text:
This memorandum is designed to assist the Trade
and Industry Select Committee with its ongoing investigation into
the work of OFTEL and, particularly, local loop unbundling ("LLU").
Each of the operators has been actively involved in the LLU process
and has submitted orders for collocation space in both the first
ordering round and the second ordering round. Three of the operators
are actively involved in unbundling in other countries as well
as the UK. Their commitment to the LLU process represents an investment
amounting to several hundred million pounds and will lead to the
creation of a substantial number of new jobs in the UK. For more
information on the contributors, see the Appendix.
Why is LLU important?
"Information, and access to information,
continues to be the key driver of the growth and development of
the Information Society and the knowledge driven economy"
OFTEL, Access to Bandwidth: Proposals for Action, a Consultation
Document issued by the Director General of Telecommunications,
July 1999.
LLU will open up the local access portion of
BT's network to vigorous competition, thus eliminating the final
barrier to the competitive provision of broadband services to
customers. Broadband services include fast Internet access, fast
data inter-site links, media services, business application services,
and alternate voice services.
What is the goal of LLU?
LLU will enable unrestricted access to broadband
services by removing BT's stranglehold on its ubiquitous national
local loop.
This process is not about backbone networks.
Since liberalisation in 1984, tens of billion pounds have been
invested in broadband trunk and local networks but as we have
seen, it is simply not viable to replicate BT's ubiquitous national
local loop network. This is reflected in the fact that BT has
retained about 80 per cent of the residential market and between
60-70 per cent of the business market in the UK.
Even if it were possible to roll out one or
a patchwork of local access networks, customers would still not
have free and unrestricted access to a full choice of competitive
services. Customers would be locked in by their network provider.
BT's local access network is made of up ducts
and copper and approximately 6,500 local exchange buildings. We
believe that it is vital for public's substantial sunk investment
in this network be unlocked for the benefit of everyone.
How do you deliver broadband services over copper?
Copper lines need to be turbo-charged and effectively
widened to get high bandwidth broadband services to the home and
business using copper. The best available method is Digital Subscriber
Line ("DSL") technology. DSL has certain limitations
concerning the distance over which it can be provided.
What does this mean in practice?
The best way for operators to provide services
over unbundled local loops is for them to locate their equipment
in BT's local exchanges ("collocation").
Most operators would rather not fight BT for
fair and reasonable access to its local exchange buildings but
their choices are constrained by the physical limitations of DSLenabled
loops. Operators can use distant collocation, which involves installing
equipment at premises in close proximity to BT's local exchange
buildings but doe to the physical characteristics of the cooper
loops, the effectiveness of DSL is reduced the further you are
away from the BT.
As BT itself has found, even putting DSL equipment
in its own exchanges does not mean that all its connected lines
can be turbo-charged.
Why not let BT have the monopoly on DSL-enabled
lines and force them to sell services to their competitors over
those lines?
BT started to enable DSL lines once it became
clear that OFTEL intended to mandate LLU and free and open access
to BT's local exchange buildings. BT has currently fitted out
615 exchanges using its chosen DSL equipment and has plans to
increase this to 839 by March 2001.
Since June 2000, BT has provided a wholesale
product to its competitors. BT's wholesale prices are not regulated,
and indeed are subject to a number of complaints submitted to
OFTEL by a number of operators and Internet Service Providers.
As of November 2 2000, a grand total of 18,000
customers have been connected. BT woefully underestimated the
complications of DSL installation and roll out. Despite intensive
demand from customers and from service providers, the supply has
been rationed.
BT has recently announced plans to ration operators
even more by restricting the number of customers they can connect
from January, with successful suppliers having their daily "quota"
reduced from nearly 100 lines per day to just 20 lines per day,
and other suppliers being rationed to one or two lines per day.
This is in spite of a clear and vibrant demand and forecasting
process in place since April 2000.
At this moment, it is not clear if BT's own
Openworld offering is having its installation ability rationed
in the same manner as the other Operators.
We believe that such an outcome is inevitable
when one technology is chosen by one operator for UK plc. As always,
it is the customers, crying out for faster Internet access, and
the suppliers who are able to supply these customers, who lose
How can the benefits of broadband be brought to
We believe that a range of operators using a
range of technologies to provide a range of broadband services,
both regionally and nationally, at competitive prices can best
satisfy customers' unmet demand for the widest possible variety
of services. This can only be achieved by having access to BT's
exchanges and copper on a transparent and non-discriminatory basis
on reasonable terms and conditions.
What do we have so far?
We do not have transparent and non-discriminatory
access and we do not yet have reasonable terms and conditions.
Indeed, we do not even have access. If we compare BT's ease of
access and its achievements of DSL installations at 615 exchanges
to date, competitors are only just having sites handed over for
the first kit installs at their trial sites, after starting in
April 2000. This is a total of 9 months pre-preparation for five
A direct UK comparison based on the current
allocation to operators of space at BT's local exchanges would
show that it would take the operators over 30 years to achieve
parity with BT's own roll out.
In France, it took an average three months (which
included in some cases the granting of temporary licences to trialists),
with the first live unbundled customer operational within two
months, for trialists to install equipment at their trial sites.
Today, over 31 operators are trailing DSL services in France.
In Germany over 50 companies have licenses,
and thousands of collocations are live. In the Netherlands over
200 sites are now live.
In the UK, the five trial sites will be up and
running contemporaneously with commercial services, to be available
at a promised 190 sites by end June 2001. Compare this to BT's
own 839 sites by March 2001.
A very limited promised supply of loops should
be available, approximately 2,000 in the same period across the
whole industry. That works out at 63 per BT local exchange site.
Each site is of course going to be shared between 10's of competitive
How have we got here?
Negotiations opened in July 1999. It has been
a long, gruelling and resource-intensive process. This form of
self-regulation, where industry seeks to negotiate commercial
solutions with BT, cannot and indeed has not produced fair and
equitable results.
This should come as no surprise as it repeats
a pattern first established in the early years of liberalisation.
In that pioneering time, it took around three years unsuccessfully
to conclude a commercial agreement on interconnection with BT.
OFTEL was asked to step in and had to make a determination. It
has been intimately involved in interconnection ever since.
For LLU however, the industry, acting initially
without the benefit of an LLU mandate, again took up the cudgels
to attempt to get a commercial agreement from BT on LLU. At every
critical stage, this approach has inevitably failed, requiring
the industry as a whole to refer matters to OFTEL for timely and
effective resolution.
How can the UK catch up with the US, Austria,
France, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden?
OFTEL must use the full range of powers available
to it to enable competitors to enter the market on a level playing
field with BT.
We are glad that 14,000 customers to date can
get access to broadband services using BT's DSL-enabled lines
but this is not good enough for UK plc.
Some may argue that BT should be stopped from
further damaging competition and building on its headstart. We
believe that the positive and most effective response is for OFTEL
to focus its attention by using all the powers at its disposal
to ensure that competitors can enter the market secure in the
knowledge that the environment is fully transparent, non-discriminatory,
quick and reasonable, and that the key supplier offers its copper
and its local exchange buildings at cost-based prices.
We would hope that OFTEL should employ a similar
approach to BT's wholesale DSL-based service. We are aware on
a number of ongoing formal complaints that aim to secure a competitive
offering from BT to its competitors.
What are OFTEL's existing powers to act?
BT is primarily regulated by means of its licence.
Unless BT is specifically required to do something under its licence,
OFTEL can rely on its powers under the Competition Act 1998, in
particular in relation to the prohibition on abuse of a dominant
OFTEL in April 2000, modified BT's licence so
as to include an LLU mandate at Condition 83 of BT's licence.
Condition 83 came into force in August 2000. This obligation was
effectively negotiated between BT and OFTEL and inevitably contains
areas of compromise.
This negotiation flowed from the licence modification
rulesunder the Telecommunications Act 1984, a licensee
must consent to a modification or the proposed modification is
referred to the Competition Commission. OFTEL did take into account
some operator concerns but it seems inevitable that the regulator
would be keen to obtain BT's consent in order to avoid a having
to refer the matter to the Competition Commission as the only
way to secure modification of BT's licence.
Where Condition 83's compromise areas prove
difficult in practice or act as barriers to achieving policy objectives,
it is open to OFTEL further to modify BT's licence and change
the terms of Conditions 83. OFTEL could do this either with BT's
agreement or, if that was not forthcoming, by referring the matter
to the Competition Commission. This could take some time but it
would be worth it to get the regulatory regime right.
In the event of a breach of any current requirements,
OFTEL has a range of options that it could use to ensure fair
competition. OFTEL can enforce Condition 83 using its statutory
powers under the Telecommunications Act 1984. OFTEL can grant
rapid relief to operators about to suffer loss or to address potential
licence breaches using provisional orders. Continuing behavioural
issues can be addressed using final orders. OFTEL can issue orders
following explicit complaints or after an investigation on its
own initiative.
OFTEL has powers under the Competition Act 1998
to act against abuse of a dominant position. OFTEL therefore does
have power to grant rapid relief where this is warranted. Ultimately,
organisations found to be breaching the Competition Act can be
fined. To date, OFTEL has chosen to rely upon its powers under
Condition 83 and BT's licence.
OFTEL must rigorously audit BT's behaviour and
the resources and capabilities it has put in place to meet the
reasonable demands of the industry (as expressed informally in
January and in June 2000 and formally on 12 September, 2000 and
7 December 2000).
Where difficulties arise which threaten the
process, OFTEL should seek swiftly the fastest way to resolve
this, whether by issuing a subject specific policy statement after
consultation with interested parties or by relying on its existing
powers to address such threats. OFTEL has not, in the past, acted
as quickly as it might have.
What in the short term are the next major issues
of concern?
The short term issues of principal concern are:
BT's resources or lack thereof and the costs of the process.
OFTEL must ensure that BT has or will have sufficient
resources to free up the local access bottleneck. This is straightforward
where the resources are external. For example, BT has employed
external building contractors and surveyors to scope out the possibility
of applicants being housed in BT's local exchange buildings and
then design the solution.
Where the resource issue concerns BT's ordering
and provisioning systems to connect loops and related software
systems to automate otherwise manual processes, the issues are
many and complex but come down to making the resources available
effectively to enable operators to submit their orders for local
exchange space and for loops. This area is traditionally the area
causing greatest delay to the introduction of new products and
services by BT.
Space in the local exchange buildings is also
a resource. Any unallocated space in the local exchange buildings
should potentially be available to operators for installation
of their chosen DSL equipment. Currently BT is not offering space
other than in separate and potentially costlier rooms. Another
option is distant collocation but given the physical limitations
of DSL, this may not be the optimal solution for the provision
of high quality broadband services to customers.
There remains substantial uncertainty and lack
of transparency surrounding the costs of obtaining access to BT's
local exchange buildings and related services. There are some
interesting examples of what BT considers to be reasonable space
preparation, for example, repainting, floor coverings, and additional
building security systems and separate access, all of which adds
both to cost and length of time taken to prepare collocation space,
and seem at best curious and at worst, spurious.
13 December 2000


text:
Award winning chef Mark in Thurles
On Saturday, August 1st, award winning Chef Mark Doe preformed a cooking demonstration, in the Bauknecht kitchen at Stakelums Expert for an afternoon of tasty treats, tips and advice.
Guests were treated to delicious dishes such as Parmesan Sable Biscuits with Crushed Chickpeas, Crostini of Brie and Cranberry, Garlic Potatoes, Hazelnut and Parmesan Crusted Fish with Cherry Tomato Salsa and of course a mouth watering Pear and Cinnamon Cake cooked by Mark using the incredible Bauknecht appliances.
Mark focused on getting the most out of the ingredients, using texture, temperature and technique to perfectly balance flavours. Bauknecht appliances have the award-winning performance to deliver these perfect results every time.
Coupled with sleek, modern styling and energy saving innovations, Bauknecht offers the ultimate in leading design and German engineering to impress outside and inside, ensuring the time you spend in your kitchen is a real joy.
Bauknecht is the German National Treasure in Kitchen Appliances since 1919. The award-winning brand represents the best of German ideology – attention to detail and passion for perfection.
Bauknecht offers a prestigious range of built-in appliances, including ovens, steamers, microwaves, warming drawers, cooker hoods, cooktops, refrigerators and dishwashers, which ingeniously combine design and technology
The vision of Bauknecht is the continuous manufacturing of first class products with innovative, environmentally-friendly solutions of the highest quality.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Cloud applications want to move
The term "cloud computing" covers many topics. One hot area is infrastructure as a service (IaaS), where servers and other data center resources are provided on-demand over the web and through a programming interface. The classic example is Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). IaaS became popular at first as a way to deliver new applications, often from new companies. Examples included software-as-a-service companies like Animoto or Mashery, and bursty compute-intensive applications like those at Gigavox and UnivaUD. More recently enterprises have been studying IaaS as part of their IT infrastructure, and some companies have begun pilots. How do enterprises want to use IaaS? Does it differ from the ways that new companies started the use of IaaS? In this post, I'll examine a few classic use cases for enterprises, and draw a few lessons.
In conversations with enterprises and in the trade press, three groups of applications are often cited as near-term uses of today's IaaS. I call them Disasters, Development, and Deadlines:
- Disasters: Critical applications always have to be stored and run in a second location in case a data center goes offline. This is routine for some companies; one Miami organization I know plans for 5-10 days per year in 'disaster' mode, due the hurricane and tropical storm warnings that come every summer. When they adopted virtualization a few years ago, it helped a lot. In the backup data center, they no longer had to buy an exact copy of the equipment in the main data center — any model of server and storage equipment would run the critical virtual machines. IaaS is even better — they pay for servers only on the days when they need them.
- Development: Enterprises employ teams of programmers and software testers to build applications for use by employees or customers. In the process, many computers are used temporarily, for preparing and testing software under development. A programmer may use a single computer to test a program in isolation, then more machines to test integration with other systems, and finally even more machines to simulate many users. Using a cloud, the programmer can order up exactly as many machines as required, automatically and without having to coordinate with anyone else's schedule. It cuts costs and gets results faster.
- Deadlines: Any website may need a boost when a deadline is involved. For example, there are government websites that publicize grant opportunities and accept grant applications. Most of the time, the sites get little traffic, with small number of visitors at any hour. But when the grant applications are due, there can be a crunch of thousands of would-be grantees, each uploading grant documents and filling in online forms before the deadline arrives. The spike in use is even worse for college scheduling systems, which are lightly used for all but a few days each semester for registration. Deadlines show up in enterprise applications as well, from monthly financial reporting to employee reimbursement submissions. The elasticity of cloud computing – ordering machines when needed and releasing them when finished — improves performance and cut costs when deadlines are involved.
One thing stands out from these stories: These are current IT applications that benefit from the elasticity of IaaS. This means that a workload that currently runs in a corporate data center must also run in a cloud. "Workload portability" across data centers, and between corporate data centers and public clouds, is a new requirement. ("Workload mobility," where an application moves between data centers without stopping, is even more demanding.)
The first public clouds were clumsy for moving workloads; they imposed architectural features that were different from enterprise data centers. Amazon EC2 offered a layer-3 network without Ethernet features like broadcast or static IP numbers. EC2 also offered disks that didn't automatically preserve their changes upon reboot. IBM's Blue Cloud initially supported only limited applications.
With time, Amazon EC2 came to offer more general IaaS features. Other clouds like Flexiscale and Rackspace also offered IaaS service, starting with a more conventional data center model. Most recently, VMware has offered service providers a cloud package called vCloud Express that makes the cloud environment more closely resemble a VMware-based enterprise data center. VMware claims that they have enrolled 1000 service providers into their vCloud program, with companies like Savvis, OpSource, and Terremark currently offering services.
Today most IaaS providers are pursuing workload portability. They also advertise "simplicity." When it comes to disasters, development and deadlines, I think "simple" will mean "most similar to conventional data centers", so that today's data center managers can use them with little new training, and with minimal changes to their applications.
The devil will be in the details. As I mentioned in an earlier post, there are several network services that are conventional in data centers that are needed for cloud computing, including load balancers and firewalls, but which vary from one cloud provider to another. In addition, subtle details about storage ("Can I make a snapshot of a running system?") or compute ("Can I add RAM between reboots?") may also be important to IT customers of cloud services.
Cisco takes a keen interest in workload portability and mobility as a basic element of its long-term cloud vision. Cisco equipment is designed for both conventional and cloud data centers; as enterprises shift applications to take advantage of clouds and IaaS, they can expect to see compatible network services wherever they move.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.


text:
HTML 4.0, with special attention to forms, tables and frames
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
XML, the next-generation markup language for the Web
CGI, with a chapter dedicated to the Perl module CGI.pm
JavaScript 1.2
PHP, the HTML-embedded programming language
HTTP 1.1, the underlying protocol that drives the Web
Apache server administration, including Apache modules
mod_perl, the Apache module for enhancing CGI
performance and providing a Perl interface to the Apache API
Webmaster in a Nutshell, part of the bestselling O'Reilly series of reference books, makes it easy to find the information you want about the technologies you use. You'll keep your other books on the shelf; you'll keep Webmaster in a Nutshell next to your keyboard.
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text:
(BU) BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT sources said Wednesday that Brazil`s central bank will honor about $162 million owed to U.S. lenders by three banks that failed Tuesday and were taken over by the government. The government also moved to dispel reports that other banks are in trouble and said that all small savings and cash deposits will be protected. The Banco de Comercio e Industria de Sao Paulo, known as Comind, and the Bano Auxiliar, plus the much smaller Maisonave bank had a total of more than $700 million in bad loans. The three banks had a total of more than 400 branches.
(BU) THE INTERNATIONAL TIN COUNCIL agreed in London Wednesday to meet again Dec. 2 in a marathon session to work out a plan for reopening tin trading. The London Metal Exchange suspended tin trading Oct. 24 after the 22-nation tin council ran out of credit and stopped supporting tin prices by buying excess supplies of the metal. The tin council owes $1.28 billion to banks and metals dealers, and the creditors have offered to refinance the debts if the tin council`s member governments give loan guarantees. Britain is the only country that has offered to give such guarantees. The United States is not a member. The crisis has jeopardized the existence of the London Metal Exchange.
(BU) MARVIN WARNER has hired former U.S. Attorney General William Saxbe to help manage and coordinate his legal strategy in pending lawsuits and investigations, a Washington law firm announced Wednesday. Saxbe is also a former U.S. senator from Ohio. The firm of Pierson, Ball & Dowd said Saxbe and William Bittman will serve as Warner`s lead counsel in proceedings centering on Warner`s role in the March collapse of Home State Savings Bank of Cincinnati. Warner is the owner of Home State.
(BU) ALLIED-SIGNAL INC. said Wednesday that it would spin off about 30 of its businesses into a new $3 billion company. The spinoff, one of the largest ever by a U.S. corporation, is part of a major reorganization related to the merger earlier this year of Allied Corp. and Signal Companies Inc. In New York, Allied-Signal Chairman Edward Hennessy said the Morristown, N.J.-based company also plans to eliminate 3,000 jobs, for a $250 million saving, and to restructure the company. He said costs related to the changes will result in a one-time writeoff in the fourth quarter of this year. The size of the writeoff won`t be disclosed for several weeks. The new company, which will have 25,000 employees and be based in Manhattan, will be geared to assets and cash flow, rather than earnings per share or price-earnings multiples, the traditional barometers of a company`s performance.


text:
Hi All,
I was recently called as the New Ward Clerk for a YSA ward and everything is new to me as previously I was the Financial Clerk. We have made changes within the ward and are changing our Elders Quorum from 2 and combining them into One. I was wondering if there is a way to move all home teachings, district supervisors etc into one Quorum as they are or will I need to delete them and re-due everything? Any ideas or input would be greatly appreciated.
Two Elders Quorum's into One
Use this forum to discuss issues that are not found in any of the other clerk and stake technology specialist forums.
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Re: Two Elders Quorum's into One
When you remove the second quorum, the members of that quorum and the home teaching assignments and districts in that quorum are moved to the other quorum.
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text:
3:33am Saturday, 18 August BlueMountainsAustralia.com
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text:
Prepping for a journey.
We are a film exhibition touring company committed to breaking distribution boundaries and expanding communities that sustain a boundless creative connection. touring movies... eatin' your food, drinking your beers, and dancing in your living room while you try to sleep cause you have work/school in the morning Call the Van 412-475-8687


text:
Kevin Smith Quotes About DreamsQuotes about: Dreams
Don't be afraid to do weird stuff, so long as you do it cheaply and cover everyone's bets. Be bold. Be stupid, if you have to: so long as you don't hurt anybody, what's it matter how dopey your dream is? If I hadn't made TUSK? If I'd let it die as a podcast? I wouldn't have three other movies I'm now making within the span of a year. Some folks will try to shame you for trying something outside the norm; the only shame is in not trying to accomplish your dreams.
You May Also Like:
Kevin Smith
- Born: August 2, 1970
- Occupation: Screenwriter
- Cite this Page: Citation


text:
Sunday, April 7, 2013
25 comments:
Love the idea of a sew slow!! I can do that!! Did you have a pattern for the iPad bag? it looks fantastic!ReplyDelete
Sew slow, slower, slowest etc etc etc,
Cheers from Helen
I sure like that bee block and the ipad case is lovely. I agree that hobbies should be for fun, not for pressure.ReplyDelete
You pick the prettiest fabrics for all of your great projects and blocks, Suz!ReplyDelete
Gorgeous dp block!And fabulous bag. xoReplyDelete
It Is looking amazing. The details make all the difference. The ensuite mirrors are gorgeous.ReplyDelete
Glass Tile and Mosaic Tile
It's all too easy to let the crazy pace of day to day life carry over into our sewing life. I'm glad you're intentionally taking it slow and appreciating all the good things that a creative life bring. Here's to slow and sedate!ReplyDelete
Love the bee block theme we have for this month!ReplyDelete
They're beautiful Suz!!ReplyDelete
I so agree with you about the need keep sewing from being stressful!! Your block for Carla is beautiful!!ReplyDelete
Sew slow sounds great! The ipad bag is great!ReplyDelete
Great point that sewing should be fun! I love the iPad bag, pretty fabric choices!! Also, the block for Carla is so pretty!!ReplyDelete
I'm so excited. I spied that block on Flickr first thing this a.m.ReplyDelete
Gorgeous block and the bag is beautiful!ReplyDelete
oh my! all of the binding on that bag is beautiful, but i'd really have to be in the mood to sign up for it :)ReplyDelete
happy slow sewing to you! it sounds like a holiday that should be on my calendar, too.
I SO agree with slow sewing to balance a busy job. I do the same and an hour of hand sewing does wonders. I love your Ipad bag. I really like all the edges in red. Helen is an excellent model and a lucky recipient!ReplyDelete
Loving my slow project too (although the urge to just 'get on with it' is very strong!).ReplyDelete
Lucky Helen - that triangle-flower DS print is my absolute favourite ever!
I too have been enjoying slower sewing - so enjoyable! I love your ipad bag - so pretty and a great idea.ReplyDelete
I am glad to see you are enjoying some stress free sewing. That's what it always should be but I know we sometimes make it stressful.ReplyDelete
Happy slow sewing to you too! I'm right with ya...ReplyDelete
I'm totally with you on the slow sewing. Love your projects, they are beautiful xReplyDelete
Love that ipad bag.ReplyDelete
I'm with you on the slow sewing as well, I stressed myself out over the weekend doing some machine quilting and then told myself just to stop, put it away and go back to what I was enjoying making.ReplyDelete
"Slow" sewing, oh yes, that sounds like my cup of tea. Beautifully done Susan.ReplyDelete
Very cute bag! For being a slow sewer you are sure keeping up the production of sweet projects.ReplyDelete
Elizabeth E.
Sometimes we forget that our hobby is for pleasure! Great makes Susan!ReplyDelete


text:
You Can't Detect What You Can't See: Illuminating the Entire Kill Chain
Typically, the distributors are just as conservative as the manufacturers, and just as cautious about dealing with newcomers and new ideas. Even if they agree to add a product to their catalog, the distributors can easily decide not to encourage their representatives to promote it, which means that in a few months they have effectively removed it from the shelves.
Of course, online sales are a possibility. But meanwhile, the hardware has to be stored somewhere, adding to the cost. Production runs on demand are expensive even in the unlikely event that they are available, and even unassembled units need storage.
I have been generalizing wildly here, but anyone who has ever been involved in producing anything will recognize what I am describing as the norm. And just to make matters worse, open hardware producers typically discover the situation as they are going through it. Inevitably, they make mistakes, which adds still more delays.
But the point is, if you have any sense of the process at all, your knowledge is going to change how you react to news of another attempt at hardware. The process means that, unless a company has been in serious stealth mode, an announcement that a product will be out in six months will rapidly prove to be an outdate guestimate. 12-18 months is more likely, and the obstacles I describe may mean that the product will never actually be released.
For example, as I write, people are waiting for the emergence of the first Steam Machines, the Linux-based gaming consoles. They are convinced that the Steam Machines will utterly transform both Linux and gaming.
As a market category, Steam Machines may do better than other new products, because those who are developing them at least have experience developing software products. However, none of the dozen or so Steam Machines in development have produced more than a prototype after almost a year, and none are likely to be available for buying until halfway through 2015. Given the realities of hardware manufacturing, we will be lucky if half of them see daylight. In fact, a release of 2-4 might be more realistic.
I make that prediction with next to no knowledge of any of the individual efforts. But, having some sense of how hardware manufacturing works, I suspect that it is likely to be closer to what happens next year than all the predictions of a new Golden Age for Linux and gaming. I would be entirely happy being wrong, but the fact remains: what is surprising is not that so many Linux-associated hardware products fail, but that any succeed even briefly.
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Final Dewey Cooperator Gets No Jail Time
The last of the seven former Dewey & LeBoeuf employees who cooperated in the criminal case avoided jail time in her sentencing Friday. (AP) Victoria Harrington, a former accounting manager at the firm, was one of seven former Dewey employees who entered plea deals and agreed...
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As we all know that kids love to play games. Today's generation of kids do not like to play with the toys but they love to play games on computers, mobiles or on another device like iPad, play Station, Xbox, and Tabs etc. In these electronic games, there are a huge variety of games available that kids like to play. Most of the baby boys like to play adventurous sort of games. "Animal Dungeon" is a well known game for kids that are very popular among kids. As boys are also like the animals so they love to play this game. Animal Dungeon is not only the fun game for the kids but this game has based on the learning part also. Kids will learn much about the wild animals and also about their lifestyle from Animal Dungeon. Animal Dungeon is especially is developed from the contribution of the World Wide Fund for Nature which is also abbreviated as WWE. Animal Dungeon is a paid game so the cost of this game is donated to the WWE for the word and protection of wild animals or wildlife.
Animal Dungeon for Android and IOS
Animal Dungeon is also known as a Jungle Game because most of the part of the game is in the jungle and where kids have to rescue wild animals. Kids have to play and go through from the adventurous levels of Animal Dungeon and rescue the wild animals. From this act, kids will love wild animals also learn how to protect them. The animal Dungeon game also teaches kids about the habits, eating and living style of wild animals. An interesting part of this game is the "Zoopedia" whose basic purpose is to teach children's about the interesting facts about wild animals living in the different areas of the world.
An Interesting and amazing fact of this game is its features like funny animal voices that will easily grab the attention of kids. So that kids will like to play this game. It is a paid game and it will easily be downloaded on your PC's and also in Apple devices like in the iPad, iPod, iPhone, etc. From the Google Store of your devices you can easily download this game. This game is easy to play and also very easy to control. Animal Dungeon is also available in multiple languages. It is the best animal game for android which offers a learning part for the kids to that while playing they will learn much about the living style of wild animals.
Animal Dungeon has so many advantages so you can spend a few dollars or pounds on this game. You don't have to do the hard work of finding this game. Just visit iTunes or Google Play and download the game. You will surely love this game and the kids will enjoy playing it. They will learn about various facts about animals and will learn to respect them when they visit the zoo. It is an Appimize Studio production, and they have tried their level best to give their best with this game.
Guest Post By Mehreen
Mehreen is a copywriter and have been writing for the past 3 years. She has done her O'levels and is now doing her software engineering. She is the head of copywriters at appimize Studio. Follow appimize studio on twitter @appimize


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Your workers are leaving. Here's why.June 26, 2014
As a manager, have you ever had that haunting feeling when an employee gives you their two-week notice out of the blue? You were probably shocked and left wondering, "What went wrong? Is it something I did? Is it something I didn't do?"
Why are the 'keepers' constantly leaving? Thought you'd never askMay 12, 2014
Whether you manage a caregiving team or run the company, you are probably dealing with three challenges more than you'd like to admit.


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This video shows what it's like to grow up in Ireland.
Clare Cullen - who goes by Clisare on Youtube - put together a series of clips acting out some of the best #GrowingUpIrish tweets.
The video was put together by Youtuber Clisare, with help from Charlotte Ryan.
The clip shows the pair acting out a variety of experiences - from Tayto sanwiches, Viennetta and immersion issues are just a couple of the Irish childhood experiences captured.
Earlier this summer, #GrowingUpIrish was trending - with many people taking a stroll down memory lane and sharing their favourite things about their Irish childhood.
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Pet of the Week: Lola
This is Lola. She just turned 9 months old on April 25th. She is a loving, smart little beagle with a ton of energy. She keeps mommy and daddy on their toes that's for sure!!!
Her favorite toy is her rubber squeaky pig and as you can tell from this picture she is a good helper when it comes to folding laundry 🙂 We adopted her in September 2012 at 8 weeks old from Beagle Paws Kelowna. We can't imagine a day without her. She's our fir baby.
Her favorite spots include on the couch staring out the window or snuggled up with us on the couch. She is a huge snuggler!!! Her nicknames are Lolie and Sweet Pea 🙂
Thank you Reanne for sharing your sweet puppy with us! What an absolute cutie!!
If you'd like to nominate your pet for Pet of the Week, please visit this page for more details.


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Welcome to the My Tummy Tuck USA Website of
Dr. Behzad Parva!
Practice Philosophy:
Serving Abdominoplasty Patients in Northern Virginia, Bethesda, Fairfax, Fairfax County, Leesburg and Washington, Dr. Behzad Parva, a Board Certified Plastic Surgeon, uses the latest techniques and advances in his practice of Tummy Tuck Surgery.Northern Virginia Board Certified Plastic Surgeon
Cosmetic surgery is more about how you feel and who you are, than how you look.
Beyond offering medical and surgical credentials and proficiency, Dr. Parva believes in the importance of understanding your unique and personal reasons for considering plastic surgery, and doing what is takes to meet those needs. His primary goal is to ensure that your surgical choice becomes a true reflection of who you are and how you feel about yourself.
Click here to contact Dr. Parva and arrange for your personal, confidential Tummy Tuck Surgery consultation
Dr. Parva and his staff understand that aesthetic and reconstructive surgery can be a valuable tool to enhance self-image. Physical appearance a significant part of self-image changes for everyone as we age and as we are exposed to the environment and its stresses; mothers experience physical change with each pregnancy.
Patient Satisfaction is Paramount
Dr. Parva believes that a patient should choose to improve quality of life when seeking to restore or enhance physical qualities through aesthetic surgery. Our self-image, he feels encompasses spiritual values, attitudes and social relationships in addition to physical appearance. Therefore, he is committed to listening to you and to understanding your desires and expectations.
By providing a compassionate, caring environment in which a patient can explore options for aesthetic surgery, Dr. Parva guides his patients toward informed decisions, which, in his experienced hands, will provide the best possible outcome.
Dr. Parva can be found through the following listings:
All MyTummyTuckUSA.com Doctors are Board-Certified
MyTummyTuckUSA.com is solely a provider of information.
By Entering the My Tummy Tuck USA Web Site, You are Agreeing to be bound by these Terms & Conditions.


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Let us cater your next event. Whether it's for 50 or 5,000 people, make entertaining easy and fun with our delicious assortment of island-style food selections. Our crowd-pleasing offerings are an appetizing and convenient way to entertain gatherings in any setting. Whether you're planning a fun social event at home or an important business function at your work, we will help you make it unforgettable. We offer two convenient catering options:
Offsite Catering
Offsite catering means we prepare food at our restaurant and deliver it to your event. It's easy, and it's very affordable. Click here to see the catering menu.
Staff Catering
Staff catering is a really fun way to throw a party. We handle everything from beginning to end – allow you time to focus on your guests. Let's get started!
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Original Peer-Reviewed Research Articles and Reviews
|Ramasahayam S., S. Jaligama, S.M. Atwa, B.L. Blaylock and S.A. Meyer. Megakaryocyte expansion and macrophage infiltration with MNX, N-nitroso environmental degradation product of munitions compound RDX (hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazine), in bone marrow of subchronically exposed rats (submitted)
|Wilbanks, M.S., K.A. Gust, S.Atwa, I. Sunesara, D. Johnson, C.Y. Ang, S.A. Meyer, and E.J. Perkins. Validation of a genomics-based hypothetical adverse outcome: 2,4-dinitrotoluene perturbs PPAR signaling thus impairing energy metabolism and exercise endurance. Toxicol. Sci. (in press). PMID:24893713
|Sallam, A. A., Mohyedin, M.M., Foudah,. A.I., Ak, M.R., Nazzal,S.M., Meyer, S.A., Liu. Y.Y. and El Sayed. K.A. Marine Natural Products-Inspired Phenylmethylene Hydantoins with Potent in Vitro and in Vivo Antitumor Activities via Suppression of Brk and FAK Signaling. Org. & Biomol. Chem. 12:5295-303, 2014
|Akl M.R., Foudah, A.I., Ebrahim, H.Y., Meyer,S.A. and El Sayed, K.A. Marine-Derived 4′,5′-Dichlorobenzoyl Sipholenol A Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Motility in vitro and in vivo through Suppression of Brk and FAK Signaling. Marine Drugs 12:2282-304, 2014
|Sallam, A.A., Nayoub,N., Foudah,A.I., Gissendanner,C.R., Meyer,S.A. and El Sayed. K.A. Indole diterpene alkaloids as novel inhibitors of the wnt/β-catenin pathway in breast cancer cells. European J. Med. Chem. 70:594-606, 2013
|Meyer S.A. and R.L. Old dance with a new partner: EGF receptor as the phenobarbital receptor
mediating Cyp2B expression. Sci Signal. 6(274):pe16, 2013
Abstract Full Text
|Jaligama,S.,V.M.Kale, M.S. Wilbanks, E.J. Perkins and S.A.Meyer. Delayed myelosuppression with acute exposure to hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and environmental degradation product hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) in rats, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 266:443-451. 2013
|Bhinge, K., V. Gupta, S. Hosain. S.D. Satyanarayanajois S.A.Meyer, B. Blaylock. Q.J. Zhang, and Y.Y. Liu.The opposite effects of doxorubicin on bone marrow stem cells versus breast cancer stem cells depend on glucosylceramide synthase. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 44:1770-1778, 2012
|Ramasahayam, S., H.N. Baraka, F.N. Abdel Bar, M.P. Widrlechner, K.A. El Sayed and S.A. Meyer. Effects of chemically characterized fractions from aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea and angustifolia on myelopoiesis in rats.Planta Med. 77:1883-9, 2011.
|Deng, Y., S.A.Meyer, X. Guan, B.L.Escalon, J. Ai, M.S. Wilbanks, R. Welti, N.G. Reyero, and E.J. Perkins. Analysis of common and specific mechanisms of liver function affected by nitrotoluene compounds. PLoS One 6(2):e14662, 2011.
|Chowbina, S, Y. Deng, J. Ai, X. Wu, X. Guan, M.S. Wilbanks, B.L. Escalon, S.A. Meyer, E.J. Perkins and J.Y. Chen. A new approach to construct pathway connected networks and its application in dose responsive gene expression profiles of rat liver regulated by 2,4DNT. BMC Genomics 11(Suppl 3):S4-11, 2010.
|Sallam A.A., S. Ramasahayam, S.A.Meyer and K.A. El Sayed. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of dibromotyrosine analogues inspired by marine natural products as inhibitors of human prostate cancer proliferation, invasion, and migration. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem. 18:7446-57, 2010.
|Kale, V.M., S.R. Miranda, M.S. Wilbanks and S.A. Meyer. Comparative cytotoxicity of chloroacetanilide herbicides alachlor, acetochlor and metolachlor in rat and cryopreserved human hepatocytes. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 22:41-50, 2008.
|Miranda, S. R., and Meyer, S. A. (2007) Cytotoxicity of chloroacetanilide herbicide alachlor in HepG2 cells independent of CYP3A4 and CYP3A7. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45:871-877.
|Perkins, E., Bao, W., Guan, X., Ang, C. Y., Wolfinger, R. D., Chu, T. M., Gong, P., Meyer, S. A., and Inouye, L. (2006) Comparison of gene expression effects in liver tissue and primary hepatocyte cell cultures after exposure to hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. BMC Bioinformatics 7 (Suppl. 4):S22-28.
|Meyer, S. A., Marchand, A. J., Hight, J. L., Roberts, G. H., Inouye, L. S., Escalon, L. B. and MacMillan, D. K. (2005) Up-and-down procedure (UDP) determination of acute toxicity of nitroso degradation products of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. J Appl. Toxicol. 25:427-434.
|Dalton, S. R., Miller, R. T., and Meyer, S. A. (2003) Hervicide metolachlor induces liver cytochrome P450s 2B1/2 and 3A1/2, but not thyroxine-uridine dinucleotide phosphate glucuronosyltransferase and associated thyroid gland activation. Int. J. Toxicol. 22:287-295.
|Dalton, S. R., Jirtle, R. L. and Meyer, S. A. (2000) EGF receptors of hepatocytes from rats treated with phenobarbital are sensitized to down-regulatioin by phenobarbital in culture. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165:115-126.
|Wetmore, B. A., Mitchell, A. D., Meyer, S. A., and Genter, M. B. (1999) Evidence for site-specific bioactivatioin of alachlor in the olfactory mucosa of the Long Evans rat. Toxicol. Sci. 49:202-212.
|Goodell, A. L., Oh, H. S., Meyer, S. A., and Smart, R. C. (1996) Epidermal protein kinase C-B2 is highly sensitive to downregulation and is exclusively expressed in Langerhans cells: Downregulatioin is associated with attenuated contact hypersensitivity. J. Invest. Dermatol. 107:354-359.
|Meyer, S. A., Kim, T. W., Moser, G. J., Monteiro-Riviere, N. M., and Smart, R. C. (1994) Synergistic interaction between the non-phobol ester-type promoter mirex and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mouse skin tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 15:47-52.
|Meyer, S. A., Moser, G. J., Monteiro-Riviere, N. A., and Smart, R. C. (1993) Minimal role of enhanced cell proliferation in skin tumor promotion by mirex, a new nonphorbol ester-type tumor promoter. Environ. Health Persp. 101 (Suppl 5):265-270.
|Wasserman, R. H., Chandler, J. S., Meyer, S. A., Smith, C. A., Brindak, M. E., Fullmer, C. S., Penniston, J. T., and Kumar, R. (1992) Intestinal calcium transport and calcium extrusion processes at the basolateral membrane. J. Nutri. 12:662-671.
|Moser, G. J., Meyer, S. A., and Smart, R. C. (1992) The chlorinated pesticide mirex is a novel non-phorbol ester tumor promoter in mouse skin. Cancer Res. 52:631-636.
|Jirtle, R. L., Meyer, S. A., and Brockenbrough, J. S. (1991) Liver tumor promoter phenobarbital: A biphasic modulator of hepatocyte proliferation. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 369:209-216.
|Jirtle, R. L. and Meyer, S. A. (1991) Liver tumor promotion: Effect of phenobarbital on EGF and protein kinase C signal transduction and transforming growth factor-B1 expression. Digestive Diseases and Sci. 36:659-668.
|Brockenbrough, J. S., Meyer, S. A., Li, C., and Jirtle, R. L. (1991) A reversible and phorbol ester-specific defect of protein kinase C translocation in hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital-treated rats. Cancer Res. 51:130-136.
|Meyer, S. A., Gibbs, T. A., and Jirtle, R. L. (1989) Independent mechanisms for tumor promoters phenobarbital and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate in reduction of hepatocyte EGF receptors. Cancer Res. 49:5907-5912.
|Meyer, S. A., Ingraham, C. A., and McCarthy, K. D. (1989) Expression of vimentin by cultured astroglia and oligodendroglia. J. Neurosci. Res. 24:251-259.
|Meyer, S. A., and Jirtle, R. L. (1989) Phenobarbital decreases EGF receptor expression by cultured hepatocytes independent of protein kinase C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 158:652-569.
|Meyer, S. A., Lin, Z., and Liu, A. Y. C. (1988) Neurite extension and increased expression of RI cAMP-binding protein in ouabain resistant neuroblastoma mutants. J. Neurochem. 51:950-959.
|Eckl, P. M., Meyer, S. A., Whitcomb, W. R., and Jirtle, R. L. (1988) Phenobarbital reduces EGF receptors and the ability of physiological concentrations of calcium to suppress hepatocyte proliferation. Carcinogenesis 9:479-483.
|Wasserman, R.H., H.J. Armbrecht, F. Shimura, S. Meyer, J.S. Chandler. Vitamin D influences multiple phases of the intestinal calcium transport system. Progr. Clin. Biol. Res. 168:307-12
|Wasserman, R.H., F. Shimura, S.A. Meyer and C.S. Fullmer. Possible roles of vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein in intestinal calcium transport. Prog. Biochem. 25:183-187, 1983
|Meyer, S. A., Ewan, R. C., and Beitz, D. B. (1983) Effect of selenium on the subcellular distribution of glutathione peroxidase in rat liver, epididymal fat pad and seminal vesicle. J. Nutr. 113:394-400.
|Wasserman, R. H., Brinkad, M. E., Meyer, S. A., and Fullmer, C. S. (1982) Evidence for multiple effects of vitamin D3 on calcium absorption: Response of rachitic chicks, with or withouth partial vitamin D3 repletion, to 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:7939-7943.
|Meyer, S. A., House, W. A., and Welch, R. M. (1982) Some metabolic interrelations between toxic levels of cadmium and non-toxic levels of selenium fed to rats. J. Nutr. 112:954-961.
Research Abstracts from International and National Meetings
|Meyer, S.A., H.F. Hussin and K.A. El Sayed. Comparison of Myelostimulation by Echinacea purpurea Extracts with Analytical Fingerprints to Identify ActiveConstituents. The Toxicologist. 2014; 206(abst #789)
|Jaligama, S., V.M. Kale, M.S. Wilbanks, E.J. Perkins and S.A. Meyer. Bone Marrow Inflammation Precedes Delayed Myelosuppression from Hexahydro-1-Nitroso-3, 5-Dinitro-1,3, 5-Triazine (MNX) Induced in Rats. The Toxicologist. 2013; 52(abst. #250).
|Jaligama, S., V.M. Kale, M.S. Wilbanks, E.J. Perkins and S.A. Meyer. Bone Marrow Inflammation Precedes Hexahydro-1-Nitroso-3, 5-Dinitro-1,3, 5-Triazine (MNX) Induced Delayed Myelosuppression in Rats. FASEB J. 2013; 27:888.5
|Meyer, S.A., S. Jaligama, K.A. El Sayed and T.R. Dugas. Different Toxicity Outcomes in Rats Correlated with EPR and NMR Spectra of Crude Oil from Various Sources. The Toxicologist. 2013; 122(abst. #568).
|Jaligama, S., V.M. Kale, M.S. Wilbanks, E.J. Perkins and S.A. Meyer. Time course for hematotoxicity of MNX (hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine), RDX environmental degradation product, in rats. The Toxicologist. 2012; 126:339 (abst. #1570)
|Meyer, S.A.,S. Jaligama and K.A. El Sayed. Crude oil from various sources yields different acute toxicity outcomes in rats: Correlation with 1H-NMR and EPR spectra. The Toxicologist. 2012; 126:35(abst. #169)
|Jaligama, S., K.A. El Sayed, E.J. Perkins and S.A. Meyer. Hematotoxicity of environmental pollutants in rats: Munitions environmental degradate MNX and Louisiana sweet crude oil. 50th annual meeting, Society of Toxicology, Washington, DC, Mar 6-10 , 2011
|Wilbanks, M.S., Y. Deng, B.L. Escalon, X. Guan, S.A. Meyer and E.J. Perkins. Use of toxicogenomics and network modeling to identify the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway as a mechanism of action for nitroaromatic explosives. The Toxicologist. 2010; 114:75(abst. #348)
|Perkins, E.J., B.L. Escalon, X. Guan and S.A. Meyer. Genomic analysis of the response and recovery of rat brain from chemically induced seizures. EPA 2007 International Science Forum on Computational Toxicology, May 21-23, 2007, Research Triangle Park, NC
|Meyer, S. A. (2006) Persistent anemia associated with hematotoxicity of nitro reduced degradation product MNX of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). 2006 Military Health Research Forum, San Juan, Puerto Rico, May 1-4, 2006.
|Wetmore, B. A., and Meyer, S. A. (1999) Ethanol inhibits hepatotoxicity of herbicide alachlor. Abstracts of 9th North American ISSX Meeting. October 24-29, 1999. Nashville, TN.
|Meyer, S. A., and Smart, R. C. (1996) Accelerated malignant conversion of mouse skin tumors co-promoted by mirex and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 37:157 (Abst. # 1089)
|Meyer, S. A., and Smart, R. C. (1995) Cell lines from a mouse squamous cell carcinoma with different mutant c-Ha-ras gene dosages characteristic of different stages of carcinogenesis. The Toxicologist 15:55 (Abst. #292)
Book Chapters
|Meyer, S.A. and Ramasahayam, S. Echinacea IN: Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd ed., Elsevier, (in press).
|Wallace, A. D. and Meyer, S. A. Hepatotoxicity. IN: Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, 4th Ed. (Hodgson, E. and Smart, R., eds), John Wiley & Sons, New York, (in press)
|Meyer, S. A. (2001) Overview of Hepatotoxicity IN: Current Protocols in Toxicology (Maines, M.D., ed), John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 14.1.1-14.1.6.
|Meyer, S. A. (2001) Overview of cellular techniques in toxicology. IN: Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology, 3rd Ed. (Hodgson, E. and Smart, R., eds), John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 51-65.
|Hodgson, E., and Meyer, S. A. (1997) Pesticides IN: Comprehensive Toxicology, Vol. 9, Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Toxicology, Permagon/Elsevier, New York, pp. 369-387
|Meyer, S. A., Chandler, J. S., and Wasserman, R. H. (1984) Vitamin D and the basolateral calcium pump of chick intestine. IN: Endocrine Control of Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Vol. 8A (D. V. Cohn, et al., eds) Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 253-254.
|Wasserman, R. H., Shimura, F., Meyer, S. A., and Fullmer, C. S. (1983) Possible roles of vitamin D-induced calcium-binding protein in intestinal calcium transport. IN: Calcium-binding Proteins 1983 (D. deBernard, et at., eds) Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 183-188.
|Meyer, S.A. Review of Toxicology of the Human Environment: The Critical Role of Free Radicals (Rhodes, C.J., ed.) published in Int. J. Toxicol., 20:330-1, 2001


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The concept of footgolf is so simple, it's hard to believe the sport hasn't been around for decades. Instead of hitting a tiny white ball into a small hole with a club, you kick a soccer ball into a large hole with your foot. According to Nelson Ennis, the director of the Wisconsin FootGolf League, the sport was invented in 2009 by some Dutch soccer players.
Chula Vista Resort in Wisconsin Dells opened the first American footgolf course in July, and Vitense Golfland here in Madison followed about a month ago. Footgolfers use the same fairways and attempt to avoid the same hazards as regular golfers, but the holes are off to the side of the standard greens.
"We didn't want to invade the regular golfers' space," says Juan Fernandez, who oversees footgolf at Chula Vista. "But footgolfers don't ruin the grass."
Players boot regulation size-five soccer balls toward 21-inch holes. While Ennis says "skill level isn't emphasized as much as the love of the sport," Fernandez adds that success requires plenty of skill and precision, and that some soccer experience is helpful.
"You need to be able to read which direction your kicks will roll, measure your distance and know what will happen to your ball after it lands," says Fernandez. "And playing 18 holes is pretty good exercise."
Both courses accommodated the new sport with a second revenue source in mind, and Ennis says that, with the addition of a Milwaukee venue, plans to expand the statewide footgolf league will be well under way. But until then, Vitense marketing manager JoEllen Graber says the game is becoming an increasingly popular choice for birthday parties. An 18-hole round of footgolf at Vitense goes for $8.25 ($7.25 for ages 55 and older and $6.25 for 12 and under, with $3 ball rental). The course will be open "until the snow flies," Graber says.


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[CES 2010] How apt for enTourage to unveil their eDGe dualbook at, well, CES Unveiled. This is the first dualbook in the world, and assuming the model form factor takes off, it won't be the last but might just spawn off a slew of other similar devices. The eDGe takes a different approach by featuring two displays (as you can infer from above), merging the functions of an e-reader, tablet, netbook, notepad and portable media player in a single device. Is this a case of too many cooks that spoil the soup, or will the idea actually be executed well? The eDGe's start is pretty promising not just hardware-wise with its 9.7″ e-paper display and 10.1″ LCD display, but also to support that publishers have lent to their e-book store which offers more than 200,000 trade books and over a million free public domain books that have already been digitized by Google. Add those to a slew of other popular magazines, newspapers and periodicals and you've got something good going on here. With the ability to double up as a voice recorder, we can just forsee students begging their parents for one. Available for pre-orders at the moment, the enTourage eDGe will be available from next month onwards for $490.
Filed in CES, Ces 2010, Ebook, Ebook Reader and Edge.. Read more about


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Events for March 12, 2018
Events Search and Views Navigation
All Day
Targeted Speech Exhibition
TARGETED SPEECH March 5-30 Reception March 7 at 6pm Everyday political discourse is at a historic high in volume, and a historic low in content and productivity. While multiple research studies show that more people spend more time consuming political news and content than previous generations, they spend less time listening to opposing views. This…Find out more »


text: The Mayor and City Council recently approved the 2018 Street Resurfacing Program. This year's program includes approximately 5.5 miles of roadways throughout the City. The City of Darien is anticipating that construction will be starting early May. Our goal is to improve the streets with little inconvenience to the residents. Residents living on these streets will receive flyers with information and timelines before the paving occurs. Progress information will also be available through the City's website, www.darien.il.us, Direct Connect, Facebook, the cable channel or by contacting the Municipal Services Department at 630-353-8105.


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This section provides you with an overview of the Libraries API and the Folders API and guides you through the common tasks when working with media file libraries.
Sitefinity CMS back-end provides you with a user-friendly Native or Fluent APIs to create and manage media file libraries.
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Extragalactic background light
The diffuse extragalactic background light (EBL) is all the accumulated radiation in the universe due to star formation processes, plus a contribution from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). This radiation covers the wavelength range between ~0.1 and 1000 µm (these are the ultraviolet, optical, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum). The EBL is part of the diffuse extragalactic background radiation (DEBRA), which by definition covers the overall electromagnetic spectrum. After the cosmic microwave background, the EBL produces the second-most energetic diffuse background, thus being essential for understanding the full energy balance of the universe.
The understanding of the EBL is also fundamental for extragalactic very-high-energy (VHE, 30 GeV-30 TeV) astronomy.[1] VHE photons coming from cosmological distances are attenuated by pair production with EBL photons. This interaction is dependent on the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the EBL. Therefore, it is necessary to know the SED of the EBL in order to study intrinsic properties of the emission in the VHE sources.
The direct measurement of the EBL is a difficult task mainly due to the contribution of zodiacal light that is orders of magnitude higher than the EBL. Different groups have claimed the detection of the EBL in the optical[2] and near-infrared.[3][4] However, it has been proposed that these analyses have been contaminated by zodiacal light.[5] Recently, two independent groups using different technique have claimed the detection of the EBL in the optical with no contamination from zodiacal light.[6][7][8]
There are also other techniques that set limits to the background. It is possible to set lower limits from deep galaxy surveys.[9][10] On the other hand, VHE observations of extragalactic sources set upper limits to the EBL.[11][12][13]
Empirical modelings[edit]
There are empirical approaches that predict the overall SED of the EBL in the local universe as well as its evolution over time. These types of modeling can be divided in four different categories according to:[14]
(i) Forward evolution, which begins with cosmological initial conditions and follows a forward evolution with time by means of semi-analytical models of galaxy formation.[15][16][17]
(ii) Backward evolution, which begins with existing galaxy populations and extrapolates them backwards in time.[18][19][20]
(iii) Evolution of the galaxy populations that is inferred over a range of redshifts. The galaxy evolution is inferred here using some quantity derived from observations such as the star formation rate density of the universe.[21][22][23][24]
(iv) Evolution of the galaxy populations that is directly observed over the range of redshifts that contribute significantly to the EBL.[25]
See also[edit]
- ^ Aharonian, F. A., Very high energy cosmic gamma radiation: a crucial window on the extreme universe, River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing, 2004
- ^ Bernstein R. A., 2007, ApJ, 666, 663
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Auburn Football Shooting: Three Dead and Three Injured Including Auburn Football Players, Manhunt Underway for the Shooter
A shooting at an off-campus party near Auburn University on Saturday night left three dead, one man fighting for his life and another two injured.
Among the dead and injured are current and former Auburn football players.
Auburn Police are looking for 22-year-old DesMonte Leonard, who they claim fired the shots that caused so much havoc.
Leonard has a checked past himself, he was charged with theft and carrying a weapon without a permit in 2008, second degree assault in 2009 and just a few days ago, on Friday, he was sued for child support by a woman who claimed Leonard fathered her daughter.
In addition the police are seeking two other persons of interest in the case, but Auburn Police Chief Tommy Dawson declined to give their names.
Dawson said that the Auburn Police Department considers Leonard armed and dangerous.
Among his victims are 20 year old Edward Christian, an offensive lineman at the University of Auburn who was sidelined with back injuries, he died at the scene.
Ladarious Phillips, also 20, was listed on the 2011 Auburn roster as a fullback. It is believed that he had transferred to Jackson State at the end of the school year however. He was taken to a nearby hospital where he was pronounced dead.
Demario Pitts also was killed. He was 20 years old and was the only non-football player among the dead.
John Robertson, another 20-year-old victim is currently at the University of Alabama Birmingham Hospital and is described as fighting for his life, by police.
Two other men, Xavier Moss, 19, and Eric Mack suffered minor injuries according to police. Mack is a sophomore offensive lineman at the University of Auburn.
Witnesses say that the shooting happened after a fight over a woman at the party.
Turquorius Vines, a 23-year-old who was at the party said that he was partying with his friends when the shooting started. Vines is not an Auburn student but told the Atlanta Journal and Constitution that his friends were among the dead and wounded.
It was about a female, Vines told the AJC Sunday morning. It started from a female. We were trying to get away from the trouble and it ended up right in our face.


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Shyne has been very outspoken as of late, and in a recent interview with WGIV in Charlotte, he offers more details about that faithful night in NYC when he shot up the club protecting Diddy. While he's telling the story, he comes to the revelation that he saved both Diddy and J.Lo's lives. Check out what he said below:
"I wasn't thugging and bugging that night, you dig. "I was actually the best behaved because I don't drink and I don't smoke. You dig? But I'm from the streets so when it's time for my hammer to go off, it goes off."
"Somebody was getting ready to pop ol' boy's head off. It might not have been no Jennifer Lopez movies or none of that if I didn't pull my ratchet and squeeze off. I saved all of our lives."
Is Shyne delusional, or does he have a point? You can check out the interview with Shyne below:
Email me your rumors at email@example.com
Follow us on Twitter! Like us on Facebook!
Email Sydney Lace rumors: email@example.com


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|Issa Wonni1-3*, Mathilde Hutin1, Léonard Ouédrago2, Irénée Somda3, Valérie Verdier1 and Boris Szurek1
|1Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement, IRD-CIRAD-UM2, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
|2Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Laboratoire Mixte International, observatoire des agents phytopathogènes en Afrique de l'Ouest (LMI Patho-Bios), 01 BP 910 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
|3Université Polytechnique de Bobo Dioulasso (UPB), 01 BP 1091 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
|*Corresponding Author :
|Issa Wonni
Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
UMR Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes Environnement
IRD-CIRAD-UM2, France
Tel: +22650347112
E-mail: [email protected]
|Received: November 26, 2015 Accepted: January 12, 2016 Published: January 17, 2016
|Citation: Wonni I, Hutin M, Ouédrago L, Somda I, Verdier V, et al. (2016) Evaluation of Elite Rice Varieties Unmasks New Sources of Bacterial Blight and Leaf Streak Resistance for Africa. J Rice Res 4:162. doi:10.4172/2375-4338.1000162
|Copyright: © 2016 Wonni I, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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Background: Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) and Bacterial Leaf Streak (BLS) diseases respectively caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv oryzicola (Xoc) have become a real threat to rice production in West Africa. Genetic and pathogenicity studies revealed African X. oryzae (Xo) pathovars to be both fairly distant from their Asian counterparts. It is therefore mandatory to evaluate whether available major resistance genes are adapted for an efficient and durable control of BLB in Africa. As to BLS no resistance sources have been identified in rice so far. Results: We screened eleven upland and lowland elite rice varieties cultivated in Burkina Faso for resistance to bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak. We show that all five upland varieties including three NERICAs are highly resistant to each of the three races of Xoo identified in Africa and generally susceptible to several strains from Asia. We next demonstrated that resistance is occurring independently of the plant developmental stage. Strikingly, phenotyping and in planta growth curves assays showed that the five varieties are also highly resistant to a set of Xoc strains representative of the diversity in West Africa. Finally, we show that resistance of the NERICA varieties to both Xoo and Xoc is likely to be inherited from the O. sativa ssp. japonica rather than the O. glaberrima parental lines. Conclusion: We identified and characterized rice accessions exhibiting new sources of resistance against African Xoo and Xoc strains specifically. These results provide important perspectives for the control of BLB and BLS in West Africa.
|Disease resistance; Bacterial blight; Bacterial leaf streak; Upland varieties; NERICA rice cultivars
|The cultivation of rice has drastically increased in Africa over the last decade. Bacterial Blight (BLB) and Bacterial Leaf Streak (BLS) respectively caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola (Xoc), impose significant disease pressure on cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L), most particularly in irrigated and upland rice growing regions. While BLB was first reported in the 1980s in several West African rice growing countries. BLS is definitely considered a new emerging disease in West as well as in East Africa and Madagascar. Both diseases are expanding to new rice production areas and are therefore potential sources of serious threaten for food security in West Africa. BLB and BLS can cause severe yield losses of up to respectively 70% and 20% in rice irrigated areas, depending on the rice variety, host growth stage during epidemics, geographic location and seasonal conditions. In Burkina Faso, the intensification and expansion of rice areas with X. oryzae susceptible lines, may lead to an increase of BLB and BLS incidence in the country. For instance, BLB epidemics were reported in 1998 in Bagre area, leading to severe yield losses in fields planted with the Chinese rice variety TCS10. Moreover, in 2003 and more recently in 2009 to 2014, extensive surveys in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger indicated a higher incidence of BLB and BLS diseases [1-9].
|During infection, Xoo enters the leaf through hydathodes or wounds and spreads systemically by multiplying in the xylem vessels. In contrast, Xoc which is a mesophyll colonizer, enters through leaf stomata or by injury. Both pathovars rely on a set of diverse molecular tools to overcome the host defense system and establish a favorable niche, thus resulting in BLB and BLS diseases. Xoo is able to infect adult plants and seedlings, respectively leading to leaf blight and wilting of young plants, a syndrome referred to as kresek. Kresek usually occurs during transplantation of seedlings from nurseries to the field, mainly because of leaf cuttings which occur prior transplantation and serve as major routes of infection. Employing cultivars with efficient resistance occurring at all developmental stages is therefore crucial and the most economical way to control the disease. Nowadays, at least 41 BLB resistance genes have been identified, of which eight have been isolated. The effectiveness of resistance at different developmental stages has been previously tested for many of these genes [10-17].
|African Xoo strains are genetically distant from Asian one and are notably characterized by a reduced set of transcription activatorlike (TAL) effector genes in their genome [2,9,6]. Moreover, three new races of the pathogen where identified among strains collected in West Africa. Race A1 is present in Niger, Burkina Faso and Cameroon, and is a virulent on near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying Xa4, xa5 and Xa7. In contrast to Xoo, no races have been reported for Xoc, though quantitative differences in virulence of strains exist [18,19]. Despite some effort, no major genes for resistance to BLS have been identified in Oryza sativa so far. The only available source of genetic resistance is the Rxo1 R gene which was cloned from maize and transferred to rice, conferring resistance to Xoc strains carrying the effector gene xopAJ [20-22]. Yet, while xopAJ is highly conserved in Xoc strains from Asia, it is absent from the majority of African strains [2,14]. Deployment of Rxo1 gene-containing varieties is therefore not an appropriate breeding strategy for controlling BLS disease in Africa. More recently, [23] reported on the identification of the recessive gene bls1 from the wild species Oryza rufipogon but its spectrum of action is unknown.
|In West Africa many improved varieties have been developed including NEw RICe for Africa (NERICA), which were developed with the aim of combining the high yields from Asian rice species Oryza sativa with the ability of the African species O. glaberrima (CG14) to resist local stresses. O. glaberrima is resistant to a number of major african diseases and pest such as blast, Rice yellow mottle virus, sheath blight, nematodes, stem borer and African gall midge [24-28]. Yet, [29] recently evaluated a subset of 107 O. glaberrima accessions for resistance to BLB and reported that only a few of them were resistant to African Xoo strains. Despite of the importance of the areas cultivated with improved varieties and NERICA lines in Africa, little is known about their interaction with X. oryzae. Understanding the resistance level of these accessions towards the diversity of African Xoo and Xoc strains and the influence of plant developmental on their function is essential for optimal disease control. With the objective of evaluating the resistance status of most popular rice elite varieties cultivated in Burkina Faso against African X. oryzae pathovars, our study unraveled unexpected sources of resistance in rice that are mostly effective against a wide range of Xoo and Xoc strains from Africa (Figure S1 and Table 1).
|Evaluation of rice elite varieties cultivated in Burkina Faso for resistance to African Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
|In an attempt to examine the potential of rice elite varieties cultivated in Burkina Faso to control BLB disease, we performed leaf-clip inoculation of the eleven most popular varieties. As detailed in Table 1, four O. sativa improved rice varieties and seven NERICA cultivars were inoculated with Xoo strains BAI3, BAI4 and MAI1 representing the three races identified so far in Africa and the Asian Xoo reference strain PXO99A. To our surprise, a high level of resistance against the three African races could be evidenced in five varieties, including three NERICA cultivars (NERICA 12, NERICA 13 and NERICA 17) and two improved rice varieties (FKR19 and FKR43). Remarkably, all these accessions are adapted to upland ecosystems Table 2. Conversely, lowland varieties (FKR14, FKR28, NERICA-L-20 and NERICA-L-19) were susceptible to all strains, except for NERICA-L-41 and NERICA-L-60, which resisted against races A2 and A3 but not race A1. Noteworthy, upland resistant accessions derived from an O. sativa ssp japonica background or, in the case of NERICAs, from interspecific crosses involving O. sativa ssp japonica as recurrent parent. Reciprocally, varieties made from intra- or interspecific crosses deriving from O. sativa ssp. indica parents were generally susceptible (Figure 1A and Table 3). Finally, a strong HR-like response was observed five days-post infiltration of leaves of each of the five upland resistant varieties with each of the three African Xoo strains, as exemplified for NERICA 12 cultivar when challenged with strain BAI3 (Tables 2 and 3) (Figure 1 and Figure S2).
|Upland Burkinabe rice varieties exhibit resistance against African but not Asian strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae
|To confirm the resistance phenotypes of upland varieties, we next performed in planta growth curves analysis of each of the three African Xoo races and strain PXO99A in the five resistance accessions. As illustrated in Figure 2, quantification of bacterial populations within the top 10 cm at 4, 8 and 12 days after leaf-clip inoculation clearly confirmed the capacity of the resistant varieties to prevent the growth of the three African strains. In line with the observation that African Xoo strains elicited an HR-like response in resistant plants, growth of these strains were significantly reduced starting 4 days after inoculation. In contrast, inoculation of each of the five resistant accessions with Asian Xoo strain PXO99A led to full bacterial growth, as expected from the pathogenicity assays. Thus, we next addressed the question whether additional Xoo strains representative of the Asian population diversity would also be virulent on Burkinabe rice resistant varieties. We selected five strains originating from five different geographic locations in Asia, therefore corresponding to five genetic lineages. Interestingly, each of the five Asian Xoo strains were virulent on upland Burkinabe rice accessions with the exception of NERICA 17. Interestingly the O. glaberrima donor parent accession CG14 turned out to control four out of six of the tested Xoo strains. Altogether these results suggest that the identified sources of resistance within Burkinabe upland elite rice varieties preferentially act against African Xoo races (Figure 2 and Figure S2).
|The BLB resistance phenotype of upland varieties is not influenced by plant development
|Understanding the range of developmental phases in which a given resistance is effective is particularly important for the deployment of the variety carrying this resistance. To that end, we evaluated the effect of different growth stages on the resistance level of several Burkinabe rice varieties. We compared them to IRBLB lines containing either Xa4, xa5 or Xa7, for which a similar study had been conducted previously [17]. As shown in Figure 3, the Xoo strain BAI3 which is virulent on the susceptible lines IR24 and FKR14, accordingly produced disease symptoms at all growth stages. In contrast, leaf-clip inoculation of the five resistant upland varieties with BAI3, but also Xoo strains BAI4 and MAI1, led to the appearance of a typical dark brown phenotype suggesting of an HR response (not shown). This resistance response was evidenced at all developmental stages, from seedlings to adult plants, and in all tested upland varieties. In conclusion, these results indicate that the resistance mechanisms unmasked in Burkinabe upland rice is not affected by plant development. Moreover, while not a single lesion could be detected on upland varieties upon inoculation of African Xoo strains, they still were able to maintain some levels of virulence on IRBLB lines, with the exception of MAI1 which is anyway avirulent on IR24 (Figure 3).
|Burkinabe upland varieties confer resistance against bacterial leaf streak
|We next investigated the potential of Burkinabe upland rice varieties to control BLS. Nine African Xoc strains representative of at least three pathotypes and of different geographic origins Table 2 [9] were leaf-infiltrated on our set of eleven Burkinabe elite rice varieties and scored for disease development 8 days-post infiltration. To our surprise, eight out of 12 tested varieties were able to confer resistance against BLS Table 3, including the four improved rice varieties FKR14, FKR19, FKR28 and FKR43, the three upland varieties NERICA 12, NERICA 13 and NERICA 17, as well as one lowland NERICA variety (NERICA-L-19). A follow-up of symptoms appearance dynamic over a 12-days period was next operated on six resistant varieties, including the five upland accessions that were resistant to BLB. Plants were inoculated with Xoc strains BAI6, BAI11 and BLS256 and lesions were scored at 4, 8 and 12 days post inoculation. Strikingly, no disease symptoms could be observed over the time course on any of the Burkinabe elite varieties inoculated with African Xoc strains BAI6 and BAI11 (Figures 4A and 4B). In contrast, the Asian Xoc strain BLS256 was able to produce variable disease symptoms on the six resistant varieties (Figure 4C). To confirm these results, we performed in planta bacterial growth curves based on the same experimental setup as for pathogenicity assays. While Xoc strains BAI6 and BAI11 were able to grow on control susceptible line Kitaake, no bacterial multiplication could be evidenced in Burkinabe varieties (Figures 5A and 5B). As expected, the observed growth phenotype was reminiscent of what we observed upon inoculation of the rice accession Kitaake-Rxo1, which is resistant to Xoc strains carrying the avirulence gene xopAJ, such as BAI6 or BLS256 but not BAI11. In conclusion, among eleven rice elite varieties cultivated in Burkina, we showed that eight of them are able to confer resistance to bacterial leaf streak (Figures 4 and 5).
|The O. sativa ssp. japonica parental lines of upland NERICA varieties confer resistance to African strains of Xoo and Xoc
|NERICA varieties result from interspecific crosses between O. glaberrima and O. sativa ssp japonica or indica accessions, with the aim of combining specific agro-ecological adaptation of local varieties to the high yielding potential of O. sativa subspecies. O. glaberrima germplasm, domesticated in West Africa, possesses useful genetic traits, such as good levels of resilience against abiotic and biotic stresses but generally has a low yield potential and unfavourable agronomic characteristics. Upland NERICA cultivars were developed from crosses between the O. glaberrima cultivar CG14 as donor and japonica subspecies [25]. NERICA 12/13 and NERICA 17 respectively derive from crosses with the recurrent lines WAB56-50 and WAB181-18. Thus, we evaluated the resistance level exhibited by these two recurrent japonica subsp. parental lines and the O. glaberrima donor. Leaf-infiltration of African but not Asian Xoo strains led to a resistance and disease symptoms in respectively both O. sativa ssp. japonica recurrent and O. glaberrima donor parental lines, similarly to what was observed upon infiltarion of NERICA 17. In the same line of idea, inoculation of the African Xoc strain BAI6 respectively conducted to a resistance phenoptype and BLS symptoms on japonica ssp and O. glaberrima accessions. Altogether, our results show that the resistance phenotype uncovered in the three upland NERICA varieties were probably inherited from the japonica subspecies genomes.
|Materials and Methods
|Plant material and Xanthomonas oryzae strains
|Seeds of rice cultivars and near isogenic lines were obtained from Agricultural and Environmental Research Institute (INERA-Burkina Faso), IRD-Montpellier and Africa-Rice-Benin. Upland NERICAs were developed from the crosses between O. sativa ssp japonica WAB56-50 or WAB181-18, and the O. glaberrima CG14 accession. Irrigated-lowland NERICAs were developed from the crosses between the O. sativa ssp. indica IR64 accession and the O. glaberrima TOG5681 accession. Kitaake and Kitaake transgenic line containing the Rxo1 gene were used as control to characterize resistance phenotypes against Xoc. Plants were grown under controlled conditions (28°C, 80% humidity and 12-h day length) in the greenhouse at IRD Montpellier. X. oryzae strains used in this study are described in Table 2. X. oryzae cells were cultivated at 28°C in PSA medium (10 g of peptone, 10 g of sucrose, 1 g of glutamic acid, 16 g of agar per liter of H2O) as already described [2].
|Pathogenicity assays
|For the evaluation of resistance, plants were inoculated at 21 days after sowing by leaf-clipping inoculation, as described previously [30]. Prior inoculation, strains were streaked on PSA medium and the inoculum was prepared by resuspending bacterial cells in sterile distilled water at an optical density of 0.2 (λ = 600 nm), bearing approximately 108 CFU/ml. Ten leaves of ten different individuals were inoculated per variety. At 14 days after inoculation (dai), we assessed leaf lesion length (in cm). For leaf infiltration assays, X. oryzae strains were introduced with a needleless syringe into the intercellular spaces of rice leaves from 3-weeks-old plants at concentrations of 108 cfu ml-1 as described previously [31]. The HR was scored at 72-96h after inoculation. All these experiments were conducted three times independently.
|Assessment of bacterial numbers
|Ability of bacterium to multiply in the plant tissues was assessed at 4, 8 and 12 days after inoculation of three weeks old plants. For Xoo the number of bacterial cells in the leaves was determined within the top 10cm of each leaf. Xoc cells number was assessed from the portion of leaf where symptoms developed, including the site of inoculation and around. Leaf sections were surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol for 10 s, followed by submersion in sterile water for 30 s, and crushed and resuspended in 1ml sterile distilled water. Leaf homogenates were serially diluted (up to 10-12) and plated onto PSA medium amended with cephalexin (40 ug/ml), kasugamicyn (20 ug/ml) and cycloheximide (50 ug/ml) to avoid contamination. The plates were incubated at 28°C until single colonies could be counted. The experiment was repeated independently three times.
|Upon the phenotypic evaluation of eleven elite rice varieties from Burkina Faso for resistance against X. oryzae pv oryzae and X. oryzae pv oryzicola, we demonstrated that five of them hold the full potential to controling both BLB and BLS diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. Noteworthy, all five resistant accessions were equally efficient towards a range of African Xoo and Xoc strains representative of the race and pathotype diversity in the region, respectively. In contrast, typical BLB symptoms developed when plants were challenged with a set of five Xoo strains originating from diverse areas in Asia and corresponding to different lineages. In the same line of idea, inoculation of the plants with the Asian Xoc strain BLS256 also led to typical BLS symptoms. This is suggesting that the unveiled resistance is targeting African strains of Xoo and also potentially Xoc, specifically. Finally, in all accessions, the resistance response was visualized as an early browning at the inoculation site, which is reminiscent of an HR-like phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the characterization of rice varieties exhibiting resistance against both pathovars of Xanthomonas oryzae. Given no resistance sources against BLS was ever reported in rice so far, these results are of major interest towards the development of potential novel genetic mechanisms.
|From an applied point of view, the evaluation of the resistance level towards biotic stresses executed by popular elite varieties is crucial as it enables to predict epidemics, provided data on pathogen populations structure are available. While NERICA varieties and other improved varieties developed by national and international programs are nowadays used wide-spread in Burkina Faso and other countries in Africa, a picture as to their ability to control or not local strains of Xoo and Xoc was crucially missing until this study. As a matter of fact, one major output of our work will be to assist regional and national programs responsible for the selection of rice varieties to be cultivated in Burkina on a yearly base. In tight conjunction with annual monitoring of local pathogen populations diversity, our results should concretely help to reduce the incidence of BLB and BLS diseases, by guiding the ce of appropriate rice genotypes in Burkina and surrounding countries.
|Altogether, our results enabled to identify a potentially new source of resistance against BLB in several upland rice varieties including two improved rice varieties (FKR19 and FKR43) and three NERICA varieties (NERICA 12, NERICA 13 and NERICA 17). Strikingly the associated resistance phenotype is typically characterized by an HRlike response at the site of inoculation appearing within 3-4 days post-infection, and conducing to the absolute arrest of bacterial growth observed as early as 4 days post infiltration. This feature differs from what was reported previously for the xa5 resistance gene, which controls disease by restricting bacterial movement down the leaf, but still allows bacterial multiplication to high levels at the site of inoculation [32]. Surprisingly, despite of different genetic backgrounds, the five upland varieties, all displayed a similar resistance spectrum which was always associated with the very same typical HRlike macroscopic response. While, it is impossible to infer from our data whether the genetic basis underlying this phenotype is the same among all the lines, examination of their pedigree indicate that they all inherited from at least one O. sativa ssp. japonica accession (Table 3). This is suggesting that at least some genetic determinants required for resistance might be deriving from O. sativa ssp japonica. In addition for NERICA varieties, our analysis of the donor (O. glaberrima CG14) and recurrent parental lines (japonica WAB56-50 and WAB181-18) indicates that the resistance phenotype observed in their progenies is probably inherited from the japonica subspecies genomes. Indeed, both of the two japonica recurrent parents exhibited the typical HRlike response. Because the genome sequence of many NERICA varieties including NERICA 12, NERICA 13 and NERICA 17, is being processed (Sabot F and Ghesquière A), and since the one of the donor parental line CG14 is already available [32], our prospect of isolating the genetic regions and candidate genes underlying the resistance against African X. oryzae strains might become a reality in a much sooner time period than expected (Figure 6).
|Many of the isolated crop R genes reported so far confer resistance to a narrow spectrum of races relying on gene-for-gene types of interactions. Our results show that while upland varieties are susceptible to Asian Xoo, they are highly resistant to African Xoo and Xoc strains. This strongly suggests that African X. oryzae strains are targeted preferentially as a potential result of some rice plants adaptation to local aggressive strains. Noteworthy, African X. oryzae strains are genetically distant from those from Asia and are characterized by a comparatively reduced number of transcription activator-like (TAL) effector genes [2]. Interestingly, a mutation in hrcC which disrupts the functionality of the type three secretion system of Xoo strain BAI3, prevented induction of the typical HR-like response on the NERICA 12 variety (data not shown). This is suggesting that the elicitor of this response could be a type three effector. As in the Rice/Xoo pathosystem, the only examples reported so far of effectors holding avr activity are TAL effectors, we hypothesize that they might be good Avr candidates for the elicitation of HR on upland varieties. Future experiments requiring the isolation of the full TAL effectors repertoire of African Xoo strains might help to identify the potential elicitor triggering the resistance response we unraveled in African upland varieties [33,34].
|In conclusion host-plant resistance is a cost effective and environmentally safe approach to reduce yield loss caused by pathogenic bacteria. Our study showed that all tested African Xoo and Xoc strains are avirulent on upland cultivars from Burkina Faso. Based on the effectiveness of these accessions to resist to the African Xo at all stages of growth under greenhouse conditions, it is next imperious to assess this potential in field conditions. In a near future, our major prospect will be the elucidation of the molecular genetic basis of the resistance mechanisms we identified and characterized in African upland rice varieties, as such achievement is a prerequisite for the development of new locally-adapted and pathogen-informed cultivars with multiple and durable resistance suitable for use in farmers fields.
|Competing Interest
|The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
|Author's Contribution
|IW and MH carried out the experiments and data analysis. LO, IS and VV provided scientific comments. IW and BS designed the study design, and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
|Wonni was supported by a PhD fellowship from IRD (ARTS). This work was partially supported by INERA (Burkina Faso), and grants from the International Foundation for Science (IFS) awarded to I Wonni (C/4813-1 and C/4813-2) and from GRiSP (MENERGEP NewFrontier program). We wish to thank A. Ghesquière for providing us with NERICA seed material and parental lines.
|Table 1
|Table 2
|Table 3
|Figure 1
|Figure 2
|Figure 3
|Figure 4
|Figure 5
|Figure 6


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This LOGICO Cat6 cable features 4-pair unshielded twisted pairs with a true 23AWG/0.57 mm solid conductor. This cable is designed for distributing voice, video and data.
Each of the four pairs of the cable has a unique and precise number of twists per inch designed to minimize crosstalk between the pairs, which insures performance with high speed Gigabit Ethernet.
We have had this Cat6 UTP cable professionally tested in all aspects of performance, including frequency, resistance, attenuation, and NEXT. The LOGICO Category6 cable is perfect for any of your network installation needs.
Condition: New