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Yep, Tim and I are now proud "parents" of 8 fishes. We actually wanted a dog, but due to our current living conditions, that's out of the question. So for now, we're contented with our little swimmers.
Fishes sure are expensive here, to own or even to eat. A guppy would normally cost me around RM2 back in Malaysia, but it's AUD4 here. Eight fishes cost us almost AUD30. Crazy or not, you say?
For now, there are two yellow guppies, one spotty guppy (I call it that just because it has spots; I'm sure it's not what it really is), two hi fin swordtails, two zebra danios and a sucker catfish. Our sucker catfish is just about the most active sucker I've ever come across. The little fella darts around the aquarium very often, rather than just plaster its mouth to the glass.
I have a strong feeling we also purchased a pregnant hi fin swordtail. Her belly is pretty big compared to the male, and is always in one corner by the plants. I read that fishes often eat their fry. Euuuw.
Anyways, we bought hardy fishes, so they should last us for a while. The problem is that we seriously overfeed the fish. When I wake up, I feed the fish. When Tim wakes up, he also feeds the fish. In the afternoon, when I'm bored, I feed the fish. When Tim returns home from work, he feeds the fish, just for the heck of it. Plus I've got a tank of greedy lil' buggers, so they'll eat whenever they can.
It's no wonder there's a whole lotta shit at the bottom of the tank.


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1. Re: Lightroom and Photoshop on different multiple computersJohn Waller Aug 31, 2017 3:45 PM (in response to macenpav)2 people found this helpful
You can do what you want if you toggle activations. You're right in that the software is activated together as a bundle. It can be activated on no more than two machines at the same time.
If you deactivate (Help > Sign Out) (but keep it installed) on your travel laptop you can then activate it (Help > Sign In) on the 3rd computer. You then deactivate on the 3rd computer and re-activate on the travel laptop.
How are you managing your Lightroom catalog(s) between machines?
2. Re: Lightroom and Photoshop on different multiple computersJohn T Smith Aug 31, 2017 3:49 PM (in response to macenpav)2 people found this helpful
No... installing and activating on #2 means that you may not do so on #3 at the same time
You may, however, sign OUT of your account on #2 and then sign IN to your account on #3 to use the program(s) there
Added... Grin... the other John beat me to the Reply button
3. Re: Lightroom and Photoshop on different multiple computersmacenpav Sep 2, 2017 5:42 AM (in response to macenpav)
Thanks guys,
well in that case it sounds more like using it on 3 machines by signing in/out. I originally just wanted to use it on 2 machines, but separately, which doesn't sound like violating the license, where as singing in and out kind of does .
4. Re: Lightroom and Photoshop on different multiple computersmacenpav Sep 2, 2017 6:12 AM (in response to John Waller)
As for the syncing... well I have a NAS storage with all the photos and catalogues and an external USB drive with whatever I'm currently working on (pretty much stuff from the last 2 years). All the work is done on the external drive, so I just reconnect the drive to whatever computer I'm using and then I have a pretty simple rsync (linux) script which syncs the external drive with the NAS storage, which is raid-1 (mirrored) and has all the data.
So, I'm pretty much just using the USB drive and syncing it mostly for backup. The USB drive maps differently when I change machines, but it's enough for LR to find one photo and it maps the rest.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Friday, March 13, 2015
Friday Freebie - Phone Number and Address Practice
Happy Friday! This week it has really felt like spring, and it is crazy how much different everyone's attitudes have been. The spring weather has me thinking about all of the things that are coming up this spring, and one of those big events is that my Pre-K kiddos will graduate, and start getting ready for Kindergarten. One of the topics that I strive to make sure my students know before heading to Kindergarten is their phone number and address. For me, these two things help children feel just a little more confident about making such a big change. When they get on a bus, they can be sure that they will make it safely home because they know what their address is. Kindergarten brings more independence, but knowing your phone number means that a child can always get in touch with a parent if they need them.
download a copy, it's editable so you can type in your students' phone numbers and addresses, add their pictures and personalize them for your class.
Have a great weekend! I hope that you have some lovely spring weather to enjoy!
Posted by Erin Holleran at 1:00 AM
Labels: freebie, friday freebie, social studies
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Bernard Shmanske, one of the first Veterans Air pilots This handsome young man is Bernard Francis Shmanske wearing his U.S. Army Air Forces uniform. Bernard entered service when he was 21 years old on 2 September 1942. He completed Flight School Pilot Training in December 1943, servedRead more →
Veterans Air research seeks to tell its 1945 story You are here at the christening of my Veterans Air research project. Perhaps not as exciting as when the first of my Dad's company DC-3's was christened in 1945…and named the GAYE LYN. But exciting to me. MyRead more →
(5/26/15: Added more details to Post) Saunie Gravely. Meet my Dad! He founded an all-veterans commercial air service in 1945 that flew freight and passengers out of Newark Air Depot. Meet my favorite DC-3 named GAYE LYN…that's me. Read about some of the GIs who helped form & flew for Veterans Air Express and Veterans Air Line.Read more →


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Today, the Senate Finance Committee reported Senate Bill 1166 our of committee and now heads to the full Senate.
Sponsored by State Senator John Watkins (R-Chesterfiled), this bill would increase the gun tax charged by the Virginia State Police to run the mandatory background check from $2 to $5, a 150% increase for Virginia residents. For non-state residents, the legislation mandates an increase of 60%, from $5 to $8. The state budget should not be balanced on the back of Virgnia's gun owners.
It is imperative that you contact your State Senator TODAY at their Richmond office and ask them to oppose Senate Bill 1166. Contact information for your State Senator can be found by clicking here.
Wednesday, February 4, 2009
Stop the Gun Tax
Posted by VSSA Legislative Chairman at 8:35 PM
Labels: gun purchase tax increase
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"From one dog all the dogs bark." – Marty Rubin
"Rhinoceros"- ever read or heard about this famous play by Eugene Ionesco? The play categorized as Absurdist Drama illustrates how people tend to follow collective and unconscious thoughts without any consent of their own. Though being a comedy, the play brings out the darkness prevailing in our society – the mass metamorphosis, or in simpler terms 'herd-mentality.'
Pretty often I've heard from XYZs that they would want to do a particular thing, without giving any convincing reason behind their "will." On being questioned, their silence or broken answers tend to sell them off. And mostly, these people are victims of herd mentality – who easily let their will be manipulated by others. Using Hindi liners such as – "Wo yeh kar raha hai, toh main bhi karunga." "Usne kaha hai toh sahi hi hoga. Maine toh maan li uski baat" is damn common for this particular breed. Without using half of their mind, such people tend to follow the dominance and head ahead with the herd.
This adoption of collective thinking has often landed people in a pickle! And yet Bhedchaal. Sab jidhar chalre hain, hum bhi wahin chalenge. Everyone is doing MBA, working in FMCGs or corporate, earning tons, even we want to. Everyone is applying for UPSC, SSC or Bank PO- even we would do it. In this repetitive existence dominated by common belief, we tend to lose out on our individual thoughts and goals and most importantly our own personality.
Go and explore, there are thousands of engineers, and more than half of them are jobless or are working at irrelevant positions. Yes, I know that a lot many of them are currently stuck in this situation because it was forced on them, but wasn't that "force" also a result of herd mentality?
Before making those big speeches and promises on combatting evils of society, take a minute out of your life, and just think, are you also a victim of herd-mentality? Look within you, there's a world that has never been explored. Even you have individual thoughts on a particular matter, all it needs is a firm voice. Even you have your own wishes, own will, own choices. The trap of herd mentality is not where you belong! Be what you are, not what people want you to become. Venture outside your comfort zone, it's worth it!


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Conexión San Ángelo/ Staff report
SAN ANGELO - The Angelo State baseball team opened the series against Texas Permian Basin with a 13-0 win in seven innings Friday night at Foster Field at 1st Community Credit Union Stadium.
The Rams (14-5) worked 11 walks in the game, which was tied for the fourth most ever in a single game. They also were hit by three pitches for 14 free bases.
"I thought we came out and had a good intensity today," Angelo State Head Baseball Coach Kevin Brooks said. "Tyler and Josh threw well and we played well defensively. We just have to build on this and keep getting better from here."
ASU did not get a run in the first inning even though Michael Urquidi hit a leadoff single and stole second base with no outs.
In the second inning, however, the Rams broke the game open with six runs. Andrew Morales led off the inning with a single up the middle and the Rams quickly loaded the bases with back-to-back one out walks from Jonathan Soberanes and Alex Salcido.
Three straight free passes from UTPB pitchers pushed all three runners in to score, but the Rams were still not done. Another run came in by way of a UTPB balk, and Mitch Henshaw drove in two more with a single to right field before the Falcons were finally able to stop the bleeding.
Angelo State starting pitcher Tyler Lesley helped the Rams hold onto the lead with a shutdown inning in the bottom of the second, and pitched five scoreless innings on the night. The San Antonio native struck out five on the night and allowed just four hits.
The Rams added another four runs in the bottom of the third inning. Jacob Boston and Soberanes walked to start the inning but were not on the bases for long as Salcido doubled off the wall for a pair of RBI.
Another two ASU batters followed with walks, and two more runs came into score on a single from Nicholas Novak, pushing the lead to 10-0 at the end of the third inning.
The final three Rams runs came in the bottom of the sixth inning. Nick Barron walked to start the inning after coming in as a defensive substitution in the fifth inning. Barron then came in to score his first run of the season as Boston blasted a home run to straightaway center field.
Two more ASU hitters reached base via the hit-by-pitch, and another defensive substitute, Parker Bramlett, drove in a run.
Josh Barnett had come in to relieve Lesley in the top of the sixth inning, striking out a pair of batters, and finished the game in the seventh. He added another strikeout in the seventh, and the Rams won the game 13-0 in seven innings.
ASU will face UTPB three more times this weekend, playing a doubleheader on Saturday starting at 4 p.m. and finishing the series with a 1 p.m. game on Sunday.


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Morning Dialogue (W=Mr. Wonderful/F=la Folle)
F: I want to do an interview of you for my blog, ok.
W: I'm not doing any effen interview.
F: Aw, come on, babe. I think my readers would like to know a little about you.
W: No interview.
F: Well then, I will just make up your answers. You can either do it for real, or I'll write it myself.
W: Can I use your computer? I want to write to my kids.
F: After the interview.
W: male sound
W: What are you doing?
F: I'm downloading photos of our trip.
W: Oh. Move your chair in. You always leave your chair out so I can't get by.
F: female sound
F: omg. Look at this. It shows porn stars without makeup.
(I now have Mr. W's attention. He strains neck like a giraffe to see screen.)
W: Why would they do that?
F: I don't know. This is a great blog topic.
W: I don't recognize any of them.
F: What a surprise.
W: Oh no, she's writing about me. Dumb b. . . . Don't write about me.
F: Interview? yes or no?
W: Later, I don't know, sometime.
The Queen on the beach in front of castle and pyramid - Mr. W's thumb in left corner.
*Interview to follow


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We have shown irrefutably that the WBTS claimed to be prophets (no matter how they tried to hide this truth) and clearly said that the statements by their leaders concerning these prophecies were 'the word of God', claimed that their 'eyes of understanding should discern clearly the Battle of the Great Day of God Almighty now in progress" (The Watchtower, September 1, 1916, p265) and claimed this is confirmed by 'verifying Bible chronology'.Awake!, August 6, 1986, p9 - the WBTS wrote:"God has on earth a people, all of whom are prophets, or witnesses for God … Jehovah's Witnesses."Does any person seriously want to be called a false prophet - which is what the WBTS called all Jehovah's Witnesses? By lumping everyone studying with them in with the Governing Body who delivered these false prophecies to be published to the world, they hope the average Jehovah's Witness will be cowed into remaining an unquestioning slave to the organization!But they also touch on the other important factor when we examine false prophets - their 'whole body of truth' is in fact a massive tissue of lies - as we will prove in another place when we examine their doctrinal errors and colossal number of 'flip-flops' over their heretical doctrines.You can search the whole of Scripture and you will never find one word that allows anyone to falsely prophesy and escape the judgement of God. He is very clear about that in the verses warning about false prophets!What do we find when we summarize the claims made by C.T. Russell concerning the '1914 date'?These are some of the recent quotations that have appeared in WBTS literature and reveal the present-day attitude to 1914:Consider, too, the fact that Jehovah's organization alone, in all the earth, is directed by God's holy spirit ...To it alone God's Sacred Word, the Bible, is not a sealed book ... How very much true Christians appreciate associating with the only organization on earth that understands the 'deep things of God'! Direction by God's spirit enables Jehovah's servants to have divine light... For instance, long ago they understood that 1914 CE would mark the end of the Gentile Times or 'appointed times of the nations' ... Zion's Watch Tower of March 1880 had declared: "The Times of the Gentiles" extent to 1914, and the heavenly kingdom will not have full sway till then' (The Watchtower, 1 July 1973, p402).From the outset, the Watch Tower showed that at Christ's second coming his parousia would be an invisible presence as a mighty spirit person ... this journal's early issues (March and June 1880) pointed to 1914 CE as a climactic year. It was to mark the close of the 2,520-year-long Gentile Times, during which non-Jewish nations would rule the earth without interference by any kingdom of God (The Watchtower, 1 July 1979, p5).By the date of October 1 of 1914 World War I had been raging for more than two months... So, first of all, we will ask: Who were the ones that, many years beforehand, pointed out to the whole world that 'the Times of the Gentiles' would end in the latter half of 1914? It was the International Bible Students ... Today they are known worldwide as Jehovah's Witnesses. Have world events vindicated them? Yes! ... have those opposers who far outnumber Jehovah's Witnesses won the hot dispute concerning the setting up of God's Kingdom by Christ in the heavens in 1914 CE? ... No! (The Watchtower, 1 January 1983, pp10-11).To summarize, the WBTS now make the following claims concerning their past 'prophetic' statements:1. With their supposed 'Divine Light', they pointed to 1914 as a special year, more so than any other year they named.2. The 'Gentile Times' would end on 1 October 1914.3. Christ's kingdom would be a heavenly one.4. Christ's kingdom would start in 1914.5. Christ's coming would be an invisible one.Since 1914 is such a corner-stone to Watchtower 'theology', and since they claim that for the 100+ years of their existence they have always spoken consistently about 1914 and the related events, we need to check the record. This is what C. T. Russell actually said in the early publications of the WBTS (CAPITALS emphasis in the original - our emphasis and underlining):But, 'If I go away, I will come again,' cannot refer to a spiritual coming again, because, spiritually, He never went away, as He said, 'Lo, I am with you alway, even to the end of the world,' [age]. Therefore, Jesus taught His second PERSONAL coming (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, July 1879, p4).'The Times of the Gentiles' extend to 1914, and the heavenly Kingdom will not have full sway till then, BUT as a 'Stone' the kingdom of God is set up 'in the days of these (ten Gentile) kings,' and by consuming them it becomes a universal kingdom - a 'great mountain and FILLS THE WHOLE EARTH' (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, March 1880, p82).The presence (of the Bridegroom)... began in the fall of 1874 (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, April 1880, p87).True, it is expecting great things to claim, as we do, that within the coming twenty-six years all present governments will be overthrown and dissolved ... In view of this strong Bible evidence ... we consider it an established truth that the FINAL END of the kingdoms OF THIS WORLD, and the FULL ESTABLISHMENT of the Kingdom of God, will be accomplished by the end of 1914 AD (The Time Is At Hand, WBTS, 1889, pp98-99).It is not only possible but highly probable that not only Anarchists and the Seventh Day Adventists and ourselves, but others of God's children ... will be hindered in the spread of the truth ... it will not at all surprise us if this condition of things may come to pass by the year 1900 - OR SOONER (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, March 1890, p1198).Note: the WBTS ally themselves with 'Anarchists and the Seventh Day Adventists and ourselves [with] others of God's children'! Naming two un-Biblical outright cults as those who share the 'the truth' with the WBTS makes it obvious, to anyone conversant with the Bible, that they share heretical views and should be avoided!The date of the CLOSE of that 'battle' is definitely marked in Scripture as October, 1914. It is already in progress, its beginning dating from October, 1874 (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, 15 January 1892, p1355).... the final overthrow of present governments will be at the same time as the fall of ecclesiasticism, and will be followed by FROM FIVE TO SEVEN YEARS of socialism and anarchy, TO END WITH 1914 by the establishment of Christ's Millennial government (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, 1 August 1892, p1434).The question comes from many quarters; 'Brother Russell, are you not possibly mistaken ... that the great trouble will ALL BE OVER BY AD 1914, and that in its severity it will probably not reach us before AD 1906 to 1908? ... We answer, No (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, 1 and 15 September 1893, p1581).The CULMINATION OF THE TROUBLE in October, 1914 is clearly marked in the Scriptures; and we are bound therefore to expect a beginning of that severe trouble NOT LATER THAN 1910 (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, 15 September 1901, p2876).Universal Anarchy - just before OR AFTER October, 1914 AD (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, 1 July 1904, p3389).The final spasm, which WE LOOK FOR IN 1915, will give birth to the new dispensation of peace and blessing, the Millennial reign of Messiah (Zion's Watch Tower Reprints, 1 January 1908, p4111).Finally, let us remember that we did not consecrate either to October 1914, nor to October 1915, nor to any other date, but 'unto death' (The Watch Tower Reprints [various editions], 1 December 1912, p5142).Indeed, as respects the date 1914, which we have emphasized, and respecting which we have repeatedly expressed our faith, our conviction - even respecting this date we have never knowingly spoken IN INFALLIBLE TERMS. We have always admitted that it is a matter of faith and conviction, RATHER THAN ABSOLUTE KNOWLEDGE (WTR, 1 June 1913, p5249).
Only one thing did the Editor fear in respect to the influences mentioned and the able addresses of the speakers. He fears that the dear friends in several instances were over-stimulated by TOO POSITIVE ASSURANCE that the present year will witness the 'change' of the church, establishment of the kingdom etc. With all due respect for the opinions of the brethren, we believe that the present is a time for great soberness of mind, avoidance of speculation and waiting for whatever the Lord may be pleased to bring to pass. We greatly fear that some of the dear friends will experience sharp disappointments, if some of the confident statements made on the convention platform miscarry. At no time has the Editor ever spoken or written AS POSITIVELY as some of these dear brethren are speaking now. In the books, STUDIES IN THE SCRIPTURES, as well as in THE WATCH TOWER, we have set forth the chronology, NOT AS INFALLIBLE, but nevertheless declared our confidence in it ... In recent numbers of THE WATCH TOWER we have plainly stated that fulfilments of the prophecies, although marked and manifest, ARE NOT AS FAR DEVELOPED FOR THE TIME AS WE HAD EXPECTED (The Watch Tower Reprints [various editions], 15 July 1914, p5502).September 20 of this year, 1914 PROBABLY marked the end of the Gentile times (The Watch Tower Reprints [various editions], 1 November 1914, p5566).Bible students all over the world have been expecting certain things to occur; and we have been HOPING that the Lord's time is near for the setting up of the kingdom ... but if it should not come as soon as expected, we will still hold fast our confidence ... God HAS PROMISED that he will give his true children the LIGHT at the time appointed ... Even if the time of our change should not come within ten years, what more should we ask? (The Watch Tower Reprints [various editions], 15 December 1914, p5595).We see no reason for doubting, therefore, that the Times of the Gentiles ended in October, 1914; and that A FEW MORE YEARS will witness their utter collapse and the full establishment of God's kingdom in the hands of Messiah...OUR MISTAKE WAS... that some historians put the end of the Jewish Time of Trouble as April AD 73, which would correspond to April 1918 (The Watch Tower Reprints [various editions], 1 September 1916, pp5950-51).These statements encapsulate the early chronology of the WBTS (similar statements can be found throughout their written material but none of them excuse the continuous record of false prophesies and the attempts to blame 'some historians' and others when they failed not once or twice, but hundreds of times!).From these we can draw the following comparisons to the modern-day claims of the WBTS:
Russell emphasized a number of years, including 1915 and 1918, and so the WBTS cannot claim that they pointed exclusively to 1914.the record shows that the nearer 1914 came the more Russell doubted his original 'prophecies'.Russell first said that the 'Gentile Times' ended on 20 September 1914, and later saw 'no reason for doubting' October 1914.Russell always said that the kingdom would be an earthly one.the WBTS teaching today concerns Christ's 'invisible reign' and has nothing to do with Russell's teaching of the end of the world's governmental systems.Neither by December 1914, nor by his death in 1916, had Russell received the 'light' that God had promised to his true childrennot once did he claim that the kingdom was set up in 1914.The very first issue of ZION'S WATCH TOWER clearly taught Christ's personal coming and this view has been slowly modified over the years (as we have read in the previous photocopies).Above all, Russell himself warned that these were only suggestions and not a prophetic warning concerning 1914.Even though he was still alive some two years into World War 1, Russell never claimed any significance to it.Yet today the WBTS claim that this was the event, above all else, 'that proves Russell's prophecies'.
So we must ask how can the WBTS be the mouthpiece of 'Jehovah' God when they:blatantly twist the original words of their founder C.T. Russell to try and make his false prophecies into real prophecies?;deny that he claimed to be 'the faithful & discreet slave';deny that they wrote and printed a biography of C.T. Russell;deny that they even indulged in 'creature worship' of C.T. Russell.The record clearly reveals that, in seeking to prove that they are God's prophet, they have deceived and lied.The historical record based exclusively on the WBTS written record reveals, beyond any reasonable doubt, that Jehovah's Witnesses are led by a false prophet (initially C.T. Russell, through successive 'Presidents', and then the combined errors of the organization made up of the 'Governing Body') and is not the means of communication of 'Jehovah God' to man today - or at any time in the past!Why does the WBTS try to teach a "Spiritual" Second Coming?The New World Bible Translation (hereafter abbreviated NWT) is widely held in contempt by genuine scholars holding credentials consistent with those long considered necessary for translators of the Word of God. We will discuss this fact further in another place.For now, consider the way the NWT renders Matthew 24:3:"While he was sitting upon the Mount of Olives, the disciples approached him privately, saying: 'Tell us, when will these things be, and what will be the sign of your presence and of the conclusion of the system of things?'" (italics added). Note how, in Matthew 24:3, the WBTS substitutes the word "presence" for "coming." The WBTS uses this distorted translation as a basis for teaching that Jesus returned invisibly in 1914 and has been 'spiritually present' with man ever since.We have seen the history of how the WBTS made the "second coming" into an invisible coming in the previous photocopies. As usual, the WBTS then attempted to support their cover-up of a false prophecy by straining to find support for the 'new position'. In The Greatest Man Who Ever Lived (1991, Section 111), we read: "Humans cannot see angels in their heavenly glory. So the arrival of the Son of man, Jesus Christ, with the angels must be invisible to human eyes." This absurd conclusion can be refuted by a child in seconds by simply asking the Jehovah's Witness to read the Old Testament history of angelic appearances to men and women (e.g. read Genesis 18-19) which show clearly that angels that come to earth are obviously visible to people! Apart from any other factor, Jesus is not Michael the archangel now or ever and will return from heaven in the same glorified body that He departed in - as we easily prove.The WBTS currently teach that Jesus was "resurrected" from the dead as a spirit creature - as the archangel Michael - and not physically raised from the dead. By this faulty reasoning the WBTS now teach that Jesus could obviously never return physically and visibly. By this kind of manipulation the WBTS have altered the real nature of the resurrection and therefore believe the nature of the Second Coming is now settled.However, on the same elementary level that the WBTS are proven to be false prophets, we can prove that their doctrinal manipulations are just as false. One of the methods of the WBTS is known as eisegesis, where the answer that is sought is forced into the meaning of verses so that the desired result is obtained. Exegesis is the true method of interpreting Scripture and true hermeneutics (interpretation/explanation) is something that is truly alien to the WBTS. What do we mean? Look at these previous interpretations, speaking of the Lord Jesus Christ and Michael the archangel in the days of C.T. Russell, when they wrote:Firstly, of the Lord Jesus Christ: " 'Let all the angels of God worship him' [that must include Michael, the chief angel, hence Michael is not the Son of God]." (The Watchtower, November, 1879, p48)Then, in their fanciful interpretation of Revelation 12:7, the WBTS (in the days after C.T. Russell) declared that 'Michael is the pope of Rome' ("Who as God," the Pope - Studies in the Scriptures, The Finished Mystery, Vol. 7, 1917, p188).Again, we are considering the ranting of a false prophet who swung from agreeing that the angels of God - including Michael - should worship Jesus, to then declaring that the pope of Rome was Michael!Now, according to the WBTS, the last days arrived over a century ago - and Christ has been spiritually "present" since 1914. But what are some of the "signs" of being in the last days, when no single sign proves we are in the last days and only all the signs together will make this clearly evident. All the signs together make a "composite" sign which includes the following elements:
nations are rising against nations (Matt. 24:7);there are food shortages (Matt. 24:7);there have been great earthquakes (Luke 21:11);there are deadly pestilences (Luke 21:11);there is an increase in lawlessness (Matt. 24:11-12);men are becoming "faint out of fear" of the things coming upon the earth (Luke 21:25-26);Christ's followers are being persecuted (Matt. 24:9);and the good news of the kingdom is being preached around the world (Matt. 24:14).
The Watchtower publication, The Greatest Man Who Ever Lived, 1991, Section 111, informs us that:"a careful review of world events since 1914 reveals that Jesus' momentous prophecy has been undergoing its major fulfillment since that year."In another of the WBTS works (Man's Salvation Out of World Distress At Hand!, p23) we read:'We would be blinding ourselves to the ominous "sign" if we did not discern that the end of the global system of things is marked by such things occurring since 1914 C.E. From that never-to-be-forgotten year onward this world system of things can be impeached before all humanity for the most gory wars of all human history, for food shortages humanly induced to a large extent, for pestilences traceable to human misconduct, for increase of lawlessness, for the cooling off of the divine quality of love, for betrayal of mankind, for outright hatred and persecution in all the nations toward those Christians who were counteracting false prophets by preaching in all the inhabited earth "this good news of the kingdom" for a "witness to all the nations"!' 'Hence, since world-shattering events have followed one another in quick succession since 1914, it is clear that this is the year Christ came and began his spiritual rule' ("Let God Be True," p141).On the basis of these claims to be 'counteracting false prophets' and pretending such things were 'clear' to them the WBTS claimed that the end of this world system 'must be very near'.Why should we believe an organisation that has falsely prophesied for over a century in the name of Almighty God, added heretical doctrines to the Word of God by adding and subtracting from the Bible, and sinned in multiple ways while deceiving many people who were seeking the True Saviour, the Lord Jesus Christ, and His Perfect Gospel?What is the truth about the 'coming' of the Lord Jesus Christ as predicted by Him in Matthew 24:3?The Greek word for "coming" (parousia) has a number of nuances of meaning which include "present," "presence," "being physically present," "coming to a place," and "arriving." (William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature; Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1957, p635). More specifically, Vine's Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words says that parousia "denotes both an 'arrival' and a consequent 'presence with.' For instance, in a papyrus letter a particular lady speaks of the necessity of her parousia in a place in order to attend to matters relating to her property there.' (Vine's Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words, eds. W. E. Vine, Merrill F. Unger, and William White; Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1985, p111).Parousia is also used to describe the physical 'presence' of Christ with His disciples on the Mount of Transfiguration (2 Peter 1:16):'For we did not follow cunningly devised fables, when we made known unto you the power and coming (parousia) of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses (εποπτης epoptes - 'a looker-on, an eye-witness') of his majesty'.Obviously, if the apostle Peter can describe the first parousia of the Lord Jesus Christ - which was literally physical - there is no reason (except that the WBTS need to try and cover-up their false prophecy) to believe that His second coming would not also be literally physical. His literal, physical, appearance is also to be observed by 'eye-witnesses' at the first and second coming!The word parousia is used elsewhere in the New Testament with no invisibility implied or required, e.g.:• The apostle Paul says in 1 Corinthians 16:17: 'And I rejoice over the coming of Stephanas and Fortunatus and Achaicus; because they have supplied what was lacking on your part.'• Paul says in 2 Corinthians 7:6-7: 'But God, who comforts the depressed, comforted us by the coming of Titus; and not only by his coming, but also by the comfort with which he was comforted in you.'• In 2 Corinthians 10:10 Paul relays what some people had said about him: 'For they say, 'His letters are weighty and strong, but his personal presence is unimpressive, and his speech contemptible.''• In Philippians 1:25-26 Paul tells them that: 'I know that I shall remain and continue with you all for your progress and joy in the faith, so that your proud confidence in me may abound in Christ Jesus through my coming to you again'. • In Philippians 2:12 Paul also tells them: 'So then, my beloved, just as you have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your salvation with fear and trembling'. There is the clear contrast here between Paul's physical presence and physical absence! In his Greek lexicon expert scholar Joseph Thayer defines parousia in this way: 'In the [New Testament the word is used] especially of the advent, [that is] the future, visible, return from heaven of Jesus, the Messiah, to raise the dead, hold the last judgment, and set up formally and gloriously the kingdom of God.' (J. H. Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1963), p490). The Greek word for 'presence' in Matthew 24:3 (parousia) is also used:• of the physical, visible coming of Stephanas, Fortunatus, and Achaicus to the apostle Paul (1 Cor. 16:17);• of the physical, visible coming of Titus to the apostle Paul (2 Cor. 7:6-7);• of Paul's physical, visible presence in Corinth (2 Cor. 10:10);• of Paul's physical, visible coming to the church at Philippi (Phil. 1:25-26);Since Greek experts confirm that the term is to be used in the same way in Matthew 24:3, it clearly points to the physical, visible second coming of Jesus Christ and refutation of the devious attempts of the WBTS to try and cover up their false prophecy. The WBTS would not want Jehovah's Witnesses to know that other Greek words besides parousia used to describe the second coming of Christ in the New Testament. One of these is apokalupsis, which carries the basic meaning of 'revelation,' 'visible disclosure,' 'unveiling,' and 'removing the cover' from something that is hidden. The word is also used of the act of pulling off a cover that is covering a sculpture so that everyone can visibly see it! The word (apokalupsis) is used of Christ's second coming in 1 Peter 4:13, thus making it clear that it will be a visible coming?'But to the degree that you share the sufferings of Christ, keep on rejoicing; so that also at the revelation (apokalupsis) of His glory, you may rejoice with exultation.'The way that the inspired writers of the New Testament used apokalupsis in regard to the second coming of Christ makes it absolutely clear that it will be a visible coming that all humankind will see.Another word used of Christ's second coming is epiphaneia (Greek: επιφανεια - meaning 'a manifestation, i.e. especially the advent of Christ [past or future], appearing, brightness), from which we get our equivalent word 'epiphany', and which obviously carries the basic meaning of 'literal appearance'. Vine's Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words (p32) says that this word literally means 'a shining forth' and the dictionary provides several examples from ancient literature of how the word points to a physical, visible appearance of someone. The word epiphaneia is used several times by the apostle Paul in reference to Christ's visible second coming, e.g.:In Titus 2:13 Paul speaks of 'looking for the blessed hope and the appearing (epiphaneia) of the glory of our great God and Savior, Christ Jesus.' In 1 Timothy 6:14 Paul urges Timothy to 'keep the commandment without stain or reproach until the appearing (epiphaneia) of our Lord Jesus Christ.' Significantly, Christ's first coming - which was both bodily and visible ('the Word become flesh') - was called an epiphaneia (2 Tim. 1:10):'... but hath now been manifested by the appearing (epiphaneia) of our Saviour Christ Jesus, who abolished death, and brought life and immortality to light through the gospel'In the same way, Christ's second coming will be both bodily and visible. It is the consistent testimony of Scripture - whether the word parousia, apokalupsis, or epiphaneia is used - that Christ's second coming will be visible to all humankind (cf. Matt. 16:27-28; 24:30; Dan. 7:13; Zech. 9:14; 12:10; Mark 1:2; John 1:51; 2 Tim. 4:1).That the WBTS ignored the full testimony of Scripture in their sad attempt to cover up their false prophesy in the days of C.T. Russell is the clearest evidence that, far from having 'enjoyed spiritual enlightenment and direction' from these cult leaders, even the sincerest Jehovah's Witness has been misled in the way the Lord Jesus Christ warned (Matthew 7:9-10; cf. Luke 11:12):'Or what man is there of you, who, if his son shall ask him for a loaf, will give him a stone; or if he shall ask for a fish, will give him a serpent?'Jehovah's Witnesses asked to know the truth about the Lord Jesus Christ and His Gospel but have been fed 'another Jesus' (2 Cor. 11:4) and 'another gospel' (Gal. 1:6-9).As already pointed out, the Word of God is perfectly clear about His Second coming, as Matthew 24:29-30 reveals:'But immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun shall be darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken: and then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory.'Ask yourself with utmost honesty:• Did any of the above events happen in 1914 - or 1874?• Was the sun 'darkened'?• Did the moon refuse to give its light during those years?• How about the stars - did they fall from heaven?• Were 'the powers of the heavens shaken'?• Did all the tribes of earth mourn at that time?• Did 'all the tribes of the earth' see the Lord Jesus Christ 'coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory'?Note that the Greek word translated 'see' is οπτανομαι - optanomai - which means 'to gaze, i.e. with wide-open eyes, as at something remarkable! The 'Emperor's New Clothes' eisegesis (fake exegesis!) of the WBTS simply cannot cope with the precise nature of the Word of God in which He inspired His writers in the use of Greek words which are unequivocal.Even the WBTS do not dare claim one of their leaders were able to 'optanomai' the (supposedly) INVISIBLE Lord Jesus Christ!!!The WBTS plan was simple - to try to change the meaning of the Greek word parousia in the minds of their beguiled followers in order to explain the failure of Jesus to return visibly as Scripture dictates - and to convince the unwary that it occurred in 1914.This is how the WBTS produced their 'reasoning' in print:Before leaving the earth, Jesus Christ promised to return ... there is a difference between coming and presence. Thus, while a person's coming (associated with his arrival or return) occurs at a given time, his presence may thereafter extend over a period of years (Reasoning from the Scriptures, pp340-41).According to the 'sign' that Jesus foretold and also according to certain Bible time measurements, his invisible 'presence', or parousia, began in autumn of 1914 CE (The Watchtower, 15 June 1979, p23).Since they got away with multiple adjustments of 'prophetic' dates, historical facts, and doctrinal shifts ever since their beginning, today's WBTS thinks it can follow on in C. T. Russell's footsteps and extend Christ's invisible parousia from 1914 to whatever date they choose. But what did they believe at the outset - in 1879?:But, 'If I go away, I will come again,' cannot refer to a spiritual coming again, because, spiritually, He never went away, as He said, 'Lo, I am with you alway, even to the end of the world,' [age]. Therefore, Jesus taught his second PERSONAL coming (ZWTR, July 1879, p4; emphasis in the original).It is clear that originally Russell and his followers were looking for a physical return not a spiritual, invisible, return of Jesus. Even though the WBTS changed their teaching (as shown in the previous photocopies) the argument in their 1879 magazine was correct - Jesus could not return invisibly because He never went away invisibly! Along with a considerable number of other doctrinal 'flip flops' the WBTS can even be shown to have rejected clear, orthodox viewpoints of Scripture in order to embrace bizarre and obvious 'doctrines of demons' (1 Tim. 4:1-2):'But the Spirit saith expressly, that in later times some shall fall away from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits and doctrines of demons, through the hypocrisy of men that speak lies, branded in their own conscience as with a hot iron'.Regarding their 'flip flop' on parousia the WBTS can never explain away a number of other Scriptures which make the interpretation of the Greek word totally clear. For example, when we read The New World Translation rendering of Acts 1:9- 11:'And after he had said these things, while they were looking on, he was lifted up and a cloud caught him up from their vision. And as they were gazing into the sky while he was on his way, also, look! two men in white garments stood alongside them, and they said: 'Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into the sky? This Jesus who was received up from you into the sky will come thus in the same manner as you have beheld him going into the sky.'' (emphasis added)The WBTS argue that the 'manner' of Jesus' ascent was that He disappeared from view, and his departure was observed only by his disciples while the world remained unaware of what had happened. So they attempt to argue that Acts 1:9-11 indicates that the same would be true of Christ's second coming and the world would be equally unaware of Christ's invisible coming (Reasoning from the Scriptures, p342).Therefore they claim that the world was largely unaware of Christ's invisible coming in 1914.As usual, the WBTS argument is merely based on a 'play on words' and they deliberately mislead by confusing the 'manner' of Jesus' departure with the 'result.' The 'manner' of Jesus' ascent was not 'disappearing from view', but the result of Jesus' ascent was 'disappearing from view.' The actual 'manner' of Jesus' ascent was visible and bodily - the disciples saw his body disappearing until, as His feet followed, they had watched Him completely 'disappearing from view'. Logically and Scripturally, at the Second Coming, Christ will come in 'the same manner' - visibly and bodily.The WBTS try and avoid the clear meaning that Jesus would return in the same manner that he went into heaven, which is clearly that the disciples saw Him lifted up until He was hidden by a cloud (Greek: nephele - meaning 'cloudiness, a cloud') and will therefore come from heaven - out of the cloud(s) - just as all of these following Scriptures testify:Matthew 24:30 and then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory.Matthew 26:64 Jesus said unto him, Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, Henceforth ye shall see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of Power, and coming on the clouds of heaven.Mark 13:26 And then shall they see the Son of man coming in clouds with great power and glory.Mark 14:62 And Jesus said, I am: and ye shall see the Son of man sitting at the right hand of Power, and coming with the clouds of heaven.1 Thessalonians 4:17 then we that are alive, that are left, shall together with them be caught up in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord.Revelation 1:7 Behold, he cometh with the clouds; and every eye shall see him, and they that pierced him; and all the tribes of the earth shall mourn over him. Even so, Amen.In every one of these verses the same word (Greek: nephele) for cloud, or clouds, is used and describes how more than the small group of disciples mentioned in Acts 1:9-11 will observe Jesus returning. In fact, we learn that 'all the tribes of the earth' (Matthew 24:30), the high priest and all those present at the illegal trial of Jesus (Matthew 26:64; cf. Mark 14:62) and, in fact, 'every eye shall see him, and they that pierced him; and all the tribes of the earth' (Revelation 1:7) - even those that crucified Jesus will witness His return with the 'clouds'!It should be noted that 'clouds' are not just used in the New Testament in association with God's visible glory, as already shown in Matt. 24:30 and Matt. 26:64, but also when Jesus was speaking on the Mount of Transfiguration:"a bright cloud overshadowed them; and behold, a voice out of the cloud, saying, 'This is My beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased; listen to Him!'" (Matt. 17:5, italics added).God's visible glory is also often seen to be related to 'clouds' in the Old Testament, e.g.:• '... while Aaron was speaking to the whole Israelite community, they looked toward the desert, and there was the glory of the LORD appearing in the cloud' (Exod. 16:10, italics added). • 'Then the cloud covered the Tent of Meeting, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle. Moses could not enter the Tent of Meeting because the cloud had settled upon it, and the glory of the LORD filled the tabernacle' (Exod. 40:34-35, italics added).• 'When the priest withdrew from the Holy Place, the cloud filled the temple of the LORD. And the priests could not perform their service because of the cloud, for the glory of the LORD filled his temple' (1 Kings 8:10-11, italics added).We should notice the pattern in the New Testament: Christ's Transfiguration (Matt. 17), His Ascension to Heaven (Acts 1), and His Second Coming (Matt. 24) are three successive manifestations of Christ's divine (visible) glory to humankind. Hence, the mention of a 'cloud ' in Acts 1 points to a manifestation of Christ's visible glory at the Second Coming.Expert Bible scholars - of which the WBTS have exactly none - recognise that the cloud at the Transfiguration, Ascension, and Second Coming is to be interpreted as the cloud of the 'Shekinah Glory'. This cloud rested above the tent of meeting in the days of Moses and was the visible token to Israel that the glory of the Lord dwelt within (Ex. 40:34). So, in the last moment that the apostles saw their Lord with outward vision [at the ascension in Acts 1], they were granted 'a theophany: Jesus is enveloped in the cloud of the divine presence.' Just as Jesus left with a visible manifestation of the glory of God, so Christ will return with a visible manifestation of the glory of God and, as we have shown, there is simply no way this verse can be twisted to mean that Christ will come again invisibly, as the WBTS attempts to teach simply to cover their failed prophecy. The WBTS attempt to evade the clear meaning of Revelation 1:7 is transparently false. In the New World Translation of this passage we read:"Look! He is coming with the clouds, and every eye will see him, and those who pierced him; and all the tribes of the earth will beat themselves in grief because of him. Yes, Amen."The failures of the WBTS to answer the many questions that are asked by Revelation 1:7 do not end with the obvious: did "all the tribes of the earth beat themselves in grief" at Christ's alleged invisible second coming in 1914? The WBTS claim that the reference to "coming with the clouds" means invisibility and, incredibly, try their usual puerile comparisons by arguing that, when an airplane is in a thick cloud, people on the ground usually cannot see it. Since Christ is coming "with the clouds," this means that human beings will not be able to see it (Reasoning from the Scriptures, p343) - and, therefore, it will be an invisible event!If Christ's second coming is invisible, then in what sense will "every eye" see him? Well, the WBTS claim, this is obviously not to be taken literally. Jehovah's Witnesses say that people will discern from events on earth that Christ is invisibly present and is spiritually ruling (Reasoning from the Scriptures, p343). Especially when judgments are poured out on the wicked, it will be clear that these come from the hand of Christ. This will be a striking evidence of his "presence." With this in mind, the book "Let God Be True" argues:"His return is recognized by the eyes of one's understanding, such eyes being enlightened by God's unfolding Word. Christ's arrival and presence are not discerned because of a visible bodily nearness, but by the light of his acts of judgment and the fulfillment of Bible prophecy." (Let God Be True, p198).The WBTS argument that Christ's "coming with the clouds" means an invisible coming is a complete distortion of Scripture. As noted earlier, clouds are often used in Scripture in association with God's visible glory (Exod. 16:10; 40:34-35; 1 Kings 8:10-11; Matt. 17:5; 24:30; 26:64) and, as Christ was received by a cloud in His Ascension (Acts 1:9), so He will come in the clouds of heaven (Matt. 24:30; 26:64; Mark 13:26; 14:62; Luke 21:27)." Just as Jesus left with a visible manifestation of the glory of God (clouds were present), so Christ will return with a visible manifestation of the glory of God (clouds will be present).The WBTS's figurative twisting of the statement "every eye will see him" to mean "every eye of understanding will see him" is a complete distortion of what is being taught in this passage. A plain, unbiased reading of the text indicates that every eye on earth will see Christ coming in glory - as we have already proven. This is in perfect keeping with numerous other Scripture passages as we have shown, for example, in Matthew 24:30 which says of the Second Coming:"And then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the sky, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of the sky with power and great glory" (italics added).In Revelation 1:7 the Greek word for "see" is optanomai - meaning 'to gaze, i.e. with wide-open eyes, as at something remarkable! In the context of this verse there is no possibility that the intended meaning is "see with the eyes of one's understanding, such eyes being enlightened by God's unfolding Word." A normal physical seeing with human eyes is the obvious intended meaning.The Bible contains normal, readable, understandable words used in a cognizant, intelligent way, and it is only when normal, intelligent people have consulted WBTS literature that their understanding of obvious verses, such as Revelation 1:7, are mentally adjusted and turn the Jehovah's Witness into a brain-washed follower incapable of normal reasoning.Another major problem with the WBTS attempt to deal with the question of 'The 1914 Generation'The New World Translation renders Matthew 24:34:"Truly I say to you that this generation will by no means pass away until all these things occur" (italics added).The WBTS teaches Jehovah's Witnesses that "this generation" is the 1914 generation. They claim that it is this generation that will not pass away until all these things (prophecies, including Armageddon) come to pass and we can see that they have applied this consistently for a number of years in this manner:"Some persons living A.D. 1914 when the series of foretold events began will also be living when the series ends with Armageddon." (The Watchtower, September 1, 1952, p543 - see below):


text:
Ten years ago today I gave birth to my son.
I have been blessed. He is hazel eyed, double dimpled, and he is well, gorgeous. He is also kind, smart and has a good loving heart.
I may yell at him for not doing homework. I may wonder how the hell one kid can make such a mess and I may spend way too much time wondering how to get him to do the things I need him too, but that's okay. That's him.
It's also okay because I know I will do anything to make him happy. I will also do everything I can to ensure he becomes the amazing man I know he is going to be.
When my baby boy was first put in my arms ten years ago, I looked at the miracle I was holding and realized that when I talked about having another child, maybe even having a boy, I didn't mean I wanted any boy. I wanted him. Just him. Perfect him.
So, Robs – Happy Birthday.
I love you more then you will ever know.
But if you could stop growing up so fast, that would be nice.
And if you could stop doing things to drive me freaking insane, that would be good too.
What? This can't all be mushy, he's still my boy – and he'd kill me. Mush is only allowed in private. So, the rest of you? Pretend you never saw this.
And Robs? High five buddy! You now have an entire year until your Mother goes off on the deep end again.
Happy Birthday Robbie. I love you.


text:
|Cao et al.
|Cao et al.
|Aqueous process for producing crystalline copper chalcogenide nanoparticles, the nanoparticles so-produced, and inks and coated substrates incorporating the nanoparticles
|Radu et al.
|Sintered CZTS Nanoparticle Solar Cells
|Hotz et al.
|Radu et al.
|Korgel et al.
The invention relates to materials (and processes for the preparation thereof) useful for the solution-phase fabrication of photovoltaic (PV) devices. More specifically, the disclosure describes a simple, scalable, low temperature colloidal method of synthesising Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticles for potential application in thin film photovoltaic devices.
In recent years, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) materials have been extensively studied for use as an absorber layer in thin film photovoltaic devices, owing to their band gaps that can be tuned by adjusting the elemental ratios and are well matched with the solar spectrum (1.0 eV for CuInSe2 to 1.7 eV for CuGaSe2), offering potentially high conversion efficiencies; 20.3% conversion efficiency was achieved using Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2 material by researchers at ZSW and the Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research in Germany (August 2010). One drawback of CIGS materials is the high manufacturing cost, due to the high cost of the constituent elements.
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) materials can be used as a low-cost alternative to traditional Cu(In,Ga)Se2, due to the abundance and low toxicity of Zn and Sn, which are much cheaper than Ga and the rarer In. CZTS is reported to have a band gap between 1.45 and 1.6 eV [H. Katagiri et al., Appl. Phys. Express, 2008, 1, 041201; K. Ito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1988, 27 (Part 1), 2094; T. M. Friedlmeier et al., Proc. 14th European PVSEC, Barcelona, Spain, 30 Jun. 1997, p. 1242] and a high optical absorption coefficient (up to 105cm−1) [G. S. Babu et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, 205305], which are similar to those of CuInGaSe2.The current record conversion efficiency for pure Cu2ZnSnS4 of 8.4% [B. Shin et al., Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl., 2013, 21, 72] shows great potential for this material.
The highest efficiency CZTS and CIGS solar cells are fabricated using a vacuum-based deposition method. Vacuum-based approaches typically offer high uniformity, which translates to a high quality film. However, the techniques are also generally costly, with material consumption and energy usage being high. Non-vacuum-based approaches are attractive in that they are typically higher throughput processes, with a lower deposition cost. One such method is a nanoparticle-based deposition approach. Nanoparticles of CZTS material can be fabricated, then subsequently processed into an ink or slurry, which can be printed onto a substrate using low-cost printing techniques, such as spin-coating, slit-coating, doctor blading, inkjet printing, and the like. The films are then sintered at elevated temperatures to induce growth of larger crystal grains within the film, which are necessary to achieve high power conversion efficiencies since recombination of charge carriers can occur at grain boundaries. Nanoparticles are advantageous, since they have a reduced melting point relative to the bulk material, facilitating lower temperature device processing; the smaller the nanoparticles, the lower the melting point. A uniform particle size distribution is also favourable, since particles of the same size will melt uniformly.
Nanoparticles can be synthesised from a top-down or a bottom-up approach. In a top-down approach, macroparticles are processed, e.g. using milling techniques, to form nanoparticles; the particles are typically insoluble, therefore difficult to process, and in the case of milling the size distribution may be large. Using a bottom-up approach, whereby nanoparticles are grown atom-by-atom, smaller particles with a homogeneous size distribution may be produced. Colloidal syntheses can be employed to grow nanoparticles in solution, which can be surface passivated with organic ligands to provide solubility, and thus solution processability.
The colloidal methods of making CZTS nanoparticle materials described in the prior art have one or more disadvantages. For example, the methods use hot-injection, high boiling capping agents, long reaction times, and/or unfavourable reagents for commercial processes, and/or impurity phases may be formed.
Hot-injection techniques can be used to synthesise small nanoparticles with a uniform size distribution. The technique relies on the injection of small volumes of precursors into a large volume of solvent at elevated temperature. The high temperature causes breakdown of the precursors, initiating nucleation of the nanoparticles. However, the technique results in low reaction yields per volume of solvent, thus making the reactions difficult to scale to commercial volumes.
Other prior art techniques utilise high boiling ligands, such as oleylamine. Organic ligands assist in solubilising the nanoparticles to facilitate solution processability, yet they must be removed, e.g. by evaporation, prior to sintering, since residual carbon can be detrimental to the performance of the absorber layer. Thus it is favourable that the boiling temperature of any capping ligand(s) should be substantially lower than the sintering temperature of the CZTS film.
Relatively short reaction times to produce the nanoparticles are advantageous, to minimise the total processing time from nanoparticle synthesis to functioning PV device.
In the prior art, when the CZTS nanoparticle synthesis takes place at temperatures below 180° C., an impurity phase has been observed. [T. Kameyama et al., J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, 5319] Phase purity is preferable, in order to achieve a uniform sintering temperature and thus achieve a high quality film.
Some of the methods in the prior art utilise precursors that are unfavourable for commercial production. For example, Liu et al. describe the synthesis of (ZnS)x(Cu2SnS3)1-x nanocrystals [Q. Liu et al., Chem. Comm., 2011, 47, 964] using a dibutyldithiocarbamic acid precursor solution that is prepared using carbon disulphide. Carbon disulphide is not only highly flammable, but can also affect fertility and cause organ damage following repeated exposure; these factors have implications on the scalability of the synthesis.
Thus, there is a need for a commercially scalable synthesis of CZTS nanoparticles, utilising reagents that can be handled safely on an industrial scale, with a relatively low boiling capping agent that is suitable for lower temperature PV device processing.
Materials and methods for preparing CZTS layers for use in thin film PV cells are disclosed herein. The CZTS materials are nanoparticles prepared by a colloidal synthesis. The disclosed methods are advantageous over the prior art because they are scalable for mass manufacture (kg scale) of PV materials. The scalability is due to a high yield per volume of reaction solution. The methods described herein for preparing CZTS nanoparticles are superior to hot-injection methods described in the prior art because, as described above, hot-injection is difficult to scale beyond milligram-yield production, due to the high precursor dilution conditions required.
For thin film photovoltaic applications, the organic-capped nanoparticles are dissolved or dispersed in solution, then deposited on a substrate using a printing or coating technique. Prior to sintering, the ligand must be removed by annealing within the device processing conditions to remove carbon from the film. As such, the ligand must be labile. The organothiol capping agent is easily removed at relatively low temperature (<300° C.), whereas other methods use higher boiling capping agents, which would require annealing temperatures in excess of 300° C. for their removal. As the boiling point of elemental sulphur is below 450° C., the use of high boiling ligands presents a significant risk of concomitant sulphur loss while annealing to remove the ligand during device processing. Further, the organothiol precursor has the dual function of acting as both the sulphur source and ligand, making the synthesis simple and attractive for manufacturing purposes.
Overall, the current method can be used to synthesise CZTS nanoparticle material in high yield, to provide a lower cost alternative to CIGS nanoparticle material, which can be easily processed by simple printing techniques to form an absorber layer in photovoltaic cells.
Nanoparticles, such as those described here, offer several advantages over bulk materials for thin film photovoltaic applications. Firstly, a small amount of nanoparticle material can be dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, then printed on a substrate, e.g. by spin-coating, slit-coating or doctor blading; vapour phase or evaporation techniques are far more expensive, requiring high temperatures and/or pressures. Secondly, nanoparticles are able to pack closely, facilitating their coalescence upon melting. Upon coalescence the particles can form large grains. Additionally, the melting point of nanoparticles is lower than that of the bulk material, allowing lower processing temperatures for device fabrication. Finally, the nanoparticles described herein are capped with a volatile capping agent; this assists in solubilising the particles, thus facilitating the processability of the material, yet the capping agent can easily be removed at relatively low temperature during processing to remove all carbon that can have a detrimental effect on device performance.
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram summarising the steps involved in the synthesis of CZTS nanoparticles.
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram summarising the steps involved in the preparation of a CZTS absorber layer for a PV device from CZTS nanoparticles.
FIG. 3 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for the CZTS nanoparticles synthesised in the Examples.
FIG. 4 shows the absorption spectrum of the CZTS nanoparticles synthesised in the Examples.
FIG. 5 shows thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the CZTS nanoparticles synthesised in the Examples.
As used herein, the term "CZTS" refers to Cu2ZnSnS4. As used herein, "low temperature synthesis" refers to a heating-up method of synthesis wherein the reaction solution is heated at temperatures of 300° C. or below, more particularly 250° C. or below, or 240° C. or below, to effect the conversion of the precursors to nanoparticles. In a heating-up method, the nanoparticles are combined at modest temperatures, for example, between room temperature and 200° C., and the reaction solution is subsequently heated to induce nanoparticle formation. Thus, a low temperature synthesis is different to a hot-injection synthesis because the precursors are combined at significantly lower temperatures and the concentration of the precursors in the reaction solution is significantly higher than for a hot-injection reaction. As used herein, the term "labile organothiol ligand" refers to an organothiol ligand with a boiling point less than 300° C. According to certain embodiments, greater than 50% of the ligand is removed from the nanoparticle surface when the nanoparticle is heated to 350° C.
The relatively low temperatures used in the disclosed process allow for a much safer, commercially scalable synthesis than with traditional hot-injection methods described in the prior art, which typically require large reaction volumes to yield a relatively small amount of product. Further, the synthesis avoids the use of pyrophoric materials. All of the reagents are commercially available, a key factor in influencing the cost and manufacture of the material on a large scale. The nanoparticles can be processed into thin film photovoltaic (PV) devices without the need for expensive high temperature or vacuum annealing techniques.
Thus, the process disclosed herein comprises a relatively low-temperature, safe synthesis of CZTS nanoparticles with a relatively high yield, using commercially available reagents. The material can be used as an alternative to CIGS materials as an absorber layer in thin film PV devices.
Herein, a process for making CZTS nanoparticles is described, comprising reacting copper, zinc and tin precursors in the presence of a labile organothiol ligand. According to one embodiment, the process comprises the following steps: stirring the copper, zinc and tin precursors and the organothiol ligand in a first solvent at a first temperature to form a mixture; heating the mixture to a second temperature to distil the first solvent; heating the mixture to a third temperature for a time interval to form the CZTS nanoparticles; cooling the reaction mixture; and isolating the CZTS nanoparticles. The process is summarised in FIG. 1.
Suitable copper precursors include, but are not restricted to, an acetate, chloride, bromide, iodide or acetylacetonate. A particularly suitable copper precursor is copper (I) acetate.
The zinc precursor may include, but is not restricted to, an acetate, chloride, bromide, iodide or acetylacetonate. A particularly suitable zinc precursor is zinc (II) acetate.
The tin precursor may include, but is not restricted to, a tin (IV) chloride solution, fuming tin (IV) chloride or tin (IV) chloride pentahydrate. A particularly suitable tin precursor is tin (IV) chloride as a solution in dichloromethane, due to its relative ease and safety in handling. The dichloromethane solvent can be removed by distillation during the nanoparticle synthesis.
The organothiol compound serves both as the sulphur source and the nanoparticle capping ligand. The ligand provides dispersibility or solubility in non-polar organic solvents, allowing the nanoparticles to be processed into an ink that can be printed or coated using conventional techniques. Carbon can be detrimental to device performance, so the ligand must be sufficiently labile that it can be removed, e.g. by evaporation, at a temperature within the device processing protocol. In some embodiments it may be desirable that the boiling point of the ligand is substantially lower than that of elemental sulphur, to prevent loss of sulphur from the CZTS film while evaporating the ligand. Suitable labile organothiol ligands include, but are not restricted to, an alkanethiol, alkenethiol or aromatic thiol. In some embodiments the organothiol ligand has a boiling point in the range 190-300° C. An example of a suitable labile organothiol ligand is 1-dodecanethiol, which has a boiling point of 260° C.
In some embodiments, the first solvent, which is used to disperse the copper, zinc and tin precursors, is dichloromethane. The first temperature, at which the copper, zinc and tin precursors are stirred, must be substantially below the boiling point of the first solvent. In the case where the first solvent is dichloromethane, the first temperature may, for example, be room temperature. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the second temperature depends on the boiling point of the first solvent. In the case where the first solvent is dichloromethane, a suitable second temperature, or range of temperatures, lies between 50 and 55° C.
In some embodiments, the third temperature is greater than 180° C., to avoid the formation of one or more impurity phases. It is important to avoid the formation of impurity phases to achieve a homogeneous melting point, in order to grow large, phase-pure grains during sintering. In some embodiments the third temperature lies in the range 200-250° C., for example around 240° C. The time interval at which the reaction is held at the third temperature, may, for example, lie in the range 30 minutes-3 hours. For instance, the time interval may be around 60 minutes.
Once synthesised, the nanoparticles can be isolated and collected by any method known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the nanoparticles are isolated via the addition of one or more organic solvents to induce flocculation, followed by centrifugation. A suitable combination of organic solvents for the isolation of organothiol-capped CZTS nanoparticles is chloroform and acetone.
The isolated nanoparticles can be processed to form an absorber layer for a PV device. The method for processing CZTS nanoparticles to form an absorber layer for a PV device is summarised in FIG. 2. The method involves: dissolving or dispersing the CZTS nanoparticles in one or more solvents to form an ink; depositing the ink on a substrate; annealing at a first temperature, for a first time interval, under an inert atmosphere to remove the ligand; annealing at a second temperature, for a second time interval, under an inert atmosphere to induce crystallisation of the film; and optionally annealing at a third temperature, for a third time interval, under a selenium-rich and/or sulphur-rich atmosphere. Subsequent layers can then be deposited to form a photovoltaic device.
The CZTS nanoparticles can be dissolved or dispersed in one or more solvents by any method known to one skilled in the art, including shaking, stirring or ultrasonication. In some embodiments, the solvent, or solvents, are non-polar. Examples include, but are not restricted to, toluene, alkanes (e.g. hexane), chlorinated solvents e.g. (dichloromethane, chloroform, etc.), ketones (e.g. isophorone), ethers (e.g. anisole), and terpenes (e.g. α-terpinene, limonene, etc.). Optionally, other additives, such as binders, rheology modifiers, and the like, may be incorporated into the ink formulation to modify its coating properties.
The ink can be deposited on a substrate using any method known to one skilled in the art. Examples include, but are not restricted to, spin-coating, slit-coating, drop-casting, doctor blading, and inkjet printing.
Once deposited, the ink is annealed at a first temperature to remove the solvent, ligand, and other organic components of the ink formulation. This eliminates carbon residues, which can be detrimental to device performance, from the film. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the first annealing temperature depends on the boiling points of the organic components of the nanoparticle ink. In some embodiments, the first annealing temperature lies in the range 260-350° C., for example around 300° C. The first time interval may lie in the range 3-10 minutes, for example around 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the first annealing step is conducted under an inert atmosphere.
The films are annealed at a second temperature to induce crystallisation of the CZTS layer (sintering). In some embodiments, the second annealing temperature lies in the range 350-440° C., for example around 400° C. The second time interval may lie in the range 3-10 minutes, for example around 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the sintering step is conducted under an inert atmosphere.
The ink deposition, first and second annealing steps may be repeated until a desired film thickness is achieved.
Optionally, the films may be annealed under a sulphur-rich or selenium-rich atmosphere. Suitable sulphurisation sources include H2S and elemental sulphur. Suitable selenium sources include H2Se and elemental Se. The third annealing temperature preferably lies in the range 500-600° C., more preferably around 550° C. The third time interval preferably lies in the range 30 minutes-3 hours, most preferably around 1-2 hours.
Additional layers can be deposited on top of the CZTS layer to form a PV device.
1.00 g of Cu(ac) (8.16 mmol; ac=acetate), 0.74 g of Zn(ac)2 (4.03 mmol), and 4.1 mL of a 1 M solution of SnCl4 in dichloromethane (4.1 mmol) were stirred at room temperature in a 50 mL three-necked round-bottomed flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer and a condenser with a side-arm. 5 mL of dichloromethane were added to dissolve/suspend the salts, forming a grey solution. The mixture was degassed by bubbling through nitrogen at room temperature. After stirring under nitrogen for 1½ hours the solution had turned a beige/cream colour. 15.5 mL of 1-dodecanethiol (65.1 mmol) were injected quickly into the flask; the mixture turned instantly bright orange and the temperature rose to 34° C. The temperature was raised to 50-55° C. and held for 7 minutes to allow the dichloromethane, which collected in the side-arm of the condenser, to distil off. The temperature was then gradually raised to 240° C. in 31 minutes; the solution turned dark orange, then red, then eventually brown. Once the flask reached 240° C. the reaction mixture had formed a dark brown suspension. The temperature was held at 240° C. for 60 minutes, before cooling to room temperature. The product, a brown solid, was isolated from the black reaction slurry with chloroform and acetone. The solid was collected by centrifugation. The particles were dispersible in non-polar solvents.
Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) gave the following elemental ratios: C 13.49%; H 2.27%; Cu 27.63%; Zn 13.20%; Sn 17.97%; S 18.83%. This gives a stoichiometry of Cu2.87Zn1.33Sn1.00S3.88, suggesting that the material is slightly copper and zinc rich. The stoichiometry can be tuned by altering the ratios of the metal precursors.
FIG. 3 shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for the CZTS nanoparticles (dashed line); the peak positions and intensities are well matched to those of the kesterite crystal structure of CZTS as reported in the literature [P. Bonazzi et al., Canadian Mineral., 2003, 41, 639] (shown and indexed in black). Additional low intensity peaks are seen that are suggestive of a minor wurtzite phase [X. Lu et al., Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 3141] (shown and indexed in grey).
FIG. 4 shows the absorption spectrum (in toluene) of the CZTS nanoparticles. The spectrum has a broad absorbance spanning from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared region.
FIG. 5 shows thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the CZTS nanoparticles synthesised in the Examples, showing two steps; the first is likely to be loss of the 1-dodecanethiol ligand capping the surface, suggesting an inorganic content of 90%. The second step is likely to result from loss of inorganic sulphur (boiling point 444.7° C.) from within the nanoparticles; this suggests that annealing temperatures of or below 400° C. are desirable for device processing to avoid the loss of sulphur from the film.
Specific compositions and methods useful for the solution-phase fabrication of photovoltaic (PV) devices have been disclosed. It should be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted by the disclosed embodiments. Moreover, in interpreting the disclosure, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms "comprises" and "comprising" should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced.


text:
Telekom Malaysia and ZTE form research partnership in quest for higher bandwidth
Photo - Dr. Gopi Kurup, Chief Executive Officer of TM R&D (4th from left) and Steven Ge, Managing Director of ZTE (Malaysia) Corporation (5th from right) exchanging the MoU documents, while flanked by (from left to right) Dr. Sufian Mousa Ibrahim Mitani, Head of System Technologies, TM R&D; Zakaria Ahmad, General Manager of Research, TM R&D; Dato' Danapalan Vinggrasalam, Chairman of TM R&D; Zhang Renjun, Senior Vice President of ZTE Corporation; Jeff Zhou, Vice President of ZTE Corporation; Hassan Alias, Sales Director of ZTE Malaysia and Neni Izumi, Account Director of ZTE Malaysia.
Telekom Malaysia's research and development subsidiary TM R&D has signed a memorandum of agreement with Chinese telecom solutions provider ZTE (Malaysia) Corporation [ZTE] to conduct research on next generation passive optical network 2 (NGPON 2) in a bid to offer higher bandwidth - in excess of 100 Gbps [Gigabits per second] - for TM customers.
During the signing of the agreement, TM R&D chief executive officer Dr Gopi Kurup said the arrangement MoU between TM R&D and ZTE will also allow greater cooperation in advancing the innovation landscape of Malaysia in the international arena.
"TM R&D initiated and has continued to grow the local photonics and optical research in collaboration with Malaysian universities," said Dr Kurup. "The capacity and capability developed in the field has attracted the attention of global technology companies like ZTE to collaborate in further pushing the boundaries in this important telecommunications technology."
He added that the agreement included NGPON research in contributing towards achieving the international standards through the strengthening of NGPON2 framework. Both parties will share their research facilities and create mirroring labs in both countries, China and Malaysia.
ZTE Malaysia managing director, Steven Ge, said, "We look forward to partnering with the largest integrated telecommunications provider in Malaysia through our collaboration with TM R&D."
"This agreement is in line with ZTE corporate strategy to continue working with top R&D centres throughout the world and we foresee this collaboration will benefit both parties especially in the Next Generation PON development," said Ge. "We hope this NGPON development could be tested in real life environment, especially in the Telekom Malaysia network to ensure local adaptability of the end product."
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text:
Various Positions Leonard Cohen
Album info
Label: Columbia / Legacy
Genre: Songwriter
Subgenre: Contemporary
Album including Album cover
I`m sorry!
Dear HIGHRESAUDIO Visitor,
due to territorial constraints and also different releases dates in each country you currently can`t purchase this album. We are updating our release dates twice a week. So, please feel free to check from time-to-time, if the album is available for your country.
We suggest, that you bookmark the album and use our Short List function.
Thank you for your understanding and patience.
Yours sincerely, HIGHRESAUDIO
- 1Dance Me to the End of Love04:38
- 2Coming Back to You03:32
- 3The Law04:27
- 4Night Comes On04:39
- 5Hallelujah04:39
- 6The Captain04:06
- 7Hunter's Lullaby02:24
- 8Heart with No Companion03:04
- 9If It Be Your Will03:42
Info for Various Positions
"Various Positions" proved to be a transitional album for Cohen, poised halfway between the classic balladic style of "Recent Songs" and the cool electronic backing of "I'm Your Man". It was certainly Cohen's slickest production to date, though it seems practically spartan compared to later recordings. The slinky, European feel of the minor-key romantic plea 'Dance Me to the End of Love' is Cohen at his most sensual and persuasive. 'The Captain''s shifting perspective navigates a conversation between two characters musing on the personal cost of war. Most significantly, new vistas in Cohen's work are opened up by 'Hallelujah' (a highlight of Jeff Buckley's debut album nearly a decade later) and 'If It Be Your Will.' These two songs present themselves as musical prayers, and their fragile spirituality is a refreshing, largely unprecedented development in Cohen's dark artistic legacy.
"Recorded with vocalist Jennifer Warnes (who later cut the album Famous Blue Raincoat, a collection of Leonard Cohen compositions), Various Positions is a stunning return to form -- Cohen's strongest work since New Skin for the Old Ceremony. Cryptic and spartan, the set continues in the eclectic vein of recent efforts, but with greater clarity and focus, resulting in an intriguingly diffuse collection ranging from the Serge Gainsbourg-esque pop of 'Dance Me to the End of Love' to the boozy, country-inflected 'The Captain.' (Jason Ankeny, AMG)
Leonard Cohen, vocals, guitar
Jennifer Warnes, vocals
Sid McGinnis, guitar
John Lissauer, piano, keyboard orchestrations, backing vocals
Richard Crooks, drums
John Crowder, backing vocals, bass
Anjani Thomas, backing vocals
Crissie Faith, backing vocals
Erin Dickins, backing vocals
Lani Groves, backing vocals
Merle Miller, backing vocals
Ron Getman, backing vocals
Yvonne Lewis, backing vocals
Recorded in June 1984 at Quadrasonic Sound, New York
Produced by John Lissauer
Digitally remastered
No biography found.
This album contains no booklet.


text:
I just learned a tough lesson.
Has this ever happened to you?
You have a favorite movie you remember from your youth--something that made you laugh, or cry, or scared the living daylights out of you--and then when you watch the movie again as an adult, you wonder what the big deal was? I thought this was the most epic . . . movie . . . ever!?!
Sure, I bet you have. It's happened to me a lot.
But here's a new twist on it: what if the movie is totally different?
I'm not talking about "you remembered it differently"; I'm talking the movie is actually different.
It just happened to me.
I happen to pass by the electronics department in Wal-mart, and out of the corner of my eye, I noticed a movie on the shelf that I haven't seen in years: Legend!
Tom Cruise, Mia Sara, and Tim Curry, in an epic fantasy full of fairies, unicorns, and dancing ball gowns.
Naturally, I bought it. Right from the start, things seemed different. Mia Sara spent a lot of time in singing. I didn't remember her singing so much. And when the unicorns were playing while Tom and Mia watched in secret . . . wasn't there supposed to be a unicorn theme playing at that point?
Turns out, this movie has NONE of the original soundtrack. No "Loved by the Sun" by Tangerine Dream, no "Is Your Love Strong Enough" by Bryan Ferry, nothing. And during the dancing dress seduction scene, some Disney-esque music plays instead of the freaky carnival music that played for the theatrical release.
It changed the whole experience of the movie for me (AND showed me how important soundtrack selection can be).
I went to Amazon.com and found out there were two versions of the movie, one a director's cut, the other a theatrical release. And unlike most movies, this one does not have both versions on the same DVD. Sigh.
Here's what an Amazon reviewer (Brett D. Cullum) says about the two:
"This DVD collection gives you two versions of LEGEND -- the original director's cut with over twenty minutes of added footage and the original Goldsmith score; and in addition, you get the original US release. In essence you get two different movies! The moods vary, the characters seem a little different, with whole new speeches and images to enjoy."
Two very different movies indeed!
So now I've got to go back and buy the original theatrical release. So disappointed.
Moral of the story: make sure you know what you're buying!
Monday, February 20, 2012
This is why I hate buying movies
Posted by Brenda Kezar at 2:00 PM
Labels: From the Desk of . . .
2 comments:
- AnonymousFebruary 20, 2012
I don't get the point in changing all the music like that unless it was a rights issue. Since a DVD with the original music apparently exists, that clearly must not be the case.ReplyDelete
It's definitely strange, and I'll do more research next time before I buy. My new mantra: Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, and you deserve all the money I waste on your alternate versions. ;)ReplyDelete
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text:
Wednesday, July 28, 2010
Behind the flowers
Posted by Boom Nisanart at Wednesday, July 28, 2010
Labels: Backyard
2 comments:
- at the cottage said...
awwwwwwwwwwwwwww what a beautiful kitty. You are so lucky she chose you to visit :) A name - I just know she will tell you her name soon.
Thanks for sharing and thank you for caring so much for her :):)
and The Kitties - Lola, Misty, Pekoe and Sweetie-pie
- July 28, 2010 at 1:09 PM
- Boom Nisanart said...
Deb and your kitties,
Thank you to visit my blog and very nice comment.
Yes, I am so lucky : )
I don't know her name yet but I call her " Puddy "
- July 30, 2010 at 4:52 PM
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text:
ilisu: 14 - slugs: 0
with deep disgust i poked at it with a wooden spoon and it shrunk into itself and i eeped and let a '¡¡¡qué asco qué asco!!!' escape despite the fact that everyone else was asleep and i probably woke them up.
it turned its shiny, slimy, yellow monopod up and it only took another poke for it to stick.
i cringed as i dropped the spoon into a plastic bag, tied a knot, then put it into another plastic bag, tied another knot, and put that in yet another plastic bag, and tied a double knot, making sure there were enough layers of plastic and air between that gargantuan slug and me.
to be certain there weren't any more midnight kitchen invaders i grabbed the box of salt, opened the garden door and sprinkled a thin layer as a deterrent (detergent also).
out of the corner of my eye i saw something move in the dark. it writhed and turned and twisted and stretched and another slug bit the dust while i tried not to watch out of morbid fascination.
i had not planned the death of another enemy unit.
it's another saturday of timewasting


text:
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