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Inside Minimalism Tongtong Li
Inside Minimalism Discover creative personalization within the principles of Minimalism
inimalist design is undoubtedly the dominant and flourishing trend in modern day's design industry. It is generally recognized that Minimalist Design has brought huge advantages to the whole
society and has benefited human a lot, from multifunctional smartphones to modern magnificent skyscrapers. However, while we are indulging ourselves in those merits, we could not overlook the fact that subtle side effects and inconspicuous underlying problems come along with its developing process. For designers, especially young designers who have just stepped into the design industry, on the one hand, Minimalist Design can quickly introduce them into the threshold since it has very clear and regulated design principles. On the other hand, Minimalist Design is so easy for designers to copy and imitate, many designers will blindly follow the superficial formats of Minimalist Design and ignore the important design rules behind it. Also, once Minimalist Design has become a default design system, designers will be scared to make changes against the current trend. Generally, designers have their own design and aesthetic preferences that reflect their diverse creativity and imagination, however, it is also noteworthy that the development of Minimalist Design has limited and constricted the diversity and uniqueness in the design industry, which may not be beneficial to the designers in the long run. Consequently, it is essential to research and find out some possible ways that can help designers retain the design diversities and unique characters in the developing process of Minimalist Design.
Inside Minimalism Discover creative personalization within the principles of Minimalism By Tongtong Li
Bachelor of Fine Arts, Visual Communications Design School of Design China Academy of Art May 2015 Š 2017 Tongtong Li A thesis submitted in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts, Communications Design School of Design Pratt Institute May 2017
Inside Minimalism Discover creative personalization within the principles of Minimalism By Tongtong Li
Received and Approved:
Primary Thesis Advisor: Michael Dyer
May 2017
Ann Morris
May 2017
Mahir M. Yavuz
May 2017
Santiago Piedrafita
May 2017
Tongtong Li
May 2017
Secondary Thesis Advisor:
Secondary Thesis Advisor:
MFA Candidate:
Chapter 1 How to define Minimalism? Glossary of terms
Questions and concerns
Chapter 2
How to explore Minimalism?
Artists and designers
What's it like today?
Why is Minimalist Design is so popular today?
Complexity vs Minimalism Minimalism and economy
45-48 49-50
How does Minimalist Design boost sale on the websites ďź&#x;
Chapter 3 How to Change Minimalism? Personalization in Minimalism
Speculative online shopping project Bibliography Acknowledgement
57-60 62
Chapter How to define Minimalism?
Glossary of terms Minimalist
hen you call a person a minimalist, you're describing their interest in keeping things very simple. A minimalist prefers the minimal amount or degree of something. In art history, the minimalists were artists whose work involved extremely simple gestures and ideas. The art they created is also referred to as minimalist. A white canvas with one black line might be a typical minimalist painting. But anyone who likes things very simple could be called a minimalist. A president who takes a hands-off approach to policy, a composer who only plays one note, a designer whoputs only a bed in a bedroom: they're all minimalists. [1] In my thesis, Minimalist represents the current flourishing design trend, which advocates a concise and simple style for design works and uniformity within it. Minimalist Design is very easy for designers to learn and follow since it has less design elements and very well organized design formats. It is quite obvious that todays' design industry has been dominated by Minimalist Design and is developing towards the direction of becoming more and more concise.
[1]"Minimalist - Dictionary Definition." Vocabulary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.
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omplexity describes the behavior of a system or model whose components interact in multiple and diverse ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions. [1] When you see the word complexity, think of something with a lot of pieces, something not easy to put into words or understand. Things that can have complexity include: the events leading up to the American Civil War, a broth made with many ingredients, your relationship with your parents. Complexity is the opposite of simplicity. When something has a lot of complexity, you say it is complex. When it has very little complexity, it is simple. [2] Complexity can be described as the opposite word of minimalism, both terms could bring totally different effects to design works. Minimalist Design is making subtractions, while complexity is making addition to the design. Minimalist Design could be learned and comprehended more thoroughly by comparing it with more complex design works. Also, the defects and imperfections of Minimalist Design can be explored more easily in comparison of complex design works.
[1] "Complexity." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. [2]"Complexity - Dictionary Definition." Vocabulary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.
n the one hand, Minimalist Design has provided designers much easier access to the design industry, and give them well organized and regulated patterns to follow, on the other hand, it has constricted designers' own design preferences since designers are becoming scared to create something new against this flourishing design trend. In a word, designers' own choices have been decreased to large extent due to the constricted formats set by Minimalist Design. How can designers get rid of this constriction is a significant thing that every designer should consider in their careers.
1. To make smaller or narrower by binding or squeezing. [1] 2. To squeeze or compress. [1] 3. To restrict the scope or freedom of; cramp: lives constricted by poverty. [1]
[1] "Constrict." The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.
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iversity in my thesis refers to designers' different design preferences, design choices and their own creativity. One of the major imperfections of Minimalist Design is its constriction for the designer's own creativities and imagination. Undoubtedly, the Minimalist Design trend has the tendency of leading the whole design industry towards an average standard, it is quite a dangerous phenomenon that the design industry is losing its diversity and vitality in the long run. 1.The condition of having or being composed of differing elements : VARIETY; especially : the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization <programs intended to promote diversity in schools> [1] 2. An instance of being composed of differing elements or qualities : an instance of being diverse <a diversity of opinion> [1] 1. The state or fact of being diverse; difference; unlikeness: diversity of opinion. [2] 2. Variety; multiformity. [2] 3. T he inclusion of individuals representing more than one national origin, color, religion, socioeconomic stratum, sexual orientation, etc. [2] 4. A point of difference. [2]
[1] Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. [2] "The Definition of Diversity." Dictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.
ersonalization, which sometimes known as customization, consists of tailoring a service or a product to accommodate
specific individuals, sometimes tied to groups or segments of individuals. A wide variety of organizations use personalization to improve customer satisfaction, digital sales conversion, marketing results, branding, and improved website metrics as well as for advertising. Personalization is a key element in social media and recommender systems. [1] The process of making something suitable for the needs of a particular person. [2]
Personalization is an essential part for designers to reflect their own design talents and unique ideas on their design works. Through personalization, we can see various characters and interesting ways that could be applied on the same object, personalization makes design works more humanized and attractive. It is important that every designer come up with unique ways of personalization while following the rules and design principles of Minimalist Design.
[1]"Personalization." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016. [2]"Personalization Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary." Personalization Definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.
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•What are the hidden problems in nowadays' Minimalist Design?
•Is design becoming more and more concise in the future the default trend for people?
•What are the possible consequences if nowadays' design trend don't stop its footstep of becoming much more simplistic?
•Does the word "minimalism" in modern day's design equal to "convenience"?
•What is the solid aesthetic basis that supports the concept of Minimalist Design?
•What are the underlying reasons that make Minimalist Design flourish?
•What have people, the whole design industry and society lost in the Minimalist Design developing process?
Questions and concerns
•How can designers retain their own design preferences and diversity in the design formats set by Minimalist Design?
•Are those design elements that have been abandoned by Minimalist Design recycled?
•What are the different functions for both old and new products if they can coexist for a long period of time?
•Does "become more simplistic" equate to "become more advanced" in people's mind?
•Does the release of every new product mark the devaluation of its old version?
•Why do people tend to compromise to the Minimalist Design trend?
•What are people's complex feelings in the alteration periods of old and new products?
•What could be the possible reasons that hinder Minimalist Design's development in the future?
Chapter How to explore Minimalism?
Artists and designers Mies Van der Rohe
f we look at Minimalist Design in the past,
Every time I walk through the buildings around
Modern design can be described as its origin.
Rockefeller Centre, I feel it is hard to breath, I am a
Modern design was developed from architectural
tiny creature under those glass curtain wall buildings.
design. A number of advanced designers and
It seems that I have been trapped in a small space
architects formed a group to promote the so called
where tons of pressure falls on my shoulders and I was
new architectural movement. The content of this
struggling to find a way out.
movement was very complex, including spiritual, ideological, and technology, especially regarding the
I believe that my hatred towards modern highrise
use of new material, like reinforced concrete, glass
buildings is not an anomaly. The design trend of
and steel plate. The architects in this movement
becoming more and more simplistic is like a fast moving
strongly propagated the idea that modern design is a
train in which designers could hardly stop to hearthe
new form. They opposed any decoration, as well as
audience's true inside voices.
any tendency against functionalism.
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One Modernist designer, who is not one of my favorite designers, is a powerful and famous architect in the development of Minimalist architecture design. His name is Mies Van der Rohe. One of Mies' greatest achievements was that he created an influential twentieth-century architectural style, stated with extreme clarity and simplicity. He had a special preference for modern materials like industrial steel and plate glass of which he made use to define interior spaces. Also, his most famous executed project of the interwar period in Europe was the German Pavilion that is also known as the Barcelona Pavilion, which was commissioned by the German government for the 1929 International Exposition at Barcelona. "Less is more" is the quotation that he talked about through out his career. It is worth mentioning that Mies was sued by one of his clients for his design work Farnsworth House in Illinois. Mies never seemed willing to give up his simplistic style, even when the design object is residential housing. To him, a closet is an unnecessary detail that he had to get rid of. Finally, the outcome was a steel structure for a house surrounded by glass, with no privacy, no thermal insulation, no closet. It was hot in summer and cold in winter, according to accusation by the owner of the house, Ms. Farnsworth, only after a short time after she moved into the house. It is obvious that some of Mies' works have clearly revealed the imperfection and disadvantage of modern design, which are still point to underlying problems in today's Minimalist design trend. However, the intrinsic spirit of Minimalist design can not be totally denied. For example it has been better clarified by another Japanese graphic designer Kenya Hara.
Kenya Hara
enya Hara can be described as my favorite
Kenya Hara has been the art director of MUJI since
graphic designer of all time, and he is
2001. He published Designing Design, in which he
definitely the leader in the graphic design
elaborates on the importance of "emptiness" in both
field in today Japan. As the art director of MUJI, he
visual and philosophical traditions of Japan, and its
became very famous and he published two thought
application to graphic design. From his perspective,
provoking publications, White and Designing Design,
"emptiness" is a deep and significant word, on the one
these design books enable people to have a profound
hand, it means nothing, however, on the other hand, it
understanding of his unique design ideas and also
also shows the potential of everything, and this profound
convey to people what he is trying to do to change
idea eventually developed into the fundamental concept
the traditional form of graphic design.
of MUJI, which is "no brand" concept.
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However, the "no brand" concept is the exact reason why MUJI products are so appealing as a brand to me and other audiences. When you experience the MUJI products, you are not only viewing it but also feeling it. The MUJI products are close to nature, close to human lives, the unadorned and plain exterior looks can not hide their inner delicacy and beauty. The First thing that attracted me while I was reading Hara's publication, Designing Design, was the five senses concept that he proposes. He boldly presented the thesis that human being's mind exists everywhere in the body, not only in the brain. We can receive information through our five senses: sight, hearing,
Indeed, Kenya Hara is one of the leaders of graphic
touch, smell and taste. Later, he applied this idea
design in the world, he has brought so many amazing
to one of his design projects, a signage system of a
design works to us. Most importantly, he changed our
local hospital. In this project, he used the material
traditional ways of appreciating and judging graphic
of clean, white, soft cloth for the signage in order to
design work simply by viewing its design elements
make patients recognize the sanitary condition of the
like colors, patterns, structures and so on. Another
hospital and feel the care that the hospital provides
significant inspiration that we can get from Hara
for them are kind and meticulous, just like the softness
is that the form of communication within graphic
of white cloth. This is just one example of how Hara
design is various, even numerous. He is definitely a
is considering unusual ways to communicate certain
designer that has developed the idea of simplistic
information to people and let them fully comprehend it
design to its ultimate level, which is "emptiness".
in as much detail as possible.
However, the fascination is that we may actually receive and feel more in this "emptiness" than most colorful and trendy graphic designs. The idea of "emptiness" in design is a thoughtprovoking principle that has influenced MUJI and other simplistic design all the time. So it is not a surprise when I saw an Australian Thailand female photographer's works reflecting the similar minimalist style with MUJI.
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John Pawson
f there has to be a designer which I can see the reflection of both Mies Van der Rohe and Kenya Hara's works, I will definitely present modern
architect John Pawson, whose architecture works may looks like the Plagiarism of Mies' architect, however, John pawson has his own understanding towards minimalism, "I'm doing it for myself. Every single project. I love clear spaces. I love the absolute minimum inside architecture. I find that pleasurable. I also get pleasure from things done nicely, I have to go the whole way." The Design Museum in London, has most of Pawson's characteristics, with a palette of oak, stone and white paint. It is mostly an interior, being the insertion of new structures under the curvaceous concrete roof of the 1960s Commonwealth Institute in Kensington. Straight lines and right angles are used wherever it is possible. Its center piece is a big square hall, around which stairs and galleries take people to the exhibition spaces. He describes it as a "theatre" created by circulating visitors, "an event in itself".
For most architects, taking over the private houses projects can be really tough since the clients are always very capricious. However, as for Pawson, he appreciates the chances of "working with strong personalities, more obsessive than himself." And he is always trying to create some indulgence in which he could pursuit his personal minimal paradise. However, when it comes to the functionalities of his works, Pawson doesn't believe that his role is to reinterpret the museum for the 21st century. "It's not my job to wonder how people will react to exhibitions in the future, with virtual reality and all that. I just wanted to give them a beautiful building that people will feel good in." From his perspective, the extreme minimalism and cleanness weighs much more than how the architectures can actually works.
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In a word, John Pawson is an inheritor of Minimalist Design. What he has inherited from those modern architects are not only just the visual forms of straight lines and pure backgrounds, but also the ideas and nearly the obsession of being strictly adhering to the principles of minimalism. It's not difficult for the audience to comprehend his basic concept of putting the minimalist visual components before its functionalities.
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Peechaya Burroughs
or designers, inspiration and creativity come
An important source of inspiration for Peechaya's
from daily life. However, we usually waste
photographs is from her children. She got a lot of
those sources since it has become a common
inspiration from her children because she fancies
thing that we tend to let many details of our daily
how kids are able to see things in a very simple and
lives slip through our fingers. Peechaya Burroughs,
optimistic way.
an Australian Thailand photographer, presents us with a set of whimsical and creative images. She
One example of her most random photo ideas would
combines different sources of daily things together
be the picture of an orange balloon with white paper
to form her photographs that enable her to visually
behind. She used lots of balloons in her photographs
turn her interpretation of things into something that
and she has them stocked up in various colors.
she can share with other people.
She looked at the orange ones and when she pictured them inflated they just happened to remind her of an egg yolk. So she thought she would try turning this into some sort of picture. She used white paper as another prop to help delivering the idea. She didn't try to give a complete idea of what the photograph was supposed to be, but she likes to see how people would respond to what they see, and how they would interpret it for themselves. It has become one of Peechaya's habits to put things from various sources together and try every possible ways to link these unrelated things. As designers, we usually plan ahead the information that we intend to communicate to an audience. However, we can not avoid the fact that new and unexpected ideas come from what we happened to see or think about. Peechaya's works are good examples of how details in our daily lives can be translated into design element and change the idea that we originally want to communicate to the audience. Peechaya's photographs resemble minimalist photographs in which photographers leave enough space for the object on the picture to "breathe". This coincides with Kenya Hara's design idea of "emptiness". Those empty and clean spaces on pictures are definitely not waste areas that don't contribute to the meaning of the photographs. Take Peechaya's photograph with the orange balloon on it for example. The empty space above the orange balloon gives us enough imagination what it's going to be like as the balloon rises up rather than filled the empty spaces with details. Both Hara and Peechaya's works proves the flexible application of those minimalist design elements. However, it remains a challenge to consider how these minimalist elements can be fully made use of in a unique way that increase the tastes of design works.
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Noma Bar
oma Bar is an Israel born graphic designer, illustrator and artist, whom cleverly uses negative space to create some thought
provoking illustrations. His artworks are so simple, yet so clever we can't fail to be impressed bby those works. "An artist using "negative space" relies on the space that surrounds the subject to provide shape and meaning. Of course, the term also refers to any topic that conjures feelings of unease and discomfort," says the Noma Bar in his latest book called 'Negative Space'. Noma's design work reminds me of the Japanese Graphic design master Shigeo Fukuda, who is a specialist in creating optical illusions in his posters. Both of them have made very good use of negative spaces of graphics. Noma once stated that he is after "maximum communication with minimum elements", and his ingenuity in turning complexity into simplicity exemplifies this idea. Ultimately, his dedication to his own principles testifies his constant efforts in order to achieve this personal challenge in graphic design. We can see a bunch of limited design principles on Noma's work, on which he subtletly and precisely manipulates the familiar shapes and symbols to form different meanings. He is extremely passionate about social and political issues, such as nuclear warfare, corporate greed and national identity, which he portrays with simplistic graphic figures and twisted hidden humor. In his portraits of celebrities or well-known figures, subjects' features are frequently merged with images that epitomize their fame to form an instantly recognizable face in front of people.
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Noma describes his craft as 'visual communication', combining the skills of artist, illustrator and designer. His works perfectly proves how simplicity makes graphic design alive, and how the meanings and intentions of his works can be interpreted by simple graphic languages rather than by complicated ones.
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The above four designers and artists create concise works that shows both the positive and negative part of Minimalist Design. However, if we want to explore what we have lost or might probably lose in design's simplified process, some complex works may give us the answer.
Yayoi Kusama
ompared to those Minimalist Design style
Yayoi is a precursor of the pop art, we can see the
artists and designers, one artist that stands
psychedelic colors, repetition and pattern in a variety of
on the opposite side of being simplistic is
media, painting, collage, sculpture and performance art.
Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama, Yayoi Kusama is an
Some audiences may always feel a sense of tense and
artist and writer known for exploring a variety of
overcrowding while viewing to Yayoi's works instead
areas in art and design. She is considered to be one
of these minimalist art and design, however, one thing
of the most important living artists to come out of
that those simplistic works could not be comparable to
Japan with her renowned psychedelic and polka dot
Yayoi's work is that the strong impact and the distinct
installations and art.
personal character that Yayoi's work reflect to us.
It is obvious that Yayoi's work originates from minimalism. those wildly used dots are no more than very basic graphics. However, she brings the extremely opposite visual effects from minimalist works by flexibly manipulating these dots combining the colors, formats and spaces. I still remember an art event in which a white Audi car covered itself with Yayoi's red dots, the changes to the car that reflected to us are not simply from the visual aspect, it is striking to see how powerful these dots are that they suddenly endowed the car with a certain character, a playful, naughty character that change the Audi's car's serious and meticulous style. Yayoi's works are outstanding examples of complexity in comparison to minimalism. To some extent, complex art works present us unique and abundant emotions, feelings and personalities of the artists and designers that can not be realized by minimalist works. And this is one of the things we may have lost in Minimalist Design.
n conclusion, the development of Minimalist Design has deep historical base and its idea has been quite influential in many design areas today. We appreciate
the convenience that Minimalist Design bring to us, as it has helped us save a lot of time and energy while still getting the enough information that we need. However, we can not overlook the fact that we are also losing a lot of things in the fast development of Minimalist Design, a lot of questions arises along with its development. Perhaps it is time for everyone to have a profound thinking about this design trend. 39 / 40
What's it like today? Why is Minimalist Design is so popular today?
hen we focus on today, everywhere you turn, there will be a designer releasing a project featuring a Minimalist Design
style. This has become a very common phenomenon, a mainstream that makes designers scared to do anything against it's principles. As I mentioned above, Minimalist Design is an easy way to introduce designers, especially young designers into the threshold of design industry, and provides them a shortcut to imitate and learn its style and design formats. So it is quite common that someone might put forward a question--is minimalism popular because it's easy? Actually, as it is mentioned in an article "Why Is Minimalism so Famous in Current Design Trends" [3], sometimes Minimalism is much harder to execute than excess, and often is more expensive. For example, when you have a minimalist interior, you can't hide anything -it's all out there. You have to have elegant, strong forms for furniture, outstanding materials and fabrics. Comparatively, a more complex interior is
Beauty and functionality have always been two heatedly
much easier to execute than a really great minimalist
debated words when it comes to product design, it is
interior. You can hide a number of elements behind
mentioned in the book Minimalism: Designing Simplicity
lots of draperies and mix and match, however, you
[5], that David Gelernter, an American artist has pointed
can't hide anything in a well-done minimalist interior.
out that the term "machine beauty" highlights the fact that the strength of great tools comes through a combination of abilities and their ease of access, Gelernter stresses that machine beauty is created through more than power or simplicity in isolation. From this we can clearly see simplicity is one of the major reasons Minimalist Design is so popular.
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Complexity Versus Minimalism
ometimes, it is effective to understand something by standing at its opposite side. The advantages of Minimalist Design are
wildly acknowledged. However, since life is full of complexities, not every thing can be compressed into simplicity or minimalism. So, is complexity that terrible compared to minimalism? This reminds me of an example showed in the book written by Norman Don, The Design of Everyday Things [6]. In one chapter, he used the kitchen as an example to illustrate the relativity of complexity. We always feel confused with someone else's kitchen just because we are unfamiliar with it. Comparatively, our own kitchen does not seem that complex to us even if all the instruments are in a mess. From this case, we can see that one of the reasons simplicity and minimalism beat complexity is that they make things less complicated and confusing. However, if complexity could be tamed by a good conceptual model, like a well organized pattern, maybe it can form a proper way to restore both complexity and minimalism's defects and imperfections.
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Minimalism and economy How does Minimalist Design boost sale on the websites?
ommercial profits are one of the major
However, in our real lives, we have seen so many
reasons why Minimalist Design is
websites have been overworked, under planned and
flourishing, especially in modern day's
simply not focused, sometimes designers try to make
web design. In modern website design, the more
the web carry as much information as possible, but
streamlined, focused experience you can give your
only end up with the opposite result. In this case, some
visitors, the better result you can get, in this case,
inexperienced designers will blindly imitate the design
Minimalism is actually a good application to many
style and formats of Minimalist design without actually
professional websites.
paying attention to the rules and design principles behind it, making the web visit lacking some essential
The main purpose for web design is to catch your
information. An important thing is to balance both
customers' eyes and draw them to visit your site
functionality and simplicity on the web. It is said in an
again and again, in eCommerce design, the ultimate
article "Why Minimalist Designs Work Well for Product
goal of your website is to boost sale of the products;
Sales Websites� [4], an experienced web designer
a well planned and thought out design will keep your
knows how to balance design versus functionality and
customers engaged, while supporting the credibility
simplicity versus gimmicks. While staying at forefront of
of the products, sites and business as a whole.
web trends is a goal for any site, an e-commerce site's main focus has to be getting the consumer to purchase the product.
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When we look back at the web design in the early 90's, the enthusiasm of web designers of being "more is more" was clearly reflected on every information overloaded web page. Web design has came a long way ever since then, it is quite reasonable that less is really more when it comes to engaging visitor's attention, by comprehending the rules behind Minimalism, it's not hard to produce a clean, concise but also functional website, a good minimalist designer knows how to make use of the white space, create balance and precisely focus on the contents. Consequently, minimalism shows a number of benefits in enhancing web site's functionalities, which is a primary reason for boosting online sales.
Chapter How to change Minimalism?
Personalization in Minimalism
herefore, the Primary task that I intend to do for my thesis research is to have a detailed examination of the Minimalist Design trend and find out those hidden and implicit defects behind its flourishing status. Minimalist Design has become an invisible power that sets a constricted standard for humans to appreciate and create design works. It has gradually become a phenomenon that people tend to relate "minimalist" to those positive words like "advanced", "convenient", "functional" and "beautiful". In this case, one thing that I want my research to contribute to people is that I want to use what I am going to achieve in my research process to raise people's awareness to view Minimalist Design in a more sensible and objective way. The main target audience of my thesis research are designers, which are the essential and indispensable components of the whole design industry. Minimalist Design has influenced today's designers' professional career from introducing them into the design threshold to forming their default design systems by constraining their own design preferences. Seemingly, the shrinking of design preferences and diversity has made designers feel less laborious, however, negative effects will happen to designers since the current flourishing design formats are undermining the importance of designers' own creativities and uniqueness.
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It is important that designers stop blindly imitating the superficial part of Minimalist Design and have a complete and thorough comprehension of the design principles behind it. Another important thing that I want my thesis research to contribute to both designers and the whole design industry is to detect the possible ways that enable designers to reflect their diverse design preferences and rich creativities on design works within those constraints and rules set by Minimalist Design. In this case, the whole design industry can keep benefiting from Minimalist Design without sacrificing designers' abundant characters and vitality. In general, my main intention in this thesis research is to better clarify both pros and cons of Minimalist Design, helping designers have a deeper understanding of the good rules and principles of it, and come up with new ways to help them retain their own design preferences and diversities within the constricted rules set by Minimalist Design.
n order to create more opportunities for both designers and customers to get diversified and personalized experiences within minimalism, I
want to create an online shopping website which imitate the style and rules of minimalism visually, while I will also analyze and explore the chances for creating several personalized sections with which both designers and customers can interact. Above all, the primary and confirmed principles I will follow during my design is that I will always make sure everything I construct within my website is under the rules and forms of minimalism. As I mentioned before, one of the primary advantages of minimalism is that it sets enough constrictions for everything to be well organized, in this case, the challenge is how to detect the possibility of making differences within those constrictions. Basically, the steps that customers follow and experience on every online shopping website are quite similar to each other. However, it is worthwhile thinking about the detailed and specific functions of those steps. On the one hand, some steps have to stay simple and stereotyped since they play crucial roles in maintaining the order of the whole website, on the
Take Amazon as an example, as one of the biggest
other hand, there are also potentials to break the
online book vendors, which shopping process has long
minimalism constrictions a little by introducing more
been stereotyped. We all know that customers can get
contents into some of the online shopping steps.
the corresponding commodity recommendations based on the data the website collected from other customers. But, do we really want to get recommendations from others shopping record, don't we want the website to know more about our own shopping habits? Even our own ways of living our lives?
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Speculative online shopping projects Speculation 1 Create your own items library Home
What do you want to get today?
title, author, date
Browsing the website
Didn't find what you want? How would you like us to recommend you?
57 / 58
From database
From my own library
Home Home
AccountO AccountO
rder rder
How do you want to create your library?
$25$ $15$
Use our template Costomize the style Embed media Record real scene Casual graffiti Create index Record excerpt
And what is love? It is a doll dressed up For idleness to cosset, nurse, and dandle; A thing of soft misnomers, so divine That silly youth doth think to make itself Divine by loving, and so goes on Yawning and doting a whole summer long, Till Miss's comb is made a perfect tiara, And common Wellingtons turn Romeo boots; Till Cleopatra lives at Number Seven, And Antony resides in Brunswick Square.
Fools! if some passions high have warmed the world, If queens and soldiers have played deep for hearts, It is no reason why such agonies Should be more common than the growth of weeds. Fools! make me whole again that weighty pearl The queen of Egypt melted, and I'll say That ye may love in spite of beaver hats.
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onsequently, there are a variety of online shopping procedures that I want to explore the potential of expanding its existing contents,
which also leave designers more opportunities to create diversified design works within the overall minimalism rules and principles. As long as the personalization character can exist within the Minimalist Design, it's no longer a dangerous signal that everything will be developing towards the same trend.
Bibliography [1]"Why Minimalism Is the Most Important Design Style to Master - Vanseo Design." Vanseo Design. N.p., 09 May 2011. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. [2]"Design Shack - Web Design Gallery, Articles & Community." Minimalist Design Is Taking Over: Here's Why | Design Shack. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. [3]"Why Is Minimalism so Famous in Current Design Trends? Is It Because It's Easy? What Is the Train of Thought When Coming up with Minimalist Designs?" Why Is Minimalism so Famous in Current Design Trends? Is It Because It's Easy? What Is the Train of Thought When Coming up with Minimalist Designs? - Quora. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. [4]"Why Minimalist Designs Work Well for Product Sales Websites." Minimalist Web Designs for ECommerce Websites. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. [5]Obendorf, Hartmut. Minimalism: Designing Simplicity. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009. Print. [6]Norman Don. The Design of Everyday Things. New York: Basic, 2013. Print. [7]Maeda, John. The Laws of Simplicity. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2006. Print. Hara, Ken'ya. Designing Design. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller, 2007. Print. Hara, Ken'ya. White. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller, 2010. Print. Moore, Rowan. "John Pawson: 'I Love Clear Spaces. I Love the Absolute Minimum'." The Observer. Guardian News and Media, 25 Sept. 2016. Web. 10 Mar. 2017. "Noma Bar." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2016. "Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Oct. 2016 Bar, Noma. Negative Space. New York: Mark Batty, 2009. Prints. "Peechaya Burroughs Still Life Images of Food at Play." The Phoblographer. N.p., 16 Nov. 2015. Web. 14 Oct. 2016.
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Acknowledgement Firstly, I would like to express sincere gratitude to my primary thesis advisor Michael Dyer, who has given me a lot of valuable ideas and suggestions during the whole semester. Thank you so much Michael for being such a wonderful and instructive professor. Also, I would like to thank my two other second advisors, Ann Morris and Mahir M. Yavuz, who has made big contributions to my thesis by providing me necessary advises whenever I encounter any difficulites and confusions in constructing my ideas. Besides, I would like to thank several other amazing and professors at Pratt who has been most helpful in other courses during my two-year graduate study, Prof. Kevin Gatta, Prof. Alisa Zamir and Prof, Jean Brennan, thank you all for been so insipring to my Communications Design study, you are all the best professors ever. Last but not least, I want to thank all my classmates and friends at Pratt, thank you all for your accompany during these two years, and thank you for letting me feel the warmth of being in the big family of Pratt!


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The Brunswick Sheriff's Charitable Foundation annual fundraising Fish Fry fries up 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Thursday, Aug. 23, this year at the Bolivia Government Complex in front of the Emergency Services Building.
The meal will consist of flounder, potato salad, coleslaw and bread for $8 per person. Takeout is available. Delivery to certain areas for large orders will also be available.
For inquiries, leave a message on the Foundation phone at 253-0922 or email email@example.com.
Because of sold-out shows in August, Bill and Cathy Furpless of Historic Amuzu Theatre at 111 N. Howe St. in Southport are adding encore performances of "Remember '50s and '60s Rock and Roll" Sept. 7-9.
Tickets, $20 cash each, are available at Ricky Evans Gallery at 211 N. Howe St. in Southport and Color Me Carolina 4143 Colfax Lane in Oak Island for 7:30 p.m. Friday and Saturday and 3 p.m. Sunday.
Skin allergies are one of the top reasons for veterinary visits, affecting millions of pets and costing owners tens of millions of dollars. These pets are suffering; it's not unusual for an allergic pet to chew off half its fur in a desperate effort to stop the itching.
The main causes of allergic dermatitis in dogs and cats are pretty straightforward: insect bites, inhaled allergens and food. However, the diagnosis and treatment options can be more complex.
Biting bugs
By John Nelson
Plant Columnist
It's not often that we botanists, on our field trips, have to stop, speechless, and stare at a flower with jaws agape. It happened to me and my buddies recently deep in the pinelands of the Francis Marion National Forest.
By Linda Arnold
Live Life Fully
"Maybe I shouldn't tell him I stopped by my friend's house. It will just set him off."
"Why does she keep checking my text messages?"
"He flies off the handle at every little thing. It's better to keep secrets and keep the peace."
If any of these comments sound familiar to you or someone in your circle, you may want to examine the level of control that could be lurking in those relationships.
By Don Price
Guest Columnist
Imagine, if you will, that you go to the kitchen for a cup of coffee. When you get there you find an 8-ounce cup, some sugar, some cream, a box of instant coffee, and a water tap from which to get some water. But, when you turn on the tap, nothing happens. So, you have a problem. No water!
The Brunswick County Sheriff's Office is only one call away.
The new BCSO Lip-Synch Challenge video, which has been garnering international attention following its release last week, underscores that message.
Produced in conjunction with Daniel Seamans, public information officer for Brunswick County Schools, the promotional video features BCSO School Resource Officers and cadets lip-synching to singer Charlie Puth's 2016 song, "One Call Away."
Sure, we love the beach (isn't that why we're here?).
But sometimes on a simmering summer day it's nice to shift in a different direction and seek out some cool(er) fun for a while.
Each of the South Brunswick Islands beaches has just the ticket to offer beach-goers a little respite and relief, not to mention recreation.
Ingram Planetarium in Sunset Beach
The new Southwest Brunswick Branch Library at 9400 Ocean Highway in Carolina Shores has a new schedule of events.
Library hours are 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Mondays through Fridays. For more information, call the library at 575-0173.
A grand opening of the library is scheduled for noon Monday, Aug. 13. The public is invited.
Stitchin' Time, 9 a.m. to noon, free and open to all skill levels. No registration is required.
This coming Saturday, weekend shoppers are invited to browse and buy goods and services created by children at the first Building Brunsco Kids Expo.
The event is scheduled 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. in Calabash Community Park at 868 Persimmon Road, rain or shine. Admission is free.
Children 7 to 17 will have booths set up to sell products or services. Event-goers are encouraged to bring cash.
Copyright © 2018
The Brunswick Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Brunswick County, North Carolina and surrounding areas.

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PBA® Bowling Challenge 4+
Concrete Software, Inc.
- #41 in Sports
- Free
- Offers In-App Purchases
Rise through the ranks against 22 of the PBA's best bowlers as you compete for a variety of regional and national championship trophies. Starting in a local alley with a scuffed up 12 lbs ball, you'll hone your skills against bowling legends on your way to competing in the Tournament of Champions!
Start a career or bowl a quick game!
Career mode is at the heart of PBA Bowling Challenge, but if you'd rather just lace up and take to the lanes, we've got you covered. Choose from a wide variety of opponents and locations and unlock even more content in Career Mode!
Online Multiplayer Action!
Bowl against your friends in real-time, one-on-one multiplayer matches! Powered by Game Center services, multiplayer mode lets you invite your friends or get matched against a random opponent!
Bowl against the best!
How do you think you'd fare against the cool confidence and pin-point accuracy of Walter Ray Williams, Jr. or the brash power stroke of Pete Weber? How would your scores stand up against the high spin and smooth release of Norm Duke or the high cranking backswing of Tommy Jones? Based on actual statistics that track their power, hook, and control, PBA Bowling Challenge strives to accurately recreate the skill and style of the top bowlers in the sport today.
Features Include:
- Quickplay, Multiplayer, and Career modes!
- Dozens of PBA Tournaments!
- Bowl against 22 of the best PBA bowlers!
- Over 100 different bowling balls with unique stats!
- Leaderboards and Achievements.
- Bonus challenges in every tournament!
- Split Balls, Bomb Balls, and more!
What's New
Version 3.4.5
Concrete Software is turning 15 years old this month! We're celebrating with a brand new special event -- The Concrete Anniversary Challenge! Starting August 15th, climb your way to the top of the cake for birthday prizes!
While we're at it, we also made several bug fixes to improve your game experience.
Ratings and Reviews
very good app
Still a good app but VERY frustrating when ads tie up the game and you have to shutdown your iPad and reboot in order to continue playing. Such a waste of the player's time. The app still has the problem with some of the daily spins. Emails have not been answered. It is a shame because it is a very good game which they obviously put a lot of work into. Since the app is a couple of years old now, they probably want to put minimal resources into it now.
This is a very good and realistic app. Not perfect, but very good as long as you don't mind investing some dollars into better bowling balls and energy. I think you will get frustrated waiting for the natural course of events to take place. The costs are reasonable but I think you should be prepared to spend some money. One thing that sticks in my craw is the number of times pins just spin around as well as spin around and never go any place. The natural odds are just not possible to calculate. Pins move, even if they do not help you. They travel, sometimes they hit other pins, sometimes they don't. But overall it is a very good app that gives much enjoyment and brings back memories for many of us.
Developer Response
We're aware of some issues causing the game to freeze at the end of matches, and we're working to investigate this game and get it fixed. I'm sorry to hear you've emailed us and received no response. Please make sure when you try to contact us you're emailing us directly at email@example.com.
Thank you,
Concrete Software
Touch sensitivity is very frustrating
The lanes themes are outstanding, as is the physical modeling and realism. My only complaint - in addition to the obviously fixed Daily Spin wheel - is how often I swipe the ball without it moving. Does anyone else have this problem?? It's extremely frustrating (and a little dizzying) to "roll" the ball and not have it move. I tap slightly off center and there's no response or connection with the ball. Same with the buttons; sometimes they work and sometimes they don't.
I clean the screen and wash my hands, but that doesn't help. If you use both index fingers and alternately tap the left and right sides of the lane, you can see how often the ball fails to respond. This is so frustrating every time i'm close to a 300 game and have to continually fight this flaw. Occasionally, it also causes the ball to jump unexpectedly or race down the lane far faster than you moved your finger.
Please correct this flaw on your otherwise excellent game!
Developer Response
I'm sorry to hear about the issues you're running into with the balls controls. You can find other options in the device's settings menu if you haven't tried them, such as device flick. You can also email us at firstname.lastname@example.com and we can look into the issue for you.
Thank you,
Concrete Software
I have found this particular game to be my best friend. Where else can you practice and still get paid (coupons) even if you loose!
Granted, there my be bugs in the program every once in awhile, just send the developer a note explaining your problem and they will correct it. I know, I am just about on a first name basis with them, I have sent them so many problems, and they have all been corrected.
Remember, it's ONLY A GAME, enjoy it. Don't expect to just jump into the game and be a big winner. It takes time and a few good balls. Wait until you see how tough it is when you start bowling against THE PROS!
I can't imagine the amount of complex programming that went into this game, I'm sure that it was extraordinary.
One last thing, if you are one of those persons that's just starting out playing MULTIPLAYER, DON'T FORFEIT in any of these games. WIN OR LOOSE, you will still earn coupons and it takes a bunch of coupons to purchase a ball. Save them up until you have enough to get the ball THAT YOU WANT and will enable you to bowl a better game and earn more coupons.
FYI, I don't have any connections to anyone OR any thing related to this game. I'm just an amateur like you.
- Seller
- Concrete Software, Inc.
- Size
- Category
- Games
- Compatibility
- Requires iOS 9.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.
- Languages
- English
- Age Rating
- Rated 4+
- Copyright
- © 2016 Concrete Software, Inc., All rights reserved.
- Price
- Free
- In-App Purchases
- Lonely Pin Pack $0.99
- Pin Party Pack $1.99
- Plenty of Pins Pack $4.99
Game Center
Challenge friends and check leaderboards and achievements.
Family Sharing
With Family Sharing set up, up to six family members can use this app.


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- Trending Now: More Trending:
- hogwash probity sequacious inadmissible oligarch, pejorative
Examples of ration in a Sentence
The soldiers were given their rations for the day.
The horse was fed its ration of oats.
weekly sugar and butter rations
Recent Examples of ration from the Web
Over the past few weeks, Coca-Cola's European bottler temporarily halted some of its production lines and Booker, the U.K.'s biggest wholesaler, was forced to ration sales of beer, ciders and soft drinks.
The picture shows the return of the ration party to the front lines.
Once a month, German families were given ration cards for supplies that lasted only a few days.
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un reportedly ordered a high ranking army officer to be executed after he was accused of giving extra food and fuel rations to troops and their families.
Visitors learn how soldiers ate rations, such as hard tack, given to them by the military, or searched for food in the wild such as squirrels and herbs.
We were forced to stop hunting, fishing and gathering, and given unhealthy, nutrient-poor rations as a substitute.
But in 2016, star receiver A.J. Green only played in 10 games and tight end Tyler Eifert in 8 and Dalton slumped to a 18-to-8 TD-to-INT ration, 91.8 QB rating and a 6-9-1 record.
The boys are being given high-protein ready-to-eat meals, similar to army rations.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'ration.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
Origin and Etymology of ration
First Known Use: circa 1711
in the meaning defined at sense 1aSee Words from the same year
Definition of ration
Examples of ration in a Sentence
During the war, the government rationed gasoline.
the region has had to ration water during times of drought
Recent Examples of ration from the Web
The industrialized nations of the world, hurtling headfirst into world war, began rationing steel for a select few purposes: ships, tanks, guns, and planes.
Subsidized housing is often rationed this way, by lottery.
Teams drilled a series of holes in an effort to find the men, who were carefully rationing food, water and lamp fuel.
But when your parents are the future King and Queen of England, that top layer of cake is big enough to ration out over three children's christening tea parties.
Booker, a major wholesaler of beers and ciders for the hospitality industry, has started rationing its wares.
Others report punishment for having hoarded, rationed or bartered for menstrual products.
Within days, gas stations ran dry, supermarkets began rationing fruit and airports started to cancel flights for lack of fuel.
For three days, the five cavers rationed a small bag of Clif Bar protein bars and continued to do their work in the farthest depths of La Grieta.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'ration.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
First Known Use of ration
in the meaning defined at sense 1See Words from the same year
ration Synonyms
Near Antonyms
keep, retain, stint, withhold;
Related Words
admeasure, administer, deal, dispense, divide, dole out, hand out, measure, mete (out), meter, parcel (out), part, portion, prorate, share (out), split;
RATION Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of ration for English Language Learners
: a particular amount of food that is given to one person or animal for one day
rations : food or supplies
: a particular amount of something (such as gasoline or food) that the government allows you to have when there is not enough of it
Definition of ration for English Language Learners
: to control the amount of (something, such as gasoline or food) that people are allowed to have especially when there is not enough of it
RATION Defined for Kids
Definition of ration for Students
- The government set a gas ration.
Definition of ration for Students
- The government rationed gas.
- Ration your water on the hike.
Medical Dictionary
medical Definition of ration
medical Definition of ration
Learn More about ration
See words that rhyme with ration Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for ration Spanish Central: Translation of ration Nglish: Translation of ration for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of ration for Arabic speakers
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up ration? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Featured in Flashes & Flash Accessories
Listings in Flashes & Flash Accessories
Nikon R1 Speedlight Macro System
This Nikon R1 flash system is designed for close-up and macrophotography and is in near-new condition. I bought it some years ago planning to get more serious about close-up photography but never did. I used it just a few times and many of the accessories are still in their original wrapping. I also have Mike Hagen's very thorough and useful "The Nikon Creative Lighting System" book. I've moved to a mirrorless system and am selling all of my Nikon gear. Happy to discuss further.
(NSW) Mullumbimby - 18 August 2018 9:07 pm
QUANTUM Qflash TRIO for Nikon Cameras
Fantastic powerful flash for Nikon cameras American design and built - Barely used excellent quality , comes with box, CQ8 long coiled power cable, QF30 flashtube, reflector, diffuser, UBS cable. Great Price!
(NSW) Newtown - 17 July 2018 10:04 am
Leica SF 58 Flash Unit for M, R, S & X Series
Leica SF 58 Flash Unit for M, R, S & X Series The Leica SF 58 is a powerful and versatile flash unit with a guide number of 58 that is designed exclusively for use with Leica M, R, S and X-system cameras. Whether you employ its sensitive control options to carefully lighten up a subject, its innovative reflector technology to diversify the lighting and capture movement, or its full capacity to turn the dead of night into living day, is up to you and your creative incentives. Thanks to ample...
(VIC) South Yarra - 15 July 2018 10:45 am
Electronic Flash: Kako ac/dc hot-foot, Compur cable, pouch
Retired photographer clears cupboards. Here we have a high quality Japanese made electronic flash. GN 24(metres) or 80(feet). This versatile unit runs from the 240v mains or from 4 AA alkaline batteries (not included). It has a spring-loaded swivel foot for rapid transition from vertical to horuzontal use. In addition it has hot shoe connectivity plus synchro cable connectivity for off camera use plus buttons for testing and open flash. This vintage item is in good used condition and it's in...
(VIC) Springvale - 06 July 2018 5:12 pm
Canon Speedlite 430EX III-RT
Radio Transmitter The Speedlit 430EX III-RT supports not only optical but also radio transmission for off-camera wireless flash shooting. The radio system gives users greater flexibility, thanks to the slave unit's superior freedom of placement, controllability and functional range. (430EX III supports only optical transmission.) Bounce Shooting Function The heads of the Speedlite 430EX III and 430EX III-RT are able to turn freely up to 90° up, 150° to the left, and 180° to the right en...
(QLD) KARANA DOWNS - 06 July 2018 7:56 am
Menik 600w flash head
Excellent condition
(VIC) Brighton - 29 May 2018 4:10 pm
Nikon Speedlight SB 700
Received this speedlight as a gift and don't ever use it. It's in perfect condition and comes in a handy, patted bag with 2 filters (green and orange). Receipt and warranty incl. Price in store was 387,- got it about 3 months ago. Price negotiable
(NSW) Potts Point - 22 May 2018 2:50 pm
Nissin Di866 Mark II Professional Digital Flash
Nissin Di866 Mark II professional digital flash. The advanced flagship model with GN60 power. It is Canon E-TTL/E-TTL II comparable with sub-flash in GN12. The auto Zoom covered 24~105mm and light diffuser panel covers to 18mm in full frame. Also built in fill-in reflector. The Di866 Mark II Wireless TTL system support Canon wireless TTL system. Di866 Mark II can be used jointly with Canon original flash as either Master and Remote (Slave). The Di866 Mark II also supports digital...
(VIC) Glen Huntly - 14 February 2018 6:05 pm


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I rode down to Broomfield today to watch a local airshow.
This year's show was much smaller than the one I went to a few years ago. Mostly older planes and no real military craft demonstrations (though there were a few military aircraft on display).
Anyway, I brought my cameras along for some photography. The smoky skies made for some interesting pictures, especially when the weather moved in.
Here are a few of the photos I took today.
_CFA8774-Edit by Andrew Marjama, on Flickr
_DSC3631-Edit by Andrew Marjama, on Flickr
_DSC3633-Edit by Andrew Marjama, on Flickr
_DSC3634-Edit by Andrew Marjama, on Flickr


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The Senate on Wednesday cleared the last procedural hurdle on landmark
healthcare reform legislation and is positioned to pass the bill on
Christmas Eve.
Democrats united against Republicans, voting 60-39 to end debate on the underlying bill. No Republicans voted for cloture. Sen. Jim Bunning (R-Ky.) was absent.
"It's been a long, hard road for all of us," Majority Leader Harry ReidHarry Mason ReidGOP's midterm strategy takes shape Battle of the billionaires drives Nevada contest Senate Democrats should stop playing politics on Kavanaugh MORE (D-Nev.) said after the votes. "We stand a few short steps from the most significant finish line we've had in Congress in many decades."
Then lawmakers enter the final phase — a conference committee to reconcile the bills approved by the House and Senate.
On Wednesday the Senate also rejected a point of order raised by Republican Sens. John Ensign (Nev.) and Kay Bailey Hutchison (Texas) questioning the bill's constitutionality, a point of order by Sen. John CornynJohn CornynSen. Warner to introduce amendment limiting Trump's ability to revoke security clearances Sentencing reform deal heats up, pitting Trump against reliable allies Rand Paul to ask Trump to lift sanctions on Russian leaders MORE (R-Texas) charging that Reid violated Senate rules by not expressly disclosing provisions in the bill earmarked for specific senators, a point of order from Sen. Bob CorkerRobert (Bob) Phillips CorkerSen. Warner to introduce amendment limiting Trump's ability to revoke security clearances White House weighs clawing back State, foreign aid funding Rand Paul to ask Trump to lift sanctions on Russian leaders MORE (R-Tenn.) that the bill violated congressional budget rules, and an attempt by Sen. Jim DeMint (R-S.C.) to prohibit offering legislative provisions to win a senator's vote.
In order to get to final passage, the Senate had to overcome three Republican filibusters, each one requiring the unanimous support of 58 Democrats and the two Independents who caucus with them.
The final vote was initially set for 7 p.m. Thursday but Reid and Minority Leader Mitch McConnellAddison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellSen. Warner to introduce amendment limiting Trump's ability to revoke security clearances The Hill's 12:30 Report Rand Paul to ask Trump to lift sanctions on Russian leaders MORE (R-Ky.) forged a time agreement Tuesday enabling the Senate to hold morning votes on healthcare and on raising the federal debt ceiling. That also allowed senators and staff to begin their holiday a few hours earlier and avoid leaving town late on Christmas Eve.
When Congress returns from a three-week break, House and Senate Democratic leaders will work to reconcile their differences and send the final version to President Barack ObamaBarack Hussein ObamaThe US must not turn its back on refugees Gorka calls Trump's comments on Mexican immigrants 'fake news' The queen, Aretha Franklin, is dead MORE for his signature.
The goal is to get the president the bill before his State of the Union address, which traditionally is in late January or early February but Reid would not reveal his thinking about the reconciling the two bills. "My eyes are focused on tomorrow morning. There will be proceedings after tomorrow morning, but I'll worry about those after tomorrow morning," he said.
Majority Whip Dick DurbinRichard (Dick) Joseph DurbinSentencing reform deal heats up, pitting Trump against reliable allies The Hill's 12:30 Report Democrats question if Kavanaugh lied about work on terrorism policy MORE (D-Ill.) later acknowledged that timeframe might not be realistic. "I'm not sure it is because, I mean, let's be very honest about this: We need a break. We need a break to go home to our families, to repair some of our relationships with our spouses and to relax and recharge and come back," he said.
"I think we'll have a much more positive outcome after that break but it does take time away in January and it may mean that this takes a little longer," Durbin said.
Durbin declined to predict when final action would occur. "No deadlines – boy have I learned that," he said. "I have announced three or four solid deadlines during the course of this and have eaten my words every time."
Senate Democratic leaders have not decided when to name conferees or whether to return to Washington during the holiday recess to continue laying the groundwork for a compromise with the House, Durbin added.
The Senate bill would spend $871 billion over 10 years to extend health insurance coverage to 31 million people while cutting Medicare and other program spending by $483 billion, raising $614 billion in new tax revenue and cutting the federal budget deficit by $132 billion. The measure would create health insurance exchanges with subsidies for low- and middle-income people, expand Medicaid eligibility, enact strict new regulations on health insurers and put in place measures to reform the way healthcare services are delivered.
This article was updated at 5:50 p.m.


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Question about Singer 132QRFB Mechanical Sewing Machine
Hi i need an user manual for a singer futura 2010 but would like to view on-line then print it, thanks mandy
Posted by mandydaz on
You can find free manuals to down load from singer ..
Please vote !!
Posted on May 14, 2010
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
Hi there,
Save hours of searching online or wasting money on unnecessary repairs by talking to a 6YA Expert who can help you resolve this issue over the phone in a minute or two.
Best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
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- Here are some common hive triggers: Bug bites or stings. Contact with certain chemicals soaps, detergents, lotions, etc. Exposure to pets or other animals. Food allergies, especially to fruits, milk, tree nuts and s.fish occasionally accompanied by serious allergy symptoms Pollen. Viral infections usually .
Learn about 9 of the most common skin rashes, including causes, treatments, and tips for identifying them..Hives Urticaria - an easy to understand guide covering causes, diagnosis, symptoms, treatment and prevention plus additional in depth medical information..National Hive Stand W Splayed and Large Landing Boardembled Cedar 39.22embled Red Deal 33.86.Identifying Fire Ant Bites. A wound from a fire ant is obvious right away. You'll likely find a red lesion, sometimes with pus, along with welts or lumps..
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Your Guide To Hives Identify Treat And Prevent
The hives are causing swelling around your child's eyes or mouth. the doctor immediately or go to the ER if: Your child is under a year old and has hives all over his/her body. Your child looks or acts very sick. The hives started after he or she took a prescription medication. The hives erupted after he or she ate a high-risk food, such .
Common Rashes In Children Green Hills Pediatric
Hives Hives appear as red patches, rather thanps. Hives can be triggered by a wide variety of allergies, ranging from foods like nuts or s.fish to medicines such as penicillin. Although hives may be harmless, it could also indicate a more serious medical issue. If your child's hives are accompanied by other symptoms such as difficulty .
Dermatologists Share Tips For Treating Hives In Children
Dermatologists share tips for treating hives in children SCHAUMBURG, Ill. Has your child broken out in an itchy rash? If so, it could be a case of hives. Fortunately, hives are usually harmless and temporary. Common symptoms of hives include slightly raised, pink or red areas on the skin; welts that occur alone, in a .
Gallery Of Hives Pictures For Identifying Rashes
Hives are the welts, or wheals, that people get when they have urticaria. Learn how to identify hives rashes with this gallery of hives pictures. Learn how to identify hives rashes with this gallery of hives pictures..


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Your competitors' intellectual property
Other people are also creative and protect their intangible assets through trade marks, patents and designs. That's why you should always make sure that your innovations and creations don't infringe the intellectual property of others.
If you are the manufacturer of an MP3 player, for example, and you put an image of a bitten-into pear on your latest product, you could be infringing Apple's trade mark. As a consequence, you could receive a written warning or, in a worst-case scenario, might even have to take your product off the market and pay damages.
If you want to avoid disputes with your competitors, then a search can help determine whether:
- Your product infringes the scope of protection of another patent
- Your product name, company name or even your logo infringes older trade mark rights
- Your competitors have registered similar designs
Pilot project for a collaboration of the five largest patent offices with search and examination of Patent Cooperation Treaty applications
The founding of the sic! Foundation for intellectual property, information and competition law.
Info event on using strategic patent analyses on 11.4.2018 in Zurich
14.02.2018 | Event
Stakeholder Discussions on: Innovation, availability and affordability of medical products. Can we achieve it all?
27.09.2017 | Event, 2017 archive
Séminaire IPI / LES: «développements récents en droit des marques», jeudi le 9 novembre 2017 au Novotel Genève
28.07.2017 | Event, Patents, 2017 archive
Patents and pharmaceuticals - Public event at the IPI in collaboration with the European Patent Office