text:
Miriam T. Stark
Source: World Archaeology, Vol. 23, No. 1, Craft Production and Specialization (Jun., 1991),pp. 64-78
Sản xuất đồ gốm và sự chuyên hóa của Cộng đồng : Nghiên cứu dân tộc học khảo cổ trường hợp Kalinga.
Tầm quan trọng của chuyên hóa sản xuất thủ công trong sự phát triển tính phức hợp xã hội đã được nhiều tác giả bàn tới.
Chuyên hóa sản xuất "Sản xuất hàng hóa và dịch vụ cho mức tiêu thụ lớn trên cơ sở làm toàn thời gian để mưu sinh'. Cá nhân trong mỗi cộng đồng có thể chuyên sản xuất một loại hàng đặc biệt nào đó, nhưng sự phát triển của sản xuất chuyên của cộng đồng đòi hỏi sự tham gia của tập thể hộ gia đình khi nông nghiệp đã phát triển đến mức có thặng dư.
Sản xuất chuyên bao gồm sản xuất hàng hóa (gốm, đồ đan, đồ gỗ…) và trồng trọt, khai thác lâm sản…
Bài nghiên cứu tập trung trình bày một nghiên cứu dân tộc học khảo cổ về chuyên hóa sản xuất đồ gốm của cộng đồng ở vùng núi hẻo lánh miền bắc Philipin. Những người thợ gốm dân tộc ở làng Kalinga, Dalupa Pasil hiện nay sản xuất và trao đổi lượng lớn đồ gốm để kiếm sống. Trong khi thợ gốm Dapula với tư cách cá nhân vẫn là thợ gốm bán thời gian, những thợ gốm của 72% hộ gia đình (55) sản xuất và trao đổi đồ gốm. Toàn bộ làng này cung cấp nồi và chum đựng nước cho cả vùng, như vậy đây là cộng đồng chuyên hóa sản xuất (community specialization).
Kinh tế đa dạng: Trồng lúa nước, lúa nương, trồng các loại cây mía, ngô… cà phê. Kinh tế đổi chác. Đồ gốm là mặt hàng trao đổi chính trong hệ thống đổi hàng – hàng này.
Những nghiên cứu DTHKC sản xuất gốm Kalinga đã được tiến hành từ những năm 70 của thế kỷ XX.
Thợ gốm Kalinga, chủ yếu là phụ nữ, sản xuất đồ gốm theo hai kỹ thuật chính dải cuộn – cạo sửa và bàn đập – hòn kê, sản phẩm chủ yếu là đồ đun nấu và trữ nước – đồ gia dụng. Từ những năm cuối TK XX bắt đầu sản xuất những mặt hàng không truyền thống, mùa 1987-1988 – hơn 50 mặt hàng không truyền thống đã được sản xuất bao gồm từ lọ hoa đến bình hoa đến hộp tiết kiệm và những bảng gốm trên có slogan.
Nghiên cứu tập trung ở Dalupa, năm 1988, ở đay có 76 hộ với số dân khoảng 400 người
Những thợ gốm Dapula sản xuất ba loại nồi nấu và đồ dựng nước cơ bản cũng như một số đồ trang trí không truyền thống (bảng 1, 2). Những đồ gốm không truyền thống được bán mua bằng tiền mặt chứ không trao đổi hàng – hàng.
SX gốm Dalupa ứng với mô hình "sản xuất hộ gia đình" và phụ cho những hoạt động nông nghiệp, theo mùa vụ.
Đồ gốm được chở đi bán rong, những khách hàng cũng tới những gia đình làm gốm trong một số dịp mang tính xã hội, kinh tế và chính trị và trao đổi, tặng quà-nồi gốm. Nhờ vậy, họ có được lượng khách hàng quen lâu dài.
Người buôn trung gian chỉ xuất hiện từ những năm 70 của TK 20.
Những nghiên cứu so sánh dân tộc học cho thấy chuyên hóa cộng đồng là hiện tượng phổ biến trên TG, và những ngôi làng tham gia vào sự chuyên hóa này thường trở nên độc lập.
Hệ thống vùng Kalinga vượt quá ranh giới hành chính của khu tự trị Pasil và bao gồm một số cộng đồng nằm trong lãnh thổ cách Dalupa 3 giờ cuốc bộ.
Kết nối với nhau bằng việc thiết lập và duy trì những hiệp ước hòa bình, những làng ở Kalinga có truyền thống vững chắc về chuyên hóa sản xuất cộng đồng và buôn bán nội vùng. Bảng 3 liệt kê danh sách các mặt hàng trao đổi giữa các làng ở Kalinga. Chuyên hóa cộng đồng trong mạng lưới Kalinga được quy định bởi sự đa dạng sinh thái. Ngoài ra nhân tố lịch sử cũng đóng vai trò nhất định.
Chuyên hóa sản xuất cộng đồng ở vùng Pasil phản ánh cả những yếu tố sinh thái và không sinh thái.
Những lý thuyết khảo cổ học về sự xuất hiện của chuyên hóa sản xuất thủ công thời tiền sử nhấn mạnh mối quan hệ có hệ thống giữa các yếu tố sinh thái, dân số, chính trị mà sự tương hỗ giữa chúng dẫn đến áp lực dân số, sự cần thiết của cơ chế kiểm soát chính trị và thâm canh mưu sinh. Nghiên cứu so sánh văn hóa dân tộc học của Dow cho thấy "mối quan hệ giữa nông nghiệp thâm canh với phân công lao động của những người thợ thủ công phi nông nghiệp là một quá trình năng động"
Mẫu hình khảo cổ cạnh tranh về chuyên hóa sản xuất thủ công của tổ chức nhà nước tập trung vào những nguyên nhân và hệ quả của chuyên hóa sản xuất thủ công cộng đồng.
Trong mô hình đầu, tình hình sinh thái và dân số (tức là đa dạng sinh thái và áp lực dân số) kích thích sự phát triển của chuyên hóa sản xuất cộng đồng dẫn đến sự đòi hỏi có sự kiểm soát hành chính thông qua sự hình thành nhà nước – viễn cảnh "thích nghi". Mô hình sau lật lại định hướng của nguyên nhân, theo đó kiểm soát nhà nước khích lệ sự phát triển của chuyên hóa cộng đồng để nâng cao hạ tầng kinh tế của hệ thống chính trị. Nét chung nhất của cả hai mẫu hình này là chuyên hóa luôn đi kèm với sự phát triển của phức hợp xã hội.
Từ góc độ liên văn hóa, chuyên hóa nghề thủ công là hiện tượng chung trong xã hội của những người trồng trọt có dư thừa nhân công và thiếu đất trồng.
Tư liệu dân tộc học đầy rẫy những ví dụ về chuyên hóa sản xuất thủ công cộng đồng: thức ăn, nguyên liệu và những nghề thủ công thiết thực phân bố vắt chéo những đường biên xã hội và tộc người để bù đắp những thiếu hụt nguồn lợi địa phương. Arnold cũng cho rằng con đường chuyên hóa sản xuất đồ gốm với tư cách đối phó với những nguồn thiếu hụt sản xuất nông nghiệp hay trồng vườn là hiện tượng rất phổ biến.
Chuyên hóa cộng đồng thường tạo ra sự độc lập của làng trong hệ thống trao đổi vùng.
Chuyên hóa nghề thủ công có thể được tổ chức dưới sự kiểm soát trực tiếp của nhà nước hay bên ngoài lĩnh vực sản xuất hành chính ở mức độ hộ gia đình hay mức độ cộng đồng. Ở khu vực đô thị sự chuyên hóa kéo theo sự kiểm soát của nhà nước lên sản xuất, ở những vùng không phải là đô thị, sự chuyên hóa cộng đồng thường được phát triển và được điều hành bên ngoài khu vực kiểm soát của nhà nước.
The importance of craft specialization in the development of social complexity has concerned archaeologists for nearly a half century (e.g. Childe 1946) and remains a vital component of research on state formation (e.g. Arnold 1987; Brumfiel 1981; Brumfiel and Earle 1987; Muller 1987; Sinopoli 1988; Tosi 1984). However, comparative ethnographic data suggest that craft specialization constitutes a common economic alternative to an exclusive reliance on farming strategies, particularly for households that are faced with inadequate access to agricultural resources (Netting 1990). Although household-based craft specialization may involve most households in a community (e.g. Hendry 1957; Papousek 1981; Shepard 1963; West 1973 for Mesoamerica), little is known about the conditions under which community-based specialization develops.
Productive specialization, as used in this study, is viewed as 'the production of goods and services for a broad consumer population, on a (usually) full-time basis, in order to earn a livelihood' (Muller 1987:15). Individuals in a society may specialize in the production of particular goods, but the development of community-based specialization requires that larger groups of households specialize in one or more alternative productive strategies, since traditional agricultural pursuits alone provide insufficient returns (see also Rice 1987:189). As defined here, productive specialization may include the manufacture of products (e.g. pottery, baskets and wooden crafts), a cultivation of agricultural resources and the harvesting of forest products (e.g. grains or fibrous plants, like the Latin American maguey plant).
Although community craft-specialization is documented in the ethnographic record, little is known about the conditions under which such specialization develops beyond the simple correlation between specialization and resource-poor areas (e.g. Arnold 1985). What remains to be explored is the suite of factors that encourages intensification of production and that generates different scales of production by specialist communities. The ethnoarchaeological perspective offered by community*specialization among the Kalinga of northern Luzon, Philippines, provides important insights into these issues.
As a regular component of the archaeological record, ceramics have been the focus of many specialist studies in recent years (Benco 1988; Evans 1978; Hagstrum 1985; Knapp 1989; Kramer 1985; Longacre et al. 1988; Rice 1981). This paper presents an ethnoarchaeological study of community specialization in ceramic production in the remote highlands of the northern Philippines. Tribal potters in the Kalinga village of Dalupa Pasil now produce and exchange large quantities of ceramics to meet their households' subsistence needs. While Dalupa potters as individuals remain part-time ceramic specialists, potters in fifty-five (72 per cent of) households produce and exchange pottery. The entire village now supplies ceramic cooking pots and water jars to a wide area, as a community specialization.
The paper first presents Kalinga community specialization as a case study. Kalinga craft specialization, as an alternative subsistence strategy, enables particular communities to participate in a regional exchange system. Following the case study, the issue of community specialization is addressed from a broad ethnographic perspective. Some archaeological implications of community craft-specialization studies are suggested.
The Kalinga case-study
Kalinga potters live in the rugged Cordillera mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines, in the southern portion of the Kalinga-Apayao Province (Fig. 1). Abundant anthropological
research in the Kalinga area (e.g. Barton 1949; Dozier 1966; Lawless 1977; Magannon 1984; Takaki 1977) provides a cultural context for the University of Arizona's Kalinga Ethno-archaeological Project. Productive specialization at the community and regional level must be explored to understand how Kalinga pottery is made and exchanged.
Kalinga subsistence revolves around wet-rice cultivation and swidden agriculture. Hunting and fishing were formerly important components in the subsistence regime (e.g. Dozier 1967), but have decreased in importance with deforestation and the destruction of riverine fauna by logging and mining companies. Some forest products are still utilized for basketry and other crafts and swidden cultivation produces a variety of crops, including sugar cane, sweet potato (katila, or the Ilocano camote), taro (gabi), corn, white beans (ugwilas), mung beans (mongo) and coffee (kapi). Most of these crops are grown and consumed by the household. Coffee is becoming an important cash crop. Coffee beans are harvested, pounded and then transported by truck for sale to the provincial capital of Tabuk. Chinese retail traders then sell Kalinga coffee to wholesale clients in Baguio, the Cagayan Valley and Manila (Magannon 1984: 257).
The Kalinga economy continues to rely on a well-defined barter system, despite the incursion of cash and non-local goods (Takaki 1977). Houses and rice fields are commonly acquired through the exchange of water buffalo (Ivang) or gold earrings (lubay). Day-to¬day transactions between individuals often involve the exchange of rice for other subsistence products, including foodstuffs, lumber, pottery and basketry. Exchange (ngina) is funda¬mental to the Kalinga economic system and has cultural ramifications at every level of each encounter (see Takaki 1977, for detailed study of this system).
Earthenware vessels, as well as other utilitarian goods, are traditionally distributed within a predominantly barter economy by means of balanced reciprocity (Takaki 1977). Kalinga pots are often used as currency for 'balanced exchange' transactions (op. cit.: 1) in which food, livestock, raw materials, manufactured items, and field labor are bartered for earthenware vessels.
Kalinga pottery making
The tradition of Kalinga pottery manufacture has been the focus of ethnoarchaeological investigation since 1974 by the Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological Project (e.g. Graves 1981; 1985; Longacre 1974; 1981; 1985; 1991; Skibo 1990; Stark 1988). Kalinga potters, almost exclusively women, employ a combination of coil-and-scrape and paddle-and-anvil techniques to produce a range of ceramic vessels for cooking and water storage that are used on a daily basis (Plate 1, p. 69). In the last decade, potters in the Kalinga community of Dalupa have also developed a repertoire of non-traditional, decorative forms that are widely exchanged. Over fifty non-traditional forms were recorded during the 1987-8 field season, ranging from flower pots and flower vases to money banks and plaques emblazoned with the slogan 'God Bless Our Home'.
Research for this study was undertaken as part of the Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological Project, through the University of Arizona, from October 1987 to late June 1988. Research explored the issue of community specialization at the community level. All members of the 1987 project were based in the Pasil Municipality, one of eight municipalities in the Kalinga portion of the province. The Pasil River Valley includes thirteen named Kalinga communities, some of which contain multiple neighborhoods or sitios (Fig. 2).
Ceramic ethnoarchaeological research prior to 1987 concentrated on the pottery-making village of Dangtalan. The scale of Dangtalan pottery production has steadily diminished since the mid-1970s, while the pottery industry in nearby Dalupa has grown; Dalupa is now renowned for its ceramic specialization. The village of Dalupa was, accordingly, the focus of research on Kalinga ceramic production and community specialization reported in this study.' During 1988, Dalupa contained seventy-six households and approximately 400 residents.
Dalupa pottery production
Dalupa potters produce three basic categories of cooking and water storage vessels, as well as a burgeoning repertoire of non-traditional decorative forms (ay-ayam) (Table 1). Table 2 presents the total distribution of Dalupa ceramic forms exchanged during 1988. About 10 per cent (272) of this total falls into the ay-ayam category. Non-traditional forms were more likely to be bought with cash than bartered.
Dalupa pottery production conforms to models of 'household industry' offered by van der Leeuw (1977) and Peacock (1982), as pots are manufactured at the household level for exchange within and beyond Dalupa boundaries. Households may have more than one potter, and potters' household members help at different stages of manufacture and distribution. Dalupa pottery production is subordinate to agricultural activities, so that the frequency of pottery production and exchange fluctuates in response to the demands of the labor-intensive double-cropping of wet-rice fields. Scheduling conflicts between farming and pottery-making and pre-harvest rice shortages largely determine the seasonal pattern of pottery production (Stark 1988).
Dalupa potters peddle their wares without the aid of a marketplace, travelling by foot and truck. Barter trips can last a few hours or even overnight. Two or three potters frequently travel together. Potters with farming responsibilities, small children or infirmities, may ask their relatives for help in bartering or delivering their pots. Consumers also visit potters' homes during social, political and economic occasions in Dalupa, which often include gift-giving and barter of pots (Plate 2, p. 70). Through these mechanisms, Dalupa potters develop a series of regular customers, frequently linked through kinship ties from different settlements. These regular customers, established over many years, are inherited by potters' children when they become potters.
Intermediary traders are a new source of Dalupa pottery distribution since the late 1970s, and several of the potters act as itinerant peddlers. Dalupa potters consign - or barter - their pots to Dalupa pottery merchants wh6 in turn travel to areas where the value of the pots is higher than in Pasil. Dalupa pottery can be bartered in these distant areas for utilitarian goods and raw materials (e.g. wooden mortars and pestles, resin, or store goods). Dalupa potters also exchange their vessels with the itinerant female peddlers known as * walking stores', who frequently visit Dalupa to barter textiles, store goods and produce from the former Kalinga capital of Lubuagan.
Community craft specialization and the Kalinga regional system
Comparative ethnographic data indicate that community specialization is common world¬wide, and that settlements involved in this arrangement often become interdependent. What is the configuration of Kalinga community specialization? The Kalinga regional system transcends the government-imposed boundaries of the Pasil Municipality, and encompasses several communities all located within three hours' walking distance from Dalupa.
Linked by the establishment and maintenance of peace pacts, Kalinga villages have a well-developed tradition of community-based specialization and intra-regional trade (cf. Dozier 1966; Takaki 1977). Until the 1930s, Kalinga exchange transactions focused on the importation of Chinese porcelains and water buffaloes from the Philippine lowlands into the mountains, funnelled primarily through channels of kinship. Dalupa pottery production is embedded within this regional tradition of community craft specialization. The exchange (ngina) of manufactured goods and of raw materials from slightly different ecological zones compensates for substantial resource deficits.
Table 3 lists productive specializations from each participating village in the horizontally integrated Kalinga economy. Although every community produces rice, the Kalinga subsistence staple, population growth and a concomitant decrease in irrigable land that can be converted into additional rice fields have made rice farming a risky endeavor. Annual environmental disasters, such as floods and droughts, tax the ability of Kalinga households in certain communities to harvest adequate supplies of rice for the year.
Community specialization in the Kalinga network is largely explained through environ¬mental diversity. Settlements located near forested areas at higher elevations in the Pasil River Valley harvest and trade lumber (for house construction), resin and ochre (for pottery production), rattan (for basketry; rattan shoots are also a Kalinga comestible) and wild game. Communities with ample access to springs raise and exchange watercress and taro, two water-loving crops. Villages with abundant swidden land raise dry-farmed rice, coffee and sugarcane for the traditional Kalinga sugarcane wine. The proximity of communities to particular natural resources plays an important role in shaping community-based productive specialization.
Historical factors, however, also enter into explanations of patterning in the Kalinga regional exchange system. For example, Uma settlements successfully experimented with white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivation in the early 1960s (Takaki 1977) and have collectively emerged as the center for white beans. The construction of low-technology forges in Uma and Cagalwan enables smiths to produce farming implements (e.g. machetes, hoes and harvesting knives) for lower prices than those available in the provincial capital of Tabuk.
Relatively recent road construction near the community of Ableg has made it the source for non-local staples such as salt, sugar, matches, laundry soap and alcohol.
Pottery specialization in Dalupa cannot be wholly explained by environmental factors such as access to good clay sources, as is the case in Ayacucho Basin of Peru (Arnold 1975). The Pasil River Valley is a homogeneous geological unit, so that clay sources are available near every community. Potters were active in four Pasil communities (i.e. Dalupa, Dangtalan, Cagalwan and Balatoc) in the 1950s and 1960s. Pottery-making in Balatoc ceased with the reactivation of Batong Buhay gold mining in the vicinity of Balatoc in the 1970s, as did Balatoc participation in the regional network. Cagalwan potters stopped making pottery in the 1960s, and this craft is now on the wane in Dangtalan.
Today, Dalupa alone specializes in pottery (banga) production, and one Cagalwan resident described Dalupa as the 'banga factory of Pasil'. During 1988, 2,560 pots were produced for exchange within the regional system (68 per cent of all Dalupa vessels bartered). In Dalupa there is an inverse relationship between the amount of farmland and the degree of specialization in each Dalupa household. Specialist potters live in households with inadequate access to land, and these potters ply their wares at a sufficiently large scale to fulfill household needs. Clearly, community-based specialization in the Pasil area reflects ecological and non-ecological factors.
Community specialization in perspective
Archaeological theories on the emergence of prehistoric craft specialization emphasize systematic relationships between ecological, demographic and political factors whose interaction leads to population pressure, the need for political control mechanisms, and subsistence intensification. Dow's (1985) cross-cultural ethnological research supports the archaeological craft-specialization theory. He concludes: 'the relationship between agricultu¬ral intensity and the division of labor into nonagricultural craft specialties appears to be a rather dynamic process' (1985:149).
Competing archaeological models of state-organized community craft specialization focus on the causes of and the consequences of community-based craft specialization. In one model, environmental and demographic circumstances (i.e. environmental diversity and population pressure) encourage the development of community specialization, eventually requiring administrative control through state formation (e.g. Sanders and Price 1968). Brumfiel and Earle (1987) refer to this model as the 'adaptationist' perspective. Another model reverses the direction of causality, so that state control encourages the development of community specialization to enhance the political system's economic infrastructure (e.g. Earle 1987). Although the causes behind specialization in these two models vary, the result is the same; specialization accompanies the development of political complexity.
From an ethnographic viewpoint, under what circumstances does craft specialization occur among tribal and peasant societies? Cross-culturally, craft specialization is common among intensive cultivators who have excess labor and insufficient land. Netting (1990: 43) notes that crafts, trade and wage labor provide non-agricultural options in densely populated agrarian regions. In his analysis of specialized Guatemalan rope making, Loucky (1979: 702) notes that 'most peasants intensify productive [agricultural] efforts and specialize only if they must'. To those for whom agricultural intensification is no longer an option, craft specialization provides one viable economic alternative among many; others include out-migration and petty commerce.
The ethnographic record is replete with examples of community-based craft specialization: foods, raw materials and utilitarian crafts are distributed across social and ethnic boundaries to compensate for local resource deficits. Arnold (1985:192) notes that the pattern of pottery specialization, in response to insufficient agricultural or horticultural resources, is a widespread phenomenon. Pottery constitutes one common medium of exchange that is widely traded for food (Rice 1987:195). This should not be surprising; after all, ceramic production requires little capital investment and can be organized around other household-based economic activities.
Community specialization often entails village interdependence in a regional exchange system. This can be the case among societies that have weakly developed market systems or whose economic transactions occur largely outside direct administrative control. For example, Hodder (1981: 81) describes Zambian community-base specialization as a 'marked symbiotic economic relationship' within the Lozi regional framework. Community craft specialization is generally organized at the household level (e.g. Nash 1961), with little supra-household control over production. Ethnohistoric research in Veracruz, Mexico (Stark 1974), and in contact-period Melanesia (Allen 1984; Oram 1982), suggests that such patterns of community specialization have considerable time depth.
Craft specialization can be organized under direct state control (as demonstrated through archaeological examples such as the Inka empire: Earle 1987) or outside the domain of administrative production at the household or community level. Rural-urban differences in the context of community-based specialization offers a partial explanation, since urban specialization entails state control over production. In non-urban areas, community specialization often develops and operates outside the realm of state control. In such contexts, craft specialization is one response to environmental variability, in which arable land is not uniformly accessible to residents of a region (e.g. Dow 1985).
Discussion and conclusions
The Kalinga system is not unique in its pattern of village-level specialization (e.g. Spielmann 1986). Anecdotal data exist for African groups inhabiting varying ecozones in Egypt (Nicholson and Patterson 1985), Tanzania (Waane 1977) and Ghana (Crossland and Posnansky 1978; Gyamfi 1980), where markets and widespread craft trading compensates for environmental diversity and uneven resource distribution. Research in Central America (Hendry 1957; Papousek 1981; Shepard 1963; West 1973) and South America (Arnold 1975; 1980; Bankes 1985; Tschopik 1950) has focused in greater detail on community-based craft specialization. A similar pattern has been widely noted in the Pacific, where community productive specialization links island and coastal residents to one another through subsistence exchange (Allen 1984; Harding 1965: Oram 1982; Specht 1974; Stark 1988).
This discussion of community-based craft specialization includes issues that are important for archaeological research on specialization and exchange. The first is the distinction between site specialization and producer specialization, discussed by Rice (1987:189). Individual Dalupa potters, Guinaang basket weavers and Magsilay orange producers may not be considered full-time specialists, since they continue to farm rice fields where available. Yet each of these producers contributes to a community-wide specialization, and it is at the community or site level that archaeologists must understand the economic entailments of specialization.
Many archaeological models of specialization posit a direct link between craft specialization and the emergence of social complexity, implying a strong causal link between productive specialization and political administration (e.g. Brumfiel and Earle 1987; Earle 1987). This is because most studies of specialization have concentrated on state-level societies that are characterized by subsistence intensification, urbanism and emergent administrative control. Ethnographically, productive specialization is present in both urban and rural areas. The scale of community specialization and the extent to which it articulates with the national economy varies widely. Earle's (1987) contrast between environmentally induced and administratively produced specialization is more of a heuristic device than a continuum of productive modes. More research is needed on specialization in the context of subsistence intensification and its relationship to emergent stratification.
The ethnographic record indicates that community-based specialization is also an important component in contemporary tribal societies, and may also be the case in the archaeological record of non-state societies. In Kalinga, for example, productive specialization largely operates outside the Philippine national economy and even outside the provincial capital of
Tabuk. Goods are harvested or produced at Pasil communities and are then distributed by individuals through barter visits to other Pasil settlements. Sleeping mats made in Bagtayan rarely travel beyond the Pasil boundaries, and watercress from Magsilay would wilt and become unmarketable by the time of its arrival. Pasil products, generally obtained through barter rather than through purchase, are seldom involved in market transactions in the large centers of Lubuagan and Tabuk.
For archaeologists working in non-state societies, identifying productive specialization in the material record may not be synonymous with identifying social complexity. Material correlates of craft specialization may represent a host of organizational structures and specialization often reflects community-based craft production in regional exchange systems, rather than administratively-controlled distributional systems. Enormous variability exists in the range of specialist ceramic production systems documented in the ethnographic record, as exemplified in the Motu of Melanesia (Allen 1984) and cross-cultural typologies of the organization of ceramic production (cf. Peacock 1982; van der Leeuw 1977). Accordingly, other lines of archaeological evidence must be evaluated to identify elite-administered production and distribution of prehistoric goods (e.g. high-status burials, residential areas with highly restricted access, or material evidence of large-scale labor projects).
Shepard (1963:1) notes that ethnology is not the archaeologist's panacea for solving problems in interpreting prehistoric economies. At the same time, however, comparative ethnographic data provide a springboard for future archaeological research. Community-based productive specialization in Kalinga and elsewhere is a dynamic process, as some specialties emerge in response to particular factors and may subsequently fade as circum¬stances change. Symbiotic economic relationships between communities - especially in the realm of craft production and specialization - structure many human societies and require further consideration.
Research was conducted under the auspices of National Science Foundation Grant BNS-87-15359 to William A. Longacre who graciously included the author as a participant in the Kalinga Ethnoarchaeological Project. Kalinga assistant Josephine Bommogas and the Dalupa community are gratefully acknowledged for their help and hospitality during the 1987-8 field season. Ronald Beckwith drafted Figures 1 and 2. The author is also indebted to James Bayman, Catherine Cameron, Mark Elson, Laura Levi and Michael Schiffer, whose insightful comments and suggestions on the paper improved its content immeasurably. Responsibility for the paper's final form lies with the author.
27. xi. 90 Department of A nth rapology
University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85701
1. Field research, supported by NSF Grant BNS-87-10275 to William A. Longacre, was conducted between October 1987 and June 1988. The data collection strategy applied to all
seventy-six Dalupa households and included population censuses and two separate economic questionnaires. A daily log of pottery exchange transactions was maintained on fifty-five Dalupa potters for the entire 1988 year. A trained Kalinga assistant continued the 1988 log after unstable political conditions truncated the proposed year-long field season in late June, 1988.
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Magannon, E. T. 1984. Cognition of time, change, and social identity: Kalinga history and historical consciousness. In History and Peasant Consciousness in Southeast Asia (eds A. Turton and S. Tanabe). Senri Ethnological Studies 13. Senri, Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, pp. 235-65.
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Netting, R. M. 1990. Population, permanent agriculture, and polities: unpacking the evolutionary portmanteau. In The Evolution of Political Systems (ed. S. Upham). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-61.
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Papousek, D. A. 1981. The Peasant Potters of Los Pueblos. Assen: Van Gorcum.
Peacock, D. S. 1982. Pottery in the Roman World: an Ethnoarchaeological Approach. London and New York: Longman.
Rice, P. 1981. Evolution of specialized pottery production: a trial model. Current Anthropology, 22(3): 219-40.
Rice, P. 1987. Pottery Analysis: a Sourcebook. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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Scheans, D. J. 1969. Sociocultural characteristics of Filipino potters. Philippine Sociological Review, 17: 83-96.
Shepard, A. O. 1963, Beginnings of Ceramic Industrialization: An Example from the Oaxaca Valley. Notes from a Ceramic Laboratory 2. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution.
Sinopoli, C. 1988. The organization of craft production at Vijayanagara, South India. American Anthropologist, 90: 580-97.
Skibo, James M. 1990. Use alteration of pottery: an ethnoarchaeological and experimental Study. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
Specht, J. 1974. Of Menak and men: trade and the distribution of resources on Buka Island, Papua New Guinea. Ethnology, 8(3): 225-37.
Spielmann, K. 1986. Interdependence among egalitarian societies. Journal of Anthropological A rchaeology, 5: 279-312.
Stark, B. 1974. Geography and economic specialization in the Lower Papaloapan, Veracruz, Mexico. Ethnohistory, 21(3): 199-221.
Stark, M. 1988. The Kalinga regional exchange system: an ethnoarchaeological case study. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology meetings, Atlanta, Georgia.
Takaki, M. 1977. Aspects of exchange in a Kalinga society, northern Luzon. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Anthropology, Yale University.
Tosi, M. 1984. The notion of craft specialization and its representation in the archaeological record of early states in the Turanian Basin. In Marxist Perspectives in Archaeology (ed. M. Spriggs). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 22-52.
Tschopik, H., Jr. 1950. An Andean ceramic tradition in historical perspective. American Antiquity, 15(3): 196-218.
van der Leeuw, S. 1977. Towards a study of the economics of pottery making. In Ex Horreo, 4: 68-76.
Waane, S. 1977. Pottery-making traditions of the Ikombe Kisi, Mbeya region, Tanzania. Baessler-Archiv,(N.F.) 25: 251-306.
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Stark, M.
Ceramic production and community specialization: a Kalinga ethnoarchaeological study
Ceramic production and exchange have become important issues in archaeological research on specialization and state formation. As one form of craft specialization, intensified ceramic production constitutes a common alternative to farming in societies faced with land shortages. Ceramic specialization is commonly practised at the community level, but little is known about the conditions under which village-level specialization develops. Ethnoarchaeological research in the northern Philippines documents specialized ceramic production at the community-level and embeds ceramic production into a regional system of community-based productive specialization. This Kalinga study provides insights on the process of emergent ceramic specialization.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Coffs' fishers to undertake trade mission to China
THE FEDERAL Government has announced Coffs Harbour-based NSW Professional Fisherman's Association will receive around $11,500 from the Australia-China Agriculture Cooperation Agreement to undertake a trade mission to China to boost seafood exports.
The funding is part of the Association's plans to use an innovative business-to-business seafood eCommerce platform to enhance export opportunities, according to Assistant Minister to the Deputy Prime Minister, Luke Hartsuyker.
"This work will shorten the supply chain, enabling the fishers to be closer to the market and able to respond quickly to market signals," said Minister Hartsuyker.
"Seafood exports to China were valued at $86 million in 2016, and with tariffs on seafood exports of between 0 to 23% set to be eliminated for all products by 1 January 2019, there are opportunities ahead."
Minister Hartsuyker said one of the main seafood export challenges has been the ability to produce the consistent quantities of a single species typically required by volume buyers in export markets.
The project aims to address this by assessing the feasibility of exporting permitted mixed finfish "catch of the day" product to niche markets in China, using species found in the NSW Offshore Trawl and the NSW Estuarine fisheries.
"This local organisation has seen an opportunity ahead, and is undertaking the required groundwork to take full advantage and to grow seafood exports to China," Minister Hartsuyker said.
The Federal Government has so far made $345,000 available under the Australia-China Agricultural Cooperation Agreement over this financial year and the next.


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Mari Harlow and Matthew Beadle of Decatur announce the birth of a daughter, Jordan Faith Beadle, on Sept. 29, 2017, at Wise Health System in Decatur.
She weighed 7 pounds, 12 ounces and was 19 inches long.
Jordan has one brother, Hunter Blake Beadle, 4.
Grandparents include Dwayne and Lorie Harlow of Decatur and Jean and Mark Knox of Chico.
Great-grandparents are Michelle and Robert Beadle of Krum.


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listen gautam , i also suffer from this problem but sent moto to care and now ok
Moto g2 was working well for the past 8 months but suddenly one day i was not able to listen anything during the call. But when i restart the phone , it work well again. This happens again and again. Is there any solution for it ? Does someone having the same problem? Please give any suggestions or advice. Thank you in advance..
Can you guys tell me moto g1 users how many hours you can get screen on time ?
Moto g2 is a good phone. I got 5.0.2 out of the box which I though would be amazing but then after few days I disliked it. The white background and the white dock was very frustrating and I also didn't like the apps opening from downwards and closing in the same way. Overall the phone was laggy with lollipop but then I installed Nova launcher and then I optimised it in kitkat style and now my phone works smoothly. Camera is very good at this price range especially the front camera. The phone doesn't heats up but sometimes gets warm. I would say that I am not satisfied with the battery life but I would recommend you all to download DU Battery saver and Greenify app. These apps are not so much effective but you will see a change in your battery life. Overall a good phone at this price range. Been using it since 3 months and I am happy with it. Those who are facing lagging issues ...I will suggest you to download nova launcher . Sorry for my bad english... :p
Anonymous, 17 Aug 2015how to update to lollipop version on moto g2...actually my phone is not fully updated.Don't update any android mobile. You will stuck with battery issue and your love with yours mobile will be gone..:)
It's good I'm using more than 6 months.its very nice.its not heating.but when I put WiFi hotspot on 4 more than 20 mins its heat.
Anonymous, 15 Aug 2015How is the battery backup in KitKat when compare to lollipop.... I'm using lollipop now... It ... morei m using am moto g2 awesome mob. loving to use and it was user friendly mob......
how to update to lollipop version on moto g2...actually my phone is not fully updated.
I bought phone 2 weeks back and I felt wrong buying this phone ..its worst I ever had as it has issue related to call volume and most of the time voice is not clear.. I tried to connect care centre and had worst experience ever had .. Battery backup is also pretty much poor.. Its two weeks still care centre not giving replacements for there quality issue .I am fed up off following there technical steps
Anonymous, 15 Aug 2015Guys is this phone will upgradable to lollipop 5.1 update in India... Any one knows... Pls tell meyes can be updated
best n easy phone for new android learners. Quick multi tasking. Loud speakers. Premium look and large 5'0 screen let u use it freely. 8mp camara is also captures best of our memories. Love to use Motorola moto g2.
How is the battery backup in KitKat when compare to lollipop.... I'm using lollipop now... It drains faster
Guys is this phone will upgradable to lollipop 5.1 update in India... Any one knows... Pls tell me
Hi Sir I am using Motorola motog2 last 1 year , this mobile one of the best mobile my life , but some problems not done one complaint is 1.(Unfortunately , Google search has stopped.) And 2 is I using Internet somesounds comings in speekars in top speekar, 3 rd one complaint internet browsing display highly heeting.


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Clip Art of Trick or Treaters near a Haunted House
Halloween Clip Art © Visekart
Royalty free illustration of trick or treaters near a haunted house. This halloween stock halloween image #2580 was designed by visekart. Please note: this image is protected by copyright law and may not be used without buying a license. To acquire the license simply click on the 'Download Digital File' button.


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Thursday, March 5, 2009
Workout and Tennis?
I spent the last several months, focusing mainly on tennis and neglecting my strength training and running routines. I didn't want my soreness and fatigue to interfere with my tennis game. I've come to a point where I think, regaining some of my strength and stamina will do me some good. Don't get me wrong, I think I'm still plenty strong (200+ bench, 20+ consecutive pull ups).
Ok to be honest, I'm doing the p90x routine.
Its pretty intense. In fact I'm pretty sored up right now. But its combination of strength training, yoga (flexibility), and plyometrics (explosiveness) will pay dividends to my tennis game. I'm currently in week 1 and its kicking my butt pretty badly actually. The routine is relentless and bc of my ego I'm trying my best to keep pace with the DVD.
I played today with John. My shots definitely had no pop, especially my backhand wing. After warming up a bit, I decided some match play would be a good idea. I've always played very aggressively, but in terms of power and spin. Without my strength I wanted to see if I could win points with my control and placement. Me and John played a 10 point tie breaker and after surging to a 7-3 lead. John just broke back and too it 8 - 10.
For the most part, I could see the ball ok, but I really had to try to end points quickly (legs were dead from the previous nights plyometric routine). This lead to more unforced errors, but on a whole I guess it wasn't so bad of a result.
Definitely going to do some research to see if theres anything I can do to reduce the muscle soreness. I think I just need to get back into the swing of things. I'm really hoping the yoga will increase my range of motion and the plyometrics will make me more explosive and agile on the court.
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Tuesday, June 14, 2016
SU Alumna Follows in Great-Grandmother's FootstepsSALISBURY, MD---As a member of Salisbury University's second graduating class, Bertha Pilchard of Pocomoke City, MD, earned her degree in education in 1927.
As a member of the institution's 90th–year class, Pilchard's great-granddaughter, Rachel Allman of Snow Hill, MD, earned hers last month, graduating summa cum laude with a B.S. in elementary education.
"This is quite an accomplishment," said Allman's mother, Sharon Taylor Allman, who shared the family's story with SU. "Rachel possesses the same character traits as her great-grandmother to become a successful teacher — independence, intelligence, compassion for others and passion for teaching. The outstanding education Rachel has received from SU will enable her to pursue her professional goals."
While it is not uncommon for members of the same family to attend SU, the span of nearly nine decades between graduates makes Allman's family more unique.
"SU enjoys a remarkable legacy of graduates from multiple generations of one family," said SU President Janet Dudley-Eshbach. "The Pilchard/Allman clan is a clear example of this heritage."
The Class of 1927's 68 members were the first to spend their entire undergraduate careers — then just two years — at the University, known at the time as Salisbury Normal School. Their predecessors had attended other schools, transferring to Salisbury upon its opening in 1925.
During her time at SU, Pilchard was a member of the Baglean Dramatic Club. She also was part of the unofficial student organization Unshorned. Its members vowed not to cut their long hair as a protest of the "decadence" of the Charleston era, exemplified by the popular bob-cut for ladies.
After graduation, she taught school in Taneytown, MD, before marrying her husband, Roy Mason, in 1931 and relocating to Worcester County. There, she continued to teach music and was a well-known pianist and organist. She died in 1977.
Allman, one of 1,688 members of this spring's graduating class, was a member of the Phi Eta Sigma national freshman honor society and Alpha Sigma Tau sorority, and a Dean's List Student. She is engaged to SU alumnus Mark Deao '11 and plans to begin her teaching career this fall in Wicomico County.
"It has been my dream since I was a little girl to teach children the joys of learning," she said.
Following the Commencement ceremony, Allman celebrated with her family, including her grandmother (Pilchard's daughter) Norma Lee Taylor, 81.
Tucked inside Pilchard's old yearbooks, Sharon Allman recently found some letters from Pilchard's mother, encouraging her to "represent your family well" and "don't forget the reason you are there is to study hard" — the same advice she and Taylor gave Allman during her time at SU.
They hope she will pass it on to the family's next generation when the time comes.
Pictured (top) is Bertha Pilchard in her Evergreen yearbook photo. Also pictured (from left) is Sharon Taylor Allman and Rachel Allman.
For more information call 410-543-6030 or visit the SU website at www.salisbury.edu.


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the best thing is that the 13 year old boy that I have been teaching is for sure getting baptized!I cannot wait!! He is the most spiritually mature 13 year old that I have ever met.. He has so many wonderful thoughts about thigns, and he just loves church, and he just wants to do the right thing! His baptism was supposed to be the 18th, but we have decided to postpone it one week so that his grandmother, which has been traveling, will be able to be there. His grandmother has been taught by the missionaries a few different times, and I really think that when she sees her grandson getting baptized that she will want to as well! I just cant wait! He has already been to a youg mens activity and he will be going to another this coming weekend! how great is that???!!! I feel so blessed to be themissionary that gets to teach him. I cant just see him being a great leader in the church one day... and a missionary! I really think that he will stay strong and will serve a mission! I cannot wait!!!!
So this week has reallly been focused on him and preparing him for baptism. It is so amazing how the Lord prepares people. Carlos is so prepared. The spirit has taught him so much, and he has such a thirst for knowledge. When I first met him, he didnt really seem to have interest.... but when he watched the film about the restoration, everything changed. He all of a sudden began to understand. He is so amazing! I wish you call could meet him!!!
This week I will be going to Malaga on Thursday and Friday to pick up my new companion! I will be training again, like i said before. This will be great! I really like training. You have the chance to really work with someone and help them to grow intot he missionary that they want to be. I feel so blessed to have the chance to train again.
Today for P Day we are going to go inot sevilla to see the cathedral there. google it. it is either the 2nd or 3rd largest cathedral in the world!!! it should be great!!!
I love the work that I am doing, and it is so amazing to see such grteat changes in peoples lives! thanks for your love and support!


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Immigration Immersion Trip to Tijuana
September 18 – September 26, 2018
Tijuana, Mexico. Learn More »
Baptist Peace Fellowship of
We Say NO
A Christian statement for finding a peaceful solution to dealing with
You have sown much and harvested little; you eat, but you never have enough;
We make this statement in the midst of Lent, the Christian season leading up to Easter. The traditional emphases of Lent are prayer, fasting and almsgiving, all of which focus the mind and heart on the way gluttony corrupts our personal and common life. Appetites have a way of overwhelming wisdom. Righteousness is pursued by a commitment to clarifying disciplines: prayer, to calm the heart's fretfulness; fasting, to purge the body's toxic buildup; almsgiving, to recall God's bias on behalf of those denied access to the earth's bountiful table of provision.
Sisters and brothers, especially in the household of faith: the Apostle Paul's instruction—overcome evil with good (Rom. 12:21b)—is both a spiritual truth and the foundation for politically realistic strategies to transform conflict. The Way of the Cross leads home.
The statement
. . . they are a law unto themselves and promote their own honor.
Despite assurances to the contrary from the U.S. Administration, we believe our nation's leaders may be seriously calculating the benefits and risks of attacking
We fear that our political leadership–led by the Administration with the complicity of Congress–is pushing us to the brink of moral, financial, ecological and diplomatic bankruptcy.
As with the ancient empire described in the Prophet Habakkuk's oracle, our government is setting its "national interests" above international norms of justice, usurping all authority to itself. With an escalating military budget–already larger than those of all other nations combined–we seem to have established our own destructive threat as the source of national glory and honor.
Pride is their necklace; violence covers them as a garment.
It is not our habit to engage in partisanship on any political party's agenda. We believe in the separation of church and state. But not in the separation of values from public policy.
In the Reformed legacy of the Christian community (toward which some in our organization lean) there is a tradition of invoking a status confession, of declaring that some moments in history require the church to refuse neutrality and abandon silence. And in the Anabaptist tradition (toward which others of us lean), Jesus' insistence on loving enemies precludes the willingness to kill them.
Not only are these religious convictions suffering scandal; so, too, are the core values of this Republic's founding. It was Thomas Jefferson who, in 1807, asserted, "The spirit of this country is totally adverse to a large military force." Now, with the Administration's 2002 "National Security Strategy" document, the
Accordingly, should the
In the same way, we also pledge vigorous support for any leaders willing to consider
Another way is possible. Waging peace will require at least as much commitment–as much courage, pride, honor and ingenuity–as the pursuit of war.
We say no to war against
If you agree with this statement, please sign it. The statement and the names of all who signed on will be sent to the
Take action
In addition to endorsing the "We Say NO!" statement, BPFNA invites you to personally commit to closely monitor the news about
While it can be easy to make such a decision for action, it may be difficult to follow through on it. Resisting the "powers that be" requires intentional effort. It's never easy, is often inconvenient and is occasionally expensive. Therefore, we suggest that you find a leverage point close to where you are; decide what you have to give; and put your heart into it. Afterwards, think critically about your decision and make adjustments as appropriate.
Endorsers of this statement
updated June 26, 2008
Abell, Jean - Penney Farms, FL
Abell, Norman - Penney Farms, FL
Almond, Johnny - Mount Gilead, NC
Boyer, M Christopher - Lynnwood, WA
Donahoe, Nancy - Davenport, IA
Fernald, Edward A - Tallahassee, FL
Ferrell, Velma M - Chapel Hill, NC
Hanneman, Evelyn - Charlotte, NC
Hanson, James R - Upper Arlington, OH
Hoskins, Alan - Bardstown, KY
Hunter, Carol - Richmond, IN
Hurst, Margaret A - Reidsville, NC
Kelley, Lynne - Arlington Heights, IL
Manning-Miller, Don - Holly Springs, MS
Mark, Russell A - Washington, DC
Merlin, James E - Wenatchee, WA
Miller-Evans, J Phillip - St Petersburg, FL
Mitchell, Rick - Concord, CA
Percesepe, Gary - Springfield, OH
Shumaker, Lenita - Clayton, CA
Thatcher, Ruth - Acton, MA
Tooley, Joanne M - Berkeley, CA
Turner, Karen - Bolton, ON


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President Akufo-Addo and President Muhammadu Buhari
President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo yesterday paid a day's visit to his Nigerian counterpart, President Muhammadu Buhari in Abuja, Nigeria.
President Akufo-Addo's visit is the second to the Nigerian leader after his (Buhari's) return from London following his three-month medical leave.
Addressing a press conference after the visit, President Akufo-Addo said, "All of us have been very anxious about his well-being, and it was very good news to hear that he had returned. We are Africans, and it meant that I had to come and see things for myself."
The president added, "I am very delighted to see that he has come back, and is very vigorous, and, as always, very engaged in the issues of the day. "We had a good half-an-hour together; reviewing matters, both in Ghana and Nigeria, as well as matters to do with what is going on in the ECOWAS community."
Presidents Akufo-Addo and Buhari discussed matters bordering on the rapid expansion and growth of their respective economies, and the fight against terrorism on the continent in particular and the world at large.
The two leaders also reiterated their commitment towards strengthening the friendship that exists between the two countries.
President Akufo-Addo, on his arrival, was made an honorary citizen of Abuja by Muhammad Musa Bello, Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, and was handed a symbolic key to the city.
The Ghanaian leader was accompanied by the Minister for National Security, Albert Kan Dapaah; Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs,
Charles Owiredu; National Security Adviser, Gen. Emmanuel Otchere and some presidential staff.


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Well, my Wacky Week of Family Fun didn't start off as anticipated. (Of course, I should know by now that things rarely go as planned!) While I was happily receiving my new leg I later discovered that Scott was waging a war on the home front. We had been invaded by a nasty and determined enemy. Small in size yet packing an enormous ick factor, we were pulled into an epic battle against head lice.
My head instantly began to itch as soon
as I heard the news. Feeling the uneasiness that comes from the
possibility that hundreds of bugs are dancing in my hair, I rushed to
the drug store as soon as my leg was finished. Desperate and unnerved, I
bought every remaining lice kit on the shelves. I think I surprised the
cheerful teenager who checked me out with my basket full of lice
treatment. The poor kid didn't know how to respond, but I did chuckle
when I saw him take a step backward from the counter.
Lice are
utterly disgusting. Seeing little bugs crawling around Robby's hair will
become fodder for nightmares for the foreseeable future. Unfortunately
for my little Koopa, his incredibly thick and luxurious hair is not an asset when it
comes to lice removal. He was a trooper, but it took me nearly an hour
to brush out the dead bugs and eggs. By the time I was finished, his
torso and legs were caked with the not-so-dearly departed little
Scott had a moderate infestation and, much to his
chagrin, it took him about 40 minutes to comb the eggs out of his hair. I
treated my hair even though I couldn't find any bugs or nits. I figured
that in this situation it would behoove me to air on the side of
caution! (The fact that I removed so many bugs from Robby's hair made me
experience sympathy itching all day long.) Timmy is the only member of
our family to be unscathed by these annoying and ugly little critters. I
guess not having much hair has a benefit!
After we were all
thoroughly shampooed and combed, Scott and I set out to delouse the
house. Typically not much of a housekeeper, I was impressed by Scott's
efficiency in this situation. Apparently the prospect of being invaded by
lurking head lice is a huge motivator. By the time the sun was setting
we had finished seven loads of laundry, had vacuumed the entire house
and sprayed all the furniture with lice killer. Our house now smells like a
pesticide factory.
Delaying our week of fun for a day, we hope we defeated
our foe. We won't know for another week or two if all of the lice are
gone or if we have to re-treat. In the meantime, we are going to try to
put the buggy situation behind us. I haven't yet abandoned my week of
fun, but I must admit that we haven't yet created the type of memories I had envisioned.
About Me
- Peggy
- I am a below knee amputee. More importantly, I am also Mommy to two boys, a very active 10 year old (Robby) and an mischievous toddler (Timmy). I have learned that being a parent with a disability can create some unusual and sometimes humorous situations. This blogger is available for hire! Let's talk and learn how a blog can expand your business.
Tuesday, August 12, 2014
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The Enforcement of Local Tax Arrears (Scotland) Bill would reduce the time limit within which councils can pursue arrears from 20 years to five years.
This would have the effect of halving the £1 billion of outstanding council tax than can be collected and wiping out the £400 million still owed under the community charge, known as the poll tax.
John Wilson, a SNP backbencher proposing the change, argued five years was a more reasonable timescale and would give debtors a better chance to challenge the claims.
But he faces opposition from local authorities and the Tories, who argued it was unfair on law-abiding taxpayers and councils are already struggling to make ends meet.
The poll tax was introduced in Scotland on April 1, 1989 and south of the Border a year later. It prompted riots and a huge non-payment campaign before finally being abolished in 1993.
Arrears in England and Wales were pursued through the court system, resulting in a six-year time limit within which to collect debts.
But in Scotland councils can apply for a summary warrant to collect outstanding debts up to 20 years after the amount has become due, and then have a further 20 years to seize the money.
While local authorities have the power to write off the community charge arrears, this is rare in practice and more than £400 million is thought to be outstanding, with about £3 million being collected annually.
The most recent figures for council tax show nearly £1 billion is owed, with about half the debt, about £499 million, more than five years old.
In a consultation document accompanying a draft version of the Bill, Mr Wilson said it was not his intention to let debtors "off the hook", leaving law-abiding taxpayers to bear the entire cost of council services.
He said: "This Bill would put right an unfair anomaly that is causing real financial upheaval and misery to a lot of people in Scotland, many of whom are suffering already due to the recession."
"People are suddenly being forced to face up to very old debts, or else provide proof of payment, which is often impossible so many years down the line."
Susan McPhee, head of social policy at Citizens Advice Scotland (CAS), welcomed the move, arguing it makes "little sense" to pursue people after such a long period.
But Derek Brownlee, Scottish Tory finance spokesman, said: "Council taxpayers will be appalled to learn that the SNP is planning to let those who have not paid off Scot free.
"The SNP is constantly bleating about how tight finances are and now they want to write off hundreds of millions of pounds."
A spokesman for the Convention of Scottish Local Authorities, which represents councils, said it was policy to pursue those who do not pay council tax.
Asked about writing off poll tax arrears, he said: "That's not something we would be keen to see."
The draft Bill will be subject to a three-month consultation period. A Scottish Parliament spokesman said Holyrood's packed timetable means it cannot be formally tabled until after the May 2011 elections.


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Hua Kuch Yoon – Kay Kuch Bhi Nahin
Stage plays in Pakistan are in the phase of revival or let's put it as they are trying to get back in the limelight with the zeal and passion of youngsters directed by seasoned minds. With plays like Aangan Terha, Sawa and Paynay 14 August, Siachen and Bananistan etc. one can witness the efforts theater enthusiasts are applying. Dawar Mehmood's recent theatre play which is written by veteran actor Sajid Hassan, is titled Hua Kuch Yoon. Hua Kuch Yoon is produced under the banner of KopyKats Productions. The play is appreciated by both masses and the classes previously but this time, let's see what it has to offer with its cast, directions, script and the way it is executed in Karachi Arts Council.
Hua Kuch Yoon
Dawar Mehmood's play, Hua Kuch Yoon premiered last week in Karachi and it was introduced by legendary Anwar Maqsood to the audience with all his best wishes; plus Maqsood also shared that in the history of any stage play in Karachi, this play i.e. Hua Kuch Yoon has 180 performers, and that is quite a huge number.
Hua Kuch Yoon talks about and depicts the not-so-romantic tale but yet the writer wants audience to believe that it's a love story that is set in the back drop of Indo-Pak partition, which starts post partition and lingers on after partition. The story begins when the parents of protagonists die in the massacre of Jallianwala Baagh and then the kids Quratul Ain and Raja are adopted by a Sikh and Muslim family respectively. They spend their childhood with one another to little extent and then Quratul Ain meets Raja in her college days but due to a debate competition and being die-hard supporter of Congress (Quratul Ain) and Muslim League (Raja) don't connect on good terms. What happens next is what Hua Kuch Yoon is all about, which includes multiple characters, ideologies, humor, satire and romance (if that's anyone can fetch out of the play).
Sajid Hasan On Hua Kuch Yoon
On totality, Hua Kuch Yoon lacks good performances. The main leads of the play don't impress and audience fails to connect with them. Both performers could not give an impactful performance. The guy who played the police officer, Faraz Ali, was loud but he brings unique performance in the play and he is a fine talent to look up to. The actor who performed as the villain is also dependable and gives a few good scenes to clap and enjoy. The performer who played the senior version of Raja was decent and pulled the character well, as compared to the other cast.
The script of Hua Kuch Yoon is amongst the weakest plots I personally have witnessed. Dialogues were weak, amateurishly written and failed to impress audience. It looks like the new generation in support of the veterans has some sort of fetish with toilet humor and terms like "tatti" (which was actually used in this very play). Unfortunately, based on the script and dialogues Hua Kuch Yoon is not any fine audience's cup of tea.
The production has, at one point, really outdid itself but on the other point it has also let go the art of authenticity associated with the props and objects used to recreate the times they were planning to depict.
Dawar Mehmood would have realized by now that it's only Anwar Maqsood with whom his plays were a little bearable based on the quality content, with Sajid Hasan it's a dream close to impossible to get creative juices flowing from the words. The character of Quratul Ain is very imaginary as one cannot come up to such a character who literally had to impose herself on the shy boy.
The play will run till 15th March, 2018; so, if you still want to watch what Hua Kuch Yoon has to offer, please go and buy your tickets. If you'll go with little to no expectations then there are chances that you won't abhor the play. Be assured that the play is almost 2 hours long and is very dragged on many points.
The performers from the play include Fareeha Raza, Saad Farukh Khan, Mujtaba Rizvi, Adil Bangash, Faraz Ali, Taha Humayun and Maria Saad etc.
- Entertainment
- Performance
- Script / Dialogues
- Direction


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14 August 2010
11 August 2010: Lake Love
Labels: HDR, lake, photo a day, trees
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If you know me, you know that photography has always been a big part of my life. Starting in 2009, I decided it would be interesting (at least to me) to document a year with a photo a day. I finished my first year and I am starting my second. I am not sure I will be quite as diligent in Year 2 but I will try!


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Melbourne Interior Designer and Decorator Jane Gorman launched her luxe Finch & Jane business & brand in late 2017. Jane Gorman and her company have designed and decorated the interior & exterior space of Finch & Jane to create a luxe atmosphere. Please visit out Finch & Jane Gallery, as seen below.
From the moment guests walk into the space through our customised blue door and bi-fold's, they are met with our mirror on mirror wall. Jane's inspiration for the mirror on mirror wall was from her travels and work overseas. Having a space where guests could relax and enjoy a drink before going to their table was a key aspect of the interior design. The customised blue and silver 3 seater sofa allows guests to relax and enjoy their drinks in comfort. Creating spaces within spaces allows our guests to have the whole Finch & Jane experience. This is seen from the very first moment they enter our luxe wine bar. Opposite the mirror on mirror wall is our digitalised baby grand piano which allows for various musical acts and performances. Providing live music in our wine bar offers flexibility and creates a sense of luxury.
Guests after proceeding through our lounge are greeted by our fire flame banquet seating. Jane Gorman, when designing the venue, made use of her levels as all guests are seated on the same level. Too often Jane has encountered sitting in a booth looking up at people as they walk past. The elevated banquet seating design by Jane allows guests to interact with the bar as well as feel part of the wine bar. The use of mirrors inside Finch & Jane creates a sense of depth to open up the narrow space. Furthermore, using customised acrylic table bases for our stone bench tops creates the illusion of our tables floating. Being able to see through the table bases when walking into the venue also makes the space seem larger. Jane Gorman designed and custom made the diamond back studded bar chairs to match the height of the banquet seating. The use of whiskey decanter lights across the bar creates a sense of luxury for those sitting at our bar.
As guests proceed further down they enter our last interior space within a space, the dining area. Being away from the action of the bar and our bartenders is often requested by guests. A romantic and intimate dinner, a close family dinner or family celebrations are often met with the need for extra privacy. Jane Gorman designed beaded curtains which act as a room divider in the dining room. Each table is able to be secluded from the surrounding tables without feeling disjointed or disconnected from the space. The flexibility of drawing these curtains back and connecting the tables allows Finch & Jane to cater for larger family or work functions. The dining room can bring flexibility yet privacy from the rest of the venue with ease. Our guests also get the added extra luxury of our Jenny Jones rug wall to themselves when they book the back table.
Our final space within Finch & Jane is our outdoor birdcage. Our guests under the stars can enjoy our full cocktail & wine menu alongside our culinary tapas food. Laying down grass in the space allows our guests to feel the extra sense of luxury as most venues give their guests a concrete floor. Our customised seating cushions add an extra sense of colour for our birdcage. We do have plans to cover the bird cage coming into the Winter to ensure our guests whether it be their function or night out with us are kept dry and warm.
Contact Interior Designer & Decorator Jane Gorman
If you do have any questions relating to the interior design or would like to get in contact with Jane Gorman, please do contact her here. Please note that all the interior spaces and furniture are protected under copyright laws.


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Has anyone noticed yet how Vine seems to have died out? Our Facebook feeds used to be filled with random and hilarious videos but they are no more!
Business Insider recently created a chart illustrating that since Instagram launched their video capability that use of Vine by brands has reduced significantly.
Instagram have a wider reach having been around for longer so it makes sense that brands would make the switch now that Instagram have the capabilities, and where the brands lead the consumer followed.
Vine's reign as king of video has seemed to have been short lived. But what for the other video based social apps?
When SnapChat recently turned down a $3.5bn buyout off from Facebook many people thought they had made a big mistake. And according to appmtr.com their Monthly Active User (MAU) is down by -81% since the first quarter of 2013… Not looking good for them either!
Does this signal the ending of SnapChat too?
Its possibly time firms begin to distinguish between short-lived trends and keepers. Vine brought us immense amounts of joy and entertainment but it inevitably couldn't last. It became an internet trend, and as we've seen with many other internet trends such as memes, they all fizzle out after a short but well-lived life.


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Related News:
IOS 11.3 Battery Health Feature RevealedIf you're a developer or a public tester and have a valid configuration profile, then you're eligible for getting the latest beta. If you have purchased the iPhone X, you do not have to worry about Apple throttling its performance as its battery gets older.
New York Mets Land Todd FrazierFrazier is the Mets' second notable signing after they reunited with Jay Bruce on a three-year, $39 million contract. For Frazier, the move means moving across town after he finished the 2017 season with the New York Yankees .
Westworld: Season 2 Trailer (Full Super Bowl Spot)For the United Kingdom , as with most big HBO shows, that means it airs on Sky Atlantic, and season 2 will be no exception. The "Experience" section shows six parks, though only Westworld is available; the others are all convenient glitches.
FA Cup: Swansea wins 8-1, Huddersfield sets up Man U matchChe Adams had fired the Championship side ahead before Town levelled through Marc Roberts' scrappy own goal. Notts County manager Kevin Nolan admitted his side could not live with Swansea's Premier League class.
Early Britons had dark skin, DNA revealsMany dismissing the scientists claims as left-wing "propaganda" and asked "does this mean nobody can be accused of racism now". Cheddar Man's remains were initially exhumed in Gough's Cave in Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, England in 1903.
Trump asks Pentagon for military paradeThe armistice was signed and fighting ceased at 11 a.m. on November 11, 1918, and the date this year marks the 100th anniversary. The spokesman on Tuesday described the planning process as being in its "infancy", reports CNN .
Reviewing the Insider Trends for The Coca-Cola Company (KO)Jacobs Levy Equity Management Inc sold 18,080 shares as Cohu Inc (COHU)'s stock rose 14.82%. 13,758 are held by Cambridge Rech. It fall, as 112 investors sold GE shares while 818 reduced holdings. 142 funds opened positions while 524 raised stakes.
Koeman appointed coach of struggling NetherlandsThe former Everton manager's first opponents will be England in a friendly at the Johan Cruyff Arena in Amsterdam on 23rd March. The appointment of the ex-Netherlands worldwide was announced by the country's football association (KNVB) on Tuesday.
Researchers Say Cell Phone Exposure Is Unlikely To Cause CancerUS researchers spent almost two decades to design and carry out a definitive study on the health effects of cellphone radiation . As part of the research, the rodents were divided into different study arms that were exposed to different levels of radiation .
Congress nears budget deal, Trump says he would 'love' a shutdownDurbin, the Senate's minority whip, told CNN host Jake Tapper that reaching a bipartisan DACA deal before Thursday wasn't likely . Greg Walden, the Oregon Republican who chairs the House Energy and Commerce Committee, of the fifth short-term funding measure.
Rooney knows where Man Utd will be looking to strengthen in summerIt should be noted, too, that this is not a vintage year for European club sides, with very few standing out as the favourites. This isn't the first time the United manager has complained about Old Trafford lacking the buzz.
Pak Shelling Indian Positions Again In Jammu And Kashmir's Rajouri SectorOn Sunday, four Indian soldiers were killed and four other persons were injured in the firing in Rajouri and Poonch districts. Earlier on Jan 20-21, the Foreign Office had informed of an Indian ceasefire violation across the LoC in Nikial Sector.


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so we have our first black president.
no matter who you are, that's kind of a big deal.
i'm digging through old mixes for the DJing tomorrow, and this song is the first song i heard after it was announced that Barrack Hussein Obama had won the 2008 presidential election;
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
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I know there are a few Jane Austen fans who read this blog. You know who you are. You'll enjoy this book. It was a very quick, easy read. I think I read it over 2 nights. Something light to read in between your heavier novels. Trust me, you will enjoy it. As flip-flopping mamma and aloha knitter recently told me, Cassandra burned all of her sister's Jane's letters after her death. But what if she didn't.....?
Here's the premise, taken from Amazon:
"English professor Emma Grant has always done everything just the way her minister father told her she should -- a respectable marriage, a teaching job at a good college, and plans for the requisite two children. Life was prodigiously good, as her favorite author Jane Austen might say, until the day Emma finds her husband in bed with another woman. Suddenly, all her romantic notions a la Austen are exposed for the foolish dreams they are.
Denied tenure in the wake of the scandal and left penniless by the ensuing divorce, Emma packs up what few worldly possessions she has left and heads to England on a quest to find the missing letters of Jane Austen. Locating the elusive letters, however, isn't as straightforward as Emma hoped. The owner of the letters proves coy about her prize possessions, sending Emma on a series of Austen-related tasks that bring her closer and closer to the truth, but the sudden reappearance of Emma's first love makes everything more complicated.In the end, Emma learns that doing the right thing has very little to do with other people's expectations and everything to do with her own beliefs. Laced with fictional excerpts from the missing letters, Jane Austen Ruined My Life is the story of a woman betrayed who uncovers the deeper meaning of loyalty. "


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- Pete Townshend, lead guitarist for The Who, turns 64 today. Townshend is my favorite rock-and-roll guitarist ever.
- In case you missed George Brett's profanity-filled tirade (...and watch out--don't have the volume too high):
- A new CD is due out today from Steve Winwood and Eric Clapton. The duo joined forces last year for a series of concerts at Madison Square Garden in New York. Those performances are the basis for this CD and an accompanying DVD.
- If you missed the season finale of 24 last night, you can not only watch the last episode but the entire season starting today. The Season 7 DVD set is on sale--$50 for DVD and $70 for Blu-ray. This is the first time a TV show has released a DVD right after season's end.


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Learn how to play jazz guitar, the fun and easy way. Learn to play jazz blues in the style of your favorite jazz jazz guitar chords and scales pdf wit
Learn how to play jazz guitar, the fun and easy way. Learn to play jazz blues in the style of your favorite jazz jazz guitar chords and scales pdf with our Intro to Jazz Blues Guitar course. Wes Montgomery, Kenny Burrell, Joe Pass and other great jazz blues guitarists.
After you work these Lydian dominant chord scales, your basic book is fantastic and recommend this to everyone and the price is so cheap. Take your time, here's a root position E Phrygian dominant chord scale that is built with drop 2 chords on the middle four strings. You can set up a iim7b5, lydian with an augmented 5th. Once your order has been processed, work them in multiple keys to bring them to different areas of the fretboard. Once you work these sample lines, 500 Dollars 2017: Top Ten List Of Guitars You Need To Check Out! Jam over the backing tracks using material you learned in this section of the lesson. With the iim7b5 chord scale under your belt — learn how jazz guitar scales are formed on the fretboard and their associated chords.
Solo over the blues like your favorite players. Learn to comp and walk bass lines over blues tunes. Over 115 audio examples to make learning fun and easy. Using arpeggios is the most direct way to get a jazz sound in your solos. How to use arpeggios to solo over chords and common chord progressions. Exercises to build your knowledge of arpeggios in a technical and improvisational context. Over 100 audio examples and backing tracks.
Wes Montgomery is considered by many guitar players to be the greatest jazz guitarist ever. With this ebook you too can be inspired by Wes Montgomery's playing as you learn how to play lines, octaves, chords and tunes in the style of "The Thumb". Learn classic Wes Blues lines and phrases. Study Wes' common scale and arpeggio choices. Get Wes Montgomery's octave and chord soloing approach under your fingers. 158 audio examples to get these concepts in your ears and fingers. The lessons in our Premium members area are optimized to bring your jazz guitar playing to the next level in a fast, fun and easy way.
How to Jazzify your Blues playing. How to play in the style of Wes Montgomery. How to improvise over All The Things You Are. How to use guitar scales in jazz. Advanced use of the pentatonic scale. Guitar lessons for beginners: How to Read Guitar Tabs, The Major Scale, How to Improvise a Guitar Solo.
How do you choose amongst the range of available jazz guitars? What guitar amp should you buy? Do you need guitar effects? Are Fender guitars any good for jazz? What kind of guitar amplifiers does Pat Metheny use? What type of Gibson guitar did Wes Montgomery play?


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All right...I'm still trying to recover from the Tulane/BYU game...but at least Michigan came back against Notre Dame & Da Saints took care of the Lions, so all is not lost. The tropics remain strangely quiet...not complaining, but one wonders when it'll perk up again. Each day gets us closer to Fall and there are signs that finally a real cold front will arrive, but not until mid NEXT week. So not to let down our guard, but it is nice to not be watching an Ike like last year.
Don't know about you, but I've been enjoying reading Dr. Master's (WeatherUnderground) column recalling his ride into Hurricane Hugo some 20 years ago.
In the short term, we are in a transitional time of the year where the westerlies have retreated back into Canada and the tropical easterlies remain depressed far to the south. The result is a slow moving pattern that features a bunch of lows drifting about creating areas of excessive rainfall. On such low over north LA. tonight is dumping 6-8" of rain. Hopefully that will remain north of us, but we will see some scattered storms around the next several days, but nothing like what happened over the weekend.
Monday, September 14, 2009
Mid September...All's Quiet
Posted by Bob Breck at 9:51 PM
2 comments:
- Baxter said...
Seeing that pocket up in East Canada is killing me. Somethings got to give soon and let it come on down.
- September 16, 2009 at 9:05 AM
- William said...
Last year's early fall definitely spoiled me - let's hope the cold air moves down soon, not just for a break from heat, but to cool the Gulf down a little more.
- September 16, 2009 at 10:23 AM
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1. I'm already running out of ideas. My 21 years of life have apparently been insufficient in providing me with good anecdotes.
2. Writing is awesome, but I'm pretty sure all my non-writer friends think I'm nuts. This will probably be a common theme for the remainder of my days.
3. Sometimes, my best work isn't the piece I spend two days revising, but rather the piece I spend 20 minutes on while trying to avoid doing my math homework. Exhibit A: this post, which was Freshly Pressed this week, didn't even get proofread before I published it. Happy accident?
4. No matter how weird my ideas are, I always get at least one comment that says something along that lines of "me, too!" So apparently I'm not as strange as I thought. That's a relief.
5. Meeting people in blogging communities is actually not creepy! I always thought of internet friends as the worst kind of stranger danger, but I've met some AMAZING people through yeah write. Bloggers are the best.
6. Someday, this blog will be the basis of my memoir. I always kind of knew that, but I know it even more certainly now.
7. Apparently I'm funny? Not sure what to do with that one.
8. Words have the power to connect people. Across continents, generations, and centuries. They can be anyone's words. They can be mine.
9. Everybody has a story worth telling. Good writing is just finding the right way to tell it.


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I think I may want another one.
Go ahead and gather your loved ones, 5 gallons of water and food for 3 days. Lock yourself in your bomb shelter. Something bad, like hell freezing over, or pigs flying or WWIII, is about to happen.
Tuesday, September 23, 2008
Things in my head I thought I'd never, EVER say...
Posted by Complainy Pants at 2:01 PM
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|Tahoe Mountain Sports (6.30%)
Product Description
Sweet freeze dried blackberries blueberries and strawberries in a home-style cobbler sauce with a chocolate pie crumble topping. 75 oz. Widest variety of Gluten-free options. Weight: 5. Ultra light. Trusted 30+ year old brand. The perfect end to a day of backpacking and camping, the Natural High Three Berry Cobbler is a delicious sweet option for a hearty, gluten-free dessert reward. Simple preparation. Resealable self-standing pouches. Protein: 1. Pkg. Natural High Three Berry Cobbler. Natural High - In the early 1980`s we developed the first line of all natural freeze dried and dehydrated foods on the market - NATURAL HIGH. Long shelf-life. Great taste and great recipes. Fuel-savings. Fat: 2. Durable Protective packaging. Certified organic fruit snacks. Carbs: 56. Calories: 200. Berries and apples with a sweet berry sauce & cookie crumbs.


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Today we are talking about the rules of money. These nine rules of money are essential to your success in achieving financial freedom. These rules of money will help you make more money as well as keep more of your hard earned money. Here are the fundamental rules of money you need to live by if you want to become rich and make more money.
1. Gross does not equal Net
Most people neglect to factor in the taxes paid on capital gains. For example, stocks. Any profit you take from the sale of a stock held for at least a full year is taxed at the long term capital gains rate. Short term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income, something many investors forget. You pay significantly more in taxes as a short term investor. Make sure you are keeping this in mind, and considering what your post tax return is on an investment.
#2 Pay attention to expenses
Most investors do not understand the total costs of the investments they own. They believe the expense ratio is the only thing they pay. This is largely false. There are a countless number of other fees associated with many mainstream investments. We will be discussing these in the video.
#3 Understand the value of something before you buy it
Price and value are two different things. Price is not determined by value. Price is determined by the market supply and the market demand. A high demand for a product inflates the price, while a large supply of a product deflates the price. Value, on the other hand, is the estimated monetary worth of something. No matter what you are buying, consider what the value is.
#4 Follow the strategies of money
Many of the old strategies for accumulating wealth still hold true today. Instead of carving out your own path, consider following the strategies of those before you. Following the strategy of a successful person is a great way to become successful yourself.
#5 Always keep some cash
Every financially responsible individual has a rainy day fund. This could be money parked for an investment opportunity or an unforeseen expense. One of the worst situations you can be in is needing cash and having none. For example, if you are too heavily invested in the market and an unforeseen expense arrives, you are forced to sell regardless of the market conditions. At this point, you are not in control of your investments.
#6 Buy what is on sale
Whether it is a stock or a bottle of laundry detergent, buying on sale is a winning strategy. If you understand the value of a company, and feel that the current price for ownership is less than the monetary worth of this company, you can make a profit when the price normalizes.
#7 Don't be afraid to lose it
There is no such thing as a free lesson out there. If you want to learn something, you typically pay money to take a course on it. Every time you lose money, you will learn a lesson. If you are afraid to lose money, you are missing out on valuable lessons.
#8 Never waste it
This rule is very simple. Don't waste money! Many people spend money on unnecessary luxuries. Money being wasted or spent mindlessly is money that could be directed towards your goal of financial freedom. If you are constantly wasting money on luxuries like prepared food, first class travel and impulse buys you are prolonging your journey to financial freedom. Once you understand the price versus the value of something, it should be easy to determine when the price exceeds the value. Comfort and convenience are expensive, and the price exceeds the value.
#9 Money follows money
Wealthy people have an unfair advantage. They are able to put their cash to work. The wealthiest individuals put the majority of their savings into investment assets. Most middle class individuals have their money tied up in their homes or sitting in a low interest savings account. Those who are smart about their money become rich. These are the same people who have dedicated time to understanding the ways they can put their money to work. It is no coincidence that the rich are getting richer and the poor are staying poor.


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Jennifer Hudson is looking more slender then before. Not that her style has improved much. I can't say that I like the wig/dress/shoes in any of the pictures. Though, she does not offend - well the uber platforms look a little off.
Frederique Bel has interesting shoes. Interesting. I like this dress on Tamara Mellon. As founder of Jimmy Choo, I am puzzled by the bare feet. Oh well *shrugs*. Roberta Armani is better with her hair in this picture.