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The Paper Machine
( Originally Published 1920 )
All paper prior to about 1803 was made by hand on molds which were dipped into the stock to form the sheet. In 1799 Nicolas-Louis Robert, in France, invented a machine in which the stock was delivered to an endless traveling wire cloth by a sort of revolving fan, passed between small squeeze rolls, and wound up in the wet condition in a roll. This was then removed, the paper unwound, passed through press rolls, and hung up to dry. While this machine was capable of continuous operation it was generally considered that a length of 50 feet of paper was the practical limit.
In April, 1801, John Gamble received English patent 2487 for an improved paper machine under the title: "An invention for making paper in single sheets without seam or joining, from one to twelve feet & upwards wide, & from one to forty-five feet & upwards in length." This was an improvement over the Robert machine in respect to the flow of stock onto the wire, and to the pressing of the wet sheet. It should be noted that neither of these machines included means for drying the sheet continuously. Further improvements on a machine of this type were patented by Gamble in 1803, and in the autumn of the same year the first machine ever to be built and operated with success was started at Frogmore, England. Rights to all these machines were later acquired by Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, and it is because of their financing and promotion that the machines became known as fourdrinier machines.
From the standpoint of the modern papermaker these early machines resemble only that small part of present machines where the stock is formed into a sheet and pressed. This is natural, for the desire of the inventors was to replace the intermittent dipping of the mold by a continuous operation, and they did not visualize the finishing of the paper by drying and calendering in an unbroken web. In accomplishing this one advance the inventors eliminated the skill and pride of workmanship in making superior hand-made paper and opened wide the field for the tremendous changes which have resulted in modern papermaking. In the last hundred and twenty-five years the speed at which paper is turned out on a fourdrinier machine has gone from a maximum of 100 feet per minute in 1867, to 200 feet in 1880, and to well over 2,000 feet at present. In 1897 the maximum width of a machine was 162 inches, making a sheet of 152 inches; now machines are built over 300 inches in width. These changes have involved corresponding changes in engineering design and construction, and it can easily be understood how little a modern high-speed machine resembles the original ones. The cost has also increased from $30,000, which was said to be the value of the first fourdrinier machine installed in the United States at Saugerties, N. Y. in 1827, to well over a million dollars. Such advances as these are in step with the times, but to some they introduce an element of regret. Dr. Dard Hunter, an apostle of the esthetic in papermaking, remarks "The improved paper machine is essential to cope with modern life as it has come to be, but I would be content never to see again one of these long, ponderous, steaming, dragon-like machines, emitting from its great jaws the streams of paper that are thought necessary to our very existence."
The fourdrinier installed at Saugerties was constructed by Bryan Donkin in England and was 60 inches wide. The first machine actually built in the United States was made at South Wind-ham, Conn., sold to Amos D. Hubbard and put into operation in May, 1829, at Norwich Falls, Conn. The first machine-made paper produced in the United States was made in 1817 at the Gilpin Mill, near Wilmington, Del., but this was made on a cylinder machine, developed by Thomas Gilpin, one of the two brothers who operated the mill and who took out a patent on the machine in 1816. The cylinder for this machine was apparently made in England. The cylinder machine has not developed to nearly the extent that the fourdrinier has, and it is far more often used for heavy paper and board stock than for high-grade printing paper. It will be described briefly later in this chapter, but for the present all remarks will apply to the fourdrinier.
To describe a fourdrinier paper machine is not to describe a single machine, but dozens of them, each being designed for some particular purpose and all so co-ordinated and synchronized that they work together with a single objective—the production of a sheet of paper. Each part of the machine has been developed to its present state of perfection gradually, and after many years of study and experience. The main object of all improvements has been the production of better paper, at higher speed and at lower cost, and how well this has been accomplished is shown by the fact that the United States is the wasteful user of more paper per capita than any other country in the world. Whether this is considered a measure of the civilization of a country, as is frequently claimed, seems to be open to question. Nevertheless the race to produce more and more paper goes merrily on and paper ma-chines will undoubtedly be still further improved and speeded up in order to meet this demand.
Paper machines are not built standard, but each is constructed to specifications and though each has the same essential parts these vary in design according to the builder. To describe these in detail would be of little interest to the reader for whom this book is planned, so only brief notes as to the function each serves will be attempted, and before doing this it might be well to summarize the action of the machine. Very briefly it receives prepared paper stock containing about 199 pounds of water for every pound of dry material, passes it through a series of operations to form it into a continuous web and to remove the water, presses the wet sheet to remove still more water and to make the sheet more dense, dries it over heated drier drums, calenders it, and finally reels it up into large rolls. This change from stock containing almost ten tons of water per 100 pounds of dry matter to a sheet of paper which seldom contains over 5 pounds of water in 100 pounds of dry paper takes place in just a few minutes according to the speed of the machine, and is one of the most spectacular operations in the whole field of papermaking. Even to one who is thoroughly familiar with papermaking operations it is always a matter for wonder and admiration.
The preparation of the stock by beating, sizing, loading and coloring has been described; these precede its collection in a large tank, known as a machine or stuff chest. Since the consistency, or solid content, of the stock in the beater chest varies somewhat because of irregularities in the furnishing and dumping of the beaters, it passes a device known as a consistency regulator as it is pumped through the Jordan to the machine chest. This takes stock which is intentionally a little thicker than is wanted at the machine chest and dilutes it with the required water to hold it uniformly at the desired consistency. From the machine chest the stock is pumped to a regulating box which controls the amount of stock flowing to the paper machine and thus maintains the paper at the desired weight. There are various types of regulating boxes, the simplest of which receives an excess of the stock, and by means of adjustable gates sends the desired portion to the machine and the remainder back to the stuff chest. In this simple type the gates are hand-operated, but there are others which are fully automatic and which give much better control of the weight of the sheet.
The stock at the regulator box is of too high consistency to go directly to the wire, so it is largely diluted with some of the water draining through the wire, which is known as "white water." This brings the solid content down to about 0.5 per cent, on an aver-age, and at that consistency it goes through screens or centrifugal devices, or both, to remove lumps and coarse particles. The screens operate according to size of particles by passing the stock through slotted plates, while the centrifugals depend on difference in gravity for the removal of heavy material. Similar purification was formerly accomplished by running the dilute stock over long rifflers to catch sand, and possibly over magnetic devices to remove bits of iron. These older methods were serviceable when most papers were made from rags, which often contained sand, bits of buttons, hooks and eyes, etc., but since the use of chemical pulps became so general they are practically obsolete for the majority of papers.
After passing the screens, the stock goes to a flow-box or head-box whose function is to hold the stock, to keep it sufficiently agitated to prevent flocculation and to build up a sufficient head so that as it is discharged onto the wire it will have nearly the same rate of travel as the wire. The height and design of the head-box vary greatly with the width and speed of the machine; old, slow machines needed very little head, while with modern high-speed machines the stock may flow out under a head of many feet.
When the stock leaves the head-box it passes over an "apron" on its way to the wire. The apron is of some such material as oil-cloth, rubberized cloth, or even a thin sheet of rubber. The apron is fastened to a board at the side next the head-box and extends onto the wire to a distance which depends on the stock used and the paper being made. Just beyond the apron and directly over the wire are one or more slices, which are of sheet brass, placed vertically to the surface of the wire and made adjustable for the width of the sheet and the distance from the wire. The functions of the slices are to make the flow of stock uniform across the wire and to maintain equal stock velocity at every point. This type of apron and slice served well enough on slow machines but was inadequate for modern high-speed operations. In these the functions of the slices are served by giving the high head-box an adjustable lip, or a nozzle type of opening, at the point where it discharges onto the wire, and the flexible apron is not used.
The wire, on which the sheet of paper is formed, is a woven brass or bronze cloth, the mesh of which differs in type and size of opening according to the paper being made. The cloth is woven flat and the ends joined by sewing or brazing to make it endless. The number of drainage openings per inch for standard plain weave wires is:
Mesh Number Openings per Inch
The coarser the wire mesh, the more its diamond-shaped marks will show in the finished paper; hence the finer wires are used for the higher grade papers. For some very thin papers a twilled wire is used, which leaves still less evidence of marks in the paper.
Starting at the end of the machine next to the head-box, the course of the wire is first over a large roll called the "breast roll," and then over a series of relatively small, parallel rolls of steel or brass tubing called "table rolls." It then passes over several suction boxes, under a roll covered with woven or parallel wires, called a "dandy roll," and over one or more additional suction boxes. At its furthest point from the breast roll it passes around another large roll known as a "couch roll" and just before reaching this point it passes over a guide roll which automatically keeps the wire in line and prevents it from running off on either side. After passing around the couch roll the wire returns to the breast roll, and is kept tight in this portion of its travel by a series of rolls which are adjustable in such a way that the wire is kept at the desired degree of tightness; these rolls are known as "stretch rolls."
The power to drive this part of the machine is applied at the couch roll. Old style machines employed a solid bottom couch roll and a felt-covered top couch which was slightly offset from the bottom roll to permit its weight to bear on the wire and thus squeeze water from the paper web through the wire. Modern suction couch rolls have almost entirely replaced the old type because they re-move water from the wet web more efficiently by suction than by pressure, and because no top couch is necessary.
The table rolls serve to support the wire, keep it from sagging under the weight of the stock flowing onto it, and aid in removing water by being in contact with the under side of the wire. Usually the wire is kept as level as possible from side to side and from breast roll to couch roll, but in some machines it can be given a slope with or against the course of the wire as desired. The stretch rolls, which keep the wire under tension, are sprayed with water to prevent the building up of lumps of stock from the slight amount which unavoidably adheres to the under side of the wire on its return trip, thus insuring a clean wire at the breast roll.
Just under the table rolls, and between the flow and return portions of the wire, are trays to catch the white water draining through the wire and deliver it for reuse in diluting the stock from the chest as it goes to the screens. All of this machinery, except the white water trays, is mounted on a heavy frame which is pivoted at the couch roll end, but can be given a slight sidewise shake at the breast roll end. This shake enables the machine tender to obtain a better formation of the sheet when making high grade papers; for modern news machines it is not considered necessary.
As the dilute paper stock crosses the apron it flows onto the wire and immediately begins to lose water through the wire into the trays. The slices of the old type machines tend to back up the flow into a pond and by proper adjustment help regulate the formation of the sheet. To keep the stock from flowing off the edges of the wire, deckle straps are used to form dams. These are of soft rubber, rectangular in section, and made to run in flanged pulleys. They rest on the wire, are carried along by it, and extend from the breast roll to a point beyond the first suction box. Many modern machines have a much shorter, fixed deckle whose rubber edge rests lightly on the wire and retains the stock only until enough water has drained away so the stock will not flow appreciably. From the slices the loss of water through the wire continues less and less rapidly until the suction boxes are reached, when much greater amounts are suddenly removed through the wire and the perforated covers of the boxes by the use of suction pumps. As the web passes under the dandy roll it is still wet enough to receive an imprint of the surface of the dandy, and according to whether the dandy is covered with woven wire or parallel, evenly spaced wires around the roll, the paper is known as "wove" or "laid" paper. Watermarks are applied at this point by attaching to the surface of the dandy a raised design which is then impressed on the wet web, thus making the paper thinner in accordance with the thickness of the design. After the dandy, more water is removed by the remaining suction boxes, the edges are trimmed off by continuously flowing squirts of water, and after passing the suction couch the sheet goes to a series of press rolls.
When the paper leaves the couch roll it contains 80—85 per cent of water, is very easily damaged, and will support its own weight for only a very short distance. It is therefore transferred to a traveling woolen felt which supports it through the first of a series of presses whose function is to remove more water by squeezing and at the same time make the sheet denser and smoother. Two or three presses are used in series, and the paper may go directly through, or it may pass under one press and be reversed through its rolls so that the two sides of the sheet maybe more nearly alike. The lower roll of the presses is of iron covered with rubber, and the top roll is of wood, of cast iron with a brass sleeve, or of polished granite or artificial stone. The top roll of the press stands vertically over the lower roll and it is connected with compound levers and weights which permit regulation of the pressure applied and a maximum pressure much greater than that supplied merely by the weight of the top roll. Each press has a separate felt to carry the web, and just before the web reaches each set of rolls the felt often passes over a suction box to aid in water removal. All felts are kept taut by a series of stretch rolls as they return to the point at which they picked up the paper web. Transferring the web from the couch to the first felt is done when starting by cutting a narrow strip by means of the squirt on the wire and blowing it onto the felt by an air blast; in slow machines it may be done by picking it off the couch by hand and lifting it onto the felt. At each press the web sticks to the top roll and has to be transferred to the next felt by hand or air blast. After leaving the last press to go to the driers the sheet will still contain about 71 to 74 per cent of water, but it has gained enough in strength so that it can be handled to the driers without difficulty.
Many modern machines are equipped with a smoothing press whose function is not to remove water, but to smooth and flatten the sheet after it comes from the true presses and before it goes to the driers. This aids in removing wire and felt marks and produces a superior paper, both for smoothness and strength. The upper roll is of rubber which is somewhat softer than that on ordinary press rolls and the lower roll is of metal; both are ground very smooth. To obtain the desired effect the paper while passing through this press is not supported by a felt.
The felts used on the wet end of the paper machine are not true felts, which are made without weaving, but are actually heavy blankets woven from very high grade woolen yarns. They must be strong to withstand the pull of the machine, but also of a texture loose enough to pass water readily. They are made in great variety to suit the speed of the paper machine and the grade of paper being made, and the surface of the paper is considerably influenced by the length of nap and the fineness of weave of the felt. Felts are easily damaged and must be handled carefully both off and on the machine. To keep them open and porous, and to pre-vent filling up with bits of fiber and clay, they are washed, either on the machine or by removing and giving them a special laundering. They wear out eventually from friction, which removes the nap, and from bacterial action, which causes rotting and tendering, especially in warm weather and while the machine is idle. Felts which are taken off the machine because of injury, or before they are too badly worn, are often washed, dried and sold to local householders for use as blankets.
After leaving the presses the paper goes to the dry section of the machine, the purpose of which is the removal of the water which cannot be taken out by pressing and which amounts to about 70 per cent of the weight of the wet paper at this point. A paper machine drier is a cast iron drum with closed ends, very carefully made so that it may be in good running balance and supplied with a steam inlet and a device to remove condensed water continuously and without loss of pressure. The outer surface is turned and polished as smooth as possible. Driers vary somewhat in size, but those 4 feet in diameter are quite common. They are usually mounted in two rows, one above the other, but staggered, so that an upper drier is over the space between its two neighbors in the bottom row. At the back end of each drier is a gear which meshes with the gears on two driers in the row above or below, so that all turn at the same speed. A row of driers is usually broken into two banks with approximately an equal number of drums, and each bank is driven independently of the other. In some machines the driers are driven by an endless roller chain instead of gears; this is simpler in some respects and is desirable on high-speed news and kraft machines.
When the driers are arranged in two rows, each row usually has a long felt which covers about one half of the surface of each drier and is kept tight by means of stretch rolls. These felts also are not true felts, and most of them are not wool, but a kind of heavy cotton duck; some are made of cotton and asbestos to withstand better the deterioration caused by the heat of the driers, which gradually rots the cotton. The purpose of the felts is to hold the paper firmly against the surface of the driers, except where it passes from one drum to the next, and thus produce a smooth sheet with-out cockles. The wet web is carried from the last press to the first drier and then in turn to the others until it emerges in a dry condition at the end of the two banks. In slowly running machines this is done by hand when first carrying the web over the machine by tucking the end of the web into the nip between the felt and each of the upper drums; in fast machines this cannot be done, so the end of the web is placed between two ropes which run in grooved flanges on the front side of each drier roll and carry the paper through the driers. Proper care and handling of drier felts is a very important part of machine operation, and many devices are employed to keep them running true and at proper tension.
In passing the driers, about two pounds of water must be evaporated for each pound of paper made. In cold climates if this is allowed to escape directly into the room it causes condensation on the ceiling and water drops all over the machine, so it is customary to cover the drier section with a hood from which the vapors are removed by fans. The large volume of vapor-laden air which is removed must be replaced by fresh, warm air, so the ventilation problem is of great importance. The Minton vacuum drier takes care of this problem by inclosing the drier section in a vacuum chamber from which the air is pumped before the paper is put through. The vacuum maintained is about 28 inches and fewer drums are needed than in the exposed systems. This vacuum type of drier is expensive to install and is used more often for chemical pulps than for paper. The lower drying temperature at which it operates is advantageous for pulps, but for papers it does not effect as good rosin sizing as the same stock dried on open driers, except in the case of papers containing calcium carbonate as a filler.
From the driers the paper generally goes through calenders which consist of rolls of cast iron, chilled on the surface to make them hard, and ground and polished to a very smooth surface. A machine calender stack may have as many as eleven rolls, all mounted in a housing at each end of the rolls, and all driven from the bottom roll by friction. The paper is fed in at the top, passes down through the stack and out at the bottom to the reel, where it is wound into large rolls, which are then rewound at full width or through slitter knives which allow the preparation of rolls of other desired sheet widths. The machine calender is designed to compact the sheet and give it a better finish. If this is not desired, the sheet coming from the driers may by-pass the calender and go directly to the reel. Some paper machines use two calender stacks set so that the sheet passes first one and then the other.
It has been necessary to omit so many details of paper machine construction and operation that this description seems very inadequate, but it at least proves the complexity of the machine as a whole. To drive such a machine so that all parts may run at exactly the correct speed is a major problem, especially for the fast ma-chines, yet this has been so well attained that a news machine may run for days or weeks at a time without a break in the paper web. This has been accomplished by driving the individual parts of the machine separately by variable speed devices which permit very accurate adjustment of speed. The old, slow machines used to be driven by belts from a long line shaft and speed adjustments made by cone pulleys, or even by lagging the pulleys to change their diameters slightly. Even by such crude methods good paper was made in those days, but it was not at speeds or in amounts which would supply present-day demands.
The principle of the cylinder machine differs from that of the fourdrinier in several respects. Instead of the sheet being formed on an endless belt of woven wire through which the water drains, leaving the fibrous stock on its surface, the cylinder mold revolves while partially immersed in a vat of the dilute stock and the sheet is formed on the surface of the wire-covered mold. This is accomplished by maintaining the water level within the cylinder lower than that outside, so that the water drains into the cylinder leaving the stock on its surface. The vat in which the cylinder revolves is supplied continuously with the stock being used, and the water from within the mold is removed by a pump and the necessary part delivered to the regulating box for dilution of the new stock going to the vat. The regulating box functions as with the fourdrinier machine by dividing the thick stock pumped from the chest into two parts, one of which goes to the vat, and the other returns to the chest. Before going to the vat the diluted stock may, or may not, be screened according to the grade of stock and the type of paper being made.
As the mold comes up out of the stock its surface is covered with a layer of fiber, and against this a couch roll presses a felt moving at the same speed as the surface of the cylinder. The felt picks the wet sheet off the surface of the mold and carries it along for further treatment. Usually a cylinder machine consists of several cylinder molds and vats supplied with stock entirely independently, and as the felt passes over each cylinder in turn it picks up the sheet from each, thus making a sheet of multiple layers. This makes it possible to form sheets with surface layers differing from those within the sheet, either in color or kind of fiber, or both. The stock from the two end vats forms the two surfaces of the finished sheet; these are called "liners" and the inside portion of the sheet is called the "filler." For many grades of board it is customary to use very cheap material for the filler and much better stock for the liners, so that the final board has a much superior appearance.
After passing the last couch roll and collecting the final sheet of liner, the multi-layer sheet is very thick and contains too large an amount of water to go directly to the driers or even to the heavy presses. It therefore passes between felts through a series of baby-press rolls, the upper roll of each being rubber covered while the lower one is of metal. The distance between the rolls, and therefore the pressure exerted, can be very accurately adjusted by means of hand wheels, and levers and weights. At the first baby-press the sheet is so wet that it is easily injured by too much pressure, so this is set very lightly. In succeeding presses the pressure is increased, so that when it leaves the last baby-press the sheet is dry enough to stand further pressing without being in contact with the felt. The latter returns from this point to the first mold to continue its course all over again, and the sheet goes through still heavier presses to remove more water, and finally to a series of drum driers to complete its drying. This gradual building up of the sheet of wet stock, and the pressing given, welds the various layers from the different cylinders into a coherent whole and the finished board is not easily split into layers. Obviously, cylinder machines are especially useful in the manufacture of heavy boards, but they can be used for light tissues if desired. One characteristic of paper made on a cylinder is the rather wide difference in its tearing strength with and across the grain. This is much greater than in fourdrinier-made papers and is especially noticeable in paper made from very long fibers.
The number of cylinders in a machine varies from one to as many as eight or more depending on the weight of the sheet to be made. Some are built with the first vat next the presses so that the course of the sheet and felt has to be reversed at the end of the vat section and carried back above the vats and molds to the press section. Others are built to give straight line flow right through the machine. Machines with only one vat are used for tissues and for stock which is to be saturated with asphalt for roofing purposes. Such machines may have cylinders over six feet in diameter, but those in most multiple-cylinder machines are smaller than that. No general statement can be made about the speed of cylinder machines because this varies so enormously with the weight of paper or board being made. On weights of paper which are suit-able for preparation on fourdriniers, these will run much more rapidly than cylinder machines. On newsprint, for example, a fourdrinier will run at 1500 feet per minute or over as compared with about 500 feet for a cylinder.
There are various modified paper machines for special purposes and products, but these need only brief mention. The "Yankee machine" dries the paper against a highly polished, single-drum drier, and this may be combined with the wet part of either a fourdrinier or a cylinder. This produces the paper sometimes called "machine glazed." A modified fourdrinier, known as the Harper machine, was built to handle very thin tissues which were too light to be passed from the couch to the wet felt. Other modifications combine portions of the fourdrinier and cylinder machines into various assemblies.


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Sourdough Bread Recipes: Starters
What is Sourdough?
Sour dough bread describes any type of risen bread that is made with a starter.
The starter can be made any number of ways. Each has it's own distinct flavor and creates a unique texture in the finished bread. Sourdough can be used to leaven pancakes, biscuits, bread loaves, muffins, waffles, and almost any other type of baked good you can imagine.
Sourdough has been around for centuries. The Egyptians seem to be the first civilization that utilized sourdough in breads. They were using it regularly by 1500 BC.
Historically it depended on yeast spores floating in the air to interact with a mixture of water and flour and begin to grow. This starter was added to the batter or dough to make it rise. Part of the starter would be saved for the next batch and so on. Since starter could be made into a solid dough and not just the liquid we think of today, it was easily transported and used on the frontier where straight yeast was not available.
Sourdough Starter Recipes
Each type will create a different flavor in the finished bread. Creating a sourdough starter is not rocket science, there is nothing exact about it. Experiment and see which you prefer. After using the starter in the recipe feed it with a little sugar (or honey), flour, and water. Allow it to sit before using again. Once the sourdough is active it should be kept in the refrigerator and allowed to come to room temperature before using.
Filtered water is best for making sure that your sourdough works properly and will yeild the most consistant results.
Starter #1
- Boil 3 good sized potatoes in their skins until very tender.
- Remove the skins and mash in the water making a slurry.
- Add 2 cups of the cooled mixture to 2 cups of flour and a tablespoon of sugar or honey.
- Beat until smooth and leave, loosely covered, in a warm spot. Starter may take up to a week to become bubbly.
Starter #2
Day One: 2 T. whole grain flour 2 T. unsweetened orange juice Cover and let sit at room temperature for 24 hours.
Day 2: 2 T. whole grain flour 2 T. juice Stir well. Cover and leave a room temperature.
Day 3: 2 T. whole grain flour 2 T. juice. Stir well, cover and leave a room temperature.
Day 4: Stir down, measure out 1/4 cup and throw away the rest. To the remaining 1/4 c starter add 1/4 cup flour 1/4 cup water.
Day 5: Stir down, measure out 1/4 cup and throw away the rest. To the 1/4 cup add 1/4 cup flour 1/4 cup water
Day 6: Stir down, measure out 1/4 cup and throw away the rest. To the 1/4 cup add 1/4 cup flour 1/4 cup water.
The mixture should start to bubble, expand and smell like yeast. If it does not some people add a little vinegar to cause the yeast to activate.
Starter #3
- 1 pkg dry yeast
- 1/2 c. warm water
- 2 c. flour
- 2 c. warm water
- 1 tbsp. honey
Soften yeast in the warm water. Stir in flour, remaining warm water and honey. Beat until smooth. Cover and let stand at room temperature until bubbly. This will take a few days during which the starter should be stirred a few times daily. Renew every 5-10 days.
Starter #4
This is a solid starter, much like the pioneers used.
- 1/3 c flour
- About 2 tablespoons of water
Add the water to the flour and mix until you have a small piece of sticky dough. Knead for about five minutes or until it is springy, just as if you were making bread.
Cover with a damp towel and let it ferment for about three days. Dough will be moist and wrinkled with a thin crust.
Pull off the crust and mix the leftover dough with 2/3 c flour and 1/4 c water. Set aside.
After two days remove any crust and mix with one cup of flour. Set aside for about 12 hours.
Starter should be fully risen and ready to use.
Starter #5 (Friendship Bread Starter or Hermann)
- 1 package active dry yeast
- 1/4 cup warm water
- 3 cups all-purpose flour, divided
- 3 cups white sugar, divided
- 3 cups milk
Day 1
- In a small bowl, dissolve yeast in water. Let stand 10 minutes.
- In a 2 quart glass container, combine 1 cup flour and 1 cup sugar. Mix thoroughly. Slowly stir in 1 cup milk and dissolved yeast mixture.
- Cover loosely and let stand until bubbly. Leave loosely covered at room temperature.
Days 2-4
Stir starter with a spoon.
Day 5
Stir in:
- 1 cup flour
- 1 cup sugar
- 1 cup milk.
Days 6 - 9
stir only
Day 10
Stir in:
- 1 cup flour
- 1 cup sugar
- 1 cup milk.
- Remove 1 cup to mak your first bread, give 2 cups to friends along with this recipe, the Amish Bread recipe. Store the remaining 1 cup starter in a container in the refrigerator.
Starter #6 Salt Rising Bread Starter
- 2 medium potatoes
- 4 cups boiling water
- 1/4 cup stone-ground cornmeal
- 2 tablespoons sugar
- 1 teaspoon salt
Peel potatoes and slice them thin. Put them into a large crockery or glass bowl. Pour boiling water over them. Stir in remaining ingedients until sugar and salt are completely dissolved. Keep at a constant 130 degrees, if possible, and let stand for 24 hours. Starter will smell really bad! Discard potatoes. Continue with Salt Rising Bread Recipe.
Starter #7 Rye Starter
- Mix 1 Tablespoon yeast in 2 cups of warm water.
- Beat in 2 cups of rye flour.
- Add a small onion, peeled and halved.
- Cover the bowl with plastic wrap. Let stand at room temperature for 24 hours. Remove onion. Beat in 1 cup tepid water and 1 1/2 cups rye flour.
- Cover and let stand for 24 hours longer.
- Use this right away or refrigerate for up to 24 hours. Bring to room temperature before using.
Salt Rising Starter
Sourdough Starter
Taking Care of the Starter
Once the starter is active and working it can be kept covered in the refrigerator. Be sure to bring it to room temperature before using. You will need toreplenish it with an equal amount of flour and water when you use it. For example oif you have 1 cup of starter left after baking you will need to add 1/2 c water and 1/2 c flour to feed the leftover starter and then allow it to sit on the counter for several hours.
If you are not baking bread, feed your starter every week or so, and keep it in the fridge.
Now that you are all set with the starter it is time to make the bread!

subset: commoncrawl


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Investors should take a closer look at Vietnam – but beware these risks
Vietnam is an intriguing market undergoing significant change, and its stock market has been a strong performer. It is one of the largest positions within our T Rowe Price Frontier Markets strategy, and we have been overweight since mid-2014.
We recently attended Vietnam's largest investor conference, which offered us the chance to meet a large number of companies, industry experts and also representatives from both the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.
Three years ago, no one was interested internally or externally in Vietnam, but this time the conference was overwhelmed, with nearly 200 foreign investors and about 200 local investors. Vietnam is firmly back on the map and everyone was talking about it as the Asian play. However, to me, this does raise an amber flag.
Economy remains robust
We are now in the fifth year of broad economic stability and the future remains bright, with the government targeting 6.7 per cent growth for 2017. The levels of foreign direct investment also continue to rise year-on-year, with electronics attracting the lion's share as Vietnam becomes a manufacturing hub. What is particularly interesting is that 70 per cent of exports are now from foreign-owned companies within Vietnam. Samsung Electronics on its own makes up 30 per cent of this total.
Inflation is ticking up, but is still below 5 per cent. Historically, the indicator of any potential bubble bursting has been inflation, so we will continue to keep a close eye on any surge higher. And there are also vulnerabilities. The fiscal deficit is 6 per cent of GDP, while debt-to-GDP stands at 65 per cent, which is the government's stated maximum, so there is a concerted effort to rein it in.
The demise of the Trans-Pacific Partnership was unfortunate, but has had no real impact so far. It could have a longer-term impact as Vietnam's growth model is more dependent on access to the US and other developed markets than most frontier markets. However, there are already talks of bilateral trade deals being organised with countries like the US, so we are not too concerned.
Keeping an eye on property
One of the reasons we went overweight in mid-2014 was that there were clear signs the property market bust had bottomed and there were signs of stabilisation. What is interesting now is that, almost three years later, the top end of the property market is now showing signs of oversupply.
However, there remains a very strong demographic tailwind, with urbanisation driving around 1m people to the cities each year. The median age of the population is under 31, with 45 per cent of the population below the age of 30. This is keeping very strong demand at the low to middle end of the property market.
The top end will be oversupplied, but investors appear relatively sanguine at the moment. However, with higher mortgage rates of between 7 and 10 per cent, combined with relatively low rental yields of around 6 per cent, it could at some point put a strain on the system.
A cleaner banking system
The banking system has been a worry, but on this trip I was reassured the problems of the past are being dealt with. We are now dealing with a much cleaner and more honest system. One of the banks we met with told us that non-performing loans (NPLs) were probably around 17 per cent at the peak. Three years ago they were telling us it was only 5 per cent.
The stock market has rewarded those banks that have been the most transparent by admitting NPLs early. Many of these now have NPLs around 2 per cent – a much improved situation. Some of the others are still ironing out problems, so we are staying clear.
Encouragingly for profits, loan growth accelerated to around 18 per cent last year and it is expected to be around the same level this year. Where there is a change is where the money is being directed. Historically, the vast majority had gone toward state-owned enterprises, but now more of the money is being directed to retail and SMEs to take advantage of an underpenetrated consumer.
A more buoyant consumer
The consumer is offering up more and more opportunities. The Vietnamese consumer is currently in quite a good spot – with rising GDP per capita, rising wages and greater access to credit. This is helping to boost the services sector, where we continue to see strong growth.
Up until now, we have played and benefited from the broad economy – banks, property, and construction. We intend to continue this, but we may tilt a little bit more toward the consumer. We have unearthed a few more companies in this space, which may be a little more small-cap but could offer great long-term opportunity.
Overall, it was a positive trip, but the risks are definitely rising – with respect to the economic cycle and to market positioning, particularly by foreign funds. Though, for now, there remains enough momentum in the economy and by certain individual companies for us to remain fully invested in Vietnam.
Source from Internet : here


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Online, FirstBank lets personal and corporate consumers manage their accounts, set their security preferences, pay bills, transfer funds, get e-statements and more. FirstBank lets customers see detailed histories of prior banking transactions, and allows them to schedule future payments online as well, notes FirstBanks.com. FirstBank offers convenient banking from several locations including computers and mobile devices.Continue Reading
FirstBank has several safety features to keep customers' accounts safe online. These measures include standard 128-bit data encryption and account timeouts, according to FirstBanks.com. Customers must also create a user name and password to access and use their bank accounts.
Once they have activated accounts, customers can schedule bill payments and transfers between individuals and banks and from companies. People can also view their accounts and either print or save their electronic statements. Customers can access more than 15 cycles of their billing history as of 2015, states FirstBanks.com. They can enhance the security of online transactions by requesting to see detailed photos of all checks sent.
Nearly all of FirstBank's services at its physical locations are available online. People can request and receive loans, view and manage savings and checking accounts, and more. These services are also available for commercial clients and small businesses. Online, clients can also manage mortgages and credit card payments.Learn more about Business Resources


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Andrea Cornelli
Vice President and CEO, Ketchum Italia
Born in 1962, Andrea began his professional career in 1981 and founded C&T, one of the first Italian ICT, of which he is still President. In 1994, he gained control over Telemacus, a ISP company, with a strategic position both in web and digital market, realizing the communicative potential of the digital world. He was appointed CEO in 1998, a position still held, and accelerated the process of analysis and development of innovative communication strategies, digital and beyond. He gained specialist expertise that led him to become President in 2003 and shortly thereafter CEO of Ketchum Italy. Under his leadership, Ketchum Italy has achieved the highest level of performance, maintaining a trend of a double-digit growth over the years, reaching important goals and winning prestigious awards.


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Berkely, California-based emcee Caleborate has been at it for a few years now, and I have been following him since long before "Hella Good" was even on the radar. Caleb has stayed consistent, positive, and worthy of respect from the hip-hop game. Be sure to peep the visuals for the smooth hit "08 [Carter Flow]" below.
Xavier and Kidd Upstairs have been frequent collaborators for many years now, and they bring more waves through your speakers with "Chop." "Chop" is comparable to the past records the two have done together, with something extra. I say that because not only do we hear Kidd Upstairs, we hear his new Derek Pope style that has . . .
Tae Fresh, a 23 year-old rapper from Columbus, Ohio, brings us his latest single "Run It Up" produced by Nate C Beats. Tae Fresh has added his own unique style to a sound that I normally do not care for. This dude is doing something right. The energy, the uniqueness, and the lyrics are all there. Stream . . .
Dizzy Wright premiered "Plotting" today with a fresh new video hyping his new project Wisdom and Good Vibes dropping February 5. Dizzy lets the listener know that he is just getting started and that his full potential has yet to be reached. He is breaking out of his comfort zone "Plotting" because people are paying more attention. . . .
Houston, Texas artist Shank shows us his versatility with the his new single, "Whatever You On." With a memorable melody and a catchy phrase, Shank lets his ladies know that he's on whatever they're on. Stream "Whatever You On" below.
Some of us might have heard a sneak preview last week of the new Eminem track "Phenomenal," which is for the forthcoming Southpaw film. Eminem comes through strong lyrically, sounding as hungry as ever. Stream "Phenomenal" below.
Demrick and DJ Hoppa just began their journey on the Growing Process tour with Dizzy Wright, so it was only right they dropped their new track "Clouds Above Us." This track will appear on Demrick and DJ Hoppa's Stoney Point LP, which drops June 9th. Whether you smoke or not, this is a smooth track to . . .
Just weeks following the release of his new Love Story album, Yelawolf drops the visuals for "Johnny Cash." He's come along way with his style, and I was lucky enough to see him perform this track live last week. Yelawolf pays tribute to the late Johnny Cash in the best way possible; slow, attention grabbing, and well harmonized. The . . .
Down 2 Earth's latest video, "Powers," is a dark affair that features numerous interesting camera angles. "Powers" appears on the deluxe edition of Down 2 Earth's debut LP, Wildfire, which can be streamed via SoundCloud. Look for more releases from this vibrant West Coast faction in the near future. Watch the video for "Powers" below.
On To Crown A Child, we hear a more aggressive Kidd Upstairs – coming off of a brief rap hiatus, a bad break-up, and a flickering trial of sobriety, Kidd returns, packing bar after bar into eight single-worthy tracks. A couple personal favorites from the EP are "Fangs" and "My Biggest Fan". Stream To Crown . . .
Elements of Music (EOM) teams up with Asher Roth and Camila Recchio for a new track "Taking My Time" which will be on their album Sunrain dropping tomorrow. This is an upbeat song about taking the time to develop your passion, and doing what you love to do while you're on this Earth. Listen to . . .
Houston, Texas artist Shank switches up the style for his latest single "Save You." This is a track dedicated to the females who want to get away from their man or need a new one. Be on the look out for his new EP Karma dropping next month. Stream "Save You" below.
Yelawolf teams up with Eminem to bring us "Best Friend". Although the two are not extremely religious, they hope their enemies meet their "Best Friend" (God) when their time comes. Stream "Best Friend" in full below. Follow @CollinStrajack on Twitter
Fabolous spits some vicious bars in his new freestyle over Mobb Deep's "Quiet Storm". The Brooklyn rapper gives us 3 minutes of straight bars on this one. Stream Fabolous' "Quiet Storm" freestyle below. Follow @CollinStrajack on Twitter
Milwaukee, Wisconsin up-in-comer M-Nat releases the visuals to his latest single "Blue Infiniti". This track will be featured on M-Nat's new project Nightmares In My Reality which is scheduled to drop in July. Watch the video for "Blue Infiniti" below. Follow @CollinStrajack on Twitter


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We asked you to send in an essay on why you want to attend a Christian collegeand told you we'd reward the writers of the winning essays with money for college. The winners are: First place, Kendra Joy Edwards of Indiana; and second place, Rebecca Larson of Oregon. The winners received $250 and $100, respectively. Edited versions of the winners' essays appear here. Want to enter this year's contest? See page 8.
First place
Kendra Joy Edwards
Having been raised on the mission field, I attended a typical Brazilian high school, and prepared with my Brazilian classmates to take the college entrance exam known as "vestibular." This test has about a five percent acceptance rate. By passing, I was accepted into a prestigious and completely free state university close to home. I could easily live at home and study for free as my older sister has done. Doing so, I'd have a job, friends and the opportunity to save money during my college years for graduate school.
However, that's not what I chose. While financially it may not make sense, I feel called to move back to the USA and attend a Christian university. I have studied all my life in a secular school and I really feel the desire to be taught by spiritual mentors. During my high school years, I was taught by incredibly talented professors, many who even hold doctorate degrees, but their perspectives were intensely humanistic and biased against Christianity. It has been a stimulating challenge to debate with them and pick through their outlook by separating facts from opinion. Although I've learned much from this experience, I look forward to being stretched in a community that will support my intellectual, emotional and spiritual development.
In the next four years, I will make strategic decisions concerning my future. It is also a time of transition as it marks the beginning of living on my own. During this transition period, I want to surround myself with intelligent spiritual leaders who can mentor me.
One of my initial concerns about attending a Christian college was that I would be in a sheltered spiritual bubble. During my high school years, I've enjoyed the contact and discussions with non-Christians; it was an open ground to witness to those with different beliefs. I was unsure about what ministry opportunities I would have at a Christian college. However, the more I read about Taylor University, the more excited I got about the many ministry and growth opportunities available on and off campus. Ultimately, God can open doors to use and teach me wherever I go. But there is a bigger picture: If I invest these next few years in a Christian education, I will come out better equipped to witness to others.
I am reminded of Paul's story in the New Testament. Soon after he became a Christian, he was intent on beginning his ministry. However, he spent many years being molded and prepared by God before his ministry would be truly effective. This is how I view these next four years in college. Because of this, I chose a Christian university.
Editor's note: Kendra began her freshman year this fall at Taylor University in Upland, Indiana.
Second place
Rebecca Larson
At the beginning of my college search I felt I would have to choose between great academics and a Christian education. I have come to discover that both are possible. In fact, I discovered that the Christian education I desire really can be accompanied by a stellar communications and media program, musical opportunities, a swim team, and local and global service ministries. Most importantly, I feel I won't have to sacrifice who I am or who I may yet become in order to fit into college life.
Though I have long been a "Christian," my faith runs much deeper than any label. I believe in a personal relationship with a living God who hears me and is with me consistently every day. Having students and faculty around me who will not only share my core beliefs, but who will push me to think more deeply about my faith and act on it, is very appealing to me.
I would like to request information from the following school(s):


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Compétences techniques :
Bioinformatics :
- Population genomics (targeted sequencing and RAD-Seq analysis)
- Genomics (genome assembly, mapping, annotation)
- Transcriptomics (RNA-Seq analysis)
Molecular Biology (RNA and DNA extractions, PCR, qPCR, sequencing preparation)
Thématique de recherche :
Parasitic wasps lay their eggs into eggs, larvae or pupae of other insects. The genus Cotesia comprises several species that parasitize caterpillars. They are widely studied for their high agronomical interest. The larvae of these wasps grow inside their host and have to overcome host defences. In our lab, we study the original strategy developed by these wasps: the domestication of viruses, named bracoviruses (BVs). These bracoviruses have been stably integrated in the genome of the wasps and play a crucial role in the wasp life cycle. It allows the wasps to produce virus particles containing virulence genes. These virus particles are introduced simultaneously with the wasp eggs in the host and the bracovirus virulence genes are expressed, induce immunosuppression and allow wasp larval development and parasitism success. In the genome of the wasp, the bracovirus comprises two parts: the nudiviral genes producing the particles and the proviral segments encoding virulence genes packaged in the particles.
From an evolutionary point of view, the bracovirus is a fascinating entity and the goal of my thesis is to better understand its role in the mechanisms of adaptation and speciation of these wasps. To achieve this, I combine population genetics and genomic approaches.
Cotesia sesamiae is an African species and parasitize over twenty lepidopteran stem borer species. Various studies have shown that genes of BV (eg CrV1) were directly related to parasitic success on some hosts and therefore specialization. Nonetheless, other BV genes could be involved in wasp local adaptation or specialization to their lepidopteran hosts. To investigate this, we realized a targeted sequence capture focused on the BV genome on different African C. sesamiae populations.
Thanks to population genetic tools (genetic diversity and differentiation), we have shown that BV is truly behaving like an "island of divergence" with different genes involved in the adaptation.
However, this study focused on the BV does not give a global vision of the selection traces in the whole wasp genome. Other traits and other genes may therefore be involved in the adaptation. To answer that, we made a RAD-Sequencing approach on many samples from different populations.
Otherwise, in order to refine our knowledge on the organization of the bracovirus sequences in the wasp genome, we sequenced, in collaboration with the Genoscope, our laboratory strain of Cotesia congregata using a combined Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches (454 and Illumina). The quality of this genome is similar to that of reference genomes (Apis mellifera and Nasonia vitripennis).
In addition, we realize a RNA-Sequencing approach focused on the wasp ovaries at different nymphal stages, which will allow the functional and temporal characterization of the bracovirus particle production. Moreover, these data, completed with other RNA-Seq data, will be used to annotate the genome.
This genome sheds light on genetic exchange that exists between the wasp genome and the bracovirus (Transposable Elements, wasp gene transfers) but also will serve as a reference genome for a large comparative genomic study.


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The application data shown in Figure 1 occupies the data field of the UDP segment. For instance, for DNS, the data field includes either a query message or a response message. For a streaming audio application, audio samples fill the data field. The UDP header has only four
On January 17, 2014 | In Transport Layer by Admin


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28. I turned 28 only 2 days ago, 28 little years on this earth with plenty of tripping and detours. I've learned so much already, and there is so much more I still have to learn!
Here are 28 things I've learned along the way:
1 – You'll only know if you like it once you try it (this works for jobs, food and people 😂)
2 – No one will ever understand you completely, don't take it personally, and hang on to the people that get some of who you are!
3 – Nothing is as scary or hard as you think it is. Not travelling or starting your own business.
4 – Just because it's hard doesn't mean it's not worth it. The best things in life are hard to do.
5 – Planning is overrated, how can you get started right now?
6 – You can change your mind. On your future, your dreams and your goals, whenever you need too.
7 – life is supposed to be fun! If you're not enjoying life change something!
8 – Keep it simple. Especially when cooking, and use the oven, it's your friend.
9 – Comfortable shoes are always the best option. The heels are not worth the pain.
10 – Hot chocolate makes everything better. If you ever feel like the world is ending, have some hot chocolate.
11 – Most things won't kill you. Remember that next time you're afraid to try something new.
12 – College is important but not because of what you learn. What's most important is what you can create in those year and the friends you make. Don't focus on the grades!
13 – Breakfast is sooo important! I skipped it for years but you won't believe the energy starting the day on a full stomach gives you.
14 – Enjoy the weather as it is. We complain so much about it being too hot or cold but there's beauty in both! Sunny days on the beach or winter days by the fireplace.
15 – You don't need much to be happy. Your loved ones, food on the table and a home. That's it.
16 – When a kitten decides to sleep on your lap, say thank you and don't move!
17 – Most of your colds can be cured with rest and a hot tea. But you need to rest, turn off the computer and rest!
18 – There's beauty everywhere. No matter where you park your car there is beauty there, you just have to look for it.
19 – Wherever you go, there you are. You can't run away from who you are, so learn to love yourself.
20 – Love is about supporting each other in your dreams. And letting them know that you believe in them.
21 – You can always do more work every day, but that doesn't mean you should. Remember to have fun.
22 – For most things, there is no right way. There's the way everyone is doing it but that doesn't mean you can't do it your way.
23 – Protect your dreams. The whole world doesn't need to know your dream, keep it safe.
24 – If someone says it's impossible there's probably someone else doing it.
25 – Cherish the people around you, they won't always be there. And remember them with care when they're gone.
26 – Be yourself. There is someone who's looking for someone just like you!
27 – You don't need many friends. You need good friends no matter where in the world they are.
28 – You only live once and this life is to short for you not to live it to the fullest.


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Mobile Payment Processing: Big Savings from Small Devices
Mobile phone payment processing makes use of technological advances that enable companies to accept payments via mobile devices. Mobile payment processing companies are merchant-appointed businesses that handle mobile credit and debit card payment processing services for these companies so they can concentrate on what they do best, and save time by eliminating the hassle of paper checks. End users enjoy the convenience of being able to make payments from anywhere at anytime.
YapStone: An Industry Leading Mobile Payment Processor
YapStone's mobile payment processing solutions include powerful features such as detailed reporting that helps businesses reconcile and gain insights from analytics, and the ability to handle industry-specific data. With years of experience in the field, YapStone is among the best mobile credit card processing services that empowers you to accept credit and debit cards from smartphones. We are fully PCI Level One certified, and offer a solution that is focused on both reliability and security.
How Does Mobile Payment Processing Work?
There are a number of steps involved with processing a mobile credit or debit card transaction:
Step 1: User Initiates Online Payment Via Mobile Phone
The user logs in to one of YapStone's payment solutions on a mobile device with the intention of paying rent, HOA dues, vacation home rental charges, inn charges or a church donation. After selecting credit card or debit card as the method of payment the user provides information such as name, credit or debit card information, and billing address, and then submits payment.
Step 2: YapStone to Payment Processor
YapStone sends the transaction details to its payment processor using a dedicated link that's monitored 24 x 7 to ensure phone payment processing without interruption.
Step 3: Payment Processor to Card Networks to Card Issuing Bank
The payment processor validates the payment details by sending them through the credit / debit card networks (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover) that then send them to the card issuing bank to be authorized.
Step 4: Card Issuing Bank
The user's card-issuing bank approves/denies the transaction based on the card status and whether the transaction is within the cardholder's credit limit.
Step 5: Payment Processor to Credit Card Networks to YapStone
Assuming payment is approved, the user is charged by the card issuer who sends the funds to the card networks minus fees to cover costs such as credit risk and rewards. The card networks send the transaction-approved status back to the payment processor, which in turn informs YapStone who passes on the funds, less the applicable fees.
Step 6: YapStone to User
YapStone's informs the user if the transaction is approved or denied via the mobile device interface. If paymentis denied, YapStone's payment gateway informs the mobile site or app and because the card issuer did not authorize the transaction, no further action is taken.
Step 7: YapStone to Merchant
Lastly, YapStone transfers funds to the merchant's bank account. Funds are normally received in 1-2 business days. Usually a receipt is emailed to the user, payment notifications are sent to the merchant, and detailed YapStone merchant reports update in real-time. These include the Transaction Activity Report, Batch Reconciliation Report and Transaction Summary Report.
*Not all mobile payment processing follows this flow. This is just one possible scenario from several options offered by YapStone.
YapStone: Top Mobile Credit Card and Debit Card Processing
YapStone's smartphone payment processing solutions encompass an advanced set of features that make it simple to accept payments including credit and debit cards via a mobile device. We like to think of ourselves as the best mobile credit card processing service out there,and the loyalty of our customers bears this out.
We work with a veritable who's who of top companies, big and small, that are looking for top mobile credit card payment processing and other mobile payment services. These businesses value our profound knowledge of the industries in which we work, our sophisticated payment and risk management platform, and the cache we've accrued from processing 8-billion dollars in electronic payments a year.


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The current administration tends to punish success and reward mediocrity
HaHaHaHa Othello, WASept. 24, 2012 4:47 p.m.
Obama said it himself! He is all about redistribution of income and private property. That is HIS version of fair, and If he could ever bring himself to tell the truth ( doubt it't possible), most likely his biggest disappointment over the past 3 1/2 years. Not doing more to punish prosperity and reward non achievers through redistribution!
Hank Pym SLC, UTSept. 24, 2012 12:12 p.m.
W Gronberg & screwdriver have wasted their $$$ IMO.
Why support yet another Ivy Leaguer & get more of the same!?
Gary Johnson 2012!
Screwdriver Casa Grande, AZSept. 23, 2012 7:26 p.m.
Another $47 donation made.
Screwdriver Casa Grande, AZSept. 23, 2012 7:20 p.m.
Well if republicans have their way, the labor class will do all the work and pay all the taxes.
William Gronberg Payson, UTSept. 23, 2012 7:07 p.m.
Yes, the first half of the first paragraph in your letter says USA is number one and why. Then in your post you also say:
" I am not defending our system. It has many flaws. All I said was that it is the BEST." Confusing. You are not defending our system, but it is the best.
Few are looking to establish any other system. Most want to fine tune some parts of the American economic and political model. You included. There is a great deal of disagreement on what to fine tune, how much and in what direction.
A major problem with Mr. Romney is that he speaks out of both sides of his mouth over time and to different audiences. Romney care is good. Romney/Obama care is bad. Abortion, guns, marriage, etc.
Yes Mr. Obama's has had four year of mediocre performance. Should he be given 4 more years by the American voter that actually votes?
The choice is somewhat between Tweedledum and Tweedledee. But I am finally off the fence. I have a check in the mail to the Obama Victory Fund 2012
The donation is for $47.00.
JoeBlow Far East USA, SCSept. 23, 2012 5:19 p.m.
Except that Personal income tax is at 60 year lows.
EFFECTIVE corporate tax rates are at the lowest tax rate on record.
Obama is certainly doing a very poor job at punishing the rich. Reagan was MUCH more punitive.
BRM Pleasant Grove, UtahSept. 23, 2012 2:54 p.m.
To all my critics. Please respond to what I said and not what I didn't say. I am not against taxes. Reasonable taxes are reasonable. I didn't say anything about penalizing the unsuccessful. I am not defending our system. It has many flaws. All I said was that it is the BEST. If you have another system you think is better just present your case. And to all of those who just resort to name calling, just grow up.
William Gronberg Payson, UTSept. 23, 2012 1:04 p.m.
Roland Kayser:
When you read the rules for letters and posting to letter, there is not any mention in the rules that truth and/or accuracy is a requirement.
ugottabkidn Sandy, UTSept. 23, 2012 11:53 a.m.
You tell em Blaine, tell em like it is. Of course you'll have to change your philosophy but you can still tell em like it is.
Kent C. DeForrest Provo, UTSept. 23, 2012 11:31 a.m.
So, Blaine, is the solution then to reward those who succeed and penalize those who cannot, even though the unsuccessful would like to succeed and try their best to? That appears to be the current Republican solution. Or do we just not tax anybody? If lower tax rates spur economic growth and produce more, not less, tax revenue, then it only makes sense that reducing rates to zero would be the optimal tax plan.
Mahatma Gandhi identified seven "blunders" that are causing all the problems in society. At the top of his list was "wealth without work." And he wasn't referring to those who were getting help from government to stay afloat. He was talking about the Mitt Romneys of the world.
BRM Pleasant Grove, UtahSept. 23, 2012 11:01 a.m.
The Supreme Court said that a fine is a tax, not me. Lower taxes boost the economy. The liberals always dismiss the argument by calling names rather than putting forth their reasons and proof.
Hutterite American Fork, UTSept. 23, 2012 9:26 a.m.
I'm going to use this argument with my next speeding ticket. "It's not a fine, it's a tax!!" With these words I shall enlist the sympathies of the freedom loving traffic court judge. "It's an unnecessary levy on my business! An interference on my sucessful driving skills by an administration that's gotten out of control!" I will continue. I wonder how that will work?
Eric Samuelsen Provo, UTSept. 23, 2012 9:21 a.m.
As we retreat again into a fantasy world...
Can I also say that paying taxes isn't a fine, it isn't a penalty, it isn't a punishment, it's a privilege. It's an honor, to get to be a US citizen, and support our constitutional government.
Esquire Springville, UTSept. 23, 2012 8:26 a.m.
This is such nonsense. Other than spouting campaign rhetoric and talking points, there is not one shred of evidence. I'm getting weary of these lies.
Mountanman Hayden, IDSept. 23, 2012 7:42 a.m.
1. You cannot legislate the poor into prosperity by legislating the wealth out of prosperity
2. What one person receives without working for, another person must work for without receiving
3. The government cannot give to anybody anything that the government does not first take from somebody else.
4. You cannot multiply wealth by dividing it.
5. When half of the people get the idea that they do not have to work because the other half is going to take care of them, and when the other half gets the idea that it does no good to work, because somebody else is going to get what they work for, that is the beginning of the end of any nation.
Curmudgeon Salt Lake City, UTSept. 23, 2012 7:41 a.m.
This argument falls under the weight of history and its own internal inconsistency. If the first proposition is true, that "[t]he U.S. economy is the greatest in the world and the very best system in the history of the world in providing prosperity to the most people," then it cannot follow that realtive success is punished and mediocrity is rewarded by progressively greater taxation, because progressive tax rates and regulation have been in place for decades, yet the economy has still provided prosperity for many over the long term. In fact, it would make more logical sense to say that the economic decline for vast numbers of people in the middle class in recent years, coupled with the growing enrichment of the upper class during the same period, is a result of historically low taxes for the wealthy.
Roland Kayser Cottonwood Heights, UTSept. 23, 2012 12:33 a.m.
This letter is absolute claptrap. In the Eisenhower years, corporate taxes constituted 25% of all federal revenues, the figure today is 6%, a 75% reduction. The top marginal income tax rate was 91%, today it is 35%. The share of national income going to the top 1% has tripled, while their effective tax rate has been cut in half.
Every single thing in this letter is completely backwards, it's the reverse of the truth.


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Salesgirl pulled delightful novelty teas off the shelf with panache- Do you like popcorn? Try our Movie-goer's tea!
Offered alternatives to each tea - If you liked Chili Chai, you'll love Chili Chai Chocolate!
Couldn't decide whether to go for the Oolong, It'll Change Your Life or Moroccan Mint, You'll Feel the Sunshine.
Then salesgirl dropped a bombshell.
If you get the Sleigh Bell, dried fruit and nut tea with real cinnamon sticks!, you can re-use the tea to flavour your oatmeal the next morning.
Re-use? Oatmeal? Sounds too good to be true.
Fell for it, hook, line and $42.99 later.
(Not all on tea, silly. Bought a few Christmas gifts while I was there. OK, fine, tea Christmas gifts, but still.)
Have to admit. Worked perfectly. Tea great.
Saved tea bag.
Opened it next morning and threw into oatmeal.
Remarkable Things About This Story:
- People will buy tea with actual popped kernels of corn in it despite absolutely no evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that popcorn, when steeped in hot water, will produce a tasty drink
- Sales people in fancy tea store appear to have spent more time in training than some emergency room staff
- Training includes tips for how to re-use tea bags.
- Tea bag re-use turned out to be as absolutely delicious as it sounded
- I can find absolutely nothing about this transaction to complain about


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An Heirloom & Landrace Cannabis Seed Library and Worker-Owned Nursery Cooperative.
Our Mission
Solidarity Nursery Cooperative, Inc. is a voluntary association of patients, cannabis industry professionals, horticulturalists, activists, and community members who envision a just and legal cannabis industry with shared equity, a commitment to preserving the genetic and cultural heritage of those who have devoted their lives to cannabis freedom, and good jobs for all. We support sustainable agriculture, family and urban farmers, the practices of seed saving and sharing, and a commitment to a future where the economic benefits of cannabis legalization are shared with all workers and communities, instead of further enriching private equity and the privileged few.
Our Goals
Create a seed library, open to any cooperative member, of landrace and heirloom cannabis seeds, thus preserving genetic diversity for future generations and increasing self-sufficiency by providing stock to our members to breed their own seeds.
Increase the economic security of all of our worker-owners by providing dignified living wage jobs, and sharing the economic benefits of the cooperative by maximizing revenue to increase dividends to our members.
Educate the California cannabis community on the benefits of worker-owned cooperatives and how to convert existing entities to cooperatives, instilling a vision of shared economic prosperity throughout the industry
Encourage an open source culture towards cannabis seed patenting, and maintain access to heirloom and landrace cannabis genetics in the public domain.
Foster community by providing a resource center for activism and education.
Engage in the political process by supporting candidates and legislation beneficial to workers, urban agriculture, small farmers, and socially and environmentally conscious cannabis businesses.
Train the next generation of urban farmers and cannabis cultivators while simultaneously furthering a commitment to ecological and social justice.
Become a positive face in the community for the legal cannabis industry by purchasing from and collaborating with other cooperatives and community organizations committed to social, economic, and environmental justice whenever possible.
Stand in solidarity with all oppressed people by remembering that an injury to one is an injury to all. Donate a percentage of revenue to pay for legal aid in overturning the convictions of those currently incarcerated for doing the exact same things we now have the privilege to do in a legal and dignified manner because of the hard work and years of struggle by those who fight against, and have had their lives affected by, cannabis prohibition and mass incarceration.
Spread the joy and positive benefits that gardening and growing plants can bring to all of us.


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Daggerstone Pass Boots
A Bit of Torrent: Activate 50 Satellite uplinks in Daggerstone Pass
Special: Calisthenics
+44 (Random Stat)
Sabotage is a new battleground match-type coming to WildStar, by way of an all-new map whose very name evokes all the many joys of time-bombing: Daggerstone Pass! But be warned, countdown enthusiasts: victory at Sabotage will require more than just pyromania. You'll need cunning strategy, meticulously coordinated attacks, and, most important of all, a willingness to blow up enemies.
In the demo-licious world of Sabotage, cooperation and communication are paramount. Holding objectives in the center of the map allows the controlling team to bombard enemy defenses with devastating frequency. But since even momentary neglect leaves your base vulnerable to the same punishment, every decision could have pivotal consequences.
The only question is, will you be sharp…or shrapnel?
The Legendary endless battle for Daggerstone Pass!
When Exile settlers intent on building an ore mine arrived in Daggerstone Pass at the same time as a Dominion scientific expedition there to plumb the treasures of the nearby Eldan ruin, things were sort of touch and go at first. After several meetings, both sides agreed to a 30-second "delay of hostilities."
Vein in the Pass!
After much debate within their respective groups, the commanders of both sides met, famously shrugged, and simultaneously uttered the now iconic phrase, "Let's fight now…" The violent battle for the whole enchilada has raged steadily and inconclusively ever since.
It is said that sometimes on a dark night, if one listens carefully between the constant deafening bomb explosions, one can hear the soulful kibitzing of sidelined miners, archeologists, and real estate developers hoping in vain for a chance to work…
Here's how else it works: if yours dies, you lose!
It's like the old saying goes, "A fortress without a fusion core is just a fortress." That's why if you're serious about humiliating enemies, you'll go for the quick win by pummeling your enemy right where it hurts: in his neutrons!
Look, you can't just mosey up and club a fusion core with a sword! This is the future, so you'll need to use explosions. Either drop bombs from airships or hand-deliver some BOOM! And your science teacher tried to tell you nucleosynthesis was "complicated," pfft.
You'll find a handsome trio of satellite uplinks located in the central region of Daggerstone Pass: The Eldan Ruins. No Man's Land. The Mines. These uplinks not only define (and enhance) the expansion of your territory, but their seizure and activation lets your team call in airships to drop bombs on your enemy's base. They'll never see it coming, unless they happen to be looking up!
What's the catch? Uplinks are subject to interruption by enemies so battles for uplinks will often be fierce, with the tide of battle hinging on perfectly timed, well-executed attacks. Will you be ready when that time comes…or will you be up link creek?
Make your enemies an offer they can't defuse by planting bombs in the one area they'll least expect: E V E R Y W H E R E ! ! ! Equally effective against clumps of enemies and fusion cores, there's no better, louder, or funnier way to say "I hate you." Best of all, you don't need to be a specialist to handle these explosives, let alone know the first thing about safety. Just pick it up, transport it to the places and/or people that you're interested in blowing up, and bomb's your uncle!
Through the magic of modern explosionology, a handy countdown timer automatically ticks down the seconds, freeing you up to be splattered with smoldering gobs of enemy pate! Only you can see your team's timer, so don't be afraid to leave the enemy a gift... with 3 seconds left. He may just want to come back for three second helpings!
If an enemy player leaves a bomb lying around, make like a tree and drop it right on either his head or his fusion core's head. But be careful, debris enthusiast: gettin' someone to clean up that much mess won't come cheap!
Sages claim the only achievement worth doing is to be known as an honest man. Fail! Flaunt your sublime skilldiggery at carrying explosives by unlocking over a dozen new Sabo-themed achievements and collectible DIS-honorifics! What better way to add insult to injury than by pointing out to your opponents that they've just been blown up by the Scourge of Daggerstone Pass? After all, your face isn't just the last thing they ever see – it's one they'll never forget!
You've killed an enemy with a bomb detonation
You've captured the Uplink 50 times in Daggerstone Pass
You've picked up 50 bombs in Daggerstone Pass
You've killed at least 12 players in a single match in Daggerstone Pass
You've assisted with at least 40 player kills in a single match in Daggerstone Pass
You've saved at least 6 players in a single match in Daggerstone Pass
You've dealt at least 825,000 damage in a single match for Daggerstone Pass. Bravo.
You've healed at least 1,000,000 damage in a single match for Daggerstone Pass. Bravo.
You have killed 4 enemies in a row without dying in Daggerstone Pass
You have assisted on 5 enemy kills in Daggerstone Pass
You were the top 10% of killers in a single Daggerstone Pass match
You were the top 10% of damage dealers in a single Daggerstone Pass match
You were the top 10% of healers in a single Daggerstone Pass match
Sure, bombing gobs of armored aliens over political differences is its own reward. But just to sweeten the killing pot, we've added more swanky sabo-terrific schwag than you can shake a TNT stick at! From lethally stylish new crafting patterns to quality footwear that allow the discriminating sabooteur to dramatically enhance their favorite stat (usually finesse), there's something for the finickiest fulmination enthusiast. And Mom said there was no future in blowing yourself up! Who's exploding NOW, Ma?
A Bit of Torrent: Activate 50 Satellite uplinks in Daggerstone Pass
Special: Calisthenics
+44 (Random Stat)


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TITANIC-TITANIC.com | Titanic Deck Crew - Lightoller, Mr. Charles Herbert
- Age: 38
- Date of Birth (D.O.B.): 30th March, 1874
- Place of Residence: Southampton, England ( List )
- Embarked at: Belfast, Ireland
- Occupation: Second Officer
- Department: Titanic Deck Crew
- Survived: Yes ( List )
- Lifeboat Number: Collapsible B
- Location Buried: Mortlake Crematorium, Mortlake, Greater London, England
Mini Biography
Charles Herbert Lightoller boarded the Titanic at Belfast, Ireland.
Charles Herbert Lightoller was the Second Officer aboard the Titanic, and was part of the Deck Crew.
Charles Herbert Lightoller managed to board lifeboat Collapsible B, and survived the sinking of the Titanic.
Charles Herbert Lightoller was born in Chorley, Lancashire, England on 30th March 1874, but his mother, Sarah, died shortly after the birth. His family owned Lightoller Mill in Chorley, but Charles Herbert Lightoller didn't want to end up working in a mill, and so decided to go to sea, at the age of 13.
Charles Herbert Lightoller lived at Nikko Lodge, Netley Abbey, Southampton.
Charles Herbert Lightoller first went to sea as an apprentice on the Primrose Hill, amongst others.
On his second voyage as an apprentice, Charles Herbert Lightoller sailed with the Holt Hill, and during a storm in the South Atlantic, the ship was forced to dock at Rio De Janeiro to undertake repairs to the ship. During another bad storm in 1889, and whilst traveling in the Indian Ocean, the Holt Hill was washed-up on a uninhabited island. Luckily, they were rescued by the Coorong, which returned them to Adelaide, Australia, and Charles Herbert Lightoller worked his back to England aboard the clipper Duke Of Abercorn.
Charles Herbert Lightoller returned to his first vessel, the Primrose Hill, for his third voyage, and when the ship arrived in India, Charles Herbert Lightoller passed his second mate's certificate.
When Charles Herbert Lightoller was serving as third mate aboard the St. Michael, the cargo of coal caught fire, and because of the efficient way he extinguished the fire, and saved the ship, he was promoted to second mate.
At the age of 21, Charles Herbert Lightoller obtained his mate's certificate, and left sailing ships for good, deciding to switch to steamers. He joined the Elder Dempster Line African Royal Mail Service, and after three years, Charles Herbert Lightoller had abandoned the sea after catching malaria.
Charles Herbert Lightoller then went to work in the Yukon, Canada, in search of gold, however, he failed, and then he turned his hand to being cowboy in Alberta. In order to return home, Charles Herbert Lightoller became a hobo, riding trains across Canada in order to get to a port.
Charles Herbert Lightoller then worked as a cattle hand aboard a ship in order to England.
Charles Herbert Lightoller's next move was to obtain his master's certificate, and he then joined Greenshields and Cowie as third mate on the Knight Companion, which was another cattle boat.
Charles Herbert Lightoller began his long career with the White Star Line in the January of 1900, when he joined the Medic as her fourth officer, see below.
Charles Herbert Lightoller found himself in trouble whilst serving aboard Medic, and was probably lucky to keep his job. The Boer War, in which British and Australian troops were fighting side by side, which was the first time these countries had fought together as allies, was still raging in South Africa. Because of this, feelings in Australia were obviously running high, so Charles Herbert Lightoller decided to play a prank on the residents of Sydney, which at that time, was a conservative city.
His plan was to pretend that a Boer raiding party was in Sydney, and attacking Fort Denison, and in order to effect the ruse, he rowed away from the Medic in the company of four midshipmen before sunrise, and climbed the tower of Fort Denison. They loaded a cannon with blasting powder, and then added cotton waste and fine grain powder, attached a fifty foot fuse, which they lit before returning to Medic in order to watch the outcome of their deeds. When the gun exploded, the force from it was enough to blow out windows of nearby buildings, and many residents were shocked to see the Boer flag flying over Fort Denison.
Charles Herbert Lightoller and his cohorts would have probably got away with the prank, however, witnesses on Medic had observed him leaving the ship, and soon after returning, it wasn't before the Police, together with the Sydney port authorities, were questioning Medic's crew. White Star Line had to pay compensation for the damage caused by Charles Herbert Lightoller's prank, and the local press were asking for those responsible to be punished. Many of the crew aboard the Medic believed Charles Herbert Lightoller's career with the White Star Line was as good as over, but the fact that Charles Herbert Lightoller took the blame for the whole incident, and didn't give the names of his cohorts actually worked in his favour. Charles Herbert Lightoller was reprimanded and passed over for promotion as his punishment.
Charles Herbert Lightoller later joined Majestic I, under the command of Captain Edward Smith, and then earned promotion to third officer aboard the Oceanic II, which was at that time the longest vessel in the world, and the flagship of the White Star Line. Charles Herbert Lightoller then returned to the Majestic I, as its first mate, and then returned to the Oceanic II, again as first mate.
Charles Herbert Lightoller joined his next vessel, Titanic, at Belfast, Ireland, just a couple of weeks before she sailed from Southampton, England. Captain Edward Smith gave Henry Tingle Wilde the post of chief officer, due to the fact he had previously served on Olympic, which in turn led William McMaster Murdoch to be demoted to first officer, and Charles Herbert Lightoller as her second officer. David Blair, who was originally rostered to serve on Titanic as the second officer, had to therefore leave Titanic, and join another ship. David Blair's departure in the officer shuffle had caused a problem, which wouldn't become apparent until Titanic had sailed. David Blair still had the key to the binoculars cupboard about his person, Charles Herbert Lightoller was told to get some upon their arrival at New York.
On evening of the 14th April, 1912, Charles Herbert Lightoller was on his normal watch on the bridge, and so far, it had been another ordinary shift. When Charles Herbert Lightoller was relieved by William McMaster Murdoch, who was on duty when Titanic had it's fatal collision with the iceberg. Charles Herbert Lightoller had retired to his cabin, just behind the bridge, and was getting ready for bed when he felt the collision. Still in his pyjamas, Charles Herbert Lightoller dashed out onto the deck to see if he could see what Titanic had collided with, but could see nothing, and decided to return to his cabin, where he could be contacted, if needed. Charles Herbert Lightoller stayed on his bed awake until summoned to the bridge by Joseph Groves Boxhall. He dressed warmly, and reported to the bridge, where he was told what had happened, and then proceeded to assist with the evacuation of the doomed Titanic.
Charles Herbert Lightoller spent the majority of his time loading Titanic's port side lifeboats, however, his interpretation of the command, "women and children only", was carried out in a fairly strict way. His final task was the launching of Collapsible B, one of the four Englehardt folding lifeboats carried by Titanic. Unfortunately, because of a large bow wave caused by the sinking, Collapsible B was washed away, upside down, from Charles Herbert Lightoller, so he dived into the deepening water in an effort to secure it, and made for the crow's nest, which was by now level with the water. Charles Herbert Lightoller, thought better of it, and before he could do anything more, he found himself sucked under water by one of the forward ventilators, which had now flooded, and he was pinned to some grating. Charles Herbert Lightoller was held fast, and must have wondered if his time had come, but luckily, just a few seconds later, he was freed by a blast of hot water, which blew him back to the surface. After surveying his surroundings, he saw lifeboat Collapsible B floating nearby, still upside down, and with several people holding on to it. Then one of the funnels broke free, and as it hit the water, Charles Herbert Lightoller and Collapsible B were washed clear from Titanic. Charles Herbert Lightoller had to organize the 30 or so people aboard it, and calmly set about the night ahead on the overturned Collapsible B. Firstly, he tried to alert any nearby lifeboats, or perhaps persons in the water, by leading those aboard to shout "Boat Ahoy", but without success. The next priority was to try to keep the upturned Collapsible B from being swamped, by instructing those aboard to shift their weight to counter the swells, which they had to do until they were rescued, which they performed admirably, until they were rescued by one of the another lifeboats. Charles Herbert Lightoller had the distinction of being the last person to board the Carpathia, his job safely done.
Source: Wikipedia
Similar Pages: Titanic's Officers | Captain Edward John Smith | Chief Officer Henry Tingle Wilde | First Officer William McMaster Murdoch | Second Officer Charles Herbert Lightoller | Third Officer Herbert John Pitman | Fourth Officer Joseph Groves Boxhall | Fifth Officer Harold Godfrey Lowe | Sixth Officer James Paul Moody |


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A fence there surrounds a "smoke-stack type structure," documents state. There is a nearby outbuilding, and if the couple had gone inside, the security staff would have placed the plant on lockdown with a "possibility of lethal force being used," documents state.
But Merkel said she was able to confirm Saturday that the couple had not made it to any areas where radioactive materials are transferred or stored. She said the couple didn't make it past any security officers,cheap jordan shoes, who monitor all four sides of the plant constantly. Exelon owns 600 acres at the plant, not all of which are "vital" areas, she said.
Diane Screnci,cheap air jordans, a spokeswoman for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, also said there was no threat to the plant or harm done to equipment.
"We believe that security at the plant is appropriate," Screnci said on Saturday.
Pennsylvania State
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Hello! I thought of making this small guide, based from my personal experience, to give tips to artists, mostly beginners, to be more successful at selling commissions, since seeing from my previous journal many had difficulty with it. So here are some tips to help boosting your sales.
Have your commission info somewhere visible
Possibly, people won't even know you are taking commissions or if they are open if you don't put your commission info somewhere they can see. You can do this in a journal, that I mostly recommend, since it will be showing into your watcher's inboxes and most of your watchers probably rarely visit your profile page. You could still also use the commission widget, or donation poll to write your info. You can also link to your commission info in your signature or the artist's comment of new drawings you upload.
Keep it simple
Don't add too many unnecessary rules or in


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Kurt Vonnegut Quotes About StudentsQuotes about: Students
I think about my education sometimes. I went to the University of Chicago for awhile after the Second World War. I was a student in the Department of Anthropology. At that time they were teaching that there was absolutely no difference between anybody. They may be teaching that still. Another thing they taught was that no one was ridiculous or bad or disgusting. Shortly before my father died, he said to me, 'You know – you never wrote a story with a villain in it.' I told him that was one of the things I learned in college after the war.
There is this thing called the university, and everybody goes there now. And there are these things called teachers who make students read this book with good ideas or that book with good ideas until that's where we get our ideas. We don't think them; we read them in books. I like Utopian talk, speculation about what our planet should be, anger about what our planet is. I think writers are the most important members of society, not just potentially but actually. Good writers must have and stand by their own ideas.
Somebody realized, hey, students are printing dummy ads and dummy news stories, why don't they really print something. So there was the Shortridge Daily Echo, and a hell of a lot of writers have come out of Shortridge on that account. The head writer of the I Love Lucy show, Madelyn Pugh, was a schoolmate of mine. Dan Wakefield. Writing was a perfectly reasonable thing to do.
Vietnam was an exercise in mistaken idealism Iraq in cynical money-making. And there's no optimism or idealism now -- Americans are tired of knowledge. Our leaders, the C-students from Yale, know this. We're proud of being ignorant that leaves virtue at our core. We aren't frazzled by knowledge like foreigners, so we can be trusted.
Kurt Vonnegut
- Born: November 11, 1922
- Died: April 11, 2007
- Occupation: Writer
- Cite this Page: Citation


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I like Olay products and they suit my skin well. I found the best epilator to be one that included Olay pre-epilating wipes that moisturized the skin conveniently, leaving my skin soft and smooth afterwards. As I travel a lot, so I picked one for me after reading number of best epilator reviews, it was rechargeable and included a handy travel bag.
Again the best epilator I found was one with more than one speed setting, allowing me to remove tough hair from around the bikini line and also lighter hair from my legs, face and underarms, simply by choosing the right setting.
It is recommended to first understand what is epilator and learn how does an epilator work. Because cleaning an epilator every time you use it, especially if it incorporates some kind of moisturizing system, is very important for preventing bacterial growth, so make sure your choice of epilator comes with some kind of cleaning tools that you should only use for your epilator.
The best epilator for me also involved a cost factor. Some of them are darned expensive and it would take a year of not going to a salon for waxing or hair removal to pay for it. As most only have a one-year warranty, there wasn't much point in buying an expensive one. So the best epilator for me did not cost a hairy arm or leg, came with a travel pack, was rechargeable (who wants to be hanging around an electrical outlet for an hour?) It also fit in my hand comfortably. Most importantly, the best epilator wasn't too painful and removed all the hair in one area, without having to go back over the patch repeatedly.


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Perimeter Trail is a 4.1 mile lightly trafficked loop trail located near Marianna, Florida that features a river and is good for all skill levels. The trail offers a number of activity options and is accessible year-round. Dogs are also able to use this trail but must be kept on leash.
dogs on leash
kid friendly
nature trips
paddle sports
trail running
wild flowers
The Hinson Trail or Perimeter Trail was designated a National Recreation Trail in 2013
I did a loop. And I started out at the right.Want to be careful when you cross the field, because you have to really look for the orange markers on the trees. Lovely trail. Lots of shade. Lots the spiderwebs like others have said. The river in cypress knees are lovely. Saw two deer. Bring it there are mosquitoes. So several things I've only seen in Florida trail books and magazines. A cave by the river, railroad tracks, and raise road you don't walk under it it's on the other side of the river. And an abandoned cabin. Now I know where they are!
Nice easy 4 mile hike, well marked Trail, But watch out for the Spider Webs across the trail with those BIG SPIDERS in them, I almost walked into a few.
Trail was well marked. Not used often so it is very narrow. Lots of stickers and vines that will scrap your legs up. Wear tall socks or pants. Also have a stick handy for the many spider webs! Near part is the trail close to the river
day hike with wife nikkey reece
Nice hike with the kids... ages 16 mo through 16. Some parts of the trail were a little "marshy" and wet... but we were able to work around it and get through. Moving slow, stopping to explore, and eat lunch took us a little over three hours. Overall, a nice place to spend a few hours hiking with the kids!
Hinson Trail.
Built by members of the Florida Trail Association.
Loop trail. but any time it rains hard, the river has a chance of flooding the park.
several sinkholes and a beautiful riverside trail area. the trail also follows thru several open pastures.
do not forget The Ovens. a natural cave right above the river.
Looks like a fun trail by rhw river;
we were unable to complete it because the trail had flooded on a couple of places.
One of the most beautiful hidden gems in the Marianna area. So much to do for the whole family. It is regular destination for us.
Great hike! If you take the whole loop about an hour of it is just a trail in the woods with a few open fields, but the rest of the hike on the river is amazing! There are rope swings (it was a bit old for that), a cavern, and some great views! Worth the trip.
very beautiful park, unfortunatley didnt get to hike most of the loop either way as the river had flooded the trsil due to the rainstorm a few days ago, not sure how long after a rainstorm the trail would be flooded but If you do the trail, avoid it within a week or two of a big rainstorm. Im re attempting this trsil in either feb or march
The Hinson or Perimeter trail is a great trail for children to learn about nature. The trail starts on the banks of the spring feed Chipola River and if you hike counter-clockwise, you will soon come to Alamo Cave and the bluff over the Ovens. The Ovens, best accessed from the Chipola, while kayaking or canoeing is a cave system. This is also a great place to kayak and the park has a nice kayak and canoe lunch at the trailhead. If you chose, you can both hike and enjoy the area from the river on the same trip.