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The sons and daughters of Bernhart Miller and his wife Maria Eva were among the first settlers to move into the area north of Easton known as Mt. Bethel, Pennsylvania. Many German people had arrived in Pennsylvania at the invitation of William Penn to settle the land and find a place where they could practice their religion in the 1700's. They belonged to a group of people known as the Palatines. These immigrants were from the region of Germany along the Rhine and had been persecuted because of their religious beliefs, many of whom were either Lutheran or Reformed.
Bernhart's parents were Johann Mueller and Maria Eva Kost. Two years before coming to America he married 23 year old Maria Eva Muller on June 9, 1747, a daughter of Johann George Muller and Anna Susanna Unangst. Bernhart was 27 years old when he and Maria Eva sailed for the new world arriving in Philadelphia, PA on the ship Patience on September 19, 1749. He died at age 70 in 1792 in Williams Township, Northampton Co. Pennsylvania. Maria Eva Muller died June 21, 1802 at the age of 78 years in Forks Township, Northampton Co., Pennsylvania.
The first three generations of the descendants of Bernhart and Maria Eva Miller presented here is in no way complete. But the hard stuff has been done for you. After the third generation people ought to be able to connect the dots with their own research. While all efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this information, please be sure to verify all data yourself.
First Generation
1. Bernhart Mullar (Miller). He was born 12-13-1722 in Boedigheim, Mosbach, Baden Germany and died in Williams township in 1792. An abstract of his will filed at Northampton Co. PA courthouse as follows: #472 MILLER, Bernhard of Williams township, yeoman. 4-12-1792 - 12-1-1793. wife: Eva, son: Henry, son: Jacob, son: Frederick, daughter: Barbara, wife of Paul Brod now deceased, 3 children; Henry Valentine, John Jacob, and Frederick and now the wife of William Gruver, daughter: Elizabeth, wife of Jno Odenwelder, daughter: Eve, wife of Balzer Eckert, Executor: son Henry and son in law John Odenwelder, Witness: Benedict Lutz and Anthony Lerch.
They had the following children:
2 i. Maria Barbara (1747-1825)
3 ii. George Henry (1751-1827)
iii. Bernard. Born in 1752. Bernard died in the Battle of Long Island during the Revolutionary War on 27 Aug 1776; he was 24.
4 iv. Valentine (1754-1834)
5 v. Elizabeth Margreth (1756-1851)
6 vi. John (1759-1846)
7 vii. Jacob (1761-1825)
8 viii. Eve (1764-1849)
9 ix. Frederick (1767-1830)
Second Generation
2. Maria Barbara Miller. Born on 19 Jun 1747 in Boedigheim, Mosbach, Baden, Germany. She died in Forks township, Northampton Co PA, on 20 Mar 1825.
Maria Barbara first married Paulus Brodt who was born on 19 Sept 1733 in Lixhelm, Lorraine, France. He died in 1782 at the age of 48.
They had the following children:
i. Mary. Born in 1767. Mary died on 12 Aug 1793.
10 ii. Barnet (1767-1861)
iii. Frederick. Born on 3 Mar 1769. Frederick died on 6 Feb 1852.
iv. Conrad. Born in 1770. Conrad died in 1822.
v. Margaret. Born on 2 May 1772. Margaret died on 24 Aug 1852.
11 vi. Michael (1773-1854)
12 vii. Catherine (1775-1856)
viii. Anna Rosina. Born on 1 Jun 1778.
ix. Jacob. Born on 3 May 1780.
13 x. Susanna (1782-1868)
Maria Barbara second married William Gruver who was born in 1733 and died in 1841.
They had the following children:
14 i. Johannes Gruber (1784-1862)
15 ii. Daniel Gruber (1786-1845)
iii. Elizabeth. Born on 26 Aug 1787. Elizabeth died on 2 Sept. 1850. She married Johan Nicholas Reimer, son of Isaac Reimer & Margarete Krotzer. He was born on 4 Dec 1775 and died on 5 Jun 1850.
iv. William. Born in 1790. William died in 1841. William married Catherine Miller.
v. Maria Barbara. Born on 11 Mar 1791and died on 1 Jul 1853. She married John Nicholas.
3. George Henry Miller. Born on 8 Jan 1751 and died on 7 Apr 1827. He married Rosina Knecht who was born on 19 Jan 1751 and died on 12 May 1811.
They had the following children:
i. Elizabeth. Born on 24 Sept 1775 in Williams twp., Northampton Co., and died before 1790.
ii. Johann Jacob. Born on 4 May 1778 in Williams twp., Northampton Co., PA and died in Williams twp., Northampton Co., PA, on 24 Jan 1859. He married Elizabeth who was born on 10 Feb 1791 died in Williams twp., Northampton Co., PA, on 25 Mar 1863.
iii. Johannes. Born on 2 Apr 1780 and died on 14 Jan 1828. On 20 Nov 1803 when he was 23, he married Sarah Riehl in German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Easton, Pennsylvania. She was born in 1782 and died about 1830.
iv. Peter. Born on 9 Apr 1782. Peter died on 22 Apr 1782.
v. Susanna. Born on 25 Mar 1784.
vi. Henry. Born in 1785.
16 vii. Frederick (1787-1862)
17 viii. John George (1790-)
18 ix. Jacob (1792-)
19 x. Elizabeth (1794-1872)
xi. Maria Magdalena. Born on 8 May 1796. She married Isaac Richards. Born in 1797.
4. Valentine Miller. Born on 22 Oct 1754 in Williams Twp, Northampton Co, PA. and died in Mt. Bethel, Northampton Co. PA, on 19 Apr 1834. Buried in Old Union Cemetery , Stone Church, Upper Mt. Bethel, Northampton Co., PA. In 1778 when Valentine was 23, he married Susanna Laubach, daughter of Johann Georg Laubach & Margaretha. She was born on 27 Nov 1756 in Tohickon Union Church, Bedminster twp., Bucks Co. PA and died in Mt. Bethel, Northampton Co. PA, on 5 Jan 1837.
They had the following children:
20 i. John George (1779-1860)
ii. John Michael. Born on 6 Feb 1782 in Williams Twp, Northampton Co, PA. John Michael died on 8 Nov 1869. He married Susanna Phillips who was born on 23 Jan 1787 and died 23 Mar 1858. She is buried in Miller's Cemetery, Washington Twp., Northampton Co., PA.
21 iii. Elizabeth (1784-1861)
22 iv. Anna Margaret (1786-1817)
23 v. John Bernard (1787-1878)
24 vi. Joseph (1789-)
25 vii. Catherine (1792-)
viii. Eve. Born on 18 Dec 1796 in Northampton Co PA. Eve died on 15 Jan 1882. She married John Reeser who was born on 21 Mar 1799and died 5 Nov 1874. They are buried in Centerville Cemetery, Stone Church, Upper Mt. Bethel Twp., Northampton Co., PA.
26 ix. John Valentine (1798-1882)
27 x. Susanna (1800-1845)
5. Elizabeth Margreth Miller. Born on 28 Feb 1756 and died on 11 Jan 1851. She married John Odenwelder who was born on 8 Feb 1756 and died on 12 Mar 1842.
They had the following children:
i. Johan. Born on 11 Jun 1777.
ii. Phillip. Born on 30 Sept 1779.
iii. Bernhard. Born on 23 Jan 1782.
iv. Catherine. Born on 27 Oct 1783.
v. Michael. Born on 5 May 1786.
vi. Jacob. Born on 12 Aug 1790.
vii. Elizabeth. Born on 10 Oct 1791.
viii. Susanna. Born on 13 Jan 1794.
6. John Miller. Born on 1 Apr 1759 and died on 30 May 1846. Buried in Stone Church, Northampton Co PA. He married Elizabeth Schmidt, daughter of John Schmidt & Catherine Odenwelder. Elizabeth was born on 14 Mar 1767 and died 21 Aug 1855. They are buried in Stone Church, Northampton Co PA.
They had the following children:
28 i. John Jr. (1787-1853)
ii. Maria. Born on 20 Nov 1788 and died on 7 Feb 1850. She married Phillip Schoch.
iii. Barnet. Born on 11 Feb 1791and died on 26 Nov 1855. He married Catherine.
29 iv. Jacob (1794-1866)
30 v. Catherine (1795-)
31 vi. Frederick (1797-1872)
32 vii. Elizabeth (1798-)
viii. Eva. Born on 22 Jul 1800.
33 ix. Michael (1810-1870)
34 x. Jonas (1802-1870)
xi. Henry. Born on 26 Jul 1804.
xii. John Phillip. Born on 19 Apr 1806.
35 xiii. David (1808-1895)
7. Jacob Miller. Born on 8 Mar 1761 in Northampton Co. PA and died on 25 Jun 1825. He married Catherine who was born on 23 Feb 1767and died on 27 Oct 1845.
They had the following children:
i. Bernard. Born on 9 May 1792. Bernard died bef Oct 1793; he was 1.
ii. Catherine. Born on 2 Oct 1792.
36 iii. Bernard (1793-1869)
iv. Elizabeth. Born on 8 Dec 1794.
v. Susanna. Born on 13 Sep 1798.
vi. Eva. Born on 26 Oct 1800.
vii. Joseph. Born in 1807.
viii. Anna Magdalene. Born on 3 Sep 1808.
ix. Jonas. Born in 1810.
37 x. Frederick (1811-)
8. Eve Miller. Born on 11 Nov 1764 and died on 25 Feb 1849. She married Baltzer Eckert who was born in 1761. Baltzer died in the Northampton Co. Poorhouse in 1856.
They had the following children:
i. Anna Catrina. Born on 9 Jun 1788.
ii. Elizabeth. Born on 23 Aug 1792.
iii. Anna Maria. Born on 28 May 1794.
9. Frederick Miller. Born on 17 Mar 1767 in Northampton Co PA. and died in Northampton Co PA, on 10 Apr 1830. Frederick married Christina Emery who was born on 16 Nov 1772 and died on 25 May 1852.
They had the following children:
i. John Frederick. Born on 30 Jan 1793.
ii. Jacob. Born on 2 Apr 1797. Jacob died on 8 Jan 1804; he was 6.
iii. Bernard. Born on 9 Jan 1799.
iv. Elizabeth. Born on 14 Feb 1800. She married George Kiefer, son of John Kiefer & Catherine.
38 v. Peter (1802-)
39 vi. Michael (1805-1889)
vii. Anna. Born on 6 Jan 1807. Anna married Jacob Boyer.
viii. Eve. Born on 31 Mar 1809. She married John Kiefer, son of John Kiefer & Catherine who was born on 19 Jul 1801.
ix. Phillip. Born on 22 Aug 1811.
x. Christina. Born on 9 Jul 1814.
xi. Polly (Maria). Born on 14 Jul 1817
It is my hope that by making this research available to others via this Blog, Who's Your Grammie, further documentation of the Miller family in the Mount Bethel's of Northampton Co. PA will be possible.
The work here is a composition of efforts made by many researchers, whom I thank for their generosity in sharing their work with me, especially a distant cousin, David Miller, who did most of the research work the hard way. David did not use a computer for his research and would send me long typed out lists which I retyped into html code to create the original Miller Family Register which I have online at: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chsmith/millerreg1.html. Those were the days! David passed away on July 12, 2010 and I am truly grateful to him for sharing his work with me.
Please see the third generation of the descendants of Bernhart and Maria Eva Miller. This page is an earlier work compiled by David Miller that was put online some time ago. Additional documentation, notes and references to this material may be available if you are interested. Any additions or corrections you may have are most welcome.Copyright
This page © 2015, Cynthia H. Smith
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Hospitality – Beautiful Ways to Bless Overnight Guests
I love, simply love staying at my best friend's home. We currently live on opposite sides of the country from one another so visiting entails some long travel, but promises some heart-felt comfort, late night talks, and girlfriend giggles galore. I've seriously found our husbands just sitting watching us laughing away at our antics, proclaiming we provide the best entertainment!
One of the best things about staying with Theresa is that she makes us feel right at home. Not the superficial, "make yourself at home," sort of thing. No she prepares for our visit in a way that blesses this old-fashioned girl right to the tips of her toes. I've learned a lot from her over the years and I gladly share these simple ideas and little details with you.
- Greet them with snacks at the ready! – After a long day of travel have either light snacks or appetizers ready to hold your guests over until the next meal. This can be as simple as fruit, cheese and crackers; chips and salsa, pita, hummus, and olives; or cut vegetables with dip. Don't forget to offer water or other drinks as traveling can cause your guests to be dehydrated.
- Toiletry Basket – In the bathroom your guest will use be sure to include a small basket with sundry items. You know those things that travelers always forget like a toothbrush, toothpaste, mouthwash, shampoo, conditioner, shaving cream and razor. You don't have to spend a fortune on these things. If you plan and prepare in advance *wink* you will be able to pick these items up while there on sale. Also, as a woman who travels and never makes room for a hair blow dryer in her already over packed suitcase, it's an awfully nice item to keep in the bathroom just for her!
- Nightstand Preparations – This is my favorite thing and one of neatest ways to show your guests you have thought of them. On the nightstand place a magazine or two you know will interest your guests. (One of the last times I visited Theresa even had a book for me. One that she knew was on my must-read-someday list.) If your guests are new to the area maps and a list of local events are also helpful. Make sure there is a lamp for late night reading. You never know what travel will do to the sleep of your guests. Late night reading may be just the thing to cure their insomnia.
- Additional Bedroom Touches – If the nightstand gets crowded the dresser or some other flat surface is the next thing you want to consider and prepare. A bottle of water (I really like the swing top glass bottles that can easily be refilled or even a recycled wine bottle you've washed well and recorked would add a special touch.) with glasses for drinking. And don't forget a good ol' fashioned clock!
- Freshly laundered linens are always just the right touch! – Every time a guest comes to stay fresh sheets are a must! There is nothing like slipping between sheets fresh out of the laundry. An extra special touch would be a spritz of a lavender spray on the pillows, just the thing to help your guests drift off into blissful sleep. Fresh towels and wash cloths folded and laid on the end of the bed or in a basket will have your room all prepared.
- The guest book for special messages. – Many years ago Theresa started her guest book tradition. Just a simple journal where each guest could leave a special message to her family. This little book chronicles the guests that have stayed and the many memories made. It, I'm sure, will always be a family heirloom.
- Chocolate and flowers just never go out of style! – A bit of chocolate on the nightstand and flowers on the dresser are just the pièce de résistance for every visit!
- A perfect parting gift for your guests. – Have you had the pleasure of tasting airplane food lately? Ewww, right?! On our last visit, as a parting gift Theresa made sack lunches for us to take on the plane. Nothing fancy, just simple sandwiches, a bag of chips, a piece of fruit and a bar of chocolate. Such a simple thing and yet Jordan and I felt her love for us. This little gift made by her hands helped some of the sadness of saying good-bye ease a little.
Don't feel like you have to do everything, but truly the little touches are what bless your guests. The extra time and effort you put into your home in preparation for guests will speak love and honor to them. Just remember if you make it too nice they'll want to come back for sure! *wink
(Linked to Sharendipity Place, Making Your Home Sing, Creative HomeAcre Hop Titus 2 Tuesday, You're Gonna Love It, Bloom Designs, HomeAcre Hop, and Hearts For Home)
June 28, 2013 1:27 pm
Do you need anymore visitors? Wow, what a way to treat guests and I would have never thought about doing something like this and parting gifts, omg!
Sue @thet2women.com permalinkJuly 1, 2013 1:23 am
I began doing most of these ideas you listed (all but the preparing meal at the end of their visit, which I'll now include too:) when we moved across the country. Just one more suggestion for you: when the room is all set and there is nothing left to do, I kneel before the bed and ask that The Lord would come down and fill this room with His peace, His Spirit and would bless our guests in our home and I just love when guest will come and say they feel such a peace and right at home in our house. It always serves as a reminder to me of His constant care in even the smallest details. He is that good! Sue
July 4, 2013 6:05 pm
Such fabulous ideas! I cannot wait to use some of them the next time I have guests!
July 5, 2013 12:05 pm
Great tips for guest rooms! I always make sure I spend some time in our guest room myself to make sure I have specific things available.
Thanks for linking this up to The Creative HomeAcre blog hop. : )
July 10, 2013 3:58 pm
What great ideas! Thank you for sharing them at the HomeAcre Hop! Looking forward to what you have to share tomorrow: http://wp.me/p2urYY-12Y

subset: commoncrawl


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How to create fake call logs and calls.
Run Fake Text SMS Record and Call android app, now tap the menu button on your phone, and tap on the "Create call log". Like following screen shot.
In the next window you can type the caller number or add contact already on your phonebook. After that select call type "Incoming, outgoing or missed". Then select a call date and time. Finally select its duration. Now everything is done. To create this call logs tap "Done" button.
Now check fake call logs, in your phone and show it to your friends.
How to create fake SMS text message.
Again run Fake Text SMS Record and Call android app, in its main window type sender or receiver number or add a contact in your phone book. Next step, select message type as a received or sent also select the date and time. Finally tap on the Done button.
Now you make fake SMS and also you will receive notification.
How to create schedule fake Call.
Run Fake Text SMS Record and Call app, tap phone's menu key and again tap "Call me". Type the sender name and number or select a contact on your phonebook. Under the "When to call" select schedule time, to select schedule date taps on the "Customized" and select desired date and time. Now tap done. Finally tap "Call me" button and wait for receiving the fake call.
Note:- Don't use this app for illegal activities, because of your mobile phone carrier has real call logs and SMS details.
Scan Fake Text SMS Record & Call Market link QR code.
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I did really like the pumpkin, I cant remember the Frosted Cin, so may have to go with that, gotta grab some choc mint as well......among a few other things.
Originally Posted by naturalguy
I would go Pumpkin Pie & Frosted Cinnamon
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I realized early on that success was tied to not giving up. Most people in this business gave up and went on to other things. If you simply didnt give up, you would outlast the people who came in on the bus with you.
Sick deal at bodybuilding.com right now - buy a 4lb Animal Whey and get a FREE Animal Fury (20 servings)
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Damnit man I just ordered 4 lbs of whey and a bottle of fury!
They also have this deal going on right now....Two 4lb tubs of Animal Whey for $85. Not the greatest deal, but not a bad idea either. I took advantage of it myself and got Frosted Cinnamon Bun and Chocolate Chocolate Chip.
On another note...someone let me know when they find a deal on the Animal Pak powder!
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DPS Nutrition is the first website to have Red Velvet Animal Whey:
....which, btw, is awesome
Originally Posted by Nmowery
....which, btw, is awesome
Originally Posted by naturalguy
DPS Nutrition is the first website to have Red Velvet Animal Whey:
They are also offering 15% off Universal/ Animal, plus you get your choice of an Animal t-shirt, shaker or pill box if you spend $50.
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10% Off All Universal/ANIMAL products at Campus Protein fellas!
Code: ANIMAL
Not sure how long it's lasting, but I saw DPSnutrition has 15% off all Universal products right now.
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Surprised this hasn't been posted yet, but fury is 2 for $45 on BB.com currently. I hit that deal up and used promo code newyear10, and ended up paying a total of $70 with shipping for the fury and 44-ct animal pak.
Originally Posted by Nmowery
Surprised this hasn't been posted yet, but fury is 2 for $45 on BB.com currently. I hit that deal up and used promo code newyear10, and ended up paying a total of $70 with shipping for the fury and 44-ct animal pak.
That's a solid deal there!
You know it...I'm cheap as hell, so only order stuff with a BOGO deal and promo code!
I hit the BB.com deal today got 2 free trails with my main jug, and hit the new year code up. BCAA, Protein, and Pak all for under a Hundo!!!!
Got a Free 20 serving Fury with my 4lbs Animal Whey at BB.com. Also 10% off with NEWYOU10 promo code. Yes Please......
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Animal Fury on sale at bb.com buy one get one 50% off....
DPS Has a free XL Yellow Iconic with an Animal Pak purchase. Can't have too many Iconic shirts. Also get 15% off with code DPS10
Originally Posted by npcdusty
Animal Fury on sale at bb.com buy one get one 50% off....
This deal is still on^^^^
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They have a 10%$ coupon now until the 4th.
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For a relatively brief stint, Big Yella rustled up some tasty Sugar Corn Pops for kids of all ages. He was featured on the boxes and premiums from 1977 to 1980. Before Big Yella, there was a "live", unanimated cowboy character. After Big Yella in 1980 we were treated to Poppy the Porcupine for a few years.
The box pictured here is from late in 1977 and features the True West trading card premiums.
I have not been able to locate copies of any TV commercials with Big Yella, though I do remember them from the time. If anyone knows of some, please let me know!
Big Yella was created by the Leo Burnett advertising agency, who created many memorable commercial characters back then. I was fortunate enough to acquire an original piece of artwork of Big Yella. This drawing was done by Bill Mackley for "Jean" -- and I believe that both of them worked at Leo Burnett. This is one of several that I acquired -- the others being different characters created by that agency, all done for Jean. I can only guess that Jean was leaving the company and Bill gave these as a parting gift.
Cereal premiums featuring Big Yella are out there, and relatively in short supply it seems. Here's an incomplete list of prizes that I have or have seen:
- "Bull Dozer Bike" Sticker
- Notebook Tab Divider Stickers
- Beach Ball
- School Subjects Paper Bookmarks (at least 8 different)
- Drinking Glass
- Heat Transfer Glitter Iron-On
- School Bus Pencil Box (with other Kellogg's characters)
- Big Puzzles (at least 3 different, with other Kellogg's characters)
- "I like everything Big & Yella" Poster
- Music Poster (with Dig'em the frog)
- Rub-Ons (at least 3 different, with other Kellogg's characters; Canadian)
- Window Cling-On "Sticker" (2 different)
- Yo-Yo
- Light Switch Sticker
- "Best Looking Of The Lot" Sticker
- Bike Reflector (Stick Up For Breakfast promotion)
- Tube Socks
- T-Shirt (mail-away offer)
- Bendy Figure
Probably the oddest Big Yella prize has to be this pair of tube socks, which must have been a mail-away item.
Big Yella rode off into the sunset in 1980 and hasn't been heard from since. Happy Trails, Big Yella! We miss you.


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First, let me congratulate Redbridge Council. At about 8.30am today a resident telephoned the Council to advise that a cherry plum tree had blown down blocking the pavement in Spearpoint Gardens. Within an hour contractors arrived to start removing the tee - see photographs here. The two house owners into whose gardens the tree collapsed were very grateful. Excellent service - many thanks. This occurred in the Shrubberies in Spearpoint Gardens, Aldborough Road North
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These and much, much more....jewelry, artwork and vintage/supplies at:
I just downloaded 28 new pairs of new earrings onto my ETSY shop site. I also refurbished the other contents on the site and am adding more stuff all the time:)
I'm also working on many new sewing projects. I'll be posting more of those soon; I almost have another one finished. I'm also taking my first actual 'quilting' class on Saturday! Maybe I'll have another finished project then as well.
Finally, I'm so happy to say my long awaited class with Jesse Reno is nearly here. It's this Monday, and I plan to have lots of fun...my local friend Denise will also be in class with me! Yay! Look him up on the internet; it's worth it!
So lots more new work is on the way; learning new techniques, making new friends, and visiting with old ones is on the slate for this weekend with Art and Soul, Hampton, Va., which actually kicked off today. I'll chat with you again soon.


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"This was an attempt to pull off a coup in the judiciary last night," said Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu during a Justice and Development Party (AK Party) election rally in the northeastern province of Gümüşhane on Sunday, "Even though it didn't have the authority to do so, the Court of First Instance acted beyond the scope of the law and ordered the release of the arrested suspects who are on trial." The Turkish Prime Minister lashed out to the Criminal Court of First Instance, "You don't have authority, you have no legal grounds."
On Saturday night Istanbul's 32nd Court of First Instance ruled for release Samanyolu Broadcast Group CEO Hidayet Karaca and 63 police officers, all under arrest over highly controversial charges. Karaca, who was being held in Silivri Prison without any indictment or any reason for the extension of his arrest, was initially detained as part of a major media crackdown on Dec. 14, 2014, just three days before the first anniversary of the massive Dec. 17 and 25 corruption investigations into then-Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's Justice and Development Party (AK Party) government.
"Do you know why they did it," asked the prime minister during the rally, "they did it to say 'We are here as the parallel structure and we are strong'. As a state, as a nation, we are here too, we are in the [town] squares, we will not leave the squares to you. We will not leave the squares to judges and prosecutors who act upon orders from Pennsylvania."
The term 'parallel structure' is generally used by the Turkish president and his associates to refer to the Gülen movement (Hizmet movement) inspired by Turkish-Islamic scholar Fethullah Gülen. Coined in the wake of the Dec. 17-25 corruption probes, Ankara accuses the parallel structure of being a shadowy covert organization that has infiltrated the state and is intent on toppling the government. With Fethullah Gülen currently residing in Pennsylvania, that location is also sometimes used to refer to the movement.
Davutoğlu also claimed that a week ago an order was issued from Pennsylvania for the release of the arrested CEO and the police officers, alleging that they are in possession of the order itself. "We've always defended the independence and objectivity of the judiciary against those who tried to manipulate it," said Davutoğlu, "We've never manipulated the judiciary and never will. But if someone tries to interfere with the judiciary for their own interests, then we won't allow that either."
Scores of domestic and international critics allege that Turkey's ruling AK Party frequently interferes with the judiciary for their own interests.
Published on BGNNews, 26 April 2015, Sunday
- Lawless rule of law
- Former European Parliament member says Karaca's case a travesty of justice
- Lawyer says prosecutor who blocked release of Karaca, officers cried over gov't pressure
- Turkey witnesses paralysis of justice system as court ruling not enforced
- Court ruling for release of journalist Karaca, jailed police officers ignored
- Prosecutor defies judge's decision to release journalist Karaca, signaling judicial system chaos
- Real judges also exist at İstanbul Courthouse, not only 'Run İsmail' ones


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Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish: My Lords, as I have explained from the Dispatch Box before, we have seen unemployment fall by around 750,000 as we have come out of this recession and our unemployment is still falling in contrast to many of our friends in the European Union--using the EUROSTAT standardised unemployment rates, just in case the Opposition demand to know whether the rates I quote are standardised, as indeed they always are. In December, the last month for which we have these standardised figures, ourselves and Germany were both at 8.6 per cent. The Germans will now be above us. The French were at 11.6 per cent.; Italy at 12.6 per cent.; and the European Union average was 10.9 per cent. So we seem to be doing rather well.
Lord Bruce of Donington: My Lords, is the noble Lord aware that regarding unemployment figures he is living in cloud-cuckoo-land? The unemployment figures, which are now renamed "claimant unemployment", are about 1.25 million lower than the actual figure at the present time. If unemployment were calculated and reported on the same basis as in 1979, it would today be standing at 4 million. Sooner or later, the country will become aware of that, and then the noble Lord will be smiling on the other side of his face.
Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish: My Lords, it is rather a pity that the noble Lord, who is always very careful in these matters, did not listen carefully to what I said before I explained the figures. The figures I used were not the figures we collect monthly; they were the EUROSTAT standardised unemployment figures which are collected and put on a standard rate. That is why, at 8.6 per cent., they are higher than the figures we produce every month.
Lord Avebury asked Her Majesty's Government:
The Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Baroness Chalker of Wallasey): My Lords, we welcome the favourable judgment of the international observer missions on the elections on 26th-27th February and look forward to the run-off vote for the presidency on 15th March. We also welcome the opening of talks between the Revolutionary United Front and the Sierra Leone authorities. Political progress is essential if there is to be lasting peace in Sierra Leone.
Lord Avebury: My Lords, will the noble Baroness join me in congratulating Brigadier Bio on his commitment to democracy and express the hope that the second round of elections, which are to be held, I believe, on Friday, will be as peaceful as the first, although they were marred by a certain amount of violence? Can the Minister explain why the observers have been withdrawn and will not be present to witness the run-off of the presidential election on 15th March? Will she also join me in congratulating President Bedie and Foreign Minister Essy on their successful diplomacy which brought the RUF to the conference table? Does she agree that it is best to leave further measures of negotiation to the Cote d'Ivoire and not to muddy the waters by interfering through the Commonwealth or the United Nations?
Baroness Chalker of Wallasey: My Lords, Brigadier Bio and the council are to be congratulated on the elections. We hope that the run-off will be free and fair. We are very grateful that the Cote d'Ivoire has been positively helpful. It is now critical that the RUF continues in discussions with the National Provincial Ruling Council. That is one of the things that we hope to see happening.
Baroness Blackstone: My Lords, accepting what the Minister has said about the election, as I do, can she tell the House what the Government intend to do to support the new government in Sierra Leone? Does she agree that resources from the international community to support a good governance programme are vital and that the disarming of the rebels and the demobilisation of the Sierra Leone army are now absolutely vital as a first priority, preferably with a jobs programme for former soldiers?
Baroness Chalker of Wallasey: My Lords, I agree with the noble Baroness. It is a little early to go into this in some detail. We have obviously helped with the elections to the tune of £3 million to make sure that they
Lord Avebury: My Lords, can the noble Baroness say how she believes that the peace process can be continued in the interim period between now and the handover to the incoming president on 27th April? Will those negotiations be conducted as heretofore by Brigadier Bio or will there be some way of associating the winning candidate on 15th March with any further talks that take place?
Baroness Chalker of Wallasey: My Lords, it must be for the successful candidate and Brigadier Bio to make sure that there is a successful handover. We shall do our best to help.
Lord Bruce of Donington asked Her Majesty's Government:
Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish: My Lords, the report of the external auditors on the accounts of the Court of Auditors for the financial year 1994 was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities OJ C 298 dated 11th November 1995. A copy is available in the Library and the Government are content with these findings.
Lord Bruce of Donington: My Lords, is the noble Lord aware that he will probably regret his endorsement of Coopers & Lybrand's audit report on the Court of Auditors because in Brussels at present there is very little talk of anything other than the gross extravagance which the Court of Auditors, which should be the guardians of expenditure, has incurred in the year in question and is likely to incur in 1996, with the approval of the Government? Will the Government give an undertaking that they will examine this matter a little further and thus avoid a rather more detailed ventilation of the matter, which they will surely get unless they do so?
Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish: My Lords, I believe that the noble Lord, Lord Bruce of Donington, is putting far too much faith in a recent press article in the Observer. Perhaps I can recommend that he reads the Official Journal and the conclusion of the Coopers & Lybrand report which says:
Lord Bruce of Donington: My Lords, is the noble Lord aware that nobody is questioning the accuracy or reliability of the accounts that have been prepared? The question relates to what the accounts themselves truthfully disclose. Does the Minister agree that they disclose an extravagance which, in modern times, ought to be entirely denounced by a government that are bent on achieving the utmost economy in public expenditure?
Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish: My Lords, we are dedicated to achieving the utmost economy in public expenditure. I am a bit disappointed that the noble Lord has gone very quickly from the Court of Auditors being a collection of heroes when it comes to criticising other parts of the European budget, to today being, so to speak, the villains of the piece. I do not believe that the noble Lord's generalised remarks bear any resemblance to the actual truth. As I said in my answer, they are taken heavily from an article in the Observer. I commend the noble Lord not to believe everything that he reads in newspapers.
Lord Shaw of Northstead: My Lords, does my noble friend agree that the Government's efforts to increase the powers of the Court of Auditors have been fully justified?
Lord Mackay of Ardbrecknish: My Lords, yes indeed, and my noble friend is quite right about that. The Court of Auditors undertakes a very important function, normally backed by the noble Lord, Lord Bruce of Donington. Its members have to do quite a bit of travelling as the money is spent and has to be checked in the member states and, in many cases, outside the European Union where we spend money as a community. That is right and proper. I believe that the Court of Auditors and its officials would be attacked if they did not go to the places where the money is spent to check the audit trail right through to the final user.
Lord Monkswell: My Lords, as I understand it, the Court of Auditors audits the expenditure of the European Union centrally. Coopers & Lybrand seems to have audited the Court of Auditors' accounts. Can the Minister say who audits Coopers & Lybrand's accounts?
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Caden decided to start his day a little earlier today- the joys of teething. I really cannot complain though. He goes to bed every night between 7:30 and 8pm and sleeps until anywhere between 6:30am (as the case today) to 9am. While the extra hour of sleep is nice, I actually enjoy getting up at 6:30... as long as I put myself to bed at a decent hour the night before.
The earlier start to our day gives us a chance to spend a little time with Steve and see him off for work - and despite being notorious for not being a morning person... I love the early hours of the day. I love the way the light hits the big oak in the front yard, the dew on the grass, the birds chirping, the calmness that only comes in the morning hours.
That calmness of course is a little different these days...
I used to love the Saturday and Sunday mornings I'd wake up earlier than expected. I sit and enjoy a cup of coffee, write, read, watch. Today I find my self in a similar routine as I sip my cup and write these words... but the silence and calm is something completely new. As any mommy surely knows, there really is no silence but the calm is still there. The light is bouncing off the oak, the birds are chirping, the grass is wet with dew, and my son happily sits next to me on the floor babbling, squawking, spinning toys, hugging his favorite dinosaur, and giggling in delight.
So much changes when you have a baby - Some things you expected, some things never crossed your mind, many things you never notice until the early morning one day. Your life just changes and you adapt and you wake up to realize that your life truly is not your own anymore.
Some of these changes, especially the expected ones, are easy... some are hard... but most are automatic.
I love being a mother, in every sense. I'd be lying if I said it was the easiest thing I've ever done but it is by far the most rewarding.
Friday, August 10, 2007
Posted by Unknown on Friday, August 10, 2007
Labels: Caden, General Life
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Listen as we celebrate Memorial Day with Navy culinary specialists from around the world and visit the Victory Garden at the National World War II Museum.
Don't forget to enter our weekly Culinary Quiz!
Peach and Blueberry Crumble (Serves 6)
1/3 cup pecans, almonds or walnuts, coarsely chopped
1/2 cup flour
1/2 cup brown sugar
1/4 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/8 teaspoon salt
8 tablespoons unsalted butter
1/3 cup old-fashioned rolled oats
2 cups peeled and sliced peaches
1 cup blueberries
1 tablespoon flour
1 1/2 tablespoons sugar
1/8 teaspoon cinnamon
Combine the (topping) flour, sugar, cinnamon and salt in a bowl. Cut in the butter with a fork or a pastry blender until mixture is crumbly. Stir in the nuts and rolled oats and set aside.
Mix the (filling) flour, sugar and cinnamon in a small bowl. Toss the peaches in the filling mixture, gently to coat.
Pour peach mixture into an 8 inch square baking dish and sprinkle topping evenly over the peaches.
Bake for 35 - 45 minutes in preheated 375 F. oven. Serve warm topped with ice cream or whipped cream if desired.


text: When planning my Forensic Science lessons I try to incorperate as many demonstrations and hands-on activities as possible. All to often, we do not have all of the necessary supplies or equipment needed. MIT has swooped in and offered teachers their assistance. Students at MIT will now create videos upon request!


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10. "Can't see the forest for the trees" doesn't make any sense anymore
9. Hurricanes in Kuwait
8. You can't read your thermometer because it has melted.
7. Nevada becomes West Coast.
6. You need to "catch a wave" to get to work.
5. The Eiffel Tower becomes "that short, pointy thing in the water".
4. Your husband no longer says, "fish for dinner again???"
3. Monopoly money becomes actual currency.
2. Dust masks start trending.
And the Number One Sign of Global Warming…
1. Hell has actually frozen over.


text:
Leonard Goenaga
Professor Larson
27 November 2007
The Military Tradition in Ancient Israel
In May of 1967, Egypt gathered over 1,000 tanks and 100,000 infantrymen while calling for a unified Arab attack against the newly formed Israeli nation. Israel, fearing such an engagement, launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt, and later muscled back the invading state of Jordan. In the end the Israeli nation gained control of the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the Gohan Heights, the West Bank, and Eastern Jerusalem in what was considered a tremendous military victory. Although many historians and military strategist marvel at the Israeli display of supremacy and strength during the Six Day War, it is not something new to the Jewish people. A simple journey back into the Israelite's past, and a dive into the Old Testament, can testify to this military voyage. This paper will explore the rich military tradition of the ancient Israelites, and follow their biblical leaders and their military excursions as they try to carve a kingdom out of 'God-given' land against the native Canaanites and the foreign Philistines.
To first understand the affluent military tradition of the Israelites, one must pay keen attention to the importance of the land. Pushing the religious aspect of the land as being given by God to the Israelites aside, one can view the land in terms of its strategic and tactical value, which warrants the various military excursions. One of these values relates to "Palestine [as] the only land-bridge that connects Eurasia with Africa."[i] Another "factor contributing to the geopolitical strategic equation in antiquity was the relative poverty of the country" which made it easy and tempting to those seeking conquest.[ii] The third tactical seduction of a military invasion of the land is found in "Israel's long coastlines [which] made it relatively easy to invade the country from the sea."[iii] The vital role the land plays in the transfer and trade of goods, as well as the relative ease of conquest of it's poor accessible natives leads to the overall value in the land, and the added incentive on an aggressive Israelite invasion and defense.
As the Israelites were lead out of Egypt by Moses, and leadership later fell upon the mercenary-trained Joshua, God lead the Israelites into a land inhabited by the ancient Canaanites. It is upon the crossing and Joshua's initial military campaign that Israel's first rival is introduced. Using Richard A. Gabriel's dating as the standard, the Canaanites were around from approximately 1500-900 BCE, and seeing their surge in power around the mid 1400's. The "Canaanite infantry, called the hupshu, had both military and regular units."[iv] The irregulars of the Canaanite army, known as the khepeti, "were lightly armed with bows and spears."[v] In addition to these irregulars, the meat of the Canaanite forces were the hupshu, who were "probably well-trained professionals who were heavily armed… [with] armored corselts, helmets, and [who] carried a sickle sword and shield and the socket axe." (See fig. 3.1 & 3.2)[vi] The infantry was finally made up of the Canaanite version of the storm trooper, or the na'arun heavy infantry whom "served as the palace guard of the Canaanite kings."[vii] In addition to the bulk of the infantry, the Canaanites rival princes of the city-states had adopted such military technologies as the chariot from the traveling Hyksos.[viii] These chariots of the Canaanite princes served as the main striking arm of the Canaanite armies, and were "manned by the social elite of feudal nobles serving as chariot warriors, called maryannu."[ix] These maryannu were usually protected by heavy coats of scale armor, and armed with the powerful composite bow, the heavy spear, and an emergency club in case the first two weapons failed.[x] As for the nature of Canaanite fortifications that Joshua and the Israelites faced, the Canaanite princes usually "constructed their cities atop a new kind of massive rampart, a slanted bank of packed earth called a glacis. The glacis joined an exterior ditch, a fosse, obstructing the most likely avenues of the approach."[xi]
In addition to the threat of the native Canaanites, Joshua and the other Israeli military leaders had foreign threats found in the Philistines. Using Richard A. Gabriel's dating as the standard, the Philistines were roughly at their height from 1200-900 B.C.E. They were people of "Aegean stock and related to both the Minoan and Mycaean peoples of the Mediterranean islands and main land Greeks [Classical Greeks]," who "settled along the southern coastal plain of Canaan."[xii] As with the Canaanites, the Philistines had no central king, and when foreign threats arose they gathered together in a council of princes called a sarney.[xiii] While the Canaanites placed their military focus on the chariot arm of their army, the Philistines "appear to have maintained a large number of heavy infantry of professional quality," which also stood in contrast to the light-armed infantry of the Israelites.[xiv] Their heavy troops were usually armed with their infamous long straightened iron swords, while others wielded weapons reminiscent of the Greek dory and short-spear of later-year.[xv] In addition to their armament, these heavy troops were armed in armor made up of a coslet of bronze or leather, shaped in an inverted V, which thus contained other layers of additional protective material.[xvi] Although the heavy infantry remained the military standard of the Philistines, their entrance into the land of Canaan lead to the arrival of the Canaanite's chariot technology, and they merely outfitted and trained a sector of their heavy infantry for chariot proficiency. As the Philistine sought to procure trading stations and routes deeper east, and as the Israelites patrolled into the costal lowlands of the Philistines, "circa 1050 B.C.E. the Philistines forced the Israelites into a context of arms, with the result that the Israelites suffered a defeat at the battle of Aphek."[xvii]
This now leads to the military profile of the ancient Israelites. Having set the stage with bios of the enemy states of the period, this paper will now analyze three important military leaders from ancient Israel: Joshua, David, and Solomon. Although all three have separate focused objectives, they all shared six tactics that Abraham Malamat describes in an article within the BAR:
(1) The Israelites exploited the disunity among the city states (e.g. Josh. 9); (2) They employed many forms of guile to surprise the enemy; (3) Covert infiltration (Jericho); (4) Enticement (Ai); (5) Night movements (Ai, Gibeon) and night attacks (1 Sam. 14:39); and (6) The battle cry (Judg. 7:21; 1 Sam. 3:5), which could either frighten or dishearten the enemy."[xviii]
With this tactical character being a military trait shared by Israel's leaders (including the above mentioned strikes of the 1963 Israeli Defense Force), one can thus understand the military specialization sought out by the Israel's various leaders. As Joshua crossed into the land of Canaan, his ragtag band of ex-mercenaries were organized into a system of tribal units, each led by their tribal leaders with Joshua as the general commander-in-chief. The tribal organized army was made into guerilla-like infantry, and "armed with sickle swords, spears, bows, slings, and daggers." (see fig. 3.1, 3.2)[xix] John A. Woods points out T.R. Hobb's conclusion "that the Israelites preferred [the] slashing sword (for cutting muscles and blood vessels) over thrusting swords (for penetrating vital organs)."[xx] Joshua's military focus was that of light infantry arranged in a way to emulate the quick style combat of guerilla warfare that replicated the mountainous and uneven terrain. Joshua's excursions into the Hill Country of the land of Canaan left little need for the use of the expensive chariot, and gave his forces a slight advantage over the phalanx fighting heavy infantry of the Philistines and chariot focused Canaanites.[xxi]
David later took Joshua, the Judges, and Saul's military expeditions and both expanded and reformed them. He first began his reforms by greatly increasing his military numbers by requiring a national tribal levy over all able-bodied males. One military factor that didn't change between David, Saul, and Joshua was that of the army's focus on its light infantry force. 1 Chronicle best describes the tribal weapon specialization that occurred in David's army:
The Benjaminites: "were armed with bows and 'could use both right hand and left hand in hurling stones and shooting arrows out of a bow." The Gadites: "were proficient at 'shield and buckler…and were a swift as the roes upon the mountains." The sons of Judah & Naphtali: "bore shield and spear." The Zebulunites: "may well have been the Israelite equivalent of rangers for "they were expert in war, with all instruments of war…and could keep rank'."[xxii]
David took advantage of this naturally occurring tribal weapon specialization, and outfitted them as slingers, archers, and even special infantry as it benefited his light-infantry set-up (see fig. 4.1).
As Solomon came along, David's military conquest had ushered in an age of successful Israeli Empire, leaving the role for Solomon to fortify and modernize the nation. "Solomon equipped Israel with a system of fortifications from which the nation could be defended with a mobile strategic defense in depth, the same strategic design employed by the Canaanites two centuries earlier."[xxiii] Such fortifications are found at Hazor, Megiddo, Tamar, Gezer, Baalath, Lower Beth-Horon, and Tadmor. In addition to modernizing the nation's defenses, Solomon took the role as Israel's greatest military reformer (although he lacked the military experience of Joshua and David). Under Solomon, the military was given a powerful chariot arm which it implemented in it's defensive strategy, and focused on using the arm to combat invading forces in an effort to prevent the handicap of military siege. It is in this open field of war that the earlier mentioned Israelite strategies could be exploited by Solomon's newfound chariot sector (see fig. 4.2).
Having glanced over three of Ancient Israel's greatest leaders, and having analyzed both the make-up of their armies and those of their enemies, this paper will now focus in depth on their military actions and campaigns. The first campaign worthy of mention is that of Joshua (1225-1200 B.C.E.) as he crossed into Canaan and came in contact with Jericho. Here we find Joshua seeking a psychological tactic (psych-ops), as explained in the classic story of his soldiers and priests marching around Jericho. According to Richard A. Gabriel "Joshua was attempting to weaken the will of the enemy by increasing the fear and uncertainty that Rahab the prostitute and the Israelite scouts had detected earlier."[xxiv] When looking at Jericho, it is important to understand that (using Yadin's calculations), Jericho had roughly 1,400 meters of perimeter wall, which the Israelites could easily cover 1 meter of ground six men deep with it's 8,000 men encirclement.[xxv] Another important factor is the usage of the Hebrew term "sabbotem to describe the movement of the column at Jericho," which could be accurately translated to not mean the Israelite's march around in procession, but rather 'encircled'.[xxvi] Taking both above-mentioned points, it is not a stretch to image the message of the text to mean the Israelites used the traditional tactic of numbers in a siege and simply overwhelmed the defenders at Jericho. Herzog and Gichon both agree with the ruse disguised as a religious progression, where:
"on the seventh day, after the Israelites had begun their now customary maneuver, at a sign from their leader, the silent, tranquil procession suddenly changed into a column of frantic assault…[where] the Israelites scaled the walls and passed through any portion of them damaged by recent tremors…and 'utterly destroyed all that was in the city…by the edge of the sword'."[xxvii]
A later example of this type of ruse can be found in Julius Sextus Frontinus Strategemata. Suggesting the existence of this tactic in ancient antiquity.[xxviii]
Another important victory of Joshua's was that of Ai/Bethel, which allowed them the strategic advantage of a foothold in the Judean highlands. Herzog and Gichon summarize Joshua's plans as follows:
"(1) Employment of the complete tribal host; (2) dislodgement of the garrison at Ai from its stronghold by a simulated flight of the main force… (3) Detachment of a body of 'picked troops' to the rear of Ai…to capture the objective deserted by its defenders in pursuit of the supposedly fleeing Israelites; (4) trapping pursuing enemy between the main force and the capturers of Ai; (5) detachment of a strong block force prior to the battle to occupy a position straddling the approaches from Bethel," (see fig. 1.1,1.2, 4.4 & 4.5 for clarification)[xxix]
Joshua skillful turned an initial upset into a strategic weapon, and as explained in the Book of Joshua, he successfully routed the defenders out of Ai into an awaiting trap, thus allowing him that formerly mentioned foothold.[xxx]
The next campaigns on which this paper will examine are those of the Philistine Wars and the Capture of Jerusalem as waged by David (1005-961 B.C.E.). Upon the anointing of David as king over a unified Israel, the Philistine's strategic goal was to break up this newfound unity and dismantle the monarchy.[xxxi] As the Philistines treaded upon David's territory, two conflicts are worth mentioning. The first of these battles occurred against the Philistines in open terrain as recalled in II Samuel 5:19-20. However more importantly, as it highlights David's military genius, is the second Philistine conflict, where David used a small force of men as a trap to lure in the Philistines near a tree-line, while using the cover of the "the sound of [Yahweh's] steps in the tops of the Baka-bushes,"[xxxii] to mask his army's entrance into the forest (see fig. 1.6).[xxxiii]
"Whereas the first encounter had resulted in a tactical victory for the Israelites, the second battle seems to have produced a defeat of strategic proportions for the Philistines, driving them completely from the hill country once and for all. Never again do we hear of Philistine troops or garrisons in the hill country."[xxxiv]
The second campaign worth mentioning is David's capture of Jerusalem (see fig. 1.4). David's focus here was to offer Israel a new fortress to buffer future Philistine attacks. Using Yadin's population/defense calculations[xxxv], "the Jebusites could have deployed one defender for every 1.5 yards of wall, a formidable defensive force against an army with no siege train."[xxxvi] According to biblical tradition, David received victory with the aid of the tsinor/tzinor/tsinnor (see fig. 2.1). This has lead to various interpretations as to David's victory. Herzog and Gichon argue in favor of the tsinor as being the Gihon Spring/Waren's Shaft. They make the case that "having discovered the tzinor [waterway/Warren's shaft], David decided to launch a surprise attack through it while attention was centered upon the northern sector of the city."[xxxvii] While they admit that the feat was an extremely difficult one, they underscore Kathleen Kenyon and Y. Shiloh's excavations as pointing to "the diversionary efforts launched by David from the captured citadel."[xxxviii] Alfred Hoerth also argues in favor of this first interpretation, stating that the difficulty of having to climb 'Warren's Shaft' and the cover of night, allowed the Israelites to sneak into the city and overpower any surrounding guards.[xxxix] However, this explanation is not universally accepted. Richard A. Gabriel argues in favor of victory in numbers, stating that "if David used only half of the 20,000 or so men mentioned in the I Chronicles text as joining him at Hebron…then David could have deployed almost seven men per yard of wall in the attack, or about the same ratio that favored Joshua in his attack on Jericho."[xl] He does away with the word tsinor by translating it as it's usual reference to the throat and windpipe, and states it was simple military advice given from a battle hardened general.[xli][xlii] The more modern NIV Archaeological Study Bible concludes that after the recent discoveries in 1995, the shaft or watercourse that the tsinnor[xliii] refers to is not known to be 'Warrens Shaft', but rather some other waterway lost in history.[xliv]
With the expansion and success of David's kingdom and military excursions, Solomon (961-921 B.C.E.) inherits the first true empire of the Israeli state. Although the order is sometimes debated over, Solomon initiates massive military reform and fortification. Besides building the Temple, his own palace, and extensions to Jerusalem's walls, he further fortified Hazor, Megiddo, Dezer, Gezer, lower Beth-horan, Baalith, and Tamar, with further garrisoned and chariot towns.[xlv] The set-up was as follows:
"…Hazor guarded the main highway from Israel to Syria…Megiddo controlled the major west-east axis of northern Palestine…Gezer was the key border fortress that guarded the entry into Judean ridge…Lower Beth-horan protected the main western approach to Jerusalem…Upper Beth-Horan were also improved…"[xlvi]
In addition to the defensive fortifications that emulated those of the earlier Canaan system, "it is to Solomon that credit is due for the establishment of an Israelite chariot corps."[xlvii] As for how Solomon managed to obtain them, it is often thought that "as the Israelites gradually integrated the Canaanite enclaves into the state…control of their chariot units gradually passed to the Israelites. The same was likely true for the Philistines." (298). This suggests that the process of building the Chariot Corps[xlviii] wasn't merely one of grand purchases, but a slow accumulation that peaked under Solomon. Taken together, Solomon created a "schematic of strong points serving at one and the same time as pivots for defense and as bases for mobile force (chariots) reaction and proaction."[xlix] (see fig. 1.5).
In conclusion, this paper has explored the domestic chariot-specialized Canaanites, as well as the foreign heavy infantry-focused threat of the Philistines. It has also examined the clandestine guerilla nature of ancient Israeli armies, as well as their armament and organization. Having this backdrop settled, further examination was placed on three of Israel's finest military leaders; Joshua, David, and Solomon. Keen focus was then placed on individual military cases that explored the Israeli military tradition, such as the capture of Jericho, Ai/Bethel, and Jerusalem, as well as the two unique military campaigns waged against the Philistines, and Solomon's modernization of both Israel's defense and military. Having also explored avenues of scholarly argumentation, recent archaeological conclusions, and traditional scriptural evidence, one is left with no surprise when witnessing the potent military force of the modern Israeli Defense League, knowing that in light of Israel's past it has been a rich military nation since it's birth.
Footnotes and Works Cited Below
Figure 1.1 Conquest of Ai, Battles of the Bible
Figure 1.2 Conquest of Ai, Battles of the Bible
Figure 1.3 Wars of David, Battles of the Bible
Figure 1.4 Jerusalem, Battles of the Bible
Figure 1.5 Infrastructure of Solomon, Battles of the Bible
Figure 1.6 Philistine Wars, Battles of the Bible
Figure 2.1 Tsinnor, NIV Archaeological Study Bible
Figure 3.1 Wars of David, The Ancient World, Soldiers' Life Though History
Figure 3.2 Sickle Sword, The Ancient World, Soldiers' Life Though History
Figure 4.1 Israelite Light Infantry, The Military History of Ancient Israel
Figure 4.2 Israelite Charioteer 1000 B.C.E., The Military History of Ancient Israel
Figure 4.3 Israelite Infantryman 800 B.C.E., The Military History of Ancient Israel
Figure 4.4 Battle of Ai, Phase 1, The Military History of Ancient Israel
Figure 4.5 Battle of Ai, Phase 2, The Military History of Ancient Israel
[i] Richard A. Gabriel. The Military History of Ancient Israel, p. 2
[ii] Ibid p. 3
[iii] Ibid p. 3
[iv] Richard A. Gabriel, The Ancient World, Soldiers' Lives Through History, p. 190
[v] Ibid p. 190
[vi] Ibid p. 190
[vii] Ibid p. 190
[viii] Ibid p. 190
[ix] Ibid p. 189
[x] Ibid p. 189
[xi] Ibid p. 188
[xii] Ibid p. 193
[xiii] Ibid p. 194
[xiv] Ibid p. 195
[xv] Ibid p. 194
[xvi] Ibid p. 194
[xvii] Ibid p. 195
[xviii] John A. Wood, Perspectives On War In the Bible, p. 181
[xix] Ibid p. 198
[xx] John A. Wood, p. 179
[xxi] Richard A. Gabriel, The Ancient World, Soldiers' Lives Through History, p. 198
[xxii] 1 Chronicles 12; Cross references to be found in Judges 3:15, and Judges 20:16
[xxiii] Richard A. Gabriel, The Ancient World, Soldiers' Lives Through History, p. 201
[xxiv] Richard A. Gabriel. The Military History of Ancient Israel, p.131
[xxv] Ibid p. 131
[xxvi] Ibid p. 131
[xxvii] Chaim Herzog & Mordechai Gichon, Battles of the Bible, p. 48
[xxviii] Julius Sextus Fontinus, Strategemata, I.IV.8; "When Gnaeus Pompey on one occasion was prevented from crossing a river because the enemy's troops were stationed on the opposite bank, he adopted the device of repeatedly leading his troops out of camp and back again. Then, when the enemy were at last tricked into relaxing their watch on the roads in front of the Roman advance, he made a sudden dash and effected a crossing."
[xxix] Herzog & Gichon, p. 53
[xxx] For the biblical account of the campaign, see Joshua 8:4 (Phase 1), Joshua 8:15, 17, 22, & 24 (Phase 2). "They were unable to flee either backward or forward…so that they were in the very midst of Israel, scattered hither and thither." (Joshua 8:22)
[xxxi] "[W]hen the Philistines heard that David had been anointed king over Israel, they came up in search of him, but when David heard of this, he went down to the stronghold," (II Samuel 5:17).
[xxxii] II Samuel 5:23-25
[xxxiii] Richard A. Gabriel. The Military History of Ancient Israel, p. 245
[xxxiv] Ibid p. 246
[xxxv] Ibid p. 251; "Using Yadin's method of calculating the populations of ancient cities employed earlier, the population of Jebusite Jerusalem during David's time can be estimated to have been approximately 3,840 people, or 240 persons per square urban acre multiplied by 16 acres. Approximately 25 percent of the population, 1,000 men, would have been available for defense."
[xxxvi] Ibid p. 251
[xxxvii] Herzog & Gichon, p. 101
[xxxviii] Ibid 102
[xxxix] Alfred J. Hoerth, Archaeology & the Old Testament, p. 266
[xl] Richard A. Gabriel. The Military History of Ancient Israel, p. 251
[xli] Ibid p. 252; See II Samuel: Anchor Bible 137 for added clarification.
[xlii] Yigael Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands in Light of Archaeology, p. 97; The promotion of Joab for being the first to siege Jerusalem is worth notice, and is supported in "Thutmose III's chronicle of his attack on Kadesh as spoken by a brave Egyptian soldier. 'His majesty sent forth every valiant man of his army, to breach the new wall which Kadesh had made. I was the one who breached it, being the first of every valiant man.' "
[xliii] NIV, p. 450 "While some suggest meanings such as 'dagger,' 'hook' or 'grappling-hook,' the context of Psalm 42:7 (where the NIV translates tsinnor as 'waterfalls') implies the word in 2 Samuel 5:8 has to do with a water system. Cognates (words related by descent from the same ancestral language) from Aramic and Ugaritic also indicate that tsinnor refers to a watercourse, shaft or tunnel."
[xliv] Ibid p. 450
[xlv]Richard A. Gabriel. The Military History of Ancient Israel, p. 195; "This was the purpose of the forced labor which Solomon imposed: It was to build the House of the Lord, his own palace, the Millo, and the wall of Jerusalem, and to fortify Hazor, Megiddo, and Dezer…Solomon fortified Gezer, lower Beth-horan, Baalith, and Tamar in the wilderness…and all of Solomon's garrison towns, chariot towns, and calvary towns…throughout the territory he ruled." (I Kings 9:15-19)
[xlvi] Ibid p. 295
[xlvii] Ibid p. 298
[xlviii] I Kings 9:26; "1,400 chariots and 12,000 horses which he stationed in the chariot towns and with the king in Jerusalem [the strategic reserve]" This is usually regarded as a reasonable #.
[xlix] Ibid p. 294
Works Cited
Malamat, Abraham. "How Inferior Israelites Conquered Fortified Canaanite Cities." Biblical Archaeology Review Apr. 1983: 24-35.
Gabriel, Richard A. The Ancient World, Soldiers' Lives Through History. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2007.
Gabriel, Richard A. The Military History of Ancient Israel. Westport: Praeger, 2003.
Herzog, Chaim, and Mordechai Gichon. Battles of the Bible. London: Greenhill , 1997.
Hoerth, Alfred J. Archaeology & the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006.
NIV Archaeological Study Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005.
Woods, John A. Perspectives On War in the bible. Macon: Mercer University Press, 1998.
Yadin, Yigael. The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands in Light of Archaeology, vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
Frontinus, Sextus Julius. "Strategemara I.IV.8." Penelope, University of Chicago. 23 Feb. 2003.
University of Chicago. 28 Nov. 2007


text:
I am a Woodstock baby
The internet is very bad where I am.
My own email accounts - I am told because they are UK sites - are worst of all.
Unfortunately, I am one of the unlucky ones. A cable cracked under the sea and I know that the server my laptop was attached to, was badly affected.
I try to read Skint Writer and I keep getting Saaleha.
When I re-enter my own blog, I find myself on BBC online.
Sites take forever to open.
I have read all your comments but am unable this time round, to reply each one individually.
I hope and will try my best to catch up on all your missed posts this Sunday.
However, I have finally (after a long compromised lull because of conflicting personal issues) made the decision to leave Malaysia this end-January. It would herald the start of new beginnings.
So at the moment, I am making plans and trying to get myself organised.
I really want to concentrate on my writing as an artist and to give this complex passion the attention it deserves and I need to be in a conducive environment So I will leave Malaysia to grow as a writer as my personality and philosophies are constantly evolving.
In England and Australia, I don't have these kind of problems that hamper my work.
Besides, I was never good in any kind of a parochial community.
Each day needs to be different for me. I shun routine
At the end of the day, I am simply a child of the universe.
My focus has always been in my dreams and ambitions.
My writings and I have merged together and become one and I feel I have a duty to be protective of my art especially as I am given a second chance to write once more. And also to be protective of my own self-evolvement.
I have decided to leave my entire past behind and just start over - me and my writing journey.
So right now am making plans to travel.
Finish my children's telly script in these next 3 days.
Catch up on all your blog posts this Sunday because you are my friends and I love you.
Carry on writing my stage play even as I make plans to travel.
Get a publishing contract or a theatre contract & also to publish my poetry that says everything about me.
This for practical reasons, once I am abroad.
As soon as I get a professional writing contract for any of the above, i shall open a professional website. Right now, everything's all over the place and also I believe, such a resolution serves my fulfillment as a writer to imbue it with deeper and richer objectives.
Now, it's touch and go, if this post gets up on my blog at all.


text:
James O'Keefe, the young right-wing filmmaker who famously is credited with "destroying Acorn" after publishing manipulated videotapes about visits at Acorn, badly failed with his new venture.
On a side note, his previous venture was a glorious failure as well: Arrested while trying to tamper with the phone lines of a Democratic Senator, pleading guilty and receiving a very light sentence (he is a right-winger, so don't expect serious consequences - but don't you dare to guess Sarah Palin's password).
His new project didn't go very well either: As was reported a few days ago, he tried to set up CNN reporter Abbie Boudreau, attempting to seduce her on his sailing boat, taping the encounter and then embarrass her and CNN in public.
The plot, however, fell apart already shortly after the CNN journalist arrived at the boat.
In James O'Keefe's twisted mind, the "joke" should have been that "the tables have turned on CNN. Using hot blondes to seduce interviewees to get screwed on television, you are faux seducing her in order to screw her on television."
The latter is a quote from a 13-page document which CNN received, called "CNN Caper" - the "script" for the failed plot. CNN thankfully published large parts of it (on six webpages), and it's truly worth reading, in order to fully understand how the sick mind of James O'Keefe (and his accomplices) works.
The details of this failed plot are explained in this new clip, courtesy of Media Matters:
However, there is more. Sarah Jones in politicususa draws attention to the fact that the 13-page script does not only contain the plan to seduce the CNN reporter, but also another plan to trick CNN with a false story - for example about the Tea Party or about Sarah Palin:
"Which brings us to the James O'Keefe (of the inaccurately edited and widely discredited ACORN videos) and his plan or the plan of his "mentor" to set up female CNN anchor Abbie Boudreau, lure her to a boat and video tape her secretly as she was surrounded by sex toys that he placed there in advance. Plan to seduce her in order to discredit her, as a video suggesting she was willing to do anything to get her story would be fabricated from set up footage. That was Plan II.
Plan I was to set up CNN to report something false about Sarah Palin or the "tea party" (apparently they view these as one in the same) and then give their "friendlies at Fox News" (yes, that is an admission that Fox is their propaganda network, but also that they view news as an aggressive act of war) a head's up so Fox could bust CNN, thereby deliberately attempting smearing CNN with the same discredited stink of Fox News."
Let's take a look of what was mentioned about this "Plan I" in the "CNN Caper" document:
When we hear "Sarah Palin" and "planting false evidence", things get particularly interesting for us.
The readers of Palingates know that there is hardly a famous politician around at the moment who has more skeletons in the closet than Sarah Palin - personal and political scandals.
- a faked pregnancy
- a daughter with a first hidden pregnancy which still has never been revealed
- an extramarital affair in the mid 1990's
- some of the children have histories of drug abuse
- a proven track record of intimidation and vindictive behavior
- a long list of documented lies about political and personal matters, with the habit of consistently changing her stories
And we are only talking about some examples.
As we all know, hardly any of these subjects have been touched so far by the media.
It's no surprise that one of Sarah Palin's biggest fans, conservative radio talk show host Tammy Bruce (who confusingly is openly gay as well as a rabid right-winger), presented in a radio interview with Sarah Palin in June 2010 what she called "Bruce's rule": When others "say things about Sarah Palin that don't make sense, people have permission to automatically reject them."
So as the first line of defense, try to brainwash your supporters into "automatically rejecting" what might confuse them.
But, as a second line of defense, why not spread fear amongst the media that sensational revelations about Sarah Palin might be false or planted - and therefore imply that it would be best not touch these stories at all? This seems to have been the line of thinking by James O'Keefe and his accomplices.
Who is behind James O'Keefe anyway? It's clear that he must have some financial backing in order to finance his plots.
"The Village Voice" made some sensational discoveries about the support that James O'Keefe receives. He is not the "lone independent filmmaker" that he wants people to believe. For example, one of his documentaries was financed by a grant by conservative billionaire Peter Thiel, one of the founders of PayPal and an early investor in Facebook. The amount which was in the end officially confirmed by a spokesperson of Thiel came to "around $ 10,000", disputing the estimate of Village Voice which originally amounted to $ 30,000.
Thiel, by the way, is also openly gay, but rants at the same time against "multiculturalists" and "public homosexuality." Talk about confused minds.
In addition, Village Voice reports:
"O'Keefe is a former member of the Leadership Institute, the conservative think tank that has turned out such graduates as Bush strategist Karl Rove, Christian Coalition leader Ralph Reed, Senator Mitch McConnell (R-Kentucky), Americans for Tax Reform President Grover Norquist, and "Talon News" fake White House blogger Jeff Gannon (real name: James Dale Guckert). The Institute has been involved in setting up conservative newspapers at colleges across the country, and gave O'Keefe a $500 "Balance in Media" grant to begin the Rutgers Centurion in 2005.On his personal blog (quoted at Daily Kos, O'Keefe has taken the original link down), O'Keefe thanks "LI" for a $4,000 monitor to help him make his movies.In the same way O'Keefe used equipment from the Leadership Institute to make his future films, he may have made use of Thiel's cash infusion for future projects, too. The "Taxpayers Clearing House" video that Thiel's money made possible was posted just a few months before O'Keefe and Giles set off on their summer adventure. The multiple ACORN videos were shot and produced over the course of more than two months, in San Diego, San Bernardino, Brooklyn, Baltimore and Washington, D.C. (plus an unknown number of other cities, like Philadelphia, where O'Keefe attempted to shoot but the sting failed)."
I personally don't believe that the buck stops there.
Who has an interest to discredit any critical reporting or revelations about Sarah Palin and the Tea Party?
We will have to keep our eyes open.
"St. Louis Activist Hub" has an interesting post about a local connection of James O'Keefe to St. Louis, Missouri. One of O'Keefe's "co-conspirators" is apparently a St. Louis tea party activist named John Burns. The original CNN report indicated that John Burns was in on the planning emails, and was asked for advice about the plan by O'Keefe.
Another famous Tea Party activist from St. Louis is of course Sarah Palin's fan Gina Loudon, who is as batshit crazy as her idol. Interesting connections!
"St. Louis Activist Hub" also revealed on Friday that O'Keefe's friend John Burns and Gina Loudon are closely connected:
John Burns, the St. Louis Tea Party activist who was included in planning emails on Jame O'Keefe's plot to "seduce" CNN reporter Abbie Boudreau by isolating her on a boat full of sex toys and pornography, is scheduled to speak tomorrow at a Southern Illinois Tea Party rally in O'Fallon, Illinois.
(...) The tea party rally is being organized by Gina Loudon, a self-proclaimed conservative Christian who previously called O'Keefe a "hero."
Already in March 2010, St. Louis Activist Hub discovered the connection between John Burns and James O'Keefe, and also highlighted the role of the Leadership Institute (which we know has given funding to James O'Keefe in the past).
(h/t cheeriogirl)
"Rebelliouspixels" created a parody which is pure genius: Donald Duck meets Glenn Beck.
Sunday entertainment at its finest! ENJOY!
Please support Palingates in our efforts to inform you:
Thank you for your donation!
"StopBeck.com" just tweeted the following - and he repeatedly said that he is not kidding!
I hope you have all watched this epic Donald Duck clip by now! :-)


text:
Porthcove is a friendly and relaxing hotel set in an enviable position high on the cliffs overlooking the Atlantic Ocean commanding unobstructed views over Porth Newquay bay and the surrounding coastline. Directly opposite are the golden sands of Whipsiderry Beach with access to the award winning Porth beach and Watergate Bay too. On the eastern side of Porth Beach is Porth Island the site of an Iron-age settlement which is linked to the mainland by a footbridge beneath it there are caves which can be exposed at low tide it's said they were once used by smugglers.
Our accommodation is made up of sixteen rooms all ensuite with a choice of single double twin and family rooms available many with stunning sea views. All rooms are tastefully decorated each with colour TV radio alarm hair dryer and teacoffee making facilities. We offer a range beers wines and spirits to be enjoyed either in the bar on the terrace while watching the amazing sunsets or just while relaxing in our lounge admiring the views.
Our large private car park provides ample parking for all our guests. For guests arriving by other means the coach and railway stations are just one and a half miles away Newquay airport is approximately 6 miles and the bus routes pass within 30 metres of the hotel every 20 minutes.
From: £35.00
Average customer rating:
of 6
Read customer reviews (opens new window)
Get Directions on Google maps
View on:
Google maps (area overview)
Get an Ordnance Survey map covering the Newquay area.
Heritage Rated from 1- 5 (low-exceptional) on historic interest
Newquay Travel and Heritage Information
Trenance Gardens - 1.5 miles (Garden)
Pirates Quest - 1.7 miles (Museum)
St Mawgan in Pydar Church - 2.9 miles (Historic Church)
Trerice - 3 miles (Historic House)
Japanese Garden - 3.1 miles (Garden)
Bedruthan Steps - 3.8 miles (Countryside)
Cubert, St Cubert's Church - 4.5 miles (Historic Church)
Holywell Bay Fun Park - 4.5 miles (Family Attraction)
St Columb Major, St Columba's Church - 5 miles (Historic Church)
St Piran's Old Church - 5.7 miles (Historic Church)
Other Nearby Accommodation
+ Heritage Rating + ?


text:
LeAnn who? Kim Kardashian gets a new bestie
Kim Kardashian and Britney Spears spent some time catching up this weekend. Do we have another celebrity power friendship in the works?
It was a meeting of the minds on Saturday night at Clive Davis' pre-Grammy party when Britney Spears and Kim Kardashian hugged it out.
The pair — each clad in boob-baring dresses — talked about "normal girlie things," according to an US Weekly spy.
"Kim has been to [Spears'] concert a few times. Britney and Kim love each other," the source said. At least that part is true — Kardashian tweeted about the newly engaged superstar's Los Angeles show last June.
"Seriously u guys, tonight @britneyspears just had the best concert ever! She killed it in LA! Proud of u doll ;-) must see concert! (sic)," she tweeted.
This is probably bad news for LeAnn Rimes — after all, the two just emerged as besties after a church service in Calabasas in early February. They took in lunch a few days later with the church's pastors and America's Got Talent judge Howie Mandel.
Of course, they also cemented their relationship via Twitter.
"Great seeing you and the fam. See you soon! Xoxo," Rimes tweeted. "You too babe!" Kardashian replied.
But Rimes can probably rest easy, though — Spears is too busy planning her upcoming wedding to Jason Trawick and watching Modern Family to have time for a friendship with the divorced reality star.
"I know everybody is excited about the Super Bowl, but I personally can't wait to see the next episode of Modern Family! Funniest show on TV," she tweeted on Feb. 1.
Will she grace the small screen on a future episode of the show? We hope so! Kardashian can probably give her a few pointers for the show, too.


text: I am a final year student studying a degree in computing Visualisation. For my final year project I am writing a program in C to model 3D images of faces and then morph between different faces. I am unsure as to methods I could use to group vertices, for example to ensure eyes morph with eyes. I have scanned data from using a projector and a camera and so noise is also an issue. I would be very grateful if anyone can offer any kind of advice.


text:
said "If you're feeling bad about your family,
just remember that families are a lot like
fudge; mostly sweet, with a few nuts
scattered here and there".
What a perfect description for some of my relatives.
I'm thinking of one in particular. This person has to
be the most negative human on the planet. No matter
what good everyone else finds in a situation, this person
will come up a negative reason as to why it won't happen,
or why its not good enough.
Do you have a few kinfolks like that around you? I'll bet on it!
For the sake of peace you try being civil and find yourself enduring
their negativity, Right?.
Read the full article here!


text:
Joe Bastardi, one of the AccuWeather forecasters disputing the plethora of global warming claims, is predicting at least two hurricanes in Gulf oil spill area between now and the end of hurricane season. Three additional storms are predicted close enough to the spill area to affect clean-up areas. See a video below.
From AccuWeather:
AccuWeather.com Hurricane Center meteorologists, led by Chief Long-Range Meteorologist and Hurricane Forecaster Joe Bastardi, are calling for a much more active 2010 season with above-normal threats on the U.S. coastline.
"This year has the chance to be an extreme season," said Bastardi. "It is certainly much more like 2008 than 2009 as far as the overall threat to the United States' East and Gulf coasts."
Bastardi is forecasting seven landfalls. Five will be hurricanes, and two or three of the hurricanes will be major landfalls for the U.S.
He is calling for 16 to 18 tropical storms in total, 15 of which would be in the western Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico, and therefore a threat to land.
There are a number of physical drivers that have Bastardi concerned for this upcoming hurricane season. These include:
--The rapidly weakening El Niño.
--Warmer ocean temperatures in the typical Atlantic tropical breeding grounds compared to last year (tropical storms draw energy from warm water).
--Weakening trade winds which reduce the amount of dry air injected into the tropics from Africa.
--Higher humidity levels which provide additional upward motion in the air and fuel tropical storm development.
Bastardi compared a number of years to the upcoming season in terms of storm setup, including 1964, 1995, and 1998. All were major impact seasons for the U.S. coast.


text:
An SEC study mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act on cross-border private securities fraud actions affirmed the Commission's view that Congress should enact some form of the conduct and effects test for Rule 10b-5 private actions. In addition to possible enactment of some form of conduct and effects tests, the study details options to supplement and clarify the Morrison transactional test, one of which is to permit investors to pursue a Rule 10b-5 private action for the purchase or sale of any security that is of the same class of securities registered in the United States, irrespective of the actual location of the transaction.
In Morrison v. National Australia Bank, 130 S. Ct. 2869 (2010), the US Supreme Court adopted a new transactional test under which Rule 10b-5 reaches the use of a manipulative or deceptive device only in connection with the purchase or sale of a security listed on an American stock exchange, and the purchase or sale of any other security in the United States.
Congress responded to the decision by adding Section 929P(b)(2) of the Dodd-Frank to provide the necessary affirmative indication of extraterritoriality for Section 10(b) actions involving transnational securities frauds brought by the SEC and the Justice Department. With respect to private Rule 10b-5 actions, Section 929Y of the Dodd-Frank Act directed the Commission to study the extension of the cross-border scope of private actions in a similar fashion, or in some narrower manner.
Prior to the Supreme Court's decision, the lower federal courts had applied two tests to determine the cross-border reach of Rule 10b-5. Under the conduct test, Section 10(b) applied if a sufficient level of conduct comprising the transnational fraud occurred in the United States, even if the victims or the purchases and sales were overseas. Under the effects test, Section 10(b) applied to transnational securities frauds when conduct occurring in foreign countries caused foreseeable and substantial harm to U.S. interests.
The SEC study concluded that the enactment of conduct and effects tests for Section 10(b) private actions similar to the test enacted for Commission and DOJ enforcement actions is one potential option. Consideration might also be given to alternative approaches focusing on narrowing the conduct test's scope to ameliorate those concerns that have been voiced about the negative consequences of a broad conduct test.
One such approach, which the SEC recommended in the Morrison litigation, would be to require plaintiffs to demonstrate that their injury resulted directly from conduct within the United States, which could mitigate the risk of potential conflict with foreign nations' laws by limiting the availability of a Section 10(b) private remedy to situations in which the domestic conduct is closely linked to the overseas injury. The Commission has not altered its view in support of this standard. Another option is to enact conduct and effects tests only for U.S. resident investors. Such an approach could limit the potential conflict between U.S. and foreign law, reasoned the SEC, while still protecting U.S. investors and U.S. markets.
In addition to possible enactment of some form of conduct and effects tests, the study sets forth four options for consideration to supplement and clarify the transactional test. One option is to permit investors to pursue a Section 10(b) private action for the purchase or sale of any security that is of the same class of securities registered in the United States, irrespective of the actual location of the transaction. A second option, which is not exclusive of other options, is to authorize Section 10(b) private actions against securities intermediaries such as broker-dealers and investment advisers that engage in securities fraud while purchasing or selling securities overseas for U.S. investors or providing other services related to overseas securities transactions to U.S. investors.
A third option is to permit investors to pursue a Section 10(b) private action if they can demonstrate that they were fraudulently induced while in the United States to engage in the transaction, irrespective of where the actual transaction takes place. A final option is to clarify that an off-exchange transaction takes place in the United States if either party made the offer to sell or purchase, or accepted the offer to sell or purchase, while in the United States.