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Updated: Sept. 18, 2012 American officials entered 2012 hoping they were nearing a turning point in Afghanistan and the nation's longest war, which began with a United States invasion two months after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. United States special forces, working with troops from Afghanistan's minority ethnic groups, quickly routed the Taliban, the extremist Islamic government that had given refuge to Al Qaeda. After a new government was installed, however, American resources were diverted to prepare for what became the war in Iraq. Working from safe havens in Pakistan, the Taliban rebounded, and by 2008 controlled major areas of Afghanistan and was terrorizing others. In 2009, President Obama ordered a surge of more than 30,000 troops in Afghanistan, in the hope of wearing down the Taliban military to the point where it would be willing to consider negotiations. With troop levels winding down in Iraq, Afghanistan became the country's primary conflict. At the same time, Mr. Obama promised to bring the war to a "successful conclusion," saying the United States could not afford and should not have to shoulder an open-ended commitment. In his first year in office, Mr. Obama's thinking about what he once called "a war of necessity" began to radically change. He concluded that the Bush-era dream of remaking Afghanistan was a fantasy, and that the far greater threat to the United States was an unstable, nucleararmed Pakistan. So he narrowed the goals in Afghanistan, and narrowed them again, until he could make the case that America had achieved limited objectives in a war that was, in any traditional sense, unwinnable. In June 2011, a month after United States special forces killed Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, Mr. Obama declared that America had largely achieved its goals in Afghanistan, setting in motion an aggressive timetable for the withdrawal of troops by 2014. In a major milestone, on Feb. 1, 2012, Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta said that American
forces would step back from a combat role there as early as mid-2013, more than a year before all American troops were scheduled to come home. The hope is that a political accord can be brokered with the Taliban that would at least limit instability in the wake of the American departure. In June, Afghan officials said that contacts with Taliban representatives had resumed, although Americans played down their significance. A milestone was reached in August 2012, when the United States military reached 2,000 dead in Afghanistan, based on an analysis by The New York Times of Department of Defense records. Curtailing Joint Operations; Video Incites Violence In mid-September 2012, the American-led military coalition said it was sharply curtailing ground-level operations with the Afghan Army and police forces, potentially undercutting the training mission that is the heart of the Western exit strategy. Coalition officials stressed that their officers would still be paired with higher-level Afghan units, and that the basic concept of training, advising and fighting alongside Afghan units in the field to ready them to fight on their own remained at the core of war strategy. The new limits, which were issued on Sept. 16 and require a general's approval for any joint work at the small-unit level, were prompted by a spike in attacks on international troops by Afghan soldiers and police in recent weeks. There was also fear that anger over an anti-Islam trailer for a film called "Innocence of Muslims" could prompt more of what the coalition calls insider attacks, American officials said. Violence connected to the incendiary video hit Kabul on Sept. 18, when a suicide bomber killed 14 people, 10 of them foreigners, bringing to at least 28 the number of deaths attributed to the trailer. A spokesman for an Afghan insurgent group, Hezb-i-Islami, claimed responsibility for the bombing and said it was carried out by an 18-year-old woman.
Handing Over Security to the Afghans In mid-May 2012, at a NATO summit meeting in Chicago, President Obama and leaders of America's NATO allies formally agreed to hand over the primary role in providing security in Afghanistan to the Afghans themselves in the summer of 2013, beginning the end of the United States's involvement in a decade-long war. The two-day meeting was intended to ratify a policy for Afghanistan that marks a significant retreat from the ambitious goals the United States and NATO once sought. At the same time, it was intended to reassure President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan that the Western powers will not abandon the country once all NATO troops leave in 2014. One of the many hurdles to a successful handoff is the extent to which American forces on the ground have become reliant on an extraordinary effort in the air that is unlikely to continue after a pullout. In carefully choreographed killings of the Taliban's tactical commanders, use of heavier ordnance to beat back Taliban attacks, and efforts to keep roads clear of improvised fertilizer bombs, conventional American warplanes have been integrated into the finest details of ground war. These missions, distinct from the C.I.A.-run drone program, have allowed a relatively small Western combat force, with just tens of thousands of troops actually patrolling each day, to wage war across a sprawling nation of 30 million people. Insider Attacks Rise; U.S. Halts Training In recent years, there has been a rise in attacks by Afghan forces against their coalition counterparts. The attacks, which the military calls "green-on-blue" or "insider" assaults, have heightened worries about how the coalition troops, who are training members of the Afghan Army and the police, can protect themselves while working at close quarters with Afghan forces. August 2012 was a particularly violent month. On Aug. 9 and 10, eight American and British soldiers were killed in southern Afghanistan in
such attacks, making it one of the deadliest 36 hours here this year. Six of the eight soldiers killed were attacked while they were inside bases and in the company of their Afghan counterparts. On Aug. 13, two more "green on blue" attacks occurred. In one case, in southern Afghanistan, the attacker did no harm; in the second attack, in the Achin district of Nangarhar Province, two international soldiers were injured. An Afghan soldier was also injured when NATO soldiers fired on the attacker, said the police chief of Nangarhar. On Aug. 17, two American Special Forces members were shot to death by a new Afghan local police recruit they were training at a small outpost in western Afghanistan. On the same day, in the south, an Afghan security force member turned his weapon on other international service personnel, wounding two American soldiers, according to NATO and Afghan officials. In early September, American officials said that the training of Afghan Local Police and special operations forces had been put on hold while their American trainers conducted stricter vetting to try to root out any infiltrators or new recruits who could pose risks to the coalition troops working with them. The move did not affect the vast majority of Afghan forces — more than 350,000 Afghan National Army soldiers and Afghan National Police members — who are still being trained and are still working in the field with American and NATO counterparts, military officials said. The hold affected those Afghan units overseen by American Special Operations forces: Afghan Local Police and special forces units, which, combined, number over 20,000, or roughly seven percent of all Afghan forces. In mid-September, Afghan security forces killed six service members from the American-led military coalition in a pair of attacks in southern Afghanistan, pushing the number of international troops killed by Afghan forces in a single year past 50 for the first time. The coalition's ambition to leave behind a stable Afghanistan that can fend off the Taliban hinges on readying the country's army and police for the task. Yet the spread of insider attacks has left coalition forces
increasingly mistrustful of the Afghan forces they are training and fighting alongside. Insider Attacks Prompt NATO to Shift Policy In mid-August, Gen. John R. Allen, the top commander in Afghanistan, called an urgent meeting of his generals to address the escalating death toll in insider attacks. In a room crowded with more than 40 commanders, the general underscored the need to quickly stop the bloodletting that is sapping morale, according to NATO officials, part of a new emphasis on protecting American and NATO forces after a spate of attacks that included the killing of six Marine trainers a week earlier. In one of a series of recent steps, the military decreed that American and NATO service members should always carry a loaded magazine in their weapons, to save precious moments if attacked by Afghan forces. Another initiative, now a priority, is a program named "Guardian Angel" that calls for one or two soldiers to monitor the Afghans during every mission or meeting, officials say. The "angels," whose identities are not disclosed to the Afghans, must be prepared to fire on anyone who tries to kill a coalition service member. On Aug. 20, Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, arrived in Afghanistan for discussions on the progress of the war, including the wave of insider attacks, even as New Zealand became the latest coalition partner to announce an accelerated troop withdrawal. While General Dempsey was at Bagram air base, rockets or other projectiles fired by insurgents damaged the C-17 transport plane that he traveled on, forcing him to leave Afghanistan a few hours later than planned and on a different aircraft. General Dempsey was not on the plane when it was fired on; two base military personnel were slightly wounded. Ragtag Revolts in Parts of the Country Repel Taliban
During the summer of 2012, in small mountain villages on Taliban turf in eastern Afghanistan, Pashtun tribesmen took up arms to fight the insurgents, fed up with their heavy-handed tactics of closing schools and threatening families whose sons had joined the Afghan Army. What began as a ragtag uprising by rural woodcutters and shopkeepers in a few villages in Laghman Province expanded into something extraordinary: over July and August, the Taliban presence in the entire district, and then in a neighboring one, had been largely silenced. And in another eastern province, Ghazni, villagers ignited a similar movement to drive the Taliban away. The uprisings, however, were far from a simple case of outrage growing into action. They spread quickly, but in considerable part because commanders from a rival militant faction, Hezb-i-Islami, saw a chance to gain ground against the Taliban, and because Afghan government officials saw the movement as a valuable opportunity to help local leaders organize against the insurgents. At its heart, the uprising in the Laghman villages began not because of support for the government, or even because of hatred of the Taliban as a whole, but because the wrong Taliban had come to power: Locals say they resented the more extreme religious teachings and draconian enforcement by militants who had come from far-off provinces and from Pakistan. For Hezb-i-Islami, it was a continuation of an on-and-off battle with the Taliban for dominance. Though Hezb-i-Islami is rooted in a conservative Islamist worldview, it is seen as generally less rigid than the Taliban, allowing girls to attend school and permitting some other aspects of modern life. In any possible future reconciliation with the insurgency, the faction most likely to engage in a peace deal would be Hezb-i-Islami, former Ambassador Ryan C. Crocker said in a recent interview. In that light, both the Afghan government and the Americans are inclined to support the group's fight against the Taliban. Overview Background
1979-1996: The Soviet Invasion and After 1996-2001: The Taliban Takeover 2001-2008 2008-2012: Obama's War Obama's Surprise Visit to Sign Partnership Agreement Afghanistan: For Obama, Lessons Learned 'Afghan Good Enough' Series of Incidents Incites Anger Toward the U.S. A Massacre of Civilians Heightens Tensions Koran Protests: Casting a Shadow on U.S. Pullout The Taliban: Not the Only Concern Principals in Civil War Still in Power Overview The United States has been militarily involved in Afghanistan since 2001, when it led an invasion after the Sept. 11 attacks by Al Qaeda. The group had been given safe haven in the country by the Taliban, the extremist Islamic group that had seized control in 1996 after years of civil war. The 2001 invasion succeeded in dislodging Al Qaeda and removing the Taliban from power, but not in eradicating either group. With American military efforts focused on Iraq, the Taliban made a steady comeback, fueled by profits from the opium trade, dissatisfaction with the weak and often corrupt Afghan government, and safe havens in Pakistan. President Obama made Afghanistan the central military focus of his administration, drawing troops out of Iraq and increasing the number in Afghanistan by almost 50,000. He put Gen. David H. Petraeus, the
architect of the 2007 "surge'' in Iraq, in command of American forces in Afghanistan, and the pace of American operations stepped up enormously, initially in the Taliban's strongholds in the south. General Petraeus was succeeded by Lt. Gen. John R. Allen of the Marine Corps in 2011. But between claims of tactical success on the ground and the strategy of handing off to Afghan forces lies what one colonel called "the great disconnect.'' The Taliban and the groups it collaborates with remain deeply rooted; the Afghan military and police remain lackluster and given to widespread drug use; the country's borders remain porous; Kabul Bank, which processes government salaries, is wormy with fraud, and Mr. Karzai's government, by almost all accounts, remains weak, corrupt and erratically led. And the Pakistani frontier remains a Taliban safe haven. Background Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, has known little peace since 1979, when the Soviet Union invaded. Now it is the scene of what has become the central military struggle for the United States, as American forces try to help a weak and corrupt government tame a stubborn insurgency. Afghanistan's strategic location, at the crossroads of Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East, has long granted it a pivotal role in the region, while its terrain and population have stymied wouldbe conquerors for centuries. The country's population is 34 million. Its capital is Kabul. 1979-1996: The Soviet Invasion and After Three decades ago, Afghanistan was a stable, relatively prosperous and relatively secular country. The turmoil and extremism that have dominated its history since then can be traced to the 1979 invasion by the Soviet Union and the reaction both by Afghans and by their allies in the United States and Pakistan.
In the 19th century, the imperial Russian government vied with Britain for influence in Central Asia in the Great Game — a web of diplomatic intrigue and espionage. But it was almost a century later that Moscow's role in Afghan affairs reached its peak, when the Soviet invasion descended into a prolonged and bloody occupation that was in many ways comparable to the American experience in Vietnam. The first Soviet troops parachuted into Kabul on Dec. 27, 1979, to assist Babrak Karmal, who had become president in a coup within the Afghan Communist leadership. Moscow insisted that the troops came in response to a plea for help from a legitimately constituted Karmal Government. But most Western analysts say the Soviets engineered the coup as a pretext to replace Hafizullah Amin, the Afghan leader, who had lost their trust. Soviet troops stayed in the country for more than nine years, fighting a conflict that cost them roughly 15,000 lives and undisclosed billions of rubles, while undermining the cherished image of an invincible Soviet Army. The Kabul Government generally kept a firm grip on the cities, but throughout the war was unable to rout the rebels in the countryside, where the conservative populace was antagonized at the outset by changes in social and land policies that offended Muslim tradition. After 1986, the Soviet Air Force was also rendered largely useless by advanced Stinger antiaircraft missiles supplied by the United States to the rebels. Eventually, after peace talks moderated by the United Nations, the last Soviet troops left Afghanistan in February 1989, in what was in effect a unilateral withdrawal. They left behind a country that was not only devastated by the war but that had become a beacon to Islamic extremists from across the globe who had come to assist in the fighting, including Osama bin Laden and the group he helped found, Al Qaeda. After Soviet forces departed, Afghanistan descended into vicious internecine strife; by the summer of 1994, power was anarchically divided among competing warlords and individual fiefdoms. But one group would eventually gain control. 1996-2001: The Taliban Takeover
The Taliban grew out of a student movement dedicated to purifying the country, based in the southeast, the home of the dominant ethnic group, the Pashtun. In a story that is now part of Afghan folklore, the group's first action occurred when Mullah Omar, a Pashtun who had lost an eye fighting the Soviets, gathered a small band of men and attacked a group of warlords who had raped a girl and shaved her head. By the end of 1994 Mullah Omar had nearly 12,000 followers and was rolling up the warlords to the north and east. With his promise of restoring the centrality of Islam to daily life, he created a genuinely popular movement in a country weary of corruption and brutality. Yet even with popular support, the Taliban might have withered were it not for the intervention of Pakistan, the neighbor to the east. As early as 1994, Pakistani intelligence officers began funneling arms, money and supplies to Mullah Omar's men, as well as military advisers to help guide them in battle. Buoyed by Pakistani aid, the Taliban by 1996 had taken control of Afghanistan, imposing strict enforcement of fundamentalist Islamic law, banning movies and music and forcing women out of schools and into all-enveloping burqa clothing. The Taliban also provided a haven for Mr. bin Laden, who arrived by chartered jet at Jalalabad Airport in May 1996, and for Al Qaeda. Western diplomats say Al Qaeda helped persuade Mullah Omar to order the destruction of the 800-year-old Buddha statues at Bamiyan, an act condemned around the world. International criticism of the Taliban's harsh measures had little effect on the regime, which seemed almost to welcome pariah status. 2001-2008 Post 9/11 Invasion After the attack on the World Trade Center in New York on Sept. 11, 2001, President George W. Bush gave the Taliban an ultimatum to hand over Mr. bin Laden. When it refused, the United States joined forces with rebel groups that had never accepted Taliban rule, notably
the Northern Alliance, which represented minority tribes. An air and ground campaign began that drove the Taliban out of the major Afghan cities by the end of the year. Remnants of Al Qaeda and Taliban leadership retreated to Tora Bora in the mountains along the Pakistan border and eventually escaped after a battle there, primarily involving Afghan forces allied with the United States. The Karzai Government In December 2001, Hamid Karzai, a supporter and relative of Mohammad Zahir Shah, the exiled former king of Afghanistan, was named chairman of an interim government that replaced the defeated Taliban, making him the leader of the country. He took office as interim president in June 2002, saying he hoped to secure peace for Afghanistan and win the country much-needed international aid. Mr. Karzai was elected to a five-year term as president in 2004. During the Bush administration, Mr. Karzai — a celebrity in flowing cape and dark gray karakul cap — was also a White House favorite. His popularity, though, steadily plunged, at home as well as abroad, as Mr. Karzai faced an Afghan population that blamed him for the manifest lack of economic progress and the corrupt officials who seem to stand at every doorway of his government. The Taliban Resurgence Despite their defeat in 2001, the Taliban continued to wage a guerrilla warfare from a base in the mountainous and largely lawless tribal area on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. As the American military focus was diverted to the invasion and occupation of Iraq, the Taliban regrouped and began to extend its influence in the southern part of Afghanistan. Their rise was assisted by a resurgent opium trade, which helped to fill the group's coffers. Dealing with vast areas and limited manpower, the American-led coalition has held the cities and highways, but, faced with an
increasingly vigorous insurgency, ceded large parts of the countryside to the Taliban. The Taliban also spilled over into Pakistan, raising concerns about its stability, and making Afghanistan once more a top foreign policy priority for the Western Allies. A six-year archive of classified military documents, released by Wikileaks, painted a bleak, ground-level view of the conflict. They amounted to a daily diary of an American-led force often starved for resources and attention as it struggled against an insurgency that grew larger, better coordinated and more deadly each year. 2008-2012: Obama's War Mr. Obama's plan to widen United States involvement in Afghanistan was shaped by a debate in which Vice President Biden warned against getting into a political and military quagmire, while military advisers argued that the Afghanistan war effort could be imperiled without even more troops. General Petraeus, the Iraq commander who received much of the credit for the success of the surge there, had taken charge of United States Central Command in October 2008, with responsibility for military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and across the region. Mr. Gates later brought in General Stanley A. McChystal, an expert in counterinsurgency warfare who for years had viewed the violence in Afghanistan and Pakistan as a particularly thorny problem. In June 2010, President Obama removed Gen. McChrystal after contemptuous quotes from the general and his staff about senior administration officials appeared in an article in Rolling Stone magazine. Mr. Obama tapped Gen. Petraeus to lead the war effort there. In a speech delivered Dec. 1, 2009, at West Point, Mr. Obama announced his plan to deploy 30,000 additional troops. He vowed to start bringing American forces home from Afghanistan in the middle of 2011, saying the United States could not afford and should not have to shoulder an open-ended commitment.
The military's plans for 2012 emphasize deploying American and allied military trainers directly within Afghan security units, lessening the direct combat role of NATO. In February 2012, Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta said that American forces would step back from a combat role there as early as mid-2013, more than a year before all American troops were scheduled to come home. Mr. Panetta cast the decision as an orderly step in a withdrawal process long planned by the United States and its allies, but his comments were the first time that the United States had put a date on stepping back from its central role in the war. The defense secretary's words reflected the Obama administration's eagerness to bring to a close the second of two grinding ground wars it inherited from the Bush administration. Promising the end of the American combat mission in Afghanistan in 2013 would also give Mr. Obama a certain applause line in his reelection stump speech in fall 2012. Mr. Panetta said no decisions had been made about the number of American troops to be withdrawn in 2013. In early 2012, the United States had some 90,000 troops in Afghanistan, with 22,000 of them due home by the fall. There has been no schedule set for the pace of the withdrawal of the 68,000 American troops who will remain, only that all are to be out by the end of 2014. Counterinsurgency: Offensives in the South Military operations continued to be the primary tool to further the goal of a stable Afghan state. Much of the war had seen American and NATO forces mounting large operations to clear towns and cities of insurgents. And then after they had swept the area, they seldom, if ever, stationed enough soldiers or police officers to hold the place on their own. And so the Taliban returned — and, after a time, so did the allied forces, to clear the place all over again. With much fanfare, American and NATO military commanders began their largest offensive since 2001 in the Marja section of southern
Afghanistan in mid-February 2010. The move was the prototype for a new type of operation based on the counterinsurgency thinking propounded by Gen. McChrystal. In Marja, a Taliban stronghold, American and Afghan commanders said they would do something they have never done before: bring in an Afghan government and police force behind them. American and British troops would stay on to support them. But the operation did not go nearly as well as hoped, and the area is still not sufficiently controlled for the local government's activities to resume or take root. Due perhaps to the difficulties in Marja, the prospect of a robust military push in Kandahar Province, which had been widely expected to begin in June 2010, evolved into a strategy that put civilian reconstruction efforts first and relegated military action to a supportive role. However, in late September 2010, American and Afghan troops finally began active combat in an offensive to drive the Taliban out of their strongholds surrounding the city of Kandahar. American and Afghan forces seemed to be routing the Taliban in much of Kandahar Province by late October, forcing many hardened fighters, faced with the buildup of American forces, to flee strongholds they had held for years. Corruption and Rigged Elections Transparency International, an advocacy organization that tracks government corruption around the globe, ranks Afghanistan as the world's third most corrupt country, behind Somalia and Myanmar. In the hundreds of diplomatic cables obtained by WikiLeaks and released in December 2010, Afghanistan emerges as a looking-glass land where bribery, extortion and embezzlement are the norm and the honest official is a distinct outlier. The widespread corruption is made possible in part by a largely unregulated banking infrastructure and the ancient hawala money transfer network that is the method of choice for politicians, insurgents and drug traffickers to move cash around the Muslim world.
Mr. Karzai won re-election in 2009, but in a manner that weakened his standing and his government. The vote was held in August, and Mr. Karzai quickly declared that he had exceeded the 50 percent mark needed to avoid a runoff. But it quickly became obvious that a large number of ballots were fraudulent. The tampering was almost entirely in favor of Mr. Karzai. After heavy pressure from American officials, Mr. Karzai agreed to a runoff, but his most serious challenger, Dr. Abdullah Abdullah, withdrew from the race, scrapping the plan. Parliamentary elections in 2010 were also flawed. At stake was the makeup of the Wolesi Jirga, the lower house of the Afghan Parliament and the only body with the power to question the policies of President Karzai. More than 20 percent of the ballots were thrown out for fraud. The voting itself was so tainted — by ballot-box stuffing and armed intimidation of voters, among other tactics — that many candidates appealed the vote totals to a second electoral body, the Independent Election Commission, which finalized the results of the election in November 2010. President Karzai attempted to change the makeup of the new parliament by undermining the I.E.C. by creating a special court, which he later dissolved under international pressure. After months of intense political pressure, in mid-August 2011, the election commission declared that it would change the results of the parliamentary elections. It announced that nine members of Parliament would be removed and nine candidates, previously disqualified over electoral irregularities, would have their seats restored. In a previous ruling, the panel had said that the election results were final and that even it could not change the outcome. Uneasy Progress In its first formal review of its Afghanistan policies since the decision to send more troops, the administration said the United States continues to kill leaders of Al Qaeda and diminish its capacity to launch terrorist attacks from the region. It cited some signs that the United States and its allies have halted or reversed inroads by the Taliban in Afghanistan and strengthened the ability of Afghan forces to secure their country, but acknowledged that the gains are fragile and could be easily undone
unless more progress is made towards hunting down insurgents operating from havens in neighboring Pakistan. In March 2011, General Petraeus said that NATO forces had been able to halt or reverse Taliban gains not only in the south but also around Kabul, and even in the north and west of the country The relationships between the United States, the Afghan government and the Afghan people have continued to be tense, and have repeatedly been damaged by civilian casualties. In April 2011, thousands of protesters, angry at the burning of a Koran at a Florida church, overran the compound of the United Nations in a northern Afghan city. Seven U.N. workers were killed in the attack, and at least 24 others died during protests which continued across the country for days. A 'Show of Presence' in the Skies During the long Afghan conflict, the use of air power has changed markedly. At the outset of the war in 2001, American aircraft often attacked in ways that maximized violence, including carpet bombing, dropping cluster munitions and conducting weeks of strikes with precision-guided munitions. A little more than a decade on, there has been a sharp shift in the application of American air power, de-emphasizing overpowering violence in favor of sorties that often end without munitions being dropped. The most common mission of a fighter pilot is what is called an "overwatch," scanning the ground via infrared sensors and radioing what he sees to troops below. The military also favors what is called a "show of presence" — a midaltitude, nonlethal display intended to reassure ground troops and signal to the Taliban that the soldiers are not alone. Striving for certitude in target selection and minimizing civilian casualties have become standard practice. Projecting power nonlethally is routine. Dropping bombs is not.
The change reflects the political costs and sensitivities of civilian casualties caused by errant or indiscriminate strikes and the increasing use of aerial drones, which can watch over potential targets for extended periods with no risk to pilots or more expensive aircraft. Obama's Surprise Visit to Sign Partnership Agreement President Obama made a surprise trip to Kabul on May 1, 2012 to sign a landmark strategic partnership agreement between the United States and Afghanistan in a midnight ceremony meant to mark the beginning of the end of a war that has lasted for more than a decade. Mr. Obama arrived after nightfall under a veil of secrecy at Bagram Air Base. He then flew by helicopter to the presidential palace, where he and President Karzai signed the pact, which is intended to be a road map for two nations lashed together by war and groping for a new relationship after the departure of American troops, scheduled for the end of 2014. The strategic partnership agreement, completed after 20 months of arduous negotiations in Washington and Kabul, pledges American support for Afghanistan for 10 years after the withdrawal of the last American soldiers at the end of 2014. More symbol than substance, it nevertheless marks a pivotal transition for the United States from the largest foreign military force in Afghanistan to a staunch, if faraway, ally. For the president, facing a re-election battle in which his conduct of the war is likely to be debated into November, the visit was laden with political significance. Senior officials said the agreement showcased Mr. Obama's determination to end the war responsibly, even as they conceded that the country that American troops leave behind will be a messy, violent place, where the Taliban will keep a foothold. Even with the withdrawal of troops by the end of 2014, the United States is likely to spend more than $2 billion a year to help Afghanistan with its security. Any civilian aid would come on top of that.
Afghanistan: For Obama, Lessons Learned Behind the narrowed commitments laid out in the agreement lie lessons that have not only shaped Mr. Obama's Afghanistan strategy but also much of his foreign policy. Fatigue and frustration with the war have defined the strategies his administration has adopted to guide how America intervenes in the world's messiest conflicts. Out of the experience emerged Mr. Obama's "light footprint" strategy, in which the United States strikes from a distance but does not engage in years-long, enervating occupations. That doctrine shaped the president's thinking about how to deal with the challenges that followed — Libya, Syria and a nuclear Iran. Mr. Obama's top national security aides described the evolution of the president's views on Afghanistan as a result of three rude discoveries. Mr. Obama began to question why Americans were dying to prop up a leader, President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, who was volatile, unreliable and willing to manipulate the ballot box. Faced with an economic crisis at home and a fiscal crisis that Mr. Obama knew would eventually require deep limits on Pentagon spending, he was also shocked, they said, by what the war's cost would be if the generals' counterinsurgency plan were left on autopilot — $1 trillion over 10 years. And the more he delved into what it would take to truly change Afghan society, the more he concluded that the task was so overwhelming that it would make little difference whether a large American and NATO force remained for 2 more years, 5 more years or 10 more years. 'Afghan Good Enough' Mr. Obama began to reassess whether emerging victorious in Afghanistan was as necessary as he had once proclaimed. Ultimately, Mr. Obama agreed to double the size of the American force while training the Afghan armed forces, but famously insisted that, whether America was winning or losing, the drawdown would begin in just 18 months.
The president's doubts were cemented as the early efforts to take towns like Marja in Helmand Province took months longer than expected. To Mr. Obama and his aides, Marja proved that progress was possible — but not on the kind of timeline that Mr. Obama thought economically or politically affordable. "Marja looks a lot better than two years ago," one senior official said at the end of last year. "But how many Marjas do we need to do, and over what time frame?" The tight group of presidential aides charged with answering questions like that — of redefining the mission — began meeting on weekends at the end of 2010. The group's informal name said it all: "Afghan Good Enough." "We spent the time asking questions like: How much corruption can we live with?" one participant recalled. "Is there another way — a way the Pentagon might not be telling us about — to speed the withdrawal? What's the least we can spend on training Afghan troops and still get a credible result?" By early 2011, Mr. Obama had seen enough. He told his staff to arrange a speedy, orderly exit from Afghanistan. This time there would be no announced national security meetings, no debates with the generals. While Kandahar and other population centers in the south have seen a decrease in Taliban attacks since the surge forces arrived, insurgent attacks have increased in less populated southern areas, military officials report. The heads of the Senate and House intelligence committees, said the Taliban were gaining ground, something that is bound to accelerate once the NATO troops give way to Afghan-led forces. Series of Incidents Incites Anger Toward the U.S. Beginning in February 2012, a series of incidents — including accusations that a United States Army staff sergeant killed 17 Afghan civilians and American troops had burned Korans — increased widespread anger toward the United States, leading to discussions
within the White House about speeding up the withdrawal of troops, and a decision by the Taliban to suspend preliminary talks. In early April, to accelerate the transition of military responsibility to the Afghan government, the United States agreed to hand control of special operations missions to Afghan forces, including night raids, relegating American troops to a supporting role and bringing the raids under Afghan judicial authority. The deal resolved one of the most contentious issues for President Karzai, who faced intense domestic political pressure because of night raids' deep unpopularity, even as American commanders had insisted they were the linchpin of the military mission in Afghanistan. Just a week later, on April 15, in synchronized attacks clearly designed to undermine confidence in NATO and Afghan security forces, Taliban suicide bombers and gunmen barraged the diplomatic quarter and the Parliament in Kabul for hours and struck three eastern provinces as well. The assaults were an early test for the Afghan forces, who responded with only minimal help from NATO Western officials said the attacks bore the hallmarks of the offshoot Haqqani network of the Taliban, a ruthless crime family that has focused on high-profile Afghan government and foreign targets. A day after the assaults, Western military and intelligence officials acknowledged that they were surprised by the scale and sophistication of the synchronized attacks, seeing them as a troubling step in the evolution of the Haqqani network from a crime mob to a leading militant force. Officials said the attacks raised two pivotal questions: whether the militants had the ability to mount such audacious assaults repeatedly, rather than just once every several months, and whether the Afghan government would be able to blunt such plots after 2014, the deadline for Western troop withdrawal.
A Massacre of Civilians Heightens Tensions In late February 2012, violent anti-American protests broke out throughout Afghanistan after American personnel at Bagram Air Base inadvertently burned Korans. After a period of deepening public outrage, on March 11, Robert Bales, a United States Army sergeant, went from house to house methodically killing 17 civilians, 9 of them children, in a rural stretch of southern Afghanistan Mr. Bales was removed from the country by American forces, further angering Afghan officials, who demanded he be tried in Afghanistan. He is being held in a military prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kans. Following the massacre, Defense Secretary Panetta visited Afghanistan in mid-March. The visit got off to an unscripted start when a stolen truck sped onto a runway ramp at the British military airfield as his plane was landing. Mr. Panetta was unhurt, but Pentagon officials said the Afghan driver emerged from the vehicle in flames and later died. The outrage from the back-to-back episodes imperiled what the Obama administration once saw as an orderly plan for 2012: to speed the training of Afghan forces so that they could take the lead in combat missions, all while drawing the Taliban into negotiations. And in fact, days after the attacks, the American plan suffered dual blows, as President Karzai of Afghanistan demanded that the United States confine troops to major bases by 2013, and the Taliban announced that they were suspending peace talks with the Americans. Koran Protests: Casting a Shadow on U.S. Pullout On Feb. 21, angry protests broke out and shock rippled through Afghanistan as accounts emerged that NATO personnel at Bagram Air Base had burned an undisclosed number of Korans and were preparing to burn more. A NATO spokesman said the books had been gathered at a detention facility for suspected insurgents and inadvertently sent for incineration.
The incident sparked days of virulent anti-American demonstrations in which at least 30 people, including four American troops, were killed, and many were wounded. In an attempt to quell the anger, President Obama sent a letter of apology to President Karzai of Afghanistan. Despite the apology, the violence escalated. In one attack on Feb. 25, two American soldiers were shot dead inside the Interior Ministry building in Kabul, and NATO responded by immediately pulling all its advisers out of Afghan ministries in Kabul. On Feb. 27, two suicide attackers detonated a car bomb at the entrance to a NATO air base in eastern Afghanistan, killing at least nine Afghans and wounding four NATO personnel. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the bombing as revenge for the burning of the Korans, according to wire service reports. On Feb. 26, President Karzai called for calm during a televised news conference from the presidential palace. The unrest added to the drumbeat of concern about the risks of a strategy that calls for American soldiers and civilians to work closely with Afghans. Even before the Koran burning, there had been a deepening animosity that led to American and coalition forces being killed in increasing numbers. Despite an American-led training effort that has spanned years and cost tens of billions of dollars, the Afghan security forces are still widely seen as riddled with dangerously unreliable soldiers and police officers. The distrust has only deepened as a pattern of attacks by Afghan security forces on American and NATO service members, beginning years ago, has drastically worsened. The Taliban: Not the Only Concern The Taliban has not been the only concern for coalition forces. According to a classified report from January 2012, American and other coalition forces were being killed in increasing numbers by the very Afghan soldiers they fought alongside and trained, in attacks motivated by deep-seated animosity between the supposedly allied forces. And
there is widespread concern among NATO and Afghan commanders about insurgents infiltrating the ranks of the Afghan security forces. In late December 2011, a man wearing an Afghan Army uniform attacked NATO personnel, gunning down two members of the French Foreign Legion in eastern Afghanistan before being fatally shot. The Taliban were quick to take responsibility for the killings, though they often overstate the effectiveness of their forces. In early January 2012, an Afghan soldier turned his gun on American military personnel while they were playing volleyball at a camp in southern Afghanistan, killing one and wounding three others before being fatally shot. A few weeks later, four French service members were killed and a number were wounded when a gunman wearing an Afghan National Army uniform turned his weapon on them in Kapisa Province in eastern Afghanistan. The shootings happened in Tagab District, an area that is viewed as dangerous and dominated by insurgent forces. The attacks prompted French President Nicolas Sarkozy to announce in late January that France would break with its allies in NATO and accelerate the French withdrawal from Afghanistan, pulling back combat troops a year early, by the end of 2013. Mr. Sarkozy also said that he and Afghanistan's president, Hamid Karzai, would ask the NATO alliance for a similar speedup of the transfer of primary security responsibilities to Afghan troops. The accelerated French withdrawal has more symbolic than strategic weight. France has the fifth-largest contingent in Afghanistan, with an official count of 3,900 troops. Its forces have been in a largely defensive posture for the past year or longer, focused on preventing any further loss of troops' lives, according to a NATO official. Since 2001, 82 French troops have been killed in Afghanistan. Principals in Civil War Still in Power A report completed in December 2011, "Conflict Mapping in Afghanistan Since 1978," prepared by the Afghan Independent Human
Rights Commission, is an 800-page recounting of the atrocities of the Afghan civil war. The report reveals the locations and details of 180 mass graves of civilians or prisoners, many of the sites secret and none of them yet excavated properly. It compiles testimony from survivors and witnesses to the mass interments, and details other war crimes as well. The figures accused in the report of playing some role in mass killings include some of the most powerful figures in Afghanistan's government and ethnic factions, including the Northern Alliance that fought the Taliban in 2001. Among them are First Vice President Fahim, a Tajik from the Jamiat Islami Party, and Second Vice President Karim Khalili, a Hazara leader from the Wahdat Party; Gen. Atta Mohammed Noor, a Tajik from the Jamiat Islami Party and now the governor of the important northern province of Balkh, of which Mazar-i-Sharif is capital; and Gen. Abdul Rashid Dostum, a former Uzbek warlord from the Jumbush Party who holds the honorary title of chief of staff to the supreme commander of the Afghan Armed Forces, among many others. Those men gave no response to verbal and written requests for comment about their naming in the report. In all, the researchers who compiled the report said, more than 500 Afghans are named in the report as responsible for mass killings, including the country's revered national martyr, Ahmed Shah Massoud, one of the last militia leaders to hold out against the Taliban sweep to power and who was assassinated by Al Qaeda just before the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. The report also investigates killings of civilians and prisoners said to be carried out by the Taliban and other insurgents, including Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of the Hezb-i-Islami insurgents. Named specifically in the report as responsible for war crimes in massacres of prisoners in Mazar-i-Sharif are two Taliban commanders now held at the Guantánamo Bay prison camp — Mullah Fazul Akhund
and Mullah Khairullah Khirkawa — and whose release is thought to be a condition of negotiations with the insurgent group. Shake-up in Afghan Government's Most Powerful Ministries In August 2012, the chief of Afghanistan's antigraft commission called for the country's finance minister, Omar Zakhilwal, to step aside while he is being investigated in connection with corruption allegations, even as the minister appealed to his Western backers for support. Mr. Zakhilwal emphatically denied the allegations and insisted that a smear campaign was under way. The back and forth is just one element of what appears to be a widening shake-up in some of the Afghan government's most powerful ministries, and notably ones that play a critical role in working with the country's biggest Western supporters, officials say. The Ministries of Defense, Interior, Mining and Finance — linchpins of United States plans for troop withdrawal and for long-term Afghan development — have all come under intense pressure. The cases are rooted in different political tensions, but taken together they raise the prospect that the West's already tenuous relationship with the Afghan government could become even less stable. Starting in July, a serious altercation between cabinet members has played out over a new mining law that the mining minister, Wahidullah Shahrani, with advice from Western consultants, has advocated, saying it would give international mining companies the certainty they need to make substantial investments. Passage was blocked by several other cabinet members, who expressed concerns that the draft law gave away too much to international interests, and their view was publicly supported by President Karzai. Defense Minister Abdul Rahim Wardak and Interior Minister Bismillah Khan Mohammadi both were hit with parliamentary no-confidence votes in August. Mr. Wardak resigned on Aug. 7, and Mr. Mohammadi is not expected to last; a search for his replacement is under way.
The Parliament members cited incompetence, nepotism, favoritism and corruption as reasons for seeking their ousters. Few specific allegations were made, however, other than the failure to stop the shelling of Afghan border villages from Pakistan — something that would have been difficult for either official to have achieved without attacking Pakistan, which was not an option from a diplomatic standpoint. The situation left Western donors nervous about whom they will be able to trust with the first installments of the $16 billion in aid they expect to donate over the next four years. Devastating Toll on Civilians A United Nations report released in early August 2012 showed a 15 percent drop in civilian casualties between Jan. 1 and June 30 of 2012 compared with the year before. Even so, over that six-month period, 1,145 Afghan women, children and civilian men were killed, and nearly 2,000 were wounded. The Taliban and other armed antigovernment groups were responsible for the vast majority of the casualties. In 2012, 80 percent of the casualties were caused by the antigovernment fighters, while progovernment forces, including the Americans and NATO, could be blamed for just 10 percent, according to the report. The casualties caused by the Americans and NATO dropped 25 percent from the same period in 2011, a figure that reflected in part a recent focus on avoiding airstrikes and reducing casualties in night raids. The remaining casualties, 10 percent, could not be attributed to either side, said James Rodehaver, the acting human rights director for the United Nations office in Kabul. Among the most worrisome findings was an increase in targeted killings, which was all the more alarming because the increase occurred despite an overall decrease in casualties. From January through June, there were 255 such targeted killings, a 53 percent increase over the same period in 2011, Mr. Rodehaver said.
Then, in the five weeks since July 1, there was a 240 percent increase in assassinations over the same period in 2011. And overall civilian casualties for July 2012 were 5 percent above July 2011, suggesting that the positive trend of the last six months is being reversed. The report also looked deeply into the behavior of the Afghan local police, who patrol in villages where there is no regular police presence. The United Nations described complaints about recruitment, vetting, lack of accountability and infiltration by insurgents. And on Aug. 14, 2012, bombings and shootings took the lives of at least 43 Afghans in the deadliest day for civilians this year as insurgents struck while people were preparing for the Muslim holiday that ends the month of Ramadan. The worst death toll came in the southwestern province of Nimruz, where suicide bombers struck the provincial capital, Zaranj, as throngs of people were shopping for the Id al-Fitr holiday. The bombings killed at least 29 people and wounded 57, said Gen. Mohammed Musa Rasuli, the provincial police chief. In Kunduz Province in northern Afghanistan, a remotely detonated bomb on a motorcycle exploded in a bazaar just after the evening prayer that breaks the Ramadan fast, killing 10 people, said Sheikh Saadi, the district governor. And in Badakhshan Province, in the far northeast of the country, a district governor and three policemen were killed in a Taliban ambush as they were driving through a remote area, said Abdul Rasul Rasekh, a spokesman for the provincial governor. On Sept. 1, 2012, Taliban suicide bombers staged what appeared to be a carefully coordinated attack southwest of Kabul that killed at least a dozen Afghans and wounded 58 more just outside the same American military outpost where a similar attack one year ago wounded scores of American soldiers. The wounded included at least one woman, a child, and three officers of the National Directorate of Security, the Afghan national spy agency. Several American soldiers inside the base were also wounded.
One theory quickly emerged: The attack was meant as a reprise of the truck bombing of the same base, Combat Outpost Sayed Abad, that killed five Afghans and wounded 77 United States soldiers last September. The Haqqani Taliban network was blamed for the attack. Coalition Airstrike Kills Taliban Insurgents On Aug. 18, a coalition airstrike killed more than 20 Taliban insurgents after they had gathered to oversee a public execution in northeastern Afghanistan, Afghan officials said. Some Afghan officials in Kunar Province, where the attack took place, put the death toll much higher, at 40 to 50. NATO said only that "at least two dozen" insurgents were killed after a joint Afghan-NATO ground operation observed a large gathering of armed men and called in an airstrike. After the attack, Afghan and NATO officials inspected the site and said no civilians were killed by the bombing, the coalition said. Two days earlier, seven American soldiers and three Afghan soldiers and an interpreter were killed after daybreak when their Black Hawk helicopter crashed in Kandahar Province in southern Afghanistan, the American-led military command here said. A spokesman for the Taliban said the group had shot down the helicopter, but American officials said there was no indication yet that enemy fire was the cause. The helicopter crashed in a Talibancontrolled area in the northern part of Kandahar Province known as Shah Wali Kot an official at the Kandahar provincial governor's office said. Maj. Martyn Crighton of the Army, a spokesman for the International Security Assistance Force Joint Command in Kabul, said it was not yet clear whether mechanical failure or Taliban fire was responsible. In Rising Toll, Signs of a Changing Conflict In August 2012, the United States military reached 2,000 dead in Afghanistan, based on an analysis by The New York Times of
Department of Defense records. The calculation by The Times includes deaths not only in Afghanistan but also in Pakistan and other nations where American forces are directly involved in aiding the war. Nearly nine years passed before American forces reached their first 1,000 dead in the war. The second 1,000 came just 27 months later, a testament to the intensity of fighting prompted by President Obama's decision to send 33,000 additional troops to Afghanistan in 2010, a policy known as the surge. According to analysis by The Times, in the second wave of 1,000 soldiers who were killed, three out of four were white, nine out of 10 were enlisted service members and one out of two died in either Kandahar Province or Helmand Province in Taliban-dominated southern Afghanistan. Their average age was 26. The dead were disproportionately Marines. Though the Army over all has suffered more dead in the war, the Marine Corps, with fewer troops, has had a higher casualty rate: At the height of fighting in late 2010, two out of every 1,000 Marines in Afghanistan were dying, twice the rate of the Army. Marine units accounted for three of the five units hardest hit during the surge. Though Afghanistan is now considered the nation's longest war, at nearly 11 years, the number of dead is less than half the total in the Iraq war, where more than 4,480 died in eight years. In 2011, more active-duty and reserve soldiers killed themselves, 278, than died in combat in Afghanistan, 247.


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Matchbox Caterpillar Construction Zone
1st Feb, 2000
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Genre: Simulator
Platforms: Game Boy Color
Did you ever wonder what it would be like to work construction? More importantly, did you ever want to drive one of those really big Caterpillar trucks? Now you can live out your fantasies with Matchbox Caterpillar Construction Zone. You will get to drive 11 different Caterpillar trucks including Track Type Tractor, Integrated Toolcarrier, Articulated Truck, Challenger Agricultural Tractor, Lexicon Combine, Log Skidder, Wheel ... Read More
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The Fourth Stall
- Narrated by: Mike Rylander
- Length: 6 hrs and 55 mins
- Unabridged Audiobook
- Release date: 02-08-11
- Language: English
- Publisher: HarperAudio
- Whispersync for Voice-ready
Regular price: $22.81
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Publisher's Summary
Or at least it was, until one particular Monday. It starts with a third grader in need of protection. And before this ordeal is over, it's going to involve a legendary high-school crime boss named Staples, an intramural gambling ring, a graffiti ninja, the nine most dangerous bullies in school, and the first Chicago Cubs World Series game in almost 70 years. And that's just the beginning. Mac and Vince soon realize that the trouble with solving everyone else's problems is that there's no one left to solve yours.
Customer ReviewsMost Helpful
By Belinda on 03-27-13
Mob lives in the lives of children.
What did you love best about The Fourth Stall?
I loved the language used to make the story seem like a mob lifestyle. I felt like I was listening to a cartoon happening with a mix of mild violence.
What was one of the most memorable moments of The Fourth Stall?
I think the most memorable part for me was when Mac and Vince got into a quarrel about the money they were saving. This scene was very relatable, especially when you are in a situation where you cannot understand everything that is happening with your friend.
Which scene was your favorite?
I loved the scene where Mac brought in all of the bullies to create an alliance. You got a sense of who everyone was and why they were a bully in the school. It was easy to relate at least one of the bully characters to a bully I have had in the past. The author showed how they were also human as well rather than portraying them as "the enemy".
If you were to make a film of this book, what would be the tag line be?
It would probably one of Vince's grandma quotes. There were so many it is hard for me to pick one.
Any additional comments?
This book is great for adults and teenagers. It has comedy, empathy, and a world beyond what you remember of the playground.
1 of 1 people found this review helpful
By Tanya on 08-27-12
Funny, Suspenseful and Full of Heart!
What made the experience of listening to The Fourth Stall the most enjoyable?
Actor Mike Rylander, brother of author Chris, is full of voices, which is great because Chris's book is packed with crazy, quirky, compelling characters. I especially liked Mike Rylander's characterization of the girl characters in the book.
What did you like best about this story?
Chris Rylander has written the perfect book for boys who don't like to read fantasy. "The Fourth Stall" is a mystery, a comedy and an action story all-in-one. The story is layered and complex, as are the relationships between the main characters, Mac and Vince. One of the best books I've read/listened to in a long time. This is a book that the whole family can enjoy listening to.
1 of 1 people found this review helpful
Customer ReviewsMost Helpful
By Sophie on 04-13-16
This is an amazing book should defiantly read, if you like skullduggery pleasant or Percy Jackson you will like this
By Amazon Customer on 02-26-15
This book is very entertaining it keeps me awake. It is so awesome. LOL
Thanks for such an entertaining book


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Tucangua | On the route SanBer - Altos turn right on the 4.0Km Trail, Altos 3240, Paraguay (Formerly Hotel Turismo Don Papalo)
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Question about GMC Jimmy
Posted by Arlene Mangus on
The cam sensor is the most likely problem here,the cam sensor has to signal initial start up,then th crankshaft sensor takes over,when you spray the fluid in the intake,and it starts,you are actually doing the cam sensors job by simulating the pulse for the injectors,replace the cam sensor to correct the problem.
Posted on Jul 30, 2010
may I have a diagram for this problem
Can you send me a diagram of the wireing so I can check it for a short?
I would,if I had one,sorry,the cam sensor is most likely the problem
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
Hi there,
Save hours of searching online or wasting money on unnecessary repairs by talking to a 6YA Expert who can help you resolve this issue over the phone in a minute or two.
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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How romantic are you? Put yourself to test. What are the three things a man should bring with him when he visits his girlfriend? A Bouquet of Flowers, of course - to embrace her beauty. A Bottle of Champagne - the most romantic drink of all, flirty and playful. And a Cake - to make her life sweeter. Be romantic, and send Romantic Trio to the woman you love, even if you can not go out on a date. She is sure to appreciate your thoughtfulness and care!
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Harman EVP on the meaning of lifestyle audio
By Matthew Beecham | 30 January 2017
Michael Mauser
One key topic of focus at this year's consumer electronics show (CES) was the future of the automotive user experience. With the approach of autonomous vehicles, consumers are demanding more advanced cabin technology to occupy what is set to become 'free time' at the wheel. Harman claims that audio and acoustics will have a significant influence on the in-car experience and should be a priority for OEMs looking to attract next-generation buyers. Harman's executive vice president and president of the lifestyle audio division, Michael Mauser, explains.
Connected and self-driving were buzz words heard at CES 2017, but what do you see this meaning for the in-car audio experience?
Today's consumer is all about high tech experience and convenience. Consumers are expecting more advanced in-car technology that is seamlessly and effortlessly integrating their home lives and time on the move.
In the automotive sector, I believe that we are currently at an inflexion point. I think we've hit a juncture in the industry's timeline when in-car passenger experience is just as important to consumers as the vehicle´s performance and speed. These factors have typically been most influential in the buying stakes but that's no longer the case. Autonomous features and the prospect of fully autonomous vehicles is reinventing the way people spend time in their cars and how they are hoping to spend their time when the proposed technology becomes a reality.
This is opening a vast range of opportunities for automakers to improve the in-car experience to attract future customers. Audio and acoustics innovation will play an important part in driving this forward and Harman is ideally positioned to support the development of a highly differentiated automotive cabin.
Our focus is on elevating the connected world, providing consumers with personalised, intelligent and intuitive solutions as and when they need it, whether that is at home, at work or on the move.
An overhaul of the car cabin presents a great opportunity for us as a business, in the audio divisions and beyond, and we're working extremely hard to develop technologies that will resonate with future buyers.
Why will audio have such an important role?
We foresee the in-car audio experience being much more than just listening to music in autonomous vehicles. As expected, premium audio will help provide great quality entertainment and comfort for consumers – after all, the car is still the place where people listen to music the most – but it will also help to provide an intelligent and personalised experience that is so appealing today, and expected to become the norm in the future.
For example, Summit Next, debuting at CES, is a suite of innovative car audio technologies that delivers the ultimate personalised experience and is an example of what we can expect next from car audio.
So what can we expect from Summit Next?
Summit Next is the latest evolution of our innovative audio platform aimed at the luxury vehicle segment. It provides a best in class, ultra-premium, personalised listening experience that delivers proprietary Harman DSP-based technologies such as Individual Sound Zones, QuantumLogic Immersive 3D Surround Sound, Clari-Fi, the HALOsonic suite of Sound Management Solutions and Virtual Venues, which replicates the acoustic design and qualities of famous venues in a vehicle, as seen in the Volvo XC90.
In addition, the platform incorporates new entertainment and productivity technologies that will be particularly desirable in the autonomous car space. For example, with Ambisonics Escape we can now take the driver out of a stressful traffic jam and transport them to a beach, forest or waterfall, recreating those natural surroundings in the car through a 360° sound field and video experience, making the cabin a place of calm and tranquillity.
Summit Next also incorporates in-car theatre, what we believe to be the most theatre-like viewing experience ever achieved in a vehicle. It combines Harman's QuantumLogic Immersion professional movie theatre audio processing with video, bringing passengers closer to a real movie experience than ever before.
For me, and I'm sure many others, productivity is very important while on the road and Summit Next in-car conferencing technology is set to support this by transforming calls through matching conference audio with video locations of participants, giving the sensation of being in a real meeting room.
We think it is all about pushing the boundaries and taking the driving experience one step further. It also looks ahead to audio experiences in the longer term: the system is the world's first truly future proof car audio solution as it is enabled for Over the Air (OTA) updates, so features can be expanded throughout the full lifecycle of the car as new developments are introduced.
For us, it's all about engagement and delivering an immersive, personalised experience to passengers. Our audio technology can then be complemented by developments in our other divisions to make real leaps and bounds for the in-car experience.
At CES our connected car division showed a full windshield head-up display in the Rinspeed Oasis concept car that projects navigation or can be used for entertainment purposes. Together, the audio and the visual can make a real impact.
When can we expect to see this technology in a production car?
Summit Next is the evolution of our highly innovative Summit car audio platform which we launched at CES 2016. It has been in development for several years and the majority of Summit features are ready to implement now. This 'Pinnacle of Car Audio Perfection' is such an attractive differentiator for our automotive customers that we have already won several car audio awards launching in next vehicle generations.
It has been well documented that millennials are fuelling the 'experience economy' that this technology fulfils, but will they be willing to purchase the high-end luxury vehicles featuring these capabilities?
Ultimately cars equate to freedom – freedom of choice and freedom of movement. Owning or having access to a vehicle is still desirable, and even more so when offering such an in-car experience, so I don't believe that the millennial audience will boycott the car. However, we, of course, acknowledge that not everyone will be able to afford a vehicle in the luxury segment. We want to make this experience accessible to all and so also launched the Voyager Next at CES.
This is the latest generation of our consumer audio platform for small and entry-level vehicles. It's the first all-in-one audio and connected car head unit solution featuring most innovative loudspeaker and subwoofer technologies and architectures combined with best in class Audio DSP algorithms for great audio quality. And for today's 'on-the-go' lifestyle, it has a sub that can be popped in and out of the boot to make the music portable.
It's a solution that automakers are finding particularly interesting as it allows them to offer a premium audio experience in a cost-effective and easy to implement way, making their vehicles more desirable to this consumer audience.
Samsung's acquisition of Harman's connected car business has been big in the headlines, but audio must have played a role too?
Yes, of course, Harman's lifestyle audio division and all its divisions were greatly influential in the decision. Harman's portfolio of businesses is hugely complementary. Harman's audio business is a natural for synergies. The connected services division is in a class of its on developing state of the art technologies complementary to Samsung, as is our professional services division which is all about audio in entertainment and enterprise spaces.
Do you foresee developments in the autonomous car being the most significant driver of business growth for the company's audio division moving forward?
The automotive sector as a whole is an important area of growth for us. We are very proud to produce high-quality, high-fidelity, digitally-integrated premium audio for the industry and our growth will be determined by many factors but principally based on our ability to maintain a competitive technological advantage by staying ahead of the curve and continuing to innovate. The automotive industry is revolutionising with autonomous driving and we will continue to reinvent the audio experience to complement this. Through our brands we have a strong portfolio of global customers that believe in our products, such as BMW, Audi, Ford, Toyota, FCA, Hyundai/KIA, Ferrari, Aston Martin and many others. The audio developments around autonomous cars present opportunities to work closer with our existing partners and open new discussions with prospects so we can look to reshape how consumers interact with their vehicles in the future and attract the next generation of drivers.


text: BTS becomes first K-Pop act to hit No. 1 on the Billboard US. Album chart K-Pop superstars BTS' made history with their third album Love Yourself: Tear. Home Exclusive Interview Documentaries Events Corporate Editorial MB.tv 04:00pm US newspapers hit back at Trump, defend free press MB.tv 16 Aug Hanoi's igloo cafe offers cool escape from summer heatwave MB.tv 16 Aug Japan's Emperor expresses WWII 'remorse' as PM avoids war shrine MB.tv 15 Aug China said to freeze new game approvals MB.tv 15 Aug HK independence activist attacks Beijing at press club talk MB.tv 15 Aug Blocked by Israel for years, Palestinian mail finally arrives MB.tv 14 Aug Beijing struggles to defuse anger over China's P2P lending crisis MB.tv 14 Aug World's first commercial 3D-printed concrete homes planned MB.tv 13 Aug Austrian sailors smash speed mark on picturesque Lake Achensee MB.tv 13 Aug Israel steps in to stop the Dead Sea from dying MB.tv 13 Aug NASA blasts off historic probe to 'touch Sun' MB.tv 13 Aug Brazilian women shocked, outraged by recent domestic killing MB.tv 12 Aug China's new online cosmetics stars: men MB.tv 11 Aug "Only in Macau" series: Portuguese cobblestone MB.tv 10 Aug Spotify teams with Samsung to help fight off Apple MB.tv 09 Aug Argentina rejects abortion bill MB.tv 09 Aug Trade war will make America poorer MB.tv 09 Aug Brad Pitt denies claims he's failed to support his children MB.tv 08 Aug Helicopters use local swimming pools to tackle fires in Portugal MB.tv 08 Aug Wildfires rage in south of Portugal MB.tv 08 Aug Domino effect may make climate change goals moot MB.tv 08 Aug South Koreans flock to waterparks as heatwave continues MB.tv 07 Aug 'Chef of the century', Joel Robuchon, dies at 73 MB.tv 07 Aug Residents of Portuguese town attempt to keep cool in heatwave


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Ruth Broehl Love, Mexico City:
On Sept. 9, an article entitled "Grime and Gouging Drive Tourists From Romania" was published in your newspaper, attributed to Agence France-Presse. I was in Budapest with five adult members of my family, on our way to Romania. If I had not learned over years of independent travel that some of the most rewarding trips are in areas most lacking in four-star amenities, I might have been discouraged.
We stayed in only two hotels on our tour and they were very satisfactory. The rest of the time we stayed in the "rural tourism" network. The only complaint we have about our tour is that we got all we asked for. To visit the monasteries of Bucovina, the villages of Maramures, and even a small part of Transylvania requires more driving than I anticipated and we left several cities wishing we could stay a lot longer.Continue reading the main story


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The Oakland police dispatch office said about 100 people protested, with some in the crowd breaking windows on businesses and starting small fires in the streets. As the protest wound down with the crowd dispersing, the office said that as of 2 a.m. PDT it had no word of any arrests.
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Obama wants you to cover the for-profit college student loan bailout


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Find the perfect place from the worlds best selection of holiday rentals on HomeAway.
Our 2018 accommodation listings offer a large selection of 56 holiday lettings near Kakkanad. From 23 apartments to 11 villas, find unique self catering accommodation for you to enjoy a memorable stay with your family and friends. The best place to stay near Kakkanad for a long holiday or a weekend break is on HomeAway.
HomeAway offers a large selection of holiday accommodations near great places in Kakkanad. From HomeAway travellers, the most popular points of interest to stay near are:
But there are many other points of interest around Kakkanad listed on HomeAway where you can find your place to stay. Please use our search bar to access the selection of holiday rentals available near the point of interest of your choice.
Yes, of course. HomeAway offers 23 apartments in Kakkanad. Our other popular types of Kakkanad holiday rentals include:
Yes, you can select your preferred holiday accommodation with pool among our 9 holiday homes with pool available in Kakkanad. Please use our search bar to access the selection of holiday rentals available.
The area's entertainment and sports are just some of the reasons to come on holiday to Kakkanad. Revered for its restaurants, excursions and pubs, this city is both welcoming and business-friendly. Consider a holiday rental for your stay. Many offer full kitchens and spacious living areas, along with cable or satellite TV and DVD players to entertain you on a lazy day.
Looking for things to do while you're in Kakkanad? Visitors searching for nearby cultural experiences can spend an enlightening afternoon at Durbar Hall Art Gallery or Kerala Folklore Museum. You can take a shopping trip to Lulu Mall, Centre Square Mall and Spice Market. Want to take in a game or event? Get tickets for Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium. Also a trip to Changampuzha Park, Hill Palace or Bolgatty Palace might be a nice excursion.


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Mt. Lebanon man's years of cartoons, illustrations on displayTribune-ReviewHis cartoons and illustrations have appeared in everything from Nickelodeon Magazine to The New Yorker, yet few of his Mt.
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We offer standard, 3 day express, 2 day express, and overnight express shipping options for your convenience. If you place your order Monday - Friday by 2:00 PM EST using one of our express shipping options, your order will be processed and shipped the same day it is placed!Applies to delivery within the 48 contiguous states only.
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This mini-folding knife from Ridge Runner® was designed to look like a Revolver pistol. The 1 1/2" blade folds up into the highly detailed ABS handle. This unique pocket knife makes a great gift!


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HFEUAZ (Ireland) Math Operators Price Series Summation Overview
|HFEUAZ -- Ireland Fund
HFEUAZ math-operators tool provides you with the Math Operators execution environment for running Price Series Summation operator against HFEUAZ and DOW. Math Operators module provides interface to determine different price movement patterns of similar pairs of equity instruments such as DOW and HFEUAZ.
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Problems Reported by Domino's Pizza Customers
Issues Reported by Domino's Pizza Customers & How They Fixed Them
I have a Domino's Pizza issue
Recent Domino's Pizza Issues Reported to GetHuman by Other Users
Showing 1 - 10 of 170 - Page 1 of 17
Customer service issue with Domino's Pizza from August 14th, 2018 by GetHuman991482
Mi pizza nunca fue entregada
Delivery problem
I wanted to put my complaint yesterday I ordered a pizza online they did the delivery b...
idiot delivery driver ran red light in Carrollton Texas, I have the type of vehicle and...
I ordered * pizzas last night and I'm waiting for my last points to be added to my acco...
I purchased two pizzas and the girl that collects the money didn't wash their hands bef...
I want to know how I can find my order receipt from about a week ago if I dont have a p...
Ordered a pizza and did carry out I go to pick up a pizza, and said why isn't she weari...
I ordered * kg pizzas and wings the pizza was very sloppy and not quite done the wings...
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Why Do Customers Report Issues?
GetHuman tries to provide resources for best framing your problem in a way that it can be communicated to companies like Domino's Pizza effectively using over 10 years of experience helping customers. We also help you then get in touch with companies and get attention for your issue. Lastly, we make sure customers can connect and learn from other customers in case the issue is a common one that has been solved before. If you are a Domino's Pizza customer and are running into a problem, GetHuman could be the fastest and most effective way for you to solve the problem.
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GetHuman does more than just help you work through your problem, get Domino's Pizza to look at it and take it seriously, and connect with customers facing a similar issue. We also catalog the biggest, most common issues and research how to solve them. We of course share this information with you. We may not have a lot of that type of documentation for Domino's Pizza at the moment, but if you have a problem with any major brand, it's likely we have some step by step instructions that help you through resolving it.
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Member10£350Beautiful litter of miniature schnauzer puppiesLlandeilo 44 milesI have for sale 2 boys and 2 girls. They are 8weeks old and ready for their new home. They have been vet checked and microchipped. These are lovely puppies that have been well looked after and usd to children and other dogs. If you are interested please feel free to call...
Member4£395minature schnauzer femalesLlandeilo 43 milesWe have a stunning litter of Miniature Schnauzer pups available. born on 18/5/2018, Sold as Family pets only so will not be kc registered. The Miniature Schnauzer is an energetic, active dog who has clean habits, is neat in size and makes a delightful companion for...
4£660Only 3 left miniature schnauzerPorthcawl 30 milesOnly free pups left two girls and one boy left beautiful letter of miniature schnauzer pups five girls and one boy ready the 12th of August vet checked and first vaccination they are flees and wormed and microchipped these pups are well socialised and play full And good...
10£800stunning pedigree Miniature Schnauzer puppiesLydney 22 milesHere I have a beautiful litter of miniature schnauzer puppies. A mix of salt and pepper and jet black. Puppies are both flea'd and wormed and have there first vaccinations. Second vaccinations free. All puppies are ready to leave now and are fully weaned. Mum is salt and...
1£1,100Kc reg miniature schnauzer puppiesHereford 29 milesWe have an adorable litter of kc reg miniature schnauzer puppies looking for new and loving homes, raised in our busy family home with young children very well socialised. Will be fully vet checked, first vaccination, microchipped and full wormed to date .
Member6£400Miniature Schnauzer puppiesLampeter 61 milesAdorable Miniature Schnauzer puppies ready now. Boys and girls available, vet health checked, vaccinated, micro chipped, house trained to paper. Both parents can be seen. dad pra clear puppies come with a three generation pedigree and can be kennel club registered with no...
1£450Miniature Schnauzer Adult Female KidderminsterKidderminster 60 milesI regrettably have to rehome my beautiful Miniature Schnauzer Precious through no fault of her own I bought precious in a bit of a sad and desperate state making this sale even more difficult She's full Miniature Schnauzer pepper and salt and has a fantastic temperament...Posted 12 hrs ago
4£395Yorkie x SchnauzerBasildon 150 milesBeautiful Yorkie X Miniature Schnauzer puppies. Boys and girls. They are 8 weeks old, looking for a forever loving home. They are all fantastic with children and other pets. They have been wormed, flead, microchipped and vaccinated. Can be seen with mum.Posted 3 days ago
Member5£425Miniature Schnauzer puppiesLampeter 61 milesAdorable Miniature Schnauzer puppies ready now. Boys and girls available, vet health checked, micro chipped, house trained to paper. Both parents can be seen. puppies come with a three generation pedigree and can be kennel club registered with no restrictions For more...
1£650Beautiful miniature Schnauzer puppiesWalsall 82 miles2 girl Schnauzer puppies upto date with worming and flea treatment 1st injection brought up in family home with children will make excellent family pets mom and dad are our family pets
2£950Beautiful pepper and salt puppies ready nowHavering 141 milesBeautiful litter boys only Puppies are bva eye tested clear with certificate and have been vet checked with there own certificate of health Beautiful litter with fantastic characters puppies are bred to breed standard 13inc there is 5 pepper and salt and 2 white There mum...
8£925Stunning Litter of Black Miniature Schnauzer puppiesRotherham 139 milesI have a gorgeous black litter of miniature schnauzers some with white markings.All are KC registered.I am a home breeder with many years experience and an excelent reputation.All my pups come with a full vet check,micro-chipping,first vaccination and a puppy pack.They...
4£200Molly the miniature schnauzer 3 years oldStafford 86 milesHi, I am looking for a forever loving home for my 3 year old schnauzer, I have owned Molly since she was 10 weeks old, she is microchipped upto date with injections and has been neutered. She is great with kids, I have another dog who Molly is now deciding she no longer...
3£200Miniature schnauzerDownpatrick 217 milesMiniature schnauzer bitch.
3£750Schnauzer bitchDownpatrick 217 milesSchnauzer bitch. Two years old.
3£850EXQUISITE KC REGISTERED MINI SCHNAUZERBarnsley 150 milesI have 1 black boy left from a litter of four looking for a forever home This beautiful boy is vet checked is kc registered Microchipped wormed and flead have had 1st injections come with 5 weeks free insurance and puppy health book Mum and dad have champion blood lines...
6£1,000KC Pepper/Salt Miniature Schnauzer PuppiesWakefield 151 milesOur little girl Lipsy gave birth the a litter of 5 Pepper/Salt puppy's on the 16/06/18. We have 3 Boys and 2 Girls available. All puppies are home reared around other dogs and children, all puppies will be full KC registered, microchipped, vaccinated, eye tested, flead...
2£900Miniature shnauzer pups for saleKidderminster 59 milesOnly 1 stunning pepper and salt miniature shnauzer pup now available. Ready for new home Now. 1 boy from a litter of 5. Mum and dad kc registered with champions in their bloodline and both have clear eye tests. Both can be seen and grandad on dads side too. Pups to be sold...
4£1,000Black and silver girl availableHavering 142 milesStunning black and silver girl pup she is BVA eye testedclear with certificate Microchiped And has been vet checked with certificate She has been home reared around children And is a confident girl She is used to being groomed etc Mum is black and silver and can be see...
1£650Beautiful miniature Schnauzer puppiesWalsall 82 milesBeautiful miniature Schnauzer puppies 12 weeks old Micro chipped Reared in family home with children Will make beautiful pets
1£650Miniature Schnauzer puppiesWalsall 82 milesBeautiful miniature Schnauzer puppies 12 weeks old microchip and first injections brought up in family home with children will make beautiful pets
3£475Miniature schnauzer x welsh terrier puppiesHaverfordwest 81 milesMiniature schnauzer x welsh terrier puppies 1 boy 1 girl home reared in family home mum and dad can be seen with puppies all come full insured vet checked wormed to date first vaccination micro chipped bag of food collar and lead excellent homes a must
7£750READY NOW Ministure Schnauzer PuppiesLeeds 162 milesBeautiful Loving Miniture Schnauzer Puppies, Boys and girls, Mum and Dad can be seen, wonderful family pets great with kids and cats! not KC registered as want loving homes for the right reasons. Puppy pad and crate trained. Ready now!
6£900Beautiful miniature schnauzer puppiesCastleford 159 milesI have a beautiful litter of miniature schnauzer puppies looking for a forever home. I only have two black and silver girls left. My puppies are microchipped, had both injections, flead and worked to date, eye tested, puppy insurance, kc registered and will come with a...
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