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Economist Paul Romer sites an example of how China pulled itself out of a thousand year slump in technological innovation by copying British controlled Hong Kong and adopting a new set of governing rules. Romer demonstrates how this method of entry can be used in rebuilding nations without the use of war.
Economist Paul Romer speculates how much land it would take to house 8 billion people or more. He says finding the land is easy, the challenge "will be to rethink things we've taken for granted, about rules and how rules change."
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Good evening. I am Stewart Brand from the Long Now Foundation. Couple of announcements, as usual when we are here at the Cowell Theatre there is a reception afterwards, it is down the street around the corner of the Long Now Museum shop office and party pad. I am told that outside after the show as well as before you can save $5 on tickets for the Maker Fair which is coming up May 30th and 31st and the San Mateo County Expo Center and one of the reasons that we are on cahoots on with them on this is – one is it is a wonderful event. Makers are people who as they say rip the back off of technology and put their hands in where they are not supposed to and make things happen, and I guess an example of that – Long Now is going to be exposing for the first time one of the mountain size parts of the 10,000 year clock that we have been working on. Two thousand pounds of gear – it is a – Geneva Wheel for the clocks such as we go in the mountain, it is a working piece of apparatus that will work as you watch. If you put your hand in it, it will grind it probably flat. That will be the first exposure of that piece of gear and there is amazing things that the Maker Fair recommended. We had two talks in May, so we are going to skip June, everybody can take a vacation and at the end of July, the reply to part of Michael Pollan would be Pamela Ronald and Raoul Adamchak he is an organic farmer or some major repute in California. Teaches organic farming at University of California Davis. His Wife is Pamela Ronald and she is a head of a genetics engineering lab – plant genetic engineering lab at UC Davis and they make a very strong case, that combination is the right thing to do for the future of food, that will be on July 28th. Paul Romer is an economist who gets invoked a lot, and the reasons are – he is the primary founder and formulator of what is called New Growth Theory, and New Growth Theory was a formal and persuasive way to make sure that economic growth realizes – economic understanding realizes the power of ideas. So always talking about resources and various economic balances and so on. But ideas in their own right are a powerful source of the creation of wealth. For a while now, I guess a couple of years, he has been working up on a new formulation, which is modestly calling a theory of history and this is the launch of that, there will be a series of presentations that he will be making, putting this idea forth and putting it into application. So please welcome the first look at that set of ideas from Paul Romer. [applause] I hope it was clear from the title that there is a certain amount of self deprecation in the immodesty of proposing a theory of history. When I was a physics student, the typical exam question that we used to talk about – that would be post to us by our professors was – define universe and give two examples and I think accepting the assignment proposed a theory of history and given application is almost as difficult or as full hearty as that. But I hope by the end of the evening I will have persuaded that there is some value, the thinking about history from a very abstract theoretical perspective and value particularly from this point of view of influencing what we do now. Sometimes, we look at theories we can create theories like cosmology, in part just because of their elegance, really is works of arts. Some of the highest forms of human achievement, but this talk tonight is not about a theory in that sense, it is really theory as a tool of a very specific application in mind and we will come to that at the end. So, when you judge the theory, keep in mind that it is application that matters, not the elegance per se. But I will still try and give you something which is tight, simple, has a few moving parts that I hope you will remember. Now what should the Theory of History be able to explain? At a minimum it should be able to describe data like this – this is a measure of the wage in terms of the amount of light, you could earn if you took your efforts as a worker. Work for an hour then bought fuel with the available technologies at a particular point in time and then use that fuel to produce light. Notice that it is a ratio scale, so over this roughly 10,000 – 12,000 year horizon, we are seeing many orders of magnitude increase in the amount of light, the luminance of light you could get if you work for one hour to get fuel to produce light. So the most striking fact that a theory of history has to be able to account for is this kind of improvement. But it also has to explain the time pattern here. With this kind of plot with the ratio scale on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis, slopes are growth rates. So the rate of growth of this kind of measure of wage has been accelerating, increasing over time. So, this is what… this is the… the sort of the minimum that any Theory of History has to account for, why is it possible for things to be getting so much better, and why are things been getting better faster as time has proceeded. Now, I have already said something about the available technologies of the time, you cannot think about a chart like this without thinking about technological change. I have called out here one data point which is the point where Edison invented the electric light bulb. Notice this was not the beginning of this rapid upturn, even things like candles were very important technologies that led to big improvements compared to sesame oil and a stone lamp. But the electric light bulb was clearly a very important part of this general process and we know that there is a series of technologies that lie behind that light bulb. But we have to stop and think about – what does it mean to say a technology? What do we mean by a technology here? And this is the theory part, the abstraction, how do we strip away the essential and get to the heart of this, so what are technologies. Well, for electric light, there is a whole bunch of things that have to work together. There is generation, there is transmission, there is the light bulb, but let us just strip this down to one very simple part. A simple technology is a formula that says, if you take iron and mix a little bit of carbon in with it, you can make steel, and then with steel you can build things like the towers that are part of this grand technology that leads to light in people's homes. So you can break this complicated technologies down in to very small parts and they amount to formulas, recipes, instructions but they are all about how to use the physical objects in the world differently. How to rearrange them in a way that is more valuable to us a humans. Another example that pulls down even to a more simple kind of application of this concept of this technology, one that many people have found memorable is the idea of a cups that you can get in any coffee shop these days. It used to be that the cups and the lids, the three different sizes of cups that you can typically find in a coffee shop, all had their own size lid, and somebody made the insight that if we re- designed the paper cups, you could use a single type of lid on all three cups. So it is a very simple idea about re-arranging the physical objects in the universe around us. The wood that then gets turn into paper, that then get turn into cups. But if we did it in a slightly different way, it would save time, and it was the cumulative effect of any large number of innovations, technologies, formulas like this that drives human progress and this improvements and standards of living. Now, technologies have this remarkable feature that makes them very different from physical objects, they interact with people in exactly the opposite way that physical objects interact, as there were more people on earth, there was less land available per person, that has been a fact all throughout human history. So, with physical objects the more people you have, in some sense the worse off each of us has to be. But what I am going to argue now is that with technologies the more people we have, the better off we can be, because with technologies these ideas, these formulas, these recipes or things that we can share and all use at the same time. So you and I may not be able to both farm the same square meter to raise organic food, but you and I can both use an insight about crop rotation or fertilizers or a new type of seed. So what this means is, if you think about historical dynamic where you have more people, there are more people to go out and make discoveries which leads to more of this technologies, but because everybody can share the technologies that means that you have more technologies per person, more technologies, more ideas per person, therefore leads to more people and then more people further spurs the discovery process which spurs… makes it possible for more and more people to live on a give piece of land so that you can think about the broad sweep of human history up until relatively recent times, as being a positive feedback loop between people and technologies that comes from this special characteristic of shareability of the technologies. Now, it would not have to be the case that new technologies alone would dominate the scarcity effects of less land. It could have been the case that as we had more and more people having less land per person, led to less food per person and no amount of discovery could overturn that result. So we might have lived in a very harsh world like that where there just wasn't enough to discover that could offset the effects of scarcity. But judging from human history, that is not the kind of world we have lived in, we have much more food per capita even with much less land per capita than we have before and it is because of all the discoveries that we have been able to make. So the simple story about this acceleration over time in the standards of living comes from positive feedback between discovery and more people and then combined in the most recent period with a switch from patterns of fertility where up until very recently, new technologies led to more food which led to more people, which did not lead to more – to higher standards of living. But in the last several centuries, humans have gone through the demographic transition which meant that at some point, the number of people did not keep up with the new technologies that were being discovered. Income per person started to go up, that set off another kind of explosive dynamic which was – as income per person starts to go up, for reasons that I think are still not clear, humans end up deciding to limit fertility. So population growth could not keep up with this accelerating process of technological change, standards of living eventually start to rise, that led in to a fall in fertility and that makes standards of living grow even faster. So that gives you a kind of a simple technologic determinism theory of history that can explain the broad pattern of accelerating progress over time. But now what we need to do is bring another critical element in to this story. I want to tell that as follows. There is a scholar who has looked at books about manners during the Middle Ages, and the kind of things that this manners books would teach people who wanted to learn how to behave appropriately in modern society were in junctions like this, that if you are at a table eating dinner and you need to spit, do not spit across the table over the food of the people eating across from you, but turn over your shoulder and spit behind you. So these things, seemed like things that we would – how could anybody not know that, but if you go back in time to hunter gatherer societies, you did not really have to worry very much about where you could spit. So, as we went through this process of more technology leading to more people leading to more technology, and increasing density of people. All of a sudden we started to have interactions with each other which called for rules for managing potential negative spillovers between people. I will give you another example, we have a number of technological innovations in fishing, better ships, better lines, better nets, ways to catch fish much more efficiently. So a given number of people, or a given amount of capital investment can catch many more fish. Without the right kinds of rules, those technological advances can do an enormous amount of harm to the world's fisheries and in fact in many case unfortunately they have. In a few cases we have actually been able to supplement those technological advances with appropriate rules with limit the catch to the sustainable yield, and then you get the benefits of technology, it takes less human effort to catch the sustainable yield of fish without any of the harm. So, for both of these reasons, spillovers associated with density and potential side effects, negative side effects associated with technology. We need to think about rules, as well as technologies. So the Theory of History that I want to propose here is one that involves two different types of ideas, that when we contrast the properties of scarce physical objects that cannot be shared with ideas which can be shared and can be reused, we want to think about technological ideas, but also rules. So we have spoken about the technologies, technologies are just ways to re-arrange physical objects to make them more valuable to us. Let us think about what rules are – what rules are just ways to structure the interactions that people have with each other. So technologies are just structuring physical objects, just structuring matter in ways that are more valuable. Rules are structuring are interactions to make sure that we get the most value out of those interactions. It could be as simple as drive on the right, or drive on the left, does not really matter which one you pick. But you better pick one, as density of road traffic starts to increase. Just notice for reference that we will come back to in a minute, that once you picked one of these conventions, it becomes hard to change. So if you end up in an area where your rules are drive on the left where everybody else around you is drive on the right, it might be efficient for you to switch your system, but it maybe very hard to do. So rules can be as simple as driving on the left or on the right. Another very important rule in human history was the concept of ownership. Think back again to hunter gatherer societies, ownership was not an important concept or convention there, but as we developed, we established this new convention that we would assign to certain people the concept of ownership over a particular piece of property which meant that no one else could take advantage of that property without the approval of the person who had this ownership right, and then associated with this ownership right, were conventions about what do you do when those rules are violated. Any rule like this amongst humans will end up with violations. Early in human history, violations of rules like challenges to one's owner, or theft of property like animals. Most societies led to overwhelming retribution and vengeance in response. Over time, we evolved a notion of the right way to respond to a violation of this convention about ownership with a notion of damages rather than violent retribution. Damages which were proportional to the harm and which rather than destroying value, just shifted value from the person who caused the harm to the person who suffered. So ownership carries with it, lots of conventions, lots of rules about what does it mean when we stick to these rules and how do we respond when people do not stick with it. More recent forms of rules are the rules that support open science. In science, we reward someone who makes a discovery not by giving them an ownership right, but by giving them recognition and the key to getting recognition for a discovery is to be the first one to publish it, so priority is the critical determinant of who gets the recognition, the prize, the rewards in the scientific community. That of course creates strong incentives for people to get information out as soon as they discovered it, that turns out to be a very good rule for taking what is known in science, getting it widely shared, so others can then take what you have discovered and build on it to make a subsequent discovery. So, these rules can interact with the technologies that we described a minute ago. The discovery of the potential for cultivating wheat led almost inevitably to the evolution of rules about ownership of land. That if you are cultivating a piece of land, you need to able to capture the returns from that. You cannot let others come in, under the conventions of say hunter gatherer societies and just take whatever they want whenever they want. So this is a case where a technological development almost surely spurred the new sets of rules, there are other cases where it goes the other direction. The patent system in the United States was a very important collection of rules, which where different from the rules of open science but which gave Thomas Edison the potential for monetary gain if he could come up with a better incandescent light bulb, and that was critical for spurring him to make the discovery that led to the first practical light bulb. But in parallel we have the institutions of science which were developing Maxwell's equations and all the understanding of electricity and magnetism which were acquired for building up the transmission systems for developing the dynamos, so it took both the institutions of property and patents and the institutions of science to get those kinds of discoveries that let to the light that we saw on the first slide. Now, the discussion so far makes it sound as if good rules will be forthcoming whenever we need them and whenever we want them. But if you look around the world we see that the story about the evolution of this rules is actually much more complicated. A good indication of that is just to take the map of the world at night and look at the various sources of light and then zoom in on one particular area, the Korean peninsula – the Korean peninsula there is literally a black hole where there is no light but we know many people live there, the same technologies that generate light for people everywhere else in the world could be used in North Korea but something clearly prevents those from actually being put to use there. So there is something very extreme about the rules in North Korea which mean that existing technologies do not get used there and certainly important new technologies do not get discovered there. So there is a potential for rules to turn harmful to slow us down and sadly for those to persist for very long periods of time. Again think back to the story about driving on the left versus driving on the right. From the broad historical perspective China is the case that most calls out for this amendment to the simple story of a feedback between people and technologies, because China was in the Middle Ages as that story would predict well ahead of the rest of the world. There is a whole list of important technologies that were developed first in China, like steel, like gunpowder, decimals, the wheelbarrow, the list goes on and on. But around a thousand… 1200 with the Ming Dynasty a new set of rules were imposed in China that brought progress there to a halt – technological progress there and which kept them from centuries from even being able to take advantage of technologies that were developed in other parts of the world. To show this in a graph, the scale now is a linear scale of income per capita in 1990 dollars so if we convert it in today's dollars the numbers would look a little bit bigger. These are estimates of – and these are very crude estimates, but estimates of income per capita going back to the year 1,000 in China and whoever was the world leader at various points in time. If you look – if we zoom way in on that point 1,000 the historical estimates are at that point China was ahead, but China then entered into almost a thousand years of stagnation, as the leading countries in the world went zooming far ahead. So there is a potential for new rules like the patent system, like open science to speed up the rate of technological change and speed up discovery – speed up improvements and standards of living. So that acceleration we saw in the leading countries is not just the function of more people leading to more discoveries but in recent periods it has been more people discovering because there are rules that give them better incentives to discover and better ways to work with each other as they all engage in the discovery process, so rules can amplify this exhilarating process that was first driven just by population growth, but rules can also stifle and slow progress down and can do so for many centuries. So the theory of history that we have to work out here is one where we allow for this dynamic of technology, but we think about what is the underlying dynamic of the rules. Why the rules sometimes get better in a way that makes everyone better off, why the rules sometimes trap us in a way that seems so harmful to all and so wasteful. Now to think about what the dynamic is, I want to invoke an analogy at this point. I want you to think not about countries, but think about companies for a minute and zoom in to a much narrower piece of history. Think about the recent IT revolution in the United States. Go back to innovations that started at IBM, with the 360 line of mainframes and the emergence of centralized computing in important commercial applications, then think about the emergence of a company like Wang which was one of the companies pioneering the development of computing that was closer to the user and applications like word processing which became available to users when the computing power was closer. Wang emerged, competed with IBM, developed an important niche, but was soon eclipsed. Apple came in; was one of the first companies, others had tried but one of the first companies to move computing all the way to the end-user. IBM then responded with its own personal computer. Personal computers took off. Word processing became available on personal computers. Wang completely lost the word processing business but throughout this process, the applications and the functionality we could achieve all got better. Critical elements in this dynamic were things like new entry. At one point there was no Wang Computing, at one point there was no Apple, but those companies could enter, do things differently. When they enter, there was a process of copying so Apple pushes the PC, IBM copies with its own version of the PC. There are also cases like at Wang where there is really no future for that organization and workers and costumers get reallocated to other companies selling other products, developing other products, and Wang shrinks but progressed for the system as a whole and moves ahead. So imagine what would happen if we could not have any new companies? Your first reaction might be, well Moore's Law should still operate, technology should still keep improving, but if you look at the history, these social organizations, these people working together under particular rule sets were critical drivers of technological change and the kind of rule set that was operating at IBM was very powerfully productive for some period of time, but it became less effective in a later period. New organizations emerged where a whole collection of people operated according to a different set of rules. We are able to compete with IBM, take some of its business away, IBM changed some of its rules in response to this competition but other organizations like Wang did not. If we couldn't have that process of competition that drives IBM to change, that brings in the ideas of Wang or brings in the ideas at Apple, it is very likely that we would have had much slower progress in the IT industry and this is a kind of a warning to ourselves that the rules really do matter here, that we cannot just think of the technologies is operating according to their own inherent time clock, and we can arrange things so that there are new countries or new companies that had merged or not and it is very important in our economy that we can in fact have new companies. Now, let me tell this story again about countries instead of companies. So think about the process of world leadership in productivity. The Netherlands in the 16th and early 17th century was the world leader in commercial establishments that developed stock markets. They pioneered the financial crisis with the tool of bubble. It was a country which attracted many migrants from throughout Europe grew very rapidly because of that migration and for a period was the world leader, but then over time, leadership moved to the United Kingdom. We saw the early applications of engineering, applied science, the harnessing of power to the textile industry for a hundred years or more with the early stages of the industrial revolution; the UK was the world leader, then the United States came in, at first well behind the UK, copied the technologies that were available in the UK but changed some of its rules about things like our patent system compared to the British patent system, ours was much more democratic, much easier for small inventors to get access to. We pioneered a very different form of universities and a very different commitment to education and because of those different kinds of rules, we became the world leader. So in this chart that I showed you before about world leadership, this is the point where the Netherlands takes over as the world leader. This was the point where the UK takes over, and then this most recently is the spot for the United States. The same kind of dynamic that we talked about in terms of companies operates amongst these countries as well. There was new entry. The United States in particular was a brand new country with new rules, very different from the rules that others had used. We saw cases of copying. The United States copied technologies and rules that worked well in Britain. Britain after World War II copied things that had worked well in the United States. We have also had cases of large-scale migration. I mentioned the migration into the Netherlands, in the period when they were surging ahead. The United States as a new nation of course attracted many migrants as well and continues to attract migrants in those areas with those sets of skills that will let them come in. So entry, migration, and copying all operate at the same scale between countries just as they do between companies and to just illustrate that process, let me just tell you a little bit more of the story of Pennsylvania as a new set of rules, its own country until it became part of the new United States. Pennsylvania was a dominion that was given to William Penn by King Charles II. Penn set out the charter, wrote out a charter for Pennsylvania and innovated in terms of the rules and certain things like legally protected guarantee of religion. Penn said this is the way Pennsylvania will be run then people who are interested in living under those kinds of rules were attracted to Pennsylvania. Penn actually went to the Netherlands in 1670 and tried to recruit people from there as well as from Germany to come live in his new country, and ultimately, other colonies in the United States copied this innovation of a legally guaranteed right to freedom of religion and it became a part of our constitution. Notice that in this process, the dynamic that we usually think about is the one that drives innovations and rules. People vote to have a change in the rules or they vote to have some representatives who then go change the rules. This was not the dynamic that got us a legal protection of the freedom of religion in this period. So the question that we need to ask ourselves is what if there were no new countries? What if because of the conventions that we have now established about protecting boundaries, what if because of those conventions that no country can invade another country, we stop this process of the introduction of new national rule sets that can compete with the existing ones that can innovate in ways that the existing ones find hard to innovate with? So think about how did we create a new country in the United States? We actually did it through military conquest. I mean, Penn was given "the lands†by King Charles II, but there were people living here and Penn was actually relatively humane about this and tried to pay the Indians who were living there to leave, but in a sense we were able to create a new country in the United States because of violent military conquest of a piece of land that was occupied by some other people and said we are going to take whatever rule system was there and been placed before and put in place a new one. So should we rethink this convention about giving war a chance? Should we try this again? Unfortunately, this was basically the logic behind thinking about the invasion in Iraq and the invasion in Afghanistan. There are many conflicting and complicating factors in the invasion in Iraq, but the invasion in Afghanistan was something where there was broad international consensus that this was the right thing to do, to go in militarily and try and change the rule system that was in place there, and it still turned out very badly. So for better or for worse, it is almost certain going ahead that we are not going to see the kind of conquest of territory that lead to the introduction of Pennsylvania as a new colony or the United States as a new country, and then the question is does this mean that this dynamic of competition and entry and reallocation which drove improvement in the rules which in turn drove improvement in the technologies and standards of living. Are we about to enter a phase where this process is shutting down? So what I want to get you to think about the application now, if the theory of history here is it is the co-evolution of rules and technology which have driven progress and that rules have progressed in the same way that industries progress through competition, entry, reallocation, copying. What if we could continue that entry process without some form of conquest? Could we as humans come up with rules about how we change rules so that we create this potential for ongoing innovation even at the level of national rule sets? Now, to try and build the case that that application of this theory is possible, that we can keep co-evolution of rules and technology moving ahead and we can do it through entry, competition, reallocation, migration. Let me talk about how China got out of the trap that it was stuck in for a thousand years. Because of a historical accident that did involve conquest, so this part does not generalize, but because of a historical accident, a very small piece of China was under a different system of administrative control from the rest of China. It was under the control of the British. It was a place like Pennsylvania that people could come to if they wanted to live under a different set of rules then say the rules that were operating on the mainland. The rules that the British brought in to Hong Kong were the modern rules that we take for granted of a modern economy. Hong Kong especially in the post World War II era grew very rapidly as commercial, initially commercial manufacturing center later as a financial hub. Hong Kong grew very rapidly. The Chinese watching this demonstration effect close by started to take advantage of it by creating four special economic zones along the coastline in China where rules that had been developed in Hong Kong could be brought in one at a time in small measure within the special zones. So the Chinese did not try to change everything in the whole nation all at once, but when the leadership was persuaded that they really did have to move forward as a nation instead of continuing to lag farther and farther behind, they were able to take advantage of the close experience of Hong Kong and then replicate it in other special small zones where the rules and then the technologies of the modern world were brought in to China. That was then followed by a series of cities along the coast in China. So this gradual evolution from one very small spot to several others and the upshot was that whereas the last craft that I showed you stopped in 1950 now with a slightly different scale because it is $2,000; dollars in purchasing power of the year 2000, you can see how starting in the 1970s income per capita finally starts to grow in China and then takes off and goes through this surge, this unprecedented increase in standards of living. This increased at rates that we have never seen before in human history. If you want to see this in ratio terms relative to the United States, this shows you income per capita in China as a percentage of income per capita in the United States and you can see that there is no catch up at all through the 1970s and then this astonishing process of convergence that has taken place since the late 1970s. So the changes in the rules that the Chinese were able to implement by starting with small areas, by experimenting with those areas, by using those areas as places where you could copy not just the technologies that are idea-like and copyable but even copy the institutions by bringing them in first to Hong Kong then to the rest of China. This process of copying rules and technologies enabled this astonishing improvement in standards of living and the force which is just turning the corner for the world so that worldwide income and quality is now finally starting to shrink rather than grow partly because of that continuing divergence that we saw for almost a thousand years between the west and China. So what would it take to generalize from this Chinese experience and create the potential for new entry at the level of national rule systems? The first thing we will have to do is rethink sovereignty. Sovereignty has many components. There are two that I want to distinguish here. One is sovereignty in the sense of internationally recognized borders and we have come worldwide to a new consensus that internationally recognized borders cannot be violated and that is an extremely important development in human history. It will mean that we will no longer have wars of conquest of territory or for that matter, conquests like the ones that lead to the Pennsylvania but we will not have wars like World War I and II either. That needs to be preserved and almost surely will be preserved going forward, but you can distinguish sovereignty in the sense of the ultimate say over what happens within a kind of a predefined set of borders. You can distinguish that from a notion of administrative control that on paper, what the British had in Hong Kong was a delegated responsibility for administrative control within a piece of sovereign Chinese territory and if we think with open minds, there are many places around the world where the administrative responsibility for that piece of territory could be granted to other nations or consortiums of nations, to partnerships, to other kinds of groups who could facilitate the transfer not just of technologies, but even systems of rules and there is no reason why this could not be negotiated voluntarily. Looking back, Hong Kong was probably the most successful economic development program in human history. There is no reason why something like that could not be done intentionally voluntarily as part of mutually beneficial agreement rather than by the kind of force that set up Hong Kong. So if we distinguish the borders from who is in control and are willing to think flexibly about who is in control, there are many more options which will open up here and this is particularly powerful if you think about setting up new systems of control in areas where almost no one lives, because then you could replicate something like the dynamic in Pennsylvania where you could propose new rules, different rules from those applying locally, perhaps even different rules that apply anywhere in the world and people can choose to opt in and operate under those new kinds of rules, so you can have much more experimentation, much more freedom for people to move into new places, and continued progress in the sense of competition between systems of rules. The places, and continued progress in the sense of competition between systems of rules. The other piece that we would probably need to make this work is to rethink citizenship that you can think about citizenship as partly being about residency. You can be granted residency rights in a particular place but citizenship typically involves some notion of voices well, some ability to vote or to have some control over the political system, but we are already used to distinguishing between these two notions. There are people who can move into one country as residence but who were not nationalized citizens and who therefore do not have voice. So you could imagine in this new administrative units, people who might move there who might retain their citizenship rights in the sense of voice retain that in their country of origin, but not necessarily have the same kinds of voice in the place that they move to and some other group of citizens might be the ones who actually have voice and voting over the rules in one of these administrative zones. Hong Kong had that characteristic. Hong Kong was under democratic control in the post World War II era. There were voters in the UK who elected a prime minister who appointed an administrator for Hong Kong. So it was not a case of authoritarian rule but in fact, it was a case of democratic rule. It just turned out not to be a democracy that involved the local residence. Everyone in Hong Kong lived there in the same way that someone with a green card might come and live in the United States and if we are willing to allow for that kind of possibility, again, it could free up our notions about exactly where in the world and under what circumstances and what kinds of terms new kinds of economic and political arrangements could be put in place. The last thing that we have to do to deliver on this program is to rethink scale. If you think about economic development which is the application that most concerns me, we typically think of either the village or the nation will do something that will change things to level with the village with the nation, but go back to that discussion we had earlier about the power of more people leading to more ideas, leading to economic benefits. The modern representations of that power of ideas that we gain access to from immediate access to people are urban areas. We cluster in urban areas because we want those benefits being around many other people and we suffer the costs of having a lot less land per person because the ideas per person that we can have are so much greater in a city. So the scale to think about this kind of new development and for changing the prospects for all poor countries in the world right now is the same kind of scale that the Chinese were thinking about when they looked at Hong Kong then had the special economic zones, then the open cities. We need to think about city states as the unit where we could undertake this kind of innovation and create the opportunities for very different kinds of systems of rules and very rapid translation of the benefits from the rest of the world to those new cities. This is going to be an extremely important challenge for the world to face in the coming century. Something on the order of five or more, potentially as many as 8 billion people will– if economic growth takes place at any kind of reasonable rate, 5 to 8 billion people will want to move to cities, will be able to move to cities. A very small fraction in the world population will be left in rural areas producing all the food we need and almost everyone will want to live in cities and it will be an enormous challenge for us to provide the kinds of well-run cities that can lead to real economic benefits, real improvement and standards of living rather than the kinds of dysfunctional cities we see in some parts of the developing world where the existing rules are not able to keep up, cannot improve, cannot cope with the challenges that they face. So what if we really needed places for billions of people, 5 billion people or more? How much land on earth would it actually take? If you take the world surface area represented as dots, compress it to a rectangle like this, and then asks suppose people could move into places like Hong Kong, so Hong Kong-like densities, how much land would it take to create urban areas for 8 billion people? It turns out it is a tiny fraction of the surface area on the earth and there is an enormous amount of land on earth which is right now very under utilized, not suitable for agriculture, but could easily be used to create these new urban spots. So finding the land would really be no challenge in carrying out a program like this even at scale. The challenge will be for us to rethink things that we have taken for granted, about rules, and how rules change, how people opt into them and opt out, how they control them, what options they have, and what kinds of arrangements countries can enter into about what to do within their own borders, what ways existing countries can work together to create new kinds of arrangements that transfer rule systems as well as technologies across borders. So there is really nothing but certain kinds of presumptions and emotional reactions that hold us back from doing something that could be terribly important for helping people throughout the world catch up and potentially even keeping technology going at the frontier. There is a law that is referred to as Cardwell's Law that says that no nation remains technologically innovative for long. We have been able to enjoy continued exhilarating economic growth and technological innovation, but only because that process of innovation has been able to move to different places across the globe and we would like to believe that the United States will remain the worldwide leader forever into the far future but if you take the long now timeframe seriously of the next 10,000 years, history does not give you a lot of confidence that any nation even the United States can remain the technological leader, but if there is still some potential for new places to emerge, new systems to be tried, places where new people can go, often young innovative people, the ambitious people who moved into Holland; these may be important not just in helping the rest of the world catch up but even keeping innovation going at faster and faster rates out at the cutting edge. So there is a big challenge in just getting ourselves to rethink what is possible, what we could do, This map zeros in on Africa which is the other part of the world which right now stands out as being very devoid of light. There is very limited GDP, very limited opportunities for people to consume light there and if you want to picture to remember about what that means in terms of the quality of life, remember this picture. This is a picture of students in Guinea reading their textbooks at the airport because this was the only place where they could get light at night to do their schoolwork. It is a solved technical problem about how to generate electricity and get it to homes so students do not have to go sit at the airport to read their books and it is a solved political social problem to create rules that can lead to the implementation of those technical systems that get light to these kinds of young people. So as you evaluate this theory of the history and this application and you run up against the inevitable reaction that we could never create new countries. You could never have and agreement to set aside a piece of territory and create something like a Hong Kong. You could never have a place where people opt in and opt out but where the political control might be from a very different location, but as you think about all of those objections, think about explaining it to one of these kids and telling them why we think the best solution is for you to just spend as long as it takes, you know, maybe another thousand leader years as in China to wait for somehow your own internal systems of rules to transform so you can get access to the kinds of things that we take for granted. Thanks. [applause]


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Yale Routs Baruch 88-49
NEW HAVEN, Conn. – Yale made the most of its final non-conference game. Jack Montague scored a career-high 15 points as the Bulldogs cruised to an 88-49 victory over Baruch College at the John J. Lee Amphitheater.
Twelve of the 14 players that saw action scored for Yale, which snapped a four-game losing streak. Matt Townsend was the only other player to reach double figures, finishing with 10 points. Armani Cotton, Greg Kelley and Brandon Sherrod each scored nine points, Isaiah Salafia added seven, and Jesse Pritchard and Javier Duren had six.
A balanced attack should serve Yale well as it gets ready to embark on the Ivy League odyssey.
"It's just a matter of feeling the game and seeing who is hot." said Duren, who added seven rebounds and six assists in his 22 minutes.
Perhaps the most encouraging sign for the Bulldogs was their three-point shooting. Entering the day, Yale had shot just 22.7 percent from beyond the arc in its last seven games. Against Baruch, Yale was 13-of-21 (61.9 percent).
"We got better shots today," said James Jones, The Joel E. Smilow, Class of 1954 Head Coach of Men's Basketball.
Montague led the way. He finished 4-of-4 from three-point range and added six assists with no turnovers in 20 minutes.
"I thought [Jack] was good defensively, in finding teammates and in knocking down shots," Jones said. "Hopefully he can continue that going forward."
Baruch (7-7) kept the game close for the first 10 minutes. The Bearcats led 14-13 with 10:58 left before Yale used a 14-0 run to seize control. By halftime, the Bulldogs were in front by 31, 55-24.
Yale had assists on 26 of its 33 field goals in the game.
"We had been struggling to find each other," Duren said. "Today I thought we did an excellent job. We were selfless and our offense flowed better. It was a step forward."
The Bulldogs (6-8) shot 55.9 percent from the field and outrebounded the Bearcats 44-23.
Yale, which played a very challenging non-conference schedule, now turns its attention to Ivy play, which kicks off at home against Brown next Saturday.
"We're moving in the right direction," Duren said. "We'll come in on Monday [for practice] with our hard hats on."
Report filed by Tim Bennett, Yale Sports Publicity

subset: commoncrawl


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Laconia man charged in Saturday burglary
December 02. 2012 11:08PM
LACONIA - A Laconia man has been charged in a burglary that occurred on Saturday.
On Saturday, December 1, at approximately 6:57 pm, Laconia police responded to a report of a burglary at 26 Windermere Heights in Laconia. Police quickly learned that the home owner found an intruder inside the residence after returning home.
When the home owner entered the residence and the suspect attempted to escape through a bathroom window, but was unsuccessful. After the failed attempt to leave, the intruder allegedly made his way down a hallway within the home and ran out the front door, fleeing the area on foot.
While investigating the incident, police discovered that two handguns were stolen from the residence, a Beretta .9mm semi-auto pistol and a Browning Buck Mark .22 cal semi auto pistol.
A state police K-9 unit assisted officers in tracking the individual from 26 Windermere
Heights to a residence on Parsonage Drive.
A search warrant for the Parsonage Drive residence was obtained, and Aaron J. Marchione, 20, of 53 Parsonage Drive in Laconia was later arrested for Burglary (a felony), two counts of Theft by Unauthorized Taking or Transfer (a felony), and Parole/Probation Violation.
He was held at the Belknap County Jail without bail, and was scheduled to be arraigned at 4th Circuit District Division, Laconia Court Monday at 8:30 am.


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Deer are capable of decimating a garden overnight and are the bane of many gardeners? existence. There are countless books, articles, Web sites, and products available to help control this pest. Other than a very tall fence, no single technique has proven 100% effective; usually a combination of deterrents works best. Now you can arm yourself with the latest information in your battle against Bambi with this newly revised book.
Creating a Deer Proof Garden, (Peter Derano, 2009; $40) covers the basics on deer control, including fencing, barriers, and repellent sprays. However, the bulk of the book is devoted to profiles of 117 plants the author has grown without significant damage from deer. Unlike other books that just give lists of deer-resistant plants, this book profiles the plants, complete with color photos. While the author acknowledges that no plant is completely deer-proof, he shows how you can minimize deer damage by using a combination of deer-resistant plants and deterrents.
For more information on this book, go to: : Creating a Deer Proof Garden


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EL SEGUNDO, Calif. – Three games into the Los Angeles Kings' tremendously tense playoff series with the St. Louis Blues, it's clear the scores are so low because the stakes are so high.
Two elite Western Conference teams have combined for just seven goals, and nobody has led by more than one goal at any point.
The highlight reels aren't getting filled up when these two sturdy defences and standout goalies challenge each other, but the entertainment value has been tremendous for fans of tactical hockey and all-or-nothing playoff excitement.
With the Blues holding a 2-1 series lead heading to a pivotal Game 4 on Monday night at Staples Center, both teams are trying to break this defensive deadlock in time to save seasons that began with Stanley Cup aspirations.
"You've got to understand, it's playoffs," Los Angeles coach Darryl Sutter said after a light practice Sunday at the Kings' training complex.
"It's one-goal games. All three of them are one-goal games. Everybody is trying to score a goal, but it's not that easy when you have the two best defensive teams in the conference."
In the West, only Chicago allowed fewer goals than St. Louis during the regular season. Los Angeles allowed just three more goals than the Blues.
Fourth-seeded St. Louis' imposing defence has allowed only three goals, outmuscling the Kings' talented forwards and keeping their scoring chances largely outside the slot.
After their return to the playoffs ended in a second-round sweep last year, the Blues are desperate to win just their second playoff series since 2002, and their play in front of Brian Elliott has reflected it.
"We knew what we were in for," Blues coach Ken Hitchcock said. "There's not much difference between the two teams. Both goalies are on top of their game."
The defending Stanley Cup champion Kings have yielded just four goals, with Jonathan Quick posting a shutout in Game 3 to trim the Blues' series lead to 2-1.
Los Angeles has nearly the same roster as last season's Cup-winning team, and the Kings are determined to show they weren't a fluke during their run from the eighth seed to their first title last summer.
"It's typical playoff hockey," said defenceman Robyn Regehr, one of Los Angeles' few new additions. "Every inch of ice is a battle out there. Both teams are struggling offensively, but both goaltenders are a reason for that. There's all kinds of little things that happen within the game. Playoff hockey is the most fun."
Quick has stopped 93 of the Blues' 97 shots, returning to last season's dominant form in his Saturday night shutout in Game 3, while Elliott has stopped 76 of 79 shots.
While St. Louis knew Quick was one of the NHL's toughest matchups, the Kings have emerged from the first three games with renewed respect for Elliott, who shared the starting job with Jaroslav Halak again this season.
"He's a good goalie," Kings defenceman Drew Doughty said. "He makes the first save pretty much every time. I think the one area where he struggles is he lets some rebounds, and I think we haven't been doing a good enough job of pouncing on those rebounds and putting in the second effort.
"Goalies are huge in any series. Elliott played great in the first two games, and that's why they won two, and Quickie was great (in Game 3)."
Sutter shook up his lineup for Game 3, dressing seven defencemen by adding Alec Martinez back to the group. Jeff Carter, Dustin Brown and others double-shifted on the fourth line to make up for the absent forward, and Martinez rewarded the decision by picking up an assist on Slava Voynov's goal in the 1-0 victory.
The Blues left Game 3 lamenting numerous missed scoring opportunities that could have given them a stranglehold on the series. That's why St. Louis is considering the addition of Russian rookie right wing Vladimir Tarasenko to the lineup in Game 4, although Hitchcock said he won't decide for sure until Monday.
"We got our fair share of chances, (but) we just have to be more determined and find ways to score," said forward Alexander Steen, who has two of the Blues' four goals in the series. "(In Game 3) I didn't think it was Quick. I thought it was us. We had our chances, and we have to start putting them away."
The Kings haven't had as many chances, but they largely blame themselves. Los Angeles has been bullied out of the slot and into the corners by the Blues' hulking defence, which added Jordan Leopold and Jay Bouwmeester this season to make a tough team even tougher.
"There's not going to be an easy time for us," Regehr said. "It's going to be a challenge all the time."
Unless the Blues figure out how to break the Kings' mastery at home, they'll be headed back to St. Louis with an even series. Los Angeles improved the NHL's best home record to 20-4-1 with a victory in Game 3, winning every game since March 23. St. Louis has lost six straight games at Staples Center dating to the 2010-11 season.
"We're confident in front of our fans," Kings forward Justin Williams said. "We have to come out for Game 4 with the same emphasis. You can't let up for even one period in a series like this, and we know it."


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Stephen Colbert for US Senate! (Seriously)
The people of South Carolina have spoken: They want Stephen Colbert as their next US Senator. And yes, that Stephen Colbert from Comedy Central. And no, I'm not joking.
A new poll released Monday found that South Carolina voters favor Stephen Colbert to fill the soon to be vacated US Senate seat of Jim DeMint. Colbert came in first chosen by 20% of those polled followed by South Carolina Representatives Tim Scott and Trey Gowdy.
And Colbert apparently has some interest in the Senate seat as he announced in typical Colbert fashion on his show "The Colbert Report" this week: "My network contract prohibits me from taking on another full-time job. So, the Senate would be perfect."
All joking aside, Stephen Colbert would likely be a great US Senator. South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley seriously should not rule out appointing Colbert to fill DeMint's seat simply because he's a comedian.
Lets not forget that Al Franken was elected to the US Senate in 2009 after his years of being a comedy writer and cast member on "Saturday Night Live." So how has Franken fared in his time in the US Senate? A recent poll shows that 52% of people in Franken's home State of Minnesota approve of his work. Contrast that with generic approval polls of Congress which show that the institution is slightly more popular than syphilis.
And sure, Colbert has made some seemingly outlandish comments. But for the most part his quips are lined with political insight. We learn about the issue while laughing. Why does politics have to be so painfully boring when a little humor can make it more accessible and understandable to all?
Here are just a few of Colbert's past comments that are both funny and poignant:
-"Contraception leads to more babies being born out of wedlock, the exact same way that fire extinguishers cause fires."
-"If we raise taxes on corporations, what incentive will they have to make money other than the fact that it's the sole reason they exist."
-"I've long been against illegal aliens, partly because they distract us from an even bigger threat: real aliens."
And one of his best: "If this is going to be a Christian nation that doesn't help the poor, either we have to pretend that Jesus was just as selfish as we are, or we've got to acknowledge that He commanded us to love the poor and serve the needy without condition and then admit that we just don't want to do it."
Now contrast Colbert's above statements with ones made by earlier this year by non-comedian, "professional" politicians who were the Republican Party's actual nominees for US Senate. Congressman Todd Akin, the GOP's Senate candidate in Missouri, offered these views on "legitimate rape" of women during this year's campaign: "If it's a legitimate rape, the female body has ways to try to shut that whole thing down."
And then came Indiana Republican Senate candidate Richard Mourdoch's comments in October: "…even when life begins in that horrible situation of rape, that is something that God intended to happen."
If these aren't enough to make you appreciate a Senator Colbert, then just check out some of the comments made by current South Carolina Senator DeMint. His statements often sound as outrageous as Colbert's but they are far worse-DeMint is being serious.
Here are just a few of DeMint's "gems": "If a person wants to be publicly gay, they should not be teaching in the public schools." DeMint, a national leader of The Tea Party movement, also publicly opposed allowing unwed pregnant women from teaching in public schools.
And recently DeMint called the Obama administration the most "anti-American administration in my lifetime," and warned that he doesn't believe America can survive as a nation if Obama won a second term.
All of a sudden Colbert's comments are the sane, responsible ones. Indeed, Colbert's moderate views on many issues and his preaching for sanity in Washington, D.C. are exactly what this nation needs.
Plus, on the fun side, there's a chance that if Colbert was appointed to the Senate he would bring some of his trademark segments with him. People would finally watch C-Span coverage of the Senate just to see if Colbert began his speeches on the Senate floor with the sounds of a screeching eagle. Or to see Colbert do his, "tip of the hat, wag of the finger" segment to the face of the Senator he was calling out.
The biggest drawback for Colbert becoming a Senator is that it's actually a step down. And I'm not kidding. Sure, as a Senator he can vote on legislation but as the host of a TV show he has the ability to reach a national audience on a nightly basis. Most Senators can only dream of being as well known or influential on public opinion as Colbert.
America sorely needs a Senator who is not afraid to speak the truth – or at least gives us the "truthiness." And who is better at that then a comedian? In the words of Colbert: "Sometimes it takes a crazy person to see the truth. If so, I'm a freaking lunatic."


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The Defense of Chalcedon in the East (451-553), by Patrick T. R. GrayImperial Unity and Christian Divisions, by John MeyendorffThe Rise of the Monophysite Movement: Chapters in the History of the Church in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries, by W. H. C. Frend
Recently, my university library acquired a copy of John Romanides' The Ancestral Sin.  I was very excited because Fr. Romanides' writings on the website www.romanity.org have been fundamental in directing me towards Orthodoxy.  So I have started reading this book.  I was wondering if there was anything I should know about the book, while reading it, and also, how Orthodox in general felt about the work of Fr. Romanides.
The bias in the selection of books I listed was not intententional
Now my last question: A lot of things I have seen directed toward potential converts seem to be primarilly directed to people of Catholic or Protestant background. I come from a Hindu family, not a very observant one in some regards, but still my main religious background. I was wondering if there was anything written about Orthodox Christianity aimed at people of this background, or any similar background.
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Download SP Flash Tool Newest SP Flash Tool is a very useful utility for fixing soft brick or boot loop cases, especially for the Media Tek devices. You could flash Stock or Custom ROMs of your choice.
Download MediaTek USB VCOM drivers
Windows 10/Pro users: READ: How To Install MTK VCOM Driver On WINDOWS 10 (32 & 64 bits)
Download the Stock ROM ForLenovo Vibe C2 K10a40 Android 6.0 Marshmallow:-
lenovo vibe c2 K10a40 S044 160817 ROW Stock Rom Download Password
[box type="note" align="" class="" width=""]
Lenovo Vibe C2 K10a40 Android 6.0 Marshmallow Stock Rom Flashing With SP Flash Tool:-
[box type="shadow" align="" class="" width=""]
Next click on the "Scatter loading" button and locate the scatter text from the unzipped ROM earlier, as shown below:-
Now click the "Download" button and connect your device (in off state) to the PC or Laptop via USB Cable and immediately press Volume Up button momentarily, and your device will be detected accordingly and initiating the flashing process, as shown below:-
It will complete the flash process in a minute or so, and when it is complete and successful, you see the yellow full bar and a big check mark as shown below:-
Now, you can switch on your device.


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Drunk, naked man arrested in front-end loader
KNOXVILLE, TN (AP) - The explanation seems sound, allowing for alcohol consumption.
Joseph Michael Hall told police he stole a Bobcat front-end loader from a landscaping nursery in Knox County because he was naked.
The Knoxville News Sentinel (http://bit.ly/13yZnjQ ) reported police found the 19-year-old Hall driving the machine along a highway shortly after 7 a.m. Sunday, sans clothing.
The arrest warrant states Hall said he was trying to hide his nudity by taking the Bobcat.
A caller to 911 reported someone smashed through a fence with the machine and drove off in it. Hall was arrested less than a mile away and the owner was called to come and retrieve his machine.
It wasn't immediately known where or why Hall lost his clothes. Among the charges are felony theft, DUI and indecent exposure.
Information from: Knoxville News Sentinel, http://www.knoxnews.com
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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tutorials & features
Pyro AV Launches VT600 Cloud Video Encoder
Rackmountable USB Video Capture Solution
Last Updated: March 20, 2009 7:48 pm GMT
(Cerritos, California--March 20, 2009) Pyro AV® today announced that it is now shipping its VT600 USB video capture solution which allows you to record and stream SDI video from any broadcast deck, camera or other analog source over the Internet with Adobe Flash, Microsoft Silverlight and even to YouTube.
Unlike traditional internal solutions, VT600 connects to your workstation via USB 2.0 giving professionals the flexibility to use it with a desktop or notebook.
VT600 features 10-bit SDI, YUV/RGB component, S-Video and composite video inputs, bringing in audio via embedded SDI, 4 channel balanced audio or stereo AES/EBU inputs. Designed for Windows 2000, XP and Vista, VT600 installs in seconds via USB 2.0. With full support for Adobe Flash Media Encoder and Microsoft Expression Encoder, VT600 also includes VideoTizer, an application which allows you to stream live video or record the video for future editing, VOD or other needs. Within these applications, you can manipulate settings such as video resolution, frame rate, color correction, compression formats and more, directly from the GUI.
"VT600 offers incredible flexibility," explains Alfred Bantug, Pyro AV Director of Sales. "It streamlines broadcasters' ingestion needs, capturing video through analog composite, S-Video, YUV and SDI, all in one external capture device. This will allow news organizations, religious broadcasters, educational institutions and other broadcasters to deliver their media more efficiently."
Full frame, live motion video capture
10-bit digital video processing
Adaptive de-interlacing
Adaptive median filter
48KHz 16-bit stereo dual independent audio channels
USB 2.0 connectivity
Rackmountable design fits any environment
VideoTizer software included for local encoding and network streaming
Support for Adobe Flash Media Encoder, Windows Media Encoder, Microsoft Expression Encoder 2 and other popular streaming solutions
Pricing and Availability
VT600 is now shipping and is available through Pyro AV's network of dealers and distributors, with an MSRP of $1299.95. A total solution, VT600 includes the VT600 USB video capture device, a 6' USB A to B cable, a 12V DC power supply, a rackmount kit including easy to install mounting brackets and screws and an installation CD containing device drivers and VideoTizer media streaming application as well as Pyro AV's 2-year warranty.
About Pyro AV
Pyro AV (
) is made up of a team of dedicated engineers with more than 15 years experience designing and developing high-quality video capture and conversion technologies. Pyro AV develops solutions for the pro-sumer, broadcast and post-production markets and is currently shipping a line up of broadcast-quality video converters.
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All Rights Reserved


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To report an emergency in progress, call 911.
October 17, 2012
One of the best ways to get a clear picture of the Placer County budget is to sit through workshops held each August by the Board of Supervisors.
They are long and exhausting, but illuminating.
Each department gives a presentation loaded with facts and figures to let the Board of Supervisors know what it has been up to and its goals for the coming year. What I find particularly enlightening are the accounts of new initiatives, projects, accomplishments and challenges that accompany the statistics.
This year's workshops on Aug. 16-17 were exceptionally interesting.
Two themes came up again and again:
· Departments are continuing to do more with less, because the demand for many services is on the rise, but staffing is down; and
· Succession planning is a priority for departments that have many key employees who are near, at, or beyond retirement age.
I left the workshops deeply impressed by the department presentations and the commitment of County employees at all levels to serve the public to the best of our abilities.
Challenges remain for Placer County. We continue to grapple with difficult budget issues in such areas as library services and fire protection. The state's mandated Public Safety Realignment initiative has resulted in early release of some jail inmates in order to make way for the increased influx of new prisoners. We have deferred necessary work, especially on infrastructure, and we struggle to catch up.
It is clear, however, that departments and staff are doing a great job making the best of a tough situation.
Several departments reported being recognized for outstanding public service.
The Veterans Services Office is regarded as one of the best in the state at assisting veterans. It ranks fifth in California in terms of total revenue collected on behalf of veterans, falling only behind counties such as Los Angeles and San Diego that have much larger populations.
Child Support Services is among the top 10 programs in California for cost-effectiveness. For every dollar it spends, it collects $3.35 on behalf of families. The statewide average is $2.29.
Human Services, a division of the Health and Human Services Department, was recognized by state officials recently for having the best-performing call center in the state for helping its clients quickly and effectively.
During the budget workshops, departments reported on a long list of projects and initiatives that are under way or soon will be.
Construction of the County's new jail in Roseville is almost complete, the Foresthill Bridge is well on its way to a federally mandated retrofit and planning and design work on a new regional sewer system has begun.
Facility Services is getting ready to expand the popular 220-acre Hidden Falls Regional Park across 980 acres of county-owned land located west of the park. The expansion will provide more access to the waterfalls, new picnic areas and 23 miles of additional trails for the public to enjoy.
Public Works plans to start work next year on the final phase of the Auburn Folsom Road widening project. When it is done, the road will be a four-lane thoroughfare from Douglas Boulevard to the Sacramento County line.
Public Works is continuing on frontage and scenic improvements along Highway 49 in North Auburn.
Progress also was reported by Public Works on a project that is very important in Eastern Placer County: the Kings Beach Commercial Core Improvement Project. The department is putting the finishing touches on the project's funding plan and hopes to break ground on the first phase next summer.
Public Works is working on a small project that promises to be a big help to bus riders who frequent Placer County Transit. It is a smart-phone application that will allow riders to determine in real time where buses are at and how soon they should arrive at the stops were riders are waiting.
Several departments reported on their success handling increased workloads with fewer staff.
The Assessor's Office, for instance, is working hard to deal with an unprecedented number of properties being evaluated for reductions in appraised values. The Placer County Library is facing tough budget issues because its property tax revenue is down significantly, but is finding innovative ways to better serve the public. On Oct. 1, several branches shifted operating hours to 10 a.m.-6 p.m. some days in response to requests from patrons.
During the workshops, I was also impressed by the efforts of the Sheriff's Office, Probation Department, District Attorney's Office and Health and Human Services to handle public safety realignment, a state-mandated program that is shifting responsibility for many adult parolees and lower-risk offenders from the state to counties.
Realignment has created unprecedented challenges for counties but the response of our public safety departments has been outstanding. They are finding ways to deal with realignment that are cost-effective and achieve our highest priority: protecting public safety.
The decision made years ago to build a new jail in Roseville will give Placer County extra flexibility in handling adult offenders who in the past would have been the state's responsibility.
That decision illustrates the importance of two themes that will be the focus of the last installment of my state-of-the-county series: the County's commitment to long-range planning and the critical role planning initiatives will play in the years to come.


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BeansNBroccoli wrote:My squats are definitely held back by my back being weaker than my quads/glutes. I also get a lot more nervous with weight on my back than I do just pulling, so I'm more likely to go heavier with a DL than I am with a squat because I train alone and never have a spotter. I'm also just finding that I really, really like to deadlift. If I do a leg press, though, I can get those numbers way further up. Just doesn't translate to the squat as much as I'd like. Oh well, safety first!
I think squats are a real mental exercise, almost as much as they are a physical one. You have to learn to recognise your fear, not let it intimidate you and then embrace it. I always get nervous on my final heavy sets, but I never back off. You shouldn't be afraid to go heavy but at the same time you should only attempt lifts that you know you are capable of getting (even it's going to take you right to the edge)!
Make use of the safety bars if you do your squatting in a rack, they're invaluable for those of us that train alone. They have saved me many times, just make sure you set them to the right height to catch the bar if you get stuck at the bottom


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The Cost of Loyalty
The graph below takes Raul Ibanez and John Mayberry, Jr.'s performances in favorable (vs. opposite-handed pitching) and unfavorable (vs. same-handed pitching) platoon scenarios and compares them to an average NL batter in those same splits.
Notes: wXB/H is "Weighted Extra Bases per Hit," a contact skill-neutral measure of power that I Frankenstein'd together here. Strikeout rate is inverted, so that lower strikeout rates are higher above league average.
As you would expect, Mayberry bests Ibanez in every category except for walk rate versus opposite-handed pitchers. His overall output, plate discipline, and power are all superior to those of Ibanez. The best thing that can be said for Raul Ibanez is that he has streaks of passable to good performance. When you stop creating generous endpoints for him, he is just a corner outfielder with poor defense who is hitting 10% below league average at the moment by wRC+. On many other teams he would be a bench bat — and blessed to hold on even to that role. Front offices less prone to considerations of loyalty and character, on teams whose fates were less assured, would have looked elsewhere for production weeks ago.
Still, we're a few days away from the official submission of playoff rosters, and I can say with reasonable certainty that Charlie Manuel will start Raul Ibanez in left field for every playoff game. Granted, it's more complicated than the above graph makes it seem. Ibanez has nearly twice as many plate appearances as Mayberry, and it will be a while before we can be certain that Mayberry's improvements are the real deal. It's also questionable how much their skill differential will really matter in the playoff rat race, where a good four or five plate appearances can turn an entire series.
But suppose the Phillies are knocked out shy of their ultimate goal. While we're sitting around building narratives after the fact, as FuquaManuel detailed, will we at least consider this, a decision predicated entirely on non-baseball factors that objectively lowers the team's offensive potential? Or will we brush it aside, credit Charlie Manuel again for being the "player's manager," and turn our attention to some other scapegoat?


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(PRWEB) February 08, 2013
On February 8th at 5:30, Dr Sandra Doman will be appearing on "The Arthritis Show" as a guest.
Dr. Sandra L. Doman is a chiropractic physician. She is from Bethesda, Maryland . She earned her doctorate with honors from Palmer College of Chiropractic, Florida Campus and holds a B.S. in Marketing and Economics from Lehigh University in Pennsylvania. Dr. Doman has worked with a variety of athletes including nearly 100 NFL players. She is the President of the Dade County Chiropractic Society. Dr. Doman lectures at health clubs in South Florida on injury prevention and teaches anatomy in 200 hour yoga teacher training programs.
A.J. Farshchian MD will continue to push the envelope, like he did in the past seasons. U.S.A. based physician, Dr. Farshchian, is a medical author, humanitarian, and active republican member. He is best known for coining the term "orthopedic regenerative medicine." Dr. Farshchian is recognized as a leading authority in the new clinical science of regenerative medicine. Viewers can enjoy watching the show live on http://www.arthritisusa.net as it streams live on the internet Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 5:30 P.M. The show also broadcasts on BuenoVision daily at 11:30 A.M.
My Medicine TV programs are independently produced by Mymedicinetv.com. The show provides its viewers an in depth opportunity to find solutions to the health problems from some of the top leaders in health care from across the world. Each exclusive segment is taped in their state of the art south Florida studio."The Arthritis Show" is a global information source dedicated to patients with arthritis and sports injuries.


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© ® The Nobel Foundation
IPCC honoured with the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize
Phone: +41-22-730-8208/84 e-mail:
Advances have been made since previous IPCC assessments in the detection of
change in biotic and physical systems, and steps have been taken to improve
the understanding of adaptive capacity, vulnerability to climate extremes, and
other critical impact- related issues. These advances indicate a need for initiatives
to begin designing adaptation strategies and building adaptive capacities. Further
research is required, however, to strengthen future assessments and to reduce
uncertainties in order to assure that sufficient information is available for
policymaking about responses to possible consequences of climate change, including
research in and by developing countries. [8]
The following are high priorities for narrowing gaps between current knowledge
and policymaking needs:
Cutting across these foci are special needs associated with strengthening international
cooperation and coordination for regional assessment of impacts, vulnerability,
and adaptation, including capacity-building and training for monitoring, assessment,
and data gathering, especially in and for developing countries (particularly
in relation to the items identified above).
Table of contents
IPCC Homepage


text:
Architect misses deadlines for arts center idea
Rick Browne, a local architect who partnered with West Dundee to convert an abandoned hardware store into a regional performing arts center, has missed deadlines to update the village on the project's progress.
Browne says the project is going well, and that he didn't need to update the village. But the lack of information is trying the patience of some village leaders.
"He keeps blowing off these goals and blowing off these deadlines," Trustee Norm Osth said. "How much patience can an organization have until it says enough is enough?"
West Dundee owns the former Ziegler's Ace Hardware store downtown, and officials wanted to raze the building and put a parking lot in its place. But in 2011, Browne came up with a plan to turn it into the Fox Performing Arts Center, a 258-seat facility he hopes will attract artistic talent from across the region and infuse new life into the downtown. West Dundee put its demolition plans on the back burner and waited to see what Browne would deliver.
But in October, Osth and Village President Larry Keller considered pulling their support from the plan after Browne didn't meet a July deadline to raise $500,000 toward the $1.8 million project. They later relented and the board extended Browne's fundraising deadline after his supporters packed the village board room. Now, he has to raise $1 million by August.
The village board also agreed to contribute $150,000 toward the building's improvements and to consider an initial 10-year lease for Browne's use of the property.
But West Dundee would only back Browne if he kept leaders apprised of his progress. By December, Browne was supposed to have forwarded letters from the building's potential users, a list of people on the center's board of directors, an organizational chart that indicates whether they are paid, part-time or full-time staff and proof that the organization is a nonprofit.
This month, Browne was supposed to compile and present the village with a report that would update trustees on his fundraising efforts and the organization's progress. The presentation was supposed to occur at the board's meeting on Jan. 14, but no presentation was ever made.
Next month, the board hopes to discuss Browne's progress thus far.
But Village Manager Joe Cavallaro said he doesn't have anything to tell the board because he hasn't heard anything from Browne, nor did Browne reply to the two letters Cavallaro mailed and emailed to him as a follow-up.
Trustee Tom Price, one of the project's supporters, is still willing to give Browne a chance.
"I'm not going to let a few weeks make the difference between a yes and what not, but he does need to submit something soon and I hope good news, but we'll see what he has to say," Price said.
Browne, who says he never received any correspondence from Cavallaro, says things are going smoothly.
He recently hired a company to help him secure money for the project and to date, $225,000 in pledges and donations has been raised.
Browne's behind in getting the information to West Dundee because a board of directors meeting scheduled for December had to be postponed, since three board members were out of town for the holidays. That meeting will be held Wednesday, and Browne plans to make announcements about the organization the following day.
Browne said he was also held up because he, at the village's request, created seven elaborate windows for its Dickens in Dundee event. The last time he talked to West Dundee about his progress was in November, and he doesn't feel obligated to keep them posted on every last detail.
"Our business is our business; I don't have to tell West Dundee what I'm doing, No. 1," Browne said. "They have asked us to follow some mandates, and so far we're behind schedule by a couple of months, maybe a month. But we do plan on compiling all of the information that the village has required."


text:
OT: Tide Clear Scholarship Room by Punting Thieves
Four players were kicked off the team for assorted forms of larceny
Pettway, Williams and Hayes are charged with two counts of second-degree robbery. Williams and Calloway are charged with fraudulent use of a credit card.
Williams confessed to robbing a student who was punched in the head and face and kicked in the ribs and back. He said Pettway and Hayes watched him commit another robbery from a nearby vehicle about an hour later.
Hide your kids Hide your wives
BONUS SEC COVERAGE: Per the WWL, Georgia has lost the 9th member of a 19 player recruiting class from 2010. Attrition exists outside of Ann Arbor. YAY!


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Do not let what you cannot do interfere with what you can do.
John Wooden
Excellence is not a singular act, but a habit. You are what you repeatedly do.
Shaquille O'Neal
If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music he hears, however measured or far away.


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3. The Assessments
Each assessment will yield important information for improving community health, but the value of the four MAPP Assessments is multiplied by considering the findings as a whole. Disregarding any of the assessments will leave participants with an incomplete understanding of the factors that affect the local public health system and, ultimately, the health of the community.
Phase 3 Highlights
What are the four MAPP Assessments?
The four MAPP Assessments—the third phase of MAPP—and the issues they address are described below:
Phases 1 and 3 Online Training Module


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A People's History of the United StatesHarperCollins 2015; US$ 15.01
With a new introduction by Anthony Arnove, this updated edition of the classic national bestseller reviews the book's thirty-five year history and demonstrates once again why it is a significant contribution to a complete and balanced understanding of American history. Since its original landmark publication in 1980, A People's History of the... more...
Original ZinnHarperCollins 2009; US$ 11.26
Historian, activist, and bestselling author Howard Zinn has been interviewed by David Barsamian for public radio numerous times over the past decade. Original Zinn is a collection of their conversations, showcasing the acclaimed author of A People's History of the United States at his most engaging and provocative. Touching on such diverse topics... more...
The People SpeakHarperCollins 2009; US$ 7.50
To celebrate the millionth copy sold of Howard Zinn's great People's History of the United States , Zinn drew on the words of Americans -- some famous, some little known -- across the range of American history. These words were read by a remarkable cast at an event held at the 92nd Street YMHA in New York City that included James Earl Jones, Alice... more...
The Twentieth CenturyHarperCollins 2009; US$ 12.76
Containing just the twentieth-century chapters from Howard Zinn's bestselling A People's History of the United States, this revised and updated edition includes two new chapters -- covering Clinton's presidency, the 2000 Election, and the "war on terrorism." Highlighting not just the usual terms of presidential administrations and congressional activities,... more...
Passionate DeclarationsHarperCollins 2009; US$ 10.48
From the bestselling author of A People's History of the United States comes this selection of passionate, honest, and piercing essays looking at American political ideology. Howard Zinn brings to Passionate Declarations the same astringent style and provocative point of view that led more than a million people to buy his book A People's History... more...
You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving TrainBeacon Press 2010; US$ 16.00
Beacon Press is proud to publish a new edition of the classic memoir by one of our most lively, influential, and engaged teachers and activists. Howard Zinn, author of A People's History of the United States, tells his personal stories about more than thirty years of fighting for social change, from teaching at Spelman College to recent protests... more...
Three PlaysBeacon Press 2010; US$ 18.00
World-renowned historian Howard Zinn has turned to drama to explore the legacy of Karl Marx and Emma Goldman and to delve into the intricacies of political and social conscience perhaps more deeply than traditional history permits. Three Plays brings together all this work, including the previously unpublished Daughter of Venus , along with a new... more...
Artists in Times of WarSeven Stories Press 2011; US$ 12.95
"Political power," says Howard Zinn, "is controlled by the corporate elite, and the arts are the locale for a kind of guerilla warfare in the sense that guerillas look for apertures and opportunities where they can have an effect." In Artists in Times of War, Zinn looks at the possibilities to create such apertures through art, film, activism, publishing... more...
The Unraveling of the Bush PresidencySeven Stories Press 2011; US$ 7.95
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The Zinn ReaderSeven Stories Press 2011; US$ 21.95
No other radical historian has reached so many hearts and minds as Howard Zinn. It is rare that a historian of the Left has managed to retain as much credibility while refusing to let his academic mantle change his beautiful writing style from being anything but direct, forthright, and accessible. Whether his subject is war, race, politics, economic... more...


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Washington University in St Louis
Committed to Our Students: ashington University's educational mission is the promotion of learning -- learning by students and by faculty. Teaching or the transmission of knowledge is central to our mission as is research or the creation of new knowledge. The faculty composed of scholars scientists artists and members of the learned professions serves society by teaching; by adding to the store of human art understanding and wisdom; and by providing direct services such as health care. Central to our mission are our goals which are to foster excellence in our teaching research scholarship and service; to prepare students with the attitudes skills and habits of lifelong learning and with leadership skills enabling them to be useful members of a global society; and to be an exemplary institution in our home community of St. Louis as well as in the nation and in the world. Through our goals Washington University intends to judge itself by the most demanding standards; to attract people of great ability from all types of backgrounds; to encourage faculty and students to be bold independent and creative thinkers; and to provide the infrastructure to support teaching research scholarship and service for the present and for future generations.
School InformationOne Brookings Drive
Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899
Locale: Suburb: Large
Open Admissions: Yes
Sector: Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above
Carnegie Basic: Research Universities (very high research activity)
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Accrediting Agency: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, The Higher Learning Commission
Common name(s): WUSTL |Washington U |WashU |Washington, St. Louis |Washington University in St. Louis |Washington University, St. Louis |WashU |Wash-U |Wash U |Wash. U.
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text: Was Rusty B finally checking herself in, her reps claiming "exhaustion" and "dehydration?" So it would have seemed on Monday afternoon as paparazzi swarmed beneath the windows of Friends of the High Line. In fact the paps were there for Isla Fisher, shooting "Confessions of a Shopaholic," outside Scoop and across the street from Diane von Furstenberg.