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Release Date: 2007 |
Great review, but I seem to like this a lot more than you so far. I agree with a lot of what you said, but there's no one track that I dislike. From Fuck The Sex Pistols to Pendulum to These Mad Dogs of Glory is so awesome. I'll give it a few more spins before I officially decide.
I agree with everything you said. As always excellent review.
Album Rating: 3.5Basically agreed, though I still haven't heard MLMW. This album was solid, both the slower and faster songs. Great review.
Digging: Rolling Blackouts Coastal Fever - Hope Downs
Completely agreed. Good review.
Probably one of the few bands not to get fucked by signing to EQV. Fantastic release and it seems like MLIW has stepped out of their small town beginnings and started to observe the scene they are in. Sound wise and topic wise.
Album Rating: 4.0Hey, I'm new to sputnik, and excellent job reviewing this. MLIW is one of my favorite bands, but this kind of dissappointed after Witness.
Album Rating: 3.0This was solid on the first listen. The first album I've heard from MLIW. I guess I'll have to get Witness soon.
Really nice review. I guess I'll probably get this at some point, I'm actually a pretty big fan of Witness.
Stagger Lee is better as a Nick Cave song though.
I have to get this. Get on AIM later Nick, I gots the Planet Of Ice bonus EP for ya.
Digging: Converge - Beautiful Ruin
Album Rating: 3.5What's on the EP? Ya Strizz pick this up. I assume you have Witness.
Album Rating: 3.5they killed Stagger Lee. Nick Cave's original version is soo much better
Oh most definitely have Witness, but not the first album. I might need you to sendz me all of them since I'm pretty sure Witness got deleted by my pop-punk fag of a friend >
The POI EP has two b-sides ("Electric Rainbow" and "Patiently Waiting", which both rule), the P.O.S. remix of "Knights", and the demo of "Ice Monster". All very cool and only adding to the overall ownage of Planet Of Ice.
Album Rating: 3.5I listened to the Nick Cave, didn't like it very much. I have never understood al the hubbbub around that guy. The movie The Proposition was awesome though.
The 'hubbub' is that he's a fucking badass. And one of the greatest songwriters ever. The Proposition does indeed rule though.
they killed Stagger Lee. Nick Cave's original version is soo much better
Album Rating: 3.5ah i c. that makes sense then, i didnt know nick cave adapted it from another song. thanks though for letting me know before i sound like more of an idiot
Album Rating: 3.5Full album stream: http://www.purevolume.com/modernlifeiswar
Album Rating: 4.0This is some dank shit.
Wow, these guys just keep impressing.
Album Rating: 3.5[quote=Jawaharal]dank[/quote]
Bands: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


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We have Daadi Amma at home!!! No, i am not talking about Zini's Daadi. I am talking about Zini herself!!!
She does so much of Daadi-giri with us, you have to see it to believe…Here are some examples of her Daadi-giri!!
Daadi's day out
Zini and i are going out, so i put her in her seat and fasten the seat belt. then i settle in my seat and go about driving the car.
At this point Daadi amma says "Mummy, Belt Pehno!!!" (Wear the belt)
Me: Jee Daadi Amma!!!
And i dutifully wear the seat belt 🙂
The Bag & the Daadi
Zini and i are going out to the play ground. We are about to leave.
So Daadi amma says "Bag kahaan hai aapka, mummy?? Apna bag pehno!!!" (Where is your bag, wear your bag – i don't know why she asked me to "wear" the bag, but she wanted me to carry the bag)
Me: Jee Daadi Amma!!!
Do i need to say, i carried the bag??!!
Daadi goes green
Zini is done with sleeping and wants to go "Baahar" (in drawing room). So we leave the bedroom and start for the drawing room.
Daadi Amma reminds me "Mummy, fan band karo" (Turn the fan off)
Me: Jee Daadi Amma (proudly :))
Yes, this little Daadi seems to be green in her thought 🙂
Matti Matti
Every night, hubby, Zini and I have our Matti (Masti- Mischievously fun) session, which includes giving ride to Zini on our backs, on our legs and tickling her.
To save herself from the tickling, Daadi ordered her papa "Papa, Matti matti (Masti) karo, mummy saath"!!!! (Papa do the masti with mummy!!!)
Her Papa: Jee Daadi Amma!!!
And her papa took the opportunity to tickle me 😦
Apart from all these, we have her regular Daadi-giri like khaana do, Paani do, yeh le lo, Dikhaao, clean karo and what not!!!! God save us, or not 😉

subset: commoncrawl


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"David Correy is one of the most talented, driven, and charismatic singers in the country, hailing from DC. David has amassed a unique following of devoted fans and a level of respect from both the Urban & Rock genres. I'm excited & honored to be part of David's next chapter in his musical and professional development. Watch out for his new single Come Alive, dropping soon!!!"
- Shawn Caesar, President of Unruly Productions


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Read my blog at Huffington Post
I also blog at Huffington Post's new UK site; please click here to read my posts there.
Friday, 15 June 2012
London 2012 not "under budget"
The BBC tells me that Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt has trumpeted the "fantastic news" that the London Olympics has come in under its £9.3 billion budget, with £476 million in contingency funding left in the pot. Whoopee! An event that was originally going to cost a mere £2.5 billion (cheap at the price!) is now going to cost less than £9 billion. Waiter, champagne! Even in 2003 - back in the boom times, when government thought it could pay for everything - even then, when public money was being thrown around like confetti, it was already being suggested that £2.5 billion was a vast amount to consider spending on the Olympics (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2394304/Olympic-bid-would-cost-2.5bn-in-subsidies.html). I wish the Olympics well and I appreciate people's excitement about it, but let's not congratulate ourselves on the fact that a £2.5 billion budget has come in at under £9 billion. That is not a cause for congratulation. And people wonder why the general public is cynical about public spending, politics and politicians!
Posted by Matthew Harris at 00:26
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No Transfer, No Trade
- Philip Payne
- 3 years ago
- Views:
1 Kommerskollegium 2014:1 No Transfer, No Trade the Importance of Cross-Border Data Transfers for Companies Based in Sweden
2 The National Board of Trade is a Swedish government agency responsible for issues relating to foreign trade, the EU Internal Market and to trade policy. Our mission is to promote open and free trade with transparent rules. The basis for this task, given to us by the Government, is that a smoothly functioning international trade and a further liberalised trade policy are in the interest of Sweden. To this end we strive for an efficient Internal Market, a liberalised common trade policy in the EU and an open and strong multilateral trading system, especially within the World Trade Organization (WTO). As the expert agency in trade and trade policy, the Board provides the Government with analyses and background material, related to ongoing international trade negotiations as well as more structural or long-term analyses of trade related issues. As part of our mission, we also publish material intended to increase awareness of the role of international trade in a well functioning economy and for economic development. Publications issued by the National Board of Trade only reflects the views of the Board. The National Board of Trade also provides service to companies, for instance through our SOLVIT Centre which assists companies as well as people encountering trade barriers on the Internal Market. The Board also hosts The Swedish Trade Procedures Council, SWEPRO. In addition, as an expert agency in trade policy issues, the National Board of Trade provides assistance to developing countries, through trade-related development cooperation. The Board also hosts Open Trade Gate Sweden, a one-stop information centre assisting exporters from developing countries with information on rules and requirements in Sweden and the EU. National Board of Trade, January 2014 First Edition. ISBN:
3 Foreword Today, business and trade is totally dependent on data flows data that has to be moved in order to make trade happen and for efficient running of companies. The world has gone digital and we live in an online society where digital solutions are a part of our everyday life. Internet and digital services affect companies, business models, consumer behaviour, what is traded and by who with whom. The possibility for companies, organisations, governments and individuals to move and share data is a precondition for this. While creating enormous opportunities, the digital age also raises important concerns, including the protection of personal information. With this report, we hope to improve the understanding of the issue of data transfers, especially how companies use data transfers as part of their everyday trade and thus how data protection and regulations affect their business opportunities. The report is written by Magnus Rentzhog and Henrik Jonströmer with the help of Emilie Anér and Robert Leijon. We wish to give our special thanks to company representatives for their time and willingness to discuss data issues with us. Stockholm in January 2014 Lena Johansson Director General National Board of Trade 1
4 Summary The Internet has transformed international trade. The ability to move data across borders has been a vital part of this development and is now an intrinsic part of businesses daily operations. Practically no company would be able to do business, or take part in international trade, without the ability to transfer data across borders. Data transfer is not confined to high-tech companies in the IT and communication sectors. Rather data is essential in all economic sectors. In this study, the National Board of Trade shows how 15 companies in different sectors depend on data transfers either as part of their business offers or as part of processes within the companies. The interviews show that trade is inconceivable without data being transferred in some part of the transaction and all business models are based on data transfers. Companies rely on digital solutions to sell and deliver their products. Data transfers between seller and buyer are necessary to initiate and complete a transaction as well as part of a continuous relationship. Moreover, many firms use third-party digital services, like cloud solutions, as part of the service offered to the customers and which depend upon the ability to send and receive data to and forth (for example) the cloud provider. Other firms are themselves suppliers of such services and depend upon data transmissions to ensure that other companies can supply their own services. All the companies in this study also use data transfers as part of the internal running of the company. Data transfers are seen as necessary to ensure internal efficiency and that the business set-up is as effective as possible and suits the needs of the individual company. This includes moving human resources (HR) data to and from head-quarters, sending data to R&D facilities set up abroad or using cloud-solutions, and hence data transfers, to improve efficiency (by e.g. making information instantly available all over the world). The use of the Internet and information and communication technologies (ICT), by individuals and firms generates huge amounts of data, including data relating to personal information. As the amount of personal data generated grows, so do concerns from individuals about how their personal data is being used. This is one reason why governments need to restrict the free flow of information across borders. Such restriction can take the form of legal requirements to store data within a country s borders and regulations that restrict the ability to move and process personal data across borders. Based on the experiences of the companies interviewed, it is evident that data protection regulation that is too restrictive creates trade barriers and affects business models. Local data storage is the form of regulation that companies considered the most intrusive. Interviewees also underlined how the variances in different jurisdictions within and outside the EU lead to adaption costs and even missed trade opportunities. A central problem for companies is how data regulation, especially restrictions on moving data to third countries, could entail missed business opportunities by increasing costs and inducing delays, making companies prices unattractive or making products late to market. This also affects innovation. Another crucial issue is the administrative costs of ensuring compliance with data regulation. Finally, companies transfer a lot of data to and back from the U.S.A. and U.S. companies. While this is usually unproblematic, various concerns were raised, including about using American subcontractors and about guarantees for protection of transferred data. Furthermore, using U.S.-based cloud solutions can be problematic due to fears of U.S. government access to the information and fear of data-leakage if stored data is transferred to third parties. 2
5 Sammanfattning på svenska Internet har omvandlat internationell handel. Möjligheten att flytta data mellan länder har utgjort en grundläggande del av denna utveckling och är idag en central del av företagens vardag. I praktiken kan inte företag genomföra affärer, eller delta i handeln, utan möjligheten att föra data mellan länder. Dataöverföringar är inte bara en fråga för stora teknikföretag utan är väsentlig för alla ekonomiska sektorer. I denna studie visar Kommerskollegium vilka behov av dataöverföringar 15 företag i olika sektorer har, antingen som en del av deras affärserbjudanden eller som en del av interna processer. Intervjuerna med företagen visar att handel är otänkbart utan att data överförs i någon del av transaktionen och alla affärsmodeller bygger på dataöverföring. Företag använder digitala lösningar för att sälja och leverera sina produkter. Dataöverföringar mellan säljare och köpare är nödvändiga för att inleda och slutföra transaktioner och även som en del av ett långtgående affärsförhållande. Flera företag använder digitala tredjepartstjänster, som molntjänster, som en del av de tjänster de själva levererar till sina kunder. Här krävs att data sänds till och från molnleverantören. Andra företag är själva leverantörer av digitala tredjepartstjänster och använder dataöverföringar för att leverara sina egna tjänster. Alla företag i studien använder även data som en del av interna processer. Dataöverföringar är avgörande för intern effektivitet, att företagen är organiserade så bra som möjligt och stöder företagens behov. Detta inkluderar att överföra personrelaterad data till och från högkvarter, sända data till utvecklingsenheter i andra länder eller använda molnlösningar (vilket medför dataöverföringar) för att öka effektiviteten (t.ex. genom att göra information tillgänglig i hela koncernen på en gång). Användandet av Internet och IT-lösningar genererar stora mängder data, inklusive data som är kopplad till enskilda individer. Med en alltmer ökande mängd individdata så ökar farhågor kring hur data knuten till individer används. Detta är en anledning till varför regeringar behöver begränsa användandet av individdata och flödet av data mellan länder. Sådana begräsningar kan innebära bl.a. krav på lokal lagring av data och begränsningar i möjligheten att föra ut och bearbeta data utomlands. Baserat på de intervjuade företagens erfarenheter så är det uppenbart att dataskyddslagar som är för restriktiva skapar handelsbarriärer och påverkar affärsmodeller. Krav på lokal datalagring anses, av företagen, vara mest hindrande. Intervjuade företag påpekade även att skillnaderna i hur data regleras i olika länder, inklusive inom EU, skapar anpassningskostnader och leder till missade affärsmöjligheter. Ett centralt problem för företag är hur datareglering, speciellt överföringar till tredje land, kan leda till missade affärsmöjligheter genom ökade kostnader och förseningar, vilket kan leda till oattraktiva priser och försenade lanseringar. Det påverkar även innovation. En annan central fråga är de administrativa kostnader som efterlevnad av datareglerna medför. Företag överför en hel del data till och från USA och till amerikanska bolag. Vanligtvis är detta problemfritt men intervjuade företag hade ändå en del farhågor, speciellt gällande användning av amerikanska underleverantörer och deras skydd av överförd data. Användande av amerikanska molnlösningar kan vara problematisk pga. oro för amerikanska regeringens tillgång till överförd data och rädsla för dataläckor om överförd data förflyttas till tredje part (vid t.ex. underhåll). 3
6 Index Foreword Summary Sammanfattning på svenska Introduction Purpose and the plan of the paper Defining data Personal data and non-personal data Different types of data used by companies Why data must be moved cross-border Using personal data New and fast-growing business processes relying on cross-border data flows Barriers to cross-border data flows Two basic sets of barriers Local storage and forced localisation Personal data and data protection regulation Data transfer needs and the experiences of companies based in Sweden Companies needs to transfer data to trade The effect of data barriers on business models Conclusion Annex: 15 case studies ebuilder a cloud conscious about possible localisation requirements Ericsson global company facing restrictions in 180 countries Google Sweden If you want to use the Internet, you must move data Hermes Medical transferring data for medical and scientific purposes HL Display data transfers allow the bumble bee to fly Klarna regulatory patchwork hampers trade possibilities NASDAQ OMX Stockholm Safe Harbour simplify data transfers Readsoft using an American global supplier ensures security requirements for the cloud Scania using data in trucks has reached point of no return Swedbank bank services involving enormous data transfer needs Tele2 M2M-services cannot be developed and utilised optimally TeliaSonera looking for more restrictive Safe Harbour principles TrustWeaver compliance would equal unfeasible administrative burden Volvo data is a key asset that must be kept safe [Manufacturing Company] going global necessary despite reduction of flexibility Literature Notes
7 1. Introduction Over recent decades, information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet have grown to become a key enabler for productivity, innovation, and growth in the world economy. The Internet has accounted for 15-20% of GDPgrowth in many countries, including developing countries. 1 The ability to move data across borders has been a vital part of this development. Thanks to the Internet and advances in technology, the volume of digitalised data has grown exponentially over the last decades. Today, researchers estimate that more data cross the Internet every second than were stored in the entire Internet just 20 years ago. 2 Cross-border data flows are closely related to international trade. Nowadays, almost all firms in all economic sectors use electronic payment systems, Internet-based advertising and retailing, and cloud computing in their day-to-day operations. It is hard to imagine an international trade transaction that does not involve transferring data. Moreover, the growth of value chains, as well as the increasing dependency of services ( servicification ) by manufacturing companies 3, centres upon services and digital solutions and subsequently transfers of data. 4 Transferring data cross-border has grown to become an important issue for trade as well as for the broader economy. Personal data make up a large part of the data being produced and transferred. If one wishes to participate in modern society by using digital solutions to communicate, browse, shop, share, and search information it is impossible to do so without having personal data collected and spread across the Internet. This creates concerns about the protection of personal data and, as a consequence, governments place restrictions on data transmissions limitations that often affect companies ability to trade. As such, restrictions on data transfers are automatically restrictions on trade. This is the main reason why the National Board of Trade has conducted this study. Being the governmental expert agency on trade and trade policy, the Board assesses the possible trade distorting effects of regulations. This study does not intend to problematize the issue of protection of personal data. Personal data will only be discussed in relation to trade, especially the need to share data across borders, and how regulations can affect trade in this context. The main purpose is to clarify how companies, in all sectors and of all sizes, use data in their businesses and the subsequent emergence of crossborder data flows in modern trade. However, since the Board has no expertize in the technical matter discussed, nor in aspects relating to data protection as such, the study relies on external sources for these discussions. Our interest is how international trade is affected. By describing how companies use data, this study illustrates how complex trade is becoming. The trading world covers more and more topics and it is evident that trade rules must follow suit to support current business models. 1.1 Purpose and the plan of the paper The purpose of this study is to show how companies use data transfers in their business models and for trade. The study will also explain how data restriction regulation can impact their operations and trade opportunities. This is done with the help of 15 case-studies of companies based in Sweden (presented in detail in the annex). The companies come from various economic sectors and include both large multinationals and small- and medium sized enterprises (SME) but do not represent a cross-section of companies affected by data regulation. The study is structured as follows. In chapter 2, data is defined. Chapter 3 gives an introduction to the issue of cross-border data flows, explains the importance of data for business and international trade, and discusses the issue of personal data. Chapter 4 focuses on barriers to cross-border data flows, including the regulation of personal data. Chapter 5 is a summary of the 15 case studies and shows the importance of cross-border data flows for these companies. Concluding remarks are found in chapter 6. The case studies are presented in detail in the annex. These case studies explain how each company relies on data transfers in their day-to-day operations and how data transfer regulations affect them. 5
8 2. Defining data More data is being collected, processed, and transferred than ever before, and a large part of this data is personal data. This growth of personal data, and the ease by which such data can be transferred, is the foundation of the ongoing discussion about the right to transfer data across borders. However, while not all data is personal and thus not sensitive in the same way as personal data, it might still be affected by regulation aimed at protecting private data. Hence, it is essential to clarify the concept data and analyse what kind of data is being used and transferred. Facts What is data? In relation to the Internet and data transfers, data can be defined as information that is held on a computer, or is intended to be held on a computer. Hence data is also information recorded on paper if it is intended to be put it on a computer Personal data and non-personal data First of all, personal data must be defined. Broadly, it can be defined as data relating to an identified or identifiable person or persons 6 or everything a person makes and does online and in the world 7. This can include: User generated content, including blogs, commentary, photos, videos, etc.; Activity or behavioural data, including what people search for and look at on the Internet, what people buy online, how much and how they pay, etc.; Social data, including contacts and friends on social networking sites; Locational data, including residential addresses, GPS and geo-location (e.g., from cellular mobile phones), IP addresses, etc.; Demographic data, including age, gender, race, income, sexual preferences, political affiliation, etc.; and Identifying data of an official nature, including name, financial information and account numbers, health information, national health or social security numbers, police records, etc. 8 Figure 1 shows what personal data can be in an individual s life. Data protection laws (more about that below) are set up to protect individuals personal information in all these data flows. Since the concept of personal data can be very broad, this can, as will be seen later, lead to uncertainties about what data protection regulations actually cover. 9 Per this definition, all other forms of data are non-personal data. However, it is becoming more and more difficult to distinguish between personal and non-personal data. For example, modern techniques can often enable data relating to websites visited to be linked back to an identifiable person. 10 This makes it hard to exactly identify what is personal data. Personal data can be generated in the three different ways 11 : 6
9 Figure 1: Summary of personal data in an individual s life Physical World Digital World Copresent Physical World Digital World Word Processing Spreadsheets Project Plans Presentations Books Photos Videos Podcasts Music Eating Interacted With Private Documents Consumed Media Physical World Calendar Data Event Data from Web Services Audio Books Games Software/Apps Drinking Driving Shopping Sleeping Attachments Body Produced Music Links Bookmarks SMS IM/Chat Status Updates Videos Shared Interacted With Current Planned Future Copresent Clicks Keystrokes Events Sites Visited Browser Queries Bookmarks People Operating System Text Past Content Podcasts Social Media Photos Objects Client Apps Location Availability Presence Channels Voice Calls Speech Voice Mails Context Activity Communications Age Sex Demographic Address Identity Profession Identifiers Interests Personal Data Health Data Name User-Names Addresses Phone Numbers Nick Names Personas Device IDs Declared Likes Favorites Preferences Insurance Personal Patient IP Addresses Bluetooth IDs SSID IMEI SIM Relationships Claims Payments Coverage Tracking Devices Activity Records Genetic Code Prescriptions Diagnosis Device Logs Measurement Asset Data Virtual Goods Physical Goods Digital Records Contacts Social Networks Family Geneology eportfolio Government Records Identifiers Objects Gifts Currencies Financial Data Real Estate Vehicles Personal Effects Art Appliances Academic Employment Citizenship Public Records Domain Names Handles (Twitter etc) Exams Income Expenses Transactions Accounts Tax Info Assets Transcripts Degrees Reviews Actions Promotions Legal Name Births Deaths Marriages Divorces Liabilities Insurace Credit Rating Address Book Call Logs Communications Messaging Logs Student Projects Continuing Education Corporate Boards of Directors Law Enforcement Records Property Ownership Source: WEF (2011) 7
10 Volunteered data created and explicitly shared by individuals, e.g., social network profiles. Observed data captured by recording the actions of individuals, e.g., location data when using cell phones. Inferred data data about individuals based on analyses of volunteered or observed information, e.g., credit scores. Figure 2 describes how personal data can be generated (vertical axis). Each type of data is initially collected or accessed, then stored, aggregated, and processed, and then used/analysed (horizontal axis) creating a data value chain. Each step can involve different stakeholders. 2.2 Different types of data used by companies Beyond the notion of personal data, it is useful to distinguish between different types of data based on usage. When analysing what kind of data companies use in their operations, different types of data require being handled differently by firms. In table 1, the Board divides data used by companies into five categories. All categories below might entail personal data. However, some categories involve more personal data than others and hence require different types of attention. Table 1: Types of data used by companies Types of data Corporate data End-customer data (business-to-consumers, B2C) Human resources data (HR) Merchant data (business-to-business, B2B) Technical data Examples of data Data about the company, including financial data, aggregated numbers about employees and web-site. Data about private people, including name, address, bank account, credit reports, phone number, and localisation of the phone Data about employees, including names, addresses, salaries and competencies. Data about other companies, including name, address, contact person, customer registry, web-site and financial transaction data. Data about products, services and technical solutions, including the operation of these. Figure 2: Personal data value chain Personal data Collection/ access Storage and aggregation Analysis and distribution Usage Volunteered e.g. declared hobbies and interests, preferences, expertise, etc. Observed e.g. location information, browser history, shopping habits etc. Inferred e.g. credit ratings, profiles built from online activities, etc. Mobile phones Blogs and discussion lists Social, professional and special interest networks User-generated content Loyalty schemes operated by retailers Smart appliances Applications Sensors ISPs and phone providers Government agencies (e.g. tax offices, property registries, etc.) Online social networks, Financial institutions Medical practitioners Utility service providers Retailers Retailers and service providers Public administration Financial institutions Healthcare providers Specialized companies involved in online advertising and market research, Data analyst, providers and brokers etc. Businesses Government and public sector agencies End users etc. etc. Source: OECD (2011) based on WEF (2011) 8
11 3. Why data must be moved cross-border The Internet and ICT have in many ways transformed the global economy, including international trade. First of all, the Internet and ICT enable more services to be tradable. Roughly half of the global services trade is ICT-enabled, including cross-border data flow. 12 There is also a strong correlation between Internet usage and competitiveness. 13 Secondly, the importance of geographical distance between producers and consumers has decreased considerably and businesses today can reach consumers in foreign markets in ways that were not previously possible. 14 Thirdly, the Internet has contributed to the creation of completely new digital services that are easily tradable across borders. Computer software, e-books, mobile applications, and video and music streaming services are just a few examples of such services. The use of the Internet and ICT is one reason why more data is being generated today than ever before by individuals, firms, and machines. Data is generated in multiple ways: data can either be actively generated by individuals who provide it in traditional ways (by filling out forms, surveys, registrations, etc.) or generated as a by-product of other activities (for example, Web browsing, credit card purchases, and the use of mobile phones and tablets). Also, there is an increasing amount of data generated by machine-to-machine transactions. 15 The growth of the Internet has also entailed the growing ability of people, businesses, and governments to collect, share, and use data across borders. The development of new technologies, products, and services in recent decades would never have been possible without the ability to freely move data across borders. Combining globalization with new technology and with new business models has dramatically accelerated the pace of change and innovation. The flow of data is as important as the movement of goods. USTR Froman (2013) The use and transfer of data has grown to become an intrinsic part of businesses daily operations. Practically no company, independent of sector, today would be able to do business, let alone take part in international trade, without the ability to transfer data across borders. For example, it is no longer possible to imagine a situation in which businesses were not able to use services and technologies such as , Internet browsing, or electronic payment systems. In addition, it is more and more common for companies to centralise data for processing in one location. At the same time, the data must be instantly available globally for usage by company employees and agents. 16 Data must be movable to one location and to all locations at the same time. Cross-border data flows are crucial for companies day-to-day operations and moving data is about the ability to control and make operations more efficient. It is important to underline that data transfer is not confined to high-tech companies in the IT and communication sectors. Rather data is essential in all economic sectors. 17 It could be argued that data transfers are relatively more important for small companies than large. 18 This is due to the fact that small companies have fewer resources to handle barriers and, additionally, using digital solutions like cloud computing can free relatively more resources for these companies. 19 They are also more dependent on having the Internet as an efficient and cheap way to search for information. 20 Cross-border data flows have also been a driving force behind the emergence of so-called global value chains (GVCs) in which businesses operations are fragmented across borders in order to increase efficiency, lower costs, and speed up production. Services are essential for the operation and efficiency of GVCs and are used to move the chain forward, to control the chain and individual tasks in the chain. 21 With GVC being spread geographically, it naturally follows that data must be transferred for the chain to operate. Without moving data, today s GVCs cannot function. This is, of course, even truer for pure services value chains, which are built on digitalised services. 22 Data needs to move to create value. Data sitting alone on a server is like money hidden under a mattress. It is safe and secure, but largely stagnant and underutilized. WEF (2012) In sum, in order for companies to do business, be innovative, and stay competitive in global markets, they need to be able to send not only goods, capital, and competence (people) across borders, but also data. 9
12 sources, three such new business techniques: cloud computing, big data, and the Internet of Things. These techniques provide services and technologies that can help companies improve efficiency and reduce costs. The techniques are growing fast and expected to become increasingly important as businesses, individuals, and public entities become more reliant on the use of digital technologies. 3.1 Using personal data The collection, use, and transfer of personal data have also grown rapidly. Every day, people send ten billion text messages, make one billion posts to a blog or social network and generate millions of entries into their electronic health records. With approximately six billion telephone subscriptions around the world, it is now possible to track the location, social connection and transaction of a very large number of people on the planet. 23 Using this information creates opportunities for firms, individuals, governments, and research institutions to create economic and societal value. 24 Personal data is the new oil of the Internet and the new currency of the digital world. 25 By collecting and analysing personal data, companies can better understand customers preferences and willingness to pay, and adapt their products and services accordingly. This ability to be responsive is an essential part of firms competitiveness today as well as their ability to trade. Oftentimes trade, especially trade to final consumers (B2C), cannot even take place without collecting and sending personal data across borders. 26 Additionally, personal data can also lead to new innovations based on a better understanding of customers. 3.2 New and fast-growing business processes relying on cross-border data flows There are some business processes that exist solely due to the Internet and the ability to move data. Below, the Board describe, based solely on external Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a way of providing IT functions such as data storage, processing power, and computer software as services over the Internet. This means that, as opposed to storing information and programmes on a personal or company computer, these things are stored on external servers that are accessed via the Internet. In this way, the cloud user can reduce the cost of both hardware and software. Cloud computing is nothing new; e.g., webbased is a cloud computing service. 27 However, the scale is increasing immensely and more and more companies are looking at cloud solutions for cost savings and efficiency gains. This is especially true for SMEs and even individual consumers due to the explosive growth of so called smartphones (where a large majority of all applications are cloud based). The most-used cloud service is , followed by security, accounting/back office, databases, and online storage. Finance and manufacturing invest the most in cloud solutions. 28 Big Data Another fast-growing area is so called big data services. The term refers to the collection, storage, and processing of vast quantities of data. As a result of the increasing digitisation of data and the decreasing cost of data processing and storage, new data management and analytics solutions big data services have evolved. These are able to process and analyse large and complex datasets that are difficult to process using traditional database tools and data processing application. The sector comprises suppliers of hardware and processing capacities for storage and analysis; data application developers; and entities (both public and private) that use big data services to produce other products and services. Big data has the potential to help organisations, both public and private, improve efficiency, increase revenues, and reduce spending across a number of sectors. For example, it can help finan- 10
13 Example How big data can be utilised Using data to predict prices Prices on the Web changes constantly, based on countless intricate factors. In 2012, a company called Decide.com analysed four million products using over 25 billion price observations. With the help of algorithms, the company can foresee price shifts and advise customers on when to buy and when to wait. This helps customers buying online. One example of how Decide.com can help is to advise when to buy an older product as a newer version is being introduced. While most customers probably figure that the old version would now be cheaper, they might actually be more expensive, depending on when the customer clicks buy. Source: Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) cial institutions use data on their customers in order to detect fraud or better determine customers creditworthiness. Likewise, it can help manufacturers and retailers quickly adapt their production and services to changing consumer preferences. European public sectors can be made more efficient, reducing costs by 250 billion Euros per year. 29 Internet-of-Things applications and services Today, it is not only computers and mobile phones that are connected to the Internet. Shoes, TVs, printers, cars, engines, and home appliance equipment, such as fridges and coffee machines, are just a few examples of devices that can be connected to the Internet today. These devices use embedded software that communicates with other devices and are commonly referred to as Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. IoT applications and services can be used by governments, companies, and individuals to raise revenues, increase productivity, and reduce costs. 30 The Internet of Things also consists of industrial devices like machines or engines and are being utilised by manufacturing companies. IoT applications can be used to monitor the machinery used in Facts Internet of Things and trucks Swedish trucking manufacturers, Volvo and Scania, equip their trucks so that they can transmit real-time vehicle location and diagnostic information to a central monitoring site. The system can alert drivers to when they need repairs and software upgrades, and can locate vehicles during emergencies. manufacturers own production (so-called process control) or to monitor the performance of products that have already been sold. For example, a single cross-country flight of a Boeing 737 generates 240 terabytes of data, much of which is used by the manufacturer to monitor and analyse the performance of the air carrier. 31 The numbers of these IoT devices are expected to grow and reach 50 billion by the year A study by McKinsey projects that the number of IoT devices will grow at a rate over 30 per cent annually between 2010 and As shown in figure 3, IoT is growing in many sectors of the economy. Figure 3: Predicted growth of data generated by Internet-connected devices by sector ( ) Source: McKinsey Global Institute (2011) Security Health care Energy Industrials Retail Travel and logistics Utilities Automotive 11
14 4. Barriers to cross-border data flows 4.1 Two basic sets of barriers Even though cross-border data flows are important for individuals, firms, and other organisations, governments need to restrict the free flow of information across borders in different ways. Such restrictions most commonly take the form of legal requirements to store data and locate data centres within a country s borders and regulations that restrict the ability to move and process personal data across borders. In general, these two categories of barriers seem to be the most common and serious reported by companies, based on both previous studies 34 and interviews conducted for this study (presented in Chapter 5). It is important to note that other barriers to cross-border data flows also exist, such as Internet censorship and intellectual property regulation. These are however not discussed further in this study Local storage and forced localisation Legal requirements on companies to either store data locally or only use local data servers have been identified by many as a serious and common impediment for companies that rely on the ability to move and process data across borders. 36 It has been argued that these types of restrictions are among the most potentially distorting trade measures currently being applied. 37 Local data storage requirements are usually motivated by concerns about personal data and are intended to prevent data from being misused. The argument is that if data is stored locally, the data will be more secure and governments will be in a better position to prosecute in case data privacy is violated. 38 The goal of forced localisation is usually to create investment or production of the establishments of foreign enterprises. Protecting personal information is usually not the main reason for this kind of regulations they sometimes even have a protectionist foundation. 39 A large number of countries, both developed and developing, are imposing or planning to impose such requirements (see Table 2). Forced localisation requirements mandate that foreign enterprises establish a data centre within a country as a condition for being permitted to provide certain digital services in that country. As an Table 2: Countries imposing, or considering imposing, localisation or local data storage requirements Types of ICT LBT Local IT infrastructure (such as data center) requirements Local data storage requirements Selected Countries Brazil, China, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Russia, South Korea, Ukraine, Venezuela and Vietnam Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, China, EU, France, Greece, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, Venezuela and Vietnam Source: Own adaption of Ezell, Atkinson and Wein (2013). Norway and Denmark has been removed from their list since they seem to be based on a misperception. France should be treated with caution since it is limited to inception of data. However, the EU has been added under local storage. example, Vietnam is planning to impose a law that would require companies web search portals, data centres, and cloud computing services to be stored within the country. Likewise, Indonesia has a draft law that would require all data carriers, including mobile phone providers and foreign banks operating in the country, to establish local data servers in the country. Russia, Venezuela, and Nigeria have all passed laws that require IT infrastructure for payment processing to be located domestically. Local data storage requirements imply certain restrictions on the processing and storage of data outside a country s borders. For example, Brunei, Greece, China, India, and Malaysia have laws that require that data generated within the country be stored on servers within the country. Two Canadian provinces, British Columbia and Nova Scotia, have implemented laws mandating that personal data in the custody of a public body (such as schools, universities, hospitals, and public agencies) must be stored and accessed only in Canada unless certain conditions are fulfilled. These laws, in turn, prevent such public bodies from using foreign digital service providers (such as cloud services) in cases where personal information could be accessed from or stored in a foreign country. In the EU, Greece in 2011 adopted a law that forms part of the country s implementation of the EU s Data Retention Directive. The EU Directive requires Internet and telecommunication providers to retain certain data about a subscriber. 40 However, the Greek law goes further by requiring that retained data on traffic and localisation stay within the premises of the Hellenic territory. 41 In light of the EU regulatory framework, it is unlikely that the 12
15 Greek requirement would still be in force but the Board has not found any recent information confirming or refuting that in the case of Greece. In fact, as described in the National Board of Trade (2011), the types of regulation addressed in this chapter are contrary to EU legislation. Nevertheless, local storage requirements apply on the EU level. EU data protection regulation makes it clear that the basic premise is that personal data cannot be moved outside the EU. 42 Many countries also link local data storage requirements with forced localisation requirements. For example, India has proposed measures to require companies to locate part of their ICT infrastructure within the country. 43 This regulation would also require that the data of Indian citizens, government organisations, and firms not to be moved out of the country. 4.3 Personal data and data protection regulation While forced localisation and local data storage are so far only restricted to a limited number of countries, regulations controlling personal data are commonplace. This type of regulation also affects companies more often in their day-to-day operations. Consequently, this study will describe these types of barriers in more detail. The vast amount of personal data being collected, used, and transferred to other countries and to third parties brings with it concerns about personal data and control over one s own data. As the amount of personal data generated grows, so do concerns from individuals about how their personal data is being used. As of 2013, 99 countries have adopted some form of data protection and privacy legislation that restricts the use and transfer of personal or other sensitive data. 44 This form of regulation is primarily intended to protect individuals right to information privacy and to prevent the misuse of personal information. Companies across in all industries must comply with such laws and this can cause problems, either because laws are overly burdensome or restrictive, or because legal frameworks across countries differ, which in turn creates compliance costs and unpredictability for firms Data protection in the EU The Data Protection Directive The European Data Protection Directive 45 came into force in 1995 as a response to the lack of harmonised data protection laws across EU Member States. 46 Prior to the Directive, some Member States applied strict limitations and procedures, while others had no rules at all. This diversity was seen as a barrier to the movement of information in the EU and the development of the internal market. The twin objectives of the Directive are: (1) to protect the rights of individuals with respect to the processing of their personal data; and (2) to facilitate the free movement of personal data between Member States. The Directive sets out a number of conditions under which personal data can be gathered. Furthermore, persons or organisations that collect and manage personal data must protect it from misuse and respect certain rights of the data owners, which are guaranteed by EU law. The Directive allows the transmission of personal data to third countries but under the condition that the country in question is 13
16 deemed to have an adequate level of protection. In essence, adequate has been interpreted as equivalent 47 and to date, the European Commission has found only eleven economies 48 to have such adequate protection. 49 Nevertheless, the need to transfer data has been remedied in other ways, notably by the so-called Safe Harbour agreement with the U.S.A. (see chapter ). The Directive has been implemented differently across the EU Member States and companies in the EU dealing with personal data still have to deal with 28 different data protection rules. This causes uncertainty, administrative burdens, and costs for companies dealing with personal data in the EU. 50 The proposed Data Protection Regulation In response to new technological developments, an increased use of personal data, and the lack of harmonisation of data protection laws across the EU, the European Commission in 2012 made a proposal for a new legal framework in the form of the General Data Protection Regulation 51. The Regulation is aimed at modernising EU data protection legislation, so as to meet the challenges resulting from globalisation and the use of new technologies, while at the same time strengthening individuals rights to information protection. Once adopted, the Regulation would become a single law applicable across the EU, hence reducing the variety in data protection rules caused by the current Directive. At the time of writing, discussion about the specific content of the regulation is still on going. The adoption is aimed for 2014 and the Regulation is planned to take effect in Under the proposed Regulation, companies would only have to turn to the Data Protection Authority (DPA) in their home-country for issues relating to data protection. An important feature of the proposed Regulation is that it, unlike the current Directive, would apply to organisations based outside the European Union if they process personal data of EU residents. 52 The proposed regulation includes a number of new requirements on firms in order to strengthen the protection of personal data in the EU. For example, it requires firms to develop data management systems that allow for greater flexibility such as data portability (the right of individuals to transfer data from one electronic processing system to another) and the right of individuals (data subjects) to obtain personal data in a commonly used electronic format. So-called data protection impact assessments must also be incorporated into firms IT project management so that they can identify and mitigate specific risks associated with the processing of personal data. All firms (and public sector bodies) with 250 employees or more must also designate a data protection officer (DPO) who will act as a firm s main point of contact with the DPA. In addition, both data controllers (entities that determine why and how personal data are to be processed) and data processors (entities that process data on behalf of the data controller) must ensure that the DPO is involved in all issues that relate to the protection of personal data and maintain detailed documentation on all processing operations. 53 As for transfers to third countries (that are not deemed as adequately protecting data), the idea is to give appropriate safeguards by, in particular standard data protection clauses, binding corporate rules and contractual clauses. The option of contractual clauses gives some new flexibility to companies, but is subject to prior authorisation by supervisory authorities. Facts The Right to be forgotten The Right to be forgotten 54 is also worth mentioning (since several of the companies in the annex raised concerns about this obligation). This right to consumers poses an obligation on the company or organization to delete any personal data if there is no legitimate reason to keep it. This right would be granted to an individual even though consent has been given to store or handle said personal data. The right to be forgotten would thus entail a right for the individual to withdraw consent, even years after it has been given. There is some room for interpretation on how far a company would have to go in order to retrieve personal data once it has been repeated on the web elsewhere. If this provision was to be interpreted in a broad manner, it could entail some workload for companies keeping track of data they have been given consent to distribute, or even data that is distributed by the individual himself via a provider or platform. It is at this early stage difficult to appreciate the extent of the changes and work required by such proposal for companies. Several actors have however already warned that it would require substantial investments
17 4.3.2 EU versus U.S. data protection regulation As stated above, different countries approach the issue of data protection differently, sometimes creating difficulties for those wanting to transfer data. The two largest global traders, the EU and the U.S.A., have different approaches to data protection regulations. 56 This in turn creates problems for both EU and U.S. firms wishing to transfer and process personal data as part of their business models/ offers. Considering the paramount importance of transatlantic trade for both the EU and the U.S.A., it is important to understand the different approaches to the regulation of personal data. The EU has a so-called omnibus approach to the protection of personal data with region-wide data protection regulations. In contrast, the United States has a sectoral approach to personal data, with specific provisions tied to particular sectors and/or forms of data. 57 For example, there is one law regulating the collection, disclosure, and sharing of financial information, and another on health-related information. The US also has a law that regulates online collection on and use of personally identifiable information on children. In addition, federal authorities such as the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Health and Human Services, together with various authorities on the state level, have the right to adopt and enforce privacy regulations. Another difference between the EU and the U.S. approach to personal information is that while the EU obliges data processors and controllers to ensure that data subjects enjoy the benefits of data protection even if personal data is processed outside the Union, U.S. data regulation do not offer similar protections Ways to mitigate differences between regulatory approaches Generally, EU regulations are considered to be the strictest of all such regulations of personal data in the world. Moving data out of the EU is, as a point of departure, forbidden. A central exception from this rule is that data can be transferred to countries with adequate protection. However, this has been interpreted to mean equivalent (hence, the limited number of countries regarded as safe destinations). Currently, however, the U.S.A. is not considered as having an adequate level of protection. For companies located in the U.S.A. and other countries not deemed having adequate level of data protection, there are still some options for being allowed to process personal data linked to EU citizens. Companies in the U.S.A. have the option of signing the Safe Harbour Framework. This has been developed by the US Department of Commerce, in collaboration with the European Commission, and is a voluntary and enforceable code of data protection practices. By adhering to the framework, US companies declare their compliance with EU data protection standards and are allowed to process data on EU citizens. Compliance with the agreement is indirectly enforced as members of the agreements have to certify their adherence to the programme by annual declaration to the Department of Commerce and by publicising a privacy policy statement. 59 It is important to note that the Safe Harbour framework is only open to entities that are subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and thus excludes important sectors such as banking and insurance, as well as many intra-company traders and back office functions. 60 Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs), another option under EU legislation (open to not only the U.S.A.), were developed to allow multinational companies, international organisations, and groups of companies to make intra-organisational transfers of personal data across borders in compliance with EU data protection rules. BCRs typically form a rigorous, intra-corporate global personal data policy (for example, rules with the company group) that satisfies EU standards and may be available as an alternative means of authorising transfers of personal data outside of Europe. BCRs are required to be approved by the data protection authority in each EU Member State in which the organisation will rely on the BCRs. 61 Model Contract Clauses (MCC) can also be used. A model contract is a general type of contract that includes specific provisions dealing with data protection, and that has been approved either by the EU Commission or by the Data Protection Commissioner. A data controller in the EU who wishes to transfer personal data to third countries can use the model contract as the basis for its relationship with the third-country organisation. There are two different types of model contract: (i) a contract to facilitate the transfer of personal data between a data controller in the EU and a data controller outside the EU; and (ii) a contract to facilitate the transfer of personal data between a data controller in the EU and an agent or subcontractor (data processor) located outside the EU. 15
18 5. Data transfer needs and the experiences of companies based in Sweden In this chapter, interviews with 15 companies based in Sweden are summarized. 62 This summary will show how they all rely on data transfers. The chapter goes on to discuss how data protection regulations affect their businesses. In the annex, the interviews are presented as detailed case studies. The Board refers the reader to the annex for a full range of examples, requirements, and concerns when it comes to moving data across borders and how data protection affects their business models. The companies chosen in this study are from different economic sectors and are of different sizes. The Board tried to map a large variety of companies to underline that data transfers are essential for all kinds of companies. However, the companies are not representative for all companies that might be affected by data protection regulation. 5.1 Companies needs to transfer data to trade Table 3: Examples of why different types of data need to be transferred to make trade happen and run businesses Types of data Corporate data End-customer data (B2C) Human resources data (HR) Merchant data (B2B) Technical data Examples why data transfers are needed To coordinate between different parts of a company To sell goods and services To sell goods and services For developing new products For enabling outsourcing To provide support 24/7 To coordinate between different parts of a company To match skills To sell goods and services For developing new products To provide support 24/7 To sell goods and services To up-grade software To monitor the running of a product For developing new products For enabling outsourcing To provide support 24/7 The examples are taken from the interviews found in the annex. Data transfers are closely linked to trade and necessary for making trade happen and companies depend on moving data as part of their international operations. The needs of the 15 interviewed companies can be divided into two categories; as part of their business offers and as part of processes within the company or company group. The former can be described as improving external efficiency while the latter is about internal efficiency. Table 3 illustrates different reasons why the companies in this study need to transfer data for running their operations Data transfer as part of a business offer All interviewed companies rely on digital solutions to sell and deliver their products (goods or services). They use data transfers in three ways. First and foremost, this includes the actual services delivery (for example, online services), but also includes sending data about customers, be they private individuals (B2C) or other companies (B2B) billing, marketing, online payments, and so forth. Hence data transfers between seller and buyer are necessary to initiate and complete a transaction. Following from this, companies also use data transfers in their ongoing relationships with their customers, such as delivering software upgrades, monitoring the running of products (Internet of Things), or analysing efficiency and detecting repair needs. This can also be the result of consumer demands for support (or access to the service) around the clock. As such, data transfer needs between buyer and seller are continuous and not a one-off transaction. Secondly, several of the firms in this study use third party digital services, such as cloud solutions, as part of the services offered to the customers (i.e., they use these services). In these cases, the companies are dependent upon the ability to send and receive data to and from (for example) the cloud provider. If this is not possible, the firms cannot deliver their services to their customers. The significance of data in any ICT solution is irrefutable, like the blood stream in a human body; one cannot exist without the other. Summer (2013) Thirdly, some of the companies interviewed provide digital infrastructure services (e.g., telephone services) or function as the supplier of a third party digital service (e.g., a cloud supplier), that is, they offer these services. These companies function as 16
19 facilitators for others and depend upon data transmissions to ensure that other companies can supply their own services. In these cases, a restriction on the ability to transfer data will in turn affect other companies abilities to deliver their services. Another central point is that the companies have put a lot of effort into making online solutions and data transfers as efficient as possible. Finding and using the right 3rd party service provider is also a central issue for companies. Data is used to build global value chains and to fragment production, allowing companies to specialise in certain tasks. Here data transfers are used to ensure the efficient running of operations, a lowering of costs, and in the end the ability to stay competitive. Likewise, the ability to centralise data processing in one location, usually in Sweden in the case of our interviews, is a fundamental reason for the companies to move data. Data processing becomes more efficient and, as a result of this, so does the business offer. The data transferred in all these instances includes both end-customer and merchant data; however, a large portion is also technical data. This involves both personal and non-personal data Data transfers for internal processes All the companies in this study also use data transfers as part of the internal running of the company. Data transfers are seen as necessary to promote internal efficiency and to ensure that the business set-up is as effective as possible and suits the needs of the individual company. Most companies interviewed need to move human resources (HR) data to and from headquarters. Another reason for moving data is to send it to R&D facilities set up abroad. Hence, data must be moved to allow for product development. In addition, without the ability to move data, the cost of setting up R&D units abroad would be higher and some companies would not be able to tap into the skills that, in many cases, are not found in Sweden. 63 Several of the companies use cloud solutions, and hence data transfers, to improve efficiency. One reason put forth by a number of the interviewees was that cloud solutions allow for instant information access for all employees at any time, in any location. This is considered important for transparency, efficient work methods, and, in the end, competitiveness. Data transfers are also necessary for outsourcing processes. The outsourcing partner must have access to relevant data in order for the outsourcing solution to be effective. Data that needs to be transferred to ensure increased internal efficiency are identified in table 3. This also includes both personal and non-personal data. 5.2 The effect of data barriers on business models While the above section primarily deals with reasons for companies to move data, this part concentrates on how data protection regulation can affect business models and trading opportunities. This section is mainly based on the views expressed by the companies in the interviews
20 The case studies underscore that data protection regulations have implications on most sectors of the economy. Data protection regulations affect all sectors and cannot be labelled as just an ICT-only issue. This is a central point as the debate tends to focus only on the effects on large cloud providers 65 or high-tech companies. Almost all companies use the Internet and if someone (or something) is linked to the Internet that means data can be shared across borders. It is a fundamental mistake to think of the digital economy as just Google, Amazon and Facebook when also traditional European manufacturing and services in short, everything from car production and shops to logistics all depend on data and connectivity. Lee-Makiyama (2013a) In fact, data regulation also affects SMEs and low- and middle tech companies. Together the low and middle tech companies account for 80 per cent of GDP 66 in Europe and are the largest users of digital solutions. Efficiency gains for this large body of companies might be affected by data transfer restrictions Data protection regulation s positive impact on business models All company representatives interviewed support data protection. Some even want to see more protection of individual s data. 68 However, since this study is about how regulation can become restrictive, the reader might get the notion that companies consider data protection regulation as something that is simply a burden. This is not the case. Although, interviews focused on barriers, some companies gave examples of how data protection regulations have a positive impact on their businesses. Furthermore, one company noted that restrictions on how to handle personal information has led them to scrutinise what data they collect and why (this concerned especially internal processes). In this way, personal data was protected while internal processes were streamlined. Finally, some companies raised the fact that the demand for data to be stored in the EU can be a selling point. Their customers tended to feel safer knowing that the data was stored in the European Union, i.e., in the same jurisdiction. This builds trust Data protection regulations affect trade in all sectors All companies interviewed confirmed the title of this study: no data transfers, no trade. Trade is inconceivable without data being transferred in some part of the transaction 69 and all the business models are based on data transfers. A number of examples were put forward about how data regulation that is too restrictive has affected trade. A central problem was how data regulation could entail missed business opportunities by increasing costs and inducing delays, making companies prices unattractive or making products late to the market. 70 Barriers to cross-border data flows also reduce the ability to adopt the most efficient technologies and services as part of their business operations. The best examples of this are barriers that prevent the use of cloud computing services, which are used to outsource both software and hardware and therefore increase efficiency and reduce costs. The most serious impediment to the use of cloud computing is localisation requirements, which effectively makes the use of cloud computing impossible. Regulations relating to personal data can also act as a barrier to the use of cloud computing since transfers to entities outside the EU are restricted. Some companies highlighted the fact that these restrictions on data movement lead to a situation where processing has to be done in several locations instead of preferably in one central (usually non-european) location. Data protection regulations also influence investment decisions. 71 One company described how restrictions that were too onerous in one EU member state hindered them from entering a market. 72 This is a clear example of direct effects on trade missed business opportunities. Some companies offering services to consumers stressed the fact that barriers to moving personal data became an obstacle since it makes it harder for companies to identify customers. 73 In the interviews, companies put a lot of emphasis on restrictions on moving data to third countries. For them, this is a central obstacle. As noted in chapter 4.3, the European Commission has found only 11 economies to have adequate enough data protection to allow for the free movement of data from Europe. However, these economies only cover 6 per cent of the global services trade (see 18
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