text:
4.4 × 1.1 m (14.3 × 3.7 ft)
Present location
Cathedral of Saint John a Baptist
The Shroud of Turin or Turin Shroud (Italian: Sindone di Torino, Sacra Sindone [ˈsaːkra ˈsindone] or Santa Sindone) is a length of linen cloth temperament a design of a masculine that is believed by some Christians to be a funeral hide of Jesus of Nazareth. Three radiocarbon dating tests in 1988 have resolved that a age of a cloth usually goes behind to a Middle Ages.[1] The hide is kept in a stately chapel of a Cathedral of Saint John a Baptist in Turin, northern Italy.
The hide is reputable by many Christians of several traditions, including Catholics and Protestants.[2] The Catholic Church has conjunction rigourously accessible nor deserted a shroud, though in 1958 Pope Pius XII authorized of a design in organisation with a friendship to a Holy Face of Jesus.[3] More recently, Pope Francis and his prototype Pope Benedict XVI have both described a Shroud of Turin as "an icon"[4] and Pope John Paul II called a Shroud "a counterpart of a Gospel".[5]
The origins of a hide and a images are a theme of exhilarated discuss among theologians, historians and researchers. Diverse arguments have been finished in systematic and renouned publications claiming to "prove" that a cloth is a authentic funeral hide of Jesus, shaped on disciplines trimming from chemistry to biology and medical forensics to visual design analysis. In 1988, a radiocarbon dating exam antiquated a hide from a Middle Ages, between a years 1260 and 1390, that is unchanging with a shroud's initial famous muster in France in 1357.[6] Aspects of a 1988 exam continue to be debated,[7][8][9] though all a several hurdles to a dating outcome have been refuted by experts shaped on systematic analyses of hide evidence.[sources 1] According to highbrow Christopher Ramsey of a Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in 2011: "There are several hypotheses as to given a dates cunning not be correct, though zero of them smoke-stack up."[17]
The design on a hide is many clearer in black-and-white disastrous than in a healthy sepia color, and this disastrous design was initial distinguished in 1898 on a retreat minute design of pledge photographer Secondo Pia, who was authorised to sketch it while it was being exhibited. A accumulation of methods have been due for a arrangement of a image, though a tangible routine used has not nonetheless been conclusively identified. Despite countless investigations and tests, a standing of a Shroud of Turin stays murky, and a inlet of a design and how it was bound on a cloth stays puzzling.[18] The hide continues to be both greatly difficult and controversial.[6][19][20]
The hide is rectangular, measuring approximately 4.4 × 1.1 m (14.3 × 3.7 ft). The cloth is woven in a three-to-one herringbone twill stoical of flax fibrils. Its many sold evil is a faint, brownish design of a front and behind perspective of a unprotected masculine with his hands folded conflicting his groin. The dual views are aligned along a midplane of a physique and infer in conflicting directions. The front and behind views of a conduct scarcely accommodate during a center of a cloth.[21]
The design of a "Man of a Shroud" has a beard, moustache, and shoulder-length hair split in a middle. He is robust and high (various experts have totalled him as from 1.70 m, or roughly 5 ft 7 in, to 1.88 m, or 6 ft 2 in).[22] Reddish brownish-red stains are found on a cloth, arrangement several wounds that, according to proponents, relate with a yellowish image, a pathophysiology of crucifixion, and a Biblical outline of a genocide of Jesus.[23]
Forensic doctors have interpreted markings on a cloth as follows:[24]
- one wrist bears a large, turn wound, apparently from trenchant (the second wrist is low by a folding of a hands)
- upward apparatus in a side perspicacious into a thoracic cavity.
- small punctures around a front and scalp
- scores of linear wounds on a torso and legs.
- swelling of a face
- streams of blood down both arms
The sum of a design on a hide are not simply seen with a unprotected eye, though they can be some-more clearly suggested by photography. In May 1898 Italian photographer Secondo Pia was authorised to sketch a shroud. He took a initial sketch of a hide on 28 May 1898. Pia was dismayed by a manifest design of a disastrous plate, implying that a hide is effectively a disastrous of some kind.[24] Pia was during initial indicted of doctoring his photographs, though he was irreproachable in 1931 when another photographer, Giuseppe Enrie, photographed a hide and achieved formula matching to Pia's.[25] In 1978, ultraviolet photographs were taken of a shroud.[26][27]
The hide was shop-worn in a glow in 1532 in a chapel in Chambery, France. There are some bake holes and broken areas down both sides of a linen, caused by hit with fiery china during a glow that burnt by it in places while it was folded.[28] Fourteen vast triangular rags and 8 smaller ones were sewn onto a cloth by Poor Clare nuns to scold a damage.
The chronological annals for a hide can be distant into dual time periods: before 1390 and from 1390 to a present. The duration until 1390 is theme to discuss among historians.[6] Author Ian Wilson has due that a Shroud was a Image of Edessa, though scholars such as Averil Cameron have settled that a story of a Image of Edessa represents "very ghastly territory"; it can't be traced behind as a supernatural image, and it competence not have even been a cloth.[29][30][31]
Prior to 1390 there are some matching images such as a Pray Codex. However, what is claimed by some to be a design of a hide on a Pray codex has crosses on one side, an interlocking step pyramid settlement on a other, and no design of Jesus. Critics infer out that it competence not be a hide during all, though rather a rectilinear tombstone, as seen on other dedicated images.[32] The content of a codex also fails to discuss a supernatural design on a codex shroud.
It is mostly mentioned that a initial certain chronological record dates from 1353 or 1357.[6][33] However a participation of a Turin Shroud in Lirey, France, is usually positively attested in 1390 when Bishop Pierre d'Arcis wrote a chit to Antipope Clement VII, saying that a hide was a forgery and that a artist had confessed.[34][35] Historical annals seem to infer that a hide temperament an design of a crucified masculine existed in a tiny city of Lirey around a years 1353 to 1357 in a possession of a French Knight, Geoffroi de Charny, who died during a Battle of Poitiers in 1356.[6] However a organisation of this hide in Lirey with a hide in Turin, and a unequivocally start has been debated by scholars and lay authors, with statements of forgery attributed to artists innate a century apart. Some contend that a Lirey hide was a work of a confessed forger and murderer.[36]
There are no transparent chronological annals concerning a sold hide now during Turin Cathedral before to a 14th century. A funeral cloth, that some historians say was a Shroud, was owned by a Byzantine emperors though left during a Sack of Constantinople in 1204.[37] Although there are countless reports of Jesus' funeral shroud, or an design of his head, of opposite origin, being worshiped in several locations before a 14th century, there is no chronological justification that these impute to a hide now during Turin Cathedral.[38]
The story of a hide from a 15th century is good recorded. In 1453 Margaret de Charny deeded a Shroud to a House of Savoy. In 1578 a hide was eliminated to Turin. Since a 17th century a hide has been displayed (e.g. in a chapel built for that purpose by Guarino Guarini[40]) and in a 19th century it was initial photographed during a open exhibition.
In 1532, a hide suffered repairs from a glow in a chapel of Chambéry, collateral of a Savoy region, where it was stored. A dump of fiery china from a reliquary assembled a symmetrically placed symbol by a layers of a folded cloth. Poor Clare Nuns attempted to scold this repairs with patches. In 1578 Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy systematic a cloth to be brought from Chambéry to Turin and it has remained during Turin ever since.[41]
Repairs were finished to a hide in 1694 by Sebastian Valfrè to urge a repairs of a Poor Clare nuns.[42] Further repairs were finished in 1868 by Clotilde of Savoy. The hide remained a skill of a House of Savoy until 1983, when it was given to a Holy See.[43]
A fire, presumably caused by arson, threatened a hide on 11 Apr 1997.[44] In 2002, a Holy See had a hide restored. The cloth subsidy and thirty rags were removed, creation it illusive to sketch and infer a retreat side of a cloth, that had been low from view. A gloomy part-image of a physique was found on a behind of a hide in 2004.
The Shroud was placed behind on open arrangement (the 18th time in a history) in Turin from 10 Apr to 23 May 2010; and according to Church officials, some-more than 2 million visitors came to see it.[45] Images of a hide were promote on radio on 30 Mar 2013.[46][47]
The hide was again placed on arrangement in a cathedral in Turin in Apr 2015, and is due to be displayed until 24 Jun 2015. There is no assign to perspective it, though an appointment is required.[48]
The Shroud has undergone several restorations and several stairs have been taken to safety it to equivocate serve repairs and contamination. The hide is kept underneath a laminated bulletproof potion of a indisputable case.[49] The heat and steam controlled-case is filled with argon (99.5%) and oxygen (0.5%) to forestall chemical changes. The Shroud itself is kept on an aluminum support shifting on runners and stored prosaic within a case.[49]
Religious perspective[edit]
Religious beliefs about a funeral cloths of Jesus have existed for centuries. The Gospels of Matthew[27:59–60], Mark[15:46] and Luke[23:53] state that Joseph of Arimathea wrapped a physique of Jesus in a square of linen cloth and placed it in a new tomb. The Gospel of John[19:38–40] refers to strips of linen used by Joseph of Arimathea and states that Apostle Peter found mixed pieces of funeral cloth after a tomb was found open, strips of linen cloth for a physique and a apart cloth for a head.[20:6–7] The Gospel of a Hebrews, a 2nd-century manuscript, states that Jesus gave a linen cloth to a menial of a priest.
Although pieces pronounced to be of funeral cloths of Jesus are hold by during slightest 4 churches in France and 3 in Italy, zero has collected as many eremite following as a Shroud of Turin.[50] The eremite beliefs and practices compared with a hide predate chronological and systematic discussions and have continued in a 21st century, nonetheless a Catholic Church has never upheld visualisation on a authenticity.[51] An instance is a Holy Face Medal temperament a design from a shroud, ragged by some Catholics.[52] Indeed, a Shroud of Turin is reputable by Christians of several traditions, including Baptists, Catholics, Lutherans, Methodists, Orthodox, Pentecostals, and Presbyterians.[2]
John Calvin[edit]
In 1543 John Calvin, in his Treatise on Relics, wrote of a shroud, that was thereafter during Nice (it was changed to Turin in 1578), "How is it illusive that those dedicated historians, who delicately compared all a miracles that took place during Christ's death, should have wanting to discuss one so conspicuous as a association of a physique of a Lord remaining on a jacket sheet?" In an interpretation of a Gospel of John[20:6–7] Calvin resolved that strips of linen were used to cover a physique (excluding a head) and a apart cloth to cover a head.[53] He thereafter settled that "either St. John is a liar," or else anyone who promotes such a hide is "convicted of fabrication and deceit".[53]
Although a hide design is now compared with Catholic devotions to a Holy Face of Jesus, a devotions themselves predate Secondo Pia's 1898 photograph. Such devotions had been started in 1844 by a Carmelite nun Marie of St Peter (based on "pre-crucifixion" images compared with a Veil of Veronica) and promoted by Leo Dupont, also called a Apostle of a Holy Face. In 1851 Leo Dupont shaped a "Archconfraternity of a Holy Face" in Tours, France, good before Secondo Pia took a sketch of a shroud.[54]
Miraculous image[edit]
The eremite judgment of a supernatural acheiropoieton has a prolonged story in Christianity, going behind to during slightest a 6th century. Among a many distinguished unstable early acheiropoieta are a Image of Camuliana and a Mandylion or Image of Edessa, both embellished icons of Christ hold in a Byzantine Empire and now generally regarded as mislaid or destroyed, as is a Hodegetria design of a Virgin.[55] Other early images in Italy, all heavily and unfortunately restored, that have been worshiped as acheiropoieta now have comparatively tiny following, as courtesy has focused on a Shroud.
Without debating systematic issues, some believers state as a matter of faith that experimental investigate and systematic methods will maybe never allege to a turn sufficient for bargain a boundless methods used for design arrangement on a shroud, given a physique around whom a hide was wrapped was not merely human, though divine, and trust that a design on a hide was miraculously assembled during a impulse of Resurrection.[56][57]
While many supernatural theories do not try to yield explanations, John Jackson (a member of STURP) has due that a design was shaped by deviation methods over a bargain of stream science, in sold around a "collapsing cloth" onto a physique that was radiating appetite during a impulse of resurrection.[58] However, STURP member Alan Adler has settled that Jackson's speculation is not generally supposed as scientific, given that it runs opposite to a famous laws of physics.[58]
In 1989 physicist Thomas Phillips speculated that a Shroud design was shaped by proton deviation due to a supernatural corporeal resurrection.[59]
Vatican position[edit]
Antipope Clement VII refrained from expressing his opinion on a shroud; however, successive popes from Julius II on took a flawlessness for granted.[60]
The Vatican biography Osservatore Romano lonesome a story of Secondo Pia's sketch of 28 May 1898 in a book of 15 Jun 1898, though it did so with no criticism and following Church officials generally refrained from particularly commenting on a sketch for roughly half a century.
The initial central organisation between a design on a Shroud and a Catholic Church was finished in 1940 shaped on a grave ask by Sister Maria Pierina De Micheli to a curia in Milan to obtain authorisation to furnish a award with a image. The authorisation was reputed and a initial award with a design was offering to Pope Pius XII who authorized a medal. The design was thereafter used on what became famous as a Holy Face Medal ragged by many Catholics, essentially as a means of insurance during World War II. In 1958 Pope Pius XII authorized of a design in organisation with a friendship to a Holy Face of Jesus, and announced a feast to be distinguished any year a day before Ash Wednesday.[61][62] Following a capitulation by Pope Pius XII, Catholic devotions to a Holy Face of Jesus have been roughly exclusively compared with a design on a shroud.
In 1983 a Shroud was given to a Holy See by a House of Savoy.[63] However, as with all remains of this kind, a Roman Catholic Church finished no pronouncements on a authenticity. As with other authorized Catholic devotions, a matter has been left to a personal preference of a faithful, as prolonged as a Church does not emanate a destiny presentation to a contrary. In a Church's view, presumably a cloth is authentic or not has no temperament whatsoever on a outcome of what Jesus taught or on a saving appetite of his genocide and resurrection.[64]
Pope John Paul II settled in 1998 that:[65] "Since it is not a matter of faith, a Church has no specific cunning to pronounce on these questions. She entrusts to scientists a charge of stability to investigate, so that acceptable answers competence be found to a questions connected with this Sheet".[66] Pope John Paul II showed himself to be deeply changed by a design of a Shroud and organised for open showings in 1998 and 2000. In his residence during a Turin Cathedral on Sunday 24 May 1998 (the arise of a 100th year of Secondo Pia's 28 May 1898 photograph), he said:[67] "The Shroud is an design of God's adore as good as of tellurian impiety […] The impress left by a tortured physique of a Crucified One, that attests to a extensive tellurian ability for causing pain and genocide to one's associate man, stands as an idol of a pang of a trusting in any age."
In 2000, Cardinal Ratzinger, after to turn Pope Benedict XVI, wrote that a Shroud of Turin is "a truly puzzling image, that no tellurian dexterity was means of producing. In some irregular way, it seemed imprinted on cloth and believed to uncover a loyal face of Christ, a crucified and risen Lord."[68] In Jun 2008, 3 years after he insincere a papacy, Pope Benedict announced that a Shroud would be publicly displayed in a open of 2010, and settled that he would like to go to Turin to see it along with other pilgrims.[69] During his revisit in Turin on Sunday 2 May 2010, Benedict described a Shroud of Turin as an "extraordinary Icon", a "Icon of Holy Saturday […] analogous in any proceed to what a Gospels tell us of Jesus", "an Icon combined in blood, a blood of a masculine who was scourged, crowned with thorns, crucified and whose right side was pierced".[70] The pope pronounced also that in a Turin Shroud "we see, as in a mirror, a pang in a pang of Christ".[71] On 30 May 2010, Benedict XVI beatified Sister Maria Pierina De Micheli who coined a Holy Face Medal, shaped on Secondo Pia's sketch of a Shroud.[72]
On 30 Mar 2013, as partial of a Easter celebrations, there was an surprising carnival of a hide in a Cathedral of Turin. Pope Francis accessible a video summary for a occasion, in that he described a design on a hide as "this Icon of a man", and settled that "the Man of a Shroud invites us to anticipate Jesus of Nazareth."[73][74] In his delicately worded matter Pope Francis urged a loyal to anticipate a hide with awe, though "stopped resolutely brief of reporting a authenticity."[74]
During his weekly ubiquitous assembly on 5 Nov 2014, Pope Francis announced he would go on a event to Turin on 21 Jun 2015, to urge before, commend a Holy Shroud and respect St.John Bosco on a bicentenary of his birth.[75][76][77]
Scientific perspective[edit]
The tenure sindonology (from a Greek σινδών—sindon, a word used in a Gospel of Mark[15:46] to news a form of a funeral cloth of Jesus) is used to impute to a grave investigate of a Shroud.
Secondo Pia's 1898 photographs of a hide authorised a systematic village to start to investigate it. A accumulation of systematic theories per a hide have given been proposed, shaped on disciplines trimming from chemistry to biology and medical forensics to visual design analysis. The systematic approaches to a investigate of a Shroud tumble into 3 groups: material analysis (both chemical and historical), biology and medical forensics and image analysis.
Early studies[edit]
The initial stairs towards a systematic investigate of a hide were taken shortly after a initial set of black and white photographs became accessible early in a 20th century. In 1902 Yves Delage, a French highbrow of analogous anatomy, published a initial investigate on a subject.[78] Delage announced a design anatomically flawless and argued that a facilities of strictness mortis, wounds, and blood flows were justification that a design was shaped by proceed or surreptitious hit with a corpse. William Meacham mentions several other medical studies between 1936 and 1981 that establish with Delage.[79] However, these were all surreptitious studies though entrance to a hide itself.
The initial proceed hearing of a hide by a systematic organisation was undertaken in 1969–1973 in sequence to advise on refuge of a hide and establish specific contrariety methods. This led to a appointment of an 11-member Turin Commission to advise on a refuge of a vestige and on specific testing. Five of a elect members were scientists, and rough studies of samples of a fabric were conducted in 1973.[79]
In 1976 physicist John P. Jackson, thermodynamicist Eric Jumper and photographer William Mottern used design investigate technologies grown in aerospace scholarship for examining a images of a Shroud. In 1977 these 3 scientists and over thirty others shaped a Shroud of Turin Research Project. In 1978 this group, mostly called STURP, was given proceed entrance to a Shroud.
Even in 1978, independentely from a STURP researches, prof. Giovanni Tamburelli achieved during CSELT a 3D-elaboration from a Shroud with aloft fortitude than Jumper and Mottern. A second outcome of Tamburelli was a electronic dismissal from a design of a "blood" that apparently covers a face.[80]
Material chemical analysis[edit]
Radiocarbon dating[edit]
After years of discussion, a Holy See accessible radiocarbon dating on portions of a swatch taken from a dilemma of a shroud. Independent tests in 1988 during a University of Oxford, a University of Arizona, and a Swiss Federal Institute of Technology resolved with 95% certainty that a hide element antiquated to 1260–1390 AD.[81] This 13th to 14th century dating is many too new for a hide to have been compared with Jesus of Nazareth. The dating does on a other palm compare a initial coming of a hide in church history.[82][83] This dating is also somewhat some-more new than that estimated by art historian W.S.A. Dale, who reputed on artistic drift that a hide is an 11th-century idol finished for use in ceremony services.[84]
Some believers in a flawlessness of a hide have attempted to bonus a radiocarbon dating outcome by claiming that a representation competence paint a Gothic "invisible" scold bit rather than a image-bearing cloth.[13][14][85][86][87][88][89] It has been suggested, for example, that burnt residue,[7][8] or other forms of residues,[90][91] cunning have lopsided a radiocarbon date toward a present. These several hurdles have all been refuted by experts shaped on systematic investigate of hide evidence.[10][12][13][14][15][92][93] According to highbrow Christopher Ramsey of a Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in 2011: "There are several hypotheses as to given a dates cunning not be correct, though zero of them smoke-stack up."[17]
Tests for pigments[edit]
In a 1970s a special eleven-member Turin Commission conducted several tests. Conventional and nucleus small hearing of a Shroud during that time suggested an deficiency of extrinsic coloring element or pigment.[79] In 1979, Walter McCrone, on examining a samples he was given by STURP, resolved that a design is indeed finished adult of billions of submicrometre colouring particles. The usually fibrils that had been finished accessible for contrariety of a stains were those that remained merged to custom-designed glue fasten practical to thirty-two opposite sections of a image.[94]
Mark Anderson, who was operative for McCrone, analyzed a Shroud samples.[95] In his book Ray Rogers states that Anderson, who was McCrone's Raman microscopy expert, distinguished that a samples acted as organic element when he subjected them to a laser, though McCrone refused to accept a regard for he wanted a end that a design was embellished with hematite.[96]
John Heller and Alan Adler examined a same samples and resolved with McCrone's outcome that a cloth contains iron oxide. However, they concluded, a well-developed virginity of a chemical and comparisons with other ancient textiles showed that, while retting flax absorbs iron selectively, a iron itself was not a source of a design on a shroud.[97][98] Other small investigate of a fibers seems to infer that a design is particularly singular to a carbohydrate layer, with no additional covering of colouring visible.[99]
Material chronological analysis[edit]
Historical fabrics[edit]
In 2000, fragments of a funeral hide from a 1st century were rescued in a tomb nearby Jerusalem, believed to have belonged to a Jewish high clergyman or member of a aristocracy. The hide was stoical of a elementary two-way weave, graphic a formidable herringbone twill of a Turin Shroud. Based on this discovery, a researchers settled that a Turin Shroud did not issue from Jesus-era Jerusalem.[100][101][102]
According to weave consultant Mechthild Flury-Lemberg of Hamburg, a join in a cloth corresponds to a fabric found during a outpost of Masada nearby a Dead Sea, that antiquated to a 1st century. The weaving pattern, 3:1 twill, is unchanging with first-century Syrian design, according to a estimation of Gilbert Raes of a Ghent Institute of Textile Technology in Belgium. Flury-Lemberg stated: "The linen cloth of a Shroud of Turin does not arrangement any weaving or sewing techniques that would pronounce opposite a start as a high-quality product of a weave workers of a initial century."[103]
In 1999, Mark Guscin investigated a attribute between a hide and a Sudarium of Oviedo, believed to be a cloth that lonesome a conduct of Jesus in a Gospel of John[20:6–7] and following retrieved when Jesus' tomb was found to be empty. The Sudarium is reported to have form AB blood stains. Guscin resolved that a dual cloths lonesome a same conduct during dual distinct, though tighten moments of time. Avinoam Danin (see below) concurred with this analysis, adding that a pollen grains in a Sudarium compare those of a shroud.[104] Skeptics impugn a polarized design conceal technique of Guscin and advise that pollen from Jerusalem could have followed any array of paths to find a proceed to a sudarium.[105]
In 2002, Aldo Guerreschi and Michele Salcito argued that many of these outlines on a fabric of a hide branch from a many progressing time given a symmetries conform some-more to a folding that would have been compulsory to store a cloth in a clay jar (like cloth samples during Qumran) than to that compulsory to store it in a reliquary that housed it in 1532.[106]
Dirt particles[edit]
Joseph Kohlbeck from a Hercules Aerospace Company in Utah and Richard Levi-Setti of a Enrico Fermi Institute examined some mud particles from a Shroud surface. The mud was found to be travertine aragonite limestone.[107] Using a high-resolution microprobe, Levi-Setti and Kolbeck compared a spectra of samples taken from a Shroud with samples of limestone from ancient Jerusalem tombs. The chemical signatures of a Shroud samples and a tomb limestone were found matching solely for notation fragments of cellulose linen fiber that could not be distant from a Shroud samples.[108]
Biological and medical forensics[edit]
Blood stains[edit]
There are several reddish stains on a hide suggesting blood, though it is capricious presumably these stains were assembled during a same time as a image, or afterwards.[109] McCrone (see portrayal hypothesis) identified these as containing iron oxide, theorizing that a participation was expected due to elementary colouring materials used in Gothic times.[110] Other researchers, including Alan Adler, identified a reddish stains as blood and interpreted a iron oxide as a healthy excess of hemoglobin.
Heller and Adler serve difficult a low red stains and identified hemoglobin, as good as a participation of porphyrin, bilirubin, albumin, and protein.[111] Working independently, debate pathologist Pier Luigi Baima Bollone concurred with Heller and Adler's commentary and identified a blood as a AB blood group.[112] Subsequently, STURP sent flecks from a hide to a laboratory clinging to a investigate of ancient blood during a State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton. Dr. Andrew Merriwether during SUNY settled that it is roughly certain that a flecks are blood, though that no decisive statements can be finished about a inlet or provenance, i.e., presumably it is masculine or from a Near East. He also settled that no blood typing could be confirmed, as a DNA was badly fragmented. Studies infer that a blood flows are unchanging with those of a crucified man.[113]
Joe Nickell argues that formula matching to Heller and Adler's could be achieved from tempera paint.[114] Skeptics also bring other debate blood tests whose formula brawl a flawlessness of a Shroud[105] that a blood could go to a chairman doing a shroud, and that a apparent blood flows on a hide are unrealistically neat.[105][115][116]
Flowers and pollen[edit]
In 1997 Avinoam Danin, a botanist during a Hebrew University of Jerusalem, reported that he had identified Chrysanthemum coronarium (now called Glebionis coronaria), Cistus creticus and Zygophyllum whose pulpy design on a hide was initial beheld by Alan Whanger in 1985 on a photographs of a hide taken in 1931. He reported that a outlines of a flowering plants would infer to Mar or Apr and a precinct of Jerusalem.[117][118] In a apart news in 1978 Danin and Uri Baruch reported on a pollen grains on a cloth samples, saying that they were suitable to a open in Israel.[119] Max Frei, a Swiss military criminologist who essentially achieved pollen from a hide during a STURP hearing settled that of a 58 opposite forms of pollens found, 45 were from a Jerusalem area, while 6 were from a eastern Middle East, with one pollen class flourishing exclusively in İstanbul, and dual found in Edessa, Turkey.[120] Mark Antonacci argues that a pollen justification and flower images are inherently interwoven and strengthen any other.[121]
Skeptics have argued that a flower images are too gloomy for Danin's integrity to be definite, that an eccentric hearing of a pollen strands showed that one strand out of a 26 supposing contained significantly some-more pollen than a others, maybe indicating to counsel contamination.[122] Skeptics also remonstrate that Max Frei had formerly been hoodwinked in his hearing of a Hitler Diaries and that he competence have also been hoodwinked in this case, or competence have introduced a pollens himself.[123] J. Beaulieau has settled that Frei was a educated pledge palynologist, was not scrupulously trained, and that his representation was too small.[124]
In 2008 Avinoam Danin reported investigate shaped on a ultraviolet photographs of Miller and Pellicori[26][27] taken in 1978. Danin reported 5 new class of flower, that also freshness in Mar and Apr and settled that a comparison of a 1931 black and white photographs and a 1978 ultraviolet images infer that a flower images are genuine and not a artifact of a specific routine of photography.[125]
A some-more new investigate by Lorusso et al. subjected dual photographs of a hide to minute difficult digital design processing, one of them being a facsimile of a minute disastrous taken by Giuseppe Enrie in 1931. They did not find any images of flowers or coins or anything else on presumably image, they remarkable that a gloomy images identified by a Whangers were "only manifest by incrementing a minute contrast", and they resolved that these signs competence be associated to protuberances in a yarn, and presumably also to a alteration and change of a hardness of a Enrie minute disastrous during a growth in 1931.[126]
An essay published in Nature in 2015 examined a tellurian and non-human DNA found when a hide and a subsidy cloth were vacuumed in 1977 and 1988. They found traces of 19 opposite plant taxa, including plants internal to Mediterranean countries, Central Europe, North Africa, a Middle East, Eastern Asia (China) and a Americas. Of a tellurian mtDNA, sequences were found belonging to haplogroups that are standard of several ethnicities and geographic regions, including Europe, North and East Africa, a Middle East and India. A few non-plant and non-human sequences were also detected, including several birds and one ascribable to a sea worm common in a Northern Pacific Ocean, subsequent to Canada.[127]
Anatomical forensics[edit]
A array of studies on a anatomical coherence of a design on a hide and a inlet of a wounds on it have been performed, following a initial investigate by Yves Delage in 1902.[78] While Delage announced a design anatomically flawless, others have presented arguments to support both flawlessness and forgery.
In 1950 medicine Pierre Barbet wrote a prolonged investigate called A Doctor during Calvary that was after published as a book.[128] Barbet settled that his knowledge as a terrain surgeon during World War we led him to interpretation that a design on a hide was authentic, anatomically scold and unchanging with crucifixion.[129]
In 1997 medicine and debate pathologist Robert Bucklin assembled a unfolding of how a systematic autopsy on a masculine of a hide would have been conducted. He remarkable a array of dire injuries that extend from a shoulder areas to a revoke apportionment of a back, that he deliberate unchanging with whipping; and outlines on a right shoulder blade that he resolved were signs of carrying a difficult object. Bucklin resolved that a design was of a genuine person, theme to crucifixion.[130]
For over a decade, medical investigator Frederick Zugibe achieved a array of studies regulating himself and volunteers dangling from a cross, and presented his conclusions in a book in 1998.[131] Zugibe deliberate a hide design and a proportions as authentic, though disagreed with Barbet and Bucklin on several sum such as blood flow. Zugibe resolved that a design on a hide is of a physique of a man, though that a physique had been washed.[132]
In 2001, Pierluigi Baima Bollone, a highbrow of debate medicine in Turin, settled that a debate hearing of a wounds and bloodstains on a Shroud infer that a design was that of a passed physique of a masculine who was whipped, bleeding around a conduct by a forked instrument and nailed during a extremities before dying.[133]
In 2010 Giulio Fanti, highbrow of automatic measurements, wrote that "apart from a hands following placed on a pubic area, a front and behind images are concordant with a Shroud being used to hang a physique of a masculine 175±2 cm (5 ft 9 in ± 1 in) tall, which, due to cadaveric rigidity, remained in a same position it would have insincere during crucifixion".[134]
Artist Isabel Piczek settled in 1995 that while a ubiquitous investigate opinion sees a flatly recumbent physique on a Shroud, a veteran incongruous artist can see estimable differences from a flatly recumbent position. She settled that a veteran humanities can't find discrepancies and distortions in a anatomy of a "Shroud Man".[135]
Nickell, in 1983, and Gregory S. Paul in 2010, alone state that a proportions of a design are not realistic. Paul settled that a face and proportions of a hide design are impossible, that a figure can't paint that of an tangible chairman and that a viewpoint was inconsistent. They argued that a front on a hide is too small; and that a arms are too prolonged and of opposite lengths and that a stretch from a eyebrows to a tip of a conduct is non-representative. They resolved that a facilities can be explained if a hide is a work of a Gothic artist.[136][137]
Image and content analysis[edit]
Image analysis[edit]
Both digital design estimate and analog techniques have been practical to a hide images.
In 1976 Pete Schumacher, John Jackson and Eric Jumper analysed a sketch of a hide design regulating a VP8 Image Analyzer, that was grown for NASA to emanate liughtness maps of a moon. A liughtness map (isometric display) interprets differences of liughtness within an design as differences of betterment – brighter rags are seen as being closer to a camera, and darker rags serve away. Our minds appreciate these gradients as a "pseudo-three-dimensional image".[138][139][140] They found that, graphic any sketch they had analyzed, a hide design has a skill of decoding into a 3-dimensional image, when a darker tools of a design are interpreted to be those facilities of a masculine that were closest to a hide and a lighter areas of a design those facilities that were farthest. The researchers could not replicate a outcome when they attempted to send matching images regulating techniques of retard print, engravings, a prohibited statue, and bas-relief.[141]
However visual physicist and former STURP member John Dee German has given remarkable that it is not formidable to make a sketch that has 3D qualities. If a intent being photographed is aflame from a front, and a non-reflective "fog" of some arrange exists between a camera and a object, thereafter reduction light will strech and copy behind from a portions of a intent that are over from a lens, so formulating a contrariety that is contingent on distance.[142]
Researchers Jackson, Jumper, and Stephenson news detecting a impressions of coins placed on both eyes after a digital investigate in 1978.[143] They saw a two-lepton silver on a right eyelid dating from 29-30,[144] and a one-lepton silver on a left eyebrow minted in 29.[145] The existence of a silver images is deserted by many scientists.[146]
In 2004, in an essay in Journal of Optics A, Fanti and Maggiolo reported anticipating a gloomy second face on a backside of a cloth, after a 2002 restoration.[147]
The front design of a Turin Shroud, 1.95 m long, is not directly concordant with a behind image, 2.02 m long.[148]
Text of genocide certificate[edit]
In 1979 Greek and Latin letters were reported as combined nearby a face. These were serve difficult by André Marion, highbrow during a École supérieure d'optique and his tyro Anne Laure Courage, in 1997. Subsequently, after behaving computerized investigate and microdensitometer studies, they reported anticipating additional inscriptions, among them INNECEM (a condensed form of Latin "in necem ibis"—"you will go to death"), NNAZAPE(N)NUS (Nazarene), IHSOY (Jesus) and IC (Iesus Chrestus). The capricious letters IBE(R?) have been conjectured as "Tiberius".[149] Linguist Mark Guscin doubtful a reports of Marion and Courage. He settled that a inscriptions finished tiny grammatical or chronological clarity and that they did not seem on a slides that Marion and Courage indicated.[150]
In 2009, Barbara Frale, a paleographer in a Vatican Secret Archives, who had published dual books on a Shroud of Turin reported serve investigate of a text.[151] In her books Frale had settled that a hide had been kept by a Templars after 1204.[152] In 2009 Frale settled that it is illusive to review on a design a funeral certificate of Jesus a Nazarene, or Jesus of Nazareth, imprinted in fragments of Greek, Hebrew and Latin writing.[153][154]
Frale settled a content on a Shroud reads: "In a year 16 of a power of a Emperor Tiberius Jesus a Nazarene, taken down in a early dusk after carrying been cursed to genocide by a Roman decider given he was found guilty by a Hebrew authority, is hereby sent for funeral with a requirement of being consigned to his family usually after one full year."[153][155] Since Tiberius became czar after a genocide of Octavian Augustus in AD 14, a 16th year of his power would be within a camber of a years AD 30 to 31.[153][154] Frale's methodology has been criticized, partly shaped on a conflict that a papers are too gloomy to see.[156][157][158] Dr Antonio Lombatti, an Italian historian, deserted a thought that a authorities would have worried to tab a physique of a crucified man. He settled that "It's all a outcome of imagination and resource software."[159]
A investigate by Lorusso et al. subjected dual photographs of a hide to digital design processing, one of them being a facsimile of a minute disastrous taken by Giuseppe Enrie in 1931. They did not find any signs, black or essay on presumably image, and remarkable that these signs competence be associated to protuberances in a yarn, as good presumably as to a alteration and change of a hardness of a Enrie minute disastrous during a growth in 1931.[126]
Hypotheses on design origin[edit]
Many hypotheses have been formulated and tested to explain a design on a Shroud. According to pro-authenticity authors Baldacchini and Fanti to date, "the physique design of a Turin Shroud has not nonetheless been explained by normal science; so a good seductiveness in a illusive resource of design arrangement still exists", a end also upheld by Philip Ball.[160]
Painting and pigmentation[edit]
The technique used for producing a design is, according to W. McCrone, already described in a book about Gothic portrayal published in 1847 by Charles Lock Eastlake (Methods and Materials of Painting of a Great Schools and Masters). Eastlake describes in a section "Practice of Painting Generally During a XIVth Century" a special technique of portrayal on linen regulating tempera paint, that produces images with surprising pure features—which McCrone compares to a design on a shroud.[161]
Pro-authenticity journals have announced this supposition to be unsound, saying that X-ray shimmer examination, as good as infrared thermography, did not infer out any pigment.[162][163][164] It was also found that 25 opposite solvents, among them water, do not revoke or consume out a image.[165] The Shroud Center of Colorado argues that paint pigments came from embellished copies that were overlaid by artists during a Middle Ages in sequence to countenance them as accurate copies of a Shroud.[166] The non-paint start has been serve examined by Fourier renovate of a image: common paintings uncover a directionality that is absent from a Turin Shroud.[167] However McCrone and others have reliable a participation of pigments, of forms ordinarily used in Gothic paints, on a shroud.
Bishop D'Arcis's minute to Pope Clement VII, a beginning clear anxiety to a shroud, states that a forger who confessed to creation it had finished so by painting.[168]
Acid pigmentation[edit]
In 2009, Luigi Garlaschelli, highbrow of organic chemistry during a University of Pavia, announced that he had finished a full stretch facsimile of a Shroud of Turin regulating usually Gothic technologies. Garlaschelli placed a linen square over a proffer and thereafter burnished it with an acidic pigment. The hide was thereafter aged in an oven before being cleared to mislay a pigment. He thereafter combined blood stains, scorches and H2O stains to replicate a original.[169] But according to Giulio Fanti, highbrow of automatic and thermic measurements during a University of Padua, "the technique itself seems incompetent to furnish an design carrying a many vicious Turin Shroud design characteristics".[170][171]
Garlaschelli's facsimile was featured in a 2010 National Geographic documentary. The technique used by Garlaschelli enclosed a bas use proceed (described below) though usually for a design of a face. The following design was visibly unequivocally matching to a Turin Shroud.[172]
Medieval photography[edit]
According to a art historian Nicholas Allen a design on a hide was shaped by a minute technique in a 13th century.[173] Allen maintains that techniques already accessible before a 14th century—e.g., as described in a Book of Optics, that was during usually that time translated from Arabic to Latin—were sufficient to furnish obsolete photographs, and that people informed with these techniques would have been means to furnish an design as found on a shroud. To denote this, he successfully assembled minute images matching to a hide regulating usually techniques and materials accessible during a time a hide was presumably made. He described his formula in his PhD thesis,[174] in papers published in several scholarship journals,[175][176] and in a book.[177]Silver platitude is believed by some to have been used for creation a Shroud of Turin as it is widely used in minute films.[178]
Lynn Picknett has combined a book proposing that Leonardo da Vinci had calculated a Shroud.[179][180] Picknett and Larissa Tracy seemed on a Channel 5 (UK) TV module that announced that a Shroud was a oldest famous flourishing photograph.[180] The module theorized that da Vinci used a genuine corpse, achieved an old-looking square of linen, treated it with photo-sensitive chemicals and thereafter unprotected it in an early form of camera obscura to emanate a image.[180] However John Jackson, executive of a Turin Shroud Centre of Colorado discharged these hypotheses.[180] Jackson et al. have argued that a double minute exposure, indispensable in that case, should have deliberate a distances and in this box there would be areas of minute superimposition with opposite lights and shades. The distances on Shroud instead conform to a physique position.[181]
Dust-transfer technique[edit]
Scientists Emily Craig and Randall Bresee have attempted to reconstruct a likenesses of a hide by a dust-transfer technique, that could have been finished by Gothic arts. They initial did a carbon-dust sketch of a Jesus-like face (using collagen dust) on a newsprint finished from timber pap (which is matching to 13th and 14th-century paper). They subsequent placed a sketch on a list and lonesome it with a square of linen. They thereafter pulpy a linen opposite a newsprint by resolutely rubbing with a prosaic side of a wooden spoon. By doing this they managed to emanate a reddish brownish-red design with a realistic certain association of a person, a 3 dimensional design and no pointer of brush strokes.[182] However, according to Fanti and Moroni, this does not imitate many special facilities of a Shroud during small level.[183]
Another supposition suggests that a Shroud competence have been shaped regulating a engraving sculpture. Researcher Jacques di Costanzo, observant that a Shroud design seems to have a three-dimensional quality, suggested that maybe a design was shaped regulating an tangible three-dimensional object, such as a sculpture. While jacket a cloth around a life-sized statue would outcome in a twisted image, fixation a cloth over a engraving would outcome in an design like a one seen on a shroud. To denote a plausibility of his hypothesis, Costanzo assembled a engraving of a Jesus-like face and draped soppy linen over a bas-relief. After a linen dried, he dabbed it with a reduction of ferric oxide and gelatine. The outcome was an design matching to that of a Shroud. The imprinted design incited out to be wash-resistant, cool to temperatures of 250 °C (482 °F) and was unimpaired by bearing to a operation of oppressive chemicals, including bisulphite which, though a assistance of a gelatine, would routinely have degraded ferric oxide to a devalue ferrous oxide.[184] Similar formula have been achieved by Nickell.
Instead of painting, it has been suggested that a engraving could also be exhilarated and used to whip an design onto a cloth. However researcher Thibault Heimburger achieved some experiments with a boiling of linen, and found that a whip symbol is usually assembled by proceed hit with a prohibited intent – so producing an all-or-nothing blemish with no graduation of tone as is found in a shroud.[185]
According to Fanti and Moroni, after comparing a histograms of 256 opposite grey levels, it was found that a design achieved with a engraving has grey values enclosed between 60 and 256 levels, though it is many contrasted with far-reaching areas of white superfluity (levels enclosed between 245 and 256) and lacks of middle grey levels (levels enclosed between 160 and 200). The face design on a Shroud instead has grey tonalities that change in a same values margin (between 60 and 256), though a white superfluity is many reduction remarkable and a histogram is many prosaic in organisation of a middle grey levels (levels enclosed between 160 and 200).[186]
Maillard reaction[edit]
The Maillard greeting is a form of non-enzymatic browning involving an amino poison and a shortening sugar. The cellulose fibers of a hide are coated with a skinny carbohydrate covering of starch fractions, several sugars, and other impurities. In a paper entitled "The Shroud of Turin: an amino-carbonyl greeting competence explain a design formation,"[187]Raymond Rogers and Anna Arnoldi introduce that amines from a recently defunct tellurian physique competence have undergone Maillard reactions with this carbohydrate covering within a reasonable duration of time, before glass decay products stained or shop-worn a cloth. The gases assembled by a passed physique are intensely reactive chemically and within a few hours, in an sourroundings such as a tomb, a physique starts to furnish heavier amines in a tissues such as putrescine and cadaverine. However a power source for amines compulsory for a greeting is a decomposing body,[188] and no signs of decay have been found on a Shroud.[189] Rogers also records that their tests suggested that there were no proteins or corporeal fluids on a design areas.[190] Also, a design fortitude and a uniform coloration of a linen fortitude seem to be exclusive with a resource involving diffusion.[191]
Alan A. Mills argued that a design was shaped by a chemical greeting auto-oxidation. He remarkable that a design corresponds to what would have been assembled by a flighty chemical if a power of a tone change were inversely proportional to a stretch from a physique of a loosely draped cloth.[192]
Energy source[edit]
Since 1930[193] several researchers (J. Jackson, G. Fanti, T. Trenn, T. Phillips, J.-B. Rinaudo and others) accessible a flash-like irradiation hypothesis. It was suggested that a comparatively high clarification of a design sum can be achieved by a appetite source (specifically, protonic) behaving from inside.[181] The Russian researcher Alexander Belyakov due an intense, though brief flashlight source, that lasted some hundredths of a second.[194] Some other authors advise a X-radiation[195] or a detonate of directional ultraviolet deviation competence have played a purpose in a arrangement of a Shroud image.[196][197] From a design characteristics, several researchers have theorized that a eager source was prevalently vertical. These theories do not embody a systematic contention of a routine by that a appetite could have been produced.[165]
Raymond Rogers criticized a theory, saying: "It is transparent that a aurora liberate (plasma) in atmosphere will means simply understandable changes in a linen sample. No such effects can be distinguished in design fibers from a Shroud of Turin. Corona discharges and/or plasmas finished no grant to design formation."[198][199]
Corona discharge[edit]
During replacement in 2002, a behind of a cloth was photographed and scanned for a initial time. An essay on this theme by Giulio Fanti and others envisages a electrostatic aurora liberate as a illusive resource to furnish a images of a physique in a Shroud.[200] Congruent with that mechanism, they also news an design on a retreat side of a fabric, many fainter than that on a front perspective of a body, consisting essentially of a face and maybe hands. As with a front picture, it is wholly superficial, with coloration singular to a carbohydrate layer. The images conform to, and are in registration with, those on a other side of a cloth. No design is detectable in a retreat side of a dorsal perspective of a body.
In Dec 2011 Giulio Fanti, a scientist during a University of Padua, published a vicious collection of a vital hypotheses per a arrangement of a physique design on a shroud. Fanti settled that "none of them can totally explain a puzzling image". Fanti thereafter deliberate aurora liberate as a many illusive supposition per a arrangement of a physique image.[201] He settled that it would be unfit to imitate all a characteristics of a design in a laboratory given a appetite source compulsory would be too high.[191][202] Fanti has restated a deviation theories in a 2013 book.[203]
Raymond Rogers criticized a theory, saying: "It is transparent that a aurora liberate (plasma) in atmosphere will means simply understandable changes in a linen sample. No such effects can be distinguished in design fibers from a Shroud of Turin. Corona discharges and/or plasmas finished no grant to design formation."[210][211]
Ultraviolet radiation[edit]
In Dec 2011 scientists during Italy's National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development ENEA deduced from a STURP formula that a tone of a Shroud design is a outcome of an accelerated aging routine of a linen, matching to a yellowing of a paper of ancient books. They demonstrated that a photochemical reactions caused by exposing linen to ultraviolet light could imitate a categorical characteristics of a Shroud image, such as a sarcasm of a coloration and a slope of a color, that are not reproducible by other means. When subsequently bright with a UV lamp, a irradiated linen fabrics behaved like a linen of a Shroud. They also dynamic that UV deviation changes a bright structure of cellulose in a matching demeanour as aging and long-duration credentials radiation.[204][205]
Professor Paolo Di Lazzaro, a lead researcher, indicated in an e-mail talk that '….it appears doubtful a forger competence have finished this design with technologies accessible in a Middle Ages or earlier', though their investigate does not meant a Shroud design was combined by a peep of a supernatural resurrection, discordant to how a story was presented in a media, generally on a Web.[206] Professional doubter Joe Nickell states that a latest commentary are zero new notwithstanding being 'dressed adult in high-tech tests', and that they don't infer many of anything.[206]
Recent developments[edit]
In Nov 2011, F. Curciarello et al. published a paper that analyzed a sudden changes in a yellowed fibril firmness values on a Shroud image. They resolved that a fast changes in a physique design power are not anomalies in a production routine of a linen though that they can be explained with a participation of aromas or funeral ointments.[207] However, their work leaves a existence of an appetite source for a design an open question.[207]
On Holy Saturday (30 March) 2013, images of a hide were streamed on several websites as good as on radio for a initial time in 40 years.[46] Roberto Gottardo of a parish of Turin settled that for a initial time ever they had expelled high clarification images of a hide that can be used on inscription computers and can be magnified to uncover sum not manifest to a unprotected eye.[46] As this singular carnival took place, Pope Francis released a delicately worded matter that urged a loyal to anticipate a hide with astonishment but, like his predecessors, he "stopped resolutely brief of reporting a authenticity".[73][74]
In 2013, 3 articles were published that seem to support a supposition that a Turin hide is a funeral cloth of Jesus of Nazareth. One followed a "Minimal Facts approach" to establish that supposition relating to a design arrangement routine "is a many likely".[208] Another analysed a wounds clearly clear on a design in a hide and compared them to a wounds that a gospels state were inflicted on Jesus.[209] A retrogression investigate by Riani et al. resolved that "for whatever reasons, a structure of a TS is some-more difficult than that of a 3 fabrics with that it was compared".[210]
In 2013, Giulio Fanti achieved new dating studies on fragments achieved from a shroud. He achieved 3 opposite tests including spectroscopy (absorption of light of opposite colours). The date operation from these tests date a hide between 300 BC and 400 AD.[211][212] These studies have been publicly overlooked by Mgr. Cesare Nosiglia, archbishop of Turin and protector of a shroud. Cardinal Nosiglia settled that "as it is not illusive to be certain that a analysed element was taken from a fabric of a hide no critical value can be famous to a formula of such experiments".[213][214]
In 2015, Italian researchers published a new investigate in Scientific Reports. After sequencing some DNA of pollen and mud found on a shroud, they reliable that many people from many opposite places came in hit with a shroud. According to a scientists, "such farrago does not bar a Medieval start in Europe though it would be also concordant with a ancestral trail followed by a Turin Shroud during a reputed tour from a Near East. Furthermore, a formula lift a probability of an Indian make of a linen cloth."[215][216]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Italy portal
- Acheiropoieta
- Altar cloth
- Depiction of Jesus
- Manoppello Image
- Relics compared with Jesus
- Sudarium of Oviedo
- Veil of Veronica
Reference notes[edit]
- ^ Taylor, R.E. and Bar-Yosef, Ofer. Radiocarbon Dating, Second Edition: An Archaeological Perspective. Left Coast Press, 2014, p. 165
- ^ a b The Rev. Albert R. Dreisbach (1997). "The Shroud of Turin: Its Ecumenical Implications".
Returning to a ecumenical dimension of this dedicated linen, it became unequivocally clear to me on a night of Aug 16, 1983, when internal judicatory leaders offering their corporate blessing to a TURIN SHROUD EXHIBIT and participated in a Evening Office of a Holy Shroud. The Greek Archbishop, a Roman Catholic Archbishop, a Episcopal Bishop and a Presiding Bishop of a AME Church collected before a world's initial full size, backlit clarity of a Shroud and assimilated preaching representing a Assemblies of God, Baptists, Lutherans, Methodists and Presbyterians in ecumenical unity. At a end of a service, His Grace Bishop John of a Greek Orthodox Diocese of Atlanta, incited to me and said: "Thank we unequivocally many for picking a day." we didn't entirely know a stress of his acknowledgement until he explained to me that Aug 16th is a Feast of a Holy Mandylion commemorating a arise in 944 A.D. when a Shroud was initial shown to a open in Byzantium following a attainment a prior day from Edessa in southeastern Turkey.Missing or dull
- ^ Joan Carroll Cruz, Saintly Men of Modern Times, Our Sunday Visitor, 2003, ISBN 1-931709-77-7, page 200.
- ^ Pope Francis and a Shroud of Turin
- ^ Pastoral Visit of His Holiness John Paul II to Vercelli and Turin, Italy, 23–24 May 1998 [1]
- ^ a b c d e W. Meacham, "The Authentication of a Turin Shroud, An Issue in Archeological Epistemology", Current Anthropology, 24, 3, 1983 Article
- ^ a b "Debate of Roger Sparks and William Meacham on alt.turin-shroud". Shroud.com. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ a b Meacham, William (1 Mar 1986). "From a Proceedings of a Symposium "Turin Shroud – Image of Christ?"". Retrieved 14 April 2009.
- ^ "ORAU – Shroud of Turin". C14.arch.ox.ac.uk. 22 Mar 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
- ^ a b A New Radiocarbon Hypothesis by John P. Jackson; [Turin Shroud Center of Colorado; May 5, 2008 http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/jackson.pdf]
- ^ "The Invisible Mending of a Shroud, a Theory and a Reality" (PDF). Shroud.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
- ^ a b DATING THE TURIN SHROUD-AN ASSESSMENT: by H E Gove: RADIOCARBON, VOL 32, No. 1, 1990, P 87-92, during https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/1254/1259
- ^ a b c R.A. Freer-Waters, A.J.T. Jull, Investigating a Dated square of a Shroud of Turin, Radiocarbon, 52, 2010, pp. 1521-1527.
- ^ a b c DATING THE TURIN SHROUD-AN ASSESSMENT. H E Gove, Nuclear Structure Research Laboratory, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, in RADIOCARBON, VOL 32, No. 1, 1990, P 87-92, during https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/1254/1259
- ^ a b Schafersman, Steven D. (14 Mar 2005). "A Skeptical Response to Studies on a Radiocarbon Sample from a Shroud of Turin by Raymond N. Rogers". llanoestacado.org. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
- ^ "Debate of Roger Sparks and William Meacham on alt.turin-shroud". Shroud.com. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ^ a b The Turin Shroud is fake. Get over it Tom Chivers in a Daily Telegraph 20 Dec 2011
- ^ Ball, P. (2008). "Material witness: Shrouded in mystery". Nature Materials 7 (5): 349. doi:10.1038/nmat2170. PMID 18432204.
- ^ According to LLoyd A. Currie, it is "widely accepted" that "the Shroud of Turin is a singular many difficult artifact in tellurian history" in Lloyd A. Currie, "The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating Journal of a National Institute of Standards and Technology 109, 2004, p. 200.
- ^ G.R. Habermas, 'Shroud of Turin' in G.T. Kurian (ed.), "The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization", Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p. 2161.
- ^ Alan D. Adler (2002). The orphaned manuscript: a entertainment of publications on a Shroud of Turin. p. 103. ISBN 88-7402-003-1.
- ^ "How Tall is a Man on a Shroud?". Shroud Of Turn For Journalists. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ John H. Heller (1983). Report on a Shroud of Turin. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-33967-7.
- ^ a b Bernard Ruffin (1999). The Shroud of Turin. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 14. ISBN 0-87973-617-8.
- ^ John Beldon Scott (2003). Architecture for a shroud: vestige and protocol in Turin. University of Chicago Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-226-74316-0.
- ^ a b Miller, V. D.; Pellicori, S. F. (July 1981). "Ultraviolet shimmer photography of a Shroud of Turin". Journal of Biological Photography 49 (3): 71–85. PMID 7024245.
- ^ a b Pellicori, S. F. (1980). "Spectral properties of a Shroud of Turin". Applied Optics 19 (12): 1913–1920. doi:10.1364/AO.19.001913. PMID 20221155.
- ^ Joan Carroll Cruz (1984). Relics. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 49. ISBN 0-87973-701-8.
- ^ Averil Cameron: "The History of a Image of Edessa: The Telling of a Story", in a Harvard Ukrainian Studies Vol. 7, 1983 [2]
- ^ Averil Cameron, Review of "The Image of Edessa. The Medieval Mediterranean" in The Medieval Review 09.09.21 [3]
- ^ Freeman, Charles. (2012)."The Shroud of Turin and a Image of Edessa: A Misguided Journey". Free Inquiry.
- ^ G.M.Rinaldi, "Il Codice Pray", http://sindone.weebly.com/pray.html
- ^ "Turin hide 'older than thought'". BBC News. 31 Jan 2005.
- ^ Joe Nickell, Inquest on a Shroud of Turin: Latest Scientific Findings, Prometheus Books, 1998, ISBN 9781573922722
- ^ Emmanuel Poulle, ″Les sources de l'histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique″, Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique, 2009/3-4, p. 776.Abstract
- ^ Watson E. Mills et alii, Mercer compendium of a Bible, Mercer University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-86554-373-9 page 822
- ^ Emmanuel Poulle, ″Les sources de l'histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique″, Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique, 2009/3-4, pp. 747–781.Abstract
- ^ Humber, Thomas: The Sacred Shroud. New York: Pocket Books, 1980. ISBN 0-671-41889-0
- ^ Catalogue of a Musée National du Moyen Age, Paris, A commemoration from Lirey by Mario Latendresse
- ^ John Beldon Scott, Architecture for a shroud: vestige and protocol in Turin, University of Chicago Press, 2003, ISBN 0-226-74316-0 page xxi
- ^ See House of Savoy historian Filiberto Pingone in Filiberto Pingone, La Sindone dei Vangeli (Sindon Evangelica). Componimenti poetici sulla Sindone. Bolla di pappy Giulio II (1506). Pellegrinaggio di S. Carlo Borromeo a Torino (1578). Introduzione, traduzione, note e riproduzione del testo originale a cura di Riccardo Quaglia, nuova edizione riveduta (2015), Biella 2015, ISBN 978-1-4452-8258-9
- ^ Architecture for a shroud: vestige and protocol in Turin by John Beldon Scott 2003 ISBN 0-226-74316-0 page 26
- ^ Ian Wilson, Highlights of a Undisputed History, 1996
- ^ "Shroud of Turin Saved From Fire in Cathedral". The New York Times. 12 Apr 1997.
- ^ "To see a Shroud : 2M and counting". Zenit. 5 May 2010
- ^ a b c Povoledo, Elisabetta (29 Mar 2013). "Turin Shroud Going on TV, With Video From Pope". New York Times. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
- ^ Turin Shroud shown live on Italy TV, BBC, 30 Mar 2013, retrieved 30 March 2013
- ^ "Turin Shroud goes behind on arrangement during city's cathedral". BBC. 19 Apr 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ a b Barrie M. Schwortz. "Shroud Exhibitions". The Shroud of Turin (shroud.com). Shroud of Turin Education and Research Association, Inc. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
- ^ Joan Carrol Cruz, 1984 Relics ISBN 0-87973-701-8 page 55
- ^ Ann Ball, Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices, Our Sunday Visitor, 2002 ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 533
- ^ Ann Ball, Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices, Our Sunday Visitor, 2002, ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 239
- ^ a b John Calvin, 1543, Treatise on Relics, trans. by Count Valerian Krasinski, 1854; 2nd ed. Edinburgh: John Stone, Hunter, and Company, 1870; reprinted with an introduction by Joe Nickell, Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2009.
- ^ Dorothy Scallan, The Holy Man of Tours, TAN Books and Publishers, 2009, ISBN 0-89555-390-2
- ^ Kitzinger, Ernst, "The Cult of Images in a Age before Iconoclasm", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 8, (1954), pp. 112-115 in particular, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, JSTOR
- ^ Charles S. Brown, Bible "Mysteries" Explained, Crystal Publishing, 2007, ISBN 0-9582813-0-0 page 193
- ^ Peter Rinaldi, The masculine in a Shroud, Futura Publications Ltd, 1972, ISBN 0-86007-010-7 page 45
- ^ a b The Shroud of Turin by Bernard Ruffin 1999 ISBN 0-87973-617-8 pages 155-156
- ^ Thomas J. Phillips, "Shroud irradiated with neutrons?", Nature, volume 337, Feb.16 1989, doi:10.1038/337594a0
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, art. Shroud of Turin (relic)., 28 Dec 2010
- ^ Maria Rigamonti, Mother Maria Pierina, Cenacle Publishing, 1999
- ^ Joan Carroll Cruz, Saintly Men of Modern Times, Our Sunday Visitor, 2003, ISBN 1-931709-77-7
- ^ Michael Freze, 1993, Voices, Visions, and Apparitions, OSV Publishing, ISBN 0-87973-454-X page 57
- ^ Matthew Bunson, OSV's thesaurus of Catholic history, revised edition, Our Sunday Visitor, 2004, ISBN 1-59276-026-0 page 912
- ^ Francis D'Emilio essay on Pope John Paul II's revisit to a Shroud of Turin, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – 25 May 1998
- ^ Address of John Paul II 24 May 1998.
- ^ Vatican website: Pope John Paul II's Address of 24 May 1998 in Turin Cathedral [4]
- ^ In Joseph Ratzinger, The suggestion of Liturgy, Ignatius Press, 2000, ISBN 0-89870-784-6, cf. [5] and [6]
- ^ Catholic News Service
- ^ Meditation of Benedict XVI, Official Translation
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- ^ a b Pope:"I join all of we collected before a Holy Shroud". The Vatican Today. Retrieved 3 Apr 2013
- ^ a b c Pope Francis and a Turin Shroud: Making clarity of a poser (31 Mar 2013). The Economist archive. Retrieved 3 Apr 2013
- ^ http://www.romereports.com/pg158980-pope-francis-to-pray-before-the-holy-shroud-in-turin-en
- ^ http://www.cruxnow.com/church/2014/11/05/pope-francis-to-venerate-famed-shroud-of-turin-in-2015/
- ^ http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/pope-will-visit-shroud-turin-commemorate-birth-st-john-bosco
- ^ a b c Delage, Yves. 1902. Le Linceul de Turin. Revue Scientifique 22:683–87.
- ^ a b c Meacham, William. "The Authentication of a Turin Shroud: An Issue in Archaeological Epistemology". Retrieved 24 March 2010. [7]
- ^ Tamburelli, Giovanni. "Some formula in a estimate of a holy Shroud of Turin." Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on 6 (1981): 670-676.
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- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "The Holy Shroud (of Turin)". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ news.nationalgeographic.com 2015-04-17 Why Shroud of Turin's Secrets Continue to Elude Science
- ^ W.S.A. Dale, "The Shroud of Turin: Relic or Icon?" Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B29 (1987) 187–192 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(87)90233-3. This paper is poignant in that it was presented to a general radiocarbon village shortly before radiocarbon dating was achieved on a shroud.
- ^ R.N Rogers, "Studies on a Radiocarbon Sample from a Shroud of Turin", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 425, 2005, pp. 189–194, article; S. Benford, J. Marino, "Discrepancies in a radiocarbon dating area of a Turin shroud", Chemistry Today, vol 26 n 4 / July–August 2008, p. 4-12, article;Emmanuel Poulle, ″Les sources de l'histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique″, Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique, 2009/3-4, Abstract; Marco Riani, Anthony Atkinson, Giulio Fanti, Fabio Crosilla, "Regression Analysis with Partially Labelled Regressors: Carbon Dating of a Shroud of Turin", Statistics and Computing, 2012, article
- ^ Busson, P. – Letter – Sampling error? – Nature, Vol. 352, 18 Jul 1991, p. 187.
- ^ John L. Brown, "Microscopical Investigation of Selected Raes Threads From a Shroud of Turin"Article (2005)
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- ^ R.N Rogers, "Studies on a Radiocarbon Sample from a Shroud of Turin", Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 425, 2005, pp. 189–194, article
- ^ John P. Jackson, Ph.D. (5 May 2008). "A New Radiocarbon Hypothesis" (PDF). Turin Shroud Center of Colorado. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
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- ^ "The Invisible Mending of a Shroud, a Theory and a Reality" (PDF). Shroud.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
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- ^ Materials evaluation, Volume 40, Issues 1-5, 1982, Page 630
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- ^ Ian Wilson, The Blood and a Shroud. New York: Free Press, 1998. pp. 80–81 ISBN 0-684-85359-0
- ^ Debunking The Shroud: Made by Human Hands
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- ^ The Sudarium of Oviedo
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- ^ a b THE SHROUD OF TURIN BETWEEN HISTORY AND SCIENCE: AN ONGOING DEBATE, Salvatore Lorusso et al, University of Bologna, during http://www.academia.edu/3254411/The_Shroud_of_Turin_between_history_and_science_an_ongoing_debate
- ^ Uncovering a sources of DNA found on a Turin Shroud, by Gianni Barcaccia, Giulio Galla, Alessandro Achilli, Anna Olivieri, Antonio Torroni; inlet – Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 14484 (2015), doi:10.1038/srep14484; Published online: 05 Oct 2015, during http://www.nature.com/articles/srep14484
- ^ Barbet, Pierre. 1963. A Doctor during Calvary. New York: Image Publishers
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- ^ Robert Bucklin, An Autopsy on a Man of a Shroud, 1997, Article
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- ^ G. Fanti, R. Basso, G. Bianchini, Turin Shroud: Compatibility Between a Digitized Body Image and a Computerized Anthropomorphous Manikin, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology – September/October 2010 – Volume 54, Issue 5, pp. 050503-(8), Abstract
- ^ Isabel Piczek, "Is a Shroud of Turin a painting ?", Article
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- ^ Paul, Gregory S. (6 May 2010). "The Shroud of Turin: The Great Gothic Art Fraud". Secular Web Kiosk. Internet Infidels. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
- ^ Talk by Pete Schumacher presented on a web page of a museum he created.http://shroudnm.com/library.html
- ^ Paper by Pete Schumacher in English.http://shroudnm.com/docs/1999-05-Photogrammetric-Responses-from-the-Shroud-of-Turin.pdf
- ^ Paper by Pete Schumacher in Spanish.http://shroudnm.com/docs/1999-05-Las-respuestas-de-Fotogrametr%C3%ADa-De-La-S%C3%A1bana-Santa-de-Tur%C3%ADn.pdf
- ^ Heller, John H. Report on a Shroud of Turin, Houghton Mifflin, 1983. ISBN 0-395-33967-7 page 207
- ^ http://www.ohioshroudconference.com/papers/p22.pdf
- ^ Jackson, John P., Eric J. Jumper, Bill Mottern, and Kenneth E. Stevenson. 1977. "The three-dimensional design of Jesus' funeral cloth", Proceedings, 1977 United States Conference of Research on The Shroud of Turin, Holy Shroud Guild, New York, 1977, pp. 74–94.
- ^ F. Filas, The dating of a Shroud from coins of Pontius Pilate, Cogan, Youngtown (Arizona), 1982
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- ^ G. Fanti, R. Maggiolo, "The double shallowness of a frontal design of a Turin Shroud", Journal of Optics A, 6, 2004, pp. 491-503, abstract
- ^ G. Fanti, R. Basso, G. Bianchini,"Turin Shroud: Compatibility Between a Digitized Body Image and a Computerized Anthropomorphous Manikin", Journal of Imaging Science and Technology – September/October 2010 – Volume 54, Issue 5, pp. 050503-(8), abstract
- ^ A. Marion, A.-L. Courage, Nouvelles découvertes sur le suaire de Turin, Paris, Albin Michel, 1998, ISBN 2-226-09231-5
- ^ Mark Guscin. "The "Inscriptions" on a Shroud" (PDF). British Society for a Turin Shroud Newsletter. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ^ Frale 2009
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her investigate of a hearing of a Knights Templar had brought to light a request in that Arnaut Sabbatier (…) was shown "a prolonged linen cloth on that was tender a figure of a man" and educated to commend a design by kissing a feet 3 times.
- ^ a b c Owen, Richard (21 Nov 2009). "Death certificate is imprinted on a Shroud of Turin, says Vatican scholar". The Times. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ a b Daily Telegraph: "Jesus Christ's 'death certificate' found on Turin Shroud" [13]
- ^ Images of a Shroud text
- ^ The Jesus Inquest: The Case for and Against a Resurrection of a Christ by Charles Foster 2011 ISBN 0-8499-4811-8 Appendix 2: The Turin Shroud
- ^ Poulle, Emmanuel, ″Les sources de l'histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique″, Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique, 2009/3-4, pp. 747–782, abstract. Retrieved 24 Oct 2010.
- ^ Vallerani, Massimo, "I templari e la Sindone: l'"ipotetica della falsità" e l'invenzione della storia", Historia Magistra, 2, 2009, abstract. Retrieved 24 Oct 2010.
- ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0503/Pope-Benedict-says-Shroud-of-Turin-authentic-burial-robe-of-Jesus
- ^ G. Baldacchini, P. di Lazzaro, D. Murra, G. Fanti, "Coloring linens with excimer lasers to copy a physique design of a Turin Shroud", Applied Optics,Vol. 47, Issue 9, pp. 1278–1285 (2008) Abstract; Giulio Fanti :"The physique design manifest on a Turin Shroud (TS) has not nonetheless been explained by science", in "Can a Corona Discharge Explain a Body Image of a Turin Shroud?", Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, March/April 2010 – Volume 54, Issue 2, pp. 020508-(11), Abstract ; Philip Ball in 2005 : "it is simply not famous how a resounding design of a serene, bearded masculine was made" editorial
- ^ Walter C. McCrone, Judgment day for a Shroud of Turin, Amherst, N.Y., Prometheus Books, (1999) ISBN 1-57392-679-5
- ^ G. Imbalzano, "Il linguaggio della Sindone", Sindon biography of a Centro Internazionale di Sindonologia of Turin, n.29, Dec 1980, pp. 13-23
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- ^ A. D. Adler, "Aspetti fisico-chimici delle immagini sindoniche", Sindone, cento anni di ricerca, Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, Roma 1998, pp. 165–184
- ^ a b Giulio Fanti, Emanuela Marinelli. "Results of a Probabilistic Model Applied to a Research Carried Out on a Turin Shroud" (PDF). Shroud.com. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ The Shroud Center of Colorado: The Shroud A Critical Summary of Observations, Data and Hypothesis. 2013 http://shroudofturin.com/Resources/SDTV1.3.pdf pg 13 Item I21.0
- ^ J. J. Lorre – D. J. Lynn, "Digital encouragement of images of a Shroud of Turin", in: Proceedings of a 1977 United States Conference of investigate on a Shroud of Turin, Albuquerque 1977, Holy Shroud Guild, New York 1977
- ^ LiveScience.com, New Shroud of Turin Evidence: A Closer Look, retrieved 16 Jun 2013.
- ^ Garlaschelli, Luigi, Life-size Reproduction of a Shroud of Turin and a Image, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology – July/August 2010 – Volume 54, Issue 4, pp. 040301-(14), abstract. Retrieved 24 Oct 2010.
- ^ Heimburger T., Fanti G., "Scientific Comparison between a Turin Shroud and a First Handmade Whole Copy", International Workshop on a Scientific Approach to a Acheiropoietos Images, 2010, article
- ^ Fanti, G.; Heimburger, T. (2011). "Letter to a Editor Comments on "Life-Size Reproduction of a Shroud of Turin and Its Image" by L. Garlaschelli". Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 55 (2): 020102.
- ^ http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/videos/remaking-the-shroud/
- ^ Nicholas P L Allen, Verification of a Nature and Causes of a Photo-negative Images on a Shroud of Lirey-Chambéry-Turin
- ^ Allen, Nicholas P. L. (1993) The methods and techniques employed in a make of a Shroud of Turin. Unpublished DPhil thesis, University of Durban-Westville.
- ^ Allen, Nicholas P. L. (1993) Is a Shroud of Turin a initial accessible photograph? The South African Journal of Art History, 11 November, 23–32
- ^ Allen, Nicholas P. L. (1994)A reappraisal of late thirteenth-century responses to a Shroud of Lirey-Chambéry-Turin: encolpia of a Eucharist, vera eikon or autarchic relic? The Southern African Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 4 (1),62–94
- ^ Allen, Nicholas P. L. (1998)The Turin Shroud and a Crystal Lens. Empowerment Technologies Pty. Ltd., – Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- ^ Hamilton, J.F. (1974). "Physical Properties of Silver Halide Microcrystals". Photographic Science and Engineering 18 (5): 493–500.
- ^ The Turin Shroud: How Da Vinci Fooled History by Lynn Picknett and Clive Price 2007 ISBN 0-7432-9217-0
- ^ a b c d Was Turin Shroud calculated by Leonardo da Vinci? Daily Telegraph Jul 1, 2009
- ^ a b J. Jackson et al., "Correlation of design power on a Turin Shroud with a 3-D structure of a tellurian physique shape", Applied Optics, vol. 23, n. 14, 15 Jul 1984, pp. 2244–2270
- ^ Craig, Emily A, Bresee, Randal R, Image Formation and a Shroud of Turin, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, Volume 34, Number 1, 1994
- ^ G. Fanti, M. Moroni,"Comparison of Luminance Between Face of Turin Shroud Man and Experimental Results", The Journal of Imaging Science and Technology March/April 2002, vol. 46, n°2, p. 142-154, abstract.
- ^ Ingham, Richard (21 Jun 2005). "Turin Shroud Confirmed as Fake". Physorg.com (Agence France-Presse). Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ http://shroudofturin.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/scorch-paper-en.pdf
- ^ G. Fanti, Moroni,Comparison of Luminance Between Face of Turin Shroud Man and Experimental Results,The Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, March/April 2002, vol. 46, no. 2; p. 142-154,http://www.imaging.org/ist/store/epub.cfm?abstrid=8125
- ^ Rogers, R.N. and Arnoldi, A.: "The Shroud of Turin: an amino-carbonyl greeting (Maillard reaction) competence explain a design formation.", Melanoidins in Food and Health, Volume 4, Office for Official Publications of a European Communities, Luxembourg, 2003, pp. 106–113, ISBN 92-894-5724-4
- ^ Raymond N. Rogers, A Chemist's Perspective On The Shroud of Turin, 2008, ISBN 0-615-23928-5, p. 100
- ^ "Features of a Center". Shroud Center of Southern California. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
- ^ Raymond N. Rogers, A Chemist's Perspective On The Shroud of Turin, 2008, ISBN 0-615-23928-5, p. 38
- ^ a b G. Fanti et alii, Microscopic and Macroscopic Characteristics of a Shroud of Turin Image Superficiality, Journal of Imaging Science and Technology—July/August 2010—Volume 54, Issue 4, p. 040201-6
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- ^ N. Noguier de Malijay, La Santa Sindone di Torino, Libreria del S. Cuore, Torino, 1930
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- ^ Baldacchini, G.; Lazzaro, P. Di; Murra, D.; Fanti, G. (2008). "Coloring linens with excimer lasers to copy a physique design of a Turin Shroud". Applied Optics 47: 1278–1285. doi:10.1364/ao.47.001278.
- ^ P. Di Lazzaro; G. Baldacchini; G. Fanti; D. Murra; A. Santoni, "Colouring fabrics with Excimer lasers to copy encoded images: a box of a Shroud of Turin" Abstract and Article
- ^ THE SHROUD OF TURIN: RADIATION EFFECTS, AGING AND IMAGE FORMATION, by Raymond N. Rogers, during http://www.shroud.com/pdfs/rogers8.pdf
- ^ Raymond N. Rogers, A. Arnoldi, "Scientific routine practical to a Shroud of Turin", 2002, Article
- ^ G. Fanti, F. Lattarulo, O. Scheuermann, "Body Image Formation Hypotheses Based on Corona Discharge", 2005, Article
- ^ Fanti, G. (2011). "abstract "Hypotheses per a Formation of a Body Image: A Critical Compendium". The Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 55 (6): 060507.
- ^ Fanti, G. (2010). "Can a Corona Discharge Explain a Body Image of a Turin Shroud ?". J. Imaging Sci. Technol 54 (2): 020508.
- ^ Squires, Nick (28 Mar 2013). "Turin Shroud 'is not a Gothic forgery'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ The Conservation of a Shroud of Turin: Optical Studies , by Paolo Di Lazzaro, Daniele Murra, Antonino Santoni, Enrico Nichelatti, during [14]
- ^ http://opac.bologna.enea.it:8991/RT/2011/2011_14_ENEA.pdf (in italian)
- ^ a b Boyle, Alan (23 Dec 2011). "Was Holy Shroud combined in a flash? Italian researchers revive claim". Cosmic Log – NBC News. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
- ^ a b F. Curciarello, V. De Leo, G. Fazio G. Mandaglio, The sudden changes in a yellowed fibril firmness in a Linen of Turin in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids Nov 2011 doi:10.1080/10420150.2011.629320 [15]
- ^ T. Casabianca, "The Shroud of Turin: A Historiographical Approach", The Heythrop Journal, 54, 3, 2013, p. 414-423 abstract
- ^ M. Bevilacqua, et al., "Do we unequivocally need new medical information about a Turin shroud?", Injury, 2013 abstract
- ^ M. Riani, et al., "Regression investigate with partially labelled regressors: CO dating of a hide of Turin, Statistics and Computing, 23, 4, 2013, p. 551-561. abstract; accessible during https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257665548_Regression_analysis_with_partially_labelled_regressors_Carbon_dating_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin
- ^ G. Fanti et al., "Non-destructive dating of ancient flax textiles by means of vibrational spectroscopy", [16]
- ^ Turin Shroud 'is not a Gothic forgery'
- ^ Sindone, la battaglia dei reperti. Ma Fanti li ha buoni…, Marco Tosatti, La Stampa – Vatican Insider, 28 Mar 2015
- ^ Official matter of a Papal Custodian of a Holy Shroud, Mons. Cesare Nosiglia on shroud.com
- ^ Gianni Barcaccia, Giulio Galla, Alessandro Achilli, Anna Olivieri, Antonio Torroni, "Uncovering a sources of DNA found on a Turin Shroud", Scientific Reports, 5, 2015, doi:10.1038/srep14484, article
- ^ Lee Speigel, "Shroud Of Turin DNA Indicates Global Origins", Huffington Post, 10/19/2015.article
Further reading[edit]
- Wilson, Ian : The Turin Shroud: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?, Galilee Trade; Revised edition, 1979, ISBN 0-385-15042-3
- Picknett, Lynn and Prince, Clive: The Turin Shroud: In Whose Image?, Harper-Collins, 1994 ISBN 0-552-14782-6.
- Nickell, Joe : Inquest on a Shroud of Turin: Latest Scientific Findings, Prometheus Books; Subsequent edition, 1998, ISBN 1-57392-272-2.
- McCrone, Walter : Judgment Day for The Turin Shroud, Prometheus Books, 1999, ISBN 1-57392-679-5
- Antonacci, Mark : The Resurrection of a Shroud, M. Evans Co., New York 2000, ISBN 0-87131-890-3
- Zugibe, Frederick : The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry – (2005), 2nd edition, ISBN 1-59077-070-6
- Whiting, Brendan, The Shroud Story, Harbour Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-646-45725-X
- Rogers, Raymond N., A Chemist's Perspective on a Shroud of Turin, Joan Rogers and Barrie Schwortz, 2008, ISBN 978-0-615-23928-6
- Wilson, Ian : The Shroud : a 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved, Bantam Press, 2010, ISBN 0-593-06359-7
- Di Lazzaro, Paolo (ed.) : Proceedings of a International Workshop on a Scientific Approach to a Acheiropoietos Images, ENEA, 2010, ISBN 978-88-8286-232-9.
- O'Shea, Jim "The Linen God – A Novel" 2013 ISBN 978-1938679063
- Olmi, Massimo, Indagine sulla croce di Cristo, Torino 2015 ISBN 978-88-6737-040-5
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media compared to Shroud of Turin.
- Oldest Shroud site with some-more information than any other site of a kind
- Official site of a custodians of a Shroud in Turin
- Shroud blog and contention forum used by many Shroud researchers both pro con
- An Autopsy on a Man of a Shroud
- "The Shroud of Turin: Genuine Artifact or Manufactured Relic? – Jack Kilmon
- "Science And The Shroud", Time Magazine, Apr 20, 1998
- Online Length Measurements on Shroud Photographs
- Shroud Exhibit Museum (SEAM) site associated to a Alamogordo, NM museum by Pete Schumacher, VP8 Image Analyzer expert
- Shroud University with a engorgement of videos and other Shroud information by Russ Breault
- The Skeptical Shroud of Turin Website
- Shroud Scope, a singular apparatus to investigate a Shroud by Mario Latendresse
- DMOZ list of content-rich Shroud websites
Coordinates: 45°04′23″N 07°41′09″E / 45.07306°N 7.68583°E / 45.07306; 7.68583
Article source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin


text:
Our children are continuing to do really well, they're very happy and healthy here!! They seem to be learning a lot of life lessons that we couldn't have taught them at home!!
One of the things that was at first difficult for Joel was when one of the kids from the villages would come by our house. He would quickly go outside with a soccer ball or skipping rope, hoping to play, but they would end up standing there while he played in front of them. It was awkward for him to communicate that he wanted to play with them, not in front of them! We've been really proud of how quickly he's figured out how to communicate with children that don't speak English!
Our kids have also learned how to entertain themselves well with just their imaginations. They don't require tv, xbox, or toys; they spend their days with the children here just playing in the dirt, or with sticks and rocks!!
On Easter Monday we drove to the Equator, only 35 minutes away!! Here's some pictures of our kids enjoying a cold drink!!
Wednesday, April 11, 2007
2 comments:
- Faye said...
Shannon....I am going next summer...You can bet on it! It looks like you are in your element!
- juliek said...
Shannon, love the pictures, You children are adorable, I made Finn my screen saver, looks like you are doing great work. I want you mom to bring me home a child from your home (uganda child)they are all happy and adorable too, boy or girl I am not fussy.I may come with your mom in the future if you can get rid of those spiders.
God bless all of you
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STM-282 Satellite Earth Observation for Geohazard Risk Management
9 December 2014
ESA and the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) jointly hosted the 2012 International Forum on Satellite Earth Observations for Geohazards in Santorini, Greece, with the goal of improving the application of satellite Earth Observation to geohazard risk management. Specific geohazards examined were: seismic hazards, volcanic hazards, landslide hazards, inactive mine hazards and coastal lowland subsidence hazards. Clear objectives were defined for each of the geohazard communities, and a vision was charted for strategies to achieve them.
The tables of contents of the STM-282 may be found linked on the right hand side. To buy a copy of the STM-282, please visit Spacebooks Online.


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In Catholic teaching, abortion can never be justified. Yet the Church has never said there is only one way to promote respect for human life.
It recognizes that a total ban may not be presently possible.
+JMJ+ Isaiah 41:15 Behold, I will make of you a threshing sledge, new, sharp, and having teeth; you shall thresh the mountains and crush them, and you shall make the hills like chaff; Matthew 3:12 Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly cleanse his floor and gather his wheat into the barn; but the chaff he will burn with unquenchable fire. "Let the TRUTH be your delight.... proclaim IT..., but with a certain congeniality." St. Catherine of Siena
Monday, October 13, 2008
NO! There's no middle ground!
Finding a middle ground
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Hello Everyone!
I am pleased to announce the I have a winner from the Mad Tea party!!!
The winner is: Marilyn from Delights of the Heart.
I will be sending her one of my china creamer pin cushions, and other surprise goodies soon.
Let me say Thank You to all my new blogger friends I met when you left such wonderful comments!!
I am trying to reply to all of them, however it is taking some time as you know.
I love this particular Mad Tea party that Vanessa puts together, so whimsical and fun!
Thanks everyone for leaving a comment and hope to hear from all of you again at the next party or just to say hello!


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Ultimate Showdown of Ultimate Destiny
This is probably the best cartoon I've seen on the internet in a long time. It's great. I have two questions:
How did Godzilla die?
Did anybody notice any Dragon Ball Z characters? While I was watching it I could just imagine one of the lad family (Scotch Lad, Giant Lad, or Even Bigger lad) telling me in excruciating detail that Goku would totally win and that even the sucky comic relief characters would be able to easily destroy everyone else in this cartoon.
(Cohort, for this post to make sense you need to watch the cartoon, that means you need to click on the link, go to newgrounds, and than click on watch the movie. Than you have to wait for it to download and watch it. This post will than make sense to you. Please let me know if you have any trouble with the directions.)


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Today they had pyjama day at school in Lucas class. They all came dressed in their PJs, with their teddies, tooth brushes and favourite stories. I told Lucas this morning to be very careful with Pooh-bear though, so he wouldn't get lost at school. He then thought for a bit and said: "Maybe he should stay here at home", and took I-or with him instead.
They are talking about personal hygiene this week, and also about bed time routines. Appropriately today, Lucas also lost his tooth!
At school, and, he literally lost it. He had no idea where it was, and the teachers were oblivious as to where he had been when he lost it. All he told the teachers was "I am five now, I am five".
So, I guess we will have to make something up for the tooth fairy to get instead, a drawing or something...
Everybody were very surprised about Lucas' tooth, but I read somewhere that if you get your teeth early, you will start loosing them early. Lucas got his first tooth at the tender age of 3 months, so I guess it's normal to start loosing them already.