text:
Land Rover Defender
The Land Rover Defender is a British four wheel drive off-road utility vehicle.
The product of continued development of the original Land Rover Series I launched in 1948, it uses the basic yet robust underpinnings of a ladder frame chassis and aluminium body and is available in a huge variety of body types from the manufacturer, plus many more specialist versions such as fire engines.
While perhaps best associated with expeditions, Defenders are also used variously in agriculture, industry and the military. In recent years the model has been increasingly utilised as a private car.
|Land Rover
|Parent company
|Rover 1983–1994
Ford 2000–2008
Tata Motors since 2008
|since 1983
|Solihull, West Midlands, England
|Land Rover Series
|Off-road vehicle
|Front engine, four-wheel drive
Name and badge distinctions
The Defender name was not adopted until 1990 as a measure to distinguish the utility Land Rover model from the Discovery and Range Rover.[1] Between 1983 and 1990 the coil-sprung utility Land Rovers were officially known as the Land Rover Ninety or One Ten, with the number spelled out in full in advertising and in handbooks and manuals. These vehicles also carried badges above the radiator grille which read Land Rover 90 or Land Rover 110, with the number rendered numerically. From late 1989, following the introduction of the Discovery, the front badge simply said 90 or 110. From 1991, when the Defender name was adopted the vehicles became the Defender 90 or the Defender 110. These carry front badges that say Defender, with a badge on the rear of the vehicle saying Defender 90 or Defender 110. The current model, from 2007, still has the space above the radiator for the badge, but is simply blank.
The 127-inch (3,226 mm) wheelbase Land Rover 127 available from 1985 was always marketed with the name rendered numerically. Following the adoption of the Defender name, it became the Defender 130, although the wheelbase remained unchanged.
In the United States and Canada, North American Specification (NAS) Defenders sold between 1989 and 1997 said only 'Land Rover' with no '90' or '110' numeric designation.
The Defender is an exceptionally capable vehicle, in keeping with Land Rover tradition.
Hand assembly
Something of an anachronism in the 2000s, the Defender has no unibody structure and is still largely hand assembled. All its major body panels and sub-assemblies simply bolt together. Thus not only can a Defender be literally broken down to its chassis with simple hand tools there are no irreplaceable stress points. While appreciated in the field and by enthusiasts, this method of manufacture has become increasingly expensive relative to unibody and modular construction.
Land Rover Ninety & One Ten
Production of the model now known as the Defender began in 1983 as the Land Rover One Ten, a simple name which reflected the 110 inch (2.794 m) length of the wheelbase. The Land Rover Ninety, with 93 inch (2.362 m) wheelbase, and Land Rover 127, with 127 inch (3.226 m) wheelbase, soon followed.[2]
Outwardly, there is little to distinguish the post-1983 vehicles from the Series III Land Rover. A full-length bonnet, revised grille, plus the fitting of wheel arch extensions to cover wider-track axles are the most noticeable changes. While the engine and other body panels carried over from the Series III, mechanically the Ninety and One Ten showed significant modernisation, including:
- Coil springs, offering a more comfortable ride and improved axle articulation
- A permanent four-wheel drive system borrowed from the Range Rover, featuring a two-speed transfer gearbox with a lockable centre differential
- A modernised interior
- A taller one-piece windscreen
In addition, a new series of progressively more powerful and more modern engines were designed for future use.
The One Ten was launched in 1983, and the Ninety followed in 1984. From 1984, wind-up windows were fitted (Series models and very early One Tens had sliding panels), and a 2.5 litre, 68 hp (51 kW) diesel engine was introduced. This was based on the earlier 2.3 litre engine, but had a more modern fuel-injection system as well as increased capacity. A low compression version of the 3.5 litre V8 Range Rover engine was available in conjunction with a 5 speed transmission which transformed performance.[1]
This period saw Land Rover market the utility Land Rover as a private recreational vehicle. Whilst the basic pick-up, Station Wagon and van versions were still working vehicles, the County Station Wagons were sold as multi-purpose family vehicles, featuring improved interior trim and more comfortable seats. This change was reflected in Land Rover starting what had long been common practice in the car industry – detail changes and improvements to the County model from year to year in order to attract new buyers and to encourage existing owners to trade in for a new vehicle. These changes included different exterior styling graphics and colour options, and a steady trickle of new "lifestyle" accessories that would have been unthinkable on a Land Rover a few years ago, such as radio/cassette players, styled wheel options, headlamp wash/wipe systems and new accessories such as surfboard carriers and bike racks. The switch from leaf spring to coil spring suspension was crucial to the new models' success. It offered improved off-road ability and load capacity for traditional commercial users, whilst the improved handling and ride comfort now made the Land Rover attractive to the general public.
|Body style(s)
|2-door station wagon
4-door station wagon
2-door pickup
2-door van
|2.3 L 75 hp (56 kW) I4 petrol (1983–1985)
2.3 L 62 hp (46 kW) I4 diesel (1983)
2.5 L 68 hp (51 kW) I4 diesel (1984–1993)
2.5 L 83 hp (62 kW) I4 petrol (1985–1993)
2.5 L 85 hp (63 kW) I4 Turbodiesel (1986–1990)
3.5 L 113 hp (84 kW) V8 petrol (1983–1986)
3.5 L 134 hp (100 kW) V8 petrol (1986–1993)
|LT95 4-speed manual (One Ten early V8 engines only)
LT77 5-speed manual
LT85 5-speed manual (Ninety and One Ten V8)
|92.9 in (2360 mm) (Ninety)
110 in (2794 mm) (One Ten)
127 in (3226 mm) (127)
|160.5 in (4077 mm) (Ninety)
181.1 in (4600 mm) (One Ten)
|70.5 in (1791 mm)
|80.2 in (2037 mm) (Ninety)
84 in (2134 mm) (One Ten)
|Land Rover Wolf
Santana PS-10
The 127 and 130
From 1983 Land Rover introduced a third wheelbase to its utility line-up, a 127-inch (3,226 mm) twin-axle vehicle designed to accommodate larger, heavier loads than the One Ten. Naturally called the Land Rover 127, it was designed specifically with use by utility and electrical companies in mind, as well as military usage.[2] In its standard form it is a five-door six-seater consisting of the front half of a One Ten Station Wagon, and the rear of a One Ten High-Capacity Pick Up (HCPU). The logic was that this allowed a workcrew and their equipment to be carried in one vehicle at the same time. The 127 could carry up to 1.4 tons payload, compared to the 1.03 tons payload of the One Ten and the 0.6 tons of the Ninety.
127s were built on a special production line, and all started life as One Ten Station Wagon chassis (the model was initially marketed as the One Ten Crew Cab, before the more logical 127 name was adopted). These were then cut in two and the 17 inches (432 mm) of extra chassis length welded on before the two original halves were reunited. 127s did not receive their own dedicated badging like the other two models, instead they used the same metal grille badges as used on the Series III 109 V8 models, that simply said Land-Rover.
Although the standard body-style was popular, the 127 was a popular basis for conversion to specialist uses, such as mobile workshops, ambulances, fire engines or even flatbed transports. In South Africa, the Land Rover assembly plant there offered a 127 Station Wagon with seating for 15. Land Rover also offered the 127 as a bare chassis, with just front bodywork and bulkhead, for easy conversion.
Initially held back by the low power of the Land Rover engines (other than the thirsty V8 petrol engine), the 127 benefited from the improvements to the line-up, and by 1990 was only available with the two highest power engines, the 134 hp (100 kW) 3.5 litre V8 petrol, and the 85 hp (63 kW) 2.5 litre Diesel Turbo.
Engine development
The original One Ten of 1983 was available with the same engine line-up as the Series III vehicles it replaced, namely 2.25 litre petrol and diesel engines, and a 3.5 litre V8 petrol unit. The intention had always been to provide more powerful engines as soon as the new vehicles had found their feet and the Series III had ceased production. Indeed, in 1981 the 2.25 litre engines had been upgraded from 3- to 5-crankshaft bearings in preparation for the planned increases in capacity and power.
The 2.5 litre version of the diesel engine, producing 68 hp (51 kW), was introduced in both the One Ten and the newly-arrived Ninety. This was a long-stroke version of the venerable 2.25 litre unit (the new version displaced 2495 cc), fitted with updated fuel injection equipment and a revised cylinder head for quieter, smoother and more efficient running. A timing belt also replaced the older engine's chain.
In 1985 the petrol units were upgraded. An enlarged 4-cylinder engine was introduced. This 83 hp (62 kW) engine shared the same block and cooling system (as well as other ancillary components) as the diesel unit. Unlike the diesel engine, this new 2.5 litre petrol engine retained the chain-driven camshaft of its 2.25 litre predecessor. At the same time, the 114 hp (85 kW) V8 was also made available in the Ninety- the first time a production short-wheelbase Land Rover had been given V8 power. The V8 on both models was now mated to an all-new 5-speed manual gearbox.
1986 saw an important development. For many years Land Rovers had been criticised for their low-powered engines, which, despite the recent improvements, still lagged a long way behind much of the competition. Designed to be simple and durable, the engine had worked for decades, but the venerable engines began to feel old-fashioned and underpowered in an era of high horsepower motors. Drivers were less inclined to use the gearbox to compensate for the older motor's relative lack of power. The "Diesel Turbo" engine was introduced to make up for this long-standing shortfall. The engine was essentially a lightly-turbocharged version of the existing 2.5 litre diesel, with several changes to suit the higher power output, including a re-designed crankshaft, teflon-coated pistons and nimonic steel exhaust valves to cope with the higher internal temperatures. [2] Similarly, an 8-blade cooling fan was fitted, together with an oil cooler. The 2.5 diesel, 2.5 petrol and Diesel Turbo engines all shared the same block castings and other components such as valvegear and cooling system parts, allowing them to be built on the same production line. The Diesel Turbo produced 85 hp (63 kW), a 13% increase over the naturally-aspirated unit, and a 31.5% increase in torque to 150 lb·ft (203 N·m) at 1800 rpm. This finally provided a powerful yet economical powerplant for the vehicle. Externally, turbodiesel vehicles differed from other models only by having an air intake grille in the left-hand wing to supply cool air to the turbo. The engine was only intended to be a short term solution to compete with more advanced Japanese competitors, but was quickly adopted as the standard engine for UK and European markets.
Early turbodiesel engines gained a reputation for poor reliability, with major failures to the bottom-end and cracked pistons. A revised block and improved big end bearings were introduced in 1988, and a re-designed breather system in 1989. These largely solved the engine's problems, but it remains (like many early turbodiesels) prone to failure if maintenance is neglected. Well-maintained engines are capable of long service lives in excess of 150,000 miles (240,000 km). Despite its early problems, the Diesel Turbo was a popular engine choice in its time, especially since it offered improved power, torque and economy over the 2.5 litre petrol engine. Contemporary road-testers compared the engine favourably to its Japanese competitors, despite the age of the basic design. Whilst not being able to match the performance of a V8-engined Land Rover, the Diesel Turbo provided adequate performance for most commercial and private buyers and was a key aspect in Land Rover's sales revival (see below).
At the same time that the Diesel Turbo was introduced, the V8 engine was upgraded. Power was increased to 134 hp (100 kW), and SU carburettors replaced the Zenith models used on earlier V8s.
The biggest change to the Land Rover came in late 1990, when it became the Land Rover Defender, instead of the Land Rover Ninety or One Ten. This was because in 1989 the company had introduced the Discovery model, requiring the original Land Rover to acquire a name[2]. The Discovery also had a new turbodiesel engine. This was also loosely based on the existing 2.5 litre turbo unit, and was built on the same production line, but had a modern alloy cylinder head, improved turbocharging, intercooling and direct injection. It retained the block, crankshaft, main bearings, cambelt system and other ancillaries as the Diesel Turbo. The breather system included an oil separator filter to remove oil from the air in the system, thus finally solving the Diesel Turbo's main weakness of re-breathing its own sump oil. The 200Tdi as the new engine was called produced 107 hp (80 kW) and 188 lb·ft (255 N·m) of torque, which was nearly a 25% improvement on the engine it replaced (although as installed in the Defender the engine was de-tuned slightly from its original Discovery specification (111 horsepower) due to changes associated with the exhaust).[2]
This engine finally allowed the Defender to cruise comfortably at high speeds, as well as tow heavy loads speedily on hills while still being economical. In theory it only replaced the older Diesel Turbo engine in the range, with the other 4-cylinder engines (and the V8 petrol engine) still being available. However, the Tdi's combination of performance and economy meant that it took the vast majority of sales. Exceptions were the British Army and some commercial operators, who continued to buy vehicles with the 2.5 litre naturally-aspirated diesel engine (in the Army's case, this was because the Tdi was unable to be fitted with a 24 volt generator). Small numbers of V8-engined Defenders were sold to users in countries with low fuel costs or who required as much power as possible (such as in Defenders used as fire engines or ambulances).
Along with the 200Tdi engine, the 127's name was changed to the Land Rover Defender 130. The wheelbase remained the same; the new figure was simply a tidying up exercise. More importantly, 130s were no longer built from "cut-and-shut" 110s, but had dedicated chassis built from scratch.
1994 saw another development of the Tdi engine, the 300Tdi. Although the 200Tdi had been a big step forward, it had been essentially a reworking of the old turbocharged diesel to accept a direct injection system. In contrast the 300Tdi was virtualy new, despite the same capacity, and both the Defender and the Discovery had engines in the same state of tune, 111 bhp (83 kW), 195 ft·lbf (264 N·m).[2]
Throughout the 1990s the vehicle attempted to climb more and more upmarket, while remaining true to its working roots. If ordered without any optional extras, the Defender was a basic working tool. If the owner so wished, any number of options and accessories could transform it into a vehicle that was perfectly acceptable as an everyday method of transport, while still retaining excellent off-road abilities. This was epitomised by limited edition vehicles, such as the SV90 in 1992 with roll-over protection cage, alloy wheels and metallic paint and the 50th Anniversary 90 in 1998 equipped with automatic transmission, air conditioning and Range Rover 4.0 litre V8 engine.
A new variant was the Defender 110 Double Cab, featuring a Station Wagon style seating area, with an open pick up back. Although prototypes had been built in the Series days, it was not until the late 1990s that this popular and adaptable vehicle finally reached production.
Td5 engine
In 1998 the Defender was fitted with an all-new 2.5 litre, five-cylinder in-line turbodiesel engine, badged the Td5. The Tdi could not meet upcoming Euro III emissions regulations so the Td5 replaced the Tdi as the only available power unit. The engine used electronic control systems and produced 11 hp (8 kW) more than the Tdi, with improved refinement. Traditionalists were critical of the electronic systems deployed throughout the vehicle, but concerns that these would fail when used in extreme conditions proved unfounded.[2]
2007 model
From Spring 2007 a series of long-anticipated changes were made to the Defender, most of which were implemented to meet emissions and safety legislation. The biggest change was to the drivetrain. The Td5 engine was replaced by an engine from Ford's DuraTorq line, built in their factory in Dagenham, making the Td5 the last Land Rover engine to be built in-house at Solihull. The engine chosen was from the ZSD family, being a version of the 2.4 litre four-cylinder unit also used in the highly successful Ford Transit. The engine's lubrication and sealing system has been adapted for use in wet, dusty conditions and to maintain lubrication at extreme angles in off-road use. Re-tuning the engine means that the power level remains the same at 122 hp (91 kW), but with a lower power peak speed to provide better performance when towing and better acceleration. Torque output rose from 221 lb·ft (300 N·m) to 265 lb·ft (359 N·m) due to the fitting of a variable-geometry turbocharger. This also helps produce a much wider spread of torque than the Td5, from 1500 rpm to 2000 rpm. The engine is mated to a new 6-speed gearbox. 1st gear is lower than the previous gearbox for better low-speed control, whilst the higher 6th gear is intended to reduce noise and fuel consumption at high speeds.
The other major changes were to the interior. The dashboard layout of the original One Ten from 1983 (which was in turn very similar to that used on the Series III from 1971) was replaced with a full-width fascia and different instrumentation. Instruments came from the Discovery 3, and some of the centre panels come from the Ford Transit. Some switchgear was carried over from the previous interior. A new heater/ventilation system vastly improved de-misting and heater performance.
Other interior changes were to the seating layout. Legislation from the European Union outlaws the inward-facing seats used in the rear of previous Land Rover Station Wagons. The 2007 Defender replaced the 4 inward-facing seats with two forward-facing seats. This makes the Defender 90 Station Wagon a four seater vehicle (reduced from six or seven), and the Defender 110 Station Wagon a seven seater (reduced from nine). Whilst this is a big reduction in capacity, it brings the Defender in line with its competitors which have generally used this layout for many years. A new bodystyle was introduced on the 110 Station Wagon chassis- the 'Utility'. This was a 5-door Station Wagon body but with the rearmost seats removed and the rear side panels left without windows, producing a 5-seater vehicle with a secure, weatherproof load space.
The only external changes were detail changes. The bonnet was reshaped with a bulge to allow the new engine to fit in the engine bay whilst meeting pedestrian safety rules. The new dashboard and ventilation system necessitated the removal of the distinctive air vent flaps underneath the windscreen which had been a feature of all previous Land Rover utility models. Whilst the flaps have been deleted, the bulkhead pressing remains the same, so the outlines of where the flaps would be are still present.
Now, more than ever, there is a strong division in sales pitch between the Station Wagon versions and the commercially-intended Pick-Ups and Van-bodied versions. The "XS" Station Wagon was introduced in 2002 as a top-specification level and the "County" package could be applied to every model in the line-up. XS models come with many "luxury" features, such as heated windscreen, heated seats, air conditioning, ABS and leather seats. Popular with buyers in the UK and other developed countries, who either used the vehicle for on-road duties such as towing or people-moving, or simply as an interesting and fashionable alternative to an estate car.
At the other extreme, basic models were still popular with farmers, industrial and commercial users, as well as the emergency services. It finds willing buyers in over 140 countries. Land Rover still provides a staggering range of special conversions such as hydraulic platforms, fire engines, mobile workshops, ambulances and breakdown recovery trucks. The 130 remains available with the 6-seater HCPU bodystyle as standard.
|Body style(s)
|2-door station wagon
4-door station wagon
2-door Single Cab pickup
4-door Double Cab pickup
2-door Hardtop
|2.5 L 107 hp (80 kW) I4 turbo diesel (1990-1994)
2.5 L 111 hp (83 kW) I4 turbo diesel (1994-1998)
3.9L 182 hp (136 kW) V8 petrol
2.5 L 122 hp (91 kW) I5 turbo diesel
2.4 L 122 hp (91 kW) I4 turbo diesel
|LT77 5 speed manual
R380 5 speed manual
ZF4-HP22 4 speed automatic
GFT MT-82 6-speed manual
|92.9 in (2360 mm) (1990s 90)
93 in (2362 mm) (2000s 90)
110 in (2794 mm) (110)
127 in (3226 mm) (130)
|144 in (3658 mm) (90 pickup)
153 in (3886 mm) (2000s 90)
172 in (4369 mm) (110 Pickup)
182.3 in (4630 mm) (2000s 110)
183 in (4648 mm) (110 Hardtop)
174.7 in (4437 mm)
157.1 in (3990 mm) (1997-2000s 90)
160.5 in (4077 mm) (1990-94 90)
181.1 in (4600 mm) (1990s 110) (130 Double Cab)
204 in (5182 mm) (130)
|70.5 in (1791 mm) (1990s)
70 in (1778 mm) (2000s 90)
|80 in (2032 mm) (2000s 90)
80.2 in (2037 mm) (1990s 90)
90.0 in (2286 mm) (110)
|Land Rover Wolf
Santana PS-10
Iveco Massif
Export and foreign-built versions
Defender in the USA
n 1993 Land Rover launched the Defender in the North American (i.e. the United States and Canada) market. Although the Range Rover had been sold there since 1987, this was the first time utility Land Rovers had been sold since 1974. To comply with the strict United States Department of Transportation regulations, ranging from crash safety to lighting, as well as the very different requirements of American buyers, the North American Specification (NAS) Defenders were extensively modified. The initial export batch was 525 Defender 110 County Station Wagons. 500 to the United States and 25 to Canada. They were fitted with the 3.9 litre V8 petrol engine and 5-speed manual transmission. All the vehicles were white (except two specifically painted black for Marcos J. Soto and Ralph Lauren). They sported full external roll-cages and larger side-indicator and tail-lights. All were equipped with the factory-fitted air conditioning system.
This initial batch sold quickly, and for the 1994 and 1995 model year Land Rover offered the Defender 90, fitted with a 3.9 litre V8 engine and a manual transmission which was clearly intended to compete with the Jeep Wrangler. Initially, the Defender 90 was only available as a soft-top, but later version was offered with a unique, removable, fibre-glass roof panel or regular Station Wagon hard-top.
In the final year of US production the engine was improved, designated 4.0 and mated to a 4 speed automatic transmission. In 1998 regulations changed to require the fitting of airbags for both front seat passengers in all vehicles, as well as side door impact requirements. The Defender could not be fitted with these without major modifications, which given the small numbers of NAS vehicles sold in relation to Land Rover's global sales, were not economically viable. Land Rover retired its utility vehicles at the end of 1997 to focus on its more upmarket Discovery and Range Rover models, as well as the newly-launched Freelander.
Defender in Australia
Whilst the Defender has been in use in the Australian military for many years, as a consumer product it has lagged far behind 4×4 work vehicle offerings from Toyota and Nissan in popularity. In 2003 Land Rover withdrew the Defender 90 from the Australian market due to unsupportable sales but continues to offer the Defender 110 and 130, which have seen a small sales increase in recent years. Mid 2009 Land Rover expanded the model range to include 110 and 130 Cab-Chassis, Panel Van and High Capacity Pick-up versions and late in the year announced they have chosen to re-introduce the 90 inch wheelbase wagon model for sale from early 2010.
Military Defenders
Land Rover always offered its "Core" military Defenders with the 300Tdi engine rather than the more powerful but more complicated Td5 engine offered in civilian vehicles. Before the 300Tdi engine was introduced, military Land Rovers were offered with 2.5 litre petrol and diesel engines, as well as the 3.5 litre V8 petrol. Although trials with the Td5 engine proved it to be reliable in battlefield conditions, it was decided that servicing and repairing its electronic control systems should they fail was too complicated and reliant on having diagnostic computers available. Land Rover were also unable to guarantee they could make the Td5 resistant to electro-magnetic interference. The Australian Army also tested the Td5 and found it to be reliable, but was concerned that the extra performance and speed that the engine gave would result in more accidents and vehicle damage on rough tracks when driven by inexperienced drivers, so opted for the older engine as well.
The British police have used Land Rovers (including the Defender) in their service for many years, they are supplied with the entire range from Land Rover itself.
In 2004 a fleet of 12 Long wheelbase 110 Td5 Land Rovers were produced for the central German Government, varying between 110 Vans, 110 Hi-capacity pick-ups and 110 Station wagons. The German Government did not renew the supply contract after 2006 instead turning to Mercedes for their logistics fleet.
Vehicles produced for the German Government order were produced in metallic grey with white roofs. The electrical installation on these vehicles was a special order and kept "luxury" fittings and fixtures to a bare minimum. Four FFR equipped vehicles were produced to facilitate the VHF radios in service at that time with the German Government and Police authorities. Following the change-over to the Mercedes contract, the German Central Government sold their Td5 fleet.
The British Army's Land Rovers have been the subject of much criticism following recent operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The majority of British Service Land Rovers carry no armour-plating and the composite armoured SNATCH Land Rover (originally designed to withstand small arms fire and hand-launched projectiles as experienced in Northern Ireland) is not immune to the larger roadside bomb and rocket attacks. Some have called for British troops to be equipped with Humvees, or other such vehicles. However, similar criticisms have been levelled at the American vehicle. Other proposals include the South African made RG-31 or similar larger and more heavily armoured trucks or armoured vehicles that provide greater protection.
There have been many rumours about a replacement vehicle type. This is most likely the larger, higher-capacity 4×4 or 6×6 Pinzgauer forward-control vehicle similar to the now disused Land Rover 101 Forward Control, given that the current Land Rover design is also reaching its weight limits due to the increasing amounts of communications and weapons gear used by modern patrol forces.
Special editions
In 1992 the first Special Edition Land Rover Defender was produced. Called the 90SV (SV stood for 'Special Vehicles', as all the vehicles were produced by Land Rover's Special Vehicle Operations department), they were painted turquoise and were fitted with a black canvas Soft Top with standard door tops. Alloy wheels were also fitted, together with rear disc brakes (at that time a first for a Land Rover). Despite the vehicle's sporty looks, it used the standard 200Tdi turbodiesel engine. Only 90 were made for the UK market.
For Land Rover's 50th anniversary in 1998 two special editions were built. The first was the Defender 50th which was essentially a NAS (North American Spec) Defender 90 Station Wagon. It was powered by a 190 hp (140 kW) 4.0 litre V8 petrol engine and was the first Land Rover outside North America to be fitted with an automatic transmission. Air conditioning made them very comfortable vehicles too. For the UK and Europe they were painted Atlantis Blue, a dark green/blue flip-flop colour and had a Safety Devices roll-over protection cage for the front seat occupants. In total 1071 50th Anniversary Defenders were built; 385 for the UK home market, the rest for Japan, Europe and Middle East.
Possibly the best known Special Edition was the Tomb Raider of 2000, built to commemorate Land Rover's role in the first film of that franchise. The Tomb Raider was designed to look like an off-road expedition vehicle. Painted dark metallic grey with special badging and details, the Tomb Raiders came equipped with a roof rack, additional spot lights, winch, bull-bar and snorkel. They were available either as a 90 Station Wagon or a 110 Double Cab, with standard Td5 engines. One of these defenders can be viewed at Motor Heritage Centre, Gaydon.
Following the first Land Rover G4 Challenge in 2003, G4-Edition Defenders became available. As well as the distinctive Tangiers Orange colour of the competition vehicles, yellow and black versions were also produced. Defender 90 and 110 Station Wagon versions were available, with front A-Bar, roll-cage, side-steps and front spotlights as standard, as well as G4 badging.
Since then, Land Rover have produced less extravagant Special Editions. The Defender Black was a 90 or 110 County Station Wagon with metallic black paint, roll cage and dark-tinted rear windows. The Defender Silver was a 110 County Station Wagon with silver metallic paint, front A-bar and spotlights, metal wing-protector plates and winch. The 1999 X-Tech was aimed at the commercial market, being a metallic silver 90 Hard Top fitted with County-style seats, alloy wheels and Alpine window lights. The second model year edition in 2003 was better equipped with wing protector plates and air conditioning.


text:
Friday, November 20, 2009
Review: Santa Olivia
This is a novel by Jacqueline Carey.
Book Blurb:
Lushly written with rich and vivid characters, SANTA OLIVIA is Jacqueline Carey's take on comic book superheroes and the classic werewolf myth.
Loup Garron was born and raised in Santa Olivia, an isolated, disenfranchised town next to a ..US.. military base inside a DMZ buffer zone between ..Texas.. and ....Mexico..... A fugitive "Wolf-Man" who had a love affair with a local woman, Loup's father was one of a group of men genetically-manipulated and used by the ....US.... government as a weapon. The "Wolf-Men" were engineered to have superhuman strength, speed, sensory capability, stamina, and a total lack of fear, and Loup, named for and sharing her father's wolf-like qualities, is marked as an outsider.
After her mother dies, Loup goes to live among the misfit orphans at the parish church, where they seethe from the injustices visited upon the locals by the soldiers. Eventually, the orphans find an outlet for their frustrations: They form a vigilante group to support Loup Garron who, costumed as their patron saint, Santa Olivia, uses her special abilities to avenge the town.
Aware that she could lose her freedom, and possibly her life, Loup is determined to fight to redress the wrongs her community has suffered. And like the reincarnation of their patron saint, she will bring hope to all of Santa Olivia.
This was an interesting read. :)
Santa Olivia is set in a town that once belonged to the state of Texas. Due to epidemic illness and war with Mexico, Santa Olivia was closed off completely from the rest of the world and is now occupied by the military. Everyone who was born in Santa Olivia after it was closed off - has never left - and probably never will. Unless they win a boxing match against the Army's champion boxer.
Loup (Lou) Garron and her older brother Tommy were born in Santa Olivia after the epidemic illness that killed almost all of Santa Olivia's residents. It is Tommy's goal in life to win a boxing match and a ticket out of Santa Olivia for himself and Loup.
Things don't go as Tommy plans and Loup winds up in the ring - fighting for herself and Tommy - hoping against hope to make it out of Santa Olivia alive.
I enjoyed Santa Olivia - it was a definite change from the usual 'were' read. But the main characters in this book are children - Loup being barely 18 by the end of the book. I wonder if Ms. Carey plans another book in the life of Loup Garron - I am interested to know what happens to her in the next phase of her life.
I give Santa Olivia 3 out of 5 stars.
Posted by Michelle Greathouse at 1:07 PM
Labels: Review
4 comments:
- Blodeuedd said...
The cover is just so cool, it does sound good, but do pull me in, hm, if it only got a 3.
Nice review though
- November 20, 2009 at 4:30 PM
- SciFiGuy said...
Michelle there is indeed a sequel planned called Santitos at Large. It will be out in Spring 2011.
- November 20, 2009 at 10:54 PM
- Danielle87 said...
I have a present for you over at my blog. Hope you like it.
- November 22, 2009 at 4:39 AM
- Michelle G said...
Thanks B. :)
Thank you for that info - I will put it on my list. :)
Heading that way now.
- November 22, 2009 at 3:50 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
When the first Harry Potter book came out, children and adults everywhere were completely enchanted by the adventures of a special little boy and his two quirky sidekicks. As the series progressed, the story grew with its readers, and by the final book, the world of Harry Potter had become something so massive, intricate, and magical that it's hard to believe it was all created by just one woman.
So when it was announced that films would be made of the beloved series, everyone FREAKED. OUT. HP fans had a whole new vehicle for their obsession, and we were able to see our favorite stories brought to life on the big screen. The result? Nothing short of magical. So how well do YOU remember the first film? Are you such a huge Harry Potter fan that you've memorized the whole thing? Or are you still pretty fuzzy on the details? Take this quiz to test your skills!


text: We're sorry, Set Of Four Oxford Baby Socks is no longer available Why not try one of these instead? Set Of Four Pairs Of Newborn Baby Socks Bear by Little Baby Company £12.95$23.13€15$17.56 30% OFF Animal Friends Baby Socks Gift Box Set by Happy Jellyfish £10$17.86€11.58$13.56 £7$12.50€8.11$9.49 Handmade Organic Cotton Baby Booties by Stella James £7.50$13.40€8.69$10.17 free UK delivery 'Young Farmers' Soft Leather Baby Shoes by Pre Shoes £9.99$17.84€11.57$13.54 free UK delivery Pinch to zoom I'm in! Set Of Four Oxford Baby Socks by Diddywear £10$17.86€11.58$13.56 This item is no longer available Favourite Favourite Ask Seller View your favourites we're sorry we're sorry, This item is no longer available buy a gift voucher related categories baby & child > clothing > socks, tights & booties > babies' socks & booties PRODUCT DETAILS gift wrapping available Oxford shoe themed baby socks in a gift box. These look so cute on baby feet and finish off any little boys outfit. Four pairs of baby socks themed as Oxford shoes in four different colours to suit any outfit. Made from organic cotton. Available in one size only to fit newborns up to 12 months. An ideal newborn baby gift. Super soft thick cotton knit ensures a great fit and we are told these socks stay on thanks to a longer length and thick ankle band. The sole has a non skid rubber logo to prevent slipping. Colours are black, red, brown and blue. Please let us know if this is a new baby gift and we will enclose a card with your message. made from: Material 61% organic cotton, 25% polyester, 11% nylon, 2% spandex, 1% rubber Machine wash cool and tumble dry low dimensions: One size to fit babies up to 12 months product code: 188717 CUSTOMER REVIEWS 1 customer review read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor DELIVERY This product is dispatched to you by Diddywear. RETURNS You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Diddywear's return policy Please see notonthehighstreet.com's returns policy.


text: It's almost Sunday…only a few more hours until my favorite day of the week. Sunday is pretty much the one day of the week I can sit home and do nothing. I need a day to devote specifically to catching up on all my magazines & reading, so tomorrow will be that day. My best friend Janine & I started our own book club so I am anxiously waiting to start, and most likely finish, my book tomorrow! Enjoy your Sunday!


text:
The community foundation for Mason County Match Day. the Community Foundation will match donations to Andre' Bosse Center 50 Cents on the dollar! *Checks need to be made payable to Community Foundation for Mason County with Andre' Bosse Center designated in the memo *Send check today to Andre' Bosse Center (needs to be received by June 16). ABC will hand deliver checks on Match day. Please include your check-name, phone # and e-mail if you have one. *You may hand deliver them on Match Day to the Ludington Area Center for the Arts located at 107 S. Harrison Ave. starting at 8:00 a.m. For More information call Andre' Bosse Centers at 231-873-1707.
Copyright Children's Advocacy Centers of Michigan. All rights reserved.


text:
ATLANTA, GA –HFF announced today that it has closed the sale of Wakefield Commons (top left photo), a 160,949-square-foot, grocery-anchored shopping center in North Raleigh, North Carolina.
HFF marketed the property on behalf of the seller, institutional investors advised by J.P. Morgan Asset Management – Global Real Assets. The property was purchased for $24.7 million and the buyer assumed an existing CMBS loan on the property.
This is HFF's third grocery-anchored sales transaction with JP Morgan in 2011 totaling $61.7 million in sales. The other two properties sold are: Westpark Shopping Center in Richmond, Virginia and The Village Shoppes of Flowery Branch in Atlanta, Georgia.
Wakefield Commons is located at 14460 New Falls of Neuse Road at the Capital Boulevard (U.S. 1) and New Falls of Neuse Road interchange in North Raleigh.
Originally built in 2000 and renovated in 2005, the property is 86 percent leased to tenants including Kroger, Marquee Cinemas, and Starbucks.
The HFF team representing the seller was led by directors Richard Reid (middle right photo) and Jim Hamilton (bottom left photo).
Richard M. Reid, HFF Director, (404) 942-2209, firstname.lastname@example.com
Jim R. Hamilton, HFF Director, (404) 942-2212,
Kristen M. Murphy, HFF Associate Director, Marketing, (713) 852-3500


text:
Get Free TX Public Records Online
TX Public Records
The regulation states that all general public records are to be obtainable to the standard public. Some of the additional popular and most searched documents are no cost community arrest documents, totally free sex offender information, free of charge court docket records and absolutely free law enforcement information.
Felony Records are various from general public arrest information. Community arrest records will not just show if an individual dedicated a crime and was convicted. It will also demonstrate just about every time they experienced any conversation with the law. Each and every interaction with the legislation will demonstrate up in their arrest documents. Usually the info you will acquire from these records are public disturbance, driving violations, intercourse offenses, any violence, arrests, gangs and medicines.(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).press({})
Don't overlook your feelings - they could be ideal
have you at any time had a sensation about another person that some thing just wasn't really suitable but you couldn't place your finger on it? You want to believe in this particular person because you naturally want to see the ideal in persons.
You have found that there is anything that just does not ring correct to you for some rationale. Numerous persons would contact this instinct. It is a thing that females feel to have in abundance but gentlemen also appear to be to have a share of it if the truth of the matter be instructed.
The funny point about instinct is that it generally turns out to be suitable and extra usually than you may well visualize much too. You need to under no circumstances ignore your intuition because you may possibly conclude up regretting it if you do.One particular way to support you uncover out the reality about a person is to research prison community information to see if they have at any time been convicted. If you can do it for cost-free then that would be so considerably the far better ideal?(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).press({})


text:
Trump eases school nutrition rules, brings back low-fat chocolate milk
As San Antonio schools rolled out new menu items to comply with a 2012 federal directive for healthier lunches , they noticed some things were ending up right in the trash.
Nonfat milk? Fine, especially when students could get it flavored with chocolate. But whole-grain tortillas netted a giant "meh." Menu planners who'd managed to reduce sodium content about as far as they could fretted over requirements to cut it even further.
That's why Sharon Glosson, the district's executive director of school nutrition, is celebrating Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue's announcement Wednesday that it was easing some of the Obama administration restrictions.
The Northeast Independent School District last year got a waiver from the Texas Department of Agriculture to allow them to serve some products that weren't whole-grain.
"We saw an increase in participation with our tortillas because we were able to go back to a flour tortilla, our biscuits, our spaghetti," Glosson said. "There are certain key items that after several years the students were still not accepting."
The district had complied so far with sodium regulations, but didn't think they could take it much further, she said.
"We feel like that's really the lowest we can go and still have a variety of food products that our students accept," she said. "Even naturally occurring sodium such as in milk and a lot of bread products (count). You don't think of these products as having sodium, but they do."
Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue in May made easing Obama administration restrictions on school lunch and breakfasts one of his first priorities, noting that kids in his home state of Georgia weren't wild about the black flakes in whole grain grits.
"Schools need flexibility in menu planning so they can serve nutritious and appealing meals," Perdue said in a news release Wednesday. "It doesn't do any good to serve nutritious meals if they wind up in the trash can. These flexibilities give schools the local control they need to provide nutritious meals that school children find appetizing."
The USDA said the interim rule is a key part of a regulatory reform agenda developed in response to the President Donald Trump's executive order to do away with "unnecessary regulatory burdens." It takes effect with the start of the 2018-2019 school year. Public comments are being accepted for a final rule.
Under this new "School Meal Flexibility Rule," schools can serve flavored low-fat milk. They currently can serve only flavored nonfat milk as well as plain low-fat and nonfat milk.
States would continue to be able to grant exemptions to schools that are having a hard time meeting the requirement that grain products be at least 50 percent whole grain.
Catherine Wright-Steele, administrator for the Texas Department of Agriculture's food and nutrition division, said a "very small" percentage of the state's approximately 1,300 school districts sought waivers. She said more districts asked for the exemptions this year, likely due to Perdue making his intentions known in May.
Sodium content could be kept at the "Target 1" level of 1,420 or less milligrams for a high school lunch and 640 milligrams or less for a high school breakfast. Under the 2012 guidelines, sodium was to be reduced in three phases, with "Target 3" levels being less than 740 milligrams for high school lunches and 500 milligrams for high school breakfasts. USDA recommendations are that sodium intake for people 14 years and older be less than 2,300 milligrams per day.
The School Nutrition Association lauded the changes, saying requirements such as for whole grain products and reduced sodium were overly restrictive and succeeded only in kids throwing away food.
"Members of SNA have advocated for flexibility to address overly prescriptive regulations that have resulted in unintended consequences, including reduced student lunch participation, higher costs and food waste," the association said in a news release.
But the Center for Science in the Public Interest called the measure "a hammer in search of a nail," as most school districts are already compliant.
"Nine out of 10 school-aged children are eating too much salt, which is why reducing sodium levels in school meals is so important. The USDA should be doubling down on helping schools reduce sodium, not slowing down progress, as the Trump administration proposed today," said Margo Wootan, the Center's vice president for nutrition.
"It's just not the case that schools still need additional flexibility to meet the whole-grain requirement," Wootan added. "If all schools in Alabama, Idaho, and Montana can serve whole grains to their students, schools in the rest of the states should be able to, as well. Kids don't need more white flour in meals."
Dr. Josh Axe, a speaker on nutrition and founder of DrAxe.com, said adding extra sugar only exacerbated the negative effects of too much dairy.
"I would say the overall changes are slightly negative but not out of the ordinary for the way we try to feed our children healthy foods," he said. "We are still using MyPlate, after all, which Harvard's School of Public Health has suggested is informed by lobbying and special interests more than the interests of real, science-based nutritional health."
MyPlate is the USDA's current nutrition guide, which shows a place setting divided into recommended intake of five food groups.
Thomas Wherry, director of food services at Northside Independent School District, said the district was already meeting requirements for sodium and finding success with "build your own" food stations and modifications such as their jalapeno-and-cheddar grain tortilla.
Students these days are more receptive to healthier food, he said.
"Even though the rules have changed, our students have changed," he said. "Five years ago the build your own concept may or may not have worked. But if you look at the restaurants like the Chipotles and those types of restaurants out there, the students want to see what they see out there in the restaurant world."
"Whole grain is working, we've had zero complaints on that tortilla," he added. "They want to see food right in front of them, you know, clean labels, fresh, those kind of things."
But even in the same city, what works in one district may not work in another, Glosson said.
"You know, we all have different experiences with different student bodies," she said. "Sometimes we even see it within the same district, that one from area of the district to another kids' preferences change."


text:
Outdoor Trips Adventure No Further a Mystery
There are 700 islands while in the Bahamas, and whilst nearly each can be a looker, they don't seem to be all the exact same. We are going to allow you to discover the appropriate speck of paradise for yourself, dependant on Everything you're into—seclusion, adventure, background, or swimming pigs.
Sign-up with the Lifestylez Bundle Here If this link won't work make sure you email firstname.lastname@example.com to generally be included to the checklist.
Expend your Thanksgiving Split in Florida the place we will likely be backpacking, camping, climbing and expending the day on the Beach front. Members needs to have prior experience of the OA weekend trip & ought to have the capacity to carry 40lbs. with your again and hike 7 miles a day Registration deadline 11/ten.
"Considering the fact that my freshman year, I've been whitewater rafting two more periods and I hope to go a handful of much more with SU Rec Companies in advance of I graduate. The working experience is unique and unforgettable And that i'm so pleased that Syracuse presents trips like these for college kids to delight in!"
If a participant withdraws from the working day excursion just before forty eight hrs of your excursion departure, a full refund will likely be supplied of any costs paid. No refunds will probably be given if participant withdraws in just forty eight several hours of your excursion departure.
Join us for a night-time zip! This brief adventure features a shorter generate into the Adventure Schooling Center, a thrilling night time-time zip with the darkish, plus a bonfire and s'mores.
Hoist the Jolly Roger and acquire out These treasure maps: We are placing sail searching for the web sites after haunted through the cutthroats and swashbucklers who terrorized the Caribbean during the golden age of piracy. Will not be amazed if we shiver your timbers.
Sign up to the excursion on our online store. You will be asked a handful of thoughts to complete the reservation.
Biking is a terrific way to include a great deal of distance and see a lot more in a short amount of time. We hire bicycles in the destinations that we vacation to. Sorry, however, you can't provide your individual trustee bike, as we do not need a means to transport it.
Sure, In case you are a pupil at present enrolled in class or have an individual membership and enroll in a trip, you might convey a guest about the excursion as well. On outings, the guest price is shown as "Group" and requires a larger Charge than members.
Go away your studies powering and be a part of your classmates for any breath (or two) of clean air alongside the pristine and picturesque Pictured Rocks National Lake Shore. Exploring the sandstore cliffs, seashores, waterfalls, forest and Lake Excellent are all highlights of this vacation.
At REI, we Dwell and breathe the outdoors, and we're captivated with sharing our experience with individuals of all skill stages. Whether you might be new for the outdoors or possibly a seasoned explorer, we'll take some time to comprehend your needs and assist you come across the proper equipment for you personally.
Also, journey places can be found on a first appear very first serve basis and trips fill promptly. If you desire to Outdoor Trips Adventure|link|Source|have a peek here|Check This Out|this contact form|navigate here|his comment is here|weblink|check over here|this content|have a peek at these guys|check my blog|news|More about the author|click site|navigate to this website|my review here|get redirected here|useful reference|this page|Get More Info|see here|this website|great post to read|my company|imp source|click to read more|find more info|see it here|Homepage|a fantastic read|find this|Bonuses|read this article|click here now|browse this site|check here|original site|my response|pop over to these guys|my site|dig this|i thought about this|his explanation|why not try these out|more info here|official site|look at this site|check it out|visit|click for more info|check these guys out|view publisher site|Get More Information|you can try this out|see this|learn this here now|directory|why not find out more|navigate to these guys|see this here|check my site|anchor|other|additional hints|look at this web-site|their explanation|internet|find more|Read More Here|here|Visit Website|click|her latest blog|This Site|read review|try here|Clicking Here|page|read this post here|More Bonuses|recommended you read|go to this web-site|this|check that|Go Here|More hints|you could check here|Continued|More Help|try this|you could try here|website here|useful source|read the full info here|Discover More|click resources|over here|like this|Learn More|site web|Get the facts|our website|great site|try this out|visit the website|you could look here|content|go to this site|website link|read this|official statement|reference|additional info|my link|additional reading|important source|you can check here|this link|see post|next|click reference|visit site|look here|try this web-site|Going Here|click to read|check this site out|go to website|you can look here|read more|more|explanation|use this link|a knockout post|best site|blog here|her explanation|discover this info here|he has a good point|check my source|straight from the source|anonymous|go to my blog|hop over to these guys|find here|article|click to investigate|look at here now|here are the findings|view|click to find out more|important site|browse around this site|click for more|why not try here|important link|address|my website|browse around here|Recommended Site|Your Domain Name|Web Site|click this site|i was reading this|click here to read|read here|i loved this|my blog|click now|you can try these out|informative post|top article|useful site|moved here|resource|about his|navigate to this site|click this|click here for more info|investigate this site|more helpful hints|read|over at this website|find|go to the website|try this site|look at more info|look what i found|Full Report|websites|Extra resources|get more|like it|click here for more|find out here now|this hyperlink|home|site here|discover here|click here for info|try this website|go|look at here|Visit Your URL|see this website|visit this page|Click Here|check this|browse around these guys|redirected here|visit this site right here|review|have a peek at this website|right here|why not try this out|article source|visite site|web link|you could try this out|description|my latest blog post|find out this here|wikipedia reference|find more information|continue reading this|this post|index|official website|go to these guys|learn the facts here now|Related Site|Click This Link|Visit This Link|you can try here|linked here|visit homepage|web|YOURURL.com|you can find out more|see this site|additional resources|Website|pop over to this site|view it now|their website|special info|you could try these out|site|Check Out Your URL|my explanation|helpful site|More Info|go right here|this article|visit their website|check out here|he said|official source|Look At This|see page|find out here|look these up|Find Out More|go now|that site|image source|useful content|sites|view it|Full Article|click over here now|visit this web-site|see|Our site|read the article|next page|look at this now|find out|Read Full Report|see here now|visit here|click here to find out more|why not check here|her response|published here|check|discover this|from this source|basics|read what he said|visit the site|browse around this web-site|visit this site|link|click for source|blog|why not look here|more information|look at these guys|site link|helpful hints|pop over to this web-site|go to my site|see this page|view website|my sources|webpage|Discover More Here|Learn More Here|company website|click for info|Read Full Article|his response|click over here|more tips here|helpful resources|check out this site|look at this website|have a peek at this site|the original source|Continue|visit our website|visit this website|go to this website|pop over here|Home Page|Recommended Reading|these details|advice|try these out|check my reference|her comment is here|useful link|Resources|hop over to here|click this link} to sign up for a visit, join early to ensure a place continues to be readily available.
We'll devote two nights camping together Lake Michigan and taking pleasure in The celebrities. On Saturday, we'll push north by fall hues to your amazing Tahquemenon Falls region exactly where We're going to commit the day climbing and Checking out.


text:
Selling my Pro1 Battery Hanger with Pro1 lower junction box in great shape. 100% working. Has the recorder mount and pro digital level attached. Junction box has the newer threaded/bayonet connection.
photo.JPG 161.64KB 358 downloads
photo (2).JPG 147.61KB 391 downloads
photo (1).JPG 189.32KB 281 downloads
Make an offer! kevin(at)denversteadicam.com
*I also have 9 choc bars and two PAG chargers in the original case. All batteries were rebuilt last summer by Batteries Plus. Accepting offers.


text:
We are very excited to hear the news that the Contagious Mountain Bike Club in Whitehorse has won the MEC Dirt Search Contest. We thought you'd like to read all about this from the club itself. Here what they wrote yesterday on their Facebook page:
What happens when you combine mountain bikers, a First Nation, dedicated youth trail builders, generous local businesses, a proud territory, and supporters from across North America? $12,000 and a surprise ending, apparently!!
Proving that we can achieve great things when we join together, the Yukon has won the western division of MEC's Dirt Search contest, receiving more votes than the serious southern heavyweights we were up against. It was a close finish, and we can assure you that EVERY last one of your votes really made this seemingly "impossible" goal possible!
As if the $10,000 MEC prize wasn't enough, our club received over 3 times the 2,000 votes it needed to realize the full $1 per vote (up to $2,000) pledge that Yukon Energy Corporation made early into the competition!
Thanks to all of you, youth trail builders will be out in full force this summer in Carcross. We are so excited for them and this amazing opportunity. Together we're going to do great things, Yukon.
Be the first to comment


text:
The Deputy Minister of Tourism Tokozile Xasa today handed over a Tourism Visitors' Center, a project created to provide information to tourists in Middelburg.
"This Visitors' Information Centre will connect Middelburg to all Visitors' Information Centres in the country, as a way of attracting visitors to Mpumalanga in general, and Middelburg in particular", the Deputy Minister highlighted.
The project fits into the Department's Social Responsibility Implementation programme (Expanded Public Works Programme) objectives, having created temporary job opportunities and skills development through labor-intensive methods.
The job creation element of the project included upgrading of the Tourism Information Centre, and as a result, the renovations of the information centre created 49 jobs for the surrounding communities.
After the handing over of the visitors' centre, the Deputy Minister together with other local government leadership interacted with members of the Mhluzi community at the Themba Senamela stadium, as part of the National Imbizo Focus Week.
"The Imbizos give us an opportunity not only to create awareness on government programmes, but also to ensure that our people have access to all essential services offered to them. We are happy to have interacted with the community of Mhluzi, where the various issues such as unemployment and poverty were raised.
We are confident that as government, we will address these issues as a way of improving the lives of our people", said the Deputy Minister.
The Deputy Minister encouraged the youth to actively participate in the tourism programmes offered both by the local government in its various forms, as well as the National Department of Tourism, in order to help create a vibrant economy.
In his welcoming address the acting Mayor, as well as the MMC for Infrastructure Development of the Steve Tshwete Local Municipality Mayor Councillor Jonas Matshiane, lauded the importance of the launch of the centre as a major boost to the municipality's efforts in attracting investors to the municipal area.
"With Tourism being one of the sectors that are growing in leaps and bounds, we jointly embarked on initiatives that sought to create a tourism environment that would appeal to the needs of visitors from different cultural backgrounds", said acting Mayor Matshiane.
Addressing the masses gathered at the stadium the President of the Middelburg Chamber of Commerce, Advocate Mthokozisi Xulu, praised the launching of the centre as an opportunity to kick start a vibrant tourism industry for Previously Disadvantage Areas as well as Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises.
"The visitors' centre will help unlock the value chain of the tourism industry beyond just accommodation. It is strategically located as part of the South Africa/Maputo N4 Corridor and this will go a long way in demystifying tourism as a sector that our people cannot access", concluded Advocate Xulu.


text:
Protegir els nens amb aplicació mòbil espia
Mobile phone (always called mobile) is undoubtedly one of the most significant inventions in this age. Some say it has ushered in a new era just like computers. Mobiles are used for keeping in touch with others at first. Nowadays mobiles have developed a variety of new functions, including gaming, photographing, surfing the net and so on. But have you ever given yourself an account that a group of people are suffering while you are enjoying the convenience of it?
You might ask who and how. I will responsibly reply to you: child predators have taken advantage of mobile phones to secretly communicate with children without the knowledge of their parents or teachers. This shows that every coin has two sides, and so does mobile. So watching and protecting kids on smart phones with Aplicació mòbil espia is necessary.
Firstly let' s study the following set of data:
- 36% of teen girls and 39 % of teen boys say it is common for nude or semi-nude photos to get shared with people other than the intended recipient.
- 71% of teen girls and 67% of teen guys say they have sent or posted sexually suggestive content to a boyfriend or girlfriend.
- 48% of teenagers say they have received such messages.
- 15% of teenagers who have sent or posted nude or seminude images of themselves say they have done so to someone they only knew online.
- 66% of teen girls and 60% of teen boys say they did so to be "fun or flirtatious", which is their most common reason for sending sexy content.
This set of data proves best that mobiles provide a new nest for juvenile delinquency. Teenagers will be arrested for sexy pictures because a picture of a nude teenager is child pornography. It does not matter if they took the picture themselves or not, it is still child pornography. Unfortunately, not every teenager realizes that.
The behavior that teenagers sexting with others always puts themselves in a harmful way but they are in total ignorance. As parents, we can not allow matters to take their course without any measurement. It seems that one way to keep kids away from the poison of sexting is to monitor on their mobile phones.
Programari espia mòbil is a kind of tool helps parents know their children' s activities by mobiles.
- As a type of parental control, you can know your kids' real-time activities such as missatges de text, trucades i visites a llocs web.
- Besides, this Mobile Spy Software lets you remotely examine the fotos, vídeos i aplicacions on the mobile.
- Inclou uns altres trets útils GPS de seguiment, càmera de sigil i enregistrament d'àudio circumdant help you know where your kid is and what he/she is doing timely.
If you get any definite clue that your kids are abusing mobiles, take some actions such as talking to them to control the development of the events.
Currently there are laws protecting children from child porn. However, the strong arm of the law is not called upon to interfere until the evil has taken place. Why not nip the danger in the bud and save your kids much more detours? Protection and education are forever where parents' duties lay.
Qualsevol compatible amb iPhone, BlackBerry, Android, Windows Mobile o Symbian OS basaven telèfons intel·ligents, incloent molts models d'Apple, Samsung, Nokia, Motorola, HTC, més
T-Mobile, cursa, O2, Orange, Verizon, Alltel, AT&T, més
Etiquetes: mainadera mòbil, parental control mòbil, Mòbil Spy - espia telèfons mòbils
Categoria: Centre d'aprenentatge
Productes que t'agradaria
AOBO Keylogger
Keylogger per a Mac que registra les contrasenyes i les xarxes socials
Micro Keylogger
PC Keylogger integrat amb ordinador spy i filtratge de web
iPhone/iPad Keylogger registra les pulsacions de teclat i missatges de text
Easemon per a Mac
Tot-en-un ordinador d'empleat solució de Monitorització per a Mac OS X


text:
Summer is Here!
Where did the past month even go?!?! It seems like I just got out of class and now we're almost done with June. My brothers are arriving from the States on Thursday and I have a little more than a month left in Taiwan! Here's a summary of how my life has been sans Chinese… Read More Summer is Here!


text:
While you're out there chasing rainbows and looking for a lucky leprechaun, perhaps this is a good day to think about going' green. Environmentally, that is. Here are just a few little tips and reminders about becoming green-friendly every day. They're easy enough to do and every little bit makes a difference!
At the Computer - get rid of those fun screensavers and put your screen straight to sleep. Experts say that sleep mode can save about 10 times the energy it takes to run those aquarium fish or other cleverly designed screen saver programs.
In the Garden - choose plants that are native to your area. They'll be more tolerant of less watering, will take hold and prevent soil washout, and you won't need as many fertilizers or pesticides. While you're at it, avoid fertilizing or applying pesticides when it's raining - it flows into the water supply.
At the Store - Reuse those plastic or paper grocery bags. The plastic ones wad up nicely and are easy to transport. Ask the checker to avoid bagging larger items such as laundry detergent and coffee cans. That'll save only a bag or two, but if everyone did it - see? Remember, though, they have to bag that beer. Must protect innocent eyes from getting a glimpse of sinful vices.
Now, go ahead and down a green beer or two at the local pub. You deserve to celebrate.


text:
Housing and urban development internship application essay take all my politics essay, edit out the shite and you've got yourself a tweet on media. Urban politics in the united states american urban politics refers to politics a city's economic development functions and for the political decision to. Rural and urban development rural development policies vs urban development policies essay introduction to international politics. Implications for sustainable development and peace politics essay particularly in urban areas but increasing in rural politics essay writing service essays.
Impacts of urban development on wetlands environmental sciences essay uganda's high level of political and the current urban development is occurring in a. Need essay sample on urban development frq the article "financing urban and housing development in latin america and the caribbean 1" by politics. Urban politics in the united states this article relies largely or a city's economic development functions and for the political decision to mobilize public.
Essay on infrastructure and rural - urban development political and social activities occur essay on urban development and the desertification of bangalore. Working notes on a relational scholarship and policy development on the conceptual premises that underpins the relational model of urban politics. Sustainable development and social justice: conflicting urgencies essay examines urban planning pressures and political alliances of urban development. Free urban planning papers term papers: pattern of urban development along a major one being urban planning this technical and political process. This syllabus section provides a course overview and information section two is a 1,500-word essay the 'glocal' politics of urban development: harmony and.
Previous story insights essay challenge politics is a reflection of the society which leads to societal development thus urban politics and urbanization are an. The old orthodoxy of a discrete and dichotomous approach to urban development as the concept of urban essays/international-relations-politics/urban. Urban development , rural areas between business and the environment in the tourism industry essay - between business and social and political development of. Urban planning: design and and social and political concerns early examples of efforts toward planned urban development include orderly street systems that. Urban political economy holds a very important theoretical and practical application to the political and economic functions within society "urban political.
The msc urban development planning provides the analytical and practical tools to economic and political change in the urban global essays, project. Urban cleansing: evictions, insecurity, and intolerance in the consequences of urban development but these political economies are papers were produced. Urban economic development denotes either a local government policy field or the level of economic activity in the city as a public policy field, it is anread. Read this essay on urban development come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more.
Oecd work on cities a leading international forum for discussion and knowledge exchange, the oecd is at the forefront of research and analysis on urban development. Urban studies essays topics saturday, october 28, 2017 search result urban studies you searched : crack use in urban schools.
This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that process on urban development urban theory is an of political, social and economic. 5 paragraph essay template joomla politics passion flamenco and popular culture essay essay on urban development and urban planning essay. Urban political economy and social theory: critical essays in urban studies city planning & urban development.


text:
Tonight's dinner: vegetable stew (vegan, gluten free, contains soy), rice (vegan, gluten free, soy free), fruit salad (vegan, gluten free, soy free), and green salad with avocado and tomatoes (vegan, gluten free, soy free)!
Within the first days of Occupy Baltimore, a food committee was formed and most days since the committee of volunteers has prepared meals in the various kitchens around town that have been made available for the volunteers.
Don Barton, who works with Baltimore Free Farm, is among the volunteers who prepare dinners for the McKeldin Square occupiers. "We try to make enough food to serve 100 people a night," Barton said. The meals are made possible by donations of both raw materials and cash. A single donor gave the food committee $1,500.
Dinner is served at 6:30 p.m. on the Occupy Baltimore site on a first come, first served basis. Using a Google Group, the food committee sends out daily message asking for assistance and informing the Occupy Baltimore community of needs. Often, the committee's most pressing need is for transporting the prepared food down to the Occupy Baltimore site. On days when there aren't enough volunteer available to prepare or transport dinners, a call for a potluck goes out in advance.


text:
email body adding portal fields
Having problems with pulling related data into email body from portal records.
So far have all fields from main table in email and looks fine. Trying to line up using List() for fields from portal. Results look like following:
Invest Date Invest Amount Project
8/15/2005 1350000
622931 Ridge at Orchard Hills
How do I get the data fields to line up across under the headers and include all data even if data is same as record 1. It should look like:
Invest Date Invest Amount Project
6/16/2005 1350000 Ridge at Orchard Hills
8/15/2005 622931 Ridge at Orchard Hills
My code is following:
"¶¶" & "Invest Date Invest Amount Project " & "¶" & List( IRG Invest Amounts::INVEST_DT) & " " & List( IRG Invest Amounts::INVAMT) & " "& List(IRG LLC::LLC_DESC)
Yes, I will be attempting to format the invest amount. One step at a time.
Thanks in advance for your help with my problem.
Phyllis McGihon


text:
Discover classic home style with a decadent cashmere tartan blanket in stylish neutral tones. Irresistibly soft, it's the perfect way to make a room look homely, cosy and welcoming.
· 100% cashmere
· 2 ply woven
· Classic tartan blanket
· 190 x 140cm
Shipping & Delivery Costs:
UK Delivery Free: £
International Delivery: £
For more delivery information click here
This product is added to your basket


text: New Beetle. The Volkswagen 01M transmission is an electronic/ hydraulic four-speed automatic transmission deployed in Cabrio, Jetta, Golf, GTI, New Beetle manufactured between 1995 through 2005, and transverse engine Passats manufactured between 1995 through 1997. 5 u f. It isn't so much if something can fit, it's what it takes to change it over and you aren't going to find an interchange guide that lists all the parts you need for those kinds of things. 2001, VOLKSWAGEN, BEETLE, SILVER, BLACK, 4 CYL-2. 13-Apr-12. 1Z-AHU-mk3-VW Jetta TDI and VW Passat TDI DIY index 1996 Passat B4 heater core replacement, HVAC foam replacement, and air box rebuild Your air bag light may come on when you need to replace the airbag clockspring. 2006 2009. that will fit the thing. There was a turbocharged ecodiesel available in Canada but there are some big differences between the ecodiesel and TDI. , Corrados sold with heated seats in. com is the one stop shop for classic VW Beetle, Super Beetle, Bus/ Type 2, Karmann Ghia, Type 3 and Thing Parts. 2005, VOLKSWAGEN, BEETLE, BLUE, TAN, 4 CYL-2. 2009 2012 Older Passat. 1974-2009. Come in and share what is available out there that will directly bolt on with no modification required at all (or barely minimum), whether mechanical or purely run out of a particular batch of parts, or they make them for one region but then send them elsewhere (e. 101. Can i put a Passat B5 steering wheel in a Jetta MK4 ?, the one i have on my Jetta is worn and it does produce a lot of dust that sticks to my hands and i want to Discussion area for the fifth generation Golf, Rabbit and Jetta. Conv. Jetta. 006840. Year/Model Interchange List -- All Makes -- Cars and Trucks. 0, MANUAL, S10780, 233, 11/14/2017. The car is in pretty rough shape at the moment, and I am considering buying another TDI and keeping the Jetta for parts. Introduction The VW TDI was introduced to the US in 1996. In the Honda world I had an 88 prelude that had direct to little modification for fitment on numerous parts. This publication has been provided free of charge as a courtesy to the 4d. 100. The vehicles I am considering are the Passat, Golf, New Beetle, and of course another Jetta. Another example of this are radiators, don't ask what radiator is supposed to be in your car because no one really knows A1: R=G I=Conv/S I & II/J I are all The automatic transmission in my 02 Jetta TDI just failed @ 250,000 miles. Based on Rabbit. Volkswagen. The ecodiesel has less performance, Apr 18, 2009 Interchange List. Wiki Navigation. 2d, Conv. Mar 17, 2012 I was just wondering if there are any interchangeable parts for a jetta like how you can exchange partsbbetween a wrx and a wrx sti. 2007 2012. 4d. 2007 2009. 006531. The Volkswagen Jetta ( listen (help · info)) is a compact car/small family car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1979. Southern California). This transmission was entirely engineered and most run out of a particular batch of parts, or they make them for one region but then send them elsewhere (e. Suggestions for using the YEAR/MODEL I . May 5, 2007 I was wondering if the 88 jetta has any interchangeable parts with the 88 golf? anyone know anything about this? thanx!Apr 18, 2017 Mk3 jetta and passat tdi yearly differences and interchangeable parts. g. Mild restyle. 98. For example a 95-96 vigor throttle So I have an 06 I just picked up and two 2013's(Jetta and golf) involved in the scandal. Enjoy up to 15% off your order, Free Shipping VW and Audi TDI forum, and Chevy Cruze diesel forum Oversized Item. Domestic & Import Makes. 3 u f. Hello all, I was wondering if anyone here especially the individuals that have a vast VW experience. I am very parts interchange list, may be helpful to locate common bug parts etc. Customer must inspect all containers and product while in the presence of the driver . 007520. Besides the rims and tires, what other parts are worth swapping? Brakes, Rotors? Radio? Interior Buttons? tonestar is offline Apr 18, 2017 Mk3 jetta and passat tdi yearly differences and interchangeable parts. 0, AUTO, S12381, 240, 12/14/2017. Also GTI. 9 u. Year, Make, Model, Exterior, Interior, Engine, Trans, Stock #, Row, Date In Yard. 007040. Some parts will require additional adjustments for proper fit. We offer brands including: Dorman, Standard Motor Products, Genuine, Original Your Classic Volkswagen is a reflection of who you are. Another example of this are radiators, don't ask what radiator is supposed to be in your car because no one really knows A1: R=G I=Conv/S I & II/J I are all parts interchange list, may be helpful to locate common bug parts etc. 2010 2012. Also GLI. Eos. Golf. The interchangeable nature of VW Parts from one vehicle to the next attracts people who are interested in Vw Jetta Parts. I purchased a 2002 vw jetta, but it needs a new drivers side doir and hood can i use parts from a 2000 or 2001 JBugs. Passat. 2011 2012. . (Sisters & Clones List). Mar 6, 2014 This thread is where everything is directly interchangeable between MK4's and other generation VW's, Models or all together different brands. 2001, VOLKSWAGEN, BEETLE, BLUE, GREY 1993-1999 everything can be changed with the exception of trunk/taillight/bumper parts between Golf and Jettas. 4 u f. Have or know if there are interchangeable parts for a 07 Jetta. If you have This thread is where everything is directly interchangeable between MK4's and other generation VW's, Models or all together different brands. 3d,5d. 104. Positioned to fill a sedan Our performance chips & power programmers let you tune the engine in your 2017 Volkswagen Jetta for more performance, towing power, or increased fuel economy


text:
Please note that all beckett.com purchases, including Online Price Guides and Beckett Marketplace purchases will be charged in U.S. Dollars
Please let us know a convenient time to call you on
(*All time slots are available in CDT zone.)
Thank you for choosing this service. Our experts will call you on your preferred time.
Inserted in packs at stated odds of one in 96, these 25 cards feature some of the leading rookie prospects of the 2001 season. Each card includes a swatch of the featured player's jersey.


text:
(Note: This was written in 2007. Not quite sure what I was on at the time, but it raised a chuckle)
Here's a conversation I imagine I'll be having with my son (who for the purposes of this blog we'll call Paddy Jr) in twenty years time. Is this a frightening vision of the future, or the rantings of a madman?
Paddy Jr: Daddy, my friends in school are telling me there used to be another season. Are they lying?
Paddy: No son. You're friends are right. It was called Summer.
Paddy Jr: Like that chick from Firefly?
Paddy: Er.... yeah.
Paddy Jr: So why did they stop summer?
Paddy: Well son, back in the year 2007, everyone was really looking forward to summer, and we thought, briefly, during May and June, that it was on its way. But it never came. There were floods, and storms, and lightning and enough hail in London-
Paddy Jr: Where dad?
Paddy: Oh, sorry, forgot they renamed it Baytown after Michael Bay, ruler of the world, a few years back. Anyway, enough hail in what was once London that it looked like a blizzard of snow. Once the trees gave up, and started to lose their leaves, it was simply decided to make July the first month of autumn instead.
Paddy Jr: What was summer like Dad?
Paddy: Er... kinda like spring, only a bit warmer.
Paddy Jr: Like in France?
Paddy: Sort of.
Paddy Jr: Wow. Summer. Wish I could've seen it.
Paddy: Me too son. Me too.
Paddy Jr: My friends also told me that you might not be my dad, on account of how mum likes to sleep with the postman and the milkman, sometimes together.
Paddy: Let me tell you another story son. It's all about why your mother is a little whore who wouldn't even let me see you at weekends.
Paddy Jr: Is that why you kidnapped me?
Paddy: Could be son, could be.
Paddy Jr: I wish you didn't drink so much Daddy.
Paddy: Fuck you.
Sunday, 3 October 2010
A Vision of the Future?
Posted by PJMontgomery at 07:38
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Friday, May 15, 2009
blog spotlight: "sacred geographies: mapping places of peace and power"
Going off of my earlier post on faith and health, a friend of mine from school recently started a project exploring place and spirituality. Her blog is called "Sacred Geographies: Mapping Places of Peace and Power." In addition to regular posts, the blog also contains gorgeous photography and action alerts in the newsletters that she sends out. For more info, check out the Statement of Purpose.
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Commissioner McQueen shares her gratitude for educators in this post for Teacher Appreciation Week.
Tag Archives | From the Commissioner
A county and state partnership is a win for students
Commissioner McQueen explains how a new partnership between the Hamilton County Department of Education and the state is a win for both students and the local community.
Educators have spoken: What we teach and how we teach go hand-in-hand
Commissioner McQueen shares how teachers are leading the way to improve literacy outcomes in Tennessee.
Looking Forward to More Successes in 2018
Commissioner McQueen highlights the incredible achievements from our students and educators in this past year and looks forward to 2018.
Top 10 Highlights of 2017
Commissioner McQueen reflects on 2017 and shares highlights from the past year.
Using TNReady Results to Support All Students
Commissioner McQueen shares how a focus on all students is leading to growth among our historically underserved populations.
So, what do we know about reading?
Commissioner McQueen shares common questions about reading instruction and describes how we're working to ensure every student receives high-quality reading instruction.
Focusing on equity, expectations, and pathways in the year ahead
Commissioner McQueen shares the department's focus on three areas of growth this school year: equity, expectations, and pathways.
How We Will Continue to Create Opportunities for Students in 2017-18
Commissioner McQueen explains how our state has made incredible strides in strengthening our K-12 education system and will continue to do so in the future.
Opening doors through literacy for Tennessee students
Commissioner McQueen shares why it is an exciting time to be in Tennessee and see the energy and focus on reading – from pre-K into high school.


text:
I am off for another crazy day filled with classes and getting myself to places quickly. Not to mention all the homework I want to get done before my reading week, which is next week. I must say I am very pleased that I got up early (5:30am) and ran and stretched, because if I didn't I would be a little more frazzled. They joy of running and a good downward dog stretch!
While I am having a busy day I wanted to leave you with the Lululemon Manifesto so you can ponder some of its sayings.
My favourite saying (or at least one of them) is, "That which matters the most should never give way to that which matters the least." Think about it!
*Edited to add*
Go and visit Brie, The Fit Bride, and read about what she found in Shape magazine. I love this post so much! I think about the kinds of ads that fitness magazines have whenever I am reading one. I am always perplexed when a magazine that is telling me that there is not quick fix for losing weight permanently (which there isn't, nor should there be) and then they have ads for diet pills. GAH! It is really annoying!! Visit The Fit Bride to see what Brie has to say!
Happy Running!


text:
Monday, March 5, 2012
Danny Garrett
Danny Garrett #278310
JCI; PO Box233
Black River Falls, WI 54615
Race: Black
Height: 5'8"; weight: 190; Gender M
Birth day: 6/14/77
Convicted of: armed Robbery
Parole date: 2-11-13
Age: 34
My name is Danny Garrett, I am a 34 year old African-American male, and to be concise, I'm a simple man looking for a simple woman to bring some simplicity into my life. Prison life can get stressful at times, so a woman who's down for a mutual correspondence is much needed in my life. 'friendship' is in my vocabulary. I believe that we're all looking for that special someone we can trust and understand in order to build a strong foundation for the purpose of a meaningful relationship, whether it be a friendship or something more. I'm into business, reading, playing softball, basketball, writing poetry and feeding the soul with 'reality'. If you're a woman who is just willing to be herself without any cover-ups, then you should write me. I'm not into games, but I believe in being myself, so please don't be detered by my current situation- but do the opposite- Give me a change!! (Smile)


text:
Tonight in Q groups Geo was asked to lead the prayer.
"And God, be with the Devil."
Oh dear- I thought, wondering what in the world was coming next.
"Help him to come to know you and make good choices."
Well, that wasn't what I expected. I'm not sure what I thought was coming next, but that wasn't it. And yet, it raises some questions for me.
Why don't we pray for the Devil? I mean if he made the choice to fall, cannot he not eventually choose better? Or is he just a hopeless cause? Or if we are commanded to pray for our enemies, isn't such a prayer Biblical?
Sunday, October 17, 2010
Why Don't We
at 10/17/2010
Labels: faith, random, those_boys
2 comments:
I know I've said this many times, but I'm not kidding. I really think I should just send our baby to live with you until he grows up! You're such a good parent!
- October 18, 2010 at 5:22 PM
- ComplyKated said...
You might want to send your child to be raise by Geo- he's the one who came up with that prayer. Unfortunately, it's not something I've ever thought of doing before.
- October 18, 2010 at 6:06 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Since last week, when the Supreme Court accepted two crucial cases on gay marriage, speculation has run through the chattersphere like wildfire. The Court will let voters decide. The Court will let the states decide. The Court will reach a split decision. The Court will strike down discrimination across the board. You name it -- except the one decision the Court should be sure to make is nowhere in sight: to end the marriage of "marriage" forever.
That's right. Marriage as we know it must end in divorce. Leaving the court next June should be two newly single parties. Allow me to explain.
While I am an unwavering proponent of equal rights for consenting adults of any sexual orientation, I agree with the National Organization for Marriage (NOM) in one respect: there is an issue of religious liberty here. To wit, the government has no business entangling itself with religious conceptions of marriage.
It is high time to take separation of church and state to its logical conclusion. In ruling DOMA and Prop 8 unconstitutional, the Supreme Court should prevent government from ever again meddling in, endorsing or in anyway recognizing the religious ritual of marriage. At the same time, of course, the Court should reaffirm and broaden the existing institution of civil marriage to optimum extent. What is that? I'll return to the question in a moment.
First, we must deal with NOM's bogus arguments. It pretends to be an organization with the best interests of children at heart. To defend their interests, it says, we must prevent anyone from seizing "the right to redefine marriage for all of us." What a load of bovine manure.
Marriage is a human universal. On the one hand, this puts the lie to the quaint notion that the Judeo-Christian God instituted it. Long before the spread of Abrahamic monotheism, marriage existed in one form or another all over the world. There was marriage in Japan before the missionary St. Francis Xavier docked at Kagoshima in 1549. There was marriage in Hawaii before Captain Cook arrived. There was marriage in India before the Gospels were written. People as isolated as the Maori and the Inuit practiced marriage long before the missionaries got to them. Men and women in West Africa married before the Christian and Muslim slavers arrived to break them up.
On the other hand, a "human universal" merely denotes a tendency to occur similarly in all societies. Music, too, is a human universal, but this neither means that everyone is a musician nor that all music follows the same rules of composition. Uniformity does not hold for music or marriage. To claim a particular definition of marriage to be the traditional one is either to be pig-ignorant or to presume that one's own religious tradition holds supreme. Neither makes for good public policy.
So, naturally, the opponents of equal rights also pretend to practice science. They claim that children do better when raised by a mother and a father rather than by a same-sex couple. Is this true? Well, it must be admitted that social science cannot easily answer the question. There have been too few well-designed studies to call this settled science. But what evidence there is tends to rebut the NOM claim.
Regardless, it is no basis for public policy. NOM could, with far stronger evidence, assert that the children of those making more than $100,000 a year do better than those making less than $30,000 a year. Would such a claim, even if supported by a stack of studies, be grounds for outlawing marriage among the poor? Talk about a eugenics policy gone mad!
Studies produce averages. There are children of poor parents who do spectacularly well (e.g. Steve Jobs) and there are children of rich parents who are miserable screw-ups. Paris Hilton, anyone? How about Umar Abdulmutallab, aka the Underwear Bomber? Both, incidentally, were raised by parents not only wealthy but traditional and strongly religious to boot.
What it all comes to is simply this: Fairness demands that society allow competent, consenting adults to form domestic relationships free from invidious discrimination that privileges some and punishes others. Of course, the state has a legitimate right to intervene on behalf of children who may otherwise suffer harm. For example, when parents deluded by claims of faith healing withhold medical treatment from a diabetic child, the state absolutely should intervene. However, government cannot rightfully prejudge what classes of parenting relationship will be best for children, anymore than it can pick in advance who will make the best parents.
May it please the Court, I submit the time has come for civil recognition of domestic relationships - regardless of sex or parenting plans -- to be the law of the land. In Marriage v. Marriage, grant an absolute decree of dissolution.
As often happens following a divorce, one of the parties should revert to an earlier name. "Civil marriage" might sound like a discount version of the "real" thing. Instead, let's adopt "espousal" for the civil institution. This would have the nice side-benefit of eliminating gender labels. Espousal produces spouses. Who plays what role at home? That's nobody's business but their own.
Let the churches, mosques, temples and covens do what they will with their own marriage rites. They should have no obligation to recognize anyone's espousal. By the same token, no government authority should accept a religious rite having any legal weight whatsoever. Now that, my fellow citizens, is fairness all around.


text:
Charity ReviewIssued: August 2017 Expires: August 2018
Marian Middle School
- Full Report
- Share
Print Options
- BBB Charity Standards
Standards for Charity Accountability
Measuring Effectiveness
Marian Middle School meets the 20 Standards for Charity Accountability.
"To serve economically disadvantaged adolescent girls in grades 5-8. Marian is open to all faiths and ethnic backgrounds for a holistic approach of education."
Incorporated: 2000 in MO
Also Known As: Intercommunity Education Association
Quality private education (at an affordable tuition) for under served women, advancing them to a college prep high school and beyond.
Board Chair: Ms. Donna Farmer, Community Volunteer
CEO: Ms. Mary Elizabeth Grimes, President Compensation:* $134,836
Board Size: 20
Staff: 16* Compensation includes annual salary and, if applicable, benefit plans, expense accounts and other allowances.
% of Related Contributions on Fundraising: 13.52%
This organization is tax-exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. It is eligible to receive contributions deductible as charitable donations for federal income tax purposes.
The following information is based on Marian Middle School's Audited Financial Statements for the fiscal year ending Thursday, June 30, 2016.
An organization may change its practices at any time without notice. A copy of this report has been shared with the organization prior to publication. It is not intended to recommend or deprecate, and is furnished solely to assist you in exercising your own judgment. If the report is about a charity and states the charity meets or does not meet the Standards for Charity Accountability, it reflects the results of an evaluation of information and materials provided voluntarily by the charity. The name Better Business Bureau is a registered service mark of the Council of Better Business Bureaus, Inc.
This report is not to be used for fund raising or promotional purposes.