lead.
That was all Hefner needed as the Brewers mustered just three hits off him, the only damaging one a seventh-inning solo home run from Lucroy -- his 10th of the season and second in as many days.
Hefner stifled the Brewers over seven innings, allowing just two hits and four baserunners. Hefner hit a batter, walked another and struck out eight while throwing 105 pitches -- 71 for strikes.
"Like Miami, they're fairly young and they're very aggressive," said Hefner of Milwaukee's lineup. "So if I can make them swing at balls, then I'm doing my job because they're going to chase them. I was able to do that. I did enough to get ahead in the count and then was able to expand the zone, and they chased."
Gorzelanny may have earned himself another start with his gem out of the bullpen. The left-hander allowed eight hits and the two unearned runs in six innings, walking none and striking out eight. He threw 83 pitches -- 64 for strikes.
Roenicke said he will go with either Gorzelanny or Donovan Hand to start Friday's game against the D-backs in Arizona, depending on if they need to use Hand out of the bullpen during this week's three-game series against the Reds.
"His stuff is better than what I remembered as a starter," Roenicke said. "The fastball is really live, and he mixes in the other pitches whenever he wants to and he can keep them down low in the zone. That's huge for trying to keep those guys out of the air and from driving the ball. I know he gave up some hits, but a couple of them were the tappers down third. He did a great job."
Satin finished with three hits, including two doubles, and added an RBI and stolen base for the Mets. He extended his career-high hitting streak to 11 games.
Kevin Massoth is an associate reporter for MLB.com.


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Pennine Alps > Lagginhorn > Climber's Log
Lagginhorn Climber's Log
[ Sign the Climber's Log ]
|Route Climbed: normal route-west ridge Date Climbed: 4 july 2004
|Solo climb without water supply.Hosass hut:8 euros per bottle.No way!!
|Posted Jul 13, 2004 11:10 am
|Route Climbed: West-ridge Date Climbed: August 2003
|Easy climbs, Nice view!
|Posted Jun 5, 2004 2:38 pm
|Route Climbed: Fletschorn-Lagginhorn uberschreitung Date Climbed: 1996 Aug
|Briljant tour, Fletschhorn easy, ridge to the summit of the Lagginhorn is not to difficult II-III but pretty exposed with great views towards Simplon.
Rewarding tour
|Posted Mar 27, 2004 5:27 am
|Route Climbed: West Ridge Date Climbed: 05-08-2003
|Easy climb but a great view!
|Posted Jan 22, 2004 2:14 pm
|andre hangaard
|Route Climbed: West ridge, Normal route Date Climbed: 24 Aug 2003
|In the hot and dry Swiss August of 2003; nor ice nor snow on the entire west ridge. Just easy rock climbing all the way to summit! Very unusual for a CH-4000!
Good weather, therefore many visitors on this
sunday morning!
|Posted Aug 31, 2003 4:37 pm
|Route Climbed: normal route from Hohsaas Date Climbed: August 16th, 2003
|With some fresh snow on the upper part of the ridge it was a very beautiful ascent but more than anything else a demanding descent, rocks flew like birds, so the helmet is a must! I have never known such a leg-killing descent, my knees were burning down at Hohsaas.
|Posted Aug 21, 2003 3:56 am
|Route Climbed: N-ridge Date Climbed: Juli 1998
|We have made the Fletschhorn-Lagginhorn traverse. This is a very good tour. The ascend and descent of Fletchhorn was quite easy, the ascent of the Lagginhorn via the N-ridge was a little more demanding.
|Posted Aug 25, 2002 11:41 pm
|Enrico iammaria
|Route Climbed: west ridge Date Climbed: 23/06/2002
|From 3650m to the top on the snow. Very good climb!
Return from the Lagginhorngletcher.
|Posted Jul 24, 2002 10:43 am
|Henning Lege
|Route Climbed: west ridge (normal) Date Climbed: 26-August-2001
|An uneventful but very nice climb.
trip report in german (sorry)
|Posted Jun 13, 2002 5:33 am
|Mathias Zehring
|Route Climbed: several Date Climbed: 1988 - 1991 - 2004
|September 8th 1988 - west ridge (normal route)
we did the west ridge in full length which was not difficult but strenous
August 5th 1991 - north ridge
the north ridge is the traverse from the Fletschhorn because the connecting Fletschhornjoch is difficult to gain the direct way. There are only few parts with UIAA III at the ridge. It was the first time with crampons and the first 4000m-peak for my friend from eastern germany after the opening of the iron curtain.
July 29th 2004 - north ridge
Did the same again. There was less snow on the mountain as 1991 so some difficult parts could be avoided by passing shortly on the flanks. So it was not more difficult than UIAA II and we did not have to use the rope.
|Posted Apr 27, 2002 12:47 pm
|Route Climbed: WSW ridge Date Climbed: July 1994
|Drove from Belgium to Saas Grund, went up the same day, bivouaced at the foot of the ridge and climbed Lagginhorn the next day. Solo.
|Posted Dec 30, 2001 2:39 am


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Yes, exactly this mistaken view leads directly to a life of hedonism!Pema Rigdzin wrote: So lemme get this straight. For you, misapprehending the appearances of the basis and thus straying into a samsaric experience is neither more nor less desirable than correctly apprehending the basis and realizing buddhahood? There's nothing to do but just keep naturally cycling through samsara by the force of karma because it's all the appearances of the primordially pure basis? Why even bother with Dzogchen, then? Or any kind of spiritual practice for that matter? Why not a life of hedonism?
In fact, all these philosophical queries have been made again and again in human spiritual history.
The terms are different, but the subjects of mental interrogation are exactly the same.
And the answers have been given intellectually a long time ago by great philosophers and masters of different traditions and religions.
At least, I have several examples from the vast spectrum of Greek philosophy....


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Casaque Femme Perfume
By Orlane for Women
Casaque Femme Perfume by Orlane, Casaque femme is a soft, floral scent that will allure everyone around you . Making your day a little more enjoyable, it will leave a wonderful impression on everyone you meet. All products are original, authentic name brands. We do not sell knockoffs or imitations. ... Read More
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Spray the cologne after showing...Lasts a long time....None that I could think of...
- Gift:
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- Fragrance Type:
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- Clean & Fresh
- Draws Compliments
- Great Smell
- Great Value
- Sexy
- Unique
- The cologne doesn't last
Best Uses
- Daily Use
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- Work
Comments about Casaque Femme Perfume:
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- Gift:
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- Citrus/Fruity