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The Donald & Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Johnson and Early Modern Books and Manuscripts
See here for more detailed descriptions of our collections of English Broadsides, Mazarinades, and Early Modern Science.
Early Modern Books and Manuscripts includes materials produced between 1600 and 1800. The collection is especially strong in the areas of British and Continental literature, American history, history of science, Canadiana, and the history of the book. The centerpiece of the department is the Donald & Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson, the bequest of Mary, Viscountess Eccles (1912-2003). Assembled over a 60-year period, the Hyde Collection, with Johnson at its center, encompasses letters, manuscripts, first editions, portraits, and even his silver teapot. It includes half of Johnson's surviving letters; several drafts of his "Plan for a Dictionary" and the few surviving manuscript entries; and is comprehensive in its coverage of Johnson's published works. Comparable riches document his lively biographer James Boswell (including corrected proofs for the Life of Johnson); his great friend Hester Thrale Piozzi; their families; and such friends and contemporaries as Tobias Smollett, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Alexander Pope, and David Garrick. With more than 4,000 volumes, approximately 5,500 letters and manuscripts, and more than 5,000 prints, drawings, and objects, it paints a broad yet detailed picture of 18th century English literature and culture. Materials in the collection will be accessed through the Houghton Reading Room.
For a chronicle of interesting discoveries made by the cataloger of the collection, see the Hyde Collection Catablog.
An online exhibition, A Monument More Durable Than Brass: The Donald & Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson, is now available.
- Contact Houghton Reference information regarding access and use of the collections.
- Contact information is available in the >Houghton Staff Directory.


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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
Congressman Brian Higgins, D-NY-26, recently spoke on the Floor of the House of Representatives to urge his colleagues to make a strong commitment to veterans' employment.
Higgins cited the high 22 percent unemployment rate for young veterans and encouraged support for programs such as "Helmets to Hardhats," which offer veterans job training and employment in the construction trade.
Higgins also encouraged support for his legislation, H.R. 2169, the Veterans Education Flexibility Act, which would eliminate the deadlines for veterans to use the educational benefits they have earned.
The text of Higgins' remarks is below:
"Mr. Speaker,
"This week, the House will consider a number of bills to honor and support our veterans.
"These are good bills, but they are not enough. A good and generous nation would also make sure a strong commitment is made to helping to our veterans find work when they return home.
"Mr. Speaker, the current unemployment rate for post-9/11 veterans is 10 percent - and among young veterans between the ages of 18 and 24, it is 22 percent. This is unacceptable. We owe it to our veterans to support programs like the not-for-profit 'Helmets to Hardhats,' which partners with the Department of Defense, American businesses, and organized labor to help returning veterans prepare for work in the construction trades.
"We must also be sure that veterans have the ability to get the educational benefits that they've earned without be constrained by a deadline, as my legislation, the Veterans Education Flexibility Act, would do.
"Along with a commitment to nation build right here at home, we can create good American jobs that can't be outsourced and give back to those who have served their nation."

subset: commoncrawl


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The SCAD Museum of Art is pleased to honor America's brave servicemen and women and has announced its participation in Blue Star Museums. In collaboration with the National Endowment for the Arts, Blue Star Families, the Department of Defense and museums across America, SCAD Museum of Art will offer free admission to active-duty military personnel and their families through Labor Day.
"The SCAD Museum of Art is pleased to welcome our country's service members and their families through Blue Star Museums," said Kimberly Shreve, managing director of the SCAD Museum of Art. "We invite our local military community to take advantage of this opportunity and enjoy exhibitions by some of the world's most highly acclaimed contemporary artists."
The SCAD Museum of Art joins such world-renowned cultural institutions as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois; the M.H. de Young Museum, San Francisco, California; the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C.; and the Dallas Museum of Art, Texas, as a Blue Star Museum participant. In honor of their sacrifices
Free admission is available to active-duty military and up to five family members. Active-duty military includes Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard and active-duty National Guard and active-duty Reserve members. This year, a record-breaking 2,000 museums are taking part in the initiative across all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and American Samoa.
"Blue Star Museums is a collaboration between the arts and military communities," said NEA acting chairman Joan Shigekawa. "Our work with Blue Star Families and with more than 2,000 museums across the country ensures that we can reach out to military families and thank them for their service and sacrifice."
"Blue Star Museums is something that service members and their families look forward to every year, and we are thrilled with the continued growth of the program," said Blue Star Families CEO Kathy Roth-Douquet. "Through this distinctive collaboration, service members and their families can connect with our national treasures and enjoy an unparalleled opportunity to visit some of the country's finest museums for free."
The SCAD Museum of Art
The SCAD Museum of Art is a premier contemporary art museum established expressly to elevate art and design education for SCAD students and art enthusiasts around the world. With intention and élan, the museum's distinctive, dynamic art experiences advance the SCAD mission and champion art in the public discourse.
Current exhibition highlights include Ursula von Rydingsvard's "Shadows Remain," curated by senior curator Melissa Messina and featuring a selection of cedar sculptures, at once abstract and referential, that evoke forces of nature. Also organized by Messina, in collaboration with executive director of exhibitions Laurie Ann Farrell, is Uta Barth's "to draw with light," an ambitious solo exhibition featuring three related sequences of atmospheric, minimalist images that have never before been shown together in the United States. "Rehearsals: The Practice and Influence of Sound and Movement," curated by Erin Dziedzic, explores themes of sound, movement, practice and process, and features works by acclaimed artists from the Walter O. Evans Collection of African American Art, such as Romare Bearden and Jacob Lawrence, in dialogue with selected contemporary works by artists including Sanford Biggers and Rashaad Newsome.
Additional highlights include "Francisco Costa for Calvin Klein Collection," an exhibition featuring the designs of the 2013 recipient of the André Leon Talley Lifetime Achievement Award, and "Streaming Spirits: New Prints by Valerie Hammond and Kiki Smith," an exhibition of prints that draw inspiration from the 19th-century genre of spirit photography guest curated by Crista Cloutier.
The SCAD Museum of Art, located at 601 Turner Blvd., is open Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; Thursday, 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.; Saturday and Sunday, noon to 5 p.m.
Blue Star Families
Blue Star Families is a national, nonprofit network of military families from all ranks and services, including guard and reserve, with a mission to support, connect and empower military families. In addition to morale and empowerment programs, Blue Star Families raises awareness of the challenges and strengths of military family life and works to make military life more sustainable through programs and partnerships like Operation Honor Cards, MilKidz Club and Blue Star Museums.
Membership includes military spouses, children and parents as well as service members, veterans and the civilians who strongly support them. To learn more about Blue Star Families, visit bluestarfam.org.
SCAD: The University for Creative Careers
The Savannah College of Art and Design is a private, nonprofit, accredited institution conferring bachelor's and master's degrees at distinctive locations and online to prepare talented students for professional careers. SCAD offers degrees in more than 40 majors.


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Not just another pretty dress. Weddings are personal stories that we are there to document.
Nordica was founded in 2009 in Vancouver, Canada by Jakob Granqvist and Cole Roberts. Initially intended to be a one-year experiment, Nordica took off and has focused on destination weddings ever since.
While the two rarely photograph weddings together, the business is run as a team. Since going full-time in 2009, the number of weddings has varied from 40 to 70 per year, and the majority of the weddings involve a flight somewhere.
Stylistically, Nordica believes the best results come from telling it like it is. The art happens in recognizing the moments when the setting, subject and mood are in sync and the real story unfolds naturally, without being contrived.


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Justin Bieber has lashed out at the tabloid press in a Twitter.com rant after having enough of the negative media attention surrounding his current tour of the U.K.
The Baby hitmaker has found himself under attack for various reasons since arriving for the British leg of his Believe world trek last week (ends03Mar13), and the teenager is sick of the reports.
He has taken aim at reporters for trying to bring him down, insisting claims that he faced a hefty fine for appearing onstage almost two hours late for the first of four concerts at London's O2 Arena on Monday (04Mar13) were made up.
The pop superstar also appeared to dismiss rumors suggesting he's dating 17-year-old British singer Ella-Paige Roberts Clarke, and took aim at criticism of his decision to party while on tour to celebrate his 19th birthday (01Mar13).
In a series of angry messages on Wednesday (06Mar13), the teenager writes, "rumors rumors and more rumors. nothing more nothing less. might talk about them 1 day. rt (right) now im just gonna be positive. cant (sic) bring me down... im (sic) focused on the good things in life...
"fake stories to sell papers i guess are part of the job. but im a good person. i know that. u (sic) cant tell me different. we know the truth... u can say whatever... so make up stories about fake fines and make no mention of the positive... or say... any girl i stand next to is my girl... or that a 19 year old going to a club in europe is wild...
"i understand it is part of the job to be judged...but judge me on the facts, judge me on the music, and be careful of the judgement u pass... so yeah I will continue being me. i will continue to serve, to perform, to care, to love, to smile, to dance, to play, to sing... and u are welcome to join, because i carry no hate. We got to (sic) much love for that. Im about the music. Gonna enjoy the day and keep smiling. so should all of u. Much love. i see u #beliebers (fans) = i love u... now back to this music".
Bieber's trip to the U.K. got off to a rough start last week when he and his entourage were allegedly kicked out of London's Cirque du Soir nightclub as they celebrated his 19th birthday last Friday (01Mar13) after attempting to bring underage guests into the venue with him. He later blamed "overly aggressive dummies" for ruining his big night.


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The United Nations Regional Information Centre (UNRIC) is organized into nine geographical & thematic desks and a library. UNRIC works with all stake holders in Europe - the European Union institutions, governments, all segments of the civil society and of course the media. UNRIC aims to inform but also to engage Europeans in issues of global reach.
A Reference Library, open to the public, maintains a collection of UN documents and publications in English, French and Spanish, as well as information materials available in other Western European languages.
The UNRIC website is operational in 13 languages of the region: Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish.
Additional information on the work of the United Nations can be found in our Links section and Library.
Desk Officers:
Info Point & Library:
IT & Web:
The Brussels based United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe - UNRIC provides information on UN activities to the countries of the region. It also provides liaison with institutions of the European Union in the field of information. Its outreach activities extend to all segments of society and joint campaigns, projects and events are organized with partners including the EU, governments, the media, NGOs, schools and local authorities.
United Nations Regional Information Centre for Western Europe (UNRIC Brussels)
Residence Palace, Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat 155, Block C2,7th and 8th floor, Brussels 1040, Belgium
Tel.: +32 2 788 8484 / Fax: 32 2 788 8485


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Martin Freeman was nursing a secret heartache while shooting The Hobbit movies in New Zealand after learning his partner had found a lump in her breast.
The British actor had already embarked on the epic 18-month shoot when his longtime girlfriend Amanda Abbington was told she needed emergency surgery to remove the growth.
Freeman, who plays Bilbo Baggins in the franchise, wanted to fly back to the U.K. to be with the actress, but she urged him to carry on with work.
She explains, "I said I'd be fine, but he was desperately worried. It was horrible for him. I found the lump after dropping the kids at school. I was sent to a specialist breast unit. They said they needed to get it out quickly because they didn't know if it was malignant. I burst into tears and thought, 'Oh no. I'm going to die. I won't see my children grow up.'"
Abbington admits she sobbed with "sheer relief" when the lump turned out to be a benign milk gland tumour: "When I got the result I burst into tears of sheer relief. What happened has made me value my life so much. Work is great, of course, but your family and health really are everything."
The 38 year old, who has two kids with Freeman, insists he gave her plenty of support during the scare, despite the distance between them.
She recalls, "I was at home one day when a package from Martin arrived. He sent me a beautiful bracelet and ring with a note saying he hoped it would cheer me up. How wonderful is that? I'm lucky to be with someone as romantic now as he was when we met 12 years ago."


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Emma Eliza (Liz) Hollingsworth
Emma Eliza (Liz) Hollingsworth, age 83, of Hot Springs , died at her home on Lake Hamilton, Monday, August 5, 2013.
She was born on June 24, 1930 in Goldsboro, North Carolina to the late Jack Newsome and Emma Eliza Walters Newsome. Reared and educated in North Carolina, she had been a resident of Arkansas since 1944.
A graveside service will be held on Friday morning, August 9, 2013 at ten o'clock in the Shadowlawn Cemetery with Reverend Don Robinson officiating, and under the direction of J. A. Funk Funeral Home.
There will be no visitation.


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There's one problem with Rus Bradburd's novel "Make It Take It," which details the story of a fictional college basketball team through the eyes of its coaches and players: He wrote it too soon. If he'd waited another year, there could have been a character included who throws basketballs at his players during practice.
"I think it's a complicated world," Bradburd told Sporting News. "I don't think the NCAA is evil, all coaches are evil, boosters are evil or the kids are thugs. I think it's a complicated world."
Bradburd should know. He spent 14 seasons as a college basketball assistant coach, primarily at UTEP and New Mexico State, before deciding he wished to pursue a career as a writer. As it happened, his first book was a memoir about his own experiences as a basketball coach in Ireland's not-so-pro professional league. His second was a biography of Hall of Fame basketball coach Nolan Richardson. And now this. So he's writing, but it's still about basketball coaches.
"Make It Take It" is his first novel, one of the few that have been set in the world of big-time college basketball.
It is an unusual book in that it is told from a variety of different perspectives: the acerbic, on-his-way-to-alcoholic head coach; the naïve, religious recruiting steal; the recruiting specialist assistant and the careerist assistant coach who essentially is the main character, Steve Pytel.
Their team is not a successful team. It's pretty much a mess. It's not designed to be an inspirational novel in which the team triumphs over adversity. It's much more about the adversity, with some eye-opening anecdotes culled from actual events—one of which was the handiwork of a coaching legend.
The most jarring story of all is the interchange between an assistant coach and the star recruit's girlfriend, who coerces the coach into—nah, it's better not to spoil the surprise.
"History is written by the winners. I think literature is written by the losers," Bradburd said. "I think there's an advantage to fiction. Even though there's not that much literal truth—parts of it happened—you're able to get at a truth that's more honest with fiction. What the book does, I hope, is show people what a complex place college basketball is. Oftentimes there are no good choices.
"People want to feel like they're on the inside. But you can shine the camera on Penn State football all you want—it turns out we don't know what's going on in Penn State football."
Bradburd's years of experience as a college coach left him with the feeling that "it's an awful system" that allows many coaches to earn north of $2 million while the athletes' compensation is meager by comparison. He calls it "amateur sports for the players, and a Fortune 500 company for the coaches."
And yet Bradburd remains drawn to the game. Now teaching writing in the Masters of Fine Arts program at New Mexico State, he was asked a few years back to do some color commentating on Aggies games. He nearly scoffed because he'd gotten out of coaching to get away from being too close to the game, but wound up agreeing to do it and staying several years.
"When you get human beings involved, it's going to be flawed, and it's going to be problematic. I can't imagine it's different from the used-car business or the Chicago police dept," Bradburd said. "I like Nolan Richardson better now that I know he can go off on a rant, and can be irrational at times. It's why I hated the movie "Glory Road." It turned Don Haskins into a saint. He wasn't. He was trying to win basketball games.
"I think the complexity of the college game—how difficult it is for everybody involved to do the right thing when there's so much at stake—it's incredible pressure. It's not like being a Chicago cop or a soldier in Iraq, but it's a complicated world. I think coming to grips with how complicated college basketball can be is sort of the first step to improving things—admitting it's not a perfect system and that everybody is confronted with choices that are difficult.
"There's a lot of broken hearts on the way, a lot of ruined careers, a lot of ulcers and divorces."
It all makes for an intriguing novel. It's not a true story, but there's so much that is real about "Make It Take It."


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UN Office for South-South Cooperation Assumes Leadership of the World Alliance of Cities Against PovertyJun 25, 2014
GENEVA – 25 June 2014: The Executive Steering Committee of the World Alliance of Cities Against Poverty today announced the Alliance's secretariat and institutional home will move from the UN Development Programme (UNDP) to the UN Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC).
WACAP is a platform and network that facilitates the exchange of knowledge and best practices among mayors, municipal civil servants, innovative businesses, civil society representatives, women's organizations, and NGOs specialized in poverty reduction, urban development and access to services. The most recent biannual forum took place in Dublin, Ireland in February 2013.
Nader Ghazal, mayor of the City of Tripoli and active member of the WACAP network said the move from UNDP to the UN Office for South-South Cooperation makes perfect sense for WACAP," said. "It will be good for the cities of the North and the South for the latter to be more involved in the international development architecture. We need to break the stereotype of the South being a region in need, but rather a region that is contributing to its own development, and to the development of its sister cities of the North."
UNDP Assistant Administrator Michael O'Neill said UNDP will continue to support the Alliance, and to share best practice from its work in sustainable urban development and local governance with city members and other partners in the Alliance.
"We are very excited to be working with the UN Office for South-South Cooperation," said Francisco de la Torre Prados, Mayor of the City of Malaga, Spain and member of the WACAP Steering Committee, "and we are extremely grateful to UNDP for all the support it has given to the Alliance over the years."
The UN Secretary-General's Envoy on South-South Cooperation and UNOSSC Director, Yiping Zhou, said his office is honored to assume the stewardship of WACAP. "The mandate given by the UN General Assembly to promote, facilitate and coordinate efforts in support to South-South and triangular cooperation on a global and UN-wide basis, gives this office a unique role in promoting city-to-city collaboration for mutual benefit", he said.
"In the coming months", said Zhou, "we will aim to set a new vision in the context of the emerging Post-2015 development agenda". He added that "the new WACAP must engender a greater sense of ownership and leadership by its member cities. Its governance structure should be more democratic and inclusive, and its membership more broad-based to also include the private sector and civil society entities." He stressed that "WACAP will ensure mayors from all regions can engage in meaningful contributions to make our cities – especially those in the Global South – cleaner and safer, more resilient and sustainable, more affordable, accessible and livable for all."Contact information
For more information: Adam Rogers, WACAP Coordinator, email@example.com; tel: +41 22 917 8541 or mobile- +41 97 849 0679.
About UNDP: UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations.
About UNOSSC: The UNOSSC works to facilitate the exchange of resources, technology and knowledge between developing countries. Currently more than US$5 trillion in reserves are held by countries of the global South, which now also account for 47 per cent of global trade. This unparalleled economic development opportunity could be one of the main engines of growth in the years ahead.


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Auto and Home Insurance from Liberty Mutual
1Discounts and savings are available where state laws and regulations allow, and may vary by state. Certain discounts apply to specific coverages only. To the extent permitted by law, applicants are individually underwritten; not all applicants may qualify. Please consult a Liberty Mutual sales representative for additional information.
A Message from Liberty Mutual Insurance
Liberty Mutual offers special savings to SJSU alumni on auto and home insurance.1Start your free quote.


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Thanks for helping us sort this video!
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Ayúdanos: ¿Estas estrellas porno aparecen en este vídeo?
Pornstar Name:
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What to CookWeeknight Cooking
Mystery Soup
We eat because we must, we cook because we can.
For those who willingly spend many hours in front of the stove, cooking is the connective tissue between all of life's big moments; I remember what I ate at my wedding more than what I said, and I remember every dish that was brought to my mother-in-law when her husband died, though I have trouble recalling who was around as I carefully wrapped up the taco casseroles and buttermilk pie.
We cook delicious things to make special occasions more memorable, and to comfort ourselves when the world seems confusing or senseless. To that end I strongly recommend Mystery Soup for the weeknight cook.
This is a very simple but surprisingly hearty blend of a few ingredients that take almost no time at all to bring together. The only significant tweak I made was to drizzle the cauliflower with some good olive oil first and roast it for about 30 minutes at 350 degrees, to give it an extra smoky flavor and reduce its cooking time in the stock. You don't have to do this.
I do think it will taste better with homemade stock, but do what you can on that front.
Once I had it all cooked down (I used closer to four cups, rather than six, of the stock) I used my immersion blender, rather than a food processor, and it worked just fine. The revelation is the cream and lemon, which take this soup -- which I have made many versions of over the years -- to a whole new complex level of flavor. This all took me under and hour, and could have been less if I had not been distracted by Twitter.
Use a little extra dollop of the crème fraiche. Get some nice crusty bread to dip into your bowl. Be good to yourself. And everyone around you, too.
By calendargirl
Makes 4-8 servings
- 1 cauliflower, cut into florets
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 4 - 5 tablespoons unsalted butter
- 4 - 6 cups best chicken broth or stock
- salt (kosher salt preferred)and white pepper to taste
- 2 - 3 tablespoons creme fraiche
- tiny squeeze fresh lemon juice
- Melt the butter in a large heavy-bottomed saucepan or dutch oven over low to medium heat and add the onions, cooking and stirring until the onions are translucent.
- Add the cauliflower and stir everything around for 4 or 5 minutes. You want the veggies to soften and take on a bit of color, but not brown. If you need to add another bit of butter that's fine, it all depends on how much cauliflower you have. Season with salt and pepper (you will correct the seasoning before serving), and stir for a minute or two more.
- When you can gently pierce a cauliflower piece with the tip of a sharp knife, add about a cup of the broth or stock, a bit at a time, still stirring, and continue to cook until most of the liquid is gone.
- Set aside to cool slightly for about 10-15 minutes.
- Place contents of your soup pot into the bowl of a food processor and process until quite smooth, adding another couple of cups of the stock a little at a time, and scraping the bowl as necessary. This may take a good five minutes.
- Return the pureed cauliflower to the soup pot and place on medium low heat. Stir in the rest of the stock and cook for an additional ten minutes or so.
- When you like the consistency, check the seasoning: tasting and adding salt and pepper as necessary. Just before serving, remove from the heat and stir in the creme fraiche and a squeeze of lemon juice, also to taste.
By day, Jennifer Steinhauer, aka Jenny, covers Congress for The New York Times. By night, she is an obsessive cook.


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Electronic cigarette model 510 or 901? That's a good question that deserves investigation Captain'Vapo ... These two models of cigarettes electronic are indeed very popular on the market vapoteurs, simply because they are distinguished from others by their performance and reliability superior to other models you can find on the market. The choice of public money!
Members of Treatment Action Campaign picketed and handed over the memorandum to the Mopani Executive Mayor and The Acting Manager for Mopani Department of Health. Amongst other demands, they said they need commitment from political leaders and government administrators in implementing HIV and AIDS programmes. Must unfreeze the accreditation of primary health care centre for rollout of Anti-Retroviral treatment.
The picket was staged during the World AIDS Day commemoration at Khakhala village in Giyani
Beauty Products - There was a new product launched and when I saw its advertisement, I went and bought it. It belongs to a renowned brand and no doubt it's wonderful. So don't get scared to try out new product, some new branded products are worth trying.
Ekurhuleni PLWHA Support Group Candle Light Ceremony
15 May 2009
The Budget and Expenditure Monitoring Forum (BEMF) is a group of civil society organisations that monitors the National Strategic Plan on HIV and AIDS 2007-2011 (better known as the NSP).
The Resources for Health campaign is focused on meeting the NSP targets for HIV/TB prevention and treatment by 2011 by providing additional resources for health.
The NSP aims to accomplish the following goals by 2011:
On the 17 July 2009 we are going to march to the District Department of Health Offices. We intend to start our march from the open space opposite Giyani Magistrate Court thenwe will use the main road to the Mopani District Department of Health where we are going to hand over the memorandum of demands.
This week I met two remarkable people , remarkable for me because they've made it so far and just helped put a bit of perspective on my own situation. I've walked away from each encounter with the though that Yes I can Luckyboy at TAC Germiston, must say a list of 40 things that I want to do seemed like a lot but then I started working on it, although the details are vague but I'm moving away from bewilderment to item no 12 --- going to Egypt. Sometimes you meet people like that and wish "if only I had known you at the very beginning" still you were probably not the wise old man you are right now --- There's a saying about having to get through it to get past it, I'm just stepping into it and I can only hope there'll be people to pull me back when I step into the mire and Nokhwezi sister I hope we do meet, but I do feel silly about letting myself be scared by the stress-bogeyman who has no form or color .
On Thursday 2 April, TAC activists together with many other HIV activists held a protest at the 4th Southern African AIDS Conference in Durban. The focus of the protest was 'HIV is not in recession!', timed to coincide with the G20 meeting in London and the focus of world leaders on costing a multi-trillion dollar bailout to stabilise the global economy.
As activists peacefully toyi-toyi'd from the people living with HIV gathering room, security guards began to amass. By the time protesters had walked downed the stairs, they were surrounded by a human chain of guards. As activists sang protest songs and held posters stating 'Bail out health care', and 'No more ARV waiting lists', security guards began to push activists outside. One of the security leaders instructed Victor Lakay, TAC's head of Community Health Advocacy and one of the members of the conference's organising committee, to disperse the protest or face expulsion from the conference hall immediately. Activists had their badges snatched from around their necks as the protest continued.
TAC's Community Health Advocacy Programme aims to strengthen community health advocacy and leadership in order to:
The Community Health Advocacy Programme achieves this by –


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UC Santa Barbara 2, Wisconsin-Milwauakee 1
UC Santa Barbara 2, Wisconsin-Milwauakee 1 (OT)ÂNov. 23, 2004
Santa Barbara, Calif. - At this point you should just call UC Santa Barbara's top-ranked men's soccer team the Golden Gauchos. For its fifth overtime win of the season in its sixth try, UCSB posted a 2-1 win over 27th-ranked Wisconsin-Milwaukee in second round action of the NCAA Tournament. Senior defender Pat Scott netted the golden goal at 102 exactly in the match to advance the Gauchos to their second consecutive Sweet 16 appearance and improve them to 18-2-1 on the season. The Panthers season ends at 14-5-3.
The Gauchos controlled most of the first half, resulting in junior forward Jonathan Davis' fifth goal of the season. Four-time All-Big West defender Tony Lochhead set up Davis on a UCSB corner kick, driving the ball into the box for what wound up being the first of his two assists on the night. Davis met the hard feed about eight yards out near the middle of the frame and hammered a head ball back across the goal and into the side netting to give the Gauchos an early 1-0 lead in the 28th minute.
UWM responded well in the second half, creating three early scoring opportunities before three minutes had even ticked of the clock, but senior goalkeeper Dan Kennedy held his ground making three of his four saves on the night. The Panthers continued to put on the pressure, taking away most of the momentum that Santa Barbara created in the first, but not before First Team All-Big West forward Neil Jones nearly put UCSB up 2-0 when his rocketed shot from 30 yards out careened off the cross bar near the 60th minute.
Milwaukee's persistence paid off when senior forward Antou Jallow chested in his 18th goal of the season to knot the score at 1-1. UWM backup keeper Kirk Thode, who entered the match at halftime, grabbed a Jones deflection and tossed a quick ball out wide to midfielder Trent Furtsch. Furtsch moved the ball up field and sent a deep cross into the left hand corner to Panther forward Dale Weiler. With the Gaucho back-peddling and out-manned, Weiler astutely crosses the ball into the near post, finding the chest of Jallow in the 77th minute.
The remaining 13 minutes of the match went back and forth with neither team creating much of a scoring opportunity. But when the whistle blew for the first of two sudden-victory it was all Gauchos, as UCSB's stout defense did not allow a single Panther shot during extra time.
With just over one minute expired in the final overtime period created the Gauchos' game-winning opportunity, deftly touching a pass past his defender, leaping in the air and pushing the ball across his body, just beyond the center circle. The senior from Auckland, New Zealand collected his pass and streaked down the left side before sending a cross off of his defender and over the touchline for the Gauchos' eighth and final corner kick of the night. Lochhead once again took UCSB's set piece, lofting a perfect cross into the box that found the head of Jones. Jones sent Lochhead's cross along to the back of the penalty box, setting up Scott's heroics. With the ball falling to the ground the First Team All-Big West defender picked it out of the air and hammered home a near post shot for his first career goal and the Gaucho win. Lochhead and Jones' assists on Scott's goal were their sixth and eighth, respectively, putting them one and on Santa Barbara's charts.
UCSB is now a perfect 3-0 in its opening games of the NCAA Tournament, having won its first round game in 2001 and the each of its second round games in the past two seasons after receiving first round byes. Santa Barbara, the No. 9 seed in this year's tourney, will travel to North Carolina to face the No. 8 seed UNC Greensboro on Sunday, November 28 at 2:00 p.m. EST.
-- Courtesy UC Santa Barbara


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The Fire Flower Wood Burning Artisan Fire Pit introduces the elegant craftsmanship of a floral style to your backyard. With durability in mind, this unique fire pit was constructed with durable steel that can withstand the elements during each season. Warm up your next outdoor event with this round patina fire pit.
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With several sizes to choose from, this patina fire pit is sure to comfortably fit your outdoor entertainment area. Being handcrafted in the USA by a local artisan, this fire pit reveals a unique style that will impress your guests. The featured rain drain is centered in the fire bowl to eliminate built up rain during every season.
This flower shaped wood burning fire pit is perfect for any occasion in your backyard. The rustic patina color will accommodate any existing decor in your yard, while giving it the unique style that you were hoping for. The unit arrives fully assembled for your convenience and it requires no maintenance.


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Legal Status
Document Details
Published Document
Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
The Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (we) approved the establishment of the Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge. Palmyra Atoll is a low-lying equatorial atoll in the Pacific Ocean that is a collection of islets, coral reefs, and waters that teem with wildlife.
This action was effective on January 18, 2001.Start Further Info Start Printed Page 7661
Charles Houghten with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, (503) 231-6207.End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information
The Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge will enable us to protect approximately 680 acres (275.30 hectares) of emergent lands, and approximately 515,232 acres (208,595.95 hectares) of submerged lands and associated waters, including approximately 16,094 acres (6,515.79 hectares) of coral reef habitat. The refuge boundary is the extent of the 12-nautical mile territorial sea. Privately owned emergent lands will be purchased from willing sellers. We will acquire submerged lands through a Secretarial Order transferring jurisdiction and control to us from the Office of Insular Affairs. The refuge establishment and management will allow us to conserve and recover endangered and threatened species, protect migratory birds and coral reef habitats, and contribute to the maintenance of the rich biological diversity of this remarkable atoll.
The authority to establish the Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is found in the Endangered Species Act of 1976, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531-1544). The transfer of jurisdiction and control of Palmyra, including the reefs and territorial waters surrounding the island, from the Office of Insular Affairs to the Fish and Wildlife Service will be accomplished by a Secretarial Order. We will manage Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in accordance with the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966, as amended (16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee).
We will, through the establishment of the refuge, establish a limited take marine preserve in the waters of the refuge. We will close the refuge to commercial fishing but will permit a low level of compatible recreational fishing for bonefishing and deep water sportfishing under programs that we will carefully manage to ensure compatibility with refuge purposes. We will manage the refuge for the conservation and management of native species of wildlife and fish and their habitats. Wildlife species identified as endangered or threatened will receive management priority, with a special emphasis on stewardship of endangered and threatened sea turtles, migratory seabirds that forage in the refuge waters, the coral reef, and pelagic wildlife. Management actions will include protection of the refuge waters and wildlife from commercial fishing activities, enhancement of the environment through the implementation of navigational guidelines and aids to navigation to protect the shallow reefs from maritime groundings, periodic monitoring surveys of coral reef environment, and periodic clearance of marine debris. Other management programs will include scientific research and monitoring.
In addition to compatible public fishing, we have developed opportunities to permit in designated portions of the atoll a limited level of compatible wildlife observation (in the form of SCUBA diving and snorkeling), environmental education and interpretation, and wildlife photography.
In compliance with our policy and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended (42 U.S.C. 4321-4347), we distributed a draft Environmental Assessment, a draft Land Protection Plan, and a draft Conceptual Management Plan for a 30-day public review and comment period. We evaluated two alternatives for the protection and management of wildlife and habitat.
Based on the documentation contained in the revised Environmental Assessment, Land Protection Plan, and a Conceptual Management Plan, we signed a Finding of No Significant Impact on January 17, 2001. The Conceptual Management Plan will serve as an interim management plan until we develop a Comprehensive Conservation Plan.Start Signature
Dated: January 18, 2001.
Jamie Rappaport Clark,
Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 01-2149 Filed 1-23-01; 8:45 am]


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Fail: Redskins' Ladell Betts has name misspelled on back of jersey
By Chris Chase
Four months after the Washington Nationals sent two players onto the field with "NATINLS" written across their jerseys, the NFL team in the nation's capital is following suit. Washington Redskins running back Ladell Betts played last night's preseason game in Baltimore with his last name misspelled on the back of his jersey:
Hmm ... Maybe it wasn't as much of a mistake as it was a Freudian slip by the Redskins equipment staff. As evidenced by the 2008 stats that were displayed on screen, Betts could certainly stand to be more like Jerome Bettis.
After the game, Betts was informed of the error and told Dan Steinberg of the DC Sports Bog:
"Actually, I do like Jerome Bettis, but I don't prefer to have his name on my back," he said. "I wasn't upset or anything. I think the equipment people felt bad, but I wasn't mad at them."
With his "I ain't mad at cha" attitude, Betts is like a modern day 2pac. Perhaps his understanding will result in a nice thankk ewe noat frum tha ekwipment staf.
Fail: Redskins' Ladell Betts has name misspelled on back of jersey - Shutdo... - NFL - Yahoo! Sports
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Homicide victim in Saline County identified
The Saline County Sheriff's Office has confirmed the identity of a dead body found off River Road on Sunday as 19-year-old Gregory Tyrone Pikes of Benton.
As of press time, no person(s) of interest have been named by authorities. The manner in which Pikes was killed was also not released as of press time.
Lt. Scotty Courtney, public information officer for the Saline County Sheriff's Office, said two people driving in a hunting lease off River Road in Haskell discovered the body. He said the investigation is on-going and anyone with information concerning this case are asked to call the Criminal Investigation Division at 501-303-5608.
Read Tuesday's edition of The Saline Courier for more information.


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MIAMI (AP) — Wildlife officials hope a competition will help raise awareness about Burmese pythons and get them out of public lands in South Florida.
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission announced Wednesday the 2013 Python Challenge. Python permit holders and the public will compete to see who can harvest the longest and the most Burmese pythons.
Wildlife officials say the goal is to help people understand why the nonnative species is a threat to the Everglades ecosystem, including native wildlife. Another goal is to collect information on the python population in South Florida and enhance research and management efforts.
The challenge kicks off Jan. 12.
Florida currently prohibits possession or sale of Burmese pythons for use as pets, and federal law bans the importation and interstate sale of this species.
(© Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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The Philips SDHC cards provide plenty of room to capture and store all your photos, videos, music and datas… safely. See all benefits
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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
The Buffalo Zoo's polar bear cub will be out on exhibit during public hours beginning Friday, March 29. Visitors to the Buffalo Zoo can view the now famous cub, nicknamed Luna, during limited viewing hours every day from 11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at the exotic domestic animals exhibit near the zoo's main entrance.
The cub's keepers have determined that she is now big enough to be outside on exhibit for short durations of time. They will continue to observe her progress and extend her time outside as she develops.
The Buffalo Zoo will continue to display a live video feed of the cub on a closed-circuit television in the M&T Bank Rainforest Falls exhibit from 1 until 3 p.m. until further notice.
The cub's schedule is subject to change, so any visitors who are interested in seeing the cub can call the zoo at 716-837-3900 to confirm when the cub will be on exhibit or video feed. The zoo will also continue to post regular updates on its Facebook page at http://www.Facebook.com/BuffaloZoo.
The Buffalo Zoo is located at 300 Parkside Ave., Buffalo. For more information, call 716-837-3900.


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A small, transparent and non-soundproof dome fixed on top of the Planet Express building in Futurama. Only ever seen in one scene in one episode, Professor Fansworth (supposedly) often goes in there to let off some steam. A truly pointless invention.
"If anyone needs me, I'll be in the angry dome."
by John Q Moron May 05, 2004
buy the domain for your pet site


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Locum Dentist
Oasis currently require aLocumNHS Dentist to work in our Tewkesbury practice.
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As a locum Dentist you'll be benefiting from a supportive practice team, a well-managed appointment book, locum to permanent opportunities, exceptional development and opportunities to take you as far as you want to go; and that's just to mention a few.


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Kurumba Maldives introduces new Executive Chef
Kurumba Maldives welcomes new Executive Chef Dave Minten to oversee its wide array of food outlets and private dining experience for the guests. With nine different restaurants to choose from, offering cuisine from all over the world including local specialties, Kurumba is a gourmet experience like none other in the Maldives.
Chef Dave Minten brings his wealth of knowledge and experience in creating pure cuisine experience and innovative cuisine from all over the world to Kurumba Maldives.
In his most recent assignment has been the Executive Chef at Shangrila Tanjung Aru Resort 8 Spa, Kota Kinabalu. Dave brings with him over 20 years of experience in food preparation, banquet and a la carte operations for leading hotels, resorts, food preparation and restaurants. Committed to creating a memorable dining experience for all guests, Dave had prepared private dinners for high end clients such as Diana von Furstenberg, Christian Louboutin and Sultan of Brunei. Apart from this, he was solely responsible for successfully preparing dinners for huge events such as Automobile flair in Maastrich, Wine dinner BANFl and many more worldwide events that hosted over 800 guests.
His passion to thrive on achieving goals for himself and his team, lead him to win honorable culinary awards such as Glaze Veal "cooking competition" 2003 in Netherlands, COPPA Dl YEREZ cooking competition 2002 , JAN HOGEVEEN trophy cooking competition and award Alliance Gastronomic Neerlandaise.
In addition to bringing in his expertise in creating French and Mediterranean cuisines, guests in Kurumba Maldives will also be able to enjoy his excellent wide range of food knowledge especially in Asian, Western Cuisine and modern fusion.


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Article source: wikipedia
In physics, energy (Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια energeia "activity, operation") is a quantity that is often understood as the ability a physical system has to dowork on other physical systems. Since work is defined as a force acting through a distance (a length of space), energy is always equivalent to the ability to exert pulls or pushes against the basic forces of nature, along a path of a certain length.
The total energy contained in an object is identified with its mass, and energy (like mass), cannot be created or destroyed. When matter (ordinary material particles) is changed into energy (such as energy of motion, or into radiation), the mass of the system does not change through the transformation process. However, there may be mechanistic limits as to how much of the matter in an object may be changed into other types of energy and thus into work, on other systems. Energy, like mass, is a scalar physical quantity. In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules, but in many fields other units, such as kilowatt-hours and kilo-calories, are customary. All of these units translate to units of work, which is always defined in terms of forces and the distances that the forces act through.
A system can transfer energy to another system by simply transferring matter to it (since matter is equivalent to energy, in accordance with its mass). However, when energy is transferred by means other than matter-transfer, the transfer produces changes in the second system, as a result of work done on it. This work manifests itself as the effect of force(s) applied through distances within the target system. For example, a system can emit energy to another by transferring (radiating) electromagnetic energy, but this creates forces upon the particles that absorb the radiation. Similarly, a system may transfer energy to another by physically impacting it, but that case the energy of motion in an object, called kinetic energy, results in forces acting over distances (new energy) to appear in another object that is struck. Transfer of thermal energy by heat occurs by both of these mechanisms: heat can be transferred by electromagnetic radiation, or by physical contact in which direct particle-particle impacts transfer kinetic energy.
Energy may be stored in systems without being present as matter, or as kinetic or electromagnetic energy. Stored energy is created whenever a particle has been moved through a field it interacts with (requiring a force to do so), but the energy to accomplish this is stored as a new position of the particles in the field—a configuration that must be "held" or fixed by a different type of force (otherwise, the new configuration would resolve itself by the field pushing or pulling the particle back toward its previous position). This type of energy "stored" by force-fields and particles that have been forced into a new physical configuration in the field by doing work on them by another system, is referred to as potential energy. A simple example of potential energy is the work needed to lift an object in a gravity field, up to a support. Each of the basic forces of nature is associated with a different type of potential energy, and all types of potential energy (like all other types of energy) appears as system mass, whenever present. For example, a compressed spring will be slightly more massive than before it was compressed. Likewise, whenever energy is transferred between systems by any mechanism, an associated mass is transferred with it.
Any form of energy may be transformed into another form. For example, all types of potential energy are converted into kinetic energy when the objects are given freedom to move to different position (as for example, when an object falls off a support). When energy is in a form other than thermal energy, it may be transformed with good or even perfect efficiency, to any other type of energy, including electricity or production of new particles of matter. With thermal energy, however, there are often limits to the efficiency of the conversion to other forms of energy, as described by the second law of thermodynamics.
In all such energy transformation processes, the total energy remains the same, and a transfer of energy from one system to another, results in a loss to compensate for any gain. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time. Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a seated passenger in a moving air plane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but non-zero kinetic energy (and higher total energy) relative to the Earth.
The word energy derives from the Greek ἐνέργεια energeia, which possibly appears for the first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th century BC.
The concept of energy emerged out of the idea of vis viva (living force), which Gottfried Leibniz defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter, a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. In 1807, Thomas Young was possibly the first to use the term "energy" instead of vis viva, in its modern sense. Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense, and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy". It was argued for some years whether energy was a substance (the caloric) or merely a physical quantity, such asmomentum.
William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) amalgamated all of these laws into the laws of thermodynamics, which aided in the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs, and Walther Nernst. It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan. During a 1961 lecture for undergraduate students at the California Institute of Technology, Richard Feynman, a celebrated physics teacher and Nobel Laureate, said this about the concept of energy: There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing all natural phenomena that are known to date. There is no known exception to this law—it is exact so far as we know. The law is called the conservation of energy. It states that there is a certain quantity, which we call energy, that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a numerical quantity which does not change when something happens. It is not a description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we can calculate some number and when we finish watching nature go through her tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same.
—The Feynman Lectures on Physics
Since 1918 it has been known that the law of conservation of energy is the direct mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate to energy, namely time. That is, energy is conserved because the laws of physics do not distinguish between different instants of time (see Noether's theorem).
The concept of energy and its transformations is useful in explaining and predicting most natural phenomena. The direction of transformations in energy (what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind) is often described by entropy (equal energy spread among all available degrees of freedom) considerations, as in practice all energy transformations are permitted on a small scale, but certain larger transformations are not permitted because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces. The concept of energy is widespread in all sciences.
In the context of chemistry, energy is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of its atomic, molecular or aggregate structure. Since a chemical transformation is accompanied by a change in one or more of these kinds of structure, it is invariably accompanied by an increase or decrease of energy of the substances involved. Some energy is transferred between the surroundings and the reactants of the reaction in the form of heat or light; thus the products of a reaction may have more or less energy than the reactants. A reaction is said to be exergonic if the final state is lower on the energy scale than the initial state; in the case of endergonic reactions the situation is the reverse. Chemical reactions are invariably not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy. The speed of a chemical reaction (at given temperature T) is related to the activation energy E, by the Boltzmann's population factor e−E/kT – that is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T. This exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature is known as the Arrhenius equation.The activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction can be in the form of thermal energy.
In biology, energy is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism. Within an organism it is responsible for growth and development of a biological cell or an organelle of a biological organism. Energy is thus often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates (including sugars), lipids, and proteins, which release energy when reacted with oxygen in respiration. In human terms, the human equivalent (H-e) (Human energy conversion) indicates, for a given amount of energy expenditure, the relative quantity of energy needed for humanmetabolism, assuming an average human energy expenditure of 12,500kJ per day and a basal metabolic rate of 80 watts. For example, if our bodies run (on average) at 80 watts, then a light bulb running at 100 watts is running at 1.25 human equivalents (100 ÷ 80) i.e. 1.25 H-e. For a difficult task of only a few seconds' duration, a person can put out thousands of watts, many times the 746 watts in one official horsepower. For tasks lasting a few minutes, a fit human can generate perhaps 1,000 watts. For an activity that must be sustained for an hour, output drops to around 300; for an activity kept up all day, 150 watts is about the maximum. The human equivalent assists understanding of energy flows in physical and biological systems by expressing energy units in human terms: it provides a "feel" for the use of a given amount of energy.
In geology, continental drift, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the Earth's interior., while meteorological phenomena likewind, rain, hail, snow, lightning, tornadoes and hurricanes, are all a result of energy transformations brought about by solar energy on the atmosphere of the planet Earth.
In cosmology and astronomy the phenomena of stars, nova, supernova, quasars and gamma ray bursts are the universe's highest-output energy transformations of matter. All stellar phenomena (including solar activity) are driven by various kinds of energy transformations. Energy in such transformations is either from gravitational collapse of matter (usually molecular hydrogen) into various classes of astronomical objects (stars, black holes, etc.), or from nuclear fusion (of lighter elements, primarily hydrogen).
Energy transformations in the universe over time are characterized by various kinds of potential energy that has been available since the Big Bang, later being "released" (transformed to more active types of energy such as kinetic or radiant energy), when a triggering mechanism is available. Familiar examples of such processes include nuclear decay, in which energy is released that was originally "stored" in heavy isotopes (such as uranium and thorium), by nucleosynthesis, a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy released from the gravitational collapse of supernovae, to store energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth. This energy is triggered and released in nuclear fission bombs. In a slower process, radioactive decay of these atoms in the core of the Earth releases heat. This thermal energy drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains, via orogenesis. This slow lifting represents a kind of gravitational potential energy storage of the thermal energy, which may be later released to active kinetic energy in landslides, after a triggering event. Earthquakes also release stored elastic potential energy in rocks, a store that has been produced ultimately from the same radioactive heat sources. Thus, according to present understanding, familiar events such as landslides and earthquakes release energy that has been stored as potential energy in the Earth's gravitational field or elastic strain (mechanical potential energy) in rocks. Prior to this, they represent release of energy that has been stored in heavy atoms since the collapse of long-destroyed supernova stars created these atoms.
In another similar chain of transformations beginning at the dawn of the universe, nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun also releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang. At that time, according to theory, space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements. This meant that hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by fusion. Such a fusion process is triggered by heat and pressure generated from gravitational collapse of hydrogen clouds when they produce stars, and some of the fusion energy is then transformed into sunlight. Such sunlight from our Sun may again be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement. Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an electron acceptor, to release the energy of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action.
Through all of these transformation chains, potential energy stored at the time of the Big Bang is later released by intermediate events, sometimes being stored in a number of ways over time between releases, as more active energy. In all these events, one kind of energy is converted to other types of energy, including heat.
Energy is subject to the law of conservation of energy. According to this law, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed.
Most kinds of energy (with gravitational energy being a notable exception)] are subject to strict local conservation laws as well. In this case, energy can only be exchanged between adjacent regions of space, and all observers agree as to the volumetric density of energy in any given space. There is also a global law of conservation of energy, stating that the total energy of the universe cannot change; this is a corollary of the local law, but not vice versa. Conservation of energy is the mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time (that is, the indistinguishability of time intervals taken at different time) - seeNoether's theorem.
According to energy conservation law the total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. This law is a fundamental principle of physics. It follows from the translational symmetry of time, a property of most phenomena below the cosmic scale that makes them independent of their locations on the time coordinate. Put differently, yesterday, today, and tomorrow are physically indistinguishable.
This is because energy is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time. This mathematical entanglement of energy and time also results in the uncertainty principle - it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval. The uncertainty principle should not be confused with energy conservation - rather it provides mathematical limits to which energy can in principle be defined and measured.
In quantum mechanics energy is expressed using the Hamiltonian operator. On any time scales, the uncertainty in the energy is by ΔEΔt=h/2 which is similar in form to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (but not really mathematically equivalent thereto, since H and t are not dynamically conjugate variables, neither in classical nor in quantum mechanics).
In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.
In the context of physical sciences, several forms of energy have been defined. These include:
Thermal energy, thermal energy in transit is called heat
Chemical energy
Electrical energy
Radiant energy, the energy of electromagnetic radiation
Nuclear energy
Magnetic energy
Elastic energy
Sound energy
Mechanical energy
Luminous energy
These forms of energy may be divided into two main groups; kinetic energy and potential energy. Other familiar types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. Energy may be transformed between these forms, some with 100% energy conversion efficiency and others with less. Items that transform between these forms are called transducers.
The above list of the known possible forms of energy is not necessarily complete. Whenever physical scientists discover that a certain phenomenon appears to violate the law of energy conservation, new forms may be added, as is the case with dark energy, a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to increase the rate of expansion of the universe.
Classical mechanics distinguishes between potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object, and kinetic energy, which is a function of its movement. Both position and movement are relative to a frame of reference, which must be specified: this is often (and originally) an arbitrary fixed point on the surface of the Earth, the terrestrial frame of reference. It has been attempted to categorize all forms of energy as either kinetic or potential: this is not incorrect, but neither is it clear that it is a real simplification, as Feynman points out:These notions of potential and kinetic energy depend on a notion of length scale. For example, one can speak of macroscopic potential and kinetic energy, which do not include thermal potential and kinetic energy. Also what is called chemical potential energy (below) is a macroscopic notion, and closer examination shows that it is really the sum of the potential and kinetic energy on the atomic and subatomic scale. Similar remarks apply to nuclear "potential" energy and most other forms of energy. This dependence on length scale is non-problematic if the various length scales are decoupled, as is often the case ... but confusion can arise when different length scales are coupled, for instance when friction converts macroscopic work into microscopic thermal energy.
Geothermal Heat energy from underground.
The centre of the Earth is around 6000 degrees Celsius - easily hot enough to melt rock. Even a few kilometres down, the temperature can be over 250 degrees Celsius if the Earth's crust is thin. In general, the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 30 - 50 metres you go down, but this does vary depending on location.Geothermal vent.Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam. We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which drive electric generators.There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them.Geothermal energy is an important resource in volcanically active places such as Iceland and New Zealand.How useful it is depends on how hot the water gets. This depends on how hot the rocks were to start with, and how much water we pump down to them.
Hydroelectric Energy from falling water.
A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators. The dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top, because the pressure of the water increases with depth. Hydro-electric power stations can produce a great deal of power very cheaply.Although there are many suitable sites around the world, hydro-electric dams are very expensive to build. However, once the station is built, the water comes free of charge, and there is no waste or pollution.
Tidal power
The tide moves a huge amount of water twice each day, and harnessing it could provide a great deal of energy - around 20% of Britain's needs.Although the energy supply is reliable and plentiful, converting it into useful electrical power is not easy. These work rather like a hydro-electric scheme, except that the dam is much bigger.A huge dam (called a "barrage") is built across a river estuary. When the tide goes in and out, the water flows through tunnels in the dam.The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a turbine, or it can be used to push air through a pipe, which then turns a turbine. Large lock gates, like the ones used on canals, allow ships to pass.
Wave power There are several methods of getting energy from waves.One of them works like a swimming pool wave machine in reverse.At a swimming pool, air is blown in and out of a chamber beside the pool, which makes the water outside bob up and down, causing waves. At a wave power station, the waves arriving cause the water in the chamber to rise and fall, which means that air is forced in and out of the hole in the top of the chamber.We place a turbine in this hole, which is turned by the air rushing in and out.The turbine turns a generator.A problem with this design is that the rushing air can be very noisy, unless a silencer is fitted to the turbine.The noise is not a huge problem anyway, as the waves make quite a bit of noise themselves.
1.A company called Ocean Power Delivery are developing a method of offshore wave energy collection, using a floating tube called "Pelamis".This long, hinged tube (about the size of 5 railway carriages) bobs up and down in the waves, as the hinges bend they pump hydraulic fluid which drives generators. 2.Another company is called Renewable Energy Holdings. Their idea for generating wave power (called "CETO") uses underwater equipment on the sea bed near the coast. Waves passing across the top of the unit make a piston move, which pumps seawater to drive generators on land. They're also involved with wind power and biofuel. 3.The Oyster wave energy device. The action of the waves moves the device, pumping hydraulic fluid to a shore station to drive a generator.
More ideas about how to extract energy from waves are being proposed all the time. This page only shows a few examples.
Advantages: - The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced. - Not expensive to operate and maintain. - Can produce a great deal of energy.
Energy from the sun.Just the tiny fraction of the Sun's energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet all our power needs many times over.In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth to meet our demands for a whole year - if only we could harness it properly.There are three main ways that we use the Sun's energy:
1.Solar Cells, really called "photovoltaic", "PV" or "photoelectric" cells that convert light directly into electricity. In a sunny climate, you can get enough power to run a 100W light bulb from just one square metre of solar panel. This was originally developed in order to provide electricity for satellites, but these days many of us own calculators powered by solar cells.
2.Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof.Water is pumped through pipes in the panel. The pipes are painted black, so they get hotter when the Sun shines on them. The water is pumped in at the bottom so that convection helps the flow of hot water out of the top.
3.Solar Furnaces use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures.There's one at Odeillo, in France, used for scientific experiments. It can achieve temperatures up to 3,000 degrees Celsius.
Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution.
In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get electricity to a remote place.
Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers, or for helping your home energy bills.
Energy from splitting Uranium atoms.
Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world. The first large-scale nuclear power station opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England, in 1956. Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines.Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needs.
Nuclear power stations work in pretty much the same way as fossil fuel-burning stations, except that a "chain reaction" inside a nuclear reactor makes the heat instead.The reactor uses Uranium rods as fuel, and the heat is generated by nuclear fission: neutrons smash into the nucleus of the uranium atoms, which split roughly in half and release energy in the form of heat.Carbon dioxide gas or water is pumped through the reactor to take the heat away, this then heats water to make steam.The steam drives turbines which drive generators.
Although not much waste is produced, it is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many thousands of years to allow the radioactivity to die away. For all that time it must be kept safe from earthquakes, flooding, terrorists and everything else. This is difficult.
Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of money has to be spent on safety - if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a major disaster.
Fossil fuels
Energy from fossilised organic materials.
Coal, oil and gas are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
Coal provides around 28% of our energy, and oil provides 40%. Burning coal produces sulphur dioxide, an acidic gas that contributes to the formation of acid rain. This can be largely avoided using "flue gas desulphurisation" to clean up the gases before they are released into the atmosphere. This method uses limestone, and produces gypsum for the building industry as a by-product. However, it uses a lot of limestone. Crude oil (called "petroleum") is easier to get out of the ground than coal, as it can flow along pipes. This also makes it cheaper to transport. Natural gas provides around 20% of the world's consumption of energy, and as well as being burnt in power stations, is used by many people to heat their homes. It is easy to transport along pipes, and gas power stations produce comparatively little pollution.
Basically, the main drawback of fossil fuels is pollution. Burning any fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide, which contributes to the "greenhouse effect", warming the Earth.
Burning coal produces more carbon dioxide than burning oil or gas. It also produces sulphur dioxide, a gas that contributes to acid rain. We can reduce this before releasing the waste gases into the atmosphere.
Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.
Coal-fired power stations need huge amounts of fuel, which means train-loads of coal almost constantly. In order to cope with changing demands for power, the station needs reserves. This means covering a large area of countryside next to the power station with piles of coal.
Electricity - production: 593.4 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 8
Electricity - consumption: 547.3 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 7
Electricity - exports: 61.7 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports: 41.67 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production: 156,800 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 45
Oil - consumption: 2.437 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 8
Oil - exports: 536,600 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 28
Oil - imports: 2.862 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 7
Oil - proved reserves: 276 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 55
Natural gas - production: 15.29 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 34
Natural gas - consumption: 96.26 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 5
Natural gas - exports: 12.64 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 16
Natural gas - imports: 94.57 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 2
Natural gas - proved reserves: 175.6 billion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 47
energy consumption
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BERLIN = 6.1 Mwt/h
How much energy consuming by appliances?
Refrigerator (300 liters): 240 - 320 kW • h / year
Washing machine (5 kg load, 60 ° C): 0,85 - 1,05 kW • h per cycle
An electric clothes dryer (7 kg load): 2,4 - 4,4 kW • h per cycle
Electric stove with oven: gas burner (diameter 145-180 mm) 1 - 2,3 kW • h, hour;oven (200 ° C): 0,9 - 1,1 kW • h per hour
Tea (for cooking 8-12 cups): 0,8 - 1,2 kW • h
Computer: 0,1 - 0,5 kW • h
TV (82 cm LCD): 0,1 - 0,2 kW • h
Incandescent lamp: 60 kW • h
Energy Saving Fluorescent Lamp: 16 kW • h
Fees - the cost of utilities, electricity and gas in Berlin (Germany) in 2010
Gas - 0.09 euros per kWh
electro - 0,09 EUR per kWh
Central - 0,08 euro per kWh
Coal - 0,07 euro per rDx
Electricity - production: 535.7 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 9
Electricity - consumption: 447.2 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 9
Electricity - exports: 58.69 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports: 10.68 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production: 70,820 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 57
Oil - consumption: 1.875 million bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 13
Oil - exports: 597,800 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 24
Oil - imports: 2.386 million bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 9
Oil - proved reserves: 101.2 million bbl (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 68
Natural gas - production: 877 million cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 64
Natural gas - consumption: 44.84 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 19
Natural gas - exports: 1.931 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 34
Natural gas - imports: 45.85 billion cu m (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 5
Natural gas - proved reserves: 7.079 billion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 83
energy consumption
Energy consumption in Paris = 5.6 Mwt/h
How much energy consuming by appliances?
Refrigerator (300 liters): 240 - 320 kW • h / year
Washing machine (5 kg load, 60 ° C): 0,85 - 1,05 kW • h per cycle
An electric clothes dryer (7 kg load): 2,4 - 4,4 kW • h per cycle
Electric stove with oven: gas burner (diameter 145-180 mm) 1 - 2,3 kW • h, hour;oven (200 ° C): 0,9 - 1,1 kW • h per hour
Tea (for cooking 8-12 cups): 0,8 - 1,2 kW • h
Computer: 0,1 - 0,5 kW • h
TV (82 cm LCD): 0,1 - 0,2 kW • h
Incandescent lamp: 60 kW • h
Energy Saving Fluorescent Lamp: 16 kW • h
Fees - the cost of utilities, electricity and gas in Paris (France) in 2010
Gas - 0.083 euros per kWh
electro - 0,09 EUR per kWh
Central - 0,08 euro per kWh
Coal - 0,07 euro per rDx
This easy-to-use resource is available to help you research economic data relating to Paris Region and its key advantages. The maps showing region's with rich potential such as renewable energies /major enterprise/; water, waste, air /major facilities/, eco business companies – cleaner land
the interactive economic map of Paris Region
To tackle environmental and global warming challenges, the City of Paris unanimously voted a plan to combat greenhouse gas emissions generated by various activities in Paris: the Paris Climate Protection Plan. This strong commitment is based on a "factor 4" approach and aims to result in 75% less greenhouse gas emissions from its own activities and those in Paris by 2050 compared to 2004.
In addition to the initiatives planned for its building stock and street lighting, the City intends to exercise its full powers as the granting authority for the public distribution of energy in Paris, with regard to the various concession holders, to cut consumption and increase the share of renewable energy. Four energy sources have been targeted: electricity, gas, district heating and cooling networks.
The City of Paris will apply the general objectives of the Climate Protection Plan in all its operations and is already targeting carbon neutrality for its major development operations. The agreement on a 20% bonus on the Coefficient d'Occupation des Sols (land-use coefficient) was been incorporated in the Climate Protection Plan as part of the PLU (local urban-planning plan) to construct very energy-efficient housing or buildings with renewable energy production facilities (solar or photovoltaic panels, heat pumps, etc.).
The Climate Protection Plan includes measures recommended in the Paris Transport Plan that must bring about reductions in the greenhouse gas emissions from Paris traffic in particular. The City intends to set standards for transport and municipal travel. By setting up a Plan de Déplacement de l'Administration Parisienne (a travel plan for City of Paris staff), it furthers its action undertaken on its fleet of vehicles: reducing the number of vehicles, using more energy efficient vehicles that consume less fuel and pollute less, using hybrid or electric vehicles.
The City has undertaken a responsible procurement approach that aims to purchase the most "eco-responsible" products, facilities or services (recycled, recyclable, efficient, "clean"), to manage supply stocks and equipment as efficiently as possible (no wastage, making products last) and to advise departments, users and elected representatives on the best "sustainable" practices. At the same time, the City has developed waste screening at source in all districts. As part of the Climate Protection Plan, it is targeting a 15% reduction in Paris's waste production by 2020. This target involves changing consumer habits, continuing to develop waste sorting, promoting a culture of re-use, improving professional practices and an improved recovery of waste. SYCTOM, the company in charge of processing waste from Paris and its outskirts, will also develop waste mechanization projects. Lastly, the City of Paris would like to act before the distribution of oil-based plastic bags is banned, set by regulation for 1 January 2010, by drawing up a charter with the relevant professionals.
In addition to the initiatives planned to cut greenhouse gas emissions, the backbone of the Climate Protection Plan, a strategy to help our society adjust to climate change is necessary. Examples are the heat-wave plan, adapting buildings, planting Paris (i.e. creating green areas, roof and wall gardens and community gardens), the flood prevention plan and carbon offsetting.
As preparation for drawing up a climate stabilization strategy, the City of Paris launched a study in 2004 to calculate the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by its own services and the different players located in the Paris region. Paris is the first major city to test and pilot the carbon calculator, Bilan CarboneTM, developed by ADEME (the French agency for environment and energy management) to calculate the greenhouse gases emitted by a local authority and the area it administers.
• Carbon footprint, visitors excluded The audit provided a deeper understanding of the Paris region's environmental impact and helped planners rank and focus ideas for developing the Climate Protection Plan. Setting aside tourism, three sectors are responsible for 80% of the Paris region's carbon footprint: energy consumption in buildings, passenger transport and goods transport.
• Buildings: 1.75 million tCe, or 6.4 million tCO2e* Buildings in Paris use close to 35 000 GWh of power a year, equivalent to the annual output of four nuclear power stations. This total embraces the energy consumption of residential, tertiary and commercial premises (for heating, electricity and hot water production). This substantial figure of 6.4 million tCO2e 1 is due in part to the fact that the buildings in Paris are generally old and poorly insulated, resulting in high energy consumption. The tertiary sector is another big user of energy for heating, lighting and now air conditioning.
• Passenger transport: 1.75 million tCe, or 6.4 million tCO2e The transport sector, being heavily oil dependent, is a high-greenhouse-gas emitting sector. Transporting Paris's residents, workers and people in transit (including by air) generates 6.4 million tons of CO2, despite an extremely dense and efficient public transport network (including taxis) that emits only 100 000 tons of carbon (367 000 tCO2e) for the 3 billion people it transports per year.
• Goods transport: 1.75 million tCe, or 6.4 million tCO2e Every year, over 30 million tons of goods enter or leave Paris. Transporting goods that are either used in Paris or transit through its logistics platforms generates over 6.4 million tCO2e. This estimate includes emissions generated directly from the supply point, which is often a long way away from Paris. In addition to the above, there are also emissions from other activities.
• Consumption and waste: 1.3 million tCe, or 4.8 million tCO2e This item includes emissions resulting from the manufacture or production of all manufactured or food products consumed by Parisians, as well as disposal of the waste they generate. Unfortunately, for figures in this area to be absolutely accurate, we would need to hold data on the full range of products consumed by Parisians (food, home appliances, furniture, computer and electronic equipment, etc.), along with an audit of the greenhouse gas emissions entailed in producing each of these products. Because such a complete set of figures is not available, this item is probably underestimated. Even without these missing figures, emissions came to 4.8 million tCO2e.
• Other items: 0.035 million tCe, or 0.13 million tCO2e The "industry" item is extremely low. Only one Parisian industry is registered in the Plan National d'Allocation des Quotas de CO2 (the national CO2 allowance allocation plan), namely Compagnie Parisienne de Chauffage Urbain (CPCU). This is a steam network operated as a concession from the city administration and which supplies district heating to 400 000 Parisian homes. Its emissions are low because it produces heat by incinerating household waste and at two cogeneration plants, thereby reducing its consumption of fossil energy and increasing the network's efficiency.Paris's woods also constitute two 3000 tCe carbon sinks, as plants absorb carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Parks and gardens are deemed to be carbon neutral because the emissions entailed in their upkeep are offset by the emissions absorbed by the plants they contain.
Visitor-generated emissions: 4.4million tCe, or 16.2 million tCO2e
Carbon Audit of the City of Paris administration A total of 253 000 tCO2e are emitted annually by municipal services.
City of Paris vehicle emissions
Main objectives of the Paris Climate Protection Plan
Electricity - production: 925.9 billion kWh (2009) country comparison to the world: 5
Electricity - consumption: 857.6 billion kWh (2009) country comparison to the world: 5
Electricity - exports: 17.7 billion kWh (2009 est.)
Electricity - imports: 3.066 billion kWh (2009)
Oil - production: 10.12 million bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 1
Oil - consumption: 2.74 million bbl/day (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 6
Oil - exports: 5.43 million bbl/day (2009) country comparison to the world: 2
Oil - imports: 42,000 bbl/day (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 94
Oil - proved reserves: 74.2 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 8
Natural gas - production: 583.6 billion cu m (2009) country comparison to the world: 2
Natural gas - consumption: 439.6 billion cu m (2009) country comparison to the world: 3
Natural gas - exports: 179.1 billion cu m (2009) country comparison to the world: 1
Natural gas - imports: 35.1 billion cu m (2009) country comparison to the world: 8
Natural gas - proved reserves: 47.57 trillion cu m (1 January 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 1
energy consumption
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN MOSCOW = 15.1 Mwt/h
How much energy consuming by appliances?
Refrigerator (300 liters): 240 - 320 kW • h / year
Washing machine (5 kg load, 60 ° C): 0,85 - 1,05 kW • h per cycle
An electric clothes dryer (7 kg load): 2,4 - 4,4 kW • h per cycle
Electric stove with oven: gas burner (diameter 145-180 mm) 1 - 2,3 kW • h, hour;oven (200 ° C): 0,9 - 1,1 kW • h per hour
Tea (for cooking 8-12 cups): 0,8 - 1,2 kW • h
Computer: 0,1 - 0,5 kW • h
TV (82 cm LCD): 0,1 - 0,2 kW • h
Incandescent lamp: 60 kW • h
Energy Saving Fluorescent Lamp: 16 kW • h
Fees - the cost of utilities, electricity and gas in Moscow (Russia) in 2010
Gas - 0.009 euros per kWh
electro - 0,035 EUR per kWh
Central - 0,012 euro per kWh
Coal - 0,095 euro per rDx


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