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|Report of the Task Force on Driver Licensing Documentation Final minority report of the Task Force to Study Driver's Licensing Documentation (HB 838)
|Maryland. Task Force to Study Driver Licensing Documentation.
|Report of the Task Force on Driver Licensing Documentation
Drivers' licenses--Maryland.
|Title from cover.; Geoffrey S. Tobias, Chair.; December 2004.; Harvested from the web on 2/1/08
|Motor Vehicle Administration
|Tobias, Geoffrey S.; Maryland. Motor Vehicle Administration.
|Final minority report of the Task Force to Study Driver's Licensing Documentation.
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|REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE ON DRIVER LICENSING DOCUMENTATION December 1, 2004 GST 749113.1 8/ 31/ 2004 11: 41 AM TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................. 1 II. ORIGIN AND CHARGE OF THE TASK FORCE .............................................. 1 III. MARYLAND LAWS, REGULATIONS AND AUTHORITIES.......................... 3 IV. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES............................................................................. 3 V. FINDINGS........................................................................................................... 5 Issues 1, 2 and 3: Domestic and Foreign Documentation Establishing Identity .... 6 Issue 4: Effect of Current MVA Requirements on Documented and Undocumented Immigrants................................................................. 23 Issue 5: Quantify undocumented, unlicensed aliens actually driving ................ 29 Issue 6: Security risks of providing identity papers to undocumented aliens..... 30 Issue 7 and 8: Feasibility of security- type checks for license applicants............. 34 Issue 9: Feasibility of MVA reviewing foreign documentation ........................ 36 VI. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................ 38 VII. RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................... 41 APPENDICES A. Transportation Article, Title 16: Vehicle Laws -- Drivers' Licenses B. Motor Vehicle Administration licensing regulations, COMAR 11.17.09 C. Motor Vehicle Administration requirements for drivers' licenses ( website) D. Attorney General's Opinion No. 03- 014, September 12, 2003 E. AAMVA Driver's License and Indemnification Security Framework, February, 2004 F. United States Government Accountability Office Report on Border Security and Consular Identification Cards, GAO- 04- 881, August, 2004 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The following summarizes the principal recommendations of the Task Force: • That the Motor Vehicle Administration (" MVA") continue its procedures and documentation requirements for persons possessing birth certificates issued in the United States. • That non- citizens of the United States continue to be required to provide identity documents which have been issued or validated by a federal, state or municipal authority of the United States. • That the MVA consider accepting, and set up procedures to review, certain foreign documents, which may be, in the future, certified as acceptable by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators or an agency of the United States government. • That the MVA accept, as a complete identity document, certified school records with appropriate age and longevity requirements. • That the MVA consider accepting other, verifiable, identity and residency documents, reflecting ( 1) the varied economic status of applicants and ( 2) the changing universe of federal documentation affirming identity. • That the MVA strive to accelerate and improve the services rendered at the newly created out- of- country applicant regional offices. • That no revision of current law is required, unless federal legislation now being considered requires it. II. ORIGIN AND CHARGE OF THE TASK FORCE In the 2003 Session, legislation was introduced, which would have required the Motor Vehicle Administration to accept a wider range of documents to establish identity, including foreign birth certificates, foreign military identification, ( unverified) passports, foreign national identity cards and consular identification documents. The original legislation also provided that immigration status, that is, " documented" versus " undocumented," could not be a consideration for the MVA. 2 However, as passed and signed, the foregoing provisions were stricken, and House Bill 838 established a Task Force to Study Driver Licensing Documentation. Section 2( a). In accordance with sections 2( b) and ( c), a twelve member Task Force was appointed to address nine issues and make recommendations, as set out at Section 2( f): The Task Force shall: ( 1) study domestic and foreign documentation that proves the age of an applicant for a driver's license; ( 2) study domestic and foreign documentation that proves the identity of an applicant for a driver's license; ( 3) study domestic and foreign documentation that proves the residence of an applicant for a driver's license; ( 4) assess the extent to which individuals who reside within the State as documented or undocumented immigrants may not be issued drivers' licenses because of current requirements for providing documentation in an application for a driver's license; ( 5) quantify the extent to which individuals in the State who do not have drivers' licenses because of the lack of valid documentation necessary for applications for the licenses actually drive on the highways in the State; ( 6) study the potential security risks posed by providing identity documents to individuals residing in the State notwithstanding violation of the Federal Immigration and Nationality Act by the individuals; ( 7) assess the feasibility, including the cost, of developing a process for the Motor Vehicle Administration, in consultation with the Maryland State Police, to review driver's license applications by applicants from foreign countries to determine whether the applicant poses a danger to homeland security because of the applicant's membership or association with a foreign terrorist organization designated on the Terrorist Exclusion List by the United States Secretary of State under the authority of § 411 of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 ( 8 U. S. C. § 1182); ( 8) assess the feasibility, including the cost, of developing a process for the Motor Vehicle Administration, in consultation with the Maryland State Police, to review drivers' license applications to determine whether the applicant poses a danger to public safety because of the applicant's membership or association with a domestic terrorist organization; 3 ( 9) assess the feasibility, including the cost, of developing a process for the Motor Vehicle Administration to review driver's license application documentation verified by a foreign embassy or other foreign national representative within the United States; and ( 10) make recommendations to the General Assembly regarding the documentation that the Motor Vehicle Administration may accept for the purpose of proving the age, identity, and residence of a driver's license applicant. III. MARYLAND LAWS, REGULATIONS AND AUTHORITIES The relevant Motor Vehicle law is found at the Transportation Article, Title 16: Vehicle Laws – Drivers' Licenses (" TR"), Appendix A. MVA regulations are found at COMAR 11.17.09, Appendix B. The MVA requirements are also set out at its website, Appendix C. The Attorney General's Opinion of September 12, 2003, addressing a legal presence requirement for license applicants ( the " Opinion"), is Appendix D. IV. SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES A. Task Force composition, as set forth at HB 838, Section 2( b) and ( c): 1. Senate Hon. John Giannetti, Dist. 21 2. House of Delegates Hon. Ana Sol Gutierrez, Dist. 18 Hon. Victor Ramirez, Dist. 47 Hon. Christopher Shank, Dist. 2B 3. MVA Thomas Walsh, Associate Administrator 4. State Police Maj. Thomas Coppinger, Intelligence Division 5. Office of Homeland Security Dennis Schrader, Director 6. Governor's Appointees ( i) a representative of an organization representing the interests of immigrants Nicholas Gomez, Maryland Catholic Conference ( ii) representative of a bar association specializing in immigration law Denise Hammond, Esq., American Immigration Lawyers Association 4 ( iii) representative of a [ federal] agency with experience in enforcing immigration law ( iv) representative of the business community Stephen G. Principe, President, Site Maintenance, Inc. ( v) Chairman Geoffrey S. Tobias, Esq. B. Staff Caryn Cole, Communications Manager, MVA C. Meetings. The Task Force met twelve times between November 20, 2003, and November 12, 2004. Witnesses included: • Representatives of the Mexican and Salvadorian governments • American Association of Motor Vehicle Administration • National Conference of State Legislatures • Maryland Department of Human Resources • A professor of national security law at the United States Military Academy • Maryland Latino Coalition for Justice • Maryland MVA Fraudulent Document Recognition Program • Business, Economic and Community Outreach Network, Salisbury University • Association of Maryland Chiefs of Police • Maryland Automobile Insurance Fund • Members of the House of Delegates While most of its meetings were in Annapolis, the Task Force visited MVA Headquarters to observe the Fraudulent Document Program Machinery in use. The Task Force also traveled to Salisbury, for the convenience of Eastern Shore residents. 5 V. FINDINGS Definitions Because the Act creating the Task Force uses terms in a manner not exactly consistent with the national immigration law, the following definitions, which are believed to be consistent with legislative intent, are utilized in this Report. " Documented immigrants" – non- citizens of the United States who have been granted permanent residence by the United States or who hold a current, valid non-immigrant " lettered" status, as well as refugees, asylees, persons in temporary protected status and other non- citizens legally present in the United States. " Undocumented immigrants" – non- citizens of the United States not having any status pursuant to United States immigration law. This includes persons who entered the United States without inspection by federal authorities, or whose legal status in the United States has expired or has otherwise been lost. " US DHS" - The post- September 11, 2001, creation of the United States Department of Homeland Security included the dissolution of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (" INS") 1 and the creation of three new agencies in the US DHS: Customs and Border Protection (" CBP"), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (" ICE") and Citizenship and Immigration Services (" CIS"). Except where the context requires otherwise, reference to US DHS includes the former INS. " MdTA" – Maryland Transportation Authority. " AAMVA" – American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. " CID" – Consular Identification Document, issued by an official representative of foreign country in the United States, purporting to identify the holder thereof. 1 The INS was part of the United States Department of Justice. 6 Task Force Assignment Nos. 1, 2 and 3: The Task Force shall study domestic and foreign documentation that proves the age, identity and residence of an applicant for a driver's license. Background The mission of the MVA is to provide efficient and courteous service in the delivery of driver and vehicle services in order to maintain the mobility, safety and security of Maryland citizens. The driver's license provides the State some regulatory control over those who operate motor vehicles. Ensuring basic driver competency promotes public safety. The identification requirements and process play a critical role in addressing that safety objective. Each of the driver licensing entities2 has signed on to the concept of " one license from one state." This agreement, overseen by AAMVA, presupposes a quality process in place for ensuring the identity of the person being licensed. It is critical that each individual issued a driver's license " remains the same person" throughout subsequent dealings with the Maryland MVA or any other state's motor vehicle licensing agency. Simply stated, this means one driver identity, one license document and one driver record. In addition to the relevance of identity to driver safety as summarized above, the driver's license is now the identification document of choice throughout North America. With a photo, signature and physical description, the driver's license has a role far beyond its original purpose of identifying the holder as competent to drive. As noted by the September 11 Commission, and Congress itself, the license is now accepted as a, if not the, primary official identifying document. A fraudulently obtained driver's license may lead to loss of life ( e. g., unsafe drivers), fraudulently obtained entitlement to services or jobs ( e. g., Medicare or welfare fraud) and other activity leading to economic and social losses. It may also serve as a " breeder document" facilitating the issuance of other fraudulent documentation. 7 In accordance with TR 16- 106( b), " an applicant for an original license shall submit with the application a birth certificate or other proof of age and identity that is satisfactory to the Administration." Appendix A. The MVA has adopted regulations ( COMAR 11.17.09) elaborating on the requirement that an applicant provide proof of age and identity. Appendix B. The Attorney General concluded in the September 12, 2003, Opinion that ".... the MVA may require an applicant for a Maryland driver's license who lacks a domestic birth certificate to provide alternative forms of identification and may include immigration- related documents among acceptable forms of identification. However, under the Maryland Vehicle Law, a person's inability to establish lawful presence in the United States is not a basis for denying that person a driver's license." Appendix D. The following is a description of the recent history regarding identification requirements and processes for obtaining a Maryland driver's license. Policies Prior to September 11, 2001 Proof of legal presence in the U. S. was not required from citizens of foreign countries. Foreign applicants could process at any full service, MVA branch office location. In 1997, Maryland regulations regarding proof of identity and residency as a condition of obtaining a driver's license ( COMAR 11.17.09) or identification cards ( COMAR 11. 17.06) were amended to what are now current COMAR provisions. At the time of September 11, 2001, COMAR provisions required foreign- born applicants to provide two primary source documents ( detailed below) OR one primary 2 States ( including all provinces of Canada), District of Columbia, etc. 8 and secondary source document to establish identity. This is in addition to two proofs of Maryland residency. The requirements and acceptable documents for those individuals having a U. S. or Canadian3 birth certificate and those for foreign- born individuals were, and are, as set out at COMAR 11.17.09.04. Title 11 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Subtitle 17 MOTOR VEHICLE ADMINISTRATION— DRIVER LICENSING AND IDENTIFICATION DOCUMENTS Chapter 09 Proof of Age, Name, Identity, and Name Change Authority: Transportation Article, § § 12- 104( b) and 16- 106( d), Annotated Code of Maryland Scope and Application These regulations are intended to provide clarification of the: A. Statutory definition of " name" in Transportation Article, § 11- 137, Annotated Code of Maryland; B. Statement " or other proof of age and identity that is satisfactory to the Administration" in Transportation Article, § 16- 106( d), Annotated Code of Maryland; and C. Statement " or other proof of age and identity acceptable to the Administration" in Transportation Article, § 12- 301( a)( 3), Annotated Code of Maryland, 3 Pursuant to Maryland law, TR 11- 161, Canadian provinces are treated as U. S. " states" with regard to birth certificates. 9 in connection with the Administration's issuance of driver's licenses, nonresident permits, moped operator's permits, vehicle titles, and vehicle registrations when name or identity is at issue, for purposes of the Maryland Vehicle Law. Definitions A. In this chapter, the following terms have the meanings indicated. B. Terms Defined. ( 1) " Administration" means the Motor Vehicle Administration. ( 2) " Birth Certificate" means an original birth certificate issued by the Division of Vital Records or by a duly constituted governmental agency which is authorized to issue that data, or a certified copy of the original birth certificate. ( 3) " Changed by court order" as used in Transportation Article, § 11- 137( 2), Annotated Code of Maryland, refers to the name resulting from a lawful court proceeding instituted to change any aspect of the individual's name. ( 4) " Initial license" means the first Maryland license. ( 5) " License" means a driver's license, a commercial driver's license, a moped operator's permit, or a learner's instructional permit. ( 6) " Out- of- State driver's license" means a license to drive a motor vehicle duly issued by another state, District of Columbia, Province of Canada, or U. S. Territories. 10 Application A. An applicant for an initial, duplicate, or corrected license, or an applicant requesting a change of name, shall present proof of age, name, identity, and residence. B. The Administration may require that an applicant certify to the truthfulness of any information provided by the applicant as a consequence of the requirements of these regulations. Proof of Residence, Age, Identity, and Name Change A. Initial and Duplicate Licenses. ( 1) Except as otherwise provided, a birth certificate or court- ordered change of name and one other primary source of identification, which contains the applicant's signature, as specified in § D( 1) of this regulation, shall be presented by an applicant for an initial or duplicate Maryland license. ( 2) Identification Requirements When No Record of Birth Exists. ( a) If an applicant for Maryland license cannot obtain a birth certificate from a vital statistics office of the applicant's state, the applicant shall furnish: ( i) A letter from that office of vital statistics attesting to the fact that no record of birth exists; and ( ii) Two other primary, or one primary and two secondary sources of identification as specified in § D of this regulation. ( b) One of the sources of identification in § A( 2)( a)( ii) of this regulation shall contain the applicant's signature and one of the sources of identification shall contain the applicant's date of birth. 11 ( 3) If the applicant does not have the birth certificate in the applicant's possession, the Administration shall accept, instead of the birth certificate as source of age and identification: ( a) The applicant's valid out- of- State license provided it has the full date of birth; and ( b) One other primary source of identification as specified in § D( 1) of this regulation. ( 4) If an applicant for a Maryland license holds a valid out- of- State license, possesses a birth certificate with a name different than the name on the applicant's out- of- State license, and requests that the license be issued in the name indicated on the out- of- State license, the Administration shall issue the applicant a license in the name indicated on the out- of- State license and cross- reference that name with the name on the applicant's birth certificate, provided: ( a) The applicant produces the birth certificate for inspection; and ( b) The applicant certifies to the truthfulness of the name on the out- of- State license and the birth certificate. ( 5) Valid Out- of- State License Not in Applicant's Possession. If an applicant for a Maryland driver's license, who has been issued a valid out- of- State license cannot present the previously issued- out- of- State license because of loss or theft, the applicant shall submit two primary sources of identification, one of which contains the applicant's signature, and a letter from the other licensing jurisdiction attesting to the: ( a) Existence of a valid- out- of- State license; ( b) Applicant's name and date of birth; and ( c) Validity of the license. ( 6) If the Administration issues an original Maryland license in the name indicated on an out- of- State license, and if the name on the out- of- State license contains initials rather than the full name, the Administration shall require the applicant to submit any documentation listed under § D of this regulation which indicate the full 12 name of the applicant, and the Administration shall license the applicant under the full name. ( 7) Foreign Born Applicant. An applicant born in another country who is not licensed to drive and who is applying for an initial license shall furnish two primary or one primary and two secondary sources of identification as specified in § D of this regulation. One of the sources of identification shall contain the applicant's signature and one of the sources of identification shall contain the applicant's date of birth. B. Alternative Documentation. If an applicant is unable to provide both primary sources of identification required by § A( 1) of this regulation, the applicant shall submit: ( 1) A birth certificate or court change of name order and two secondary sources of identification, one of which contains the applicant's signature, as specified in § D( 2) of this regulation; or ( 2) A document or documents bearing the applicant's name and signature, if a digital image is on file with the Administration for the applicant and is retrievable for identification purposes. C. In addition to the documents required by § § A and B of this regulation, the applicant shall submit two proofs of residence, as specified in § E of this regulation. D. Identifying Document List. ( 1) The following sources of identification are considered primary sources of identification: ( a) Original government- issued birth certificate or certified copy ( U. S. or territorial); ( b) Actual Social Security card; ( c) Valid U. S. passport; 13 ( d) Valid U. S. military identification card or discharge record ( DD 214); ( e) Maryland driver's license; ( f) Maryland identification card; ( g) Out- of- State driver's license, with a translation into English, if required; ( h) Out- of- State identification card, with a translation into English, if required; ( i) Certificate of naming from a religious institution such as a baptismal certificate or synagogue naming certificate, issued during the initial year of life; ( j) Certified school records; ( k) Valid out- of- country passport, as defined by 8 U. S. C. § § 1182, 1184, 1201, and 1202; ( l) Certificate of U. S. citizenship, INS Form N- 560 or N- 561; ( m) Certificate of naturalization, INS Form N- 550 or N- 570; ( n) Alien registration receipt card, I- 551; ( o) Valid employment authorization card, I- 688A or I- 688B; ( p) Valid employment authorization document, I- 766; ( q) Valid temporary resident card, I- 688; ( r) I- 94 refugee's arrival/ departure card; ( s) Out- of- country driver's license, with a translation into English, if required; ( t) International driver's license; or ( u) Government- issued driver's license. ( 2) The following sources of identification shall be considered secondary sources: ( a) Selective service card; ( b) Pistol permit with photograph or fingerprint; 14 ( c) Vehicle registration card or title; ( d) Voter registration card; ( e) Government- issued document requiring applicant's signature; ( f) Utility or telephone bill; ( g) Checking or savings account statement; ( h) Life insurance card or policy ( over 3 years old); ( i) Taxpayer card ( property tax bill or receipt); ( j) Mortgage account or proof of home ownership; ( k) Residential rental contract; ( l) Cancelled check; ( m) Marriage certificate; ( n) Divorce decree; ( o) Retail sales/ financial institution sales agreement; or ( p) In person identification by the applicant's parent or guardian, except this may not be accepted as the sole proof of age. E. Proof of Residence. The following documents are considered as proofs of residence, if they show the applicant's current residence: ( 1) Selective service card; ( 2) Maryland vehicle registration card or title; ( 3) Voter registration card; ( 4) Utility, telephone, or cable TV bill; ( 5) Checking or savings account statement; ( 6) Life insurance card or policy ( over 3 years old); ( 7) Property tax bill or receipt; ( 8) Mortgage account or proof of home ownership; ( 9) Residential rental contract; ( 10) Cancelled check with name and address imprinted; ( 11) First class mail from any government agency; 15 ( 12) Major credit card bill; ( 13) Installment loan contract from a bank or other financial institution; ( 14) Sales tax or business license; ( 15) U. S. savings bond; ( 16) Residential service contract ( for example, TV repair, lawn service, or exterminator contract); or ( 17) Probation court order, order of parole, or order of mandatory release. F. Statement of Residence. The Administration may accept the following statements as proof of residence: ( 1) In the case of a dependent child, a statement from the child's parent or guardian signed in the presence of a representative of the Administration; ( 2) In the case of a married person, a statement from the individual's spouse signed in the presence of a representative of the Administration; or ( 3) In the case of a resident of a nursing home, a statement from the nursing home manager written on nursing home letterhead. G. Change of Name. ( 1) A change of name by marriage, court order, or divorce on an identifying document may be processed when one of the following forms of identification is presented: ( a) Certified copy of a court order pertaining to the name change; ( b) Original or certified copy of a marriage license; ( c) Original or certified copy of a divorce decree; or ( d) Original or certified copy of a birth certificate. ( 2) A photocopy of any of the documents mentioned in § G( 1) of this regulation is acceptable if: ( a) Presented in person with a photo driver's license or Administration- issued photo identification card; or 16 ( b) Processed through the mail. ( 3) A common law change of name may be processed as allowed by Transportation Article, § 16- 106( d)( 3), Annotated Code of Maryland. H. An applicant for an initial title or registration card, or both, shall certify, under penalties of law, that the name and date of birth on the application are true and correct. I. An applicant for a duplicate title or registration card by mail shall certify that the information is true and correct. J. An applicant who applies in person for a duplicate title or registration shall submit to the Administration a valid driver's license or any acceptable document indicated in § D( 1) of this regulation. COMAR provisions related to renewal, fraud and certain ministerial matters are found at 11.17.09.05.09, set out in Appendix B. Policy Changes after September 11, 2001 • Effective October 1, 2001, the MVA changed its procedures to require foreign- born applicants to present the following documents in connection with applications for driver licenses and identification cards: — A valid foreign passport with valid visa and valid I- 94/ Adit stamp evidencing lawful admission, or valid, current INS document, plus one other primary source of identification with the applicant's signature or — A valid foreign passport with valid visa and valid I- 94/ Adit stamp evidencing lawful admission, plus two secondary 17 sources of identification, one of which must contain the applicant's signature; plus — Two proofs of Maryland residency. • Effective June 2, 2002, the MVA replaced over- the- counter issuance of Identification Cards with a central printing and issuance service, which mails the cards to applicants. • Effective April 25, 2002, the MVA implemented sections of SB 639 ( 2002). This legislation ( 1) authorized MVA investigators to issue citations for fraudulently obtaining an identification card; ( 2) included federal law enforcement agencies in the arrest warrant program; ( 3) changed the penalty for fraudulently obtaining a commercial driver's license and ( 4) authorized MdTA police security control of all Department of Transportation facilities. • Effective September 29, 2003, the MVA began processing out- of- country applicants, Monday through Friday, via appointment ( Saturday service was included at a later date). • Effective October 1, 2003, the MVA implemented HB 838 ( 2003) which ( 1) required that applicants disclose their social security number or certify they do not have a number and ( 2) prohibited the use of false, fictitious or fraudulently altered documents in application for a driver's license. • Effective November 3, 2003, the MVA hired a program manager for the Document Examiner Program. AAMVA has certified that the current program manager is qualified to conduct the Fraudulent Document Detection Program and train other examiners. 18 MVA Senior Document Examiners ( SDEs) undergo an intense 40- hour training course, developed by AAMVA, on fraudulent document recognition ( including overt and covert document examination). Only trainers certified by AAMVA teach these courses. Upon successful completion of training and examination, the SDEs receive AAMVA certification in fraudulent document examination equipment, and each SDE is trained on equipment usage. Various reference materials and on- line document authentication tools are accessible to Maryland SDEs. SDEs also receive regular in- service training that covers updates in document authentication, as well as on- going intelligence alerts at state and federal levels on stolen identity documents. Acceptable Criteria for Identity Documents The Task Force received several hours of testimony and reviewed much documentation regarding the credibility of certain types of foreign identifying documents. Two presentations were made by Mexico concerning the security features of its CID. Representatives of El Salvador testified concerning their national identity document, the Unico de Identidad or DUI. No substantive testimony was received concerning CIDs presently issued by other countries ( e. g., Guatemala). The Task Force also did not receive testimony as to ( 1) which additional countries are contemplating the issuance of a CID or ( 2) how the MVA could assess the reliability and security of documents issued by foreign states with which the MVA has no practical, official means of communication. H. Wayne Livesay, 4 President of the Association of Maryland Chiefs of Police testified and raised concerns with any weakening of the standards the MVA would use to establish identity. The driver's license is the universally accepted identity document, enabling the holder to, among other things, vote, buy a gun, purchase explosives, obtain 4 Chief of Police, Howard County. 19 instant credit, rent a truck and board an airplane. Fraudulently obtained licenses are also used for money laundering and flight from prosecution, as well as terrorism. Chief Livesay thus recommended that the Task Force seek to strengthen, not loosen, the requirements for obtaining a license. The CEO of AAMVA presented the Association's final report containing recommendations regarding driver's license and identity card security. This Report, Appendix E, details the best practices, standards and recommendations for enhancing the security of driver licensing process. Exhibit E includes AAMVA's Resolution No. 03- 08, concluding that CIDs require additional study and that no other foreign documents be accepted for establishing identity. The Task Force found it significant that AAMVA representatives had visited Mexico to observe their document issuing processes. While this visit occurred in 2002, prior to more recent procedures, AAMVA is not, yet, confident in the security of the Mexican CID. The AAMVA representative reported that Mexican banks do not accept the CID. It is also significant that all Canadian provinces are members of AAMVA but none in Mexico has applied. The Task Force also received testimony from a representative of the National Conference of State Legislatures ( NCSL) regarding the work they have done on the issue. Particularly noteworthy was the fact that several state legislatures have revised their laws so as to require legal presence. One state, Tennessee, has created a secondary, theoretically non- identifying, license. The Task Force received no testimony in favor of a " non- identifying" license. The Task Force believes that all of the states bordering Maryland have legal presence as a pre- requisite to granting a license, and do not accept CIDs or other unverified foreign documents as proof identity. The NCSL is considering, but has not yet issued, standards for driver's licenses, and cooperation with AAMVA on this issue is anticipated. The NCSL representative testified that several states are reviewing their documentary requirements and they are focusing on ( 1) increasing security guarantees and ( 2) adding restrictions on acceptable identity documentation. 20 NCSL testified that certain databases in Mexico are not shared with United States authorities. The NCSL does not recommend acceptance of the CID, although the concept is under consideration. None would argue the necessity for certain minimum standards that any document purporting to establish identity, foreign or domestic, would meet, when presented in application for what has become a universally accepted means of identification. The disagreement comes in evaluating whether a specific document permits convenient, practical, reliable and credible verification. The issue has taken a more prominent position since September 11, 2001. The September 11 Commission Chairman, Thomas Kean, told the Senate Commerce Committee that identity cards helped the terrorists prepare for the hijacking by allowing them to board commercial flights. The fact that many had passports, which would also accomplish this, is not relevant here. The Commission report recommends tightening, not liberalizing, standards for obtaining driver's licenses and recommends that the federal government investigate setting standards for driver's licenses, so as to make it more difficult for terrorists and others to falsify their identities. Chief Livesay's testimony was consistent with US DHS Secretary Ridge's urging the states to adopt nationwide minimum security standards for issuing driver's licenses. Some argue that changes to the issuance of the terrorists' identification documents would not have stopped the attacks from occurring. However, it cannot be denied that identification documents are a significant piece of the security puzzle. The application and document issuance process is just one instance in a web of activity that could have identified one or several of the terrorists. Whether the attacks would have occurred, if better identity verification procedures were in place in the states that issued the terrorists their US identity documents, is unanswerable. The question the states have to answer is what can they do 21 to ensure identity process flaws are not contributing factors in any future terrorist attacks. 5 Foreign documentation as a source for proving identity. The bulk of the testimony received from the foreign witnesses related to the security of the Mexican CID or Salvadorian DUI card itself, after issuance. While the physical, technological features of the cards appeared impressive, there was limited testimony as to what security measures were undertaken prior to issuing the cards in the first instance. The Task Force did not receive testimony indicating practical, reliable mechanism for the MVA to communicate with these ( or most other) governments, with the exception of Canada, so as to permit verification by the MVA of the CID, DUI or other foreign documents. During the Task Force visit with those responsible for administering MVA Document Examination Programs, we learned that the MVA subscribes to certain databases created by Interpol, and others, which permit the vetting of a limited number of foreign passports and driver's licenses. While this may help determine whether a given physical document is counterfeit, it usually does not address the underlying issue of what procedures, if any, are followed by the country in granting the document in the first place. Beyond these databases, documents other than those created by a state, municipality or the federal government were simply not susceptible of convenient, timely, practical, reliable and credible verification. Attached as Appendix F is the August, 2004, fifty- one- page report of the Government Accountability Office (" GAO," formerly the General Accounting Office) addressing the acceptability of CIDs. While the GAO recommends additional study, the agency found it significant that it remains the official position of the FBI and USDHS 5 Several of the 9/ 11 perpetrators had Virginia driver's licenses. Virginia has since revised its law to include a legal presence requirement. 22 that CIDs are not reliable documents. While the Task Force is aware that the FBI report predates the most recent version of the CID issued by Mexico, it remains the position of the agency, and the current FBI position is part of the basis for the Task Force's recommendations. The GAO report is the " last word" on the security of CIDs. Beginning in 2004, Mexican consulate can, in some instances, employ electronic verification of a CID and applicant's identity. However, the Mexican issuance policy still relies on visual examination for some documents that are accepted in its issuance policy. GAO Report, p. 3 [ emphasis added]. This is not an endorsement of CIDs upon which the Task Force could rely. The GAO certainly has more expertise, and much greater resources at its disposal, than the Task Force. While ultimately recommending further study by the Homeland Security Council, the GAO concluded that " Mexico has taken steps to improve identity verification procedures for its CID issuance process, but risks remain." [ Emphasis supplied by GAO]. p. 10. The GAO discusses the AAMVA and FBI concerns as well as the 2004 improvements about which the Task Force received testimony. But, the GAO was not convinced. However, despite these new procedures, Mexican consulate officials told us that they still rely primarily on visual inspection – not database verification of all applicants' documents, except the passports and voter registration cards. Thus there are no safeguards to prevent some documents, such as birth certificates, from being fraudulently obtained and used as proof of nationality or identity in order to obtain a CID card. GAO Report pp. 13- 14. 23 Residency Certain members of the Task Force believe that the MVA current residency requirements are too restrictive, particularly with regard to lower- income individuals. Although the Task Force received no testimony specific to Issue No. 3, we recommend that the MVA consider expanding its list of verifiable documents more likely to be available to lower- income residents. Task Force Issue No. 4. How do current MVA documentation requirements affect documented immigrants? The United States has a complex body of law addressing immigration and, as noted in the definitions ( p. 6), recently established a tripartite enforcement and administrative bureaucracy in US DHS. This complicated, and evolving, body of law and regulation has resulted in a maze of legal non- citizen categories. These categories include both immigrants, such as permanent residents ( so- called " green card" holders), asylum seekers, refugees and others. There are also dozens of " non- immigrant" categories, which run the gamut from diplomats, tourists and students to religious workers, foreign media employees and investors. The spouse and minor children of these persons are also granted non- immigrant status. All are " documented immigrants" as that term is used in HB 838, as set forth on p. 6 above. Not surprisingly, a wide variety of documentation has been and is issued by the Department of State and US DHS, and its predecessor, the INS, evidencing immigrant and non- immigrant status. The MVA recognizes that " documented" residents of the State may have this wide variety of paper establishing their legal status in the United States. As set forth in the Task Force's assessment of Issues Nos. 1, 2 and 3, the MVA " Sources of Proof" contain 24 extensive lists of both primary and secondary sources of identification, as well as acceptable proofs of residence. Effective July 1, 2004, the MVA opened seven regionalized sites ( Bel Air, Beltsville, Frederick, Gaithersburg, Glen Burnie, Salisbury and Waldorf) to process out-of- country applications for driver licenses and identification cards. This process allows out- of- country applicants to schedule an appointment at any of the seven sites through one, toll- free telephone number. In addition to making it more convenient for the customer, the regionalization process was designed to improve the security and efficiency of application processing. Senior Document Examiners were hired, trained and certified prior to the July 1 implementation date, and forensic document examination equipment was placed at each site. An " alert" message is now placed on every record when an individual attempts to use false/ altered documents or has been turned away for insufficient documents. This alert message not only prevents an applicant from trying to submit the same fraudulent documents at a different branch office, but also increases efficiency in the case where an applicant who originally had insufficient documents returns with additional documentation, by allowing the MVA staff to know exactly what happened on the first visit, thus aiding them to avoid duplication of efforts. The MVA has recognized that applicants presenting non- standard documentation, i. e., foreign or certain USDHS paper, are better served by specially trained examiners. Thus, as noted above, such applicants are required to call a toll- free number for an appointment at one of the now nine designated offices. Because this system is newly implemented, it was difficult for the MVA, and the Task Force, to assess its efficiency. The Task Force did receive anecdotal evidence to the effect that persons entitled to a license, have initially ( and inconveniently), been refused. However, the Task Force received no testimony that any documented immigrants have, ultimately, been improperly denied a license since the implementation of the appointment system. The Task Force attempted to canvas immigration attorneys, employers, community organizations and 25 others in conducting the assessment mandated in HB 838. Approximately fifty ( 50) organizations were contacted. The Task Force received only one response, to the effect that a documented immigrant, was, after July 1, 2004, initially not able to receive a license. This person had recently been granted asylum, a category of documented immigrant whose paperwork may not satisfy the present MVA listing. As was noted above, the MVA needs to consider expanding and updating its list of acceptable documents, created by an agency in or of the United States, so as to address relatively rare asylum and refugee circumstances. In addition, the MVA should institute an ongoing process for adding verifiable documents to its list as they may be brought to the attention of the MVA or are created by a federal agency. The Task Force also learned of difficulties in implementing the designated office appointment system. Many – almost half – of appointments are not kept by applicants, and " walk- ins" can only be accepted on an office- by- office, day- by- day basis. Language difficulties have been reported. The MVA no longer accepts pre- screened groups of documented aliens. Within fiscal and physical constraints, procedures may need to be reassessed. The Task Force also received testimony critical of the number and placement of the MVA's special immigrant document locations, particularly with regard to the Eastern Shore counties. The Task Force received testimony to the effect that some documented immigrants are wary of making application because of rumors or perceptions ( whether founded or unfounded) that the MVA personnel may confiscate documents, treat non- English speaking people inappropriately or display impatience with non- standard documents. The Task Force is not an oversight committee of the MVA. More importantly, the MVA has made a significant effort to address the circumstance of non- standard documentation with the system implemented on July 1, 2004. Until any bureaucratic kinks are worked out of this new system, it is premature to state definitively that licensing issues for 26 documented aliens have been resolved. We can report that the MVA appears to be making a real and effective effort in this regard. How do current documentation requirements affect undocumented immigrants? After the issuance of the Opinion on September 12, 2003, which concluded that the MVA could not deny a driver's license to an applicant based on inability to establish lawful presence, an internal review was undertaken by the MVA to evaluate the impact of the Opinion on then- current procedures. The MVA was, at that point, already in the process of working on revisions to existing COMAR regarding acceptable documents to establish identity and residence in connection with the issuance of a driver's license or identification card and the MVA anticipated that new regulations would be promulgated within a short time period. To " bridge the gap" and ensure that the MVA was in compliance with both the Opinion and existing COMAR, a two- tiered process was implemented regarding identity documents on February l, 2004, to allow an exception process for foreign- born applicants. If the applicant is unable to present the valid out- of- country passport with visa and valid I- 94/ ADIT stamp or another current, valid, INS document as a source of identity, the applicant may have his or her documents reviewed by a Senior Document Examiner under existing COMAR regulations ( two primary identity documents, or one primary and two secondary identity documents PLUS two proofs of residency set forth in COMAR, Appendices B and C). The I- 94 is the document issued by CBP at the time of entry into the US. Renewal I- 94s are issued by CIS. The I- 94 provides the length of permitted stay and status of admission ( i. e., temporary worker, student, visitor). The I- 94, not the visa, is the determining document as to the question of legal presence. While the I- 94 is usually physically attached to the passport, sometimes the I- 94 information is stamped directly in the foreign passport in what is known as an " ADIT stamp." If the documents 27 presented satisfy current COMAR, the applicant is allowed to move forward with the application process. In accordance with the adoption of the Exception Policy, if an applicant has a valid foreign passport, with an expired or current visa, the documents can be used as a primary source of proof. Someone with an expired visa may still be in the country legally because the I- 94 may indicate a date not yet passed. However, the MVA now accepts the visa as the identifying document regardless of legal status. There are instances when other documents issued by US DHS, the Department of State or other federal government agencies are accepted. These documents meet strict minimum criteria related to document reliability and security and the vetting process can be accomplished through a state or federal government agency. An example of a group who may have to utilize such documents is asylees. These individuals may have the following forms of documentation: — Order from an immigration judge granting asylum; — Grant letter from CIS Asylum Office; — Order from the Board of Immigration Appeals granting asylum; — Employment authorization document; — Refugee Travel Document. The Task Force received testimony from the Maryland Department of Human Resources concerning the particularly muddled circumstance of asylees, refugees and others in the United States legally, but without documentation listed by the MVA as acceptable. The Task Force did not study such documentation, generally created by US DHS, but, as stated previously, agrees that the MVA should expand its list so as to make it not unduly difficult for such persons to obtain licenses. 28 The Task Force learned that certain federal documents, such as an Employment Authorization Card, will only be accepted if current. Through no fault of the application, issuance of current documentation may be delayed by USDHS. Hence, the Task Force recommends the MVA accept such paper as valid, even though expired. It is the MVA's position that vetting by the U. S. Department of State, which takes place prior to the granting of a visa, provides a sufficient proof of identity. We note that unlike some states, the MVA will issue a license for its regular five- year validity, even though a documented immigrant's non- immigrant status may pre- terminate the license's regular period of validity. The Task Force received no evidence as to the number of undocumented aliens who may have received licenses. The Task Force recognizes that undocumented immigrants ( or anyone else) may obtain a license by presenting invalid documents to the MVA. The Task Force had no means of assessing the frequency of such fraud. The Undocumented Minor The Task Force received testimony concerning the circumstance of minors brought into the country at an early age, without documentation. Such minors attend Maryland schools. Through no fault or action of their own, they may approach driving age with a " certified school record," one of the present primary source documents, but no other primary or secondary proof. The Task Force recommends that the MVA implement regulations and or procedures that would permit such a person to obtain a driver's license, provided that the person presented a certified record of at least five years duration from a Maryland school, be no more than eighteen years of age and have in person identification by a parent or legal guardian. 29 Issue No. 5: To what extent do individuals lacking a license because of the lack of valid documentation actually drive in Maryland. Neither the State Police, nor any other agency of which the Task Force is aware, collects and maintains data that would aid in forming a substantive response. While statistics are available as to the number of convictions for driving without a license, there is no underlying data as to the reason those convicted were in fact license- less. Information as to the race of those convicted is of no use in addressing this question. The Task Force received anecdotal data indicating that the majority of those so convicted were driving with a license that was suspended or revoked for alcohol- related offenses. The Task Force received testimony from several employers on the Eastern Shore. However, inasmuch as all testified to employing only documented workers, these witnesses had little to add on the issue of undocumented drivers. Even when a driver immediately leaves the scene of an accident scene or runs from a traffic stop, the possible motives are many and not necessarily related to immigration status or documentation. Liability insurance is linked to vehicle registration – not driver licensing. Thus, the Task Force did not obtain any relevant data from the insurance industry. Thus, while the Task Force received some anecdotal testimony as to the obvious fact that some undocumented aliens drive without licenses, we were not able to determine, or estimate intelligently, the extent of such illegal activity. 30 Issue No. 6: The Task Force shall study the potential security risks posed by providing identity documents to individuals residing in the State notwithstanding violation of the Federal Immigration and Nationality Act by the individuals. The ability to verify effectively the identity of a driver's license applicant is the primary policy implication for homeland security. A driver's license in and of itself enhances public safety by demonstrating that the holder has proven the ability to operate a motor vehicle. The driver's license, though, has clearly become one of the most significant primary methods for identification. It is this second usage of the drivers' license for which there can be critically important implications for homeland security. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States noted that all but one of the September 11 hijackers acquired some form of U. S. identification document, which would have assisted them in boarding commercial flights, renting cars, and other necessary activities. Because the presentation of a state sanctioned form driver's license is so pervasively accepted in the United States as proof positive of personal identification, it is critically important that such a license be issued only under strict controls that can provide surety that the individual displaying the license is, in fact, the person they claim to be. Proper identification of individuals is a critical part of ( 1) identifying those who might wish to carry out acts of terror against the United States or its interests abroad, ( 2) exposing funding streams enabling terrorists to carry out such attacks, and, ( 3) most importantly, preventing attacks from occurring in the first place. 31 Steven McCraw, then Assistant Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Office of Intelligence, stated in his June 26, 2003, testimony to the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims that " the Department of Justice and the FBI have concluded that the [ Mexican] Matricula Consular is not a reliable form of identification, due to the non- existence of any means of verifying the true identity of the card holder." Now serving as Director of Homeland Security for the State of Texas, Mr. McCraw has reiterated his " serious concerns about the efficacy of the Consular Identification Cards," because " the Mexican issuance policy still relies on visual, rather than computer- based verification to ensure that the applicants are in fact whom they say they are when they show up at the consulate." The GAO concurs. In his professional opinion, the addition of new security features to the CID to prevent forgery or fraud is not necessarily relevant, because the only reliable safeguard for these cards is the ability to perform a computerized background check and identity verification at the time of issuance. As noted elsewhere in this Report, a decision by the State of Maryland on this issue is, at best, premature. The September 11, 2001, attacks have resulted in significant attention and discussion at the federal level on this issue. During an August 16, 2004, Congressional hearing, " the ( 9- 11) panel recommended the federal government issue standards for other forms of identification, including birth certificates. Committee Chairman John McCain of Arizona, who said that he will file bills to implement the commission's recommendations, indicated that he was interested in a national ID card." 6 The Report of the National Commission of Terrorist Attacks on the United States reiterated that position, with a formal recommendation that the federal government should set standards for the issuance of birth certificates and sources of identification, such as drivers licenses. 32 As noted above, in August of 2004, the United States Government Accountability Office ( GAO) released its report on border security and CIDs. This report, the most recent and comprehensive official examination of the issue, concludes that " federal agencies hold different and, in some cases, conflicting views on the usage and acceptance of CID cards…." 7 The Task Force believes it significant that: ( 1) The two federal agencies primarily concerned with National Security, USDHS and the FBI, do not support acceptance of CIDs ( GAO Report, p. 22); ( 2) " The Department of State has not adopted a policy on foreign- issued identification documents or CID cards." ( GAO Report, p. 22); ( 3) The Homeland Security Council Task Force has not yet issued a report on the acceptability of CIDs, or provided guidance to state and local governments. In reaching its conclusions, the Task Force notes that the " FBI has also cited the threat of falsely obtained CID cards being used by terrorists to move about the United States, citing circumstances of non- Mexicans obtaining CIDs. The DHS's Border and Transportation Security Director also " has concerns about the use and acceptance of CID cards…. DHS also echoed the FBI's concerns over use of a CID card as a breeder document for obtaining other forms of identification, which in turn may be used for criminal purposes." GAO Report, p. 22. The cliché that a chain is only as strong as its weakest link is particularly apt here. It is with this in mind that any discussion of the homeland security implications should be undertaken. The primary question that must be asked and answered is this: can a form of personal identification, which relies solely on the investigation of a foreign country, be, by itself, a legitimate basis for issuance of a state issued and sanctioned form of identification. 6 The National Digest, August 17, 2004 7 GAO Report, Highlights page ( App. F). 33 It is clear that the use of foreign- based documentation, such as foreign birth certificates or CIDs, rely heavily on security mechanisms neither reviewable nor verifiable by the United States and, particularly, state government agencies. Much in the way that a pickpocket relies of large crowds to hide their activity, those that would make use of such mechanisms for criminal or terrorist activity could hide among those who have received driver's licenses through foreign documentation. Nonetheless, driving privileges are just that – a privilege – and not a right. Verifiable documentation, not legal status, is the key consideration. If it were possible to ensure that the interests of Maryland, and the United States, could be protected with a failsafe mechanism for determining that a carrier is the person who claims to be, then the democratic process would appropriately decide arguments over this issue. But such sureties do not exist with the current issuance of CID and other forms of foreign national identification not vetted by an agency of the United States. Despite the efforts of governments like that of Mexico, the Task Force concluded, relying, in part, on the position of the FBI and USDHS, that it is not advisable, today, to accept foreign identity- type documentation not verified by the federal authority. The risk is simply too great. 34 Issues Nos. 7 and 8 The Task Force shall assess the feasibility, including the cost, of developing a process for the Motor Vehicle Administration, in consultation with the Maryland State Police, to review drivers' license applications to determine whether the applicant poses a danger to public safety because of the applicant's membership or association with a domestic terrorist organization. The Task Force shall assess the feasibility, including the cost, of developing a process for the Motor Vehicle Administration, in consultation with the Maryland State Police, to review driver's license applications by applicants from foreign countries to determine whether the applicant poses a danger to homeland security because of the applicant's membership or association with a foreign terrorist organization designated on the Terrorist Exclusion List by the United States Secretary of State under the authority of § 411 of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 ( 8 U. S. C. § 1182); The MVA has recently completed a similar process with the Maryland State Police to investigate commercial vehicle drivers who request hazardous material endorsements. However, while there are " only" 30,000 hazardous material operators in the State, there are approximately 4 million noncommercial drivers who would be subject to the Issue No. 7 assessment. The MVA reports that this assessment of connections with terrorist organizations, would, not surprisingly, be costly and time consuming. 1. The MVA would first need to develop a driver's license application in its database that could handle the process. The estimated cost of development is approximately $ 600,000, and is based upon the cost of developing the database for the hazardous materials endorsement. 35 2. In addition, fingerprint " live scan" equipment, at $ 35,500 for each of the twenty- three MVA offices, would be needed to check applicants in the FBI and TSA databases. Total estimated cost for fingerprint scans: $ 816,500. 3. Each of the 23 branch offices of the MVA would need PC workstations, attached to the fingerprint equipment, with the capacity of accepting payments from the driver's license applicants in checks or credit cards, at a cost of an additional $ 68,540 ($ 2,980 estimated cost each). The cost of investigating the fingerprints and checking the terrorist databases through the FBI and the TSA would add $ 100 to the current driver's license fee ($ 30 for a renewal, $ 45 for a new license), for all applicants. 4. A specialist for the fingerprint scanners would also need to be hired at each of the branch offices of the MVA, at an estimated annual salary of $ 31,344, for a total yearly cost of $ 720,912. Thus, the MVA reports that total start- up costs for the process are estimated at $ 1,485,040 with an additional cost of $ 720,912 annually for the personnel needed to run the process. The MVA also reports that the new mail- in driver's license option, just implemented, would no longer be viable until all applicants have visited the MVA to have their fingerprints scanned, increasing the wait time from about 45 minutes to approximately 91 minutes for each customer, throughout the MVA system. 36 Issue No. 9: The Task Force shall access the feasibility, including the cost, of developing a process for the Motor Vehicle Administration to review driver's license application documentation verified by a foreign embassy or other foreign national representative within the United States. Interpol estimates that there are more than 156 foreign countries that issue a form of identity documentation. The Task Force is informed that the MVA has some diplomatic contacts with fewer than a dozen of these 156+ foreign states. Therefore, the feasibility of developing any process to validate documents verified by national representatives would be daunting. Premised on its experience, in part due to language barriers, the amount of time and effort that would be required to establish a reliable contact for each document issuing country would not be feasible. The MVA experience is that embassy personnel are not trained to verify documents and many do not know how to authenticate or establish the security documents. Moreover, it is impractical for the MVA to accept documents in a language other than English. The MVA reports additional obstacles to developing a process of the reviewing of foreign documents. For example, some cultures, particularly those in the Middle East, do not record the birth dates of their citizens. Because this is one of the primary identifiers used by the MVA, the lack of a birth date would pose a very considerable problem. The MVA and State Police report that the birth record gap serves as a catalyst for fraudulent activity. Individuals who do not possess a birth record document will go to great lengths and cost to obtain a fraudulent document to satisfy the requirements of U. S. document agencies. 37 The task of verifying foreign documents with little information available for authentication could significantly overburden the workload of the MVA staff. At a minimum, the MVA would need to hire a significant number of additional staffers, throughout its network of offices, to accommodate the new workload that the attempted verification of foreign documents with foreign national personnel would entail. The MVA estimates include a minimum of an additional two to three trained specialists at each branch office, for a total of 27 new hires, at an annual cost of $ 1,086,912, plus benefits. The individuals would have to undergo an intensive training program to fulfill their roles adequately, but there is currently no training available for foreign document authentication. The MVA believes the training would have to reflect cultural differences, involving experts from various regions of the world, such as the Middle East, Southeast Asia, former states of the Soviet Union, etc. It would require an inordinate amount of time and unknown expense because the MVA would have to hire someone to develop the training and then conduct it. In addition, the training would involve research concerning scores, if not all, of the 156+ countries. This would make the cost simply unfeasible. Anecdotal evidence indicates that neighboring states are presenting new challenges to the process in Maryland. It is believed that more foreign- born individuals are now coming to the Maryland MVA with papers that the Virginia DMV will no longer accept as viable identification documents. Recent changes in Virginia law mandating lawful presence to obtain a license and tying license expiration to the length of lawful stay could be forcing the individuals out of Virginia and into Maryland in order for them to maintain current identification documents. 38 VI. CONCLUSIONS The Task Force received no testimony concerning persons born in the United States or Canada. The Task Force can thus only conclude that the present requirements do not present an undue burden on such persons. Foreign Documents The Task Force concludes that an absolutely essential premise of the MVA license issuance process is the verifiability of any paper presented. The MVA has concluded, and the Task Force received no testimony to the contrary, that there is no reliable, convenient, practical, comprehensive and secure means for an agency of this State to validate foreign documents such as passports or identity cards, wherever issued. It is inherently inconsistent with international law and protocol for a state agency to attempt official communication with a foreign sovereign; such communication is, in theory, to pass through the United States Department of State, a lengthy and ultimately impractical exercise. While the MVA has developed some informal avenues of communication, this is not a basis upon which the universally accepted identity document – the driver's license – should be issued. And even where communication is possible, there is no means of assuring that the information received is accurate. The Task Force finds it significant that no federal, state or local agency, or national organization, testified in favor of accepting unverified passports or CIDs. The FBI and USDHS, the Country's primary national security agencies, have unequivocally recommended against their acceptance. The GAO, in a recent and apparently exhaustive study, including receiving much of the same testimony on Mexican CIDs heard by the Task Force, concluded that " risks remain" and that there are " no safeguards" to prevent certain types of document fraud. The Maryland Association of Chiefs of Police, the MVA and the Maryland Director of Homeland Security agree. AAMVA's official's position is strongly against acceptance of the CID at this time. The NCSL and 39 Department of State do not recommend acceptance. The combined resources and expertise of all of the foregoing far outweighs that of the Task Force, and we cannot recommend acceptance of documentation that, today, is overwhelmingly opposed by security experts. If the GAO, FBI, USDHS or some other agency with equivalent expertise should conclude that certain identity documents of specific countries are sufficiently secure, both in their underlying issuing process and the physical security of the card itself, then the MVA should consider accepting such documentation for identity purposes. Similarly, if AAMVA, with its resources and expertise, should reach a similar conclusion, that too should be considered by the MVA. Conversely, there is nothing to preventing any country from issuing a CID, with little or no security or verification. Without guidance from USDHS, AAMVA or equivalent organizations, it is not practical for the Maryland MVA to pick and choose between, say, the CID of Mexico and any other country. As noted above, The Task Force believes it significant that agencies and organizations with utterly superior resources and expertise have not recommended acceptance of the CID or other such documents. Thus, the Task Force could not, based upon the limited and unverifiable testimony provided, conclude that AAMVA, USDHS, the FBI and GAO are, all, wrong. Appeal Procedure The Task Force recognizes that proving identity by the foreign- born may be a daunting proposition. Indeed, if the matter were simple, there may well have been no impetus for the Task Force's formation in the first instance. We do not believe the appeal route would be ( 1) utilized frequently or ( 2) be a course taken by terrorists. Thus, it may be an appropriate means of addressing the exceptional case. 40 Undocumented Minors The Task Force recognizes that minors may have been brought to the United States, lived much of their life in Maryland, attended school here, but find themselves unable to prove their identity. Virtually all the identity documents on the present MVA list are intrinsically unavailable to undocumented minors. This exception allows these persons who, at a minimum, must have lived in Maryland since the age of thirteen or before, to obtain driving privileges. Regionalized Appointment System The Task Force recognizes that the newly implemented procedures may not be working as well as intended. However, it is too early to scrap an attempted solution, which is intended to benefit both the out- of- country applicant and the majority of routine applicants. Federal Legislation This Report may be rendered moot by federal legislation pertaining to national drivers' license standards, under active consideration during the Report's drafting process. Obviously, the MVA and Attorney General would advise the Legislature if any revision of Maryland law was mandated by new federal statute. It is also probable that a guest worker program, recently addressed by the President and Secretary of State, would result in verifiable documentation. 41 VII. RECOMMENDATIONS The Task Force shall make recommendations to the General Assembly regarding the documentation that the Motor Vehicle Administration may accept for the purpose of proving the age, identity, and residence of a driver's license applicant. A. The Task Force recommends that the MVA continues its current procedures and documentation requirements for persons born in the United States or Canada. B. The Task Force recommends that at the MVA branch offices, non- citizens of the United States be required to present identity documents, which have been validated by a federal, state or municipal authority of the United States. C. If the MVA branch office does not issue a license, an application may be made to the MVA Administrator to review the documentation and issue the license, or reject the application. D. The Task Force recommends that the MVA consider accepting certain documents, which may be, in the future, certified as acceptable by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators or an agency of the United States government. E. The Task Force recommends that the MVA consider establishing an administrative appeals process, whereby the denial of a license at one of the regional offices could be brought before the Administrator, with additional rights of appeal to the Office of Administrative Hearings and, ultimately, the courts, by way of existing administrative procedures. 42 F. The Task Force recommends that the MVA accept a certified record of not less than five years' duration from a Maryland public or private school, with photograph, as proof of identity, provided that the applicant is no more than eighteen years of age. Such a minor would not be required to present additional primary identity documentation. G. The MVA should strive to accelerate, improve and monitor the services rendered at the newly created out- of- country applicant regional offices. H. The MVA should consider adding to its list of acceptable proofs of residency to reflect the circumstances of lower- income applicants. I. Because new documentation establishing identity is occasionally created by the federal government, the MVA should improve its mechanism for reviewing, and adding, acceptable identity documents to its lists of qualifying documentation. J. No revision of current law is necessary, unless federal legislation now being considered requires it.
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text:
Hey everyone! I'm just gonna cut to the chase about transfer news - I'm being transferred to the heart of Yakima to serve in the Randall Park Ward and YSA.
I'm super sad to leave Moses Lake 2nd Ward. We have worked so hard here and there's so many people I love.
Marie! Marie's been telling everyone that she's going to get baptized, so we just have to set a date with her and then I'll get to come back to Moses for it!
The Smiths! These are the members we live with.
On the other hand, I am super excited to go back to Yakima! I looooove Yakima. ALSO, Sunnyside was part of the Yakima Zone and I'm going to be able to go on exchanges with the Sunnyside sisters. Wooo!
My companion is going to be Sister Michalek. We kinda look alike so President Lewis always gets us confused. That should be fun.
Our biggest miracle of the week happened on Wednesday night!
Do you remember me talking about Diego and Ashley? If not, I'll paste what I wrote about them last time ...
-Diego & Ashley: This is crazy, because they were doing super good. We had an awesome lesson with them on Wednesday and they were telling us how they felt like reading the Book of Mormon has opened their minds a lot. They had been super nervous about coming to church before, but they agreed to come to a church tour on Saturday, and maybe to church on Sunday. We weren't being pushy or anything. But while we were there, Ashley's grandparents showed up and were kind of listening in on our lesson. The day before our church tour, Diego texted us this long message about how their "journey meeting with the missionaries has come to an end," and about how they were going to continue reading the Book of Mormon but not meeting with us. It was super crazy because they had been having us over for dinner and wanting to meet with us like every day. We think something happened. We're going to try going to their house this week to talk to them.
Well, last week we went by and they weren't home, but they have Vivint and so Diego texted us and said something like, "Not to sound creepy or anything, but I saw you two came by on our video camera and it made my day! I miss you both so much. Come by anytime!"
So Wednesday night we went by and Diego opened the door and looked kind of shocked. We started talking to him a little bit and he told us that they stopped meeting with us because Ashley didn't want to be pushed. But apparently when we stopped meeting with them, Diego stopped reading and praying and exercising and said that he's felt terrible. Right before we showed up, Diego prayed and asked God for help and asked for us to come back. Then he opened up the Book of Mormon app on his phone and right then, we knocked on his door.
He was so shaken from that and told us that he knows that what we're telling him is true, and that he wants to meet with us again! Ashley still doesn't seem super excited about it but she is supporting Diego and is trying to be open.
That miracle was a fantastic way to end the week.
I am so grateful for all of the amazing experiences I've been able to have in Moses Lake but I'm pumped for this next transfer.
I hope that you all have an amazing week and I'll talk to you next week from Yakima!
Sister Skousen


text:
E.D. Cal. Notes Circuit Split re Whether Individuals Can be Liable under ADA Title V
Per Louie v. Carichoff, 2006 WL 662742 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2006):
There currently is a split among the circuits as to whether individuals can be liable under Title V of the ADA. Compare Shotz v. City of Plantation, Fla., 344 F.3d 1161, 1179-80 (11th Cir.2003)(holding that an individual may be sued in his personal capacity for violating § 12203) with Baird v. Rose, 192 F.3d 462, 472 (4th Cir.1999) (holding that Congress did not intend individuals to be liable under § 12203). The Ninth Circuit has not addressed the issue in a published opinion and district courts within this circuit are split on the matter. Compare Cable v. Dep't. of Dev. Servs. of the State of Cal., 973 F.Supp. 937, 943 (C.D.Cal.1997)("individuals cannot be held liable under Title V of the ADA") and Stern v. California State Archives, 982 F.Supp. 690, 691 (E.D.Cal.1997)("the court holds that individuals who do not qualify as 'employers' are not subject to personal liability under section 12112(a)" with Ostrach v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 957 F.Supp. 196, 200 (E.D.Cal.1997) ("[p]laintiff may sue the individual defendants under the anti-retaliation provision of the ADA").
Nonetheless, even if the Ninth Circuit were to determine that individuals can be held liable under § 12203(a) and (b), the court finds that the actions allegedly engaged in by defendants Carichoff and Coleman do not fall within the "retaliation," "coercion," "intimidation," "threats," or "interference" contemplated by Congress in enacting § 12203.


text:
Dancing With The Stars Season 8 lineup:
• Former NFL star Lawrence Taylor and Edyta Sliwinska
• Actor Gilles Marini and two-time DWTS champ Cheryl Burke
• Rapper Lil' Kim and season seven champ Derek Hough
• Actress Denise Richards and Maksim Chmerkovskiy
• Pop star Belinda Carlisle and Jonathan Roberts
• Olympic gymnast Shawn Johnson and season six champ Mark Ballas
• Reality star Steve-O and Lacey Schwimmer
• Rodeo star Ty Murray and first-time Dancing pro Chelsie Hightower
• Apple Computer co-founder Steve Wozniak and Karina Smirnoff
• Country singer Chuck Wicks and two-time champ Julianne Hough
• Access Hollywood's Nancy O'Dell and Tony Dovolani
• Actor David Alan Grier and Kym Johnson
• Singer Jewel and first-time Dancing pro Dmitry Chaplin
Steve-O? WTF-O? Also, Jewel and her husband Ty Murray are competing against each other...interesting. I'm betting on Nancy O'Dell or Belinda Carlisle to sweep. The show kicks off on March 9 on ABC.
Via People.com/PR Photos
Thursday, February 12, 2009
DWTS, In case you missed it
Posted by Gabs at 11:24 AM
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Frequently I come across some applications that can't be removed with Windows Add/Remove Programs, because the Windows Installer is not correctly installed. It is so troublesome that these useless applications waste too much space in driver.
Fortunately, I found a useful tool to uninstall invalid applications easily, which named Free Uninstaller. That's right! It is free and small, and can be used to replace Add/Remove Program.
Free Uninstaller lists all applications into your system and displays detailed information about each application. And it is very clever that highlights invalid elements with a red color and system components with a dark blue. This is very helpful to avoid an error in removing and ensure your system's safe. Simply select one or multiple programs to remove with just a click.


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Purchased a FORA.tv video on another website? Login here with the temporary account credentials included in your receipt.
Peter Haas, education director for the Mineta Transportation Institute, says high-speed rail projects create more - and better - jobs than the controversial oil pipeline.
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Don't Worry, We're Still Here!
I know it's been a while since I've posted. We went on vacation, and then life got in the way. Then, my camera-phone took a little swim (and my photos went for a little swim too). I dusted off my digital camera to find that it wasn't working, either.
Nevertheless, the greenhouse is doing great. We are very impressed with its ability to hold heat, but a little worried about how cold it gets in there if the sun doesn't come out. On cloudy days, it's definitely chilly. The good news is that the plants are inside, so they shouldn't be affected by frost.
To keep the temperature level, we've gotten some large buckets of water to use as thermal mass, which should collect the heat during the day and then disperse it at night.
The biggest challenge I'm having (other than the wet phone) is now that it's dark by the time I get home from work, I can only take photos on the weekend. When I have the camera situation sorted out, I'll be back with more pics.
Thanks for keeping up with us, and hope your holiday season is an enjoyable one.


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CHICAGO (WSCR) In a recent interview with the team's official website, Chicago Bears offensive coordinator Mike Martz talked about the upcoming season and getting receiver Earl Bennett more involved with the offense.
"We didn't throw it to him enough," Martz said. "That will be remedied. He will figure in a much larger role than he did last year."
In the 2010 season, including the playoffs, Bennett caught 50 passes for 619 yards and four touchdowns, and he's excited to have his coordinator's confidence entering fourth season in the NFL.
"I mean, my biggest thing is just to back it up," Bennett said on the Mully and Hanley Show. "You know, once I get an opportunity I have to take advantage of it."
LISTEN: Earl Bennett On The Mully And Hanley Show
For the rest of this interview and other 670 The Score interviews click here.
"He's extremely reliable," Martz told ChicagoBears.com. "I know Jay [Cutler] feels comfortable with him in the slot doing some of those things, but he should be able to play outside for us as well."
According to a study by Pro Football Focus, Bennett and Cincinnati Bengals' wide receiver Jordan Shipley were the only receivers in 2010 to catch at least 50 passes without a single drop.
"I pretty much catch everything that comes to me, and I continue to help move the ball down the field," Bennett said. "I mean, I'm just excited for the opportunity and look forward to it."


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Today September 27, World Tourism Day 2011 is celebrated under the theme Tourism – Linking Cultures, an opportunity to highlight tourism's role in bringing the cultures of the world together and promoting global understanding through travel. "The message on this World Tourism Day is that, thanks to tourism, millions of people from different cultures are being brought together around the world like never before," said UNWTO Secretary-General, Taleb Rifai. Everyday huge numbers of people travel the world, this contrive the interactions between individuals and communities, get to know their diverse cultures, and to respect and have mutual understanding which ultimately is fabricating a more peaceful world.
World Tourism Day is celebrated annually on 27 September. Its purpose is to foster awareness among the international community of the importance of tourism and its social, cultural, political and economic value. The event seeks to address global challenges outlined in the UN Millennium Development Goals and to highlight the contribution the tourism sector can make in reaching these goals.
The UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) has announced the five photos and five "tweets" from among the hundreds of entries submitted to the 2011 World Tourism Day (WTD) competitions that best reflect the 2011 theme, "Tourism – Linking Cultures." The winning photos, featuring Korean women celebrating India's Holi Festival and a young tourist backstage at the Chinese Opera Theatre, alongside a selection of finalists, will be displayed as part of a photo exhibition in Aswan, Egypt, the host of the official WTD celebrations, "It is extraordinary how a simple photo, or just 140 characters, can highlight what makes our sector so special: its ability to link the cultures of the world," said UNWTO Secretary-General, Taleb Rifai.
Few countries in the world have such an ancient and diverse culture as India's. Stretching back in an unbroken sweep over 5000 years, India's culture has been enriched by successive waves of migration which were absorbed into the Indian way of life. It is this variety which is a special hallmark of India. Its physical, religious and racial variety is as immense as its linguistic diversity. Underneath this diversity lies the continuity of Indian civilization and social structure from the very earliest times until the present day. Modern India presents a picture of unity in diversity to which history provides no parallel. India has a variety of religions, festivals, rituals, artifacts, monuments, costumes, music and dance, language and literature. Just in some words it can't be described you must come and visit to explore the culture of India.
The Indian society is not a uniform one. This is a natural corollary to the fact that diversity is a part of Indian way of life. From region to region, diversity in the social structure is prominently seen. The north Indian social traditions and customs are markedly different and so those of the eastern India from those of other parts of the country. And here lies the tantalizing element of mystery associated with India.


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|Hail on the drive; rain on the window
Enough! Let's consider China Miéville's Kafkaesque new novella, "This Census-Taker".
Here's the blurb:
"In a remote house on a hilltop, a lonely boy witnesses a traumatic event. He tries - and fails - to flee. Left alone with his increasingly deranged parent, he dreams of safety, of joining the other children in the town below, of escape.A feature of Miéville's novels is an intense focus on setting and atmosphere. The boy lives with his father and mother in a shack on a hill overlooking a hick country town, 'Bridgetown'. The nearest city is remote, 'on the coast', and the source of unspecified political power remoter still.
"When at last a stranger knocks at his door, the boy senses that his days of isolation might be over.
"But by what authority does this man keep the meticulous records he carries? What is the purpose behind his questions? Is he friend? Enemy? Or something else altogether?"
The father is a foreigner, a practitioner of some unspecified but esoteric handicraft, who did something terrible in a past war and had to flee; the mother is a local who left Bridgetown for the coast, only to return with her new husband.
Miéville's writing is cool and dislocated; alienation the dominant mode of relationships. Temporal order is subverted and the story-telling lurches from first to second to third person. Through a gathering immersion in the 'traumatic event' and its aftermath, the reader is challenged to figure out what the wider narrative might be. Ostensible resolution comes finally through the Census-Taker but ambiguity persists to the end of the book.
This review could continue with spoilers, perhaps give you a personal opinion of what a plain statement of this narrative would convey, but why undermine the point of reading it? You engage with China Miéville to enter strange, subverted realities and in this novella, to re-experience childhood's loneliness and confusion and a child's naive vulnerability to adult manipulation. And as an adult, to comprehend in your own way more than the main character, the boy, can appreciate.


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|incl. VAT
|excl. VAT
|Return products within 60 days £3.44 Possibility to return products within 60 days
Mobile compact Anywhere Mouse MX 2 is suitable in size for easy portability between home, office and appreciate its size and on the road. Darkfield Laser Tracking provides flawless control on virtually any surface where optical and standard laser mice fail. MX Anywhere 2 is a smart mouse that connects to any computer via Bluetooth Smart and Unifying receiver Pico. You can set pairing with up to 3 devices, among which can be easily switched by simply pressing a button. MX Anywhere 2 is therefore ideal as a domestic mouse on your PC, laptop in the office IU tablets of rack enclosure.
Do you need a mouse which can work at full performance anywhere? Then do not forget to pack your compact Anywhere MX 2 mouse. This wireless mobile mouse is designed to help you universally at home, at work and especially on the road.
The mouse will work anywhere you may need it to - even on a glass table (with a minimum thickness of 4 mm), a glossy laminate board, and if necessary, even on your trousers. The Darkfield laser movement tracking offers flawless control on virtually any surface on which optical and standard laser mouses fail.
MX Anywhere 2 is a smart mouse that connects to any computer via Bluetooth Smart. If your computer does not support the Bluetooth Smart wireless technology, connect to the computer through the smallest receiver of all, Pico Unifying, for an advanced wireless connection.
It is clear that once you get used to the mouse, you will want to use it as much as possible. Forget the need of constant pairing. You can prepare the mouse for pairing with up to 3 computers and switch between them at the touch of a button. MX Anywhere 2 is therefore ideal as a home mouse for your PC, office laptop or tablet.
With an annual turnover of $1.8 billion, Logitech is the world's largest manufacturer of computer peripherals and accessories. Its products include computer mice, keyboards, wireless communication devices - virtually anything. The company has over 7,200 employees and is based in Palo Alto.
Specifications can be changed without notice. Images are for illustrative purposes only. Retail Price (MSRP) means the manufacturer's/supplier's suggested retail price.
Link to Manufacturer's Website: Enter link to the external review


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That's right, I got one.
It's a part time call centre job because no one seems to want full time staff anywhere at the moment. It's not a regular call centre though, it's a centre to do charity fundraising. So I'll basically be calling people up who have donated to charity before/requested information about donating and ask them to give more money please thanks very much. Part time is o.k for the moment so long as I can start clawing my way back out of my overdraft. And part time will also lend itself nicely to me trying to rectify my issues from my previous entry.
I have been looking for and replying to adverts for female singers. I figure that if I reply and every audition I go to tells me that actually I sound like a dying cat, then I tried and I can put aside dream of singing with some solid evidence that I am useless at it. If that happens, I shall be content in picking the flute back up and piping a tune.


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#Ready for Friends, football jerseys and an ice cold Coca-Cola's
Discover and enjoy music from Coke Studio Africa
There is a Coke for every feeling
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For those doing philosophical work on urban issues
Website: http://www.philosophyandthecity.org
Members: 47
Latest Activity: May 9, 2016
Please see a new project that I've been working on with a colleague in theater. We taught a course this spring called "The City as Theater," and the final course project was a performance that we called "Performing the City: An Experiment in Civic Street Theater." The students developed individual performances inspired by, or based on, philosophical texts that engage urban issues, and then eventually worked out ways to interact with one another and the audience. A radio interview on the project is available:
Radio interview: http://wvia.org/radio/wvia-fm-programs/artscene click on May 9th program
arts weekly article: http://the570.com/index.php/2012/05/curtain-call-citizen-performers/. In addition. we are starting to upload videos of the performances on a youtube channel "OurCityMay2012" If you log onto Youtube you can find the channel by searching for it by name, and you can then subscribe to it to receive notifications as we upload new video.
If you are interested in urban issues, you might be interested in the participatory budget movement. This is a democractic, participatory budgeting process that is popular in many cities in the global South, and is now being adopted by some cities in North America. Also see the website of the nonprofit based in New York that involves philosophers from Brooklyn College and elsewhere in this movement: http://www.participatorybudgeting.org/
Started by Sharon M. Meagher May 23, 2013. 0 Replies 0 Likes
Philosophy began in the city, and the city is a recurrent topic in the history of philosophy. The urban promises to become an important challenge for humanity (and life in general) in the 21st…Continue
Started by Ronald Sundstrom Jun 22, 2012. 0 Replies 0 Likes
I meant to post a message to this blog but instead sent a message to everyone in the affinity group—sorry, I'm figuring out how this space works.As I mentioned in my message, I'd like to put together…Continue
Started by Robert Kirkman. Last reply by Sharon M. Meagher Oct 24, 2011. 2 Replies 1 Like
I'm curious to know what blogs and other online resources exist that might inform philosophical engagement with cities. Before I get to the shameless plug for my own…Continue
Tags: ethics, sustainability, resources, online, blogs
Started by Kevin S. Jobe Dec 9, 2010. 0 Replies 0 Likes
The BioPolitics of Homelessness Kevin S. JobePhilosophy DepartmentSUNY at Stony BrookDissertation Proposal Outline, in progressOne of the central problems of the public health industry at least since…Continue
Tags: foucault, neoliberal, biopower, biopolitics, homelessness
American Association of Geographers Panel
1477 City! Progressive Urban Praxis Now
Tuesday, 4/12/11, from 12:40 PM - 2:20 PM in Cedar Room - Sheraton Hotel Seattle, Second Floor
Bjoern Surborg - University of British Columbia
Sharon Meagher - The University of Scranton
Warren Magnusson - Department of Political Science, University of Victoria
Bob Catterall—Editor-in-chief, CITY
City is a journal that works to bring activists and academics into dialogue on the full range of issues that we face in the contemporary urban world. We record and analyse 'the city', cities and their futures, and urbanization from multiple perspectives including: the information and digital revolutions, war and imperialism, neoliberalism and gentrification, environment and sustainability, resistance and social movements, regeneration, resurgence and revanchism, race, class and gender, multi-culturalism and post-colonialism.
The premise of the journal is that these issues can only be addressed by employing the critical theory of multiple disciplines and by encouraging and soliciting active dialogue between a wide range of academics and practitioners. As such, the editorial board is composed of planners, practitioners, activists, scholars, and scholar-activists whose work is informed by a not only geography but by other social sciences as well as philosophy, literature, and the arts.
In this panel discussion, we want to facilitate discussion and reflection on the complexity of the relationship between urban theory and practice. Moreover, what kind of theoretical and practical work needs to be undertaken to understand and intervene in these crises to create more socially and ecologically just urban futures? The panel will feature a multidisciplinary panel who will discuss how they struggle with these questions in their own research and practice. We also welcome discussion and suggestions from the audience on how we might move forward with this work in the pages of CITY as well as in urban space and spaces of urbanization.
The Center for Labor Studies & the Urban Studies Research Cluster at the University of California Santa Cruz are pleased to present:
A one-day conference
David Harvey, keynote speaker
February 26, 2011
9:30 am - 5:00 pm
Humanities 206, University of California Santa Cruz
Workers, environmentalists, and urban social movements have recently converged under a new banner: "the right to the city." The phrase refers to the right of city dwellers-now the world's majority-to democratically control development and resources in the cities in which they live . In today's global economy, this "right" is profoundly challenged. Social divisions are experienced increasingly in spatial terms- through gentrified housing markets and polarized job markets; unequal access to green space and unequal exposure to environmental risk; and new modes of segregation, exclusion, and policing of public space. Against this backdrop, the process of urbanization itself has become a significant site of political contestation for a wide range of groups, and the idea of the "right to the city" both a critique and call to organize. Bringing together leading scholars, practitioners, and activists from across California and the U.S., "Whose City?" will provide an opportunity to think critically and creatively about these emerging labor and urban-based coalitions-- from their historic roots to their possible futures, from their local to their global manifestations.
For more information about the event, go to: http://urban.ihr.ucsc.edu/events/whose-city/
Visit us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=151675971553691
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