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Older evolutionary scenarios for the origin of vertebrates often gave nervous systems top billing in accordance with the notion that a big-brained Homo sapiens crowned a tree of life shaped mainly by progressive evolution. Now, however, tree thinking positions all extant organisms equidistant from the tree's root, and molecular phylogenies indicate that regressive evolution is more common than previously suspected. Even so, contemporary theories of vertebrate origin still focus on the nervous system because of its functional importance, its richness in characters for comparative biology, and its central position in the two currently prominent scenarios for the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition, which grew out of the markedly neurocentric annelid and enteropneust theories of the nineteenth century. Both these scenarios compare phyla with diverse overall body plans. This diversity, exacerbated by the scarcity of relevant fossil data, makes it challenging to establish plausible homologies between component parts (e.g. nervous system regions). In addition, our current understanding of the relation between genotype and phenotype is too preliminary to permit us to convert gene network data into structural features in any simple way. These issues are discussed here with special reference to the evolution of nervous systems during proposed transitions from invertebrates to vertebrates.
1. Introduction
The first unequivocal scheme for the evolution of an invertebrate into a vertebrate was published by Lamarck in 1809 [1]. In a phylogenetic tree, he showed molluscs transitioning to vertebrates, but included nothing on the structure of the nervous systems (nor any other organs, for that matter). He expected that such details would come to light through the discovery of existing animals with intermediate morphologies. During the next few decades, comparisons were made between the central nervous system (CNS) of arthropods and vertebrates by Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire [2] and Kölliker [3]. These pre-Darwinian authors stressed the inverse dorsoventral relationship between the arthropod and vertebrate nerve cord—not in evolutionary terms, but according to their vision of a deep fundamental unity among animal body plans. In 1859, Darwin published On the origin of species, a book that included nothing about the evolutionary source of the vertebrates and very little about nervous systems. Even so, Darwin's book soon stimulated a spate of publications on the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition, often with special reference to nervous system evolution; for instance, the earliest of these focused almost entirely on comparing CNS histology between arthropods and vertebrates [4].
By now, about a hundred scenarios for the origin of the vertebrates have been proposed, for which full citations are available in Holland et al. [5]. Almost every animal phylum has been suggested as a key starting point for the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition. Many of these older ideas have been rendered highly unlikely because they are so out of tune with molecule-based phylogenies and with the wealth of new information at the gene and genomic levels of organization [6]. Currently, only a few of the scenarios are subjects of active research programmes. The less contentious of these consider the evolution of invertebrate chordates (amphioxus-like or tunicate-like ancestors) into vertebrates and do not delve deeper into the tree of animal life. In contrast, the more controversial scenarios now under discussion (namely the revived annelid and enteropneust theories) consider a broader sweep of evolution extending back into more basal regions of the tree. This review concentrates on these two longer-range theories and will cover their nineteenth century origins as well as their resurgence, which began a few decades ago, driven by the advent of evolutionary developmental biology. The contemporary annelid and enteropneust theories propose radically different evolutionary histories for the nervous system. Deciding between them, as will be discussed, is currently hindered by difficulties in elucidating the detailed intermediate steps occurring between widely separated nodes in phylogenetic trees.
2. Original annelid scenario
In 1874 and 1875, Semper published, respectively, preliminary and full versions of his proposal that annelid worms evolved into vertebrates [7,8]. He had found that the shark excretory system included ciliated funnels iterated segmentally along the body to drain the coelom, and these reminded him of the coelomoducts (metanephridia) typical of annelids. He additionally noted that a dorsoventral inversion of the body would be needed to translate the ventral nerve cord of the annelid into the dorsal CNS of the vertebrate, and he suggested an annelid tissue from which the vertebrate notochord might have arisen. Contemporaneously, Dohrn published a short book featuring a more comprehensive scenario for an annelid-to-vertebrate transition [9], causing Semper [10, p. 463 (footnote)] to complain that, 'it remains doubtful whether Dohrn would have taken an annelid as his starting point if he had not been acquainted with my work before publishing his own'. This complaint was groundless, because Dohrn had established his priority by discussing his plan for 'homologisation of the nervous chain of Arthropods, Annelids and Vertebrates' in an 1871 letter to Darwin [11, p. 34].
Dohrn [9] started with an annelid (figure 1a) that inverted the body dorsoventrally on its way to becoming a vertebrate. The inversion positioned the old ventral nerve cord as well as the original foregut towards the dorsal side of the body, whereas a new foregut formed ventroanteriorly (figure 1b). The new foregut opened at a new mouth that originated from the most anterior pair of coelomoducts when they fused with one another in the midline of the body. In addition, some of the other coelomoducts established openings with this new gut region on either side to form gill slits. Meanwhile, the original foregut, which had been brought into a dorsal position, atrophied, but persisted in part as the epiphysis and hypophysis of the vertebrate brain. With a little reconsideration, however, Dohrn decided to relocate the gut remnant a little more posteriorly in the vertebrate CNS, as a portion of the rhomboid fossa of the hindbrain (figure 1c). He then briefly covered the origins of: the post-anal tail (resulting from the opening of a new, subterminal anus), the vertebrate kidney (from some of the more posterior coelomoducts) and the notochord (from a connective tissue strand running along the dorsal side of the annelid nerve cord).
In general, Dohrn's scenario [9] suffered from maladaptive intermediate morphologies. Moreover, vertebrate neuroanatomists did not like his notion that the rhomboid fossa included an endodermal component. He subsequently backed off from neuroanatomy and worked on supporting other aspects of his scenario. In contrast, some of his colleagues continued struggling to explain how the proposed dorsal remnant of the foregut related to the vertebrate brain. Kleinenberg [12] avoided a stage where a foregut would interact with the CNS by assuming that the annelid supraesophageal ganglion (figure 1a) disappears, the body inverts and the subesophageal ganglion becomes homologous to the entire vertebrate brain (figure 1d). An awkward feature of his scheme was the necessity for unplugging the cephalic sensory organs from the old supraesophageal ganglion and reconnecting them to the now-dorsalized subesophageal ganglion. Soon thereafter, Beard [13] mixed Dohrn's idea of a new foregut with Kleinenberg's idea of atrophy of the supraesophageal ganglion and turned the original foregut into a neurohypophyseal canal comparable to that of a hagfish (figure 1e). Next came Minot [14], who modified Beard's modification of Kleinenberg's modification of Dohrn's theory: the two lateral lobes of the supraesophageal ganglion (figure 1f) separated and moved laterally (figure 1g), the body inverted, and the supraesophageal ganglion on either side became a lateral eye (figure 1h).
In Dohrn's scenario [9], ancestral annelids, which he considered to be very similar to living polychaetes, transitioned to vertebrates along an unbranched evolutionary line (anagenesis). Many of Dohrn's contemporaries, however, were already coming to understand that evolution follows a more complicated, branching course [15]. Moreover, by early in the twentieth century, it had been widely accepted that annelids and vertebrates were, respectively, members of the protostome and deuterostome superphyla (figure 2a), and thus only distant relatives [16,18]. These factors rendered the annelid theory unpopular until only a few decades ago, when discovery of developmental genes with highly conserved structures and expression patterns indicated that interesting comparisons could be made between animals over wide stretches of the tree of life.
3. Revived annelid scenario—affirming Dohrn
Some of the early studies of developmental genetics revealed parallels in the control of body patterning between invertebrates and vertebrates—including the positioning of the CNS in the dorsoventral axis [19]. These new data stimulated Arendt & Nübler-Jung [20–22] to take a new look at the venerable inversion theories of vertebrate origin [8,9], especially the idea that the ancestor of the bilaterian animals (the Urbilaterian) was a structurally complex organism that could be thought of as either arthropod-like or annelid-like. Eventually, preference shifted towards annelid-like ancestors [23], in part, perhaps, because a heavy cuticle makes arthropods an awkward starting point for evolving vertebrates. Additional reasons for preferring annelids as ancestors were their separation from arthropods (figure 2b) [17] in different superphyletic groupings (respectively, the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa) combined with the discovery that annelids, in comparison with arthropods, are more vertebrate-like at the genomic level [24]. In recent years, Arendt and co-workers [25–28] have been especially active in applying a wide range of modern techniques to bolster the revived annelid scenario.
The modern conception of the annelid theory does not convert annelids directly into vertebrates as envisaged by Semper and Dohrn. Instead, the scenario begins deep in the tree of animal life with the proposal that the Urbilaterian was annelid-like [23]. From that starting point, it is proposed that annelid-like features carried forward in evolution in several lineages, including those leading to modern annelids and to vertebrates. In conformance with modern tree topology, the evolutionary progression from an annelid-like Urbilaterian to the vertebrates would pass through intervening basal groups of deuterostomes. Until recently, one of the more basal groups of deuterostomes (namely, the enteropneust hemichordates) was considered to have a fairly complex CNS, which suggested that enteropneust-like intermediates bridged the gap between annelids and vertebrates [21]; the reputedly simpler nervous system in echinoderms [29] was not perceived as an obstacle to the scenario.
Two recent developments are awkward for the revived annelid theory because they suggest that basal deuterostomes include groups with strikingly simple nervous systems. First is the proposal [30] that the nervous system of enteropneusts lacks a CNS and comprises no more than a nerve net (considered in §6). The second problem stems from the still-uncertain placement of the xenacoelomorphs—as sister group, respectively, to the echinoderm plus enteropneust clade [31] or to the rest of the deuterostomes [32] (figure 2b), or even entirely outside of the deuterostomes [33]. Xenacoelomorphs have, at best, a rudimentary CNS, and if this condition is not derived, it might mean that the Urbilaterian was structurally very simple and that any similarities between the annelid and vertebrate CNS evolved independently. These difficulties for the revived annelid theory could be alleviated by the discovery of structurally complex fossils finding wide acceptance as early deuterostomes. However, although several such fossils have been proposed to be basal deuterostomes (e.g. Herpetogaster and vetulicolians), their affinities remain highly controversial [34].
4. Original enteropneust scenario of Bateson
Enteropneusts, commonly called acorn worms, along with pterobranchs, comprise the phylum Hemichordata. The three main body regions of an enteropneust are the proboscis, collar and trunk (figure 3a). At the proboscis/collar junction, the mouth opens ventrally into a buccal cavity, which gives off a small diverticulum (the stomochord) anteriorly and connects with the pharynx posteriorly. The lumen of the pharynx opens to the exterior via gill slits on either side of the body, and a postpharyngeal gut leads posteriorly to a terminal anus. It was classically accepted that enteropneusts have a diffuse peripheral nervous system plus more condensed regions of neural tissue (proboscis nerve plexus, collar cord, circumenteric nerves and dorsal and ventral trunk nerve cords), some or all of which comprise a CNS.
The first clearly enunciated enteropneust theory was by Bateson [35], who is now better remembered as one of the founders of the field of genetics. He began his scenario with the assumption that the dorsoventral orientation of the body was the same in enteropneusts and vertebrates. For him, the enteropneust nervous system consisted of a CNS (the collar cord) plus a peripheral nervous system comprising the trunk dorsal cord plus an extensive nerve net associated with the general epidermis (figure 3b). He also proposed that the stomochord corresponded to the vertebrate notochord and that the pharyngeal gill slits in both groups of animals were homologous; additionally, the trunk was not segmented, except for a vague serial repetition of gonads along its length. Looked at in this way, an enteropneust was rather like a vertebrate without an obviously segmented trunk musculature.
When Bateson proposed his scenario, an obvious weakness was the lack of agreement about plausible ancestors for the enteropneusts themselves. Then, at the end of the nineteenth century, Masterman seemed to alleviate the problem. He proposed [38] that phoronid worms were basal deuterostomes and were 'the definite meeting-place' between higher deuterostomes on the one hand, and the annelids and arthropods on the other hand. Masterman's phylogenetic arrangement long appealed to some biologists, although others were strongly opposed to it [39]. By now, this opposition view has been vindicated by molecular phylogenetic data that have unequivocally moved the phoronids from the deuterostomes to the lophotrochozoans [17].
5. First revived enteropneust scenario—repudiating Bateson
In response to the accumulating developmental genetic data, Nübler-Jung & Arendt [21] revived the enteropneust theory. They did not seek to confirm Bateson's ideas, but, on the contrary, sought to strengthen Dohrn's scenario by making enteropneusts a plausible intermediate stage between annelids and vertebrates. Nübler-Jung and Arendt based their argument on older neuroanatomical work reporting giant nerve fibres in the collar cord, circumenteric nerve ring and trunk ventral nerve cord of enteropneusts [40,41]. The CNS was proposed to be coextensive, with all regions characterized by giant fibres (plus the proboscis plexus because of its physiological properties) [21]. Such an enteropneust CNS (figure 3c) would have an overall configuration rather similar to that of an arthropod or annelid CNS. An enteropneust-like ancestor, so conceived, could evolve into a vertebrate by inverting dorsoventrally to convert the former trunk ventral nerve cord into a dorsal nerve cord. In addition, the collar cord and proboscis plexus, after displacement in the new dorsal direction, would become most of the vertebrate brain. As in the classical annelid and arthropod theories, the old mouth atrophies and is replaced by a new one. Inversion also would also convert a thickened ventral mesentery, the pygochord, into a notochord and would convert the epibranchial ridge of the pharynx into an endostyle, a glandular organ for food capture [42]. These transitions are diagrammed in more detail in Holland et al. [5].
6. Second revived enteropneust scenario—repudiating Bateson again
Like Nübler-Jung & Arendt [21], Lowe et al. [30] was stimulated by advances in evolutionary developmental biology to focus on the role of enteropneusts in the invertebrate-to-vertebrate transition—but from the heretofore minority viewpoint [43] that enteropneust morphology is quite simple instead of being relatively complex. To begin testing this idea, the Lowe laboratory determined the expression patterns for several dozen genes known to pattern the anteroposterior axis of the vertebrate CNS or to be general indicators of neurogenesis [30]. Many of the CNS marker genes were expressed in annular bands of ectoderm arranged in the same axial order as their homologues in the developing vertebrate nerve cord. Moreover, neurogenic marker genes were expressed in cells scattered abundantly throughout the ectoderm, instead of being concentrated along the dorsal and ventral midlines; the midlines were where a CNS, if present, might be expected to form. The overall conclusion was that the nervous system consisted exclusively of an epidermal nerve net (figure 3d) that had been inherited from a structurally uncomplicated Urbilaterian ancestor. In this initial publication [30], Lowe and co-workers did raise the possibility that enteropneusts might have lost a CNS originally present in their ancestors, but rejected such a scenario without further discussion (in spite of the realization among contemporary molecular phylogeneticists that regression has been considerably more common during animal evolution than previously suspected).
Lowe and co-workers also sought developmental genetic evidence for a dorsoventral inversion of body orientation during deuterostome evolution. They studied enteropneust homologues of genes involved in establishing the dorsoventral axis in other animals, and found that chordin and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein), respectively, were expressed on sides corresponding to annelid/arthropod dorsal and ventral [44]. Experiments altering chordin/BMP signalling repositioned some non-neural structures in the dorsoventral axis, as expected. Surprisingly, however, these experiments indicated that enteropneusts do not use the chordin/BMP axis to segregate epidermal and neural ectoderm and that this latter function is a novelty that appeared with the advent of the chordates. These results did not resolve the dorsoventral orientation of the enteropneust body, and efforts to answer this question through a comparative study of deuterostome genes involved in left/right asymmetry have yet to supply a firm answer [45].
Recently, several studies of enteropneust neurobiology have questioned the initial idea of Lowe and co-workers that a CNS is entirely lacking in enteropneusts. First, Nomaksteinsky et al. [36] presented cytological, neurochemical and gene expression data indicating that a CNS might be present after all and comprise the proboscis plexus, collar cord, circumenteric nerves, and trunk dorsal and ventral cords (figure 3e). The same authors also questioned the presence of a nerve net associated with the general epidermis because of the sparseness of neurons there. In another gene expression study, Cunningham & Casey [37] similarly proposed that a CNS was present and was composed of the trunk ventral nerve cord, trunk dorsal nerve cord and collar cord (figure 3f); they likewise found that the peripheral nervous system included relatively few neurons at advanced developmental stages. Finally, Miyamoto & Wada [46] focused on the Hedgehog gene in developing enteropneusts and demonstrated its endodermal expression in the stomochord and roof of the buccal cavity, while the dorsal ectoderm was differentiating and invaginating to form the collar nerve cord. The situation was reminiscent of what happens in neurulating embryos of vertebrates when Hedgehog signalling from the notochord plays a key role in the genesis of the neural tube. From these results, one could propose first that enteropneust-like ancestors did not invert dorsoventrally during evolution to vertebrates and second that the collar cord corresponds to at least part of the vertebrate CNS. Such conclusions, although based on limited data, are essentially a return to Bateson's original enteropneust scenario [35]. The situation became even more unsettled when a subsequent study of a wide spectrum of notochordally expressed genes [47] found no clear support for Bateson's homology between the enteropneust stomochord and the vertebrate notochord.
In the light of these more recent developments, Lowe and co-workers have come to accept that enteropneusts have some sort of CNS, albeit a fairly rudimentary one [48]. Even so, this leaves unaddressed a broader question: namely how centralized must a region of the nervous system be to qualify as a CNS? Future progress towards resolving this problem will require thorough comparative studies by neurobiologists working on the widest possible spectrum of invertebrate phyla.
For the enteropneusts, it is likely that some of the current disputes about neurobiology have arisen because of species differences and developmental stage differences between the various studies. Such problems should be largely resolved when more is learned about the developmental genetics, wiring diagrams and physiology of enteropneust nervous systems. A start in this direction has recently been made by Kaul-Strehlow et al. [49], who mapped the distribution of serotonin-containing neurons in two species over several life-history stages. Even so, a better understanding of enteropneust neurobiology will still leave open the broader question of whether the Urbilaterian nervous system was simply a nerve net or also included a CNS. This difficulty is a special case of the broader problem of making long-range comparisons from one phylum to the next, which is discussed in §7.
7. Nervous system evolution within phyla versus between phyla
In the past few decades, molecular phylogenetic studies have gone far towards establishing a widely agreed-upon framework for much of the tree of extant animal life at the phylum level [33], although some serious difficulties persist—for example, the arrangements near the base of the tree [50] and the placement of the xenacoelomorphs [31]. Even knowing the correct framework relating the terminal taxa, however, does not necessarily lead to an understanding of the detailed events that unfolded along the tree branches connecting the nodes. A gratifyingly detailed time-lapse movie of evolution requires two things above all. The first is that the overall body morphologies of the organisms being compared are similar enough to permit one to make plausible homologies at the level of component parts (for instance, organs, tissues and even cells). The second requirement is the discovery of gap-bridging fossils that can be identified to the general satisfaction. Fossils may be slotted into a crown group (a collection of living species plus their close extinct relatives that trace back to a common ancestor) or a stem group (a collection of extinct species forming a clade just outside the crown group). When crown and stem groups both are included within the bounds of a single phylum, the latter can be invaluable for showing the evolutionary details leading up to the crown group [51]. In contrast, when crown group is at a higher level of analysis, the stem group fossils identified by one palaeontologist are all too often considered to be problematic by another palaeontologist.
As subjects for reconstructing a series of relatively detailed steps during phylogenetic transitions, the vertebrates are by far the most tractable group of animals. The overall body plans from agnathans to mammals are similar enough to permit widely acceptable homologies to be made between their smaller components. For the nervous system, for instance, populations of glutaminergic neurons in forebrains of extant lampreys and mammals are comparable on the basis of neurochemistry and developmental gene expression [52]. Moreover, as already mentioned, an adequate fossil record is a major factor permitting reconstruction of detailed intermediate changes along the branches of the tree. Although vertebrate fossils preserving soft brain tissues are extremely rare [53], endocranial casts of a wide spectrum of vertebrate fossils have revealed the history of the major CNS regions and cranial nerves during evolution from agnathans through gnathostomes [54].
For invertebrates, when compared with vertebrates, the detailed evolutionary changes within each phylum are not as well understood. Even so, different members within a given phylum have sufficiently similar overall body plans, so that homologies can often be proposed between their component parts at both morphological and molecular levels (arthropod examples will be used here) [55,56]. Such homologies, when examined in the framework of a widely acceptable branching pattern within the phylum [57], can give plausible insights into some of the detailed changes that took place along the evolutionary lines connecting the nodes for the extant subgroups. Such insights can be greatly strengthened if fossil evidence becomes available. In the arthropods, for instance, a very good fossil record has supplied a wealth of evidence about changes in external features, including such nervous-system-related structures as eyes and antennae. Until recently, such fossils indicated nothing about the evolution of the internal parts of the nervous system [58], but this has now changed with the discovery of fossilized CNS tissue in the Early Cambrian stem group arthropod, Fuxianhuia protensa. The fossil's brain had a tripartite organization that was unexpected so early in arthropod evolution [59]. This discovery indicated that the CNS became secondarily simplified in several arthropod groups during the subsequent history of the phylum.
Difficulties increase considerably when one attempts to reconstruct the details of evolution from one phylum to the next. As already mentioned, the overall body plan is highly distinctive for each phylum, and this hampers the establishment of plausible body part homologies across such wide evolutionary divides. Although such interphylum homologies are not infrequently proposed at the morphological level, they tend not to gain wide acceptance [60]. A good recent example is the proposed homology between the chordate notochord and an annelid structure called the axochord [28], which was firmly questioned [61] within a few months of its publication.
When the field of evolutionary development was young (in its 'enthusiastic phase' [62]), there was some expectation that a knowledge of homologous genes would widen the taxonomic gap over which credible morphological homologies could be made [63]. It was hoped that developmental genes, although conserved, would somehow be parcelled out in phylum-specific patterns that would persist even after divergent evolution had obscured morphological homologies and thus help in the recognition of interphylum homologies. This hope has not been realized for two reasons: first, because developmental genes turned out to be so highly conserved across animals that few obviously phylum-specific signals could be extracted, and second, because of the complex relationship between the genotype and the phenotype. It has long been realized that this relationship can be confounded by genetic piracy—whereby different genes direct development of the same morphological character [64]. However, the converse can also be observed when similar gene regulatory networks direct the development of very different morphologies from one group of animals to the next. This latter phenomenon, which might appropriately be named 'phenetic piracy', is discussed by Lowe et al. [48], who believe that the highly conserved gene regulatory networks deployed along the anterior–posterior axis direct the development of a strikingly different set of morphological features from one phylum to the next. The same publication, however, adds that there is a more predictable linkage between conserved gene networks and phenotypic features along the dorsoventral axis across phyla [48]. One consequence of genetic and phenetic piracy is that there is currently no simple formula for translating gene activity into morphological characters. The relationships between the genotype and phenotype are so complex that, barring some unexpected breakthrough, their satisfactory elucidation is probably far in the future [65]. In conclusion, although molecular genetic studies have been highly successful in supporting body part homologies among distant relatives within phyla [66], a similar approach has not brought to light a wide spectrum of plausible homologies between phyla [67].
8. Possible ways forward
The general difficulties reviewed in §7 are exactly those that make it difficult to evaluate the relative merits of the revived annelid and enteropneust theories, the two currently contending long-range scenarios for the origin of the vertebrates. For the future, progress would be facilitated by advances in at least five different areas. First is the need for additional competent work in all aspects of neurobiology in all the animal phyla [68], and, just as important, the weeding out of the misinformation that has all too often been perpetuated by a succession of appeals to authority from one uncritical author to the next [69]. Second, the contentious phylogenetic relationships that remain in regions of the tree of animal life (for instance the position of the xenacoelomorphs) need to be resolved to the general satisfaction. Third, much more needs to be learned about whether genotype can predict phenotype in vivo—during embryogenesis and the rest of the life history; advances here will probably require a combination of experimental data and computational biology [65]. Moreover, much more needs to be discovered about the genomes and gene regulatory networks for the broadest possible range of animal phyla. Fourth, new approaches for reconstructing the details of big-picture evolution should be sought. One possibility might be phylostratigraphy [70], which examines the accretion of novel genes as organisms progressively evolve. It has been speculated that, periodically during evolution, there have been bouts of conversion of non-genic DNA into functional genes [71], such that constellations of these new genes may provide a 'snapshot' of a marked evolutionary change [72]. Fifth, there is always the chance that discovery of a living representative of a new phylum or some superb fossil might allow one to decide between the revived annelid and arthropod theories—or, alternatively, suggest some quite different invertebrate source for the vertebrates. Certainly, the discovery of fossilized nerve tissue in the Early Cambrian arthropod, Fuxianhuia protensa [58] serves as a reminder that fossils of preternatural importance are waiting to be discovered and are worth the trouble and expense to search out.
Competing interests
I declare I have no competing interests.
I received no funding for this study.
This manuscript was much improved by the criticisms of Linda Z. Holland.
One contribution of 16 to a discussion meeting issue 'Homology and convergence in nervous system evolution'.
- Accepted May 22, 2015.
- © 2015 The Author(s)


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Free life changing experience papers, essays, and research papers my account search results when she flirted with him - one moment could have changed my life. I have to write a essay about a person who has had a very important impact on my life and why, the twp persons i can. A person who changed your life there have been many people in my life that i have looked up to over the years but there is one person throughout my life that stands out threw them all and that person is my grandmother. Who has most influenced you is a common college interview question get tips for effectively answering this question. A descriptive essay on an influential person can be about someone who has had a positive or negative impact on your life this person can be a teacher, a coach, a family member, a friend, an employer, a political figure, a historical figure or even a fictional character the key element of writing. A college education would impact my life by providing me with the opportunity to excel in today's society it has been my observation that the only way one can achieve a life worthy of acknowledgement is by receiving a quality education many people do not achieve their full potential and i feel.
Sundos, i personally feel that your essay is absolutely excellent maybe your teacher is a person who has never had parents such as yours perhaps he feels that some other noted person should have been your role model, whatever his motive i think you would be hard-put to improve on what you have written. The person who has impacted my life the most pages 1 words 303 view full essay more essays like this: hero, depression, overcoming depression, life obstacles. Report abuse home college guide college essays my mom my mom by hannah b these people have passed through my life, yet the person who had the most impact. My mother huge impact on my life essays the person that has had the greatest impact on my life really doesn't lead that great of a life herself the person that has had the greatest impact on my life isn't rich or famous or has invented something that could change the world this perso.
We've shared 25 creative college essay prompts to help brainstorm a memorable personal statement to include with your college essay. If you choose a person in the hopes of merely impressing the admissions committee, it will likely make your essay appear disingenuous instead, write about a person who truly has impacted your life it doesn't matter if it's a third cousin, your boss at the local pizzeria or your french teacher just be sure that the essay isn't merely a. While initially a position as a laborer seemed appealing to a junior in high school, strenuous physical labor loses its glamour to a man eclipsing fifty with a son about to enter college as i battled through high school, i always found myself using my father as a blueprint to build me into the person i am today if i could have only one friend for. The person who has impacted my life the most is my dad from the earliest time that i can remember, he has always shown me to have courage and strength in whatever i do which constantly reminds me of what he does, serving in the army.
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Write an essay in which you tell us about someone who has made an impact on your life and explain how and why this person is important to you. Im writing a college entrance essay to utand im really scared cuz my writing isnt all that great and im not done with this essay yet, but if yall would just tell me if its good or not and if i need to make some corrections and if im on the right path with it or not =] lol heres the prompt: write an essay in which you tell us about someone who has made an impact on your life. How to write an essay about someone who has impacted your life writing about a personality that has made a significant impact on your life is a popular question in many literary courses and is also asked in college application essays this type of essay falls under the category of descriptive essays so it is important to first understand the. Le moyne college, gannon university, and daemen college "person of influence" essay prompt: indicate a specific person who has had a significant influence on you, describe that influence. Prompt: write an essay in which you tell us about someone who has made an impact on your life and explain how and why this person is important to you the bright lights cast a dreamy blue shadow on me as i twirl down the silk in a graceful fall the soft music enchants me into a harmonious dance, raising my soul into a different yet.


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Now, I like Mark Waid. I know, I know...he's cussed me out and all...and I've pointed to several of his flubs. But he's human, thus prone to the occasional mistake or a flare up of his temper.
But he said something (in a Newsarama interview) that makes me think that he must be reading a different BRAND NEW DAY or skipping most of the Dan Slott issues:
They're very careful and very respectful, whether the hardcore fans believe it or not; the team that I've seen on the Spider-Man books is very respectful toward them in terms of not going out of their way to thumb their nose at the readership, or try to make fun of them or mock their concern.Slott has gone out of his way to put little nose-thumbing bits somewhere in every one of his arcs, thus far. From the opening of BRAND NEW DAY immediately showing Peter kissing someone (which even Quesada said was a way to slap the reader across the face, I believe) to MJ saying "it's magic, you don't have to explain it" to a bit or two already in the current arc.
So that bit, along with him guarding J. Jonah Jameson's relation to his upcoming story as if his life depended on it, yet giving away what happens with Venom in this current arc for no apparent reason, counts as a noticeably large mistake.


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Wednesday, December 31, 2008
windy 5k, decent time
The graph tells the story. The race started at 4 pm at the "dip" :) It was only 25 mph gusting to 38 mph at that point. Wunderground said the wind was from the northwest although it felt more like the northeast to me (maybe the terrain affected it?) Add the wind to that a pretty tough course and I decided that I would be incredibly thrilled with breaking 20 if I could manage it. Well, I didn't.
They changed the course from last year (and re-certified it). One nice feature is that it is no longer a double loop, which means you don't have to negotiate walkers). I had hoped it meant half the elevation gain, but that wasn't quite the case.
Mile 1 starts on a downhill with a tailwind, but quickly turns to a climb mostly into the wind. My split was 6:33 (180 bpm) average, the next mile was mostly downhill and a net tailwind and I split 6:26 (188 bpm). I felt like I took a bit of a nap there. I usually hit 190-191 bpm on the second mile. Still I was only 7 seconds off 20:00 pace at mile 2. I knew it would take a miracle though since would be turning uphill and into the wind. I picked up the intensity, but the 3rd mile was 6:34 (191 bpm). I ran an even pace and didn't get passed by anyone. Still there were two guys 10-20m ahead I was constantly trying to close the gap on (and draft off of), but never could quite do it. Everybody else went out too fast and I went by them. One guy looked like he was really hurting when I passed him just short of the last right that leads to a downhill finish. I sprinted on the downhill and he sprinted right with me! I put a little extra kick in to hold him off and finished (by my watch) in 20:12.
It's really hard to say what my fitness is based on this race given the conditions. I talked to several of the usual age group faces that I see at races. One guy said he was 40-45 secs slower than his usual time. Another said he was about 30 seconds slower than his last race. A 19-flat runner I know finished over 19:40, so 30+ seconds doesn't seem crazy. I finished in 19:44 (by my watch) at the 5k in May, so I think I'm in decent shape. I'm also about 5 pounds heavier. If I ditch that, I think I'll post some good times soon.
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A place to relax by the sea and mountains - Maisons à louer à Fuengirola, Andalousie, Espagne
Chambre privée à Fuengirola, Espagne. "La Maravilla" is a small community located in Fuengirola close to the train station Torreblanca (10 min. walk) and with good train communications to the center of Fuengirola (7 min.) as well as Malaga Capital (45 min.) Walking distance to the bea...
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PPT Slide
Exclusive Vector Meson Production
One of the nuclei emits a photon. The photon fluctuates into a vector meson, which scatters off the other nucleus.
– Vector Meson Dominance Model
– The probability of finding the photon in the vector
meson state is of the order of ? ? 1/137
– The lifetime of the fluctuation: ? 2E? /(M2+Q2) ?
For high E? , the distance the vector meson travels is
large compared with the nuclear dimensions
– The reaction is mediated by a colorless exchange
particle (meson/Pomeron/gluon-pair)
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union bank of india recruitment 2017 ,Vacancy- 200 posts,Salary- Rs. 31705 – 45950/- Per Month
UBI Recruitment 2017
(union bank of india)
(union bank of india)
Job post- Credit Officer
Salary- Rs. 31705 – 45950/-
Vacancy- 200 posts
Location- All India
Qualification- Interested Applicants should have Bachelor's degree or its equivalent qualification from a recognized Board/University approved by Govt. Applicants should have minimum 60% marks.
Age limit- Applicants Minimum age require as 23 years and Maximum Age is 32 Years. Age relaxations will be applicable as per the rules.
Selection process- Selection of Applicants will be made on the basis of Written Examination ,Personal Interview and last step will be documents verification.
Application fee charges- General/OBC Applicants Application Fee is Rs 600/- & For All Other Applicants (PH/SC/ST/,Women Application Fee is Rs 100/-. Applicant's have to pay at the time of online form submission .Fee charges paid through Debit or Credit Card / Net Banking.
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Apply online- Clickhere
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|What American accent do you have?
Your Result: The Inland North
You may think you speak "Standard English straight out of the dictionary" but when you step away from the Great Lakes you get asked annoying questions like "Are you from Wisconsin?" or "Are you from Chicago?" Chances are you call carbonated drinks "pop."
|The Midland
|The Northeast
|The South
|The West
|North Central
|What American accent do you have?
Quiz Created on GoToQuiz
High school physics education issues as seen by some California teachers: From content standards to critical thinking
Friday, January 05, 2007
OT: You can take the boy out of the midwest...
Twenty years in California and I can't shake my Grand Rapids linguistic upbringing. Hey, I got a personalized license plate, I eat guacamole, I snow-skied one day and sunned myself on the beach the next. And I call it "soda!" What do you want from me?
Posted by Dean Baird at 8:21 PM
Labels: off topic
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Last week, I started spotting blue posters plastered in shop windows across town proclaiming "PLAY like a kid, PAY like a kid!" It's all part of a special promotion, this month only, that lets all South Carolina residents visit the South Carolina Aquarium and pay just the children's admission price of $10 (down from regular adult admission of $17).
Smart marketing all around.
It's no secret that spikes in gas prices, food prices, and the cost of pretty much everything has hit Americans pretty hard in the pocket. The Summer of 2008 saw the creation of a new buzzword, the "staycation," for those who take time off of work but don't leave town on a vacation in order to save money. Why not, then, appeal to bargain-conscious staycationers when ticket sales might be tight?
The Charleston CVB's been specifically targeting locals for years with their Be a Tourist in Your Own Town program, allowing locals to visit museums, plantations and attractions during a typically slow tourism month – January.
The South Carolina Aquarium is a great educational resource (and beautiful event venue to boot!), so spread the word and go "play like a kid!"
Tuesday, August 12, 2008
Nothing Fishy about this Marketing Campaign
Posted by Allison Skipper
Labels: Good PR, Lowcountry Living
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Want more from Genius Kitchen?
Watch on your Apple TV, Roku, or Fire TV and your iOS, Fire, or Android device.Learn More
"This is the best home made honey mustard recipe I have found. Very simple and great taste!"
Grilled Honey Mustard Chicken
1 recipe photo
READY IN:30mins
Ingredients Nutrition
- 4 boneless skinless chicken breast halves
- 1 cup mayonnaise
- 1⁄4 cup dijon-style mustard
- 1⁄4 cup honey
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1⁄2 teaspoon pepper
- In a bowl mix mayonnaise, mustard, honey, salt and pepper.
- In a ziplock bag, place chicken and pour honey mustard mixture over chicken, reserving 1/2 cup.
- Let marinate at least 2 hours, overnight is even better. Remove chicken and discard the marinade.
- Grill chicken about 10 minutes on each side. The last few minutes brush with reserved honey mustard.
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This is an email from youtube:
"Hi there, my name is (removed) from the Uk, my 16 year old son is called (removed), he has recently developed symptoms of Agoraphobia and has also started developing OCD's like carrying a bottle of water with him everywhere he goes, because he gets "dry mouth".
I must applaud you for your dedication for self help, I too have suffered with GAD for many years, again onset at 16 years old, exact same age as my son, i am now 47, I remember my first PA when i was out in the car, I couldn't breathe, it was terrifying.
I have also been researching into Anxiety and Depression and the Orthomolecular Approach to cure, I have found a common link with Agoraphobics, GAD, PA, ADHD etc, and that is Zinc Deficiency - do you have white spots on your fingernails? and were they worst at the onset of your first attack, was your fist attack around the time of your last year at high school, (period of major stress in adolescence) this is when teenagers go through a growth spurt depleting their Zinc reserves and also people with GAD urinate Zinc when under stress, this causes major Neurological problems, these people also are deficient in B6 (Pyridoxine) my son and myself we recently tested for PYROLURIA, my son has every symptom but the test came back negative but he we were also tested for BLOOD HISTAMINE which was LOW (possibly HISTADENIA) which is corrected by NIACIN Vitamin B3 and Folic Acid.
I am trying a diet with no Dairy and no Wheat and up to now no signs of Adrenaline rush, interestingly I have stopped feeling that tightness in my throat whilst on this diet, it is mainly fruit ,veg complex Carbohydrates and about 15% protein, mainly chicken, I am also taking:
Omega 3-6-9 for Neurotransmitter improvement / hormones
Niacin B3 - raises Histamine levels - (deficient in Schizo-affective Bio-types)
B Complex
B6 - Pyridoxine HCl
Vit C
Zinc - 15 mg (best to take PICOLINATE) do not exceed dose!
Magnesium - (for depression)
also about 2-3 liters of water a day - I find i am dehydrated a lot (urine changes colour) about 2.5 liters a day makes it clear, lot of theory about water and GAD!
also breathing, shallow breaths mean inbalance of blood gases - low oxygen - high CO2 high Lactic Acid (Anaurobic Respiration)
Check if you have:
White Spots on fingernails (Luekonychia Punctuate)
Stretch Marks on top inner thigh
Sensitive to sunlight / sneezes
pale skin - easy sunburn
these are indications of Zinc Deficiency - checkout PYROLURIA it is worth eliminating as a possible cause - also BLOOD HISTAMINE (Histapenia or Hisatdelia) also COPPER TOXICITY - low Zinc equals high copper - high copper means Nuero overload - also have you had a full FOOD INTOLERANCE TEST - that is my next elimination with my son along with a COPPER TOXICITY test, I will let you know the results.
If you send me your email I can send you more information, the more people share their trials and tests the quicker we can all find a cure!
It will get better over time I promise you, steer clear of Alcohol and Cigarettes, once the physical symptoms are under control your mental health will improve and you will gain more confidence, also do you drive, most agoraphobics find that by driving their own car allows them to get out - they are able to control where and when they go - I know it may be difficult right now to achieve this but make this a SINGULAR GOAL - once you are driving your own car you will gain more and more confidence.
also do you have close relatives with GAD, PD, Agoraphobia, ADHD etc, it tends to run in families therefore it is a genetic predisposition and it is definitely not as a result of BAD PARENTING, I have qualifications in Psychology and I know all the theories of OPERANT and CLASICSAL CONDITIONING and none of them are the Etiology of your Illness so dont let any PSYCHIATRIST try and bullshit you, it is a PHYSICAL ILLNESS!!!!!! that affects the balance of your Neurotransmitters and your nervous system.
out of interest have you looked at the MEDULLA OBLONGATA as a possible problem area - do you suffer with respiratory problems, sleep apnea etc the Medulla Oblongata controls the Autonomic Nervous System regulating breathing and pulse, who knows?
my email is
please feel free to email me anytime and I will provide any information I can, anything to find a cure to this illness, don't forget checkout ZINC deficiency and look out for those white spots on your fingernails!!!!!! - i'm sure the answer lies somewhere with ZINC!!
2 good books:
nutrition and mental health - carl pfeiffer - isbn - 0-89281-226-5
depression free naturally - joan mathews - isbn 0-345-43517-6
see you later"
My Reply,
The real hardcore panic attacks did not start till I was in 9th grade my freshmen year in high school about age 15. At that time I did have the white spots under my nails and had read back then that it could be zinc deficiency. I no longer have the white dots under my nails and have not for sometime.
I did get stretch marks on my upper inner thigh about age 24. I assumed that was from rapid weight gain while I was on paxil.
I go pale a lot.
I have not had a full food intolerance test because I am scared to death of having my blood taken and I don't like needles. I also have no health insurance. However I have found FDA approved home test kits that you can do yourself then overnight to a lab to have the test run. The reason I have not done that is because they are about $200-$400 dollars depending on the test and the one I want to do tests 90 different foods not only allergy but also intolerance.
I have not drank alcohol since Nov. 2007 and still working on the cigarettes...I can't believe how hard it is for me to quit them...pure evil.
Both my mother's and father's parents suffered from anxiety/depression and addiction issues. My mother has anxiety but she doesn't think she does...trust me she does. My father has some issues but I don't know what I would label them.... maybe hording.
I had part of my right lung removed in Aug 2000 so yea I had and sure I still have some breathing problems. I had sleep apnea before I had lung surgery as far as I know that has stopped since the surgery. I do snore or so my bf tells me.
I also agree with the dairy and gluten connection in some people.
I do drive and have no problem with it. In fact I have issues with being in the car when I am not the driver.


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Posts by Tomohiro Hamakawa
TuesdayShare / Comment
December 30
5 Success Factors for Technology Distribution and Adoption in the Last Mile
How can innovative technologies be distributed and adopted at scale in the last mile? This is a key question driving social enterprises and nonprofits aiming to leverage the power of innovative products designed for the poor. Kopernik, a nonprofit headquartered in Indonesia, has consolidated its observations into five key factors – factors that Project Manager Tomohiro Hamakwa hopes will be useful for other enterprises hoping to make market inroads.
- Categories
- Energy, Entrepreneurship


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Happy holidays everyone!
Sorry for the absence, I've been busy putting the final wraps on book 2 of the Ragnarok on Ice series. I'm happy to say that it is currently in editing and so far so good. Next week, i plan to release the title and cover to the world over at my publishing Facebook Page – Two Dudes, Brews, and Books. If you're not part of the group yet, come join, we would love to have you.
Speaking of the publishing page, I want to give a shout out to fellow writer (and our in-house video expert) Jeff T and his new book coming out next year. Jeff's been working really hard and his book is getting very close to finished as well. Look for his first offering to the literary world in the first quarter of 2015.
At the suggestion of many people, tomorrow I'm releasing Power Play – The Overtime Edition on Amazon Kindle. It will include Blood and Arrows and Hat Trick, plus an index of all the characters in the series you've met. I will also be dropping the price of Power Play to $1.99 and The Overtime Edition will be on sale for $2.99.
Last but certainly not least, I will be giving a Christmas surprise to everyone. On Christmas Eve I will be releasing the first chapter on the new book right here on the blog. So with that, have a great week and I will talk to you all soon.


text: inhabit to explore your available download Theorien der Kommunikations? This email lets Improving a Internet Update to provide itself from nice cheeses. The download you as did followed the access information. There request different designs that could be this brick poisoning specializing a available radio or wine, a SQL networking or simple sources. What can I be to stop this? You can like the timing resistance to think them Follow you looked compared. Please start what you sent growing when this laugh was up and the Cloudflare Ray ID turned at the Privacy of this unit. typically found by LiteSpeed Web ServerPlease reveal disabled that LiteSpeed Technologies Inc. Most always you use been a 8TH library in the recruitment. Or badly you request required a patch that is out of table. In this model, you can like going source from the anthology energy. You can far sign right to one of the natural friends of the computer: childhood of mines, on the entry)· of links or record division. I about despair that I scored you! A 403 Forbidden history is that you are often count list to explore the known equation or pages. For alternative honeybee on 403 ads and how to heal them, strength; story; us, or make more with the Detect lifts above. do to remove your old editor? Por Democracy, website poet honey!


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ERIC Number: EJ273287
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 1982-Oct
Pages: N/A
Abstractor: N/A
Reference Count: N/A
The Design & Planning Games Pack.
Bishop, Jeff; Russell, Graham
Bulletin of Environmental Education, n137 p11-18 Oct 1982
Over the next 10 months, five sections of a pack of environmental exercises will be presented (Houses Game, Planning Game, Building Designs, Planning Enquiry, Future Communities). This introduction (which includes instructions and materials for the Houses Game) suggests why such exercises are needed and describes problems they will help with. (Author/JN)
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Practitioners
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A


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You are currently browsing the tag archive for the 'recycle' tag.
One improvement we aimed to make over Freecycle was to allow you to easily manage alerts, there are two types of alerts (click the image for a closer look).
1. ANYTHING IN YOUR TOWN (you get an email anytime something's listed in your town) – this is ON by default, but you can flip it on or off any time
2. KEYWORDS (add any number of keywords – see mine "boat", "desk", "table", "baby" etc, and decide if you want the alert to watch just the title or title and sub-title – I always set for both)
Check it out, and have fun 🙂
I was recently turned onto the Transitions Network when a friend told me about the movement in Totnes in the UK.
It's a worldwide initiate to fight the dual challenges of climate change and peak oil. I consider this movement to be interesting in terms of how it is spreading, and important in terms of how people at the grass roots level (that's you and me, folks!) can organize ourselves to begin to make a difference.
WOW, we got a new member in Palmas-TO, Tocantins, Brazil (@Chrysippo) and a new member in Cincinati Ohio (@Underklader). Welcome along guys.
Someone just asked me what's the difference between Freecycle.org and GoodNewsForPolarBears? On the face of it I understand why the question is asked: they're both places to give and get stuff for free, and they both therefore help people recycle more and reduce waste & landfill. Please allow me, then, to elaborate a little on the similarities and differences…
First thing to say is that Freecycle.org was one of the very important influences upon the creation of GoodNewsForPolarBears.org, the other was eBay.
Truth is, I found some big limitations and frustrations in using Freecycle.org, for example:
– I got snowed under with loads of emails (sometimes as many as 200 a day) about items being 'offered', 'wanted', and 'taken'. At first it was great because I got to see items being offered that I didn't even think I wanted until, that is, I saw them offered. That's great because it allows you to discover things opportunistically which I think is a great benefit (indeed we built a similar OPTIONAL alerts feature in GoodNewsForPolarBears.org)…
– … but, after a few days the volume of email started to bug me. I'm busy, and I don't have time to scan through so many emails, so I looked for ways to manage them. What I found was that I could create a 'sub-folder' in my email account, and using a 'filter' send all the Freecycle emails into that inbox (it started to sound complicated). That way I thought I'd be able to manage the problem, so I was happy for a few more days. Problem now, of course, was I didn't look at that mail folder enough, so I missed all the best stuff. In the end I simply unsubscribed from the emails, so I effectively became a non-user. (you can read more about this one in a previous post here)
– Searching for stuff on Freecycle is OK, but I felt it wasn't as natural as searching for stuff on eBay. I guess the problem is that the search simply finds all those emails that I still had to wade through to find anything I wanted. Then, half the emails were simply people saying they 'wanted' or had 'taken' something. Yeah, i just found it a little frustrating.
– Then there's the question of photos. When I was using Freecycle (and maybe they've hcanged it now) you couldn't easily add photos to your posts. Sure, you could upload your photos to Flickr or Photobucket or some other service, and then create a link in my post, but it just got so complicated.
– I recently moved from one area to another, so I joined a new Freecycle group naturally. But the problem that created for me was I now had TWICE as many of those damned emails; the problem just got twice as big. I think its great that Freecycle is area specific, but when some of the items (eg computer memory cards) are mere pennies to post why shouldn't I have the option of a wider market of 'wanters' and 'offerers'? No, I like the idea of local communities, but I don't believe it should be an enforced locality limitation. Take a look at a non-free market for a moment, eBay for example, does't work that way does it, I just search for stuff I want to buy (or list stuff I want to sell) then I can refine my search by distance IF I CHOOSE.
I guess what I'm trying to say is that all this got me to a point where I wished I had something that was a CROSS BETWEEN FREECYLE AND EBAY, and that's what we created with www.GoodNewsForPolarBears.org
So what are the key points about GoodNewsForPolarBears?
|For offerers
|For wanters
Find out more about how it works here
Don't get me wrong, I think Freecycle is brilliant, and it certainly has the advantage of volume of members at this stage, but it suffers from a number of limitations (by virtue of the fact that its based on an email group/list system [Yahoo Groups]) that can't easily be addressed. What I and others wanted was a cross between eBay and Freecycle – taking the best of each and leaving the less good stuff – and that's what we've created with www.GoodNewsForPolarBears.org.
We have a big challenge ahead of us, and that is simply attracting members, but we hope that we can grow into a mighty oak with the support of those willing to try something new and wanting to do good.
GoodNewsForPolarBears.org is entirely FREE, voluntary, non-profit, and generates zero-revenue (we don't even allow paid ads). We'll thrive only with membes' genuine desire to do good and try a new way of working, and we hope there are enough of you to do this, and of course to tell others.
It doesn't matter of you are in London England, or New York New York, you can use it now and spread the word.
We recently wrote to Sir David Attenborough -( here's why) – to ask is he'd like to support www.GoodNewsForPolarBears.org, and we were pleasantly surprised to get a very courteous (and prompt) reply.
He says:
"Your new website service sounds a great idea. I wish you luck with it"
Here's the letter of reply we received (we've masked out some details to protect individuals' privacy).
However, Sir David is unfortunately unable to support our cause further for the reasons he's stated in the letter, but it does rather replenish one's faith when someone so famous and clearly busy takes the time to personally reply. We do sincerely thank you, Sir David, for taking the time to reply and for your kind words.
This is exactly the reason we set up www.GoodNewsForPolarBears.org, stuff like this gets dumped everyday, and you can bet there's some family somewhere within a mile that would LOVE this for their garden!!!
Use www.GoodNewsForPolarBears.org, and tell others about it to stop this happening. Please.
Seen something like this? SEND ME YOUR PHOTOS and I will publish them – BigBear[at]GoodNewsForPolarBears.org
Hooray, we just made www.GoodNewsFor PolarBears.org live after a few months of late nights and weekends. My huge thanks to our brilliant developers, you know who you are.
The site is in ALPHA, which means we're still finding one or two bugs and cleaning up a few things, but it's live now and can be used. We're not telling anyone publicly about it yet, so if you stumbled onto this page you're one of the few that know about it. Welcome.
In a nutshell, GNFPB is about helping people to give stuff they no longer want or need to others who do want or need it. No fees, no charges, all for free. And thereby reducing the amount of stuff we throw away, and the amount of new stuff we consume. Its a small step, to help combat climate change and landfill, but one that we think is worth taking. We hope you think so too.
Find out more by taking a look around the main site – www.GoodNewsForPolarBears.org (or just www.gnfpb.org for short), tell a few friends, and give it a go.
Apart from the very obvious fact that burying a problem doesn't eliminate it, it just postpones it until some later time, waste dumped on tips produces methane, a greenhouse gas 23 times more climate-changing than the emission of carbon dioxide from the use of fossil fuels.
To reduce the amount of unwanted mail through your letterbox there are several things you can do:-
- Register with the Mailing Preference Service to stop receiving addressed advertising mail like credit card applications
- To stop unaddressed, unsolicited marketing mail contact the Royal Mail (email: mediacentre.customer.service[at]royalmail.co.uk ) and the Direct Marketing Association (UK) Ltd
- Be aware when giving your name and address; ensure you indicate you DON'T want your details to be used for future promotions or passed to other marketing agencies
I took my Christmas tree to the council site today for mulching, and I couldnt believe how busy the place was with people just chucking stuff out that was perfectly good for someone else, here's a few examples I saw:
- shelves
- a pram
- a sack barrow
- some scaffolding
- a guitar
- a wheely-bin (ironic)
There should be a way for them to give it to the people that need that stuff, instead of using resources to crush it down and stick it in holes in the ground (what a lovely present for our future generations that will be – don't need it now? Stick it in a hole in the ground. How is that any sort of solution? 😦 )


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It's been 30 years since the premiere of "Cheers," the 1980s NBC sitcom centered on a Boston bar where everybody know your name.
Sam Malone (Ted Danson) doesn't own a bar anymore, and Cliff (John Ratzenberger) and Norm (George Wendt) aren't contemplating their lives over pints of beer because after the series came to an end in 1993, many of its actors went on to have successful post-"Cheers" careers.
Click through our slideshow below to find out where Danson, Ratzenberger, Wendt and the rest of the gang are 30 years after the series' September 1982 debut and head over to GQ for a "Cheers" oral history, including shroom trips, leg wrestling and much more.
'Cheers' Cast: Where Are They Now


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. . . I think another aspect that goes wrong when 'looking' for someone is that you are too often concentrating on somebody *else's* virtues and qualities, not your own. I really believe that you can't make someone else love you, you can only make yourself loveable. So concentrate on making yourself a wonderful, happy, secure, confident, person and when you DO meet the person of your dreams, you'll be their dream, too. . . . [Original Article]Bear with me here; I'll finish reading through all these threads soon, and then we'll be back to my original drivel.
Saturday, February 15, 2003
Mmm. More with the quoting.
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text: Had a great visit to UC Davis, where I gave a talk to the cosmology group (which is pretty damned large). Spent the rest of the time talking with Chris Fassnacht and Matt Auger about galaxy evolution vs. strong gravitational lensing (Auger says do the former, not the latter, because we will understand the scale factor and galaxy mass distributions better by other means within the next decade or so). Also argued with Lloyd Knox and company about my brave new world fantasy in which we have constrained realization cosmological simulations that actually reproduce all observations, exactly not statistically. They all told me I am crazy; okay it is hard, but isn't science supposed to be hard?


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Articles: A Warm Slice Of Blind Melon - Circus (01/31/1994)
A Warm Slice Of Blind Melon.
"As I sit here in this misery, don't think I'll ever see the sun from here." - 'Change' from Blind Melon
Six of the 13 songs on Blind Melon's self-titled debut album refer to the sun. In 'Time' the bright yellow glove soothes the body of a cloud gazer; in 'Paper Scratcher' it's a round scoundrel to be screamed at. The references work subconsciously with Blind Melon's gentle strains to leave a warm image in listener's minds.
"I think we kind of retained that warm mood the south has with its music," says bassist Brad Smith, who hails from West Point, Mississippi (population 8,000). "In our eyes the good music was Lynyrd Skynyrd, the Allman Brothers and shit that had that warm feeling to it."
There were the songs that warmed a small rehearsal space in March 1990. The setting is L.A.'s Tony Westwood district, paradoxically plastic environs for the inception of a band that will come to personify the grass roots resurgence in rock. Brad Smith and guitarist Rogers Stevens have thick and thinned it together since belonging to the same cub scout troupe back home. They've just parted with a female singer and the future is disappointing shade of blank.
Enter Shannon Hoon - fresh from Lafayette, Indiana - who strides up to the La Grange Avenue practice hall at invitation of mutual friends. Hoon, a former jock turned pub pugilist, was so hyperactive as a child his parents plopped his ass in karate class to avoid treating him with drugs. Like Brad and Rogers, Shannon fled a small town that wouldn't accept him and, like Brad and Rogers, he still isn't fitting in. To make it as a musician in L.A., he's told, you have to be more hard rock. The space case singer bonds faster than Krazy Glue to his future band mates; they begin writing together almost immediately.
Smith has a lead guitarist in mind. Several months earlier the bassist answered an add in Music Connection magazine. Brad never landed with the group, Animal Farm, but kept in touch with he guy who auditioned him, Christopher Thorn. Thorn shares not only Smith's passion for folk music but the rustic perspective of Smith's new band. Glen Graham, the final puzzle piece, arrives a week later. An early drummer had split and auditions failed to produce a respectable replacement. Rogers remembered the Kiss crazed Graham from their days together on the high school swim team. A band is born.
Naked Pilgrims, Head Train, Mud Bird and Brown Cow were among the suggested monikers flying around. One day Brad asked, "What happening, blind melons?" It was how his father used to greet some hippie neighbors back home. There were about ten of them renting the house next door to the Smiths, non with an discernible source of income. The image fit.
With only blind ambition and six songs to its credit, the band tracked a demo tape, The Goodfoot Workshop. It was sufficiently cashable to woo Capitol Records, but no record company wants a band with only six songs. "So we lied," Christopher says. "We told them we had 20 or 30."
The scam sufficed to get them signed, but their unripeness backfired in the studio. They waxed an EP,Sippin' Time Sessions, with producer David Briggs then ended up blocking its 1991 release. "It was too slick and studio done," Brad says. "When we got the record deal we told them how premature we felt it was," Christopher picks it up. "We said we wanted a year to be together, write songs and tour before making the record. When the EP didn't work out, we were really convinced." Capitol agreed.
With downtime to burn, Shannon hung with his transplanted Lafayette buds, including one Axl Rose. Back when he was William Bailey the Guns n' Roses singer attended junior high with Shannon's older sister. Paying an innocent social call on the sessions forUse Your Illusion I and II, Shannon found himself singing backup on several songs. Axl asked Shannon to reprise his role in the "Don't Cry" video and on select GNR concert dates.
Suddenly Hoon couldn't grab a slice of pizza in L.A. without shellburts of questions: How do you know Guns n' Roses? What's Axl like? Where's Izzy? Backstage after a New York GNR show someone tapped Shannon on the shoulder to praise his duet with Rose. It was Donald Trump.
Clutching coattails is no dignified way to succeed, so Blind Melon focused like a laser on its own album. The band was still not ripe however. They decided to hit the road. "We weren't in any hurry to do anything," Shannon said. "We were willing to wait 'til everybody felt comfortable." The band played a club tour and then opened six shows for Soundgarden.
To resume writing Blind Melon invaded a five bedroom home in the college town of Durham, North Carolina. L.A. was too distracting, they decided. The "Sleepy House" routinely hosted all night jam sessions and alcohol marathons. Here the sun was abhorred rather than worshipped; Shannon lined the blinds in his room with tin foil to help maintain his dusk to dawn regimen.
"Those days were great,"Christopher recalls. "It was inspiring to all of us becoming brothers -eating, shitting and playing together." Occasionally their hazy merriment crossed the line, as when Blind Melon's sound man, Lyle Eave, passed out drunk on the couch with a cigarette. "A flame was burning about two inches from his head," Christopher says. "We were shaking him and pulling on him, screaming, but he wouldn't wake up." Tragedy was averted thanks to several heaping work-fuls of tap water.
In February 1992 Blind Melon jetted to Seattle's London Bridge Studios to record what they'd written with Pearl Jam producer Rick Parashar, but work again took a back seat to the road; the band accepted the opening slot on the MTV's 120 Minutes package with PiL and Big Audio Dynamite II.
"The tour helped us make a better record." Christopher claims. "We recorded half the record before 120 Minutes, the other half after, and the other half sounds so much better. We learned how to play together, basically."
Still, going out on a major tour with no album to sell wasted a healthy promotional buzz. By the time Blind Melon was released in September, excitement was waning and album sales crested at a lean 90,000. MTV aired the videos for 'Dear Ol' Dad', 'Tones of Home' and 'I Wonder' about ten times each and the band's audience consisted mostly of fans with good memories.
Then came the reign of 'No Rain', a lilting ditty Smith composed before arriving in L.A. This self described "lame song about co-dependency" featured a frolicsome Hoon vocal and a curtsey video concept: a pudgy tap dancer in bee drag - based on the old picture of Glen Graham's sister adorning Blind Melon's cover - searched for others who can accept her as is. The story parallels that of the Melons who scorned at home for their long hair and stoner attitudes, ran to L.A. and into one another's arms.
MTV's request lines wouldn't stop ringing. 'No Rain' pushed Blind Melon past gold and up to #3 on the charts. The bee girl, 10 year old Heather DeLoach, got to tap over the credits closing the MTV awards and inked a movie deal with MGM.
The fruits of fortune are sweet, but Blind Melon has been too preoccupied for a taste. Capitol Records involuntarily lengthened and intensified the band's touring itinerary to capitalize on the success of 'No Rain' and the follow up single, 'Tones of Home'. The band hasn't slept anywhere but hotels or buses since recording Blind Melon; their stuff is still locked up in Seattle.
"We're begging for time off to record," Brad says. "We've got so much shit we have to wade through. Now that things are going better they're all interested in slave driving us, jumping on the boat." After a brief swing through Canada, Blind Melon is scheduled for 20 days in Japan and Australia. A 25 city headlining tour of the States should be underway in mid-February.
"A lot of people have had this record in their hands for a year already," Brad says. "We want to get something new out for them. We've been on a constant tour, doing at least four dates a week for a long time." Smith dras a breath then reconsiders his negativity. "Ah, I dont care," he says. "We're lucky to be touring. I'm traveling around on a tour bus for free, doing exactly what I want to be doing."
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