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Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
January 19, 2017
MICHAEL C. DUFFEY, Appellantv.WORKERS' COMPENSATION APPEAL BOARD (TROLA-DYNE, INC.), Appellees
ARGUED: September 14, 2016
from the Order of the Commonwealth Court at No. 1840 CD 2014
dated 6/26/15 affirming the decision of the Workers'
Compensation Appeal Board at Nos. A13-0229 and A13-1158 dated
issue in this workers' compensation appeal is ultimately
whether a notice of compensation payable closely
circumscribes the range of health-related conditions to be
considered in impairment rating evaluations.
Michael C. Duffey ("Claimant") sustained injuries
to his hands when he picked up electrified wires while
repairing a machine for Appellee, Trola-Dyne, Inc.
("Employer"). Employer issued a notice of
compensation payable (the "NCP") per Sections 406.1
and 410 of the Workers' Compensation Act, [1] 77 P.S.
§§717.1, 731, which indicated that the "[b]ody
[p]art(s) affected" were "bilateral hands";
the type of injury was "electrical burn"; and the
description of the injury was "stripping some electrical
March 6, 2011, after Claimant had received benefits for total
disability for a period of 104 weeks, Employer requested an
impairment rating evaluation pursuant to Section 306(a.2)(1)
of the Act, 77 P.S. §511.2(1).[2] In its request for
designation of a physician to perform the evaluation per the
applicable administrative regulations, see 34 Pa.
Code §123.104, Employer described the underlying
compensable injury as "bilateral hands-nerve and joint
A few
months later, Claimant submitted to an impairment rating
evaluation (the "IRE") by Bruce E. Sicilia, M.D.
(the "Physician-Evaluator"), a specialist in
physical medicine and rehabilitation. The Physician-Evaluator
assigned a whole-body impairment rating of six percent,
prompting Employer to issue a notice informing Claimant that
his disability status would change from total to
partial.[3] This modification did not decrease the
amount of Claimant's weekly benefits, see 77
P.S. §511.2(3) ("Unless otherwise adjudicated or
agreed to based upon a determination of earning power . . .,
the amount of compensation shall not be affected as a result
of the change in disability status and shall remain the
same."), but instead, had the effect of limiting
Claimant's receipt of benefits to a 500-week period,
see id. §512(1) (prescribing that partial
disability benefits are to be paid "for not more than
five hundred weeks").
proceeded to file a review petition attacking the validity of
the IRE. Claimant did not aver that there had been a
determination that he actually met the threshold impairment
rating of at least 50 percent, as facially is required to
support a challenge to an IRE under Section 306(a.2). See
id. §511.2(4) ("An employe may appeal the
change to partial disability . . . [p]rovided, [t]hat there
is a determination that the employe meets the threshold
impairment rating that is equal to or greater than fifty per
centum impairment[.]"). Nevertheless, Claimant proceeded
under prevailing Commonwealth Court precedent holding that
such requirement does not pertain where the challenge is
lodged, as it was here, within 60 days after the employer
provides the claimant with notice of the status change from
total to partial disability. See Barrett v. WCAB (Sunoco,
Inc.), 987 A.2d 1280, 1288-89 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2010).[4] It was Claimant's position that the
Physician-Evaluator had failed to rate the full range of
work-related injuries, since Claimant suffered from
adjustment disorder with depressed mood and chronic
post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of his work
hearings before a workers' compensation judge (the
"WCJ"), Claimant adduced his own testimony
concerning the circumstances surrounding his injury and his
initial and ongoing symptoms and treatment. According to this
testimony, Claimant developed, and continued to experience,
impairment in the use of his hands, agonizing deep pain, and
debilitating exhaustion. See, e.g., N.T., Dec. 16,
2011, at 7-8.
later supplemented the record with deposition testimony from
his family physician, Debra A. Bell, M.D., who had diagnosed
Claimant with the adjustment disorder with depressed mood and
chronic post-traumatic stress disorder and treated him for
such conditions. See Deposition of Debra A. Bell,
M.D., dated Mar. 20, 2012, in Duffy v. Trola-Dyne
Inc., No. 3485314 (DLI, Bur. of Workers' Comp.), at
16, 18. Claimant also introduced deposition testimony from a
neurologist, Scott M. Cherry, M.D., who attested that
Claimant's injury had evolved into a disabling, chronic
neuropathic pain syndrome attended by emotional and cognitive
changes. See Deposition of Scott M. Cherry, M.D.,
dated Dec. 9, 2011, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at 14,
16, 19, 33.
presented the Physician-Evaluator's testimony supporting
the rating evaluation that he conducted. The
Physician-Evaluator explained that, in addition to accounting
for Claimant's physical condition, he also considered
Claimant's complaints of pain, encompassing
"work-related chronic neuropathic pain syndrome, "
Deposition of Bruce E. Sicilia, M.D., dated July 27, 2012, in
Duffy, No. 3485314, at 23, 25, rating the condition
according to a sensory impairment table provided in the
governing impairment guidelines, see id. at 24.
See generally 77 P.S. §511.2(1) (keying
impairment rating evaluations to "the most recent
edition of the American Medical Association 'Guides to
the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment'"). According
to the Physician-Evaluator, however, the rating did not
account for asserted work-related adjustment disorder or
post-traumatic stress syndrome. In this regard, the
Physician-Evaluator offered the following explanation:
I am not a psychiatrist and I don't have appropriate
skills, if you will, to do that type of assessment. And I was
specifically asked to assess his electrical burn injuries and
I did that.
of Bruce E. Sicilia, M.D., dated July 27, 2012, in
Duffy, No. 3485314, at 31.
clinical and forensic psychiatrist, Timothy J. Michals, M.D.,
also testified, via deposition on Employer's behalf, that
he had evaluated Claimant and concluded that he had recovered
from the adjustment disorder with anxiety and depressed mood.
See Deposition of Timothy J. Michals, M.D., dated
Aug. 1, 2012, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at 26-27. Dr.
Michals further expressed his disagreement with the diagnosis
of post-traumatic stress disorder. See id. at 32-34.
The WCJ
accepted Claimant's evidence as credible and rejected
Employer's conflicting evidence, directed that
Claimant's psychological conditions should be added to
the notice of compensation payable, and determined that the
IRE was invalid, because the Physician-Evaluator had not
addressed those conditions. Accordingly, the WCJ also found
that the total-disability status assigned to Claimant's
benefits could not be modified.
appeal, the Workers' Compensation Appeal Board reversed
the decision to invalidate the IRE, reasoning that a
physician-evaluator may properly limit an impairment rating
evaluation according to the accepted injuries as reflected in
a notice of compensation payable. Along these lines, the
Board observed that Claimant had not sought to amend the NCP
to include additional injuries in a timely fashion, but
instead, waited to do so until almost six months after the
IRE was performed. The Board thus held that the six percent
impairment rating assigned by the Physician-Evaluator was
valid and, accordingly, modified the status of Claimant's
benefits from total to partial disability.
further appeal, the Commonwealth Court affirmed the
Board's order in a published opinion. See Duffey v.
WCAB (Trola-Dyne, Inc.), 119 A.3d 445 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2015). From the outset of its analysis, the intermediate
court emphasized that Section 306(a.2) requires a
determination of the degree of impairment "due to
the compensable injury." Id. at 450
(emphasis in original). The court then focused most of its
remaining analysis on the "compensable injury"
component of this phrase, explaining that the notice of
compensation payable establishes the description of the work
injury. See id. at 451 (quoting Harrison v. WCAB
(Auto Truck Transp. Corp.), 78 A.3d 699, 703 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2013)). In light of this approach -- and given that
an impairment rating evaluation involves an assessment of a
claimant's condition at the time of the evaluation,
see id. (quoting Westmoreland Reg'l Hosp. v.
WCAB (Pickford), 29 A.3d 120, 128 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2011)) --
the court indicated that "the focus in determining the
validity of an [impairment rating evaluation] is on the state
of the claimant and the compensable injury, as described
in the [notice of compensation payable] at the time the
[impairment rating evaluation] is performed."
Id. (emphasis in original).
distinguishing several previous decisions, the Commonwealth
Court expressed its disinclination to "believe that the
General Assembly intended to nullify an already performed and
otherwise valid IRE by claims of new or additional injuries
that were not yet determined to be work-related and,
therefore, would not have been addressed by the [evaluating]
physician." Id. at 452. To hold otherwise, the
court posited, would contravene the reform goals of the 1996
amendment to the WCA which had implemented Section 306(a.2).
See id. at 452-53.
these lines, the Commonwealth Court suggested that a contrary
holding would encourage claimants to effectively sabotage
impairment rating evaluations. See id. at 453
("The delay in adding injuries as a litigation strategy
to defeat an [impairment rating evaluation] performed under
Section 306(a.2) does not serve the purpose of the IRE
process or the 1996 Amendments to the Act."). In this
respect, the intermediate court stressed that an employer has
only a single opportunity to obtain a self-executing change
of a claimant's status from total to partial disability.
See id. ("Claimant's position would
effectively strip Employer of its only opportunity to obtain
a self-executing change in disability status, by adding
injuries to the [notice of compensation payable] after the
IRE is performed and having the IRE declared invalid.").
According to the court, claimants should be encouraged to be
proactive in updating notices of compensation payable so that
their constellation of injuries can be considered in
impairment rating evaluations. See id.[6]
We find
the outcome of this case to be controlled by straightforward
statutory interpretation, a matter over which our review is
plenary. See, e.g., Fish v. Twp. of Lower
Merion, __Pa.__, __, 128 A.3d 764, 769 (2015). At the
outset, we reiterate that a pervasive focus on
"compensable injury" has obscured an important
aspect of the governing statute. See supra note 5.
In this regard, Section 306(a.2) explicitly invests in
physician-evaluators the obligation to "determine the
degree of impairment due to the compensable injury,
" 77 P.S. §511.2(1) (emphasis added). Per such
express terms, a physician-evaluator must consider and
determine causality in terms of whether any particular
impairment is "due to" the compensable injury.
Id. Moreover, the required evaluation is of
"the percentage of permanent impairment of the whole
body resulting from the compensable injury." 77
P.S. §511.2(8)(ii).
We have
no difference with the Commonwealth Court's reasonable
holding that a notice of compensation payable should define
"compensable injury" for purposes of this inquiry.
Such recognition, however, simply does not determine the
range of impairments which may be "due to" such
injury. Under Section 306(a.2) and the applicable impairment
guidelines, the physician-evaluator must exercise
professional judgment to render appropriate decisions
concerning both causality and apportionment. See
id.; accord Am. Med. Ass'n, Guides to the
Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Ch. 2, Introduction (6th
ed. 2009) (the "AMA Guides") ("Physicians must
use their clinical knowledge, skills, and abilities to arrive
at a specific diagnosis; define the pathology; and rate
impairments based on the Guides'
It is
noteworthy that causation, for purposes of the AMA Guides, is
assessed, in the first instance, by reference to an
"event" rather than an "injury, " thus
creating some potential tension with Section 306(a.2)'s
focus on causal association with a compensable injury.
See AMA Guides §2.5b ("Causality is an
association between a given cause (an event capable of
producing an effect) and an effect (a condition that can
result from a specific cause) with a reasonable degree of
medical probability."). But cf. id. Ch. 2,
Introduction (depicting the AMA Guides as a "tool to
translate human pathology resulting from a trauma or disease
process into a percentage of the whole person").
Accordingly, there may be some basis in the AMA Guides
permitting a physician-evaluator to attribute a
claimant's psychological disorders to the event in which
the claimant was was injured, rather than to the compensable
injury itself. Again, however, a physician-evaluator simply
may not entirely disavow any and all responsibility to
consider causality relative to a given condition.
See 77 P.S. §511.2(1).[8]
it is apparent from the record that the Physician-Evaluator
did not apply professional judgment to assess (or, per the
applicable regulations, arrange for an assessment of) the
psychological conditions identified by Claimant during the
IRE examination;[9] nor did he determine whether such
conditions as might have been diagnosed were fairly
attributable to Claimant's compensable injury. Instead of
abiding by the directives of Section 306(a.2) and the AMA
Guides in such regards, the Physician-Evaluator purported to
take a different set of instructions from Employer.
See Deposition of Bruce E. Sicilia, M.D., dated July
27, 2012, in Duffy, No. 3485314, at 31 ("I was
specifically asked to assess his electrical burn injuries and
I did that."). Proceeding as such, the
Physician-Evaluator simply ignored a range of potential
diagnoses and impairments. See, e.g., id.
at 15 (reflecting the evaluator's testimony that
Claimant's depression "was not rateable [sic] at the
time because I was not asked to rate it."
(emphasis added)). Again, however, the Physician-Evaluator
was bound to take his guidance, not from Employer, but from
Section 306(a.2) and the AMA Guides. See AMA Guides
§2.3b ("As an impairment evaluator, the physician
must understand the regulations pertaining to medical
practice and evaluation."); id. Chapter 2,
Introduction ("Physicians must use their clinical
knowledge, skills, and abilities to arrive at a specific
diagnosis; define the pathology; and rate impairments based
on the Guides' criteria.").
Commonwealth Court's opinion may reflect a pragmatic
approach in requiring claimants manifesting psychological
symptoms deriving from a compensable injury to address the
causality question in advance of an impairment rating
evaluation. There may obviously be an attendant concern that
the alternative is to require psychological assessments in
the broader range of impairment rating evaluations.
are competing considerations involved, however. For example,
injuries often are depicted briefly, and even cryptically, on
notices of compensation payable.[10]Furthermore, benefits
ultimately cease as a result of an unfavorable rating
evaluation, although a claimant may remain, in conventional
terms, totally disabled and unable to provide for his or her
own well-being. See generally IA Constr., __Pa.
at__, 139 A.3d at 155 (discussing the distinction between
impairment and disability in terms of the focus of the latter
term on loss of earnings capacity); AMA Guides §2.3b
(reflecting that the object of the impairment rating process
is "to enable a fair and competent determination of
benefits to which the [subject of the evaluation] may be
per the AMA Guides, as a matter of clinical judgment, a
physician-evaluator may, where appropriate, treat the
impairment rating pertaining to a particular organ or body
system as encompassing a whole body assessment. See
AMA Guides §§2.2a, 14.1c (reflecting the general
rule that "[t]he psychological distress
associated with a physical impairment is . . . included
within the rating" for a physical condition
(emphasis in original)). In point of fact, the AMA Guides
rather pointedly discourage separate treatment of
psychological effects. See AMA Guides §14.1c
("In most cases of a mental and behavioral disorder
accompanying a physical impairment, . . . the
mental and behavioral disorder chapter should not be
used." (emphasis added)). In this regard, it
devolves to the physician-evaluator's sound professional
judgment whether, and under what circumstances, psychological
conditions effectively graduate to distinct consideration per
the AMA Guides' mental-and-behavioral-disorders
In all
events, the evaluative judgment is the touchstone on these
subjects, as well as on the topic of causality. In the
present case, since the Physician-Examiner failed to exercise
such judgment based on a misunderstanding concerning the
scope of his responsibilities, the WCJ did not err in
invalidating the IRE.
dissenting opinion authored by Justice Wecht chastises this
opinion on multiple fronts, asserting that we have: exceeded
the scope of the issues presented; ignored the statutory
definition of "impairments"; compromised the
impairment-rating process; inappropriately misallocated
decision-making responsibility relative to causation from
workers' compensation judges to physician-evaluators; and
disregarded the significance of the fourth edition of the AMA
Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.
the issue preservation concern, Justice Wecht characterizes
the question presented as a narrow one limited to the
Does an amendment that expands the injury description on a
notice of compensation payable ("NCP") invalidate
an impairment rating evaluation ("IRE") that was
conducted before the amendment?
Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 1 (Wecht, J.). In
point of fact, however, the issue accepted for review is
framed in a considerably different fashion, see Duffey v.
WCAB (Trola-Dyne, Inc.), __Pa.__, __, 131 A.3d
480, 481 (2016) (per curiam), as are the arguments
in Claimant's brief.[12]
as we have previously explained, the issue statement and
Claimant's arguments are clouded by a conflation of the
terms "injury" and "impairment, " see
supra note 5, Claimant's brief otherwise makes clear
that he is advancing the position that a physician-evaluator
has an obligation "to address all work-related
conditions at the time of the evaluation." Brief
for Appellant at 19 (emphasis added).[13]
Unfortunately, the difficulty with the terms
"injury" and "impairment" arises from the
complexity of these overlapping and intersecting -- but also
diverging -- concepts. See, e.g., supra
note 10.[14] Indeed, such conflation appears to be
quite common. See, e.g., Dissenting Opinion,
slip op. at 1 (Wecht, J.) (incorrectly asserting
that the holding of this opinion is that physicians must
assess all of the claimant's "injuries, " when
in point of fact, we have repeatedly explained that the
statutorily prescribed duty is simply to assess "the
degree of impairment due to the compensable
injury" on a "whole body" basis, 77 P.S.
§511.2(1), (8)(ii) (emphasis added)).
As a
more general observation, a Court of last resort must have
some leeway to make rational judgments and pronouncements
that are not strictly confined according to the precise
letter of parties' arguments. Otherwise, the law would be
shaped according to the nuances of the litigants'
presentations, including the extremes toward which they
sometimes press their positions within the adversary system.
Such latitude is particularly appropriate in matters
involving statutory construction, where the language of the
governing statute ultimately must remain the polestar for
rulings having widespread application. Again, from our point
of view, Claimant's position sufficiently implicates a
plain-meaning interpretation of Section 306(a.2), and ...
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text:
|Hercules Mulligan
[1]September 25, 1740
Coleraine, County Londonderry, Ireland
|March 4, 1825(aged 84)
|Alma mater
|Kings College, New York
|Spy, Tailor
|Known for
|Secret agent for George Washington during the American Revolutionary War
|Elizabeth Sanders Mulligan
|3 sons, 5 daughters
Hercules Mulligan (September 25, 1740 – March 4, 1825) was an Irish-American tailor and spy during the American Revolutionary War. He was a member of the Sons of Liberty.
Born in Ireland to Hugh and Sarah Mulligan, Hercules Mulligan and his family emigrated to North America in 1746, settling in New York City. Mulligan attended King's College (now Columbia University) in New York City. After graduating, Mulligan worked as a clerk for his father's accounting business. He later went on to open a tailoring and haberdashery business, catering to wealthy British Crown force officers.
On October 27, 1773, Mulligan, an Episcopalian,[2] married Elizabeth Sanders at Trinity Church. Sanders was the niece of Admiral Charles Sanders of the British Royal Navy. The couple had eight children: five daughters and three sons.[3]
Mulligan was introduced to Alexander Hamilton shortly after Hamilton arrived in New York. The men were introduced by Mulligan's brother, Hugh; Mulligan also knew the Crugers, for whom Hamilton had clerked in St. Croix.[4] Mulligan helped Hamilton enroll at the Elizabethtown Academy in New Jersey, and later, the College of New Jersey at Princeton (now Princeton University). After Hamilton enrolled at King's College, he lived with Mulligan in New York City. Mulligan had a profound impact on Hamilton's desire for revolution.[5]
In 1765, Mulligan was one of the first colonists to join the Sons of Liberty, a secret society formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight British taxation. He also helped to mob British soldiers in the Battle of Golden Hill. He was a member of the New York Committee of Correspondence, a group that rallied opposition to the British through written communications.[6] In August 1775, he and the Corsicans, a New York volunteer militia company, under fire from HMS Asia, successfully raided four British cannons in the Battery.[4] In 1776, Mulligan and the Sons of Liberty knocked down a statue of King George III in Bowling Green, melting the lead in the center to cast bullets to use against the British. Mulligan continued to fight for liberty following the Declaration of Independence.
While staying with the Mulligan family, Alexander Hamilton came to share Mulligan's views. Initially siding with the British before coming to New York, Hamilton was persuaded to change his views and joined the Sons of Liberty. As a result, Hamilton wrote an essay in 1775 in favor of independence. When George Washington spoke of his need for reliable information from within New York City in 1776, after the Continental Army was driven out, Hamilton recommended Mulligan due to his placement as tailor to British soldiers and officers.[7]
This proved to be incredibly successful, with Mulligan saving Washington's life on two occasions. The first occurred when a British officer, who requested a watch coat late one evening, told Mulligan of their plans: "before another day, we'll have the rebel general in our hands." Mulligan quickly informed Washington, who changed his plans and avoided capture.[8]
Mulligan's slave, Cato, was a Black Patriot who served as a spy together with Mulligan, and often acted the role of courier, in part through British-held territory, by exploiting his status as a slave, letting him pass on intelligence to the Continental Army without being stopped.
Mulligan was cleared of suspicions of possible Loyalist sympathies when George Washington had breakfast with him on the day after the British evacuated New York City and Washington entered it at the end of the war.[9]
It is not known what happened to Mulligan's slave, Cato. However, on January 25, 1785, Mulligan, along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay,[10] became one of the 19 founders of the New York Manumission Society, an early American organization founded to promote the abolition of slavery.
Following the Revolution, Mulligan's tailoring business prospered. He retired in 1820 and died in 1825, aged 84. Mulligan was buried in the Sanders tomb behind Trinity Church. When the church was enlarged, the Sanders tomb was covered. Today, there is a tombstone located in the southwest quadrant of the churchyard bearing Mulligan's name.[11]
The Culper Ring is depicted in the fictionalized AMC American Revolutionary War spy thriller period drama series, Turn: Washington's Spies, based on Alexander Rose's historical book Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring (2007).[12] Mulligan and Cato are portrayed in the fourth and final season.[13]
In the 2015 hit Broadway musical Hamilton, Mulligan was portrayed by actor Okieriete Onaodowan, who also played James Madison.[14] Mulligan appears in the first act of the play as a friend of Alexander Hamilton, John Laurens, and Marquis de Lafayette, working as a tailor's apprentice and subsequently a soldier and spy in the American Revolution.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The New Pearl: an Updated Classic by Janine Purcell photos Aaron Leyser
or award-winning Asian cuisine, visit The Pearl, the new incarnation of the former Pearl of the Orient restaurant in Shaker Heights. Serving the community for nearly 40 years, they've moved to new quarters in the developing Van Aken District. Rose Wong opened the original restaurant in 1978. A talented artist and designer, she came to Cleveland to design the restaurant and stayed on to become its manager. With the new venue, she's blending innovation with tradition so that loyal customers can feel at home and all clientele can enjoy a new vibe. The updated menu expands the scope of authentic Chinese dishes. It adds creative, informal small plates inspired by Hong Kong street food. The décor of the original restaurant was on the cutting edge for the late 1970s – the strong use of red and upholstered chairs, for example. Rose is delighted with the updated look her architect, Ron Reed of Westlake Reed and Leskosky, created for the new space. In the new dining areas, jade-colored table tops paired with red chairs and gauze curtains integrate with red walls and velour which pay homage to the original restaurant. Full-height photo murals of the Hong Kong harbor and skyline give the feeling of dining near the water in the famous island city. The 80-seat restaurant is "spacious yet intimate." The lounge area in the front has table seating in addition to a quartztopped, 14-seat bar area. Two smaller table seating areas in the front and rear let you nestle into a table that suits your mood. If you opt for the front seating alcove, you can enjoy original artwork from Ms. Wong's graduate fine arts thesis. Rose is proud of the capacity at the new venue to offer a sophisticated traditional Chinese banquet. The menu is planned ahead to assemble an array of 10 - 12 courses. Each course is presented on
Fine Lifestyles Magazine Cleveland
Awesome Editorial on Cleveland Ohio's Local Businesses and Culture. -Fine Lifestyles Magazine Cleveland Spring 2017
Published on Apr 6, 2017
Awesome Editorial on Cleveland Ohio's Local Businesses and Culture. -Fine Lifestyles Magazine Cleveland Spring 2017


text:
Divers begin experiment living underwater
Divers begin experimentliving underwater
PONZA, Italy -- Scuba diver Stefano Barbaresi exercises on an exercise machine on his first day of a 10-day experiment of living underwater off the island of Ponza. Barbaresi, 37, and Stefania Mensa, 29, completed the first day living 26 feet underwater off the island of Ponza on Thursday.
They have nine days to go to reach their goal of 240 hours -- doubling the 120 hours set by Jerry Hall of Bluff City, Tenn., in eastern Tennessee's Watauga Lake, according to the Guinness world records.
The divers' new home has beds, exercise machines, table and chairs and even a television -- all anchored to the sea floor.
Every five to six hours, the two will be able to enter a dry chamber where they can do such things as dine and change masks as well as undergo examinations by researchers, from several Italian hospitals and Rome's Sapienza University.
Study: Gene shows signsbrain is still evolving
WASHINGTON -- Scientists have discovered a gene variation, perhaps involved in brain size, that showed up only 6,000 years ago -- a mere blink of the eye in evolutionary time.
This discovery, along with another brain gene that arrived about 37,000 years ago, is providing scientists with strong evidence that the human brain is still a work in progress.
"It's very exciting stuff," said Henry Harpending, a professor of anthropology at the University of Utah who was not part of the research. "The brain is still evolving."
The new study was led by Bruce Lahn, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator at the University of Chicago, and appears today in the journal Science.
Magazine lists BYUas nation's fittest school
PROVO, Utah -- On those annual lists of the nation's college campuses, Brigham Young University is probably best known for its regular ranking near the bottom when it comes to party schools.
But now the university owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has earned a new distinction: fittest college campus.
The ranking comes courtesy of Men's Fitness magazine, which earlier this year went in search of the fittest and fattest schools. Working with the Princeton Review, Men's Fitness surveyed more than 10,000 university students from 660 campuses and released its rankings in its October issue, which hit newsstands this week.
Along with BYU at the top of the list are the University of California, Santa Barbara; Boston University; University of Vermont and Northwestern University.
Topping the list of the fattest schools: University of Louisiana at Lafayette, followed by University of New Orleans, Mississippi State University, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and Portland State University.
Restaurateurs spooked
ORLANDO, Fla. -- The landlords of an Orlando entertainment complex are suing two restaurateurs for refusing to move into a renovating building because they claim it is haunted.
Subcontractors who worked there and other people have reported seeing ghosts or other apparitions, said Lynn Franklin, attorney for the restaurant owners.
"It's very serious," Franklin said Thursday. "A lot of people are corroborating having seen incidents in this location."
The $2.6 million lawsuit filed last month by the owners of the Church Street Station entertainment complex says an offer to hold an exorcism was refused.
Judge ordered removed
ALBANY, N.Y. -- A town justice who abandoned his part-time post, but not his paycheck, to take a job in Iraq should be removed from office, a judicial commission said Thursday.
The New York State Commission on Judicial Conduct said Judge Glenn Fiore's flagrant abandonment of his position requires the sanction of removal because ethical rules require a judge to put his judicial duties over all other activities.
Judge Fiore, 54, said he would not appeal the ruling.
In March, he took a one-year job in Iraq driving a truck for Kellogg, Brown & amp; Root Services Inc.
Combined dispatches
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Close your eyes and think about trying to walk through a dark tunnel that smells of gas while holding a match and knowing that if you light it, there might be a big boom.
Everyone seems to be holding their breath in a similar way at Moorpark High, where Coach Tim Lins is walking a tight rope with co-No. 1 quarterbacks and somehow making it work.
"I'm proud of the way they're handling it," Lins said of 6-foot-5 senior quarterback Brody Rohach and 6-3 senior quarterback Brian Blechen.
Blechen transferred from Simi Valley Royal last season and was the starter until breaking his hand in Week 6.
Rohach took over and led the Musketeers to seven consecutive wins and a spot in the Northern Division championship game.
This season, Rohach is starting with Blechen also playing several series. Blechen has a scholarship to Utah, he punts, plays defense and is a receiver. So he wasn't about to abandon ship. Rohach's father, Jerry, coaches defensive backs for Moorpark, so he wasn't going to leave either if he lost out on playing time.


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cost to build a barndominium Things To Know Before You Buy
I like to recommend that you just enlist the help of a very good Real estate agent, Architect, and Lender before you make any choices.
We selected a web-site over the house where we might have a rather degree area as well as owning some pleasant trees to offer an excellent vista each from the house and within the porch wherever We're going to do a whole lot of outdoor dwelling. In several of the images, ideally you can see that, but I feel we have an exceptionally awesome area which is relatively near the japanese border in the residence but not also near to any buildings within the eastern property.
When Tim and Lynda Thomas moved into their barndominium, they envisioned it for being short term. They had been able to move outside of the town and on for their residence near McKinney, Texas, but due to an easement problem, they weren't nevertheless able to build on the website they'd picked.
A quick World-wide-web search will clearly show that barndominium-dwelling is rising in fascination and popularity. Wayne Youthful, a rural appraiser with Money Farm Credit, claims that, in Texas, the overwhelming majority of barndominiums are made use of as weekend retreats for those who are in the city but individual land from the place.
Purchasing or building a different home could be an expensive and time intensive process. Buying a Barndominium in your future household can lower cost and head aches. We've a range of hues to pick from and with steel roofs and siding coupled with our inexperienced building design and style you'll be able to significantly lessen Electricity charges and routine maintenance cost Eventually.
I don't realize that we could return to a 'common' home, mainly because it would appear compact." Barndominiums cost fewer and are more quickly to build, have virtually no external servicing needs and generally have decrease coverage and taxes. Lots of owners also report A great deal lower utilities.
The things they ended up in search of: "Metal building to implement as a home, with front porch deal with and independent metal carport."
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Barndominiums supply many of the features and comforts of a regular residence along with the assurance that these households may also be fireproof plus more proof against pests which include termites.
Area and transportation costs Consider to barndominium builds, and they are commonly semi-tailor made builds also. Much cheaper to build inside a subdivision in the metropolis than to haul that stuff out towards the sticks and down a dust highway!
It's a sentiment shared from the Eustace spouse and children along with the Thomas family members. Ronnie and Crystal Eustace moved their 3 children into a metal home under two a long time ago, desiring to Stay there for a few decades prior to building a conventional property.
Location and transport costs Consider to barndominium builds, and they're ordinarily semi-customized builds at the same time. Much cheaper to build in the subdivision inside of a town than to haul that stuff out towards the sticks and down a dirt road! 0
I really didn't want to eliminate this stand of trees. We experienced tried out to arrange the building to minimise the number of trees we eradicated. However, in the event the men staked out the define of the building, it absolutely was rather apparent that if this stand failed to get eliminated, they'd lead to difficulties for the building in the future. They were being even triggering issues from the short-term. The property drops 61" from front to back again (another adverse surprise necessitating quite a bit extra function and cost to level).
"We saw that there was a distinct segment there, and we check over here ended up capable to deal some possibilities and present what can be done," Reichardt suggests.
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Gerne setze ich dann noch einen drauf ebenso frage WELCHER meines inzw. recht heterogenen Sortiments es denn pro sie sein zielwert - Ausnahmslos Aufgebraucht artikel bisher begeistert, was mich anspornt... Ladies only: "bootsberger"...
Ja, da staune ich übrigens häufig - bis anhin der cam - hinsichtlich viele Mädels/Frauen das Bildthema "Cockring" doch noch gar nicht bekannt sein...
Ich habe mir ein Penisring gekauft zumal habe mich gefragt wann streife ich diesen Penisring über meinen Penis? ich habe es mal ausprobiert kurz vorm sex aber das Schwierigkeit war da Messestand er schon außerdem jezz habe ich mich gefragt kann ich ihn auch 30 min vorher überstreifen.
habe indem nachgedacht des weiteren sehe An diesem ort keinen Anlass zur Beanstandung. Ich sehe hinter in bezug auf bisher keine Validierung, schon gar keine abfälligen Äußerungen.
wir sind bei der Fernerziehung inzwischen bei der Webcam angekommen zumal habe auch schon Wachs zumal Schaschlikspieße an den Brüsten durch, doch Dasjenige sind ja etliche Strafen.
P.S. Beliebtes Runde bei meiner letzten Herrin außerdem mir ich musste vor der cam hinein eine Schüssel urinieren des weiteren es dann danach austrinken
Den benutze ich seit dem zeitpunkt 5 Jahren. Ist aus silikon und macht einen mortz Blutstau für jedes 30 - 40min. Ich lege ihn kurz vorher an ansonsten uns beiden gefällt Dasjenige sehr. Benutze ihn wenn schon beim onanieren, oder bislang der cam,Superbenzin!!
Was ich suche sind praktisch Aufgaben die sie vor der Webcam abgesagt werden kann wo ihr selbst Kardinalfehler unterlaufen können/zu tun sein *g.
Also wir haben eine Penisring aus Silikon mit einem kleinen Vibrator innerhalb. Den Durchmesser des Rings kann man mit einer Schlaufe unabhängig so tun als ob, so kann man selber bestimmen in bezug auf eng er anliegt Meistens leg ich mir den Ring an wenn wir mit dem Sex beginnen, abundzu aber wenn schon erst nach 10 oder 15 Minuten kleiden kann man ihn so gut wie lange, man sollte aber darauf aufpassen dass er nicht ZU lange ZU eng sitzt
Sie kann schreiben ich bin der Meinung ..., aber über jeder beliebige anderen abfällig nach schreiben des weiteren diesen des weiteren seine Handlungen nach einschätzen steht ihr ansonsten dir durch dein Beipflichten nicht nach!
Hattet ihr dann und wann einen Cockring drauf, ansonsten dann mitten im Liebesspiel gemerkt das er nach dicht gedrängt geworden ist.
sie kleidet es zwar hinein eine Meinungsäußerung trifft aber absolute Eine behauptung aufstellen (kann niemals, Einsam schon; Euch mag es reichen ...), das ist eine Beurteilung und Dasjenige muß ich nicht als Meinungsäußerung hinnehmen. Es unterstellt Abgasuntersuchungßerdem das ich ein Defizit hätte, weil mir ja weniger bedeutend reicht.
Man bedingung ein ein klein bisschen überprüfung, in bezug auf und wann es am günstigsten geht, ich zuversicht eine "generelle Gebrauchsanweisung" funktioniert An dieser stelle nicht.
tja... die Schiene der beiden "S" rein SSC scheint mir wenigstens in An dasätzen schon beilegen worden nach sein - in der art von wäre es denn dann mit einem 2rönerspieß durch die Schamlippen? Wäre doch eine logische Fortsetzung...
ich dachte An diesem ort herrscht Meinungsfreiheit oder muß ich meine Beiträge demnächst hier einem Zensor vorlegen, der sie dann beurteilt, Oberbürgermeister sie wahr dom sind oder einem bestimmten Erfordernis vollbringen.
Es ist toll das zigeunern An dieser stelle soviele Experten äußern außerdem mir exemplifizieren, welches ich gar nicht wissen will. Behaltet eure große Gelahrtheit doch einfach pro euch, da ist sie gut aufgehoben.
für jedes eine Seite da kannst Du selbst camen mit mir an dem WE mit Ausnahmen dann schreib ich oben picobello Du kannst real sogar anderes hinter Anfrage bekommen,getragene Wäsche, Fotos etc. erhalten Fakecheck hab ich jetzt auch gemacht bei get more info poppen also gibts auch keinen camcheck vorangestellt ansonsten in dem Gästebuch sind sogar Einträge von netten Männern denen es mit mir gefallen hat Die Balkon geb ich nur noch auf Ersuchen für jedes die netten Männer ohne beschränkung die mich unregelmäßig gebucht gutschrift
da lies bitte den Mitgliedsbeitrag von devno schon wieder fehlerfrei, denn du stimmst einzig pauschal zu, sie schreibt zum einen ihre Auffassung:
Wegen der Gefühle, ich denke er meinte Dasjenige dom die gefühle der sub nicht so fruchtbar mitbekommt hinsichtlich sowie er selber offenherzig daneben steht (meine Übernahme)
Du kannst ihr die identisch sein Aufgaben ausliefern, in bezug auf auch in dem realen Leben...ist ja nil anderes, ausschließlich Dasjenige eine cam dabei ist.
Also meiner ist aus Metall, da gibt es bloß die Möglichkeit bevor das Lebenssaft in die Leistengegend schießt Sonst hast du mit dem keine Chance eine größere anzahl, aber sogar das ausziehen ist anders nicht wirklich möglich. Die Zeug aus Silikon und so sind da etwas Anwenderfreundlicher
Euch mag es reichen, SM via webcam nach erleben, aber ich stehe dem doch äußerst reserviert gegenüber!
Insoweit distanzieren sie zigeunern mit diesen worten ausdrücklich von allen Inhalten aller verlinkten /verknüpften Seitlich,


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|QUOTE (treacherous @ Apr 30 2009, 11:59 AM)
|This is the fight that officially begins the plot of the story for me. Grano is shot and Bloody is...well...a bloody freak.
|QUOTE (Judge Death @ Apr 30 2009, 12:01 PM)
|Feel free to use me in the next one :D
|QUOTE (treacherous @ Apr 30 2009, 03:03 PM)
|Dude, I did these last year on the CBUB. These are old as crap. They are all said and done. N00Bs. I swear.
|QUOTE (GruntKilla06 @ May 1 2009, 12:14 AM)
|Ouch... :mellow:
|QUOTE (treacherous @ May 1 2009, 09:12 PM)
|Sorry, was that harsh. :D


text: Humanities Languages Parts of the Body for English Learners Share Flipboard Email Print PeopleImages / Getty Images Languages English as a Second Language Vocabulary Basics Pronunciation & Conversation Writing Skills Reading Comprehension Grammar Business English Resources for Teachers Spanish French German Italian Japanese Mandarin English Grammar by Kenneth Beare Updated March 29, 2017 The words below are the most important words used when talking about all things related to the body. All of the words are categorized into different sections of the body such as the torso, head, legs, etc. You'll find example sentences for each word to help provide context for learning. There is also a list of body movement verbs including which body part completes each action. The Body - Arms and Hands elbow - Don't jab your elbow into me. It hurts! finger - He pointed his finger at her and shouted "I love you!" index finger/middle/little/ring - Many people wear their marriage band on their ring finger. finger nail - Have you ever painted your finger nails? fist - Make your hand into a fist and then pound it on the table for more food. forearm - You should put some sunscreen on your exposed forearm. hand/left and right - I write with my right hand. That makes me right-handed. palm - Show me the palm of your hand, and I'll read your future. thumb - Our thumb might be the most valuable digit we have. wrist - That's a beautiful bracelet on your wrist. The Body - Heads and Shoulders chin - He has a very strong chin. He should become an actor. cheek - She brushed her daughter's cheek and sang a lullaby. ear - You need to clean out your ears! You can't hear anything. eye - Does she have blue eyes or green? eyebrow - Jennifer spends a lot of time making her eyebrows stand out. eyelash - She has very thick eyelashes. forehead - Look at that forehead. He must be a genius. hair - Susan has light brown hair and blue eyes. head - His head is rather large, isn't it? lip - Her lips are like soft pillows. mouth - He's got a big mouth! neck - I love her long neck. nose - She's got a beautiful petite nose. nostril - He flairs his nostrils when he is angry. jaw - You chew your food with your jaw. shoulder - Dennis had broad shoulders. tooth (teeth) - How many teeth have you lost? tongue - Stick your tongue back in your mouth! throat - The beer flowed down my throat easily on the hot day. The Body - Legs and Feet ankle - Your ankle connects your foot to your leg. calf - Her calf muscles are very strong from all the running. foot (feet) - Put your shoes on your feet and let's go. heel - As you walk down the hill, dig your heels into the dirt to help balance you. hips - I think I've put some weight onto my hips. I'm thick around the waist. knee - Your leg bends at the knee. leg - Put on your pants one leg at a time. shin - Be sure to protect your shins when you play soccer. thigh - His thighs are huge! toe - A toe is like a finger on the foot. toenail - She likes to paint her toenails pink. The Body - The Trunk or Torso bottom - Your bottom is used for sitting. chest - He has a broad chest because he swims a lot. back - Are you experiencing any pain in the back? stomach - I'm eating too much and my stomach is growing! waist - She has a slim waist and will fit into anything! All Parts of the Body blood - The hospital needs more blood. bone - Our skeleton is made of bone. hair - It's amazing how much hair is on the floor after a haircut. muscle - You should always stretch your muscles before you go running. skin - Make sure to put on sunscreen to protect your skin. The Body - Verbs Here is a list of verbs that are used with different parts of the body. Each verb is listed with the specific body party part which completes the action. blink eyesglance eyesstare eyeswink eyepoint fingerscratch fingerkick footclap handspunch handsshake handsslap handssmack handsnod headshake headkiss lipswhistle lips/moutheat mouthmutter mouthtalk mouthtaste mouthwhisper mouthbreathe mouth/nosesmell nosesniff noseshrug shouldersbite mouthchew mouthstub toelick tongueswallow throat Continue Reading


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In Memory of
Lee Ann Marshall
1959 - 2017
Memorial Service
11:00 am - 12:00 pm
Wednesday, September 27, 2017
Our Lady of Victory Catholic Church
820 Westerly Parkway
State College, Pennsylvania, United States
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Horace posted a condolence
Friday, September 29, 2017My sincere condolences for the loss of your loved one. Be assured that the almighty God truly cares for the family! May you find comfort in the promise that "... there is going to be a resurrection of both the righteous and the unrighteous" (Acts 24:15), and very soon "... no resident will say, 'I am sick'" (Isa. 33:24) because "... death will be no more, neither will mourning nor outcry nor pain be anymore. The former things have passed away."(Rev. 21:4) How is this possible? Visit JW. ORG and search for 'Why did Jesus die?'. Then watch the video.
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Cindy Adams posted a condolence
Wednesday, September 27, 2017So sorry to hear of Lee's passing. She was kind to everyone and will be sorely missed. My deepest condolences to her entire family but especially her children for losing such a warm and wonderful mother.
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Tracey Daddario posted a condolence
Wednesday, September 27, 2017My heart will never heal from the loss of my sister and best friend Lee. I will forever miss her. Blessings to her children.
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Rebecca Hollowell posted a condolence
Wednesday, September 27, 2017Lee was such a joy to all - I was lucky to get to know her when my kids were at OLV as well a outside of the school. She was always a positive influence in their day and had a fabulous sense of humor. You family was blessed with a wonderful gift and she will be greatly missed.
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Jody and John Vallario lit a candle
Wednesday, September 27, 2017
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Jo Allen Swan posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017The loss is so great. The pain and the sorrow overwhelming. I remember Lee as a girl when she would visit ND. Her laughter was contagious. And I loved the deep tone of her voice. I am sure her laughter brought joy to so many. And her voice a soothing comfort for those in need. Jo
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James Keith posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017My deepest condolences goes out to Ms. Lee and her family. So sorry for your lost. I am a graduate from Penn State, and during my time there I would spend a lot of time in the Student activities room either getting work done, studying, or just socializing with the people who worked there. Ms. Lee always made me feel welcomed and was always willing to give my friend and I the best advice possible in regards to anything. She will truly be missed by the Penn State community!
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Christopher Shanley posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017I offer prayers for family members and friends as they endure the loss of the sweet and lovely lady that we remember Lee was to us here on Earth. Take strength in the thought that she has been welcomed into His loving embrace to share in the glory of His Kingdom for eternity.
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Beth Beattie posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017So sorry we cannot express our sympathy in person. It was with a heavy heart that we received the sad news of her passing. Know that we all enjoyed your Mom's wonderful spirit, smile, and kindness. Her memory will shine on through the two of you and the many hearts she touched. At this very sad time, may deep faith strengthen you and the love of family and friends carry you. Think each passing day as one day closer to being reunited. Be assured our prayers are with you...and we will continue to remember her too. Hugs to you both, Maddie and Andrew. Love, The Beatties
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Mark Dorner posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Gone From My Sight I am standing upon the seashore. A ship, at my side, spreads her white sails to the moving breeze and starts for the blue ocean. She is an object of beauty and strength. I stand and watch her until, at length, she hangs like a speck of white cloud just where the sea and sky come to mingle with each other. Then, someone at my side says, "There, she is gone." Gone where? Gone from my sight. That is all. She is just as large in mast, hull and spar as she was when she left my side. And, she is just as able to bear her load of living freight to her destined port. Her diminished size is in me -- not in her. And, just at the moment when someone says, "There, she is gone," there are other eyes watching her coming, and other voices ready to take up the glad shout, "Here she comes!" Henry Van Dyke
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Lisette Hickok posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Our hearts are filled with sorrow upon hearing of Lee's passing. She will be truly missed. Our most sincere condolences go out to you and your family, Maddie. - With love, Lisette and Kara Hickok; Jill and Jennie Walter
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Woodman Family posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017A truly special lady that touched the hearts of countless. I will never forget the love she shared with me during my time at OLV and she made OLV feel like home. She had a way to always put a smile on everyone she met and kids, including me, would look forward to talking with her at school everyday. It's hard to put into words the power of her impact and to hold back tears writing this. She was loved by all and maybe even more powerful, she expressed loved to all. Her heart will live on through her legacy. Heaven got another Angel. Prayers and thoughts to your family during this time. - Nate, Joe, Brad, Anita, & Greg
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Bill Briggs posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Dear Craig, Max & Family, We are very sorry for your loss. Lee was a great person and a vital member of the Park Forest Swim Team back in its glory days. Bill Briggs Debbie Briggs Mandy Demangone
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Danielle Jones Matt jones posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017So sorry for your loss. She will be greatly missed. Love Danielle Jones and family from missouri and Baron Susan and Matt Jones from State College Pa
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Shirl Kepler posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017My Thoughts and Prayers are with the Family and Friends! ~ Lee was a Wonderful Person!
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Helen Snyder posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Maddie and Andrew, I am so sorry for your loss... Everytime I saw her at church or anywhere in town she always had a beautiful smile and was always so friendly. My heart goes out to all of you at this difficult time and I will keep all of you in my prayers. Helen Snyder
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Dennis Mathewson posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017I am so sorry to hear of your great loss. Recently I lost my dear mother, and found great comfort in the Holy Bible, like at Isaiah 25 verse 8 - "The Sovereign Lord will swallow up death forever, and wipe away the tears from all faces." Also at Revelation 21 verse 4, we find God's promise to remove both pain and death. For more comfort, I turn to the website at: www.jw.org (Search: Comfort)
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Jaimie Miller posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Dearest Maddie and Andrew, Our thoughts are with both of you and your entire family as you go through this most difficult time. Your mom touched the hearts of my daughter, Georgianna, and and my sons, Nick and Zach. They were all in "1B" and "Mrs. Marshall" was always the person who dried their tears, made them laugh, and gave them hugs. I cannot tell you how many times, while getting ready in the morning so many years ago, when they were sad, worried about something, etc. the answer was always "Don't worry. Mrs. Marshall is there!" I know that my three children who had the privilege of knowing and being loved by her are only three of the many, many children she touched. She has left a legacy of love and memories and kindness behind her. You will be in our prayers and in our hearts forever. Love, Jaimie, Luke, and Emma Miller and Georgi, Nick, and Zach DeCarmine
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Erin Clouser posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Your family is in my thoughts throughout the day when I think about Lee. I will miss seeing my sweet friend every day in the HUB - her contagious laughter and smile always made my day better. I love you my beautiful friend - you are lifted up on eagle's wings to God's glory. Until we meet again!
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Jane MacArtney lit a candle
Tuesday, September 26, 2017
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Linda Magro and Olivia and Sami posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Very saddened to hear the news about your mom. She was a beautiful lady with a fabulous smile and great sense of humor. I always enjoyed chatting with her at after school care when my girls were at OLV. Extending our deepest sympathy to you and your entire family. XO
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Denny and Deb Seaward posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017We are just so sad and sick about this. We really thought that we had more time together. She is now an angel looking over us all. We just can't believe that we will not see her face or hear her voice again. Much love, hugs and prayers to her entire family, especially Maddie and Andrew. Know that we are here for you, if there is anything you need, please ask.
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Jim and Dawn Rodgers posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Max and Craig Dawn and I send our deep condolences for your loss. Having just lost a son this past summer, we are aware of the profound sense of loss you are feeling. You will be in our thoughts. Jim and Dawn Rodgers
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Cynde Fleagle posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Maddie I am so sorry to hear about your mom's passing. She was such a wonderful person. Keep a spark of happiness knowing that you are a lot like your mother. Best, Cynde "Coach Cheese"
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Christopher & Kelly Kaminski posted a condolence
Tuesday, September 26, 2017Saddened to hear of Lee's passing. She had a positive impact on the lives of those she met and always had a kind word. Our hearts and prayers go out to Madeline, Andrew, her family and friends.
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Jill Boyles Selfe posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Prayers for Maddie and Andrew. Lee was such a wonderful and loving person. My heart breaks for the both of you.
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Anne Peno lit a candle
Monday, September 25, 2017
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Donna kondash posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Our thoughts and prayers are with you Maddie and Andrew! Sincerely, Donna, Joe, AJ and Megan Kondash
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Jan Walters posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Having worked with Lee at OLV for over ten years, it is hard to put into words what an amazing friend she was and how sorry I am that she has passed. Lee had a contagious smile and laughter which she was very generous with. Her many kind acts with staff and children will not be forgotten, nor will she. May she rest in peace for eternity.
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The family of Lee Ann Marshall uploaded a photo
Monday, September 25, 2017
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Deirdre Bolter posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Lee fit right into our family and was always so welcoming and easy to talk to! She will be greatly missed by all. Love her kind and caring heart.
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Mark and Sandy Shelow posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Lee Marshall was a rare gem. When we think of her, it is always with a big, beautiful smile on her face and a gleam in her eye, like she was about to crack a joke, which she usually was. She loved every child, even the difficult ones, and did her best to make life better for them. She brightened every room with her infinite humor and loving heart. She will be sorely missed by this community. Our thoughts and prayers continue to go out to Andrew, Maddie and the rest of her family.
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Dean Coder posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017I am terribly sorry to hear this shocking news. I knew her back in 75, 76 and she was a nice young lady.
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The Thornburg Family posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Our condolences to the family of Lee Marshall and to all that knew her. You could not great her without being the recipient of her generous smile. When Catalina was in first grade she would always tell me stories of her BFF Miss Marshall! She will be missed but forever in our hearts.
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Darlene Vescio posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Maddie, Andrew and Family, The Vescio family sends our deepest sympathies and condolences for the loss of your mother. Justin was lucky to have her as an aide and friend during first grade and throughout his years at OLV. She was also a friend to our family and always said hello to me at school massses or times I visited the school. She will be greatly missed!! You are all in our thoughts and prayers. Chuck, Darlene and Justin Vescio
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Chris Daschbach posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Your smile and love for all will always be remembered. You will be missed, but as an Angel you now have an even bigger responsibility in watching over the rest of us. Your patience and guidance will always be honored.
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Bob and Pam Smerbeck posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017We are very sorry about the loss of Lee. She was always friendly to the Smerbeck family and she cared about our children. We know that Lee is in heaven with the lord. Our thoughts and prayers to the Marshall family. Sincerely, Bob and Pam Smerbeck
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Patty Kleban Klaus posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017Maddie and Andrew, your mom, as you can probably see, made an incredible mark on everyone she met, helped, talked to, bumped in to or otherwise touched. She made friends with everyone. Her laugh, her sassy, her big-as-the-sky heart--impressed everyone.
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Cindy Desmond Ellis posted a condolence
Monday, September 25, 2017We all have such a void in our lives without Lee. Lee was charming, loving and knew how to laugh. She would present a story like no one else. Such a true friend who will be part of my life forever. My love to Maddie, Andrew and All.
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Thursday, August 2, 2007
Define "Spiritual" Please
So, where to start? How about Webster's Universal College Dictionary. The first four definitions found in the 1997 Random House edition I own read as follows:
spiritual adj. 1. pertaining to the spirit or soul, as distinguished from the physical nature 2. of or pertaining to the spirit as the seat of the moral or religious nature 3. of or pertaining to sacred things or matters; religious 4. pertaining to or consisting of spirit; incorporeal
So, then, spiritual matters are not physical. And they are usually religious. What about the definition of spirit? Same source, first three definitions:
spirit n. adj., v. 1. the animating principle of life, esp. humans; vital essence 2. the incorporeal part of humans or an aspect of this, as the mind or soul 3. conscious, incorporeal being, as opposed to matter
It seems to me that we have a word here that is attempting to describe something that is indescribable, at least in its intended meaning for the Spiritual Ministry Department. It is a word that I find no use for, at least in this meaning. If something is incorporeal then we cannot know anything about it unless it chooses to manifest itself somehow in our world - - that is, becomes corporeal. And then it is no longer spiritual, by definition.
So spending tax dollars on the spiritual would be a big fat fucking waste of money even if it were constitutional, which I still contend it is not. Of course, there is no hope of getting the current Supreme Court to agree with me, hell, they don't think tax payers have standing to contest how tax dollars are spent (fucking right wing shitheads). But that is another issue altogether.
So spiritual is another in a list of words that I have discarded from my vocabulary as useless. What are some of the others?
How about sin... as an atheist I cannot sin. Sin is a concept that makes no sense to me because one cannot sin unless there is a god that one is sinning against. So there goes "sin" into my vocabulary waste bin.
Another useless word for me is believe. I don't believe anything. I make reasoned decisions based on evidence, research, and the best knowledge that humans have accumulated over time. I therefore know facts as much as anyone can know anything. I have no need to believe or believe in anything outside of this scope. As such, I avoid the words believe and belief.
Faith is another useless word. Basically, one relies on faith when one has no evidence or facts to back up his beliefs. There is nothing that you can know by faith, it is only a crutch word used by religious believers to attempt to give credibility to their choice to believe in the unbelieveable.
What do you think? Are there any words that my fellow atheists out there have ejected from use after finding them to be devoid of meaning and worthless?
7 comments:
- Ceroill said...
Ok, I'm not a bona fide atheist, as such, but I'm having to resist the obvious suggestions of "statesman", "credibility", and "network entertainment".
- August 3, 2007 at 12:27 PM
- csm said...
- August 3, 2007 at 12:33 PM
- Ceroill said...
Glad I could bring a smile, csm!
- August 3, 2007 at 12:55 PM
- lou said...
OK CSM, I respect your opinion though you unconstitutionality position is feeble. Here is the problem. You aspire to remove a service that obviously other Americans find supportive because you conclude it to be ludicrous. This assistance does not initiate any religious institutions.
I try to esteem the position of atheist, agnostics and religious uniformly. I am agnostic, but recognize there is more to a man than just the physical. It would seem obvious that something imparts life, provides consciousness and fulfills the role of the id, the ego and the superego. From your perspective that evidently purports I am religious worshipping at the foot of the question mark? To take it a step further, you manifestly stipulate that our soldiers not "exercise their freedom to religion"? Once again, I find supporting the service that assists so many of our soldiers to be the appropriate one.
- August 3, 2007 at 10:25 PM
- csm said...
"I am agnostic, but recognize there is more to a man than just the physical."
You can say that all you want, yet there is no proof of what you say at all. None, zero, zilch. Prove and I'd re-consider. Otherwise, let's have a Department of Placating the Invisble Flying Weasels. Just as much evidence for them and they need to be placated damn it!
"It would seem obvious that something imparts life, provides consciousness and fulfills the role of the id, the ego and the superego."
Your argument is non-existent if you are saying that this "something" is spiritual. That ain't obvious at all.
"From your perspective that evidently purports I am religious worshipping at the foot of the question mark?"
Not an accurate assessment of my perspective friend. I'm saying this department IS religious, as much as spiritual. Spiritual is the fake way that weasels hide religion in places it does not belong. I'm curious, as an agnostic, what the hell would this department have to offer you? If this department is truly 'spiritual' and not merely religious (christian religious at that) then can it offer comfort to certain Native Americans by imparting wisdom on how to please Takanaluk or help the Inuit in soothing their anua?
"To take it a step further, you manifestly stipulate that our soldiers not "exercise their freedom to religion"? Once again, I find supporting the service that assists so many of our soldiers to be the appropriate one."
I refuse to participate in your delusion and I never said anything of the sort. You can make up all the shit you want, but (just like GWB and his cronies) that don't make it true!
- August 4, 2007 at 12:35 AM
- lou said...
"I'm curious, as an agnostic, what the hell would this department have to offer you?"
It's simple really, I'm thinking of others and their needs. Americans should not be forced to think as I do because America is for all people. I also do not have a vendetta against anyone who doesn't reflect the way I do. I wish you well on all that CSM.
- August 4, 2007 at 6:57 AM
- csm said...
Gee, thanks lou, for wishing me well on my "vendetta." I wish you well in your world without reason or sense.
- August 4, 2007 at 2:10 PM