text:
Intermediate Photography Workshop - One day photographic training courseIn the Intermediate Photography Workshop we go more in depth into mastering the principles of photography. This Intermediate Digital Photography course is for people who understand how their camera functions already. The course is suitable for beginners and amateurs wanting to improve their skills. The course will aim to develop your visual and creative skills. So if your aim is to take better pictures of your children, better images of your holiday this course will give you the tools to start shooting your own creative photographic projects. Please bring your own digital SLR with you but if you haven't got one yet, I have equipment I can lend you for the course (make sure you bring a memory card or USB memory stick to take home your images with you). The course is largely practical in nature with lots of hands on experience and opportunities for 1-1 tuition. The structure for the day is as follows:
- MORNING session: We will go through some slides explaining the content of the workshop. Looking at the elements with in the images. This is an open discussion and feel free to ask questions.
- AFTERNOON session: Putting it all into action.
- Program Modes, Aperture Priority, Shutter Speed Priority and Manual
- White Balance, The colour temperature of Light (Natural & Artificial Colour Casts)
- The Camera's Light-meter
- Using natural light to your advantage.
- Composition
- Elements of Design
- Colour Theory
- Lenses and Perspective (the right choice of focal length)
- An Introduction to Flash Photography
- Light Quality
Course itinerary
- 10:00 meet up ( at the location for the day )
- 10:15 go over equipment
- 10:30 go through slides
- 12:30 questions
- 13:00 Lunch (not provided)
- 14:00 Practical session
- This is the point where you will be able to put into practice the information covered in the mornings slides. Don't worry I'll be with you every step of the way.
- 16:45 recap, questions and answers session. what do next
- 17:30 course ends


text:
Hal Leonard Sarah Vaughan - Original Keys for Singers Vocal / Piano
Sku #H19989000000000
Hal Leonard
Popular Vocal Sheet Music & Songbooks
- Write a Review
45 day price guarantee, 45 day return policy, 100% secure shopping
The All Music Guide calls Vaughan one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century. This collection gathers 25 of her classics arranged in her original keys so today's singers can try and match her performances. Songs include: Black Coffee • But Not for Me • Cherokee (Indian Love Song) • Darn That Dream • East of the Sun (And West of the Moon) • If You Could See Me Now • It Might As Well Be Spring • Lullaby of Birdland • The Man I Love • My Funny Valentine • The Nearness of You • A Night in Tunisia • Perdido • September Song • Tenderly • and more.
- 136 pages
- Size: 12" x 9"
- Artist: Sarah Vaughan

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Separate WCs
|6,500 sq ft
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 - 14 nights
E.H Registration # 16-22
This beautiful, recently rebuilt, home has 5 bedrooms and seven and one half bathrooms. Every room has a breathtaking view of Gardiner's Bay and the large sunset decks are luxurious and welcoming. Each bedroom is 'en suite' allowing for both privacy and comfort. All furnishings are new and lush from the comfortable club chairs facing the fireplace in the living room to the outside lounge chairs from which you can enjoy fiery sunsets each evening throughout the summer.
Situated directly on a private beach and completed in 2010, this home affords the opportunity for easy inside/outside living and is perfectly designed for lavish day and evening entertaining. A new and spacious chef designed kitchen featuring a Subzero refrigerator and freezer and Wolf range makes having friends visit a pleasure. This is the home that you've been looking for - fully equipped with beautiful, high-end furnishings and completed with an eye to exquisite detail and comfort.
PLEASE BE SURE TO SEE OUR VIRTUAL TOUR ---- at the very bottom of the page, or by copy and pasting the following link :
Turn the key, walk in and spend your summer relaxing in the style that you've been hoping for.
This home was completely renovated from the ground up with every detail carefully planned and furnished in the most luxurious of styles.
Location -private sandy beachfront, spectacular views & sunsets, warm clear water at your doorstep.
Close to the picturesque village of East Hampton, this property provides the privacy of a spacious, comfortable and exquisite beachfront home while allowing for the nightlife and excitement of this sought after community.
This home was rebuilt from the foundation up under my personal supervision with the quality and comfort in mind that I would
require should I descide the move in.
Grace adm. asst. purchased this house in 2007
This property is uniquie because it is one of the very few
beachfront homes this close to it's own private sandy beach.
You can literally walk from your living room to the beach in less than 50 feet and enjoy the panorama of Gardiners Bay.
Every room has a view of the water. SEE the VIRTUAL TOUR
Watch magnificent SUNSETS from inside the house or on the decks and large balconies.
The benefit of being 50 feet from the beach allows you to enjoy peace and quiet any time of day walking along the waters edge.
Enjoy water sports easily without lugging your equipment
back and forth every day. See the VIRTUAL TOUR !!
Beautiful, spacious home with great, accommodating owners. Spectacular views, very comfortable and fun. Very nicely decorated. In sum, magnificent!
The homeowner was wonderful to deal with. Accomodating and gracious. The house is spectacular. Plenty of room for our family. Booking again for next year....
This home is heaven on earth from the beginning of my experience the staff couldn't do enough to accommodate me. The house is for those few that are use to only the best . They have it down to a science there is nothing left to want. From the gourmet kitchen fully equip for any chef, to a master bedroom with breath taking views and may I mention the bed and linens where yummy. Sunsets on the deck of course are like no other. I came here myself to just rest and reflected. However I will be back with the family.
I only have one word for this house: Perfect! It was perfect in every way. We were ten friends (five couples) sharing the house and it was spacious, comfortable, well-equipped and all-around lovely. It is right on the water so the views are stunning and the bed was a dream- my husband and I are actually changing our bed to one just like the one we slept in here. The manager provided excellent service. What can I say I can't wait until our next visit!
This home far surpassed our expectations!! Although the photos posted on this site were quite lovely, they did not even begin to show the extent of beauty and functionality of the property. For a family visiting East Hampton from Florida, this stunning home provided a perfect home base as we explored The Hamptons!!! The massive and gorgeous kitchen is open to the family room and had the perfect, full view of the water. Every aspect of this home enhances the panoramic views of the Long Island Sound!!! We cannot wait to return!!
MY FAMILY AND I HAVE JUST SPENT THE MOST MEMORABLE AND SUPERB VACATION AT THIS MAGNIFICENT HOUSE. THE HOUSE HAS EVERYTHING THAT YOU NEED. THE VIEWS ACROSS THE OCEAN ARE A SIGHT TO BEHOLD. THE OWNER HAS FORGOTTEN NOTHING IN THE DEVELOPEMENT OF THE HOME AND INDEED IT IS A HOME. YOU HAVE EVERYTHING YOU NEED. THE HOUSE WAS SPOTLESS UPON ARRIVAL FROM ACROSS THE POND WE KNEW WE WERE IN FOR HOLIAY OF A LIFETIME WE WERE THERE WITH OUR DAUGHTER AND SON IN LAW OUR THREE GRANDCHILDREN ONE WHO IS OFF NOW TO IRAQ. WE HAD MANY CELEBRATIONS AND OF COURSE TEARS WHEN WE SAID GOODBYE. WE WILL BE BACK. UNTIL THE NEXT TIME. JOSEPH. THANK YOU. HENRY ps I am reccomending this house to my friends here in England
9----Galleries / Art Centers / Museums
2---- Live Theaters
3----Movie Theaters
7---- Festivals / Events
13-- Vineyards
Gardiner's Bay. One of only a few sandy beaches on Gardiner's Bay; Crystal clear, warm water - perfect for all types of water sports,swimming and beach sports.
Restaurants ,---------2 to 7 miles
Shopping ,movies, ---7 miles
Gourmet/reg. markets--5 to 7 miles
Winery tours----------15 miles
outlet shopping ------30 miles
Other Activities: Biking,boating,water skiing ,snorkling,local fishing ,deepsea fishing,charter boats,shelling,wind surfing,tennis, health/beauty spa
Golf: Golf ,miniature golf ,... all within 25 minuties
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
|Event Price
1 Sep 2018 - 30 Sep 2018
14 night minimum stay
for 14 nights
1 Oct 2018 - 30 Oct 2018
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
My Standard Rate
14 night minimum stay
for 14 nights
Minimum stay 7 to 15 NIGHTS
No daily or weekend stays
All utility charges are calculated by useage
Security deposit required
MAID SERVICE ONCE a WEEK INCLUDED .
Daily Maid Service [Mon--Sat.] is available,
in addition to the once a week provided in the lease.
No party celebrations allowed,without prior written approval..
No PETS allowed
* Approximate monthly price. Actual pricing will depend on the days of the month you stay.


text:
How to Smooth Skin and Enhance Portrait Lighting using a Wacom Tablet
This tutorial will demonstrate how to use Smart Objects, Filters and Layer Masks combined with a Wacom Tablet to smooth the skin of a model and then selectively enhance shadows and highlights within the scene.
I am using this Wacom Intuos Pro Tablet to complete the tutorial, however the techniques we will use can be done with any Wacom tablet. If you are interested in Digital Art and don't have access to a graphics tablet, I strongly recommend looking into picking one up. Check out Wacom's entire line of creative pen tablets here: http://www.wacom.com/en-us/products/pen-tablets
Step 1
Begin by opening your chosen image in Photoshop. I am using this image from Unsplash which you can download …
Create a Painted Portrait Effect in Illustrator Using the Bristle Brush
In the past, when I wanted to create a paint-like effect, I always opened Photoshop and relied on the trusty old bitmap graphic. That is, until I discovered the Bristle Brush in Illustrator. The Bristle Brush (which is actually a set of brushes) allows you to paint with layers of vector strokes that apply different shades and transparencies to the stroke. The result is a beautiful and realistic looking paint stroke that is 100% vector.
The Top Free Resources of 2015
Happy 2016! We've put together a list of the 5 most-downloaded free WeGraphics resources of the last year. Sign up for our email and get new free resources right to your inbox.
Create a Quick and Easy Typographic Illustration in Illustrator
Creating a hand drawn look in Illustrator is easier than you think. So easy in fact, that you can create an entire design that looks completely hand drawn in a matter of minutes. I'll show you how below in this easy to follow tutorial.
Create an Easy Retro Type Effect in Adobe Illustrator
Everyone loves retro type styles. Whether its a poster heading or an editorial title, this style is very desirable. Creating type effects in Adobe Illustrator via the Appearance panel is quick and easy. Keeping your type editable and saving your effects via the Graphic Styles presets is a huge time savor for down the road.
Quick Tip: Using Adjustment Layers for a Fast Hipster Look
We've all seen it on Instagram. The look is a blend of retro and vintage with a touch of cross processing. We tend refer to it as a "hipster" photo effect. Whatever you like to call it, the look is undeniably appealing, and very quick and easy to create in Photoshop with just a few adjustment layers. In this quick tip, I'll show you how.
How to Create a Stress Relief Coloring Book Page in Adobe Illustrator
I've noticed a recent trend of coloring books targeted to adults. It centers around the idea that coloring intricate patterns can be a method of stress relief and relaxation. These patterns are often complex with tons of detail and repeating patterns. While these pages may look very intricate they can be created quite easily with a few simple tricks in Adobe Illustrator.
Create a Quick Vintage 3D Effect in Photoshop
If you've ever seen an old 3D movie, comic book or photograph you'll recognize this look. It's intended to produce a 3D effect when viewed through the old red and blue 3D glasses. But, if you're like me, you've removed the glasses and wondered about the distorted and colorful image that's revealed. This look is wonderfully nostalgic, and very easy to create yourself in Photoshop.
In this tutorial, I'm going to add to the image a bit using the free Dust Particle PS Brush Set found here at WeGraphics. After all, what's the point of creating a 3D image without something intended to "come at" the viewer. Also, I will be …
Summer Music Festival Poster Round-Up
There are dozens of major outdoor festivals held throughout the summer months, each seeking to catch the eye of people with limited time and money. Even in a digital age, the classic one-sheet concert poster – like the iconic Woodstock poster below – remains a design staple. A well-designed poster is both functional and artistic and seeks to present logististical information in a visually captivating way.
A successful festival poster must overcome a few design challenges. First, the design must accommodate information about the lineup and location, which normally is best presented as text. Given that a festival can range anywhere from two to five days, a designer must be creative …
Announcing the Winners of the WeGraphics Community Art Project
The WeGraphics Community Art Project has closed. Thanks to everyone for their submissions. The three winning designs are below. Art Project resources can be found here.
Experienced designers will tell you that design doesn't happen in a vacuum: we're all inspired by the work of others and we're all pushed in specific directions by the industries that pay us. A professional designer is nearly always walking the lines between art and industry, and individual and community.
But sometimes it's fun to push boundaries — and that's where the WG Community Art Project comes in. We want to provide an opportunity for our community to work together as designers and create artwork …
Create a Vintage Type Design Using Envelope Distort in Adobe Illustrator
In this tutorial I'll show you how I use the Envelope Distort feature in Adobe Illustrator to warp text, creating a vintage badge or logo design. After that we'll add some additional text, photos and textures to complete the piece. Let's dive right in and see how easy this process can be.
Create a Quick and Easy 3D Type Effect
Clean and modern 3D type is a cool effect, and it's surprisingly quick and easy to create. With the combination of Photoshop and Illustrator, this effect is can be created in minutes. Let's take a look at how it's done.
Illustrator Quick Tip: Create Decorative Swirls in Minutes Using the Width Tool
I've always been a huge fan of Si Scott. I've followed his work for some time now, and I'm always amazed at the amount of detail in his illustrations. I can't imagine the time it takes to create such beautiful and perfect swirls and curves that is featured in a lot of his work. With that in mind, I set out to see if I could create a similar look in Illustrator, and what I found was one tool that was essential in creating these decorative swirls.
5 Simple Tricks to Enhance Your Textures in Photoshop
I take a lot of texture photos. The macro lens in on my camera about 90% of the time waiting for the opportunity to find a perfect texture. In most cases though, textures are not design ready right out of the camera. Below I'll cover 5 simple tricks that I use to enhance my textures in Photoshop.
Photoshop Quick Tip: Improving Workflow Using Auto-Select
There is a tool in Photoshop that I use so often that I don't even think about it. This tool is so essential to my work flow that I would be lost without it. I realized that if I didn't write a PS Quick Tip on this simple tool, I would be doing the design community a disservice. If there is even one Photoshop user out there that discovers this tool from this article, I will have done my job. :-)
© Copyright 2015 WeGraphics.net - All rights reserved. Design and code by WeGraphics Team


text:
Computex 2010 – Another Computex brings another whacky product from Thermaltake. This time, it's the Meka keyboard. It does boast some cool features – mechanical keys that some people still love to hang onto (most of us have moved on however), a USB hub on the back, with headphone and mic ports, and LEDs that light up to highlight certain keys that gamers will want to look for quickly:
Granted, if you are a gamer you probably already know where the WASD keys are. But here is the feature that gamers all over have been absolutely clamoring for. If you are having issues with misfires and jumping off cliffs due to sweaty palms and fingers, this is for you: A keyboard fan!
Yup, no more slips and mis-strokes for you, fatty! I just hope these keyboards are better than the atrocity Thermaltake brought out in 2002 or so. That thing was a disaster. Photos by PCPer.


text:
Starbucks set to serve beer, wine at some stores in The Woodlands
This fall, the popular spot for getting that morning caffeine fix may also become the place to go after work to wind down with a beer or glass of wine.
With its latest business initiative, Starbucks Coffee Co. is introducing Starbucks Evenings - where it will serve craft beer, wine and small plates - and three Woodlands area locations will be among the stores launching the new service this fall.
The Starbucks on Grogan's Mill Road at Sawdust Road, the one at Woodlands Parkway near FM 2978 and the one at Kuykendahl Road and Louetta Road in Spring will be included in one of the first waves of stores to feature Starbucks Evenings, as the company gradually rolls out the concept to its thousands of U.S. locations. Other area stores expect to incorporate the evening menu next year.
As part of the evening menu, the stores will offer an assortment of wines that was developed by the company's in-house sommelier, craft beers selected by regional popularity and small plates, such as bacon-wrapped dates, truffle mac and cheese and chicken sausage and mushroom flatbreads.
The evening menu will start at 4 p.m. and will range from $6 to $14.
Starbucks started testing this concept in Seattle, Washington, the birthplace of the iconic cafe, in 2010, and has studied responses to sample stores throughout the United States.
The corporation expects the Starbucks Evenings push will fill a gap in the market, where it believes there is a lack of venues to have an adult beverage in a quiet, laid-back atmosphere. It also points to research by Mintel, a global marketing analysis agency, that found that 70 percent of Starbucks customers are also wine drinkers, as opposed to 30 percent of the general U.S. population, and they are also twice as likely to drink craft beer as the average American.
The Starbucks on Grogan's Mill, which is first in sales in the district, has already undergone some renovations in preparation for the new products. It has added shelving for wine storage and a fridge for the beer and food. The baristas have also gone through training on how to properly serve the adult beverages and will be trained on plating the small meals.
"I've had a lot of customers express interest in it," said Emily Patton, a barista at the store. "It should liven up the nights."


text:
MOUNTAINSIDE — The view from a gazebo on Echo Lake at Echo Lake Park in Mountainside on this snowy day. (Photo by Gabe Gluck/Union County Parks and Community Renewal)
Send us your snowy day photos from anywhere in New Jersey – email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Connect with NJTODAY.NET
Join NJTODAY.NET's free Email List to receive occasional updates delivered right to your email address!


text:
I was just scrolling around aliexpress and I started looking at the Cheap android phones and tablets they had for sale. There getting pretty good lol :D. I remember looking at them not to long ago and they, where all crappy 400mhz cpus etc. Now im seeing alot of tablets powered by the Rockchip RK3066, this chip is a dual core 1.5ghz Cortex A9 CPU pared with a Quadcore Mali-400 :D!!. Thats pretty decent!
Then I saw this tablet Cube U30GT $240
It looks nice, thin, and is powered by the RK3066 and 1gb DDR3 ram. With a 10.1 IPS 1280*800 display with front and back cameras. And the price.. $242 with free shipping :D. This thing has better specs then the newly announced Galaxy tab 2 and its $240 vs $400.
here is a bunch more rk3066 tablets RK3066 tablets on aliexpress
I think this shows what the future of android tablets could become :D


text:
If you enjoy recipes like this, we highly recommend downloading the Food Monster App, it's available for both Android and iPhone and has free and paid versions. The app is loaded with thousands of allergy-friendly & vegan recipes/cooking tips, has hundreds of search filters and features like bookmarking, meal plans and more! The app shows you how having diet/health/food preferences can be full of delicious abundance rather than restrictions!
When the weather outside is nippy, try this raw cream of broccoli mushroom soup. It will warm your body and its' deliciousness will warm your heart.
When the weather outside is nippy, try this raw cream of broccoli mushroom soup. It will warm your body and its' deliciousness will warm your heart.
Raw Cream of Broccoli Mushroom Soup [Vegan]
This Recipe is :
- 1 head broccoli, chopped
- 10 ounces mushrooms, sliced
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 1 tablespoon olive oil
- 1 tablespoon agave
- 1 tablespoon balsamic vinegar
- 1 clove garlic
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- pinch of basil
- 1 avocado
- 1 1/2 cups water
- red pepper flakes
- salt and pepper
- To make this creamy and hearty, marinate and dehydrate the veggies and mushrooms just a bit before making the soup.
- Chop the broccoli and onions and add it, along with the sliced mushrooms, to a container. Whisk together the olive oil, agave, balsamic vinegar, garlic, salt, and a touch of basil.
- Pour over the vegetables and shake or toss to coat.
- Let marinate for about a half hour. Then pour into solid dehydrator sheets and dehydrate for about another hour.
- To make the soup, set aside about a quarter of the marinated vegetables.
- Take the rest and put in the blender with the avocado and water.
- Puree until very smooth.
- Salt and pepper to taste, and top with the reserved marinated vegetables and a bit of red pepper flakes.


text:
I swear I was subscribed to all of my sisters blogs but somehow I missed the last four posts of Annie Caries! One of which is showcasing the adorable monster dolls she designed and made for all the boy cousins for Christmas. The yellow one is the one that my little boy got, and he LOVES it. He hugs it more than any other toy. It reminded me of the boy in "Where The Wild Things Are" and I found out that that's what she used as inspiration for it. I actually never got to see the other monsters because Our family wasn't there last Christmas so I was so excited to finally see the other critters she had made. Check out her blog for more of the cute crafts shes been up to.
Original contemporary paintings including landscapes, portraits, and interiors by artist Trent Gudmundsen.


text:
Stephanie Kolkka
Stephanie grew up in the retail business and her love of home and design was greatly influenced by her mother. "My mother was a designer, fabulous home renovator and art teacher; her passion for inventing clever design solutions rubbed off on me. My first job was managing her retail store in Palo Alto and I loved it."
Living in exotic places such as Thailand and Saudi Arabia has additionally informed her love of art and design. In opening Brick Monkey, Stephanie satisfied a long-time desire to return to retail and create a fun, inspiring store with a unique personality offering great style at sensible price points.
In addition to her involvement with the two Brick Monkey stores, Stephanie remains deeply involved with the operation of Kolkka Furniture, a custom design and furniture manufacturing business that she started with her husband John in 1985. Kolkka Furniture, located in Napa Valley California, has established a national reputation for design, custom manufacturing capabilities and excellent customer service, and is featured, among many other products, at Brick Monkey.
Gina Nicolo
Gina began working at Kolkka Furniture in 2008 and within 1 year became the Office Manager. "Working with Stephanie changed my life. She was and still is such an inspiration to me. Through her mentoring I realized that I too wanted to be an entrepreneur."
Within a year after the promotion, she acquired an education as a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and opened her own company doing accounting for individuals and small businesses in the Bay Area.
"I have always had a vision to create a boutique in Redwood City that would liven and strengthen the community downtown. I wanted to have a store that had something for everybody. Monkey see, Monkey do, we have something just for you!"
She invested and become a partner at Brick Monkey in 2013 and together they expanded the brand by opening Brick Monkey Squared.


text:
Home Again by Hancock Lumber carefully selects product vendor partners to provide the best selection for its customers keeping in mind product quality, pre and post sale service, competitive pricing, brand reputation and alignment with Home Again by Hancock's values.
Andersen. Home Again by Hancock Lumber is proud to be a Circle of Excellence dealer with access to all Andersen lines including their complete Architectural Series: A-SERIES and E-SERIES products. Andersen is the most trusted and recognized name in windows and doors.
Mathews Brothers. This Maine-based family run business since 1854 dynamically aligns with Hancock Lumber, Maine and the community. Manufactured in Belfast, Mathews Brothers produces everything from the all-wood O.E. Frost line, to the Clara Starrett Energy Core product to our own Hancock Classics vinyl windows! Mathews Brothers also specializes in patio doors!
Sierra Pacific Windows + Doors. Sierra Pacific offers one of the world's most energy efficient windows, the best wood protection in the industry, a Limited Lifetime wood window warranty, plus a supreme selection of options, colors and design choices. The more you know about Sierra Pacific, the better they look!
Unilux. The leader in efficiency, there is no other window on the market like the German-made Unilux line of products. Passive and Net-Zero homes trust Unilux to grant a superior rating and long-term solution to building responsibly. This is the future of building materials!
Velux. Innovation is at the forefront in every Velux skylight! From a solar powered control system to a self-cleaning surface, Velux has built a skylight that is actually functional from the ground and attractive in your home. Let the light with Velux skylights!
Larson. America's #1 selling storm door, Larson leads the industry in quality and innovation. Larson's portfolio of entry and storm doors expands all styles and trends, with something sure to meet and exceed your needs!
Therma-Tru. The beauty of wood with the durability of steel! 25 years ago Therma-Tru brought this innovation to the entryway door, defining their place as the nation's leading manufacturer of fiberglass and steel exterior door systems.
Simpson. All wood, custom and glass design options are what you get with this beautiful line of doors. At Simpson, the craftsmanship is key, your doors become part of your home's character and artistry. Interior and exterior doors, a variety of wood species, design and craftsmanship combine to make a Simpson door.


text:
Kim So Hyun talks about the acting competition among her peers Kim Yoo Jung and Kim Sae Ron
Kim So Hyun is a great role model!
The 17 year-old acting veteran refuses to let bad blood get between her and fellow actresses her age. Kim Yoo Jung, Kim Sae Ron and herself have been ranking in the starring roles, and the Let's Fight Ghost star is determined to maintain a loving sisterhood. In a recent interview with TV Report, Kim revealed her thoughts about their individual acting careers.
"At first, it was overwhelming how the 3 of us were mentioned together, but now it has become comfortable. Each of us has different colors, and I am more relaxed now thinking that way. I'm going to face even more rivalry when I enter my 20s, so I want us to bond together."
She is so mature for her age. It would be amazing if all actors had the same desire for friendship as she does. After seeing each of these young ladies act, I completely agree with Kim So Hyun. Each of them bring something uniquely different to the table that can not be duplicated. I anticipate more great projects from them in the future.
Which young actress is your bias? Would you like to see them collaborate on a project together in the near future?
Shelly M is an author and blogger. Follow her personal blog at BTSCelebs.com
Source: Via / Image Credit: Newsen
Starring Kim Hyun Joo and Joo Sang WookAdd to Queue Remove from Queue Watch Now


text:
Key transcription factors control the gene expression program in mature pancreatic β‐cells, but their integration into regulatory networks is little understood. Here, we show that Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 directly interact and together bind regulatory sequences in the genome of mature pancreatic β‐cells. We used Insm1 ablation in mature β‐cells in mice and found pronounced deficits in insulin secretion and gene expression. Insm1‐dependent genes identified previously in developing β‐cells markedly differ from the ones identified in the adult. In particular, adult mutant β‐cells resemble immature β‐cells of newborn mice in gene expression and functional properties. We defined Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 binding sites associated with genes deregulated in Insm1 mutant β‐cells. Remarkably, combinatorial binding of Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 but not binding of Insm1 alone explained a significant fraction of gene expression changes. Human genomic sequences corresponding to the murine sites occupied by Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 were enriched in single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with glycolytic traits. Thus, our data explain part of the mechanisms by which β‐cells maintain maturity: Combinatorial Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding identifies regulatory sequences that maintain the mature gene expression program in β‐cells, and disruption of this network results in functional failure.
The functional and molecular characterization of Insm1 reveals its crucial role in the maintenance of adult pancreatic β‐cell identity.
Deletion of Insm1 in adult pancreatic β‐cells in mice translates into deficits of insulin secretion.
Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 co‐occupy regulatory sequences to maintain a mature gene expression profile in pancreatic β‐cells.
Corresponding human Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding regions show sequence variations that have been implicated in β‐cell dysfunction(s).
During terminal differentiation of cells, gene expression programs are established that are then faithfully maintained throughout the lifetime of mature cells (Holmberg & Perlmann, 2012). The ontogeny of pancreatic β‐cells, the insulin‐secreting cells of the body, has been studied extensively, and a hierarchically controlled transcription factor network that determines β‐cell specification and differentiation has been defined. Frequently, these transcription factors provide transient regulatory input, but a subset of them remains expressed during the lifetime of mature non‐dividing β‐cells (Holmberg & Perlmann, 2012; Szabat et al, 2012). In particular, Neurod1, Foxa1, Foxa2, Nkx6.1 and Pdx1 were first identified to control β‐cell development but are now known to also maintain mature β‐cell function (Naya et al, 1997; Ahlgren et al, 1998; Holland et al, 2002; Gao et al, 2007, 2010; Gu et al, 2010; Szabat et al, 2012; Taylor et al, 2013). This shows that the persistent and mature gene expression program in β‐cells is actively controlled, but only recently the integration of these factors into regulatory networks is beginning to receive attention (Pasquali et al, 2014).
Maturity is known to be important for β‐cell function, and loss of maturity was associated with failure of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in diabetes (Weir & Bonner‐Weir, 2004; Ziv et al, 2013; Wang et al, 2014). Insulin release is finely tuned and relies on mechanisms that allow β‐cells to sense and metabolize glucose, as well as on signaling cascades that couple metabolic signals to insulin exocytosis (Lang, 1999; MacDonald et al, 2005). In addition to glucose as primary regulator, metabolites such as free amino acids or fatty acids also stimulate insulin secretion. Furthermore, hormones such as glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (Glp1) and gastrointestinal inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) modulate and serve as potentiators of glucose‐induced insulin secretion (MacDonald et al, 2005; Baggio & Drucker, 2007). Thus, in a normal physiological setting in the adult, insulin secretion is controlled by glucose and additional signals that provide modulatory input. β‐cells of adult and newborn mice differ in their response to these complex cues, indicating that the ability to appropriately secrete insulin is acquired during postnatal maturation. To restore β‐cells or β‐cell functions in diabetic patients, in vitro protocols were developed that allow the generation of β‐cells from embryonic stem cells by a step‐wise differentiation that recapitulates development in vivo (D'Amour et al, 2006; Nostro & Keller, 2012). Until recently, such methods yielded immature β‐cells that poorly secrete insulin in response to glucose, but a new protocol was recently reported to overcome this limitation (Pagliuca et al, 2014). Despite the physiological importance of β‐cell maturity, the maturation process remains little understood on a molecular level.
Insm1 encodes a zinc finger factor that controls differentiation of β‐cells and other endocrine cell types in the pancreas, intestine, pituitary and adrenal medulla (Gierl et al, 2006; Wildner et al, 2008; Welcker et al, 2013; Osipovich et al, 2014). In endocrine cells of the pancreas, Insm1 expression is initiated early during development in an Ngn3‐dependent manner (Gierl et al, 2006; Mellitzer et al, 2006). Insm1 but not Ngn3 expression is maintained in mature endocrine cells, providing an example of the distinct regulatory cascades operative in development and maturity. We show here that Insm1 binds to chromatin in β‐cells and that most Insm1 sites are co‐occupied by two key β‐cell transcription factors, Neurod1 and Foxa2. Using conditional gene ablation in mice, we show that Insm1 controls mature β‐cell function and is required for correct glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion. Mutant β‐cells shift their functional properties and gene expression program to resemble immature β‐cells. Binding sites co‐occupied by Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 are mainly located in intergenic and intronic sequences. Remarkably, the presence of such combinatorial binding sites correlates very significantly with gene expression changes in Insm1 mutant β‐cells. Conversely, sites occupied by Insm1 only are enriched in promoters and correlate poorly with gene expression changes. Together, our data provide evidence that combinatorial binding of Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 identifies cis‐regulatory sequences that maintain the mature gene expression program of β‐cells.
Insm1 ablation in mature β‐cells abrogates glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion
In the mature murine pancreas of control mice, nuclear Insm1 protein was detected by immunohistology in insulin+ β‐cells (Fig 1A and B). Other endocrine cell types like α‐cells that express glucagon (Gcg), δ‐cells that express somatostatin (Sst) and Pp‐cells that express pancreatic polypeptide (Pp) locate to the periphery of murine islets and also express Insm1 (Fig 1C–E). In contrast to the expression observed in developing endocrine cells, Insm1 protein levels in adult endocrine cells appeared heterogeneous and β‐cells that express high and low Insm1 levels were observed. To assess the role of Insm1 in mature β‐cell gene regulation and function, we introduced a somatic Insm1 mutation in mice using a 'floxed' allele (Insm1flox/lacZ; Supplementary Fig S1A and Materials and Methods) and a tamoxifen‐inducible Cre driven by the insulin promoter (RIPCreER; Dor et al, 2004). To test for specificity of recombination using RIPCreER, the mT/mG indicator line was used that expresses membrane‐bound tomato and GFP before and after Cre‐dependent recombination, respectively (Muzumdar et al, 2007). After tamoxifen treatment of mT/mG;RIPCreER animals, the vast majority of insulin+ cells co‐expressed GFP, indicating that recombination is efficient in β‐cells (Fig 1F and G). Non‐recombined tomato+ cells in islets were also observed (Fig 1H). These co‐expressed PECAM, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin (Fig 1I–L), indicating that recombination does not occur in endothelial, α‐, δ‐ and Pp‐cells. We used tamoxifen‐treated mice with an Insm1flox/lacZ;RIPCreER genotype as conditional mutants, which are subsequently called coInsm1 mutants. In coInsm1 mutants, a pronounced reduction of Insm1 protein was observed by immunohistology in insulin+/Pdx1high β‐cells (Fig 1M–P) and by Western blot analysis of isolated islets (Fig 2A).
Source Data for Figure 2 [embj201490819-sup-0016-SDataFig2.zip]
We next assessed plasma insulin levels in control and mutant mice. When insulin secretion was monitored after glucose injection in coInsm1 mutants, we observed a completely disrupted insulin secretion; that is, insulin levels were not elevated 2, 5 or 15 min after the injection (Fig 2B). Insulin secretion was also impaired during a 2‐h period after glucose challenge (Supplementary Fig S1B). In fasted coInsm1 and control animals, insulin levels were similar (Fig 2C). We also monitored insulin levels in randomly fed animals that receive a mixture of nutrients, that is, under conditions in which insulin secretion is regulated by complex physiological parameters encompassing glucose, other nutrients and hormones. This showed that insulin levels were increased in randomly fed compared to fasted coInsm1 mice (Fig 2C). However, insulin levels did not reach those observed in randomly fed control mice (Fig 2C). Blood glucose levels of randomly fed coInsm1 animals were markedly elevated, and coInsm1 mice showed pronounced elevation of blood glucose in glucose tolerance tests (Fig 2D and E). Elevated glucose levels were consistently observed in coInsm1 mice 2–11 weeks after tamoxifen treatment (Fig 2F). Similar changes in glucose levels were observed in randomly fed and glucose challenged mice regardless whether the mutation was introduced at an age of 1 or 2 months (compare Fig 2D and E; Supplementary Fig S1C and D). In all experiments described above, we compared coInsm1 mutants to control animals of two genotypes, Insm1flox/+;RIPCreER and Insm1flox/lacZ. Since the two control groups were indistinguishable, we combined them in subsequent experiments.
Insm1 is required for normal islet morphology and insulin content
We next tested whether decreased insulin release was caused by β‐cell loss or reduced insulin production. Pancreatic β‐cell numbers were comparable in control and mutant mice (Fig 3A), but β‐cell mass was mildly reduced in the mutants (Fig 3B). Insulin content and insulin‐1 (Ins1) but not insulin‐2 (Ins2) mRNAs were mildly reduced in coInsm1 mutant pancreata (Fig 3C and D). Mice that lack the insulin‐1 gene remain glucose tolerant (Leroux et al, 2001), indicating that the mild downregulation of insulin‐1 mRNA cannot account for the pronounced deficit in insulin secretion observed in coInsm1 mutant mice.
Histological analyses showed that the average cell size was reduced resulting in denser nuclear packing, but overall epithelial cell morphology was intact as assessed by β‐catenin distribution (Fig 3E). The smaller cell size can thus account for the reduction in the β‐cell mass. TUNEL staining showed that apoptosis rates were elevated in islets of coInsm1 mutants, but they nevertheless remained low (< 1 apoptotic cell/section; Fig 3F). This was accompanied by a mild increase in proliferation (Fig 3G). We also found that glucagon‐expressing α‐cells were increased in number and dispersed throughout the islet instead of being located in the periphery (Fig 3H). The numbers and locations of somatostatin‐ and pancreatic peptide‐expressing cells and expression of other hormones were unchanged (Supplementary Fig S2). In conclusion, ablation of Insm1 in adult β‐cells resulted in perturbed islet morphology, reduced β‐cell mass due to smaller cell volume and decreased pancreatic insulin content.
Insm1 mutant β‐cells assume immature functional characteristics
We next tested systematically for changes in gene expression in coInsm1 mutant islets by microarray analysis (GSE54044), which revealed deregulated genes in mutant islets (P‐value < 0.05; 1,232 genes with FC > 1.2 and < 0.8; 352 with FC > 1.4 and < 0.6). Similar numbers of genes were up‐ and down‐regulated. To define affected cellular processes, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis of differentially expressed genes. Consistent with glucose intolerance, deregulated genes were associated with biological processes critical for β‐cell function, such as regulation of insulin secretion, response to hormone and glucose stimulus, and glucose metabolism (Fig 4A; Supplementary Table S1). Comparison with Insm1‐dependent genes identified previously in the developing pancreas (Gierl et al, 2006) revealed little overlap (61 overlapping genes, Pearson's coefficient 0.21, Supplementary Table S2). Thus, Insm1 controls distinct sets of genes in developing and mature β‐cells.
Source Data for Figure 4 [embj201490819-sup-0017-SDataFig4.zip]
Insulin exocytosis from pancreatic β‐cells is stimulated by glucose metabolism by a mechanism involving ATP‐sensitive K+ channels (MacDonald et al, 2005). In addition, hormones such as glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (Glp1) and gastrointestinal inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and metabolic fuels potentiate insulin secretion (Baggio & Drucker, 2007). Many deregulated genes identified participate in glucose‐dependent insulin secretion, such as Glut2 (Slc2a2), Pcx, Pfkfb3, Hk1, Pdk1/4 and G6pc2 that control glucose uptake and metabolism, a subunit of the ATP‐sensitive potassium channel (Abcc8), intracellular signaling molecules (Prckb, Ak5, Trpm5, Cx36), glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (Glp1r) and a negative regulator of GIP receptor signaling (Rgs2) (see Supplementary Table S1 for a list of deregulated genes implicated in insulin secretion; Babenko et al, 2006; Becker et al, 1994; Carvalho et al, 2010; Colsoul et al, 2010; Guillam et al, 1997; Stanojevic et al, 2008; Sugden & Holness, 2013; Tseng & Zhang, 1998; Wang et al, 2007; Xu et al, 2008). The expression of deregulated genes implicated in insulin secretion was confirmed by qRT–PCR (Fig 4B). Ucn3 provides a marker for β‐cell maturity, and the ratio of MafB and MafA expression is important during β‐cell maturation (Artner et al, 2010; Blum et al, 2012; van der Meulen et al, 2012; Hang et al, 2014). We also observed that Ucn3, MafB and MafA were deregulated in coInsm1 mutant islets. This provided first evidence that coInsm1 mutant islets have lost a mature gene expression program.
We therefore systematically compared genes deregulated in coInsm1 islets to previously reported genes differentially expressed in mature and immature (P1) murine β‐cells (Blum et al, 2012; GSE35906). This revealed a large overlap; that is, 29% of the genes that were differentially expressed in control and coInsm1 mutant islets were also differentially expressed in mature and immature β‐cells; a hypergeometric probability test demonstrated that this overlap was highly significant (P < 5.6 × 10−9; Fig 4C). We also compared the differentially expressed genes of coInsm1 mutants with a diabetes model (Kluth et al, 2014) and found a more limited overlap (115 genes deregulated in both models, P = 1). Islets of coInsm1 mutants resemble thus more closely immature than diabetic islets. Ucn3, Glut2 and Glp1r were among the common set of deregulated genes in immature and coInsm1 mutant islets, and Western blotting demonstrated reduced levels of the corresponding proteins (Fig 4D). Ngn3 and other markers of β‐cell progenitors were not induced (Supplementary Fig S3). This indicates that coInsm1 mutant β‐cells revert to an immature but not progenitor state.
Immature β‐cells, for instance those from newborn mice, are known to respond aberrantly to glucose (Rorsman et al, 1989; Blum et al, 2012). We therefore characterized and directly compared glucose‐induced insulin secretion from islets isolated from coInsm1 mutants and immature mice (Fig 4E and F). coInsm1 mutant but not control islets released insulin at 3.3 mM glucose, but glucose‐stimulated insulin release was similar at 16.7 mM. In control islets, insulin secretion was further enhanced by pyruvate, exendin‐4 and GIP in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose, but coInsm1 mutant islets responded poorly to these secretagogues (Fig 4E). Similar changes in insulin secretion were observed in immature islets obtained from postnatal day 1 (P1) mice, that is, increased insulin release at low glucose (3.3 mM) and poor response to pyruvate, exendin‐4 and GIP (Fig 4F). coInsm1 mutant islets and immature islets also displayed a similar decrease in sensitivity to tolbutamide, a blocker of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels (Fig 4E and F). Stimulation with KCl released similar amounts of insulin from control, coInsm1 mutant and from immature islets (Fig 4E and F). This indicated that the overall secretory machinery remained functional in coInsm1 and immature islets. This was also supported by electron micrograph analysis of insulin‐containing secretory granules in β‐cells that did not reveal changes in vesicular morphology or density in mutant mice (Fig 4G). Furthermore, examination of arginine‐induced insulin secretion in vivo did not reveal significant differences between control and coInsm1 animals (Fig 4H). Thus, mutant β‐cells remain fully capable of insulin secretion after challenge with arginine in vivo or by global membrane depolarization by exogenous KCl in vitro. In summary, the primary deficit in coInsm1 mutant β‐cells is restricted to glucose‐induced insulin secretion and its modulation by secretagogues, excluding a general deficit in the basic secretory machinery. This is also supported by the fact that genes controlling glucose sensing and metabolism, secretagogue response and intracellular signaling are deregulated.
Insm1 binds to chromatin cooperatively with Neurod1 and Foxa2
To understand the molecular mechanism of Insm1 function in β‐cells, ChIP‐seq experiments were performed. As a chromatin source, we used early passages of an immortalized pancreatic β‐cell line (referred to as SJ β‐cells) that we established (Radvanyi et al, 1993). Insulin secretion from SJ β‐cells was stimulated eightfold to tenfold in response to glucose, which is comparable to the response observed in dissociated cells from adult islets, but lower than the one in intact islets, and these cells respond to exendin‐4 and GIP (Supplementary Fig S4A; compare with Blum et al, 2012; Halban et al, 1982). Two independent ChIP‐seq experiments (GSE54046) identified 17,453 high confidence Insm1 binding sites in chromatin of SJ β‐cells that overlapped between experiments (see Supplementary Fig S4B–D for replicate comparisons, antibody specificity and binding site distribution). Example traces are shown in Fig 5A and Supplementary Fig S4E (upper traces). Examination of these binding sites by de novo motif analyses revealed an enrichment of two sequences within ±25 bp of the summits of binding sites (Fig 5Bi and ii; E‐value = 8 × 10−92 and 8 × 10−41 for the two motifs shown in i and ii, respectively). The first corresponds to an E‐box (present in 22% of all Insm1 binding sites) and the second to the consensus sequence of forkhead factors (present in 21% of all Insm1 binding sites; Newburger & Bulyk, 2009). The previously described consensus Insm1 binding sequence (Breslin et al, 2002) was not identified by de novo motif analysis, but a related sequence (Fig 5B iii) was observed in 19% of all Insm1 binding sites (E‐value = 5.5 × 10−55; see also below).
The key β‐cell transcription factors Neurod1 and Foxa2 bind E‐box and forkhead motifs, respectively. We tested whether Neurod1 and Foxa2 co‐occupy Insm1 sites in β‐cell chromatin using ChIP‐seq analysis. A total of 14,607 Neurod1 and 28,379 Foxa2 binding sites were identified in the genome of SJ β‐cells; 38% of the Neurod1 and 46% of the Foxa2 sites contained the known E‐box and forkhead consensus motif, respectively, within ±25 bp of the summit of the peaks. Binding sites of Insm1 in the genome displayed large degrees of overlap with Neurod1 and Foxa2: 73% of all Insm1 sites were co‐occupied by Neurod1 and/or Foxa2, and 38% were co‐occupied by all three factors (Fig 5C). Summits of single factor binding peaks were typically close and less than 50 bp apart (Fig 5D). Traces for all three factors are shown for the key β‐cell transcription factor Pdx1 and the glucose transporter Glut2 (Slc2a2) (Fig 5A), as well as for Ucn3, Ins1, hexokinase1 (Hk1) and MafA (Supplementary Fig S4E; see also Supplementary Table S3). Many Insm1 sites not classified as Neurod1 or Foxa2 binding sites nevertheless displayed substantial Neurod1 or Foxa2 coverage that had not sufficed to pass the stringent cutoff (Fig 5E, Materials and Methods). We also performed de novo motif analyses on co‐occupied and 'Insm1 only' sites. In 'Insm1 only' sites, two motifs were identified, one resembling the described Insm1 consensus sequence (Fig 5B iiii) (Breslin et al, 2002) and the second corresponding to a new motif (Supplementary Fig S5); neither of these were identified in sites co‐occupied by all three factors.
Next, we compared the number of reads obtained in Insm1, Neurod1 or Foxa2 ChIP‐seq experiments and observed that read numbers were highest at sites co‐occupied by all three factors (Fig 6A). Comparison of the distribution of co‐occupied and 'Insm1 only' sites in the genome demonstrated that co‐occupied sites were depleted of promoter and enriched in intergenic and intronic sequences (Fig 6B). The co‐recruitment of Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 was also experimentally tested by ChIP‐PCR in both SJ β‐cells and murine islets. Indeed, all tested sites were enriched (Fig 6C and D). Thus, Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 frequently bind in close proximity in chromatin of pancreatic β‐cells, and high affinity binding sites are enriched in sites co‐occupied by all three factors.
We next tested whether Insm1 and Neurod1 and/or Foxa2 bind simultaneously or competitively by sequential chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP‐reChIP) (Truax & Greer, 2012). After precipitation of chromatin from SJ β‐cells and murine islets by anti‐Insm1 antibodies, we observed substantial re‐precipitation with anti‐Neurod1 or anti‐Foxa2 antibodies (Fig 7A–D). Thus, Insm1/Neurod1 and Insm1/Foxa2 can bind simultaneously. We also tested whether Insm1 directly interacts with Neurod1 or Foxa2 using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. Anti‐Insm1 antibodies co‐precipitated endogenous Neurod1, and to a lesser extend Foxa2 in SJ β‐cells (Fig 7E). Co‐precipitation was also observed in the presence of ethidium bromide (Fig 7E), indicating that Insm1/Neurod1 and Insm1/Foxa2 interactions are independent of DNA binding (Lai & Herr, 1992). Conversely, the endogenous Insm1 was immunoprecipitated by anti‐Neurod1 and anti‐Foxa2 antibodies in the presence and absence of ethidium bromide, but not by control or anti‐MafA antibodies (Fig 7E). Thus, Insm1 physically interacts strongly with Neurod1, and to a lesser extent with Foxa2, indicating that Insm1 can be recruited also indirectly to chromatin.
Source Data for Figure 7 [embj201490819-sup-0018-SDataFig7.zip]
We chose sequences to assess them for enhancer activity in β‐cells (SJ cells), hepatocytes (HepG2 cells) and a kidney cell line (HEK293) by luciferase assays. Sequences chosen were associated with deregulated genes and either co‐occupied by Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 (indicated by 3 in Fig 7F), by other combinations of Insm1 sites (indicated by 2) or by Insm1 only (indicated by 1). The majority of Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 co‐occupied sites were more active in β‐cells than in HepG2 or HEK293 cells (Fig 7F). Thus, sites that integrate binding of all three factors display cis‐regulatory activity and β‐cell lineage selectivity. Indeed, Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites were strongly enriched in the previously characterized putative enhancers of β‐cells (Supplementary Table S4; Tennant et al, 2013). Six fragments that displayed lineage‐specific regulatory activity were further analyzed by luciferase assays in HepG2 cells that express endogenous Foxa2, but not Insm1 or Neurod1. Insm1 or Neurod1 cDNA was transfected together with luciferase constructs. Expression of Neurod1 cDNA but not of Insm1 cDNA alone stimulated transcriptional activity of enhancer fragments from the Glp1r and Pcx genes. Remarkably, Neurod1 and Insm1 co‐transfection stimulated expression synergistically (Fig 7G), which was observed with enhancer fragments from Glp1r and Pcx genes but not other tested fragments. We conclude from these data that Neurod1 and Insm1 can act synergistically to increase transcriptional activity.
Combinatorial Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites correlate with Insm1‐dependent gene regulation
Transcription factors typically bind to many thousand sites in the genome. It has remained a challenge to identify among these sites the ones functionally important for regulating gene expression. We related Insm1 binding and changes in gene expression in coInsm1 mutant islets. In comparison to all expressed genes, combinatorial Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites were significantly enriched in deregulated genes (P‐value = 2.2 × 10−19 and 8.0 × 10−22 for sequences 10 kb or 50 kb around the genes, respectively, for FC > 1.2). For instance, 16% of all expressed genes and 32% of deregulated genes (FC > 1.4) contained an Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding site within 10 kb (P‐value = 4.3 × 10−13). Sites occupied by 'Insm1 only' did not correlate with changed gene expression (Fig 8A). Additional computational analysis of other categories of single and combinatorial binding sites confirmed that sites co‐occupied by Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 correlate best with changes in Insm1‐dependent gene expression (Supplementary Table S5). Similar numbers of genes associated with Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites were up‐ and down‐regulated (Supplementary Table S6), indicating that these sites regulate transcription in a context‐dependent manner to activate or repress genes. Many deregulated genes associated with combinatorial Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites participate in insulin secretion, among them all deregulated genes whose expression was verified by qPCR in Fig 3B (see Supplementary Table S3 for a list of deregulated genes implicated in insulin secretion associated with Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites). Finally, we defined the presence of Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites in genes deregulated in both, immature islets and coInsm1, and observed again a significant enrichment (P‐value = 1.0 × 10−10 and 4.2 × 10−15 for sequences 10 kb and 50 kb around deregulated genes, respectively). We conclude that the presence of sites characterized by triple Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding is a predictor of Insm1‐dependent gene expression.
Trait‐associated variations in the genome (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) are often enriched in regulatory sequences (Hnisz et al, 2013; Pasquali et al, 2014). We defined human sequences that correspond to the experimentally identified Insm1 binding sites in mice and correlated them with known trait‐associated variations. First, we examined SNPs obtained from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) GWAS catalogue and included 14 traits, including traits associated with β‐cell dysfunction such as diabetes, changed insulin and glucose levels. The most pronounced enrichment was observed for sites co‐occupied by Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2, and this was observed in SNPs associated with 'glucose levels', but sites occupied by 'Insm1 only' were not enriched (Fig 8B and C). Enrichment of other site categories or trait categories did not reach this level of significance (Fig 8D; Supplementary Table S7 for 98 combinations of binding site categories and their enrichment in SNPs associated with various traits). Several SNPs associated with type 2 diabetes were also located in Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites, but these were not significantly enriched. To further examine sequence variations, we also included SNPs identified in the largest available genome‐wide association analyses for glycolytic traits (Morris et al, 2012; Scott et al, 2012) and again observed a significant enrichment of Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites (SNPs overlapping with Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites are listed in Supplementary Table S8). Thus, combinatorial Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites are enriched for sequences implicated in β‐cell dysfunction in humans.
Functional immaturity was associated with failure of pancreatic β‐cells in disease (Weir & Bonner‐Weir, 2004; Dor & Glaser, 2013; Wang et al, 2014). However, mechanisms that allow the acquisition and maintenance of the mature β‐cell state are incompletely understood. We show here that Insm1 is required in adult β‐cells to maintain the mature gene expression program. Conditional Insm1 ablation in mature β‐cells leads to pronounced deficits in insulin secretion and to glucose intolerance, and mutant islets from adult mice resemble in these functional properties β‐cells isolated from newborn animals. We used cultured cells as a model to analyze molecular mechanisms of Insm1 function and found that Insm1 binds to defined domains in chromatin that are mostly co‐occupied by Neurod1 and Foxa2. Indeed, the presence of sites co‐occupied by the three transcription factors correlates significantly with gene expression changes observed in Insm1 mutant islets. Together, our data identify Insm1 as a component of an important transcriptional network that controls the gene expression program of mature pancreatic β‐cells.
Functional interactions between Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2
Our analyses show that in β‐cells Insm1 is frequently bound to chromatin together with Neurod1 and Foxa2, two well characterized transcription factors that control mature β‐cell function (Naya et al, 1997; Lantz et al, 2004; Gao et al, 2007, 2010; Gu et al, 2010; Mastracci et al, 2013). Cultured and primary β‐cells differ in important parameters like proliferative activity. SJ β‐cells resemble but are not identical to islets in their ability to secrete insulin in response to glucose. Furthermore, the cultured cells also respond to exendin‐4 and GIP. Because of the ample material provided by cultured cells, we used SJ β‐cells as model for ChIP‐seq experiments and identified Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 binding sites. A set of the binding sites associated with genes known to control glucose‐dependent insulin secretion was re‐tested in ChIP‐PCR experiments, and all tested sites were occupied also in isolated islets. cis‐regulatory modules that assemble many transcription factors are known to control gene expression (Davidson, 2001; Bonn & Furlong, 2008; Ciofani et al, 2012). Interestingly, Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites identified in the Pdx1, MafA and Hadh genes were previously shown to possess enhancer activity (Gerrish et al, 2000; Lantz et al, 2004; Raum et al, 2006). Similarly, a large proportion of the identified sequences tested experimentally displayed cis‐regulatory activity and β‐cell lineage selectivity.
We show here that Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 do not only co‐occupy chromatin in β‐cells, but Insm1 also directly interacts and co‐precipitates with Neurod1 and Foxa2 in the absence of DNA binding. Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites represent high affinity sites, as judged from the number of reads in ChIP‐seq experiments. Moreover, in cultured hepatocytes that express Foxa2 endogenously, ectopic expression of Insm1 and Neurod1 can synergistically stimulate transcriptional activity in luciferase assays when fragments containing Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites were tested. Remarkably, sites co‐occupied by Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 predict a large proportion of the Insm1‐dependent gene expression in mature β‐cells, and the majority of these are located in intergenic and intronic sequences. In contrast, sites that bind Insm1 only correlate poorly with changed gene expression and are frequently enriched in promoters. Our data explain part of the mechanism by which β‐cells maintain maturity and are in accordance with previous findings in other cell and tissue types that indicate that combinatorial transcription factor binding can be used to identify functionally important cis‐regulatory sequences (Davidson, 2001; Bonn & Furlong, 2008; Ciofani et al, 2012).
We further show that the combinatorial binding of Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 seems to some degree be conserved and functionally important in humans. Such sequences, when mapped to the human genome, were enriched in human sequence variants associated with glycolytic traits. Sites co‐occupied by Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 represent thus a functionally important sub‐class of Insm1 binding sites in the genome. However, the presence of Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites is found in genes that are positively or negatively de‐regulated in coInsm1 mutant β‐cells. A large fraction (46%) but not all Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites locate to previously mapped putative enhancer sequences of islets (Tennant et al, 2013). Remaining sites might correspond to promoters or poised enhancers containing bivalent histone marks that are thought to respond to external stimuli (Creyghton et al, 2010). Together, these data indicate that Insm1 acts as a transcriptional regulator and, in a context‐dependent manner, as activator or repressor, together with other factors that modify the function of Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2. Insm1 is known to recruit histone‐modifying factors such as Kdm1a, Hdac1/2, Rcor1‐3 and other proteins implicated in transcriptional regulation (Hmg20a/b and Gse1) via its SNAG domain (Welcker et al, 2013), and our ongoing work indicates that the recruitment of such factors explains many but not all Insm1‐dependent functions in the pancreas (Ulrich Köstner and C.B., unpublished data).
Functional deficits and islet immaturity in coInsm1 mutant islets
The development and maintenance of a mature functional state of β‐cells and other cell types depends on the continuous presence of key transcription factors that define cellular identity (Holmberg & Perlmann, 2012). Nevertheless, distinct genes depend on Insm1 during development and in the adult, and furthermore, DNA binding by Insm1 appears to be dynamic. Thus, only a small proportion (4.9%) of Insm1‐dependent genes identified in mature β‐cells were also deregulated in developing Insm1 mutant pancreata, and among the five known Insm1 binding sites identified previously in developing β‐cells, only one located in the Insm1 promoter was also identified in this study (Gierl et al, 2006; Osipovich et al, 2014). In addition, this analysis and previous work demonstrate that mutation of transcription factors in mature β‐cells is less disruptive than mutation during development. For instance, among the few commonly deregulated genes identified after Insm1 mutation in developing and mature β‐cells, we identified Insulin‐1 (Ins1) that was downregulated twofold and 13‐fold after mutation of Insm1 in adult and developing β‐cells, respectively. The mature gene expression program of β‐cells appears therefore to be more stable, possibly due to epigenetic modifications or the existence of more complex and redundant transcription factor networks.
We show here that conditional ablation of Insm1 in β‐cells of mice results in a failure to secrete insulin in response to glucose challenge. Our data indicate that deficits in glucose uptake and metabolism as well as changes in secretagogue response account for this. Thus, coInsm1 mutant β‐cells respond poorly to high glucose and to modulators of glucose‐dependent insulin secretion like incretin or pyruvate. The primary deficit is restricted to glucose‐dependent insulin secretion and its modulation by secretagogues. Mutant β‐cells remain fully capable of insulin secretion after challenge with arginine or global membrane depolarization with exogenous KCl in vitro, excluding a general deficit in the basic secretory machinery. Insulin secretion from isolated islets of coInsm1 mutant mice and immature (P1) islets under various conditions shows remarkable physiological similarities. Furthermore, comparison of differentially expressed genes reveals a large overlap between coInsm1 mutant islets and immature β‐cells. Thus, mutant β‐cells resembled β‐cells isolated from newborn animals, but we did not detect evidence for a return to a progenitor state marked for instance by Ngn3 expression. We noted that Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites with high factor occupancy cluster around genes important for β‐cell identity, for instance Pdx1 and Ins1. Further analyses will show whether such clusters correspond to 'super enhancers' that were proposed to dominate the transcriptional control of cell identity (Hnisz et al, 2013), and to what extent such 'super enhancers' change during development and maturation in temporal dynamic patterns.
Materials and Methods
Animals and genotyping analysis
The Insm1flox allele was generated using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells (Supplementary Fig S1A). The neomycine casette used for selection in ES cells was removed by standard techniques (Rodriguez et al, 2000). Control (Insm1flox/+;RIPCreER or Insm1flox/lacZ) and conditional mutant (Insm1flox/lacZ;RIPCreER) mice were generated by using RIPCreER (Dor et al, 2004) and Insm1LacZ/+ (Gierl et al, 2006) strains. Male animals at an age of 8–12 weeks were used. Tamoxifen pellets (25 mg, 21 d release) were inserted under the skin of 4‐ or 8‐week‐old mice (control and conditional mutant animals). The mT/mG reporter strain was used for verification of recombination (Muzumdar et al, 2007). Phenotypes were analyzed on a mixed C57Bl/6;129Ola background and mutants were always compared with littermates. RIPCreER was reported to be expressed also in brain neurons, but Insm1 is solely expressed in neuronal progenitor cells but not neurons, precluding recombination in the nervous system. Genotyping primers are listed in Supplementary Table S9. All breeding, housing and experiments were conducted in accordance with institutional German regulations.
Quantification of insulin levels, glucose levels and β‐cells
Blood glucose and blood insulin measurements were performed as described (Poy et al, 2009). Average blood glucose levels were determined from average levels of at least six independent measurements of 12–14 individual animals/genotype. For blood insulin levels, average levels were determined from average values obtained from at least two independent measurements of 14–16 individual animals/genotype. Sample sizes chosen were similar as the ones previously reported to provide statistical significance (Kulkarni et al, 2002; Kubota et al, 2004; Poy et al, 2009). For glucose tolerance tests, glucose was injected intraperitoneally (2 g/kg body weight), and blood glucose levels were measured using a glucose meter (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany). For insulin secretion, glucose (2 g/kg body weight) or arginine (0.3 g/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally, and insulin was measured from serum using an ultra sensitive mouse insulin ELISA kit (Crystal Chem. Inc., Downers Grove, USA). Pancreatic insulin content was determined from pancreas tissue extracted with acid ethanol using ELISA (Poy et al, 2009). In short, 3 pancreata/genotypes were collected in 5 ml acidic ethanol (2% concentrated HCl in 100% ethanol) and grinded. After centrifugation, supernatants were collected, and insulin concentration was determined by ELISA (Mouse High Range Insulin ELISA, Alpco, USA).
Pancreatic Ins1 and Ins2 mRNA was determined by qRT–PCR. The β‐cell mass and β‐cell number/mm2 pancreas were determined as described using 3 mice/genotype (Poy et al, 2009). In short, every 20th sections (8 μm) of pancreata were collected, that is, 6–8 sections/pancreas encompassing the whole organ, and β‐cell area was identified by immunohistology using anti‐insulin antibodies. The entire pancreas area, insulin‐positive area and pancreas weight before sectioning were determined and used to calculate β‐cell mass. The number of β‐cells/pancreas area was determined from counts of β‐cells (DAPI+ nuclei in insulin+ area) on sections of 90–120 islets/mouse.
Immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation and Western blot
Immunohistochemistry was performed as described by Poy et al (2009). Fluorescence was imaged on a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal microscope and processed using Adobe Photoshop software. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot were performed as described (Welcker et al, 2013). Antibodies used are listed in Supplementary Table S9. For co‐immunoprecipitations, SJ β‐cells were lysed and centrifuged, and the supernatant was incubated with the indicated antibodies. Antibodies were immobilized on protein A or G beads and used to precipitate endogenous proteins. Beads were washed 3 times with PBS containing 0.02% Tween‐20, and protein was eluted using 4% SDS in 0.1 M Tris–HCl pH 7.4.
Isolation of pancreatic islets and analysis of insulin secretion from isolated islets
Pancreatic islets were isolated as described by Poy et al (2009). After enrichment on Histopaque (Sigma‐Aldrich, Munich, Germany) step gradients, individual islets were picked with a pipette under the microscope.
Insulin secretion from isolated islets (n = 3–4) and SJ β‐cells (n = 3) was measured after incubation with the various secretagogues (Poy et al, 2004). For this, isolated islets were cultured overnight in RPMI medium (Gibco, Darmstadt, Germany) containing 10% fetal calf serum for recovery. Islets were prepared for analysis by washing in secretion buffer (137 mM NaCl, 0.9 mM CaCl2, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.5 mM KH2PO4, 0.5 mM MgCl2, 8.1 mM Na2HPO4, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 0.2% BSA), incubation in secretion buffer containing 5.5 mM glucose (30 min) and again washing in secretion buffer. The assay was then performed by incubation for 30 min in secretion buffer containing indicated concentrations of glucose and secretagogues. Released insulin was quantified using ELISA (Mouse High Range Insulin ELISA, Alpco, USA).
Microarray analysis
Total RNA from isolated islets was isolated using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA). Genome‐wide transcript analysis was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430 2.0 arrays (8 microarrays/genotype, Grossmann et al, 2009) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Microarray data were analyzed with R bioconductor package (Huber & Gentleman, 2004) and processed with affy and limma packages. To compare samples, we applied log2 transformation and normalized with the 'quantile' method. Only probes with log2 intensity > 7 were considered for further analysis. The Benjamini–Hochberg FDR method was used to calculate P‐values (cutoff 0.05). The significance of overlaps in gene expression changes in various models was compared using the hypergeometric probability test http://www.geneprof.org/GeneProf/tools/hypergeometric.jsp.
qRT–PCR analysis
For qRT–PCR analysis, cDNA from five animals/genotype was synthetized using SuperScript III (Invitrogen) and independently analyzed using Absolute qPCR SYBR Green mix (AbGene) on a Bio‐Rad C1000 Thermal Cycler (Sheean et al, 2014). Expression levels were determined using the 2‐ΔΔCt method using ActB as internal standard.
ChIP‐seq and ChIP‐PCR
We generated a new pancreatic β‐cell line using a described protocol (Radvanyi et al, 1993) in order to obtain cells with low passage number and good physiological response to glucose for ChIP‐seq analysis.
Specificities of anti‐Insm1 antibody were tested by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting on tissue from control and Insm1 mutant mice, and of Neurod1 and Foxa2 antibodies by Western blotting (Supplementary Fig S4C). Chromatin precipitation was done essentially as described by Lee et al (2006). The PCR primers used for chromatin analysis are shown in Supplementary Table S9. ChIP‐PCR performed with anti‐Insm1, anti‐Neurod1 and anti‐Foxa2 antibodies relied on the use of protein A (Insm1, Neurod1) and protein G (Foxa2) beads. Shown for ChIP‐PCR are data from one experiment representative of 2–3 samples (Gao et al, 2008).
Chromatin‐immunoprecipitated DNA was used to prepare Illumina ChIP‐seq (Insm1, Neurod1, Foxa2 and IgG controls) libraries according to the manufacturers' protocol. In brief, starting from 10–20 ng of ChIP‐DNA, the following library preparation steps were performed for each sample (Pasquali et al, 2014): end‐repair, A‐tailing, adapter ligation, gel purification and a final PCR enrichment. After quality control on an Agilent Bioanalyzer and quantification of the final library on a Qubit, we proceeded with cluster generation and sequencing. Single‐end 51‐nt reads were generated, and reads that did not pass the Illumina chastity filter were filtered out. The number of reads obtained from the libraries used to compare Insm1 (148 × 106, 189 × 106), Neurod1 (114 × 106) and Foxa2 (36 × 106, 45 × 106) sites was on average 79% mappable (see also computational analyses). The data were visualized using the UCSC genome browser.
Computational analyses
Reads obtained by sequencing of the libraries were mapped to the mouse (mm9) genome using Bowtie. Reads that mapped with more than 2 mismatches or to more than one position were discarded from further analysis. Peaks were called using Macs software (Zhang et al, 2008) with default parameters. To visualize peaks in UCSC genome browser, the Bowtie output was converted to a BigWig format. We assigned a read cutoff to binding sites. For the first Insm1 ChIP‐seq experiment, a peak height of 60 was taken as a cutoff. The cutoffs of all further experiments were accordingly normalized to the total number of mapped reads. Two independent ChIP‐seq data sets for Insm1 and Foxa2 binding were generated, and we considered only those sites present in both replicates for further analysis (Supplementary Fig S4B). The two replicates of Neurod1 were dissimilar in coverage but displayed large overlap; for the analysis, the single data set with higher coverage was used.
Start and end coordinates of the binding sites were defined as the positions were the number of reads reached 50% of the peak height. Consensus binding site coordinates were then defined as the minimum start and maximum end of the peaks that were defined in the two replicates. Binding sites were annotated as being located in promoter, UTR, intron or exon sequences using the UCSC RefSeq table. When a particular binding site fell into several categories, it was scored only once, according to the following priorities: promoter, UTR, intron and exon. Data processing and visualization was performed with PERL and R scripts. To define the significance in correlation between changes in gene expression and presence of Insm1 or Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 binding sites, we used Fisher's exact test.
Motif analysis in identified binding regions was done using MEME (Bailey et al, 2009); 500 binding sites containing the highest peak counts were used for analysis. To define in the entire data set numbers of sites containing a motif, we used FIMO (Grant et al, 2011) (P‐value < 10−3). The motif search was applied to ±25 nucleotides around the peak mode. GO term analysis was performed by using the MGI Gene Ontology Term Finder (http://www.informatics.jax.org/gotools/MGI_Term_Finder.html).
The correlation between deregulated genes in coInsm1 mutant islets and various categories of binding sites was analyzed, and the best correlation was found for Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites. This analysis was complicated by the fact that genes often contain two or more binding sites (e.g., Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 and Insm1 only site). Therefore, equivalent analyses were performed after excluding genes with binding sites of multiple categories. Insm1/Neurod1/Foxa2 sites remained the most enriched category in deregulated genes (data summarized in Supplementary Table S5). Insm1 sites were converted to human (hg19) coordinates with UCSC liftOver tool. SNPs with genome‐wide association for 14 traits in European individuals were retrieved from the GWAS catalog (P‐value < 5 × 10−8) (Hindorff et al, 2014). The list of SNPs were pruned using PLINK tools with the following command: –indep‐pairwise 100 10 0.2 (Purcell et al, 2007), generating a list of index SNPs. The pruning step eliminates SNPs that are in linkage disequilibrium and results in a list of index SNPs in which each disease associated locus is represented by a single SNP. Each index SNP was used to identify sequence variants in high linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.8), creating a final SNP list. The variants were identified in the 1,000 Genomes Project CEU (Utah residents of northern and western European ancestry) pilot 1 data. Insm1 binding sites (±250 bp of the start and end of the binding site defined as the positions where the number of reads reached 50% of the peak height) that overlapped with the final SNP list were identified. To test for enrichment, we generated a random set of sequences of identical length with the same genome annotation (such as intron, exon, promoter, UTR) as the Insm1 binding site data set and again tested for the presence SNPs in these sequences. The procedure was repeated 10,000 times. The P‐values were calculated as the fraction of runs in which the number of SNPs in random sequences was as large or larger than the number of SNPs in Insm1 binding sites.
Electron microscopy
Pancreata from mice were fixed in 4% formaldehyde in phosphate buffer and postfixed in 2% formaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer. After treatment with 1% osmium tetroxide and dehydration, the tissue was embedded in Poly/Bed 812 (Polysciences, Inc., Eppelheim, Germany). Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined using a FEI Morgagni electron microscope. Digital images were taken with a Morada CCD camera and the iTEM software (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany).
Luciferase assays and siRNA experiments
DNA fragments (average size 678 bp; the exact sequence coordinates are given in Supplemental Table S9) were cloned upstream of a minimal promoter driving the firefly luciferase gene (pGL4.23[luc2/minP] vector; Promega). The selected fragments were derived from genes whose expression was deregulated in co‐Insm1 mutant islets and had been assigned as bound by Insm1 using ChIP‐seq in SJ β‐cells and ChIP‐PCR of isolated islets. Using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen), SJ β‐cells, HepG2 or HEK293 cells were transfected with the firefly luciferase plasmid containing putative cis‐regulatory sequences; as an internal control, Renilla luciferase plasmid (pRL‐TK Renilla; Promega) was co‐transfected. Cell lysates were prepared 24 h after transfection, and luciferase activity was determined using Dual‐Luciferase® Reporter Assay kits (Promega). For each sample (n = 4, Ciofani et al, 2012), firefly luciferase values were normalized to Renilla luciferase values. We display relative luciferase activity as a fold change compared to empty pGL4.23 vector.
siRNAs against Insm1, Neurod1 and Foxa2 mRNAs were delivered by electroporation using Amaxa kit V and program G‐16 according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer. Mouse Insm1 and non‐targeting control siRNAs were purchased from Dharmacon (J‐049233 ‐09/‐11/‐12 for Insm1 and D‐001810‐10 for control). Mouse Neurod1 and Foxa2 siRNAs were purchased from Ambion (s201725, s67628).
Data availability
Relevant gene expression and ChIP‐seq data have been deposited in the GEO database under the following accession numbers: GSE54044 and GSE54046.
Author contributions
SJ performed genetic, biochemical and physiological experiments, experimentally confirmed computational data and designed experiments; AI performed computational analyses. DB generated the Insm1flox strain, WS generated ChIP‐seq libraries and sequences, TM helped with generation of confocal images and figures, BP performed electron microscopy, WC, MNP and NR supervised library production/deep sequencing, physiological experiments and computational analysis, respectively. CB supervised the project and wrote the article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Figure S1 [embj201490819-sup-0001-FigS1.pdf]
Supplementary Figure S2 [embj201490819-sup-0002-FigS2.pdf]
Supplementary Figure S3 [embj201490819-sup-0003-FigS3.pdf]
Supplementary Figure S4 [embj201490819-sup-0004-FigS4.pdf]
Supplementary Figure S5 [embj201490819-sup-0005-FigS5.pdf]
Supplementary Figure Legends [embj201490819-sup-0006-Legends.docx]
Supplementary Table S1 [embj201490819-sup-0007-TableS1.xls]
Supplementary Table S2 [embj201490819-sup-0008-TableS2.xls]
Supplementary Table S3 [embj201490819-sup-0009-TableS3.doc]
Supplementary Table S4 [embj201490819-sup-0010-TableS4.xlsx]
Supplementary Table S5 [embj201490819-sup-0011-TableS5.xls]
Supplementary Table S6 [embj201490819-sup-0012-TableS6.doc]
Supplementary Table S7 [embj201490819-sup-0013-TableS7.xls]
Supplementary Table S8 [embj201490819-sup-0014-TableS8.docx]
Supplementary Table S9 [embj201490819-sup-0015-TableS9.xls]
Source Data for Supplementary Figure S4 [embj201490819-sup-0019-SDataFigS4.zip]
We want to thank Michael Strehle (MDC Berlin) for help during computational analyses and preparation of the manuscript, Bettina Brandt for technical assistance, Petra Stallerow and Claudia Päseler for expert animal husbandry support, and Gabriele Born for performing microarray hybridizations (all at the MDC, Berlin). We also thank Malgorzata Borowiak (Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas), Walter Birchmeier, Matthias Treier and Uwe Ohler (MDC, Berlin) for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by a grant from the BIH to C.B. and a grant of the China Scholarship Council (CSC) to W.S.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs 4.0 License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
- © 2015 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY NC ND 4.0 license


text:
% Hello, this is the DOMREG whois service. % % By submitting a query you agree not to use the information made % available to: % - allow, enable or otherwise support the transmission of unsolicited, % commercial advertising or other solicitations whether via email or % otherwise; % - target advertising in any possible way; % - to cause nuisance in any possible way to the registrants by sending % (whether by automated, electronic processes capable of enabling % high volumes or other possible means) messages to them. % % Version 0.3 % % For more information please visit http://whois.domreg.lt % Invalid .lt domain name
% This is the RIPE Database query service. % The objects are in RPSL format. % % The RIPE Database is subject to Terms and Conditions. % See http://www.ripe.net/db/support/db-terms-conditions.pdf % Note: this output has been filtered. % To receive output for a database update, use the "-B" flag. % Information related to '22.214.171.124 - 220.127.116.11' % Abuse contact for '126.96.36.199 - 22.214.171.124' is 'email@example.com' inetnum: 22.214.171.124 - 22.214.171.124 netname: MAIN-HOSTING-SERVERS descr: Main Hosting Servers country: US admin-c: HN1858-RIPE tech-c: HN1858-RIPE status: ASSIGNED PA mnt-by: MNT-HOSTINGER created: 2011-08-24T06:00:46Z last-modified: 2013-12-02T21:04:17Z source: RIPE person: Hostinger NOC address: Hostinger International Ltd. address: 61 Lordou Vyronos address: Lumiel Building, 4th floor address: 6023 address: Larnaca address: CYPRUS phone: +37064503378 nic-hdl: HN1858-RIPE mnt-by: HN19812-MNT created: 2013-12-02T20:17:12Z last-modified: 2016-09-29T07:03:26Z source: RIPE # Filtered % Information related to '188.8.131.52/23AS47583' route: 184.108.40.206/23 descr: HOSTINGER US origin: AS47583 mnt-by: MNT-HOSTINGER created: 2011-08-24T06:04:48Z last-modified: 2013-12-02T21:03:26Z source: RIPE % This query was served by the RIPE Database Query Service version 1.91.2 (BLAARKOP)


text:
Religion in Political DiscourseWeaver -- Wednesday, November 03, 2004 -- 08:59:11 PM
The role of religious motives, methods, organizations, ideas, words and people in political activities: good or bad, effective or ineffective, how and why?This thread is tagged: religion
(All users will see what tags exist for a thread. Please tag carefully!)
Thanks; I haven't yet caught up with that.
Yes, this troubles me too. I'm not sure what draws some to this view and not others; it's nothing as clearcut as sect membership or theological conservatism.
j. ross, I agree with that, actually. The extension described in Greg's final paragraph is where I see trouble. I can believe that I need to put my faith into practice in my leadership without believing that no one of good faith can disagree with me.
Shelby was helping calling Dems to GOTV yesterday, her first outing with the local Dem organization. She was really upset however by how the other Dems there talked about the right in general and people of faith specifically. The left really does have a hate of religion problem. A good portion of religious people are on the right because they empathize politically with the left but don't feel like they're wanted or trusted there. Calling them all "stupid Nazi assholes destroying the country and creating a totalitarian state" is not only untrue but does nothing to win people over, which is what the Dems need to do to avoid falling out of the game altogether.
Again, this is why we need moderate people like Shelby volunteering, rather than staying home and letting people like Campo canvass your neighborhood.
(Deleted message originally posted by ktp on Wednesday, November 03, 2004 -- 10:48:22 PM.)
That's instructive. Perhaps next time I'll volunteer.
Yes. Because I wonder (fear?) what the stance on the next issue will be. Religion is inherently authoritarian. It derives it's moral impact from the authority that gives it birth and sustains it. That authority is beyond question and criticism or the faith falls.
I regarded Liberation Theology as highly suspect, seeing it as a way to combine the efficient tyranny of Stalin with the mythical Papal power to chase opponents beyond the grave. What we saw in Carter and LT was a failed effort to wave the cross against the cross. In the end authoritarian strains of Christianity were enhanced simply because it conformed more to "Fundemental" and "Orthodox" forms.
The setup was disorganized as hell, too. True to form, Shelby's response when she got home was "I'm taking over that whole organization".
She needs to do that. Really.
Just so long as she doesn't let her husband influence her politics.
Remember Will Rogers' quip: "I'm not a member of any organized political party, I'm a Democrat."
MATTHEW 6:5 And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men. Verily I say unto you, They have their reward.
6:6 But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly.
One of those Bible verses that doesn't get quoted very frequently...
A good portion of religious people are on the right because they empathize politically with the left but don't feel like they're wanted or trusted there.
I always thought the environmental movement could make far greater strides if they allied themselves with religion in some ways. Xtian, not like, Wicca and stuff.
A good portion of religious people are on the right because they empathize politically with the left but don't feel like they're wanted or trusted there.
And how is the not being trusted or welcomed demonstrated?
Yeah, you assholes, just how is the not being trusted or welcomed demonstrated? Admit it, that's a lie!
Frank, given that most Chrisitian faiths hold to a form of "the earth and all its creatures were created by God for the use of man" ideology as a opposed to "the earth and it's creatures have value in their own right" ideology of the Greens, I'm not sure how that would happen.
Like this:
except for without the Green response of "We hate you, you religious bastards."
Stomp your foot a little harder weaver. A fanny waggle would be good too.
I don't think Greg is telling a lie, I think he is incorrect that he's identified a significant factor. Religious people vote on the right because the right currently supports many of their views of importance.
A lot of my Catholic friends were very torn by this election. They didn't support the war in Iraq because of their feelings about the sanctity of life but also felt a vote for Kerry was a vote for stem cell research and abortion rights. Without the war in Iraq they would have voted for Bush in a heartbeat.
I never once heard them talk about being trusted or welcomed, they talked about the impact of policy on the what they beleived to be important.
Briefly, I don't think stewardship of creation is particularly a-Christian, at least not in theory or even in practice in all branches. It's an idea that needs to be encouraged, and they're not doing it now.
But, I have to leave now so that's all I have to say.


text:
– As seen tonight, Sasha Banks became the new WWE RAW Women's Champion from the Staples Center in Los Angeles after defeating Charlotte in the main event.
This is Bank's second reign as Women's Champion, her first reign coming on the July 25th RAW from Pittsburgh, days later losing the title to Charlotte at SummerSlam.
Check out the following photos and video from tonight:


text:
wut u luk like after 20K steps in tight shoes
13 minutes ago
which pass for public opinion in a land where no such thing exists can be found only in Seoul - Isabella Bird Bishop, 1898
Geez! That's a harrowing account, not dissimilar from the book I'm reading now -- Chang-Rae Lee's "The Surrendered," which is his epic Korean War-era novel. I recommend it! (But it's very bleak.)


text:
ebaymotors.com - eBay's site for online car auctions
Why You'll Eventually Buy or Sell a Car on ebaymotors.com – eBay's Online Car Auctions
At first glance, there seem to be a lot of reasons you wouldn't want to buy or sell a car on ebaymotors.com. Buying a car through online car auctions seems like it would be pretty risky. You don't know who that person is that's selling on ebaymotors.com and you don't know if the pictures and description in the online car auctions are accurate.
The reality is much different. ebaymotors.com has safeguards in place that ensure you will be protected when buying from someone. Online car auctions are quickly becoming one of the biggest parts of eBay's business. Cars are not the only vehicles you'll find, either. On eBay boats, motorcycles, and even aircraft are available.
You're Safe When Buying on ebaymotors.com from Online Car Auctions
ebaymotors.com offers many of the same kinds of services that you would find at your local car dealer. You can get financing, purchase protection, service agreements and more. Many dealers are even starting to sell through online car auctions.
ebaymotors.com was originally launched in the year 2000. Since then, it has become the largest marketplace for used cars in North America. More cars are sold through online car auctions before lunch each day than many dealers sell in an entire year.
One of the great things about ebaymotors.com – for both buyers and sellers – is the reach of a listing. You could be looking at a car that is across the country or someone could buy your car from a different state. The choices for both buyers and sellers are much greater than if you were dealing locally. This can be especially helpful if you're dealing with a rare or collectible car. You'll have a much wider reaching marketplace. There are even international versions of the eBay auto auction on sites such as eBay Canada.
Related Articles
For more information about ebaymotors.com, or to choose from a variety of related products and services, choose from one of the following links:
Sign up for my newsletter and receive a FREE copy of my ebook "101 eBay Tips" - a $47 value! (Really - I sell this ebook on 101auctiontips.com)
Go the Extra Mile
You want every customer to be a happy customer. If you have to do a little more research on shipping, or negotiate on price, remember that the customer is the reason you will have success. Therefore, be prepared to go the extra mile in providing them with superior service every single time.
Resource Center
Submit your topic related site and we'll review it for our partner listings. A prompt review is provided to those webmasters who share this site using this code.
We respect your privacy - see our terms for more info.
© 2004-2010 www.online-auction-advisor.com. All Rights Reserved.


text:
EIL Intercultural Learning is an Irish "not for profit" organisation which provides intercultural learning opportunities through study abroad, volunteer abroad, language training, travel awards, group educational programmes, and other cultural immersion activities for about 2,000 people each year.
The organisation celebrated 50 years in Ireland in 2014.
Our Mission: "Providing intercultural learning experiences that enrich lives and inspire global citizenship".
Our Vision: "People of different cultures working together to develop mutual understanding and create a fair, cooperative and tolerant world".
Our Values:
- We believe in the transformative power of international intercultural experiences
- We believe in the importance of life long learning: education through travel is the cornerstone of all our work
- We believe in the capacity of people to effect positive change
- We believe in inclusiveness and encourage participation across all sections of society
- We commit to the highest standards in all of our work, particularly safety and care
- We cherish our not-for-profit status and measure our success by the delivery of social good over commercial profit
- We believe that the entire EIL community, and external partners who share our values, have a role to play in achieving our goals
The EIL Learning Model
Participation in all EIL programmes involves:
- Undertaking intercultural learning (developing intercultural competence)
- Engaging in experiential learning (learning by doing)
- Raising global consciousness (thinking critically about rights and responsibilities)
- Personal development/transferable skills development (of additional personal and professional value)
The activities of EIL are divided into 5 different experiential learning programme areas:
VOLUNTEER ABROAD – Promoting the UN Sustainable Development Goals and supporting local community projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America while being immersed in new cultures and gaining new perspectives on global issues. Preparation, training and reflection workshops facilitate continuous engagement and "action projects" back in Ireland.
GLOBAL (DEVELOPMENT) EDUCATION – engaging all returned participants in a Network to think critically and raise awareness about what connects the lives of people, rich and poor, across the world. Continuous engagement and active citizenship are encouraged through the Global Citizen Award.
STUDY ABROAD – living and studying in another country, for periods up to 9 months, while developing intercultural skills, acquiring new languages, gaining maturity, independence and self-efficacy. This includes pre, during and post placement training, reflection and ongoing engagement all designed to deepen the intercultural learning and personal development experience.
EXPLORE AWARDS - funds overseas intercultural learning opportunities and ongoing "action projects" for people from diverse backgrounds, especially among groups who can't afford to travel or do not have a tradition of travel such as: low income families; DEIS, ACCESS and Mature Students; participants in Foroige Youth Development Projects; Active Retirement Groups; etc.
CULTURAL GROUPS – non formal, life long, issue based, experiential learning itineraries and conferences with unique access to academics, community organizations, local leaders, politicians, schools, artists, musicians and Irish host families
RTÉ Nationwide (national television show) go to Navan to meet German student, Enno Brokof. Enno is spending the year in St. Patricks Classical School as part of the EIL Secondary School in Ireland programme.


text:
BOULDER, Colo. (AP) – University of Colorado researchers say the 2001-02 drought and others greatly accelerated the spread of a beetle epidemic that has killed thousands of square miles of trees in the West.
CU said Monday the study compared patterns of outbreaks in lodge pole and ponderosa pines. CU says the research shows the 2001-02 drought was key in turning the infestation into a regional epidemic, and the outbreak continued to spread even after precipitation increased.
Doctoral student Teresa Chapman, the study's lead author, says the beetles have affected nearly 3,000 square miles in southern Wyoming, Colorado and northern New Mexico.
Chapman says the research shows the outbreak started in many locations, coalesced and continued spreading.
The study was published in the journal Ecology. The National Science Foundation funded the research.
(© Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)