text:
Legal Status
Proposed Rule
Document Details
Published Document
Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
Notice of 12-month petition finding.
We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), announce a 12-month finding for a petition to list the Washington population of western sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus phaios) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). We find that the petitioned action is warranted, but precluded by higher priority listing actions. We will develop a proposed Start Printed Page 22985rule to list this population segment pursuant to our Listing Priority Guidance (LPG). We made this finding in accordance with a court-approved settlement in the case of Northwest Ecosystem Alliance v. Babbitt (No. 00-520-EAS(D.D.C)).
The finding announced in this document was made on April 30, 2001.
Submit information, comments, or questions concerning this petition finding to the Supervisor, Upper Columbia Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 11103 East Montgomery Drive, Spokane, Washington 99206. The petition, administrative finding, supporting information, and comments received are available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address.Start Further Info
Chris Warren, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, at the above address, by phone at (509) 891-6839, facsimile at (509) 891-6748, or electronic mail at firstname.lastname@example.com Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information
Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Act), as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.), requires that, for any petition that contains substantial information, we conduct a status review and make a finding within 12 months of the date of receipt of the petition on whether the petitioned action is: (a) not warranted, (b) warranted, or (c) warranted but precluded from immediate proposal by other pending proposals of higher priority. Upon making a 12-month finding, we must promptly publish such notice in the Federal Register.
On May 28, 1999, we received a petition, dated May 14, 1999, from the Northwest Ecosystem Alliance, Bellingham, Washington, and Biodiversity Legal Foundation, Boulder, Colorado. The petitioners requested that the Washington population of western sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus phaios) be listed as threatened or endangered under the Act. The petition clearly identified itself as such and contained the names, addresses, and signatures of the petitioning organizations' representatives. Accompanying the petition was information relating to the taxonomy, ecology, threats, and the past and present distribution of western sage grouse.
The petitioners requested listing of the Washington population of western sage grouse based upon threats to the population and its isolation from the remainder of the taxon, and they provided biological and ecological support for this argument. We considered this request appropriate because, while we do not base listing decisions on political subdivisions other than international boundaries, we must consider for listing under the Act any population of vertebrate taxa (species or subspecies) if it can be recognized as a distinct population segment (DPS) (61 FR 4722). The criteria under which we recognize DPSs are based upon the population's discreteness from the remainder of the taxon and its significance to the taxon to which it belongs. Therefore, our status review considered the population segment of western sage grouse in Washington as it relates to the remainder of the taxon.
In July, 2000, the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) recognized sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) by the common name of greater sage grouse. In addition, the AOU recognized sage grouse inhabiting southwestern Colorado and extreme southeastern Utah as a congeneric species (C. minimus), referred to as Gunnison sage grouse (AOU 2000). The western subspecies of greater sage grouse (C. u. phaios) was first described in 1946 (Aldrich 1946) and was recognized by the AOU in 1957 (AOU 1957). Compared to the eastern subspecies (C. u. urophasianus), western sage grouse have reduced white markings and darker grayish-brown feathering, resulting in a more dusky overall appearance. We adopted the above nomenclature and recognized ranges of these taxa for this finding.
We condensed information regarding the description and natural history of greater sage grouse from the following sources—Aldrich 1963, Dalke et al. 1963, Johnsgard 1973, Connelly et al. 1988, Fischer et al. 1993, Drut 1994, WDFW 1995, Western Sage and Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse Workshop (WSCSGW) 1996 and 1998, and Schroeder et al. 1999.
Grouse are gallinaceous (chicken-like, ground-nesting) birds, and greater sage grouse are the largest North American grouse species. Males and females have dark grayish-brown body plumage with many small gray and white speckles, fleshy yellow combs over the eyes, long pointed tails, and dark-green toes. Males also have blackish chin and throat feathers, specialized erectile feathers at the back of the head and neck, and white feathers around the neck and upper belly. During breeding displays, males also exhibit patches of bare, olive-green skin on their breasts.
Greater sage grouse depend on shrub steppe habitats throughout their life cycle, and are particularly tied to several species of sagebrush (Artemesia spp.). Adult greater sage grouse rely on sagebrush throughout much of the year to provide roosting cover and food, and depend almost exclusively on sagebrush for food during the winter. A wide variety of forbs (broad-leaved herbaceous plants) are also used by greater sage grouse during the spring and summer periods. Greater sage grouse hens require sufficient forb abundance for their pre-laying and nesting periods, and an assortment of forb and insect species form important nutritional components for chicks during the early stages of development. Greater sage grouse may disperse up to 160 kilometers (km) (100 miles (mi)) between seasonal use areas, however, average movements are generally less than 35 km (21 mi).
During the spring breeding season, male greater sage grouse gather together and perform courtship displays on relatively open areas called leks. Leks are often surrounded by more dense shrub steppe cover where males and females may disperse to roost or escape predators during the breeding season. Males defend individual territories within leks and perform elaborate displays with their specialized plumage and vocalizations to attract females for mating. Relatively few, dominant males account for the majority of breeding on a given lek.
Females typically select nest sites under sagebrush cover, although other vegetation is sometimes used. The simple nests consist of scrapes on the ground, which are sometimes lined with feathers and vegetation. Clutch sizes range from 6 to 13 eggs, and females may renest with loss of their first clutch. Nest success ranges from 10 to 63 percent and is relatively low compared to other prairie grouse species. Chicks begin to fly at 2 to 3 weeks of age and broods remain together for up to 12 weeks. Shrub canopy and the cover provided by grasses and forbs act to conceal nesting hens and their broods.
The annual mortality rate for greater sage grouse is roughly 50 to 55 percent, which is relatively low compared to other prairie grouse species. Most juvenile mortality occurs during nesting and the chicks' flightless stage and is due primarily to predation or severe weather conditions. Up to 50 percent of all greater sage grouse mortality is caused by predation, from both avian (e.g., hawks, eagles, and ravens) and ground (e.g., coyotes, badgers, and ground squirrels) predators.
Historically, greater sage grouse occurred in 12 States and 3 Canadian provinces (after Schroeder et al. 1999); Start Printed Page 22986their range extended from southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada, south to northwestern Colorado, west to eastern California, Oregon, and Washington, and north to southern British Columbia, Canada. Range-wide, the distribution of greater sage grouse has declined in a number of areas. Currently, greater sage grouse occur in 11 States and 2 Canadian provinces; they were extirpated from Nebraska and British Columbia (after Braun 1998). There have also been considerable declines in the abundance of greater sage grouse from historic levels (Hornaday 1916, Crawford and Lutz 1985, Drut 1994, WDFW 1995, Coggins and Crawford 1996, Braun 1998, Schroeder et al. 1999, among others).
The historic distribution of western sage grouse extended from south-central British Columbia southward throughout eastern Washington and Oregon, except in extreme southeastern Oregon near the Idaho/Nevada borders (Figure 1). Populations in northern California and western Nevada are thought to represent an intermediate form between the western and eastern subspecies of greater sage grouse (AOU 1957, Aldrich 1963). Currently, western sage grouse occupy central and southern Oregon and two relatively small areas in central Washington.Start Printed Page 22987 Start Printed Page 22988
Except for Wallowa County, western sage grouse were distributed throughout the sagebrush-dominated habitats of eastern Oregon until the early 1900s (Gabrielson and Jewett 1940). By 1920, western sage grouse populations had decreased and the birds were considered scarce except for areas in central and southern Oregon (Gabrielson and Jewett 1940, Drut 1994). Presently, Malheur, Harney, and Lake Counties harbor the bulk of greater sage grouse in Oregon (roughly 24,000 to 58,000 birds, both subspecies combined), with the balance of Oregon's western sage grouse population (roughly 3,000 to 8,000 birds) split among Baker, Crook, Deschutes, Grant, Klamath, Union, and Wheeler Counties (after Willis et al. 1993).
Historically, western sage grouse in Washington ranged from Oroville in the north, west along the Cascade foothills, east to the Spokane River, and south to the Oregon border (Yocom 1956). Historic references indicate there were large numbers of western sage grouse in Washington (in Sveum 1995 and WDFW 1995), and annual State harvests averaged roughly 1,800 birds from 1951 to 1973. Harvest rates declined from 1974 (n = 900) to 1987 (n = 18), and Washington closed the hunting season in 1988 (WDFW 1995). Western sage grouse currently occupy approximately 10 percent of their historic distribution in the State. There are two subpopulations of western sage grouse remaining in Washington, totaling approximately 1,000 birds (WSGWG 1998). The northern subpopulation occurs primarily on private and State-owned lands in Douglas County (roughly 650 birds); the southern subpopulation occurs at the Yakima Training Center (YTC), administered by the U.S. Department of the Army (Army), in Kittitas and Yakima Counties (roughly 350 birds).
Rough estimates, based on the historic distribution of western sage grouse (after WDFW 2000) and contemporary density projections (Johnsgard 1973; Drut et al. 1994a; WDFW 1995; Schroeder, WDFW, pers. comm. 1999), indicate that there may have been between 200,000 and 2,000,000 western sage grouse historically. Using best- and worst-case scenarios, western sage grouse abundance has declined between 66 percent and 99 percent from historic levels, respectively.
Previous Federal Action
We added the western sage grouse to our candidate species list on September 18, 1985, as a category 2 species (50 FR 37958). Category 2 species were those for which we possessed information indicating that a proposal to list as endangered or threatened was possibly appropriate, but for which conclusive data on biological vulnerability and threats were not available to support a proposed rule. On February 28, 1996, we discontinued the designation of category 2 species as candidates for listing under the Act (61 FR 7596).
In 1992, we entered into a voluntary Conservation Agreement with the Army and the WDFW for western sage grouse occurring at the YTC. The Conservation Agreement expired April 30, 2000. Efforts to update and implement a revised Conservation Agreement for western sage grouse throughout Washington are ongoing.
We published a 90-day finding for the subject petition on August 24, 2000 (65 FR 51578), which concluded that substantial information was available to indicate that the petitioned action may be warranted and that a status review would commence. The original public comment period ended October 23, 2000, but was reopened on January 9, 2001 until February 16, 2001, to provide additional opportunity for input from interested parties (66 FR 1632). This 12-month finding is made in accordance with a court-ordered settlement in the case of Northwest Alliance v. Babbitt (No. 00-520-EAS(D.D.C.)), which requires us to complete a finding by May 1, 2001.
Distinct Population Segment Review
Under the Act, we must consider for listing any species, subspecies, or, for vertebrates, any DPS of these taxa if there is sufficient information to indicate that such action may be warranted. To implement the measures prescribed by the Act and its Congressional guidance, we (along with the National Marine Fisheries Service) developed policy that addresses the recognition of DPSs for potential listing actions (61 FR 4722). The policy allows for more refined application of the Act that better reflects the biological needs of the taxon being considered and avoids the inclusion of entities that do not require its protective measures.
Under our DPS policy, we use two elements to assess whether a population segment under consideration for listing may be recognized as a DPS. The elements are: (1) The population segment's discreteness from the remainder of the taxon; and (2) the population segment's significance to the taxon to which it belongs. If we determine that a population segment being considered for listing represents a DPS, then the level of threat to the population segment is evaluated based on the five listing factors established by the Act to determine if listing it as either threatened or endangered is warranted.
Below, we assess the population segment of western sage grouse that remains in Washington under our DPS policy.
Discreteness—A population segment of a vertebrate species may be considered discrete if it satisfies either one of the following two conditions: (1) It is markedly separated from other populations of the same taxon as a consequence of physical, physiological, ecological, or behavioral factors. Quantitative measures of genetic or morphological discontinuity may provide evidence of this separation. (2) It is delimited by international governmental boundaries within which differences in control of exploitation, management of habitat, conservation status, or regulatory mechanisms exist that are significant with regard to conservation of the taxon. We did not address the international boundary criterion in this 12-month petition finding because western sage grouse have been extirpated from British Columbia.
The two subpopulations of western sage grouse that remain in central Washington are separated by approximately 55 km (34 mi). While this distance is well within the species' maximum estimated dispersal distance, a number of recent telemetry studies have never documented their intermixing (Schroeder pers. comm. 1999; Pounds, YTC, pers. comm. 1999). However, until recently, the two subpopulations were considered relatively continuous and may now represent isolated components of a single metapopulation (WDFW 1995, Schroeder et al. 2000). In addition, sporadic sightings outside current concentrations indicate there may be some minimal interaction and, possibly, genetic interchange between them (WDFW 1995).
The next closest western sage grouse to the population in Washington are located over 185 km (115 mi) to the south, in central Oregon. Historically, there was a greater level of continuity and interaction between the population segments of western sage grouse in these two regions (Drut 1994). However, bottlenecks in the distribution of western sage grouse may have existed historically across central Oregon (Figure 1). In this area, western sage grouse range is confined to relatively narrow corridors of lower elevation, shrub steppe habitats that transect higher elevation, forested habitats. In addition, the shrub steppe habitats and land forms found in central Oregon may further restrict western sage grouse Start Printed Page 22989distribution within this region (see below).
It is currently unclear to what extent the restrictions of shrub steppe habitats in central Oregon may have acted to isolate population segments of western sage grouse historically. Nevertheless, with regard to western sage grouse seasonal movements, dispersal behavior, and recent census information (Schroeder pers. comm. 1999; Pounds pers. comm. 1999; Ferry, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, pers. comm. 2001), the population segment remaining in Washington is now considered physically discrete from the population segment in central and southern Oregon (WDFW 1995, WSGWG 1998, Schroeder et al. 2000). It is likely that the population segments within these two regions have been physically discrete since at least the early-1900s (Gabrielson and Jewett 1940, Crawford and Lutz 1985, Drut 1994).
Based on the above information, we find that the population segment of western sage grouse that occurs in Washington is discrete from the remainder of the taxon.
Significance—Our DPS policy provides several examples of the types of information that may demonstrate the significance of a population segment to the remainder of its taxon, including—(a) Persistence of the discrete population segment in an ecological setting unusual or unique for the taxon; and (b) evidence that the discrete population segment differs markedly from other population segments in its genetic characteristics; and (c) evidence that loss of the discrete population segment would result in a significant gap in the range of the taxon. We address these significance factors below as they relate to the population segment of western sage grouse that remains in Washington.
(a) Persistence in an unusual or unique ecological setting—The broad shrub steppe biome historically occupied by greater sage grouse across their range consists of a number of variable habitat types that grade from one to the next, and which may be considerably different between the regions occupied by the species (Miller and Eddleman 2000). The different habitats historically and currently occupied by greater sage grouse are a reflection of the different geologic, climatic, and edaphic (soil) conditions and disturbance regimes influencing the various regions within the shrub steppe biome (Miller and Eddleman 2000). Necessarily, greater sage grouse have adapted to the mosaic of shrub steppe habitat types found throughout their historic distribution (Schroeder et al. 1999).
With regard to the historic range of western sage grouse, several studies defined and mapped landscape-level ecosystem components of the northwestern United States (Franklin and Dyrness 1988, Quigley et al. 1997), while others focused on the management and conservation of natural resources within these regional ecosystems (Wisdom et al. 1998, Miller and Eddleman 2000). Although there are a number of differences between these studies and their stated objectives, the ecosystem mapping units that result are surprisingly consistent (Quigley et al. 1997). Use of this biogeographic information is important in determining if the population segment of western sage grouse that remains in Washington occupies an unusual or unique ecological setting. In addition, it is important for delineating the bounds of any potential DPS in the region, as required by our DPS policy.
Four (and potentially five) of the ecosystems identified by the above studies provide essential habitat requirements for western sage grouse. For the purposes of this finding, we refer to the ecosystems historically occupied by western sage grouse as the Columbia Basin, High Lava Plains, Northern Great Basin, Owyhee Uplands, and, potentially, the Modoc Plateau (after Quigley et al. 1997). The Columbia Basin occurs in Washington and northern Oregon, while the other four ecosystems occur in central and southern Oregon. These ecosystems are interspersed to varying degrees with forested habitats of the Southern and Eastern Cascades ecosystems to the west, Okanogan Highlands to the north, and the Bitterroot and Blue Mountains to the east; and steppe (grassland) habitats of the Palouse Prairie to the east.
The population segment of western sage grouse that remains in Washington occurs entirely within the Columbia Basin and is the only representation of the taxon within this ecosystem. The population segment of western sage grouse in central and southern Oregon shows nearly continuous occupation across the High Lava Plains, Northern Great Basin, and Owyhee Uplands. Given the available information, it is unclear if the disjunct subpopulation of greater sage grouse in the vicinity of Gerber Reservoir in extreme south-central Oregon (Modoc Plateau) represents western sage grouse or the northern extent of intermediate populations in northern California. This area is not considered further for the purposes of this finding.
A number of significant differences are found between the Columbia Basin and the balance of historic western sage grouse range in central and southern Oregon (Table 1). In general, the Columbia Basin is lower in elevation, contains deeper soils of varying origin, and has been influenced by different geological processes. These structural differences, combined with regional climatic conditions, significantly influence the broad plant associations found within each ecosystem (Daubenmire 1988, Franklin and Dyrness 1988). Historically, transitional steppe habitats were much more prevalent within the Columbia Basin than within the ecosystems of central and southern Oregon. In contrast, juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands and salt-desert shrub habitats were much more common in central and southern Oregon. Finally, there are significant differences in the type and distribution of sagebrush taxa among the ecosystems historically occupied by western sage grouse.
Table 1.—Differences in Ecosystem Elements Between Regions Occupied by the Extant Population Segments of Western Sage Grouse (After Winward 1980, Daubenmire 1988, Franklin and Dyrness 1988, McNab and Avers 1994, Dobler et al. 1996, Quigley et al. 1997, and Miller and Eddleman 2000)
|Population segment
|Channeled scablands
|Internally-drained playas
|Juniper woodland
|Salt-desert shrub
|Columbia Basin
|<3,000 ft
|Deep/Loamy Glacial/Eolian
|Prominent (north)
|Abundant (east)
|Start Printed Page 22990
|Central/Southern Oregon
|>3,500 ft
|Thin/Rocky Volcanic/Alluvial
|Prominent (NGB, OU) 1
|Abundant (HLP) Present (NGB, OU)
|Abundant (NGB, OU).
|1 Element primarily applies to the ecosystems noted: HLP—High Lava Plains; NGB—Northern Great Basin; OU—Owyhee Uplands.
|Population segment
|Basin ssp
|Wyoming ssp
|Mountain ssp
|Columbia Basin
|Abundant (north)
|Central/Southern Oregon
|Present (OU)
|Present (HLP)
|Present (NGB, OU)
|Present (NGB, OU).
|1 Big Sagebrush (A. tridentata) Subspecies (ssp): Basin—A.t. tridentata, Wyoming—A.t. wyomingensis, Mountain—A.t. vaseyana; Low—A. arbuscula; Three-tip—A. tripartita; Stiff—A. rigida; Early—A. longiloba; Silver—A. cana; Black—A. nova.
There are a number of broad habitat associations in common between the Columbia Basin and the ecosystems of central and southern Oregon (Daubenmire 1988, Franklin and Dyrness 1988). However, even within these common habitat associations, notable differences exist. In general, the composition of forb species differs considerably between the Columbia Basin and the ecosystems in central and southern Oregon (Daubenmire 1988 and Franklin and Dyrness 1988). Even when the same forb species may be present, the two regions typically support different subspecies and/or varieties of these taxa (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973).
The differences noted above between the Columbia Basin and the ecosystems of central and southern Oregon affect the essential habitat requirements of western sage grouse within these different regions, as described below.
Greater sage grouse are sagebrush "obligates" and depend on sagebrush to a great degree to provide essential food and cover requirements, especially during winter (Drut 1994, Barnett and Crawford 1994, WDFW 1995, Schroeder et al. 1999). Greater sage grouse display preferential use of different taxa of sagebrush as winter food (Remington and Braun 1985, Welch et al. 1991) and, in some areas, low sagebrush may be preferred over big sagebrush (in Schroeder et al. 1999). In addition, greater sage grouse display preference for the different subspecies of big sagebrush as food, showing the highest preference for mountain big sagebrush, followed by Wyoming big sagebrush, then basin big sagebrush (Welch et al. 1991). The different growth forms of sagebrush taxa (Winward 1980 and 1981, Meyer 1992) also provide different cover conditions for greater sage grouse, and their winter movements are associated with locating appropriate sites (WDFW 1995, Schroeder et al. 1999). The sagebrush taxa that are available as winter food and cover for western sage grouse differ between the Columbia Basin and the ecosystems of central and southern Oregon (Table 1).
During the breeding season, adult greater sage grouse undergo a nutritional deficit and lose weight (WDFW 1995, Schroeder et al. 1999). During this period and continuing into summer, forbs and insects become increasingly important as food items for greater sage grouse. Western sage grouse hens require sufficient forb abundance for their pre-laying and nesting periods, and an assortment of forb and insect species form important nutritional components for chicks during the early stages of their development (Gregg et al. 1993, Barnett and Crawford 1994, Drut et al. 1994b, Hanf et al. 1994). Preferential use of food resources by greater sage grouse is believed to be associated with the foods' nutritive values, the dietary needs of the birds, and, ultimately, the birds' reproductive fitness and survival (Remington and Braun 1985, Johnson and Boyce 1990, Barnett and Crawford 1994, Drut et al. 1994a, Drut et al. 1994b, Hanf et al. 1994, WDFW 1995, Schroeder et al. 1999). Many of the native forb species and varieties that differ between the Columbia Basin and the ecosystems of central and southern Oregon (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973, Franklin and Dyrness 1988) form important food items for greater sage grouse from spring through summer, including those within the genera Agoseris, Astragalus, Crepis, Aster, Erigeron, Eriogonum, and Lomatium (Sveum 1995, Miller and Eddleman 2000).
From spring through fall, sagebrush canopies provide vertical cover for greater sage grouse, while grasses and forbs provide horizontal cover. This variety of cover is very important for concealing nesting hens and their broods from potential avian and ground predators, as well as providing protection from inclement weather. Western sage grouse in central and southern Oregon use different sagebrush habitat associations (e.g., mountain big sagebrush, low sagebrush) throughout the spring and summer periods (Gregg et al. 1993, Barnett and Crawford 1994, Drut et al. 1994a, Hanf et al. 1994). The sagebrush habitat associations preferentially selected by western sage grouse in central and southern Oregon are not available to the population segment within the Columbia Basin (Table 1).
Juniper woodlands and salt-desert shrub communities are notable primarily for their potential to exclude western sage grouse and the management implications that result. As juniper becomes more abundant and areas become increasingly closed woodlands, use by greater sage grouse is precluded. The exclusion of fire from juniper woodlands allow these communities to expand. Active invasion of sagebrush habitat associations by juniper woodlands has occurred over the last 130 years (Miller and Eddleman 2000). Likewise, salt-desert shrub habitats are not typically used by greater sage grouse. Intense grazing pressure and other local activities that can affect the hydrology of an area (e.g., irrigation, Start Printed Page 22991mining, impoundments) may alter the composition and distribution of salt-desert shrub communities. The historic, present, and predicted future occurrence of juniper woodlands and salt-desert shrub communities differ between the Columbia Basin and the ecosystems of central and southern Oregon (Table 1, Keane et al. 1996).
Based on the above information, we conclude that the Columbia Basin represents a unique ecological setting due to its geologic, climatic, edaphic, and plant community components. In addition, the unique elements of the Columbia Basin ecosystem affect the essential habitat requirements of western sage grouse. Necessarily, the population segment of western sage grouse occupying the Columbia Basin must differentially exploit the resources that are available, as compared to the population segment within the ecosystems of central and southern Oregon. The different habitat use patterns of western sage grouse within the Columbia Basin have bearing on their food and cover preferences, distribution, movements, reproductive fitness, and, ultimately, their survival. The unique elements of the Columbia Basin also hold different management implications for western sage grouse within this ecosystem (see below).
(b) Markedly different genetic characteristics—To date, most genetic research on greater sage grouse has concentrated on clarifying issues surrounding the taxonomic separation of Gunnison sage grouse in Colorado. Results of this research show Gunnison sage grouse to have a dissimilar genetic profile and less genetic diversity than greater sage grouse populations in Colorado (Quinn et al. 1997, Oyler-McCance et al. 1999).
This information supports the new species designation for these birds (AOU 2000). The genetic information concerning Gunnison sage grouse demonstrates that the genus may differentiate significantly within a relatively small geographic region. In addition, this information is important for helping to determine the extent of genetic differentiation between population segments of greater sage grouse, and whether such differentiation may be significant to the remainder of the taxon.
Additional studies to investigate the range-wide genetic profiles of greater sage grouse are ongoing (Quinn et al. 1997; Benedict and Quinn 1998; Benedict et al. 2001). To date, range-wide investigations include samples from Colorado, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington. Sample sizes are minimal for portions of the range, and the results are preliminary and have been used primarily to guide further investigation (Oyler-McCance, University of Denver, pers. comm. 1999; Quinn pers. comm. 1999).
The range-wide investigations into the genetic profiles of greater sage grouse have identified a number of rare and unique haplotypes (from mitochondrial DNA). In addition, haplotype frequencies and the level of genetic diversity vary among the local populations sampled (Quinn et al. 1997, Benedict and Quinn 1998, Benedict et al. 2001). So far, there are several notable results from this range-wide work (Benedict et al. 2001). First, the population sampled from the Mono Lake area in California and Nevada stands out for having an unusually high proportion of novel haplotypes, sharing only a single haplotype (represented by just one individual) with the rest of the range. This population represents the extreme southwestern extent of historic greater sage grouse range. Second, there is no apparent genetic distinction between the recognized eastern and western subspecies. Third, the population segment that remains within the Columbia Basin stands out for having very low genetic diversity, with just three haplotypes represented among the two subpopulations. Thirteen individuals sampled from the northern subpopulation (n = 18) and all of the individuals sampled from the southern subpopulation (n = 18) represent a single, widespread haplotype that is shared with most of the other sampled locales. The remaining five individuals from the northern subpopulation are represented by a novel (n = 3) or rare (n = 2) haplotype (Benedict et al. 2001).
The comparatively low genetic diversity of the population segment of western sage grouse that remains within the Columbia Basin is consistent with a recent and severe bottleneck in its effective population size (i.e., the number of individuals contributing to reproduction), reduced or no gene flow to this population segment from other regions, or both (Benedict et al. 2001, Oyler-McCance et al. in litt. 2001). The results from the range-wide work on the regional genetic profiles of greater sage grouse are suggestive and demonstrate a marked difference between the population segment of western sage grouse within the Columbia Basin and the population segment in central and southern Oregon. However, these results do not necessarily indicate that genetic differentiation of this population segment is significant to the remainder of the taxon. To what extent the forces of isolation, adaptive change, genetic drift, and/or inbreeding may have influenced the regional genetic profiles of greater sage grouse, including those that remain within the Columbia Basin, merits further investigation (Benedict et al. 2001, Oyler-McCance et al. in litt. 2001).
(c) Significant gap in the range of the taxon—Western sage grouse represent the extreme northwestern extent of greater sage grouse range. In addition, the population segment that remains within the Columbia Basin represents an isolated portion of the northern-most extent of the historic distribution of western sage grouse. The Columbia Basin historically encompassed roughly 55 percent of the entire range of western sage grouse (Figure 1). Currently, western sage grouse occupy approximately 5 percent of their historic distribution within this ecosystem.
A number of studies address the characteristics of peripheral and/or isolated populations and their potential influences on, and importance to, the remainder of the taxon. Peripheral and isolated populations may experience increased directional selection due to marginal or varied habitats or species compositions at range peripheries, exhibit adaptations specific to these differing selective pressures, demonstrate genetic consequences of reduced gene flow dependent on varying levels of isolation, and/or have different responses to anthropogenic influences (Levin 1970, MacArthur 1972, Morain 1984, Lacy 1987, Hengeveld 1990, Saunders et al. 1991, Hoffmann and Blows 1994, Furlow and Armijo-Prewitt 1995, Garcia-Ramos and Kirkpatrick 1997, among others).
Recent discussions addressed the attributes of isolated and peripheral populations and their potential importance to conservation efforts. Some investigations would emphasize genetic distinctiveness (Lesica and Allendorf 1995, Waples 1998), while others suggest a spectrum of influences may demonstrate the value of discrete populations (Pennock and Dimmick 1997, Ruggiero et al. 1999). The purposes of the Act are to conserve species "* * * of esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value. * * *" As addressed above, the DPS policy reflects this broader objective and does not limit the concept of significance strictly to genetic distinctiveness.
The available information regarding the historic distribution and potential isolation of western sage grouse within the Columbia Basin demonstrates that this population segment is likely experiencing increased directional selection due to marginal and varied Start Printed Page 22992habitats at the taxon's range periphery, exhibiting genetic consequences of reduced gene flow from other population segments, and responding (and will continue to respond) to the different anthropogenic influences in the region.
Based on the above information, we conclude that loss of the population segment of western sage grouse that remains within the Columbia Basin would represent a significant gap in the historic range of the taxon (i.e., the loss of a conspicuous peripheral and isolated extension of historic range and representation of the taxon within a unique ecological setting).
To summarize, we find that the discrete population segment of western sage grouse that occurs in Washington is significant to the remainder of the taxon, and thus represents a distinct population segment. The significance of this population segment is primarily due to its persistence in the unique ecological setting of the Columbia Basin. In addition, information concerning the historic and current distribution of western sage grouse indicates that the loss of the Columbia Basin population segment would represent a significant gap in the historic range of the taxon. Finally, the available genetic information on western sage grouse, while inconclusive, further supports the recognition of this population as a DPS. We have determined that extirpation of this population segment may result in the loss of unique characteristics within the taxon, likely precluding further scientific inquiry into potential differentiation of these characteristics.
As required by our DPS policy, we determined that the bounds of this DPS are conterminous with the historic distribution of western sage grouse within the Columbia Basin ecosystem (Figure 1). Consequently, we refer to this population segment as the Columbia Basin DPS for the remainder of this finding.
Consideration of threats to, and conservation measures for, the Columbia Basin DPS are addressed below.
Summary of Factors Affecting the DPS
The Act establishes five categories of threat that, either singly or in combination, indicate a DPS may be threatened or endangered. The five listing factors that must be considered are—(1) present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range; (2) over-utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (3) disease or predation; (4) inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and (5) other natural or human-caused factors affecting the DPS' continued existence.
(1) Present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range. A number of influences have been implicated in the decline of greater sage grouse distribution and abundance throughout the species' range (Crawford and Lutz 1985, Blus et al. 1989, Braun et al. 1994, Drut 1994, WDFW 1995, Fischer et al. 1996, Connelly and Braun 1997, Schroeder et al. 1999). Of primary concern are impacts to native shrub steppe habitats, which include conversion for agriculture, urban and mineral resources developments, construction of utility and transportation corridors, and habitat degradation through overgrazing, brush control, altered fire frequencies, and exotic species invasions. Other potential influences that may be associated with greater sage grouse population declines include predation, excessive hunting, disease and parasitism, chemical applications for pest control, weather cycles, and recreational activities. As a result of these combined influences, greater sage grouse distribution and abundance have continued to decline over the past decade, and a number of populations may now be at risk of extinction throughout the species' range (in WSCSGW 1996 and 1998). Currently, greater sage grouse populations may be considered secure in five States, including Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon (Connelly and Braun 1997).
Native Americans began grazing horses in the Columbia Basin in the mid-1700s and, by the mid-1800s, European settlers had established extensive cattle and horse grazing operations throughout the shrub steppe habitats used by western sage grouse (Daubenmire 1988, WDFW 1995, Livingston 1998). By the late 1800s, sheep production became increasingly important and large flocks were grazed along with other previously established livestock herds. Concurrent with significant declines in native shrub steppe habitats (see below), contemporary grazing levels are much reduced from historic levels. However, large livestock operations continue within the shrub steppe habitats of the Columbia Basin to the present. From 1986 to 1993, roughly 500,000 cattle were being supported in nine central Washington counties that historically harbored western sage grouse (WDFW 1995).
There is some evidence that the shrub steppe habitats of the Columbia Basin evolved in the absence of substantial grazing pressure from large native herbivores since the latest period of glaciation, roughly 12,000 years before present (Mack and Thompson 1982, Daubenmire 1988). Excessive grazing pressure can have significant impacts on the shrub steppe ecosystems found throughout the historic range of greater sage grouse (Fleischner 1994), and these impacts may be exacerbated in the Columbia Basin. In this region, excessive grazing removes current herbaceous growth and residual cover of native grasses and forbs, and can increase the canopy cover and density of sagebrush and invasive species (Daubenmire 1988, WDFW 1995, Livingston 1998). These impacts may be especially critical to western sage grouse populations during the spring nesting and brood rearing periods, and may negatively affect their reproductive potential (Crawford 1997, Connelly and Braun 1997, Schroeder et al. 1999).
The latest available estimate (1993) of the number of cattle supported in Douglas County, which also supports the northern subpopulation of the Columbia Basin DPS, is roughly 20,000 (WDFW 1995). It is currently unclear if this level of livestock use in the county may have negative effects on western sage grouse or their habitats. Prior to 1992, livestock grazing pressure was intense throughout the area of Kittitas and Yakima Counties that now comprises the YTC, which supports the southern subpopulation of the Columbia Basin DPS. In 1992, grazing intensity was reduced at the YTC within the western sage grouse protection areas identified by the Army. In 1995, cattle grazing was eliminated throughout the installation (Livingston 1998). Twice annually during spring and fall, flocks of sheep are trailed through the YTC over a period of several weeks (Pounds pers. comm. 1999). It is unknown to what degree current livestock use levels may be impacting western sage grouse or their habitat at the YTC. However, impacts from past livestock grazing are still evident throughout the installation (Livingston 1998).
During the first half of the 1900s, large portions of the shrub steppe habitats on deeper soils within the Columbia Basin were converted for dryland crop production (Daubenmire 1988, Franklin and Dyrness 1988, WDFW 1995). During the mid-1900s, a number of hydro-electric dams were developed on the Columbia and Snake Rivers in Washington and Oregon. The reservoirs formed by these projects impacted native shrub steppe habitats adjacent to the rivers and led to further conversion of large expanses of upland shrub steppe habitats in the Columbia Basin Start Printed Page 22993for irrigated agriculture (WDFW 1995, Franklin and Dyrness 1988). It has been estimated that approximately 60 percent of the original shrub steppe habitat in Washington has been converted, primarily for agricultural uses (Dobler 1994). While at much reduced levels, shrub steppe habitats within the Columbia Basin continue to be converted for both dryland and irrigated crop production. In addition, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation retains options for further development of the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project in central Washington (USDI 1998). Major portions of Washington's shrub steppe ecosystem are considered among the least protected areas in the state (Cassidy 1997).
Large areas of privately owned lands in Douglas County are currently withdrawn from crop production and planted to native and non-native cover under the federal Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), established in 1985 (USDA 1998). Lands under the CRP are very important to the northern subpopulation of the Columbia Basin DPS (Schroeder pers. comm. 1999). These areas, some of which have been set aside since the late 1980s, can provide the essential grass and shrub cover requirements of western sage grouse on lands previously used for agriculture. The juxtaposition of CRP lands with the remaining areas of native shrub steppe habitats and crop lands may further increase the value of these habitat patches for western sage grouse (Schroeder pers. comm. 1999). A number of CRP contracts in Washington have expired since 1995, and more are scheduled to expire from now through 2002. New contracts completed in 1998 for Douglas County have increased the acreage of CRP lands potentially available for use by western sage grouse. However, contracts extend for just 10 years and new standards for CRP lands will be implemented that may require replanting of significant acreage under existing contracts (USDA 1998; Schroeder pers. comm. 1999). Presently, it is unclear what effects these changes have had, or will have, on the northern subpopulation of the Columbia Basin DPS.
In 1991, the Army expanded the YTC along its northern boundary by approximately 24,000 ha (60,000 ac) to form its present configuration and size of approximately 130,000 ha (325,000 ac). One of the primary justifications for expansion of the installation was to reduce impacts to heavily used areas by allowing rotational training exercises and rehabilitation of impacted sites (USDD 1989). In 1994, the Army restationed mechanized and armored combat forces to Fort Lewis in western Washington (USDD 1994). This action was undertaken to accommodate brigade-level maneuver exercises and may result in an increase in overall training activity and associated impacts at the YTC. Large-scale training exercises at the YTC are scheduled to occur at 18- to 24-month intervals and may involve more than 10,000 troops and 1,000 tracked and wheeled vehicles. Small-scale training exercises are also conducted annually at the YTC by other United States' (e.g., Washington National Guard) and allied military units (USDD 1989, Livingston 1998).
In the fall of 1995, the Army conducted its first large-scale training exercise at the YTC following the restationing action. Analysis of the impacts from this exercise indicated that over 9 percent of the sagebrush plants within the western sage grouse protection areas experienced major structural damage. In addition, modeling exercises indicated that sagebrush cover would decline due to similar training scenarios if conducted on a biannual basis (Cadwell et al. 1996). Analyses of the potential impacts to other shrub steppe components that may be important to western sage grouse at the YTC (e.g., grass, forb, and insect quality and abundance), or those associated with the smaller, ongoing training activities, are not currently available. However, it has been suggested that native vegetation on impacted sites with limited soil disturbance will recover following large-scale maneuver exercises (Cadwell et al. 1996). In addition, the YTC conducts aggressive revegetation efforts for sagebrush and native grasses within the western sage grouse protection areas (Livingston 1998) and has eliminated season-long grazing on the installation (USDD 1996). Evaluation of the quality or quantity of naturally recovered areas and the efficacy of revegetation efforts is currently not available.
Natural and human-caused fire is a significant threat to western sage grouse throughout the Columbia Basin because, at increased frequencies, it can remove sagebrush from the vegetation assemblage (USDI 1994, WDFW 1995). Sagebrush is easily killed by fire (Daubenmire 1988) and, in the absence of a sufficient seed source, may not readily reinvade sites where it has been removed. Fire may be especially damaging at the YTC where military training activities provide multiple ignition sources, vegetative cover is relatively continuous, and invasive species such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and knapweed (Centauria spp) may provide fine fuels that can carry a fire. The Army considered fire management and control in its planning efforts for the restationing action (USDD 1996), and the YTC has since developed a detailed fire management plan (USDD 1998). However, the potential for relatively large range fires to occur at the YTC remains. In 1996, over 25,000 ha (60,000 ac) of shrub steppe habitat, much of it currently and potentially used by western sage grouse, was burned as a result of training activities. A fire of this magnitude within the identified western sage grouse protection areas would jeopardize the subspecies' persistence at the installation (Livingston 1998).
(2) Over-utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes. Recent scientific investigations in Washington have resulted in some mortality of western sage grouse. However, the level of mortality incurred is not likely to significantly influence the viability of the Columbia Basin DPS (Schroeder pers. comm. 1999; Pounds pers. comm. 1999).
The northern subpopulation of the Columbia Basin DPS occurs primarily on private lands and is not subject to extensive viewing by the general public or other recreational activities (Schroeder pers. comm. 1999). The YTC closely manages recreation and sage grouse viewing by the general public using the installation, and these activities are not believed to be significant to the well-being of the southern subpopulation of the Columbia Basin DPS (Pounds pers. comm. 1999).
The Columbia Basin DPS has not been subject to hunting since 1987 (WDFW 1995).
(3) Disease or predation. Greater sage grouse are subject to a number of mortality factors related to disease and predation (WDFW 1995). However, there are apparently no documented severe episodes of disease or predation that have played a significant role in the population declines and range reduction of western sage grouse. Episodes of disease or altered predation patterns may play an important role in the dynamics of small and isolated populations, and increase the risk of their extirpation (see below).
(4) Inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms. Revegetation standards under the CRP promote the improvement of habitat conditions for the northern subpopulation of the Columbia Basin DPS, and the CRP restricts livestock grazing on contract lands except under extraordinary circumstances. However, these measures are not specifically promulgated for the protection of Start Printed Page 22994western sage grouse, and there are few other mechanisms that regulate grazing practices or the conversion of native habitats on privately owned lands.
The Service is currently assisting with development of a county-wide Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP) for private lands in central Washington (Foster Creek Conservation District, Douglas County). When completed, the HCP will include measures to protect the northern subpopulation of the Columbia Basin DPS. However, the Act does not provide regulatory protections for unlisted species during development of HCPs (USDI 1996).
Some illegal or accidental shooting of western sage grouse may occur in Washington in association with hunting seasons for other upland game species. However, the state hunting moratorium and hunting regulations implemented by the Army at the YTC appear to be sufficient to control this form of mortality, and it is not likely to significantly influence the viability of the Columbia Basin DPS (Schroeder pers. comm. 1999; Pounds pers. comm. 1999).
The Army implements a number of regulations at the YTC to promote environmental protection of the installation's natural resources. However, various impacts to the habitats important to western sage grouse occur, and are primarily the result of training-related fire and direct damage to vegetation communities from training maneuvers (see above).
(5) Other natural or human-caused factors affecting the DPS' continued existence. The fragmented, isolated nature of the Columbia Basin DPS is a concern for conservation of the taxon within the Columbia Basin ecosystem. A preliminary viability analysis conducted by the WSGWG (1998) indicates that neither subpopulation is likely viable over the long term (approximately 100 years). In addition to the relatively large-scale impacts on native shrub steppe habitats (above), other naturally occurring impacts and human influences of lesser magnitude may pose threats to the Columbia Basin's isolated subpopulations. Potential risks include direct impacts to individuals from inclement weather conditions, altered predator demographics or behavior, agricultural practices (e.g., cultivation, harvest, etc.), vehicle collisions, pest control measures, scientific investigations, and military training (e.g., smoke obscurant and live-fire exercises, etc.). Impacts may also result from indirect disturbance of the subpopulations caused by agricultural and grazing activities, transportation corridors, recreation, and military training events (over-flights, troop movements, etc.). Small, isolated populations may also be at greater risk to the effects of inbreeding (Benedict et al. 2001, Oyler-McCance et al. in litt. 2001). Although it is unlikely that any one of these factors have played a significant role in the population declines and range reductions of western sage grouse, these combined influences may now play an important role in the dynamics of the relatively small and isolated subpopulations that make up the Columbia Basin DPS.
We reviewed the petition, information available in our files, other published and unpublished information submitted to us during the public comment period following our 90-day petition finding and consulted with recognized prairie grouse experts and other federal, state, and tribal resource agencies within the historic range of western sage grouse. On the basis of the best scientific and commercial information available, we find that listing the Columbia Basin DPS of western sage grouse as threatened is warranted, but precluded by higher priority listing actions.
In making this finding, we recognize that there have been declines in the distribution and abundance of western sage grouse throughout the Columbia Basin, primarily attributed to the loss and degradation of native shrub steppe habitats. These impacts are likely due to a combination of factors including crop production, fire, military training, over-grazing by livestock, rural and suburban development, and dam construction. The Columbia Basin DPS of western sage grouse is also at increased risk from inbreeding depression and random environmental influences due to its small size and level of fragmentation. We also recognize that various state and Federal agencies in Washington and Oregon, and throughout the species' historic distribution, are actively managing the birds to try to improve their overall population status and/or attempting to restore them to currently unoccupied habitats.
Due to a backlog of listing decisions and funding constraints, a proposed rule to list the Columbia Basin DPS of western sage grouse will be developed in accordance with our October 22, 1999, (or subsequent) LPG (64 FR57114). Under the LPG, we prioritize our listing activities based upon the magnitude of threats to a listable entity, followed by the immediacy of the threats, and, finally, by the taxonomy of an entity (i.e., monotypic genus, followed by species, then subspecies / DPS). The two subpopulations of the Columbia Basin DPS are subject to different threats of varying magnitude. However, we conclude that the overall magnitude of threats to the Columbia Basin DPS of western sage grouse is moderate, and that the overall immediacy of these threats is imminent. Under our listing and recovery priority guidance (48 FR 43098), a DPS for which threats are moderate and imminent is assigned a Listing Priority Number of 9.
We intend that any proposed listing action for the Columbia Basin DPS of western sage grouse will be as accurate and effective as possible. Therefore, we will continue to accept additional information and comments from other concerned governmental agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested party concerning this finding.
References Cited
A complete list of references cited herein is available upon request from the Upper Columbia Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section).
This document was prepared by Chris Warren, Upper Columbia Fish and Wildlife Office (see ADDRESSES section).
The authority for this action is the Endangered Species Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.).Start Signature
Dated: April 30, 2001.
Marshall P. Jones, Jr.,
Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service.
[FR Doc. 01-11356 Filed 5-4-01; 8:45 am]


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thanks for the information, but our Devanagari support is already complete
(and accepted by our Indian customers)
-- Geoff.
From: MAIL@CSERVE {INTERNET:email@example.com}
Sent: 13 January 1997 02:47
To: MAIL@CSERVE {INTERNET:email@example.com}
Subject: Re: Re: Devanagari [was Re: Any web-published rebuttals to
Hello Sandeep,
I am commenting on the dialog between yourself and Glenn Admas on the
deficiencies of Unicode etc. I am neither a language expert or a
Unicode/ISCII expert. My position is that of one who is involved in
implementing a Unicode based system for Indian Languages to run under both
Windows and Unix environments.
Comparing Unicode and ISCII it is fairly obvious that Unicode has been
derived from ISCII. Also ISCII was designed to use existing 8-bit processing
capabilities of software to accomodate all the Indian scripts.
Unicode (as well as ISCII) is not bothered with how a character is
displayed, and the intention is to encode all the basic characters of the
language and leave it to a rendering or display software to determine how to
render the font (which is different from the character). The idea being if
the coding system can always represent the original characters, independent
of how it is displayed, the original text will survie mutiple
transliterations etc.
Unlike Latin, the number fo glyphs associated with Indian languages is too
many to accomodate within a fixed code space of Unicode. I believe that this
is the reason why Unicode has not bothered to give a code point for conjunct
characters. This is just an opinion since I do not have access to all the
thinking that went into the creation of the Unicode sandard.
From the vie point of an implementor of a sofftware to use Unicode, I prefer
to work with the relatively few code points of Unicode rather than with a
large number of code points specific to a large numbe of glyphs. I have this
view only because I am interested in ALL the Indian scripts as well as the
trasnliteration between them. If, for example, if Unicode were to have
defined code points for a large, if not all, the possible glyphs for
Devanagari, my job as an implementor would have been hard, if not
impossible, on those portions of the system where I am implementing a
transliteration module to transliterate from say Devanagari script to
Malayalam. Under the present scheme of Unicode all I need to do is shift the
base of the first byte, and leave it to the display module to render it in
whichever way it wants. If Unicode indeed had defined a separate code point
for a glyph, unless it also provides a code point corresponding to the same
glyph in every other Indian script, my job would have been impossible, since
I would have no way of knowing what are the original charcters of the glyph
Because of the various problems that you had pointed out in the Unicode (and
ISCII), plus the fact that nothing is mentioned on how to display the
character in Unicode, I believe that Mohan Thambe, the originator of the
ISCII scheme and the designer of the GIST card, is working on a methodology
for displaying characters based on 'an attachment point" concept, as well as
a coding scheme called ACII (Alphabetic Code for Information Interchange),
which is an 8 bit code capable of representing all the world languages. I do
not understand fully the scheme, since as I said I am not an expert in this
matter. You may wish to contact Mohan on ACII. He can be reached at Mohan
Tambe <email@example.com>.
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.2 : Tue Jul 10 2001 - 17:20:33 EDT


text:
Get Inspired: Meet Mothers for Peace Attorney Diane Curran Sept. 22, 2013
Diane Curran is a prominent (and charming) attorney from Washington, D.C. who specializes in NRC law. Her long-standing affiliation with Mothers for Peace is an inspiring story.
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Call for details: (805) 234-1769
A minimum donation of $30 per person or $50 per couple is requested.


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Those of you on the West Coast, unless traveling, stop right here- fortunately for you this article does not apply. For the rest of us stuck in the midst of a cold winter season, I have some major beauty tips that you will thank me for. I compiled some of the best preventative and defensive tactics that can be used to fight the cold weather curse on your skin, lips and hair.
Prolonged skin exposure to harsh winds can be a leading factor to itchy, dry skin. The good news is by following this advice, dry skin can be avoidable. First thing is first; wear your winter gear! You bought it for a reason, now put it to good use. Get out those large scarves, hats, gloves and a coat that will actually cover you. This is a fashionable and warm way to conquer the cold.
Swap out lotions for creams; the thicker, the better. With a higher oil to water ratio, thick creams are better moisturizers. Apply EVERYDAY, even when you don't think you need it, apply it anyway. Your skin hydration is very similar to your body hydration. Your body won't let you know it is dehydrated (i.e. bright yellow urine) until 24-48 hours after your body is actually dehydrated. So even if you think you don't need it, apply a heavy moisturizer anyway. Also, make sure to apply immediately after washing your hands and showering. The more you use the softer your skin will be and continue to stay. I love the Sephora Collection Instant Moisturizer.
Two words: lip balm. In order to keep your lips protected from winter, never leave the house without applying it. Lips get chapped so fast but the process to make them soft again takes even longer. You must apply your favorite lip balm whenever you go outside or you feel it wearing off. Lip balm and cold weather works similar to the way the sunscreen works with the sun. You must apply it before you go out into that element, not during, or afterwards. Applying lip balm prior to leaving your house gives your lips ample time to soak in.
Try and use a brand that includes Vitamin E as it acts as an antioxidant meaning, it fights against the cell damaged skin and moisturizes quickly. When you go to bed, use a brand with extra moisturizes to repair lips overnight.
Personally, I like to use Palmer's Cocoa Butter Swivel Stick throughout the day and the Carmex Lip Balm Stick at night.
Hint: Use lip exfoliator to remove dry, chapped skin before applying your lip balm to assure full absorption.
The best way to keep your hair healthy is the coconut oil treatment. Easy and effective, all you do is heat up some coconut oil in the microwave, apply throughout your hair, let sit for about an hour, and wash it out. You can use a Saran Wrap to keep your hair from leaking all over everything. You will not believe the results after you blow dry your hair. This can be done weekly; all year round.
Argan oil can be used daily to keep your hair silky smooth. Remember with oils a little goes a long way. Take a dime size drop and apply from the middle of your hair down to the ends. Make sure you really oil up your ends to prevent dry, stringy hair. Never apply to your scalp as this will result in a greasy appearance. I recommend using OGX's Penetrating Oil. It has a great scent and works wonders!
The obvious remedy to keeping your hair healthy is to use a good amount of conditioner every other day. If you have time, you should even step out of the shower and let the conditioner really sink in. Read a magazine, chat on the phone, answers emails… whatever floats your boat. After about 20 minutes to an hour (depending on your patience), jump back into the water and rinse. This will result in shiny and healthy hair that will be less likely to dry up on you. Read our blog post for more specific tips on how to care for your hair in cold weather.
If you hate wearing big sweaters and scarfs because of static cling, rub a dryer sheet through your hair. You can also try using a small drop of lotion to apply to your hair. You will be surprised how fast the cling goes away!
Things may get a bit rough (pun intended) this time of year, but there's no reason to let it get the best of you. Stay warm and follow these tips. It will be summer before you know it.


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Dave Peranteau, supervisor of animal education at Six Flags, describes the camp as "unique in that campers and animals interact each day. Kids who love animals and science experience a range of activities that can't be duplicated anywhere else. All of our activities are focused on making learning fun."
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text:
Jewish Federations of North America
PM to address Jewish Federations' General Assembly via satelliteIsraeli PM to address annual event of US Jewish groups following concerns he would break tradition by not attending.
Jewish Federations leader dies of cancerJonathan Woocher, leading Jewish educational theorist, dies at 70.
Top government officials brief Jewish security professionalsOver 40 security directors from around US join summit with FBI and Department of Homeland Security.
Blue Card receives grant to help Holocaust survivorsGroup that provides assistance to Holocaust survivors receives $120,000 grant from the Jewish Federations of North America.
Jewish Federations end ban on Judea and Samaria visitsLeading American Jewish umbrella organization nixes 49-year ban on visits to Judea and Samaria.
Jewish Federations to discuss Judea and Samaria missionsJewish Federations of North America reportedly to decide whether to allow missions to Israel to visit Judea and Samaria.
'You inspire by helping those in need'First lady Nehama Rivlin meets with female volunteers from the Jewish Federations of North America.
Netanyahu: Israel investing in all streams of JudaismAt Jewish Federations of North America, PM says Israel ready for peace, but Palestinians must stop making endless demands.
Deal is 'Best Way' to Ensure Iran Doesn't Get Nuclear WeaponPresident Obama says Iran deal will allow the world to maintain all the tools it needs to stop Iran if it cheats.
Obama to Address North American Jews on Iran DealPresident Obama to participate in a live webcast on Iran deal with Jews from the United States and Canada.
Jewish Leaders Congratulate Netanyahu on VictoryJFNA, WJC leaders hail a victory for Likud and for democracy in the Middle East after the 20th Knesset elections.
'The Largest Communal Gathering on the Planet'Thousands of Jewish leaders meet in the US every year for the JFNA General Assembly - but what do they discuss?
Netanyahu: Iran is An Enemy and Should be Treated As OnePM Netanyahu tells Jewish Federations of North America that instead of a bad deal with Iran, the sanctions on it should be toughened.
Joe Biden Says He and Bibi are 'Still Buddies'Speaking to Jewish Federations of North America, US Vice President seeks to smooth over 'chickensh**' tensions.
Watch: Netanyahu Shows in Pictures How 'Hamas is ISIS'PM explains to Jewish Federations how Hamas and ISIS both brutally execute, share goals of world domination.
Ukrainian Jews Face 'Uncertain' FutureSituation for Ukraine's Jewish community tentatively stable, but American Jewish Federations 'not taking chances'.
Diaspora Jewry Must Ask: 'Why Be Jewish?'Former British Chief Rabbi Jonathan Sacks says Diaspora Jewry must focus on the 'Why?' if it is to have a future.
JFNA Discusses Future of Diaspora Jews, IsraelJewish Federations of North America holds conference in Jerusalem, not in US; interview with CEO Jerry Silverman on Arutz 7 TV.
Israel Action Network Counters Assault on Israel's LegitimacyThe Israel Action Network, an initiative of the JFNA, develops strategies to counter the assaults on Israel.
Video: Netanyahu to Jewish GA: Next Year in JerusalemNetanyahu appeals to all of the delegates at the Federation GA in Baltimore to attend next year's convention in Jerusalem.


text:
Report NEP-HRM-2009-08-30This is the archive for NEP-HRM, a report on new working papers in the area of Human Capital & Human Resource Management. Fabio Sabatini issued this report. It is usually issued weekly.
Subscribe to this report: email, RSS or Twitter.
Other reports in NEP-HRM
The following items were announced in this report:
- Karlsson, Charlie & Johansson, Börje & Stough, Roger R., 2009. "Human Capital, Talent, Agglomeration and Regional Growth," Working Paper Series in Economics and Institutions of Innovation 191, Royal Institute of Technology, CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies.
- Todd Schoellman, 2009. "The Occupations and Human Capital of U.S. Immigrants," EERI Research Paper Series EERI_RP_2009_19, Economics and Econometrics Research Institute (EERI), Brussels.
- Douhan, Robin & van Praag, Mirjam, 2009. "Entrepreneurship, Wage Employment and Control in an Occupational Choice Framework," Working Paper Series 805, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
- Item repec:esr:wpaper:dynreg41 is not listed on IDEAS anymore
- Kenn Ariga & Masako Kurosawa & Fumio Ohtake & Masaru Sasaki, 2009. "How do high school graduates in Japan compete for regular, full time jobs? An empirical analysis based upon an internet survey of the youth," KIER Working Papers 678, Kyoto University, Institute of Economic Research.
- Sandewall, Örjan & Cesarini, David & Johannesson, Magnus, 2009. "The Co-twin Methodology and Returns to Schooling – Testing a Critical Assumption," Working Paper Series 806, Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
- Andersson, Christian & Johansson, Per, 2009. "Social stratification and out-of-school learning," Working Paper Series 2009:17, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy.
- Mario Larch & Wolfgang Lechthaler, 2009. "Comparative Advantage and Skill-specific Unemployment," Kiel Working Papers 1538, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.


text:
Today's News
Keanu Reeves's ex-girlfriend, actress Jennifer Syme, has died in a car crash in Los Angeles. According to an investigator at the L.A. County Coroner's Office, Reeves called offering to identify the 28-year-old Syme's body, but was informed she'd already been ID'd using her driver's license. Reeves and Syme who appeared in David Lynch's 1997 film, Lost Highway reportedly broke up last year.


text:
People | Alumni | In Memoriam | Photo Gallery
The current group of researchers
in ODE includes faculty, post-doctoral research fellows,
graduate students working on master's or doctoral
degrees, undergraduate students, and faculty or student
A group for alumni, current students, faculty and staff of the Optimal Design Lab is available in LinkedIn®. This group offers ODE'ers the opportunity to reconnect, network and collaborate.
Current ODE Members


text:
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Mackie Perfume is a lovely, alluring scent with a sweet, exotic blend of luscious fruit, beautiful floral, and rich woody notes. The fragrance by Bob Mackie is classified as an oriental-floral scent. It is recommended for daytime casual wear.
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Recommended Use Daytime, Evening
Fragrance Notes
Peach, Raspberry, Pineapple Jasmine, Jonquil, Rose, Orange Blossom, Ylang Ylang, Muguet, Tuberose Amber, Sandalwood, Vetiver, Patchouli
See more products by Bob Mackie
All products are 100% original, authentic name brands.
We do not sell knock-offs or imitations.


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A new edition of the definitive handbook on word-of-mouth marketing, completely revised and updated for todayas online world With two-thirds new material and scores of current examples from todayas most successful companies, The Anatomy of Buzz Revisited takes readers inside the world of word-of-mouth marketing and explains how and why it works. Based on over one hundred new interviews with thought leaders, marketing executives, researchers, and consumers, The Anatomy of Buzz Revisited shows how to: * Generate genuine buzz both online and off. * Encourage people to talk about your products and servicesaand help spread the word among their friends, colleagues, and communities. * Adapt traditional word-of-mouth strategies in todayas era of Facebook, YouTube, and consumer-generated media. Smart, surprising, and filled with cutting-edge strategies and insights, The Anatomy of Buzz Revisited is essential for anyone who wants to get attention for a product, message, or idea in todayas message-cluttered world.Toyota could have filtered out these messages. ... example from Toyotaa#39;s short experience with what is called CGM (consumer-generated media): In the spring of 2006, Toyota USA found out that in some ... It was impossible to tell which cars the problem would show up in nextaany 2007 Toyota Camry XLE was a candidate.
|The Anatomy of Buzz Revisited
|Emanuel Rosen
|Crown Business - 2009-02-24
You must register with us as either a Registered User before you can Download this Book. You'll be greeted by a simple sign-up page.
Once you have finished the sign-up process, you will be redirected to your download Book page.How it works:


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TRL500 Ben n Yazdan's Amazing House in Fulya (Istanbul)
Hello community,
We have recently moved to our new house and we are panning to rent out our extra room and share the house with you.
We're calm, relaxed people and we're looking for some cool sociable people to watch TV with, have a chat and drink together now and then.
I am an Architect, Working and Studying in Istanbul and Yazdan is a Yoga and Meditation Instructor. My girlfriend will also be around the house while she's in Istanbul.
The house is a 4+1, with a huge living room and one bathroom ! Plenty of light in a quiet area. The available room is the biggest one in the house. Has a huge wardrobe but you'll need to get yourself a bed or mattress as the landlord took all his beds. However we found couple of shops around the house where you can buy beds and mattress for a great price.
So if you are interested just drop me an email with your information. We want to live with someone who can speak english. Beside we're specially interested in Music, Creative, Cooking and any fun talents to be around the house.
To view the photos of the house please follow this link to my Picsar Galllery:
Protected content
And here is the location of the house on Google Maps: Protected content
Love and light,
Ben and Yazdan


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Build Guide by JTGB
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Thank You!
Your votes and comments encourage our guide authors to continue
creating helpful guides for the League of Legends community.
Twisted Fate Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Note: Before buying Sword of the Divine make sure you have no stacks of Stacked Deck, in order for both the offects to triger together.
U can change last whisper for a veil if u get a caster team on the other side.
You should be aggresive, enemies are scared of Gold Card, so take advantage of it. Ask for a solo lane, if you are denied I prefer to lane down with a stun combo or atleast a CC combo, you can of course go for Double Man lane, but its way harder to get your precius gold that way, while kills come faster in a double man lane. You could be farming like **** with Wild Cards but this is mana costly, shoot some Blue Cards in order to regain mana and keep the laning up.
Tips, suggestions and question. Be welcome to write them.


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Hi All,
Live in Summerville, SC. 5 kids,4 grands, 3 dogs, 1 cat. Some don't swim and some do. We put up a really big pool last summer. Above ground, vinyl, sand filter, 45x18x4.5. Took 3 weeks to prepare the site,5 days to fill it up. Love,Love Love this pool! We live in the country, kinda, and pine, oak, and other various pollinating greenery sure make pool maintainence a challenge.. Love this site and will appreciate any advice given.
Thanks, Dawn


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*Except where long distance charges may apply.
Thanks Black Box! Black Box is continuing to support us and we are back up and running! Sorry to everyone who tried to call in during these last few months when the system was down.
StoryLine is a phone system that children can call at any time (24/7) and listen to a story for free*. The stories are read by local performing artists. Check our calendar to see what story is playing. FYI: Storyline is 18 years old! We started in 1999 -- our first reader was then MN Governor (and SAG member) Jesse Ventura.
The best stories for read-aloud are listed under "Stories". "Lists" contains lists of stories by theme.
The goal is to increase literacy by making stories always accessible and making literature enjoyable. The U.S. Commission on Reading report "Becoming a Nation of Readers" states that "…reading aloud to children is the single most important activity for building the knowledge required for eventual success in reading," which is linked to success in school. StoryLine is another way for children to get that all-important 20 minutes a day of reading. And it is simple enough for a child to access independently.
StoryLine is really very simple--just three easy steps:
Give it a try! Call now - 952.352.1350
*The program itself is free. Long distance charges may apply depending on your carrier. The program runs out of the St. Paul/Minneapolis metro area.


text: Need Help? Need Help? Start a Return Contact Us Need Help Finding a Product? Frequently Asked Questions Local: (940) 627-9000 | Toll Free: (855) 559-2679 Local: (940) 627-9000 Toll Free: (940) 627-9000 Get Email Updates Login Here Get Email Updates My Account FURNITURE Bookcases & Shelving Carts & Stands Chairs, Stools & Seating Accessories Desks & Workstations Partitions & Panels Reception Seating & Sofas MAINTENTANCE/BREAKROOM Breakroom Supplies Cleaning Tools Air Cleaners, Fans, Heaters & Humidifiers Industrial Supplies First Aid & Health Supplies Safety & Security OFFICE SUPPLIES Binders & Binding Supplies Calendars, Planners & Personal Organizers Desk Accessories & Workspace Organizers Envelopes, Mailers & Shipping Supplies File Folders, Portable & Storage Box Files Labels & Stickers TECHNOLOGY Backup Systems & Disks Computer Hardware & Accessories Computer Software Data Storage Media & Supplies Electronics Printers & Copier/Fax/Multifunction Machines INK & TONER Printers & Copier/Fax/Multifunction Machines Shredders SERVICES Furniture Delivery Why Buy On-line Monthly Sales Custom Apparel Graphic Design Printing Services Promotional Items US Postage Stamps Order Here Printing Learn More Our Blog Whether you're looking for office productivity tips, health and fitness, recipes or gift ideas, you'll find an assortment of interesting information. read now Complete Start Up Package shop now Promotional Products Check our our Promotional Products site. We have anything you might need to promote your business! Shop Now Monthly Promotions Request a Catalog We're Mobile About iOffice Learn About iOffice Careers at iOffice Privacy Policy Go Green Driving Directions Blog Buy Local Make a Difference About iOffice Learn About iOffice Careers at iOffice Privacy Policy Go Green Driving Directions Blog Buy Local Make a Difference Copyright © 2018 iOffice Powered by OPMA, Inc.


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Republican Speaker of the House – and remotely possible but unlikely presidential candidate – Paul Ryan dodged a couple questions regarding North Carolina's bathroom law, Mississippi's religious liberty law, and laws in general that deal with LGBT issues.
Read Related Article: BREAKING: Trump's Position on NC Bathroom Law May Surprise You [VIDEO]
A reporter asked the Speaker about his position on North Carolina's bathroom law and Mississippi's religious liberty law:
Trending: TSA Head Honcho Confirms Our Worst Suspicions About His Useless Agency
"Mr. Speaker, there has been a lot of significant national backlash against laws that target the LGBT community in North Carolina and Mississippi. Just this morning, Donald Trump said he opposes the law in North Carolina. Do you oppose these laws? – "
Ryan dissembled in response:
"I'm not going to comment on what various different states are doing. Again, all of our committees that have jurisdiction in this area look at this issue. But it's not my place to get involved in what each state is doing. To be quite honest, I'm not sure of what all of the details of those laws are."
The reporter pressed the Speaker further on "laws that discriminate against LGBT people" and whether they're generally "a bad idea."
Ryan responded:
"I think the way you phrased your question is a little odd. My record on this issue is pretty clear. I voted for it, gosh, back in 2005, 6. I can't remember when that was exactly. Look, this is an issue that also deals with religious conscience and religious freedom as well. So, I think there's got to be a well-maintained balance and I'm not sure what each of these states are doing. But this is something that, you know, members are going to work on their issue and speak their will, and I'll leave it at that."
The way the reporter had phrased his last question was more than "a little odd." It was a totally loaded question. It assumed that everyone agreed that North Carolina's bathroom law and Mississippi's religious liberty law "discriminate against LGBT people."
For whatever reason, Paul Ryan was afraid to commit to an opinion on the matter.


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A German court has ordered the release of a Moroccan man accused of helping to plan the September 11 attacks on the United States. The decision has thrown the case against him into doubt, as well as the conviction of another Moroccan in Germany on similar charges.
The surprise move came Thursday morning, following new evidence judges say clearly exonerates Abdelghani Mzoudi. Judge Klaus Ruehle said a statement by an unnamed new witness proves Mr. Mazouti knew nothing about planning for the attacks on New York and Washington in 2001.
Prosecutors had alleged that Mr. Mzoudi, who was arrested last October and has been on trial for four months, was a member of the Hamburg terror cell thought to have organized the attacks.
They accused him of transferring money to the cell, and said he was trained at an al-Qaida camp in Afghanistan. They also alleged Mr. Mzoudi was a close friend of Mohammed Atta, one of the suspected ringleaders of the attacks, who is believed to have piloted the first plane to hit the World Trade Center in New York.
Mr. Mzoudi's defense lawyers argued that although he knew members of the Hamburg cell, he did not help plan the attacks.
It was not immediately known whether the judge's decision on Thursday would end the trial.
Mr. Mzoudi is the second man to be tried in Germany in connection with the September 11 attacks. In February this year, another Moroccan, Mounir el Motassadeq, became the first person to be jailed for his role in the attacks. He received a sentence of 15 years. His lawyers said Thursday they will appeal for his conviction to be overturned, in light of the new evidence and Thursday's court action.


text:
Status: Closed
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first NJ.com user to add photos or videos of Oak Ridge Pub & Liquors
Since 1993 the company has been providing Liquor Stores.
Oak Ridge Pub & Liquors is located at 62 Oak Ridge Rd, Newfoundland, NJ. This business specializes in Alcoholic Beverages. Oak Ridge Pub & Liquors is open Mon - Sat, 9am - 10pm; Sun, noon - 10pm and accepts American Express, Cash, Discover, Mastercard and Visa.


text:
Retail Operations
Position Type:
Permanent Full Time
Job Reference:
No File Attached
We have two exciting opportunities for a Full Time Store Manager to lead our Mathers Penrith Team!
About the role:
As a Store Manager you will be required to hit the ground running and lead by example! Your responsibilities would include training and coaching of staff to demonstrate the product with the goal to achieve sales targets, reporting on business metrics, visual merchandising, inventory control and liaising with the State Manager to achieve store financial and operational goals.
Our Benefits:
We are looking for people who:
About us:
Mathers understands that both style and comfort begin with your shoes. Founded in 1923, we stock a wide range of leading Australian and international brands in more than 40 stores nationally, and pride ourselves on providing products of premium quality and unsurpassed comfort. With notable names such as Diana Ferrari, Colorado, ABEO, Portland and more, you'll find there's something for every foot at Mathers.
If this sounds like the opportunity for you, then don't delay....apply today & join the Mathers team!


text:
- Contact Person : Ms. Yang Monica
- Company Name : Shenzhen Annanfeng Electric Co., Ltd.
- Tel : 86-755-29834265
- Fax : 86-755-23110802
- Address : Guangdong,Shenzhen,2/F, Western Separated Part, Block 502, Yufeng Ind, Minzhi Street, Bao'an Dist.
- Country/Region : China
- Zip : 518109
Related Product Searches:RGB Powerful LED Torchlight,High Quality,powerful torchlight, portable torchlight,ANF-FL-001-AC
Recharge mode:Wireless recharge.
Operating voltage:AC220~50Hz
The battery type:The rechargeable lithium battery.
Flash light type: White light Led *6
table lamp light type:White light Led *9
Function features:
The product is not a traditional flashlight with light function .The design sets energy-saving,safety , environmental-friendly,portable and smart in one which also sets table lamp ,flashlight and emergency light in this product.
The product uses the lastest Led energy-saving technology and wireless recharge design .Inside,there are environmental lithium battery for recharge.Economic , affordable , safe, environmentally.
Please make sure the voltage is 220 when use the sensor recharger .
There is inside lithium battery in the product ,so please do a good recycle after throwing.
Please use the supporting sensor recharger.And live the product in the dry and cool place.
The sensor recharger with the smart recharge function so do not worry about any damage after long time recharge.
Service commitment :
1.Do not disassemble the product without professional .
2.Do not place the product in the place above 70'C
RGB Powerful LED Torchlight


text:
Off Campus Buildings
Off Campus Buildings
|Biology Field Station
|Dr. James Penny Building
|Downtown Lethbridge
|Gushul Studio
|Nicholas Sheran Arena
|West Lethbridge (leased space)
|Bow Valley College
|Calgary (leased space)
|Rocky Mountain Plaza - U of L Admin.
|Calgary (leased space)
|Concordia University College (July 1, 2012)
|Edmonton (leased space)


text:
Some divorce tips for women include choosing to redefine oneself after a divorce, creating a support system for emotional well-being and planning for the financial future after the divorce is necessary, notes WebMD and Forbes and Women's Day magazines. It is also important for women to remember not to attempt to harm their ex-husband in any manner because this almost always hurts other members of the family, such as children.Continue Reading
Attempting to harm the ex-husband can also have disastrous consequences. If an ex-wife gets her ex-husband fired from his job, for example, the ex-husband may no longer be able to provide the children or the ex-wife with significant support payments, notes Women's Day. Being divorced is not a bad thing and does not mean that the woman is a terrible person or has failed at life.
One of the best ways to get through divorce successfully is to find a support group. This group can consist of close family and friends as well as an actual support group for divorced women, states WebMD.
The ability to redefine oneself after divorce is also key. Many women (and men) in married relationships start to define themselves in terms of their partner. Once divorce occurs, women need to learn how to redefine themselves as a single woman.Learn more about Law


text: Have some inside information on a brand new device? Discover something top secret in your store's inventory? We want to hear from you! If you want your identity kept secret, we will take your name to the grave. If you want your name to be known, we will always give proper credit, and make sure you get the recognition you deserve.


text:
Available ebook formats: epub mobi pdf lrf pdb html
I've always been a dreamer, even from a young age. The world around me has never been simple or easy. I learned that if I could find the good in the world I would have to create a place where I could show others what was possible. This is why I started writing. For more about my years growing up and my experiences with writing visit: www.solomonwoytowich.com
Review by:
Andrew Craig
on May 13, 2013 :
Somehow, again, Solomon Woytowich has surprised me. Just when I was settled in to continue along the journey, he comes along with a different idea that changes everything. It was a thoroughly good read, great character development, some special & touching moments, and as always full of imagination but what stood out is that Solomon Woytowich has this series up to be something great in the long term. I cannot wait to see how he will advance what he started in this book. My only complaint is that I wish he would write more books sooner!
(reviewed 11 days after purchase)


text:
SOURCE: Pulse Beverage Corporation
April 03, 2014 12:20 ET
Grocer Carries Full Line of Natural Cabana® Beverages at 132 Stores
Grocer Carries Full Line of Natural Cabana® Beverages at 132 Stores
DENVER, CO--(Marketwired - Apr 3, 2014) - The Pulse Beverage Corporation (OTCQB: PLSB), makers of Natural Cabana® Lemonades and Coconut Waters, and PULSE® brand of functional beverages, today announced that Natural Cabana® Coconut Water will be available at 132 Fred Meyer stores across the Pacific Northwest, including Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Alaska.
"The listing of Natural Cabana Coconut Water at Fred Meyer is a testament to the strong reception we are experiencing for this great-tasting, all-natural beverage across all of Pulse's retail and distribution channels," said Bob Yates, CEO of Pulse. "With the addition of coconut water, Fred Meyer now carries the full line of Natural Cabana beverages, including our Natural Cabana Lemonades.
"We expect strong momentum to continue for Natural Cabana Coconut Water, as we leverage Pulse's robust distribution network to deliver a high-quality and in-demand beverage to new and existing outlets."
With only 60 calories and 10 grams of natural sugar per serving, Natural Cabana® Coconut Water is made from only superior grade coconuts. Please visit http://bit.ly/cabanacoconutwater to view a video about our coconut water.
About The Pulse Beverage Corporation
Pulse Beverage Corporation is an emerging beverage company that offers a line of great tasting, refreshing, low-calorie natural drinks, including Natural Cabana® Lemonade and Limeade, Natural Cabana® Coconut Water and Pineapple Coconut Water, and PULSE® brand of functional beverages. Combining all-natural ingredients, essential vitamins and minerals, Pulse's line of beverages provides consumers with high-quality, healthy alternatives at a reasonable price. For more information, please visit: www.pulsebeverage.com or email email@example.com.
Follow Pulse Beverage on Twitter at https://twitter.com/drinkpulsebev
Pulse Beverage Facebook Fan Page at https://www.facebook.com/PulseBeverageCorporation
Forward-Looking Statements
This news release contains "forward-looking statements" as that term is defined in Section 27A of the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Statements in this press release which are not purely historical are forward-looking statements and include any statements regarding beliefs, plans, expectations or intentions regarding the future. Such forward-looking statements include, among other things, regulatory incentives, the development of new business opportunities, and projected costs, revenue, profits and results operations. Actual results could differ from those projected in any forward-looking statements due to numerous factors. Such factors include, among others, the inherent uncertainties associated with new projects and development stage companies. These forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this news release, and we assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Although we believe that any beliefs, plans, expectations and intentions contained in this press release are reasonable, there can be no assurance that any such beliefs, plans, expectations or intentions will prove to be accurate. Investors should consult all of the information set forth herein and should also refer to the risk factors disclosure outlined in our annual report on Form 10-K for the most recent fiscal year, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and other periodic reports filed from time-to-time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Investor Contacts:
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(310) 279-5980Media Contacts:
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(310) 279-5968
Investor Contacts:
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(310) 279-5980Media Contacts:
George firstname.lastname@example.com
(310) 279-5968
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text:
Breeding SeasonFavorites [+]
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You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
Purchase Options
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Running Time: 80 minutes
Released: 06/2006
Studio Name: Treasure Island Media
Series: Breeding Season
Director: Paul Morris
Description: Primal and irresistible, it's every man need to dominate, take a man down, and pump seed deep inside another man...to own him, to breed him.
6 Scenes from Breeding Season
Breeding Season: Scene 1 Free Preview
Starring: Steve Parker Caeden Chase ... More Details
Stars: Steve Parker, Caeden Chase, Carl Barns, Pete Venturi
Sex Acts: Anal Sex, Fingercuffing - Anal, GangBang, Fishhooking, Creampie
Positions: Cowgirl, Standing Doggy Style, Missionary, Doggy Style, Laying
Breeding Season: Scene 2 Free Preview
Starring: Austin Shadow Christian (TIM) ... More Details
Stars: Austin Shadow, Christian (TIM)
Sex Acts: Rim Job, Anal Sex, Deep Throating, Oral Sex
Positions: Doggy Style, Standing Doggy Style, Laying, Missionary, Standing
Breeding Season: Scene 3 Free Preview
Starring: Matt Walker Jon Eagle ... More Details
Stars: Matt Walker, Jon Eagle
Sex Acts: Anal Sex
Positions: Standing Missionary, Standing Doggy Style, Laying
Breeding Season: Scene 4 Free Preview
Starring: Brad McGuire Ben Archer ... More Details
Stars: Brad McGuire, Ben Archer, Christian (TIM)
Sex Acts: Fingercuffing - Anal, Anal Sex, Deep Throating, Oral Sex, 3-Way
Positions: Standing Missionary, Standing Doggy Style, Doggy Style, Laying, Standing
Breeding Season: Scene 5 Free Preview
Starring: Nick Piston Alan Gregory ... More Details
Stars: Nick Piston, Alan Gregory
Positions: Standing Missionary, Sitting, Standing
Settings: Basement
Breeding Season: Scene 6 Free Preview
Starring: Austin Shadow Ethan Sexxtin ... More Details
Stars: Austin Shadow, Ethan Sexxtin
Sex Acts: Anal Sex, Deep Throating, Rim Job, Oral Sex
Positions: Standing Missionary, Doggy Style, Kneeling, Laying
Settings: Bedroom
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