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Invincible Yoga and Meditation Sampler
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Length: Price:
01. Guru Ram Das - 4:34 - Price: $1.29
02. St. Francis - 3:55 - Price: $1.29
03. Wind Chants - 4:32 - Price: $1.29
04. Oh My Soul - 4:14 - Price: $1.29
05. Every Heartbeat - 4:17 - Price: $1.29
06. Ave Maria - 3:23 - Price: $1.29
07. Wahe Pachelbel Chant - 4:12 - Price: $1.29
08. Har Har Mukande - 4:19 - Price: $1.29
09. Dekh Phool - 4:32 - Price: $1.29
10. Light Of The Soul - 4:22 - Price: $1.29
11. God Is Within Me - 4:15 - Price: $1.29
12. Ardas Bhaee - 4:03 - Price: $1.29
13. Mool Mantra - 4:35 - Price: $1.29
14. Har Jan Rakhay - 4:28 - Price: $1.29
15. Humee Hum - 4:14 - Price: $1.29
16. Soul Blessings - 4:38 - Price: $1.29
17. Meditative Pachelbel - 4:30 - Price: $1.29
4 Reviews
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Find your Favorites on the Invincible Sampler!
Reviewer: Cary Helms San Diego CA
I was first introduced to Invincible music through 2 CDs I found at a swap meet. Beautiful music! I just love the guitar music. This sampler has other, newer, favorites of mine and has expanded my appreciation for the Invincible label.
For Everyone :)
Reviewer: Darla MA
I am a nurse, acupuncturist & yoga teacher and I love using this CD for myself, my family, friends and clients!
Great Introduction to Invincible Music
Reviewer: J.J. New York New York
After listening to an earlier incarnation of this sampler I purchased four CDs. As a former music promoter I can appreciate the difficulty of exposing your music to consumers. This sampler is a great way to spread the word. I love Robertson, Liv & Let Live, and Mila. Keep it up!
1. Guru Ram Das from Crimson Vol. 1 & 2: The chant Guru Ram Das has the power to induce a healing state of consciousness. In the ancient scriptures, it is said to strengthen the connection with the inner spirit and to develop a sense of purpose and guidance.
|2. Singh Kaur - St. Francis from Songs of the Lords Love: Songs of the Lords Love was the first glimpse of a wonderful new voice, Singh Kaur, who would later create the Crimson Collection. Here, solo and with the vocals of Sat Nam Singh, she brings songs of devotion and ecstasy. Listen and let your mind and soul sing joyful songs.
|3. Robert Higgins - Wind Chants: Be prepared for a sound journey to take to you to high places that will allow your imagination to soar! Flute and space music accompanies Gregorian chant with soft wind that carries you over the heavenly mountain tops.
|4. Anahata Choir - Oh My Soul from Healing Sounds of the Ancients Vol. 2: Sung by an angelic choir, this song of the souls power to transcend life and death is by the Indian mystic poet and weaver Kabir. Sing such a song with all your heart, you will never have to sing again.
|5. Nirinjan Kaur - Every Heartbeat from Musical Affirmations Vol. 1: Every Heartbeat is designed to heal mental pain by giving hope and a deep understanding of spiritual truth. The voice of Nirinjan Kaur has a rare quality that is soothing, meditative, and truthful. This soothing album with beautiful lyrics feels as if it removes the worries of the world.
|6. Benedictine Sisters - from Ave Maria: Men seem to have the corner on the chant chart, but here is a chance to experience the feminine. These Benedictine Sisters sing with clarity, devotion and power with a shimmering subtle natural stream sounds to enhance the rich sounds. Ave Maria is angelic and simply heavenly.
|7. Liv & Let Liv - Wahe Pachelbel Chant: The chant Wahe Guru Jio is an expression of the highest ecstasy. Trancelike drums and beautiful instrumentation are layered with echoing vocals. We hope that this music gives you an experience of the deep feeling of joy that comes from the infinite creator.
|8. Singh Kaur - Har Har Mukande from Crimson Vol. 4 & 5: Meditate deeply on this ancient healing celestial song/chant to awaken your victorious personality and experience living from a carefree perspective which is the liberated soul. It can stimulate the capacity for commitment and courage, turning challenges into opportunities.
|9. Sat-Kartar Kaur - Dekh Phool from Spirit in Blossom: Rag Basant is traditionally played when the spring season is beginning. The hymns or shabds in this musical scale describe the flowering of the meditative mind and soul. Its note interval structure is unusual, compared to most Western music, and is an aural journey into new places.
|10. Bibi Bhani - Light of the Soul: This mantra has the effect of bringing purity to the ego and sacredness to the personality. You will feel great after listening to this music which is appropriate for massage, meditation and background music during the day or night. Used for white tantric yoga throughout the world.
|11. Nirinjan Kaur - God is Within Me from Musical Affirmations Vol. 1: God is Within Me is wonderful as background music or for meditation. These lyrics contain the essence of the ancient chants and together, the two languages create a powerful synergy. This is truly therapy music for its pure effect on mind and soul.
|12. Anahata Choir - Ardas Bhaee from Healing Sounds of the Ancients Vol. 3: This ethereal music with a heavenly female choir produces a mood of inner peace. The ancient mantra is said to be the prayer that answers all prayers. It features the Anahata Choir with orchestra and guitar.
|13. Singh Kaur - Mool Mantra From Crimson Vol. 1 & 2: This is a root sound current. Repeating this mantra eradicates tensions and conflict and gives you spiritual and material progress. Its serene passages have a lullaby-like quality you can also share with your children.
|14. Sat-Kartar Kaur - Har Jan Rakhay from Domain of Shiva: Jo Mageh Thakur Apane Tay - The main repeating line means, Gods Slave has been saved by the Guru, the World-Lord; drawing me to His Bosom, my sins have been erased by the Forgiving Compassionate Lord.
|15. Nirinjan Kaur - Humee Hum from Musical Affirmations Vol. 2: Humee Hum creates a space for internal exploration and realization. Trance-like music creates a mood of reverence. The power of Peace & Tranquility, it is said, is to have all prayers answered. In many tests this music will be useful and comforting.
|16. Liv & Let Liv - Meditative Pachelbel: A sensitive and expansive soundscape that explores the inner realms of the conscious mind. Incorporates the highest quality 3-D surround sound technology. Played with feeling and artistry. Specially played and composed at 60 beats per minute, the speed of a sleeping persons heartbeat.
Joy Joy Joy $12.98
Let There be Peace free music download $0.00
Interlude Fantasy free music download $0.00
Wind Chants free music download $0.00
Enchantment Yoga Video $0.00


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Enterprise software has been getting quite a bit of attention lately, particularly since HR platform Workday went public—and became one of the best performing tech stocks of 2012. A number of companies have been looking for ways to fuse enterprise software with another uber popular category: social media. So you have the Yammers and the Tibbrs who move in to fill the gap of finding an intuitive social platform for the workspace. They add on a mobile element after the fact for workers in the field, but now there's a new company that's coming out with a mobile-first solution.
Tomfoolery, founded by serial entrepreneur Sol Lipman and former Yahoo VP Kakul Srivastava, has created a social app for the workplace. The app is currently in stealth mode, but the company announced Wednesday that it has raised $1.7 million in a seed round led by Morado Ventures and Sam Pullara of Sutter Hill Ventures. Other participants in the round include Andreessen Horowitz, Yahoo co-founder Jerry Yang, YouSendIt CEO Brad Garlinghouse, David Tisch of TechStars, and others.
While the company isn't giving away many details about the app, co-founder and CTO Sol Lipman says that it is specifically designed for employees who work in teams.
"Everything we do is focused on mobile and teams," said Lipman. "The mobile-first approach is key to our strategy and will greatly affect what the products do and how they are used. Culture hacking is our DNA and we have some guiding philosophies that will make teams more successful and work awesome(r)."
(The company's motto is Work Awesome.)
Lipman tells me that the app will be usable across different industries, in any situation where employees will be working in teams. The company plans to unveil the app in Q1 2013.
"The opportunity for mobile to continue to disrupt the workplace is tremendous –Tomfoolery is poised to capitalize on this trend," said Jerry Yang, in a statement. "We are excited about Tomfoolery because they've put together an amazing team to go after a big idea."
Lipman says the company plans to use the new capital to make a few key hires. When asked where he sees the company in a year, Lipman says: "As a huge, evil corporation that has the 10th largest GDP in the world. Or...having some solid products in the market that are being used by tens of thousands of teams who, like us, want to make work awesome every single day."

subset: commoncrawl


text: "It doesn't get any better than that, does it? Let me tell you what kind of a man we're dealing with here. I've known him since about 1969, after Astral Weeks and Music From Big Pink came out, and we both felt kind of a musical connection. And when I was working on the Band's second album, he dropped by to visit. I was playing around with a little guitar idea, and he asked me where I learned to play like that. And I said I didn't know, and he got up and left. Not too long after, he moved to Woodstock, New York, where we were living at the time, and one day he came over to my house, and I was in the middle of writing a new song. Well, he had some ideas, and before too long, we finished it up, and that night we went into the studio to record it. We played it down once so everybody could learn it, then we played it again, and put it down on tape, and he got up and left. But this was the night he became the Belfast Cowboy. A few months later, the Band was doing a tour, and we were going to play Boston, and my man Van was on the show. I always wanted us to play a show together, so went he went on, I went out into the hall to catch him. Well, it was great to hear these songs live, and he was singing his little Irish soul out. Then, about halfway through, he was in this real emotional part of one of the songs, and he got down on the floor of the stage, and was singing from the floor. When the song was over, he didn't get up and leave. He stayed on the floor, and sang the rest of the show laying on the floor. Next, Van joined us for "The Last Waltz," which was definitely the highlight of the evening for me. Then some time later we did a song called "That Was a Wonderful Remark," from Martin Scorcese's The King of Comedy. So we've always crossed paths over the years, or I'd get these random phone calls in the middle of the night, asking, "What's going on?" And I'd say, "Can you be a little more specific?" And he'd go on about some new spiritual leader, or politics or something, and finally he'd get around to music. Well, I'd tell him about some interesting things that I'd heard, and after everything I'd mention, he'd say, "I hate that. Yeah, I hate that too." He'd say, "It's not real. It's like wallpaper." And I'd say, "Well, what are you into?" And he'd say, "Bobby Blue Bland and Yeats." A likely combo. Well, a while back, my man Van was doing a concert here in L.A., and I hadn't heard him or seen him in a while, so my wife Dominique and I thought we'd go check him out. We arrived at the hall, and one of Van's crew said he wanted me to go to the dressing room before going out and taking my seat. Well, we went back, and he was there all alone, and we talked for a few minutes about nothing in particular, then the Irish L.A. crowd dropped by, paid their respects, and then they headed to their seats. Finally, Van said, "Why don't you come up and play a song with me tonight?" And I told him, "Aw, jeez, I'd rather just sit back and enjoy the show." And he said, "Come on, we'll do Caravan. You know that one." I said, "If I have to come up and play, it's going to be a distraction; that's all I'm going to be thinking about for the whole show, and I won't be able to enjoy it the same way." He said, "I'm asking you as a friend to come up and play." And Dominique said, "What's a matter with you? Your friend is asking you to go and play with him." He said, "I'll tell you what. I'll do the whole show, then you just come up in the encore," and explained that in the middle of the song, he would break it down real quiet, and that he wanted me to come out and start playing, and that we'd build it up, and we'd build it up, and then kick it into the end, the 'Na na na na,'" the section we were just playing in the thing there. So before the encore, we went backstage, and they had this guitar all ready, and he repeated the arrangement idea to me again. So he went back out and started doing the song - but he was doing it, like, 190 miles an hour, and I thought, "You can't play nothing at this tempo." And it went on, and on, and on, and then he ended it. I thought he forgot, and I was off the hook, but then they started playing some jazz song; then Van steps up to the mic, and with great flare, introduces me. Now, if you're gonna do a jazz song, I'm not the one to call. So I walked out on the stage, where I wanted to assassinate him on the spot, and said to him, "What the hell is this?" And he kind of twirled around and said, "I don't know." Then I remembered back when we first met, and he asked where I learned to play like that, and I said, "I don't know," and I thought, well maybe this is a payback. So anyway, I was trying to figure out what key they were in, what the chords were, and this god-awful sound was coming out of my guitar, and Van was saying, "That's it, that's it," and the guys in his band were yelling, "You got it man! You got it!" And I thought it sounded like Yusa Vlatief [?] on acid. But then it started making some kind of strange sense, and pretty soon the audience was yelling and standing up, and it was like being in a nightmare from jazz hell. Then all of a sudden, he grabbed the mic, danced over to me, and sang in my face, "What a wonderful night for a Moondance..." And then I knew where we were. When the song was over, he whispered to me that he had some plans for us after the show. But this time, I got up and left, and Dominique and I escaped into the night. So that's what kind of man we're dealing with here. Van Morrison's body of work is astounding; it speaks for itself. We don't need to name off these songs - we all know how it affects us. And in the tradition of the great Irish poets and the great soul singers, he is the Caruso of rock and roll, and I'll treasure his music and his friendship forever. So it is my honor to induct my man Van into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame tonight. Thank you. As you might have guessed, Van isn't here tonight. He just got up and left. But he sent me this fax to read to you. And it says, "Ladies and gentlemen, due to work commitments in Europe beyond my control, I am unable to attend this induction dinner, and personally receive my award. However, thank you very much for inviting me, and I would like to take this opportunity of wishing you all a very enjoyable evening, and hope that everything goes well. Best Wishes, from Van Morrison." There's a new band of musicians that I know, that you can hear some of Van's influence in their songs, and I thought it would be appropriate to have some new blood as well on this occasion. So doing a Van Morrison classic, let me introduce Counting Crows." http://rockhall.com/inductees/van-morrison/transcript/robbie-robertson-inducts-van-m/


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About Adams State University
"Great Stories Begin Here" is not simply a slogan at Adams State University. Student success is the result of our caring campus culture.
Our highly qualified faculty focus on teaching and excellence within their disciplines.
Transformation & Growth
Adams State has entered a new era of growth, recording an all-time high enrollment of 3,701.
The campus has been transformed, with $65 million worth of improvements nearly complete.
An intimate campus with tree-lined walkways, state-of-the-art classrooms and laboratories, supportive programs, and vibrant student life await Adams State students.
Founded in 1921 as a teachers' college, Adams State is a university
offering undergraduate majors, minors and emphases. ASU also offers
master's degree programs and a doctoral program –
most offered online. New academic programs are developed to address
student and
societal need.
Hispanic Serving Institution
Adams State was Colorado's first higher education institution to be federally designated a Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI). Since 2000, the university has been awarded a total of $14.1 million in Title V grants designed to strengthen HSIs. Two five-year grants totaling $6.1 million are currently underway.
Regional Education Provider
As the Regional Education Provider for southern Colorado, Adams State is crucial to enhancing the area's educational opportunity, economic development, and cultural enrichment. Adams State emphasizes its historic commitment to under-served populations, including underrepresented minorities, first-generation, and low-income students.
Here's what our Students say
Join us!
Adams State is distinguished by caring professors, small classes, and a diverse, yet close-knit community. This environment fosters student engagement, and individual attention helps students achieve their best.


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The Mivos Quartet talked with us about their start, creative process, and what they hope to share with audiences at their Cleveland show on Saturday, March 28 as part of the Cleveland Museum of Art's Performing Arts Series.
The Thinker: A CMA Blog
Now that it is officially spring, we are just one season away from Solstice at the Cleveland Museum of Art! Save the date, because it's happening Saturday, June 20, 2015!
In honor of St. Patrick's Day, we look to the collection for a little green fashion inspiration!
Spring is nearly here, and we're gearing up for another exciting season at the museum! Celebrate its beginning as we bring you new performances, exhibitions, and opportunities to learn at the museum and around town.
Today is March 14, 2015 - 3.14.15 - the closest we will get this century to our date reflecting "Pi" (π in Greek), the mathematical constant. Signifiying the ratio of a circle's circumfrence to its diameter, we are bringing you a few objects from the Cleveland Museum of Art's collection that are have circumfrences of their own: circular objects. Take a look at the selection on our blog, enjoy a number of them on view at the museum currently, and share your favorites in the comments. Happy Pi Day!
Celebrate hump day with these seven camels from the Cleveland Museum of Art collection.
Bookmark our blog and stay connected with our This Week at CMA updates from the Cleveland Museum of Art. This week, get the Inside Scoop on our new focus gallery exhibition, The Novel and the Bizarre: Salvator Rosa's Scenes of Witchcraft, catch the Cleveland film premiere of Zero Motivation, and much more!
The Cleveland Museum of Art's Performing Arts team is offering a new series of curated music playlists, highlighting a mix of artists and repertoire the museum presents, or has presented, admires, or encourages the world to know about, here on our blog. This most recent playlist features music by Stefan Wolpe, Carl Stone, Julius Eastman, Haakon Thelin and others.
Bookmark our blog and stay connected with our This Week at CMA updates from the Cleveland Museum of Art. During this first week of March, take a guided tour of Senufo: Art and Identity in West Africa, get into the Irish spirit at MIX at CMA and at the film screening of The Irish Pub, explore the Art of Storytelling, and much more!
Bookmark our blog and stay connected with our new Five Things Happening This Week updates from the Cleveland Museum of Art. This week, Senufo: Art and Identity in West Africa is now open, artist Josh Gosfield tells us the story behind Gigi Gaston, let Art Inspire Your Writing, and much more!


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Main Site - :: Why Won't God Heal Amputees? ::
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The minimum price for milk, called the "support price," is set in the farm bill. The farm bill is set to expire on Jan. 1, and here's the catch: If that happens, the minimum price reverts to the price set more than 60 years ago in the Agricultural Act of 1949. That price is a parity price, which means it was calculated based on how much it cost farmers to make milk during the "golden age of agriculture" 1910 -1914. Things have changed a lot since then, and costs for farmers today (equipment, labor, feed, cows) are radically different.The parity price set in 1949 is $39.53 per 100 pounds — right now, farmers are getting half that, $19.50 per 100 pounds of milk.
CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER: "I do think if we went over the milk cliff it would actually be a good idea. [If] people actually saw the milk price double, it would be less abstract than watching a debt clock. They would finally understand that we have the insane laws, that acquire barnacles over the decades. And the farm laws are the worst. They are all kind of pressure, special interest favors, pay offs which make no economic sense. I'd like to wipe them out and start all over again, and it would be good if the law expired. People would actually be awakened to how insane our system is and how much we really need tax reform. It wouldn't be an abstraction, it would be real."


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This is another example of Amware's rapid growth and showcases our ability to expand with current and new clients, and to offer one of the best fulfillment networks in the industry today.
(PRWEB) January 22, 2014
Amware Logistics Services, a nationwide third-party logistics and order fulfillment provider, has announced that they have opened a new 54,000 square foot fulfillment facility for several existing clients. The new location extends Amware's reach in the Midwest region and is located in a prime area for distribution. Amware can now reach 88% of the mainland United States in 2 days and 100% in 3 days with an average transit time of 1.8 days. The new facility will allow Amware to continue to enhance its service offerings and transit times.
"We are truly excited about expanding the Amware footprint into another city," said Mark Wilhelm, the company's CEO. "This is another example of Amware's rapid growth and showcases our ability to expand with current and new clients, and to offer one of the best fulfillment networks in the industry today."
About Amware Logistics:
Amware Logistics Services is one of the premier third-party logistics and order fulfillment providers for a wide variety of industries throughout North America. Amware operates over 2 million square feet of warehouse space spanning from Phoenix, AZ to Toronto, Canada. The company's focus is on quality-driven, cost-effective solutions for your warehousing and distribution needs. By leveraging their expertise and experience in the logistics industry, Amware is able to craft customized solutions for their customers based on their suite of value added services ranging from light manufacturing to customer service support. For more information on company processes and capabilities please visit http://www.AmwareLogistics.com or call 970-337-7000.


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Welcome to 'My Methodist History', where you can enjoy sharing photos, stories, memories and research.
Try browsing the site, or search for a specific person, place or subject by entering a keyword in the search box at the top right corner of this page.
The website is being developed by people like you. You can add a new page, or add a comment to an existing page. You only need to register to contribute your own words and pictures.
My Methodist History > http://www.mymethodisthistory.org.uk/
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An ambitious government effort to spread water resources more widely among Burkina Faso's population of 15 million has increased access from nearly one fifth to two thirds during the last two decades.
Despite being a landlocked country and suffering the impact of a changing climate, the West African country has put in place water management legislation and a water-resource management action plan that have expanded drinking water supplies to 66.3 percent of the nation, as of 2007, up from 18.3 percent in 1993.
Government reforms over the last 10 years more than halved the cost of connecting semi-urban and rural areas to the water supply infrastructure. The supply network for safe drinking water more than tripled in the 18 years between 1986 and 2004, from 881 kilometres to 3,129 kilometres.
Increasing access to safe water is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), eight internationally-agreed targets which aim to reduce poverty, hunger, maternal and child deaths, disease, inadequate shelter, gender inequality and environmental degradation by 2015.
As part of a roadmap for MDG achievement, the government launched a national programme for drinking water access and sanitation that, between 2006 and 2007, involved drilling of some 1,882 new wells.
"These efforts deserve to be welcomed and encouraged," said UN Resident Coordintaor Pascal Karorero. "Recognition of these efforts by the United Nations recently led to Burkina Faso being nominated for MDG prizes regarding access to drinking water--and rightly so."
While Burkina Faso has already met the 2015 MDG on water access, lack of trained professionals to manage water points in rural areas means that almost one quarter of the new wells are non-operational.


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Programming Manual in PDF format for Casio SE-S3000
Programming Manual in PDF format for Casio SE-S3000 (will be emailed).
Manual orders are processed and emailed during normal operating business hours Mon-Fri 9am - 5:30pm EST. If your order is placed after these hours, the order will be processed and emailed on the following business day.
If you do not receive the email with the manual, check your spam/junk folder. If you have a major email provider such as Yahoo, Gmail, AOL, etc, they may send the incoming email to your spam folder because there will be an attachment.
Our price: $4.99


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Now that the spring sports season is over, let's reflect on some of the best things that happened this spring for high school sports in Northern Utah.
When things are clicking, they're clicking, and for the Bees — against a Braves team they failed to beat in four previous meetings this season — things clicked at the perfect moment.
Box Elder High School defeated Bountiful in two back-to-back games to become the 2018 state champions at the 5A state softball tournament in Taylorsville on Thursday, May 24, 2018.
Teams duke it out during the state softball tournament on Wednesday, May 23, 2018 at Valley Regional Park in Taylorsville.
Teams battle during the state tournament softball quarterfinals on Tuesday, May 22, 2018 at Valley Regional Park in Taylorsville.
High school baseball and softball results for teams from Northern Utah in playoff games played Tuesday, May 22, 2018.
KEARNS — Viewmont baseball trailed 1-0 going into the bottom of the fifth, then scored three runs to beat Brighton 3-1 in the 5A state playoffs one-loss bracket Saturday at Kearns High School. Hunter Tueller pitched a complete game for the Vikings, giving up three hits and striking out 10....


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Update, Dec. 20: DonutFest announces online ticket sales will begin through its website Monday, Dec. 23.
Did you think last year's first annual Poutine Fest was the zenith of the city's indulgent food events? Loosen your belts, because Chicago is about to welcome Donut Fest.
From the same organizers as Poutine Fest, Donut Fest—coming in January, though an exact date has yet to be released—will pit the city's bakeries against each other in a battle for deep-fried domination. Yeah, sorry about that New Year's resolution.


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Merced River comment deadline extended to April 30
25,000 comments so far
Yosemite National Park this past week announced the extension of the public comment period for the Merced Wild and Scenic River Draft Comprehensive Management and Environmental Impact Statement (MRP) through Tuesday, April 30.
Previously, the public comment period was slated to close on Thursday, April 18.
"The MRP is an expansive document which guides park management actions for many years. We want to make sure the public has a thorough opportunity to review the draft plan and submit comments," said Kathleen Morse, Yosemite National Park's Chief of Planning.
This extension adds 12 days to the 100-day public comment period. The document was released for public review and comment on January 8. So far, the park has received about 25,000 comments.
For a copy of the plan and a complete description of all alternatives, please visit the park's website at www.nps.gov/yose/parkmgmt/mrp.htm. Comments on the MRP can be made through the Public Comment (PEPC) website at http://parkplanning.nps.gov/mrp_deis. Comments made through the PEPC website are the preferred method of submission. However, comments can also be sent via email to firstname.lastname@example.com or via U.S. mail to:
Superintendent Yosemite National Park Attn: Merced River Plan P.O. Box 577 Yosemite, CA 95389
Based on a Settlement Agreement the park reached with the plaintiffs in September 2009, the MRP is mandated to be completed by the end of July. The extension of the comment period will allow for the park staff to collect and analyze all public comments, which will become a part of the Final Merced River Plan.


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Follow This Company
Raytheon is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability, or protected Veteran status.
Based in Tucson, Arizona, Raytheon Company's Missile Systems designs, develops and manufactures precision missile systems, including air to air, strike, Naval Weapons Systems, land combat, guided projectiles, exoatmospheric kill vehicles and directed energy weapons. Missile Systems is proud to employee 11,000 professionals at its Tucson, Arizona headquarters.


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Beginning in January 2014, the requirements for parents who want to utilize California's personal belief exemption and send their children to school without the required childhood immunizations will change, as AB2109 becomes effective.
This article is reprinted with permission from the October 9, 2013 edition of The Recorder.
by Dorit Reiss
Beginning in January 2014, the requirements for parents who want to utilize California's personal belief exemption and send their children to school without the required childhood immunizations will change, as AB2109 becomes effective. Previously, a parent only had to file a letter or affidavit claiming some or all immunizations were "contrary to his or her beliefs." (Health and Safety Code, §120365). Under the new law, parents or guardians will also have to submit a "signed attestation" from a health practitioner that the practitioner has explained to them the risks and benefits of vaccines and the risks of vaccine preventable diseases and a statement that the person(s) requesting the exemption received the information.
In his signing statement, Governor Jerry Brown said that he was "directing the Department of Public Health to oversee this policy so parents are not overburdened in its implementation. Additionally, I will direct the department to allow for a separate religious exemption on the form. In this way, people whose religious beliefs preclude vaccinations will not be required to seek a health care practitioner's signature."
The governor is well within his rights to direct the Department of Public Health how to implement the law, and it is laudable that he did that in a transparent manner, via the signing statement, rather than behind the scenes. But instructing the Department of Public Health to create a religious exemption from this requirement is neither desirable nor legal.
New Requirements Do Not Violate Freedom of Religion
No major religion in the United States prohibits its members from vaccinating, and many encourage it. Religious scholars have stated that the pork gelatin in some vaccines does not prevent observant Muslims and Jews from being vaccinated. The Vatican had ruled that vaccines manufactured using fetal cell lines are ethical for Roman Catholic parents to receive. Even Christian Scientists, while clearly discouraged from vaccinating, were directed by founder Mary Baker Eddy to vaccinate if the law requires it:
"Rather than quarrel over vaccination, I recommend, if the law demand, that an individual submit to this process, ... and then appeal to the gospel to save him from bad physical results." (Mary Baker Eddy, Prose Works, Miscellaneous, pp. 219-220).
While some religions do expressly oppose vaccination, for example, the Congregation of Universal Wisdom founded by chiropractor Walter Schilling (created at least in part for the purpose of avoiding compulsory vaccination), it is doubtful that Brown wanted to accommodate such groups when he added the exception.
At any rate, AB2109 would not even run afoul of a religion that expressly prohibited vaccination. The statute does not require anyone to vaccinate; it preserves the personal belief exemption. It simply requires that parents receive information about risks and benefits. No religion prohibits that. Even parents whose religious beliefs would prohibit vaccination deserve full information on which to base the decision whether to vaccinate. Indeed, such parents have a particular need of medical information to devise appropriate strategies to preserve their children's health absent vaccination. The state is entitled to require that parents and guardians have the information they need to consider the consequences of a healthcare decision being made for children. The requirements of AB2109 make it more likely that parents and guardians get that information before choosing not to vaccinate.
Health Department Should not Discriminate Among Beliefs
A state is not constitutionally required to provide a religious exemption — it is within police power to prioritize the health of the children involved and the public health over freedom of religion in the context of vaccination (Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158 (1944); Workman v. Mingo County Bd. Of Education, 419 Fed.Appx. 348). On the other hand, a state may choose to provide a religious exemption. But if it does, courts in most states have ruled that it cannot limit that exemption to established religions, because that violates the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th amendment of the Federal Constitution by discriminating against non-organized religion.
It is appealing to make the criterion "established" religion; that provides a workable guideline, and can help reduce concerns about fraud, since you can check whether the established religion holds the beliefs claimed. But it may not prevent abuse: as the Congregation of Universal Wisdom demonstrates, religions can be established for the sole goal of providing the required exemption. It also discriminates against those who may have a sincere religious belief, but are not part of an organized congregation, and are too sincere to join one for just this purpose. It is not surprising that most courts reject that approach.
The Governor May Not Unilaterally Change the Statute
The statute does not exempt those with religious objections to vaccination from obtaining a healthcare practitioner's signature on the exemption form. Without that signature, the governing authority is simply not authorized to "unconditionally admit any person as a pupil of any private or public elementary or secondary school, child care center, day nursery, nursery school, family day care home, or development center" (§120335).
Signing statements are useful and important. They can make transparent the views of the administration on how laws should be interpreted. They can provide courts with guidance on interpreting a statute (though scholars disagree about their role in interpretation), and can help direct public officials how to implement a statute. But a governor can only direct executive officials to act consistent with powers provided in the statute, and may not go beyond it. If the governor goes beyond the statutory mandate, his words in the signing statement do not carry the force of law. A governor is not authorized to add an exemption that is not in the statute without going through the legislative process.
The limits on the United States' President's powers in signing statements have been extensively discussed by legal scholars. Several scholars support a president's use of signing statements to say a provision will not be enforced (Bradley, Curtis A.; Posner, Eric A., Presidential Signing Statements and Executive Power 23 CONST. COMMENT. 310 (2006)). Bradley and Posner note that a president's powers allow the setting of enforcement priorities — with or without a signing statement — and the statement simply adds transparency. But none support the complete rewriting of a statute to add an exemption that is not in it. There is nothing in California's constitutional structure to suggest a different result. Brown is certainly within his rights when he instructs officials to implement the new law in a non-burdensome manner; but a court is extremely unlikely to, and indeed should not, uphold a new exemption whose only source is a signing statement. The signing statement would not inoculate the state against a hard-to-win legal challenge.
Dorit Reiss is a professor of law at UC Hastings where she teaches public law, public administration, and law and politics.
The Recorder welcomes submissions to Viewpoint. Contact Vitaly Gashpar at email@example.com.


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Copyright آ© 2011 Confederation Africaine de Volleyball- All rights reserved
6 April 2013
Antananarivo, Madagascar, April 6, 2013- Heavy favourites Ahly (Egypt), FAP (Cameroon) and Ndejje University (Uganda) joined the already qualified Prisons, Pipeline (Kenya), GS Petroliers, Bejaia (Algeria) and APR (Rwanda) to the quarterfinal of the 2013 Women's African Club Championship being ranked first and second of their corresponding preliminary pools at the end of the preliminary round held at the Palais des Sports Hall in Antananarivo, Madagascar on Saturday.
Ahly set the third victory over AS Tanda (Cote d'Ivoire) in pool D to finish as leaders of the pool followed by FAP who defeated VB Diamand (Madagascar). Ndejje University clinched a crucial victory against Manga Sport (Gabon) in pool C to finish second and secure the quarter's ticket.
Other matches revealed third victories for the GS Petroliers (Algeria) and Pipeline (Kenya) over Prisons (Kenya) and Les AS (Burundi) respectively. MB Bejaia (Algeria) confirmed leading Pool A following the win against APR (Rwanda).
At the end of the preliminary round Ahly and Pipeline were the only teams to win all their matches without dropping a set.
Sunday will be a rest day for all the participating teams and the competition will be resumed by the Quarterfinal matches on Monday.
Pool A:
MB Bejaia (ALG) beat APR (RWA) 3-0 (25-21, 25-12, 25-15)
MB Bejaia overcame the sluggish start to defeat APR (Rwanda) in straight sets in 65 minutes. Bejaia started in low performance allowing the Rwandan team to take advance several times. Bejaia then controlled the match in the second and third sets.
Pool B:
GS Petroliers (ALG) beat Prisons (KEN) 3-2 (25-22, 25-27, 25-23, 28-30, 15-12)
In the competition most exciting game GS Petroliers (ALG) beat Prisons (KEN) 3-2 (25-22, 25-27, 25-23, 28-30, 15-12) in long Marathon lasting 123 minutes. It was a fantastic game full of thrill and volleyball action as both teams use thee different combinations specially in the first set which showed exciting rallies till the Algerian team won the set 25-22. Prisons rebounded in the second set to have a wide lead 8-3 and 16-11 at the TTOs till Zohra Bensalem and Safia Boukhima regained the rhythm to lead 24-22 before Prisons came on time using the setter Jane Wacu to arrange the attacks to win the set 27-25. The fight have become more aggressive in the third set as the Algerians showed a highly disciplined backline defence which aided them to win the set narrowly 25-23 to lead 2-1. Prisons fought hardly to win the fourth set 30-28 after efficient blocks from both teams. GSP controlled the tiebreak using Prisons mistakes to win 15-12.
Water Sport (ETH) beat Kutlwano (BOT) 3-0 (25-11, 25-16, 25-22)
Water Sport (ETH) played their best to fly past Kutlwano (BOT) 3-0 (25-11, 25-16, 25-22) in their last pool match lasting minutes. The Ethiopian team sent their sharp services which disturbed Kutlwano's reception and aided their attacks to organise the combinations properly. Water Sports finish the pool matches in the third position with 1-2 record to be ranked third leaving Kutlwano at the bottom of the pool 0-3.
Pool C:
Pipeline (KEN) beat Les As (BUR) 3-0 (25-15, 25-9, 25-10)
Pipeline (Kenya) took over Le AS (Burundi) easily 3-0 (25-15, 25-9, 25-10) in a one side game fully controlled by the winners. Burundi team was affected by the great effort they did yesterday in their match against Manga Sport (Gabon) where they won 3-1 so their performance dropped dramatically. Pipeline played with most of their list in the match which gave some substitutes emotions to perform very well. After Les AS fought considerably in the first set, Pipeline fully controlled the match to win the second and third sets widely.
Ndejje University (UGA) beat Manga Sport (GAB) 3-0 (27-25, 25-12, 25-14)
Ndejje University (Uganda) qualified for the quarterfinal for the first time following their straight sets victory over Manga Sport (Gabon) 3-0 (27-25, 25-12, 25-14) in 70 minutes. The Ugandan team was more insistent to win as they fought hardly in defence and were better in their attacks to clinch the victory that put them in the second position of the pool with 2-1 record, while Manga dropped to 0-3.
Pool D
Ahly (EGY) beat AS Tanda (CIV) 3-0 (25-10, 25-11, 25-13)
Ahly (Egypt) completed their clean sheet and hammered AS Tanda in the competition's shortest match lasting only 50 minutes 3-0 (25-10, 25-11, 25-13). Ahly started with the substitute players who performed well specially Nahla Abdelkader and Nermeen Seifelnasr. By the second and third sets Ahly started to introduce the main players gradually and succeeded through the strong spike services to disturb all the opponent tactics.
Ahly finished the group stage at the top of the pool with a win- loss ratio of 3-0, while Tanda dropped to 1-2 to be ranked third.
FAP (CMR) beat VB Diamand (MAD) 3-1 (18-25, 25-13, 25-14, 25-20)
FAP (Cameroon) came back from one set behind to pull off a 3-1 (18-25, 25-13, 25-14, 25-20) win against VB Diamand (Madagascar) in 90 minutes. Cameroon team started very disturbed specially in reception and blocking and thus they lost the first set which showed a great performance from the Madagascar team. FAP concentrated all the power as they could arrange their attacks to win three successive sets gaining 3-1 victory.
The victory improved FAP record to 2-1 to finish the pool matches at the second position leaving Diamand at the bottom of the pool with 0-3.
Quarterfinal Program, April 8
Quarterfinal 1-8
15:00 Bejaia (ALG) X FAP (CMR)
17:00 Ahly (EGY) X APR (RWA)
19:00 GSP (ALG) X Ndejje (UGA)
21:00 Pipeline (KEN) X Prisons (KEN)
Quaterfinal 9-16
9:00 Stef Auto (MAD) X VB Diamand
AS Tanda (CIV) X Bye
11:00 Water Sport (ETH) X Manga Sport (GCO)
13:00 Les As (BUR) X Kutlwano (BOT)
Dakar, Senegal, February 5, 2017
Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Ja
Sousse, Tunisia, Match 19, 2015- FIVB Executive Vice President and CAV
Dakar, Senegal, January 27, 2015- Hosts Senegal and emerging Gambia men and women teams proceeded to


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"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
"for the development of in vitro fertilization"
"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"
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"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
On 27 November 1895 Alfred Nobel signed his last will in Paris.
Try to save some patients and learn about human blood types!
Discover the 2012 awarded research on stem cells and cell signalling.


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Donna Campbell
|Donna Sue Burrows Campbell
Texas State Senator for District 25 (Comal, Guadalupe, Hays, Kendall, northern Bexar, and southern Travis counties)
|Assumed office
January 2013
|Preceded by
|Jeff Wentworth
| September 17, 1954
San Diego, California
|Political party
|Stan Dewayne Campbell (married 2000)
Donna Sue Burrows Campbell[1] (born September 17, 1954)[2] is an emergency room physician and an ophthalmologist from New Braunfels, Texas, who is a Republican member of the Texas State Senate from District 25, which stretches from San Antonio to Austin and includes Comal, Guadalupe, Hays, Kendall, northern Bexar, and southern Travis counties.[3]
Campbell was born in San Diego, California, when her father was in the United States Navy. He subsequently worked as a state highway patrolman in Oklahoma, where she was reared, along with three younger brothers. Her mother was a factory worker who became a registered nurse at the age of forty-eight. Both parents are deceased. Campbell worked her way through college[4] to obtain a bachelor's degree in nursing from what is now the University of Central Oklahoma at Edmond, north of Oklahoma City.[2] She then obtained a master's degree in nursing from Texas Woman's University in Denton, with specialization in cardiovascular clinical nursing and nursing administration. In May 1989, she received her M.D. from Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in Lubbock and then completed her residency at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston. She garnered the Morton Award as an outstanding resident in ophthalmology at the Hermann Eye Center in Houston. Campbell has performed hundreds of eye surgeries in Ghana in West Africa through the Christian Eye Ministry.[5][6]
In 2010, Campbell listed her occupation as the medical director of the emergency department at Columbus Community Hospital in Columbus in Colorado County west of Houston. She was also the emergency department medical director for Christus Jasper Memorial Hospital in Jasper, Texas, and a physician with Gulf Coast Medical Center in Wharton, Texas.[7]
Campbell is a member of the Texas Medical Association, the National Rifle Association, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving.[8]
Congressional campaign, 2010
In 2010, Campbell was the Republican nominee for Texas's 25th congressional district seat, but she lost to the Democrat incumbent Lloyd Doggett of Austin, a former Texas state senator and a veteran figure in his party's liberal faction, who still holds that position. Campbell drew 84,849 votes (44.8 percent) to Doggett's 99,967 (52.8 percent). The remaining 2.3 percent was held by the Libertarian Party candidate.[9]
In the congressional race, Campbell had expressed support for a 23 percent national sales tax to replace both the national income and Social Security taxes and had urged greater petroleum and natural gas drilling to make the nation energy-independent, a position that she maintained for her state senatorial race.[10]
State senate primary
The conservative Campbell, with support of right to life organizations, the Tea Party Movement, and the interest group, Texans for Lawsuit Reform,[10] won the Republican runoff primary held on July 31, 2012, when she handily unseated the long-term moderate Republican incumbent, Jeff Wentworth of San Antonio, 45,308 (66.2 percent) to 23,178 (33.8 percent).[11]
Elizabeth Ames Jones, a former member of the Texas Railroad Commission, ran a strong third in the first primary held on May 29 but was eliminated from the Campbell-Wentworth runoff. Campbell benefited from the same anti-government wave that swept fellow Republican Ted Cruz into the United States Senate. Campbell may have benefited too from combativeness in the primary between Wentworth and Jones. Campbell referred to herself as "a surprise to many political pundits, but I was not a surprise to the people of the district that were ready to have a change in government."[3] Campbell benefited from Jones's endorsement in the runoff and prevailed despite Wentworth's greater campaign financial resources.[10]
Wentworth questioned Campbell's short-term residence in District 25. She moved into a rented house in New Braunfels ten weeks before the Senate filing deadline. She resides there with her husband, Stan Dewayne Campbell, whom she met on a tour of the Holy Land. He was a widower when they married in 2000.[10] Campbell has four daughters, three from her husband's previous marriage, and one, Anna Beth, who was adopted as a newborn c. 2007.[4][8] The Campbells own a house in Columbus, which is outside District 25. At the time of the 2012 elections, Campbell said that she was trying to sell the house in Columbus but had been unable to do so and had therefore rented in New Braunfels. Wentworth found in his opposition research that Stan Campbell had been charged with driving while intoxicated in 1985, fifteen years before the couple wed. Wentworth was forced to apologize for bringing up the DWI in that it did not involve Donna Campbell. Wentworth's son in 2012 faced the same charge.[10]
Wentworth, who supports abortion in cases of rape and incest, refers to the fully pro-life Campbell, accordingly, "She really is an extremist. People don't know that because they've ignored her."[10]
General election of 2012
In the general election held on November 6, 2012, Campbell defeated the Democrat John Kenneth Courage, Sr. (born 1951), a high school teacher from San Antonio.[3] Campbell polled 232,261 votes (65.6 percent) to Courage's 121,906 votes (34.4 percent).[12] The underfunded Courage has previously run unsuccessfully for the United States House of Representatives in District 21 and the San Antonio City Council. Campbell led in all counties except for Travis, the capital county, in which Courage polled a margin of some one thousand votes.[3]
Meanwhile, with Wentworth in retirement, Campbell sees her role as a freshman member of the Senate, as one of providing "reinforcement" for what she expects to be "the most conservative Senate in Texas history."[3]
2018 primary victory
In the primary election held on March 6, 2018, Campbell handily defeated an intra-party challenger from a moderate Republican woman, Shannon K. McClendon, who called for more civility in the state Senate. Campbell polled 58,796 votes (73.7 percent) to McClendon's 20,992 (26.3 percent).[13] She now faces a Democratic supporter of U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Steven Kling, in the November 6 general election.
- ↑ Dr. Donna Burrows-Campbell, M.D.. vitals.com. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Senator Donna Sue's Campbell's Biography. votesmart.org. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Kolten Parker, "Campbell triumphs in race for state Senate". San Antonio Express News, November 7, 2012. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Enough is Enough: About Dr. Donna Campbell. drdonnacampbell.wordpress.com. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ Candidate profile: Dr. Donna Campbell. texasgrizzlette.com, August 2010. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ About Donna Campbell. donnacampbell.com. Retrieved on Janaury 2, 2013.
- ↑ Dr. Donna Campbell. myspace.com. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Dr. Donna Campbell for Texas Senate. teaparty911.com. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ Texas general election returns, November 2, 2010. elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 John W. Gonzalez, "Campbell, Wentworth in dogfight of a runoff for Senate," July 22, 2012. San Antonio Express News. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ Republican runoff primary elections, July 31, 2012. elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved on January 2, 2013.
- ↑ Texas general election returns, November 6, 2012. elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved on January 2, 2012.
- ↑ Election Returns. Texas Secretary of State (March 6, 2018). Retrieved on March 7, 2018.


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Welcome to a world where very small changes in a persons' DNA can have a huge impact on how they perceive taste. This blog aims to explore this and other findings from the live research study, Genetics of Taste: A Flavor for Health, happening right now in the permanent exhibit Expedition Health. Why not have a bit of fun with the Museum's vision "to create a community of critical thinkers" and let the community take the wheel and drive a real research project. With that, our study on taste and health was born, and supported by a Science Education Partnership Award (SEPA) from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Our community is involved in three unique ways: 1. The research questions were chosen by the public through town hall meetings and audience surveys. 2. The study is carried out by NIH-certified volunteer citizen-scientists. 3. Guests are enrolled as subjects into our study to allow every aspect of our community to participate in the project. What is enrollment you ask? We use a series of simple, but highly specific tests that are both fun and informative: 1. The first data collections station is to collect cheek cells from the guest using a small gentle brush (WARNING- this step kind of tickles). Those cells are then busted open (more to come on this process!) and the DNA is examined. 2. The next step is a taste test: will you be able to taste the bitter compound? Some people can, some people can't and some people taste it REALLY well! 3. The third station is the TANITA. A really fancy scale that measures all kinds of cool information about your body- all of which guest get to take home. 4. Finally, drum roll please…. We stain your tongue blue! Even though this station is super fun for our guest, it's also really important for us in Lab Central. You see, while the tongue stains blue, the taste buds stay pink, so we can take a super close-up scientific picture to count them. Then we use the latest and greatest new Polaroid camera (prints right from the camera!) to take a fun photo of our guest to take home with them. Spoiler alert, the picture is also a sticker, how fun is that? So here's the main point of all this chatting: through community participation in authentic research, the Genetics of Taste study increases public understanding of genetic research, while also making strides to better understand the genetic ancestry of the gene that dictates the ability to taste bitter, Tas2r38, and its affect on the health of modern day humans. If you've got 30 minutes stop on by Lab Central in Expedition Health, we are open for business and looking for participants!


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he patent regime must be a central consideration of any modern innovation strategy. Patent rights influence, among other things, firms' incentives to innovate, knowledge diffusion, market organization, public access to technology, exports and foreign direct investment. They can either promote or inhibit innovation, depending on the strength of the patent rights and the specifics of the regime.
There are two principal and diametrically opposite moral philosophies on patent rights. First, the "natural rights view" sees an innovation as naturally belonging to its creator, the party that had the inspiration and invested in its development. Under this view, any action other than assigning full rights to the inventor constitutes theft. The opposite philosophy, the "public rights view," is that knowledge and ideas belong in the public domain, for all to discuss, use and build on, and that the assignation of private property rights constitutes an improper restriction on the rights of the public. This view is grounded in the fact that the laws of nature that govern our world exist separately from humans, and that just because an individual was first to discover something should not mean that the individual gains ownership over it. Between these extreme positions is room for a system that both recognizes some rights for inventors and affirms that information and ideas fundamentally belong to all. Thus, the approach that most legal systems have adopted in practice is a utilitarian one, where the need to incentivize innovation is traded off against the need for public access. Such a utilitarian approach is doubly important because of innovation's central role in driving improvement in our standard of living.
Patent rights can promote innovation in three main ways. First, they can facilitate knowledge diffusion because, as a condition of receiving a patent, inventors are required to describe the technology in sufficient detail so that someone skilled in the art can reproduce it. This requirement is long-standing. The first US patent act, passed by Congress in 1790, stipulated that a patent should "enable a workman or other person skilled in the art…to make, construct or use the same." However, while facilitating diffusion may be a principal objective of patents, it does not seem to be an important mechanism in practice. Firms and their patent lawyers often obfuscate the workings of a technology in the patent's description, and patent examiners rarely effectively enforce the full disclosure requirement. Furthermore, managers in major technology companies routinely instruct their engineers not to search the prior art in a given technological field to mitigate the risk of a willful infringement court ruling and its associated larger damages (Boldrin and Levine 2013). Surveys of inventors, such as a report by Industry, Science and Technology Canada (1989), have confirmed that high-tech firms do not consider patents to be a particularly useful source of new information.
The second way in which patent rights can promote innovation is by creating a market for ideas and innovation, thus facilitating transactions such as the licensing or sale of an innovation and enabling the efficient allocation of ideas and technology. Creative firms could focus on the development of technologies and allow other firms with comparatively better production, distribution or marketing capabilities to undertake the commercialization (Arrow 1962; Arora 1995; Gans and Stern 2003; Federal Trade Commission 2011). The extent to which patents foster innovation through this mechanism, while likely not negligible, remains an open question.
Third, and most importantly, they can increase the incentives for private agents to innovate by providing a higher return to innovation. This being the principal mechanism, it is examined in detail below.
Simple Model of Patents and Private Incentives to Innovate
Understanding why patents could be necessary to foster innovation by private agents begins with the recognition that knowledge is non-rivalrous. That is, the use of a given piece of knowledge by one party does not preclude another party from also using that same knowledge. Put differently, once the cost of developing knowledge has been incurred (perhaps by running experiments to discover the laws of nature or repeated trials to discover how to make a technology work), there is zero additional cost to having more parties use that knowledge. What's more, knowledge is largely non-excludable. Once created, it is difficult to keep others from learning about and using the knowledge. This non-rivalrous, non-excludable nature of knowledge makes it a public good that can drive large increases in welfare. But, paradoxically, for the same reasons that it is so valuable to the public, knowledge can be underprovided by the market, or even not provided at all.
The fundamental problem is that when an innovation can be quickly imitated by others, any profit generated by the innovation is quickly eroded. Figure 1, Panel A, shows the market for a product that is the result of an innovation. If the marginal cost of providing one additional unit of the knowledge good is zero, and the good is non-excludable so that there is imitation, competition will ensure that the equilibrium price is zero. This equilibrium is good for consumers because all consumers who value the good receive it, and they get it for free. However, because there are no profits to be had for the original innovator, the innovator would optimally choose not to invest in the development of his or her idea in the first place.
The solution to this problem is to make innovations excludable. This is done in practice by granting and enforcing patents that cover such innovations. Because inventors now possess a monopoly on the use of the innovation, they will choose to sell the knowledge good at the price and make profit (the square labelled "Profit" in Panel B). To the extent that these monopoly rents cover their development costs, the inventor will undertake the development of their idea. Of course, giving inventors patent rights comes at a cost. In the new equilibrium, consumers must now pay to consume the knowledge good and are thus worse off. For consumers who still choose to consume the good, there is no adverse impact to overall welfare because the higher price simply results in a transfer from consumers to the innovator. However, consumers who value the knowledge good at less than the monopoly price will choose to consume the good, which leads to DWL for the economy and a lower welfare.
In summary, the simple model suggests that without patents there will be no innovation by private agents and the entire welfare associated with an innovation will be lost. With patents, innovators will mark up the price of their innovation, which results in not everyone accessing the innovation and thus lower welfare.
Optimal Patent Length
The primary drawback of patents, the associated DWL, can be limited by making a patent's monopoly temporary. The trade-off is that limiting the term of patents weakens the incentives of inventors and that certain innovations, which from the point of view of social welfare should be undertaken, won't be. Conversely, lengthening the term of patents will increase DWL on all innovations, including those that would have been undertaken even with the shorter patent term. As a result, the optimal term is a function of the distribution of ideas that could be developed into innovations.
As Figure 2 shows, some ideas are better than others in that they may cost less () to develop into a useful innovation, or because the innovation may generate more value (). Some ideas (for example, ) are very good in that they cost little and generate a lot of value. From the point of view of maximizing society's welfare, all innovations that generate (net present) values greater than their costs should be developed (at least in the absence of DWL). In the figure, these innovations fall above the "Worthwhile ideas" line (all the ones labelled with a letter). However, because patents decentralize the decision of whether to pursue an innovation, not all of these ideas are going to be developed. In fact, even if patents are infinite, idea won't be developed because its cost will exceed the inventor's discounted stream of monopoly profits (as was shown in Figure 1, Panel B, even with a monopoly the inventor can only capture part of the value of the innovation). If patents are given a 20-year term, the net present value of an inventor's profit stream is further lowered, so that now ideas and , too, will not be developed. If the patent term is futher reduced to five years, only idea will be developed.
The figure illustrates the basic trade-off between increasing the incentives of inventors so that more ideas are developed (by increasing the term) and decreasing the DWL associated with innovations that would have been developed regardless (by decreasing the term). In the figure, the optimality of a 10-year or 20-year term depends on whether the welfare gains generated by innovations and outweigh the larger welfare losses associated with a longer term on innovations , and . It is therefore impossible to determine the optimal patent term unless one has perfect information on the cost and value of every idea. But the figure illustrates that as the term lengthens, each subsequent increase is likely to generate fewer and fewer additional innovations (the cone between the 10- and 20-year patent lines is larger than the cone between the 20- and 30-year patent lines). Moreover, each subsequent increase of term raises the DWL on a larger number of patents. Therefore, one can expect significant welfare costs from increasing the patent term too much.
Are Patents Really Necessary?
Importantly, the simple model assumes that innovations can be imitated quickly and at zero cost. In practice, it may take time for potential competitors to learn of the new innovation, let alone imitate it. This could give the original innovator a first-mover advantage that, even in the absence of patent rights, provides sufficient incentives for the inventor to develop his or her idea. Alternatively, if imitation costs are non-zero, the result would be limited entry, a positive equilibrium price and, potentially, sufficient profits for the inventor to cover development costs. Irrespective of the speed and cost of imitation, some markets may also have significant regulatory or other barriers to entry that limit competition and, thus, provide a profit for the innovator. Therefore, it may well be that, in practice, most innovation would occur even without the additional incentives of patents.
Patents are also not the only way to incentivize innovation. While patents have the advantage that they fully decentralize decision making and governments need not have knowledge of innovation opportunities or the value of innovations, and that under a patents regime the costs of development are ultimately borne by the innovation's users and not by the public, patents are in general less efficient in terms of overall welfare than many alternative mechanisms to incentivize innovation.
One alternative to patents, and a first-best from a welfare perspective, is for a sponsoring agency or government to offer the inventor a prize for producing the innovation. If the size of the prize is equal to the consumer surplus in Figure 1, Panel A, the prize has the added benefit that the inventor will choose to develop his or her idea into an innovation when it is socially optimal to do so (that is, when the cost of developing the innovation is less than the value that it generates) and will choose not to develop it otherwise. An additional benefit of this approach is that it can incentivize basic innovation and not just the applied variety, such as patents. Prizes are already being used effectively by groups such as the XPRIZE Foundation to spur innovation. And based on figures compiled by Dean Baker (2005), prizes or direct funding of research and development (RD) could be more effective than patents to spur pharmaceutical innovation. Baker notes that, in 2005, the United States spent US$210 billion on prescription drugs and estimates that the cost would have been closer to US$50 billion in the absence of patents. And this additional US$160 billion expenditure generated, at most, US$25 billion of RD spending (the total RD spending of the US pharmaceutical industry in 2005).
In addition to prizes and direct funding of RD, numerous related mechanisms for incentivizing innovation have been proposed, including buying out patents either through direct negotiation with the innovators or by determining the value of an innovation through a (shadow) auction of the innovation (Kremer 1998).
The model presented here makes the case that patents trade off DWL for increased innovation, and that there is an optimal patent term that achieves the best trade-off between them. However, patents are not the only way to incentivize innovation, nor are they necessary to obtain innovation in most practical cases. As a simplified model, it ignores the reality that innovation is cumulative and that firms respond not just to domestic intellectual property rights but also to the regimes in foreign countries. As another essay in this series will examine, in these more realistic scenarios, not only may patents not promote innovation, but they could even stifle it.
1 , c 7, § 2, 1 Stat 109.
2 This will be true as long as the distribution of ideas is relatively uniform over the / space. However, it could be the case that a disproportionately large number of ideas reside between the 20- and 30-year lines.
3 For example, in 1839 the inventors of photography sold the French government the rights to their innovation in an negotiation, and the technology was placed in the public domain (Newhouse 1988).
Arora, Ashish. 1995. "Licensing Tacit Knowledge: Intellectual Property Rights and the Market for Know-how." 4 (1): 41–60.
Arrow, Kenneth. 1962. "Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention." In , 609–26. National Bureau of Economic Research Special Conference Series, Vol. 13. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Baker, Dean. 2005. "The Reform of Intellectual Property." Center for Economic and Policy Research Report, July. http://cepr.net/publications/reports/the-reform-of-intellectual-property .
Boldrin, Michele and David Levine. 2013. "The case against patents." 27: 3–22.
Federal Trade Commission. 2011. . Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission. www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/evolving-ip-marketplace-aligning-patent-notice-and-remedies-competition-report-federal-trade/110307patentreport.pdf .
Gans, Joshua S. and Scott Stern. 2003. "The product market and the market for 'ideas': commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs." 32 (2): 333–50.
Industry, Science and Technology Canada. 1989. "Appendices for the Survey of Intellectual Property Rights in Canada: Final Report." Unpublished manuscript.
Kremer, Michael R. 1998. "Patent Buyouts: A Mechanism for Encouraging Innovation." 113 (4): 1137–68. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3693705/Kremer_PatentBuyouts.pdf?sequence=2 .
Newhouse, Elizabeth L., ed. 1988. . Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.
Joël Blit is a CIGI senior fellow researching the topic of innovation, including exploring intellectual property rights, closing Canada's innovation gap, and the link between Canadian immigration and innovation. Joël is assistant professor of economics at the University of Waterloo, with expertise in the economics of innovation, technology clusters, intellectual property, entrepreneurship, international trade and multinational corporations.
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Medievalists and werewolf fans might want to consider checking out this new release - Guise of the Wolf. The game is a first person, mystery, action adventure set in the medieval kingdom of Uhorsko.
You play Dominik, a young alchemist that has been hired to protect the Kingdom from a man-eating beast. Sadly, you are bitten, and now must contend with finding a cure and stopping the beast as you switch between human and werewolf.
Initial Reactions Have Been Poor - Be Forewarned
The initial reactions for this game have been, in a word, dreadful. Problems apparently range from simple gameplay mechanic issues, to awful voice acting, to glitches that make the game mind-numbingly frustrating, to clipping, to extremely poor textures to - you get the point.
Game Features:
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TAH Project Database
DeKalb County School System, located in metropolitan Atlanta, serving approximately 97,000 students (over 50% receive free or reduced lunches), will use project funds to implement a comprehensive [...] »
Bringing History Home is a professional and curriculum development project for kindergarten through sixth grades in the Washington Community School District (WCSD) of rural Iowa. Bringing History [...] »
The Lincoln-Way High School District in New Lenox, Illinois proposes to partner with faculty members from the Department of History and History and Social Sciences Education Program at Illinois State [...] »
West Central Four Regional Office of Education, in partnership with five other regional offices and Western Illinois University, proposes to implement high quality, long range, enduring professional [...] »
This project will serve teachers and students in Southeast Island School District as well as Sitka School District. None of the faculty from either district who teach American history is certified in [...] »


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The Big Chill Comes to the JCC
December 18, 2012
By Shoshanah Bruesewitz
What do Pump it Up, Stonefire Pizza Co, Skateland, Country Springs Water park and Xtreme Tramploline all have in common? Find out during the Big Chill 2012, the JCC's Winter Break Programming for Children ages K4 - 6th grade.
If you haven't already experienced any of our vacation day activities, these options are great ways to connect with children's programming at the JCC.
The intent of these activities is to provide a fun, safe, social experience for your children when they are not in school. Our staff is comprised of camp counselors and Kids Center teachers that your children already know and love. We are proud that many of them have been connected with the JCC for years. Whether you are a working parent, your child wants to spend time with their camp or JCC friends, or, you are simply looking for fun ways to keep your child active and entertained during their days off from school, these are opportunities are not to be missed!
The Big Chill Program is an extension of our School's Out Vacation Days. which do a really nice job of integrating fun field trips outside of the JCC, but also take advantage of the amazing resources we have right here in our building. For example on any given day your child might swim in the pool, make projects in the Art Studio, cook a delicious Kosher snack in the kid's kitchen and play sports in both the Marcus and Family Gyms. As if that weren't enough fun, we also show movies on the big screen, bounce in the bounce houses, do karaoke and often go sledding on the hills of the JCC. Throw in some hot chocolate and you have yourself a fantastic day!
Interested? There is still time to sign your child up, and I hope that your child will join the many who already take advantage of these great programs. The Big Chill begins December 24 and runs through January 2. It encompasses all of the North Shore public school's winter break days.
Still have more questions? Contact me at (414) 967-8218 or email@example.com.
Click here for a printable registration form