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, s . A/JlI It /lOADS " Utah State University Libraries Special Collections & Archives From the Library of S. George Ellsworth 1916 - 1997 ARIZONA Battleship Rock Beaver Dam Creek Beaver Dam Lodge Black Rock Creek Bright Angel Point Cane Beds Echo Cliffs Fredonia Grand Canyon House Rock House Rock Valley Jacob Lake Kaibab Kaibab Indian Reservation Kaibab Plateau Kanab Creek Lees Ferry Littlefield Marble Canyon Moccasin Mokiah Wash Paria Plateau Pipe Spring National 88 38,40 40 40 80 88 81 88 80-1 80 80 80 88 88 80 80,88 81 40 81 88 40 81 Monument 80, 87, 88 Shinarump Cliffs 80 Short Creek 46 Summit Valley 80 Towers of Tumurru 46 Vermilion Cliffs . 46, 88 Virgin Mountains 40 Virgin River 40 CALIFORNIA Afton Afton Canyon A lvord Mountain Avawatz Mountains Baker Baldy Mesa Barnwell Barstow Baxter Beacon Station Bicycle Dry Lake Black Hills Black Mountain Border Station Brant Bristol Mountains Bryman Cady Mountains Cajon Pass Calada Calico Calico Mountains Camp Irwin Cat Mountain Cave Canyon Cave Mountain Cima Dome Clark Mountain Clark Mountain Station Club Peak Coyote Dry Lake Cronise Dry Lakes Cronise Station Crucero Daggett Deadman Point Death Valley Nat!. Monument Desert City Station Desert Siding Devils Playground 16 16 10 16 18 2 20 10 16 16 10 16 6 20 20 16 6 16 2 20 10 10 10 16 16 16 18 20 20 J8 10 16 16 16 10 2 14 20 20 18 INDEX TO MAPS Devore Eads Eagle Crags -Field Fontana Fremont Peak Goldstone Granite Mountains 2 6 10 16 2 Halloran Springs Station Harper Dry Lake Harvard 6 10 6 18 6 10 Hawes 6 Hector Helendale Hesperia Highland Hinkley Hodge Hubers Station Ivanpah Ivanpah Dry Lake Ivanpah Mountains Ivanpah Valley Jimgrey Joshua Keenbrook Kelso Peak Kessler Peak Kingston Range Kokoweef Peak Lake Arrowhead Lake Manix Lakeview Junction Lane Mountain Lenwood Manix Mescal Range Mesquite Dry Lake Minneola Mojave Desert Mojave River Mojave River Sink Moore Mt. Afton Mt. Pisgah Mountain Pass Nebo Newberry 16 6 2 2 6 6 18 20 20 20 20 6 20 2 18 20 18 20 2 10, 16 20 10 6 10 20 20 10 2-20 ,s, 10, 16 16 20 16 16 20 10 10 Newberry Mountain New York Mountains Niptou 10 20 20 Old Dad Mountain Opal Mountain Ord Mountain Oro Grande Paso Alto Station Patton Pilot Knob Redlands Red Pass Lake 18 6 10 6 18 2 6, 10 2 Rim of the World Drive Riverside 16 2 2 San Bernardino 2 San Bernardino Mtns. San Gabriel Mtns. Shadow Mountains Sidewinder Mountain Sidewinder Valley Silurian Hills Silver Lake Soda Lake Soda Range Stoddard Mountain Stoddard Ridge Tiefort Mountains Troy Dry Lake Valley Wells Station Victor Valley 2 2 18 6 6 18 17 16,18 16 6 6 16 16 18 6 Victorville 6 Wheaton Springs 20 Windmill Station 18 Yermo 10 Yucca Grove Station 18 IDAHO Alameda Alridge American Falls Reservoir Ammon Arimo Ashton Bancroft Banida Bannock Bannock Range Basalt 190 198 190 198 186 208 186 178 190 Bear Gulch Ski Area Beaver Dam Basin Big Bend Ridge Big Springs Blackfoot 186, 190 198 208 186 202 213 190 198 186 186 186 178 202 190 178 Bone Bonneville Peak Broxon Central Cherry Creek Chester Chubbuck Clifton Craters of the Moon National Monument Crystal Falls Cave Dayton Downey Drummond Eccles Fairview Farnum Firth Fort Hall For t Hall Indian 196 202 178 186 208 208 178 208 198 190 Reservation France Franklin 190, 198 208 Gerrit Grandview Point Guild Hawkins Haystack Mountain Henrys Lake Ice Caves Idaho Falls Inkom Iona 178 208 208 208 186 186 213 202 198 186 198 Island Park 208,213 Island Park Reservoir 208 Kinport Kinport Peak Lamont Last Chance Inn Lava Hot Springs Lewisville Lincoln Lorenzo Lower Mesa Falls Lund Mack's Inn Malad City Marsh Valley Marysville McCammon Menan Buttes Michaud Moody 186 190 208 208 186 198 198 202 208 186 208 178 186 208 186 202 190 202 Moreland Mt. Jefferson Naval Ordnance Plant Newdale 190 213 190 202 Old Tom Mountain Onyx Oxford Oxford Peak Ozone Parker Parkinson Pebble Pingree Plano Pocatello Pond's Lodge Portneuf Portneuf Canyon Portneuf Range Portneuf River Preston Putman Mountain Red Rock Pass Rexburg Reynolds Pass Rigby Riverside Robin Rockford St. Anthony Sand Dunes Sawtelle Peak Scout Mountain Shelley Springfield Squirrel Sterling Sugar City Sunset Lodge Swan Lake Taber Targhee Pass Teton The Lavas Thornton Topaz Treasureton Turner Ucon Upper Mesa Falls Virginia Walker Wapello Warm River Weston Whitney 186 186 186 186 198 202 202 186 190 202 190 208 190 186, 190 186,190 186,190 178 190 186,213 202 213 198 190 186 190 202 202 213 186 198 190 208 190 202 213 186 190 213 202 202 202 186 186 186 198 208 186 202 198 208 178 Wolverine Mountains Woodruff 178 202 178 MONTANA Hebgen Lake 213 West Yellowstone 213 Alunite Arden NEVADA Arrow Canyon Range Black Mountain Boulder City Boulder Dam (see Hoover Dam) Boulder Junction Bunkerville Carver Park Charleston Peak Crystal 22 22 22,34 22 22 22 38 22 22 34 I I L-, NEVADA RATL. I I' "--, " -,' - _1_4 - . LII _, I I L __ J I·· · I : I i·• I UTAH I , Cedar ~'~~'.&..A. CEDAR .Dn.IlIiIl~ I r----~-.......... \-- i I 40 St. Geor :' .... ~ ARIZONA HIGHWAY 91 HIGHWAY 89 (San Bernardino to Los N S Angeles ... ............ ......... 57 mi.) Grand Canyon 0 402 N S (North Rim) San Bernardino 0 677 44 Jacob Lake 44 358 39 38 Victorville 39 638 Kanab 82 320 37 17 Barstow 76 601 Mt. Carmel 63 Jct.4 99 303 Baker' 139 538 23 91 Long Valley Las Vegas 230 447 Jct." 122 280 48 21 IDAHO Glendale 278 399 Bryce Jct.G 143 259 45 7 Beaver Dam 323 354 Panguitch 150 252 36 St. George2 359 318 27 Circleville 177 225 54 52 Cedar City3 413 264 Richfield 229 173 53 34 Beaver 466 211 Gunnison 263 139 60 15 Fillmore 526 151 Manti 278 124 62 24 Nephi 588 89 Mt. Pleasant 302 100 45 35 Provo 633 44 Thistle 337 65 44 21 Salt Lake City 677 0 Provo 358 44 Salt Lake City o ':'346 44 35 Salt Lake City 402 0 Ogden 35 311 48 'Baker to Death Valley 118 Logan 83 263 2St. George to Zion NP 45 27 3Cedar City to Cedar Preston 110 236 Breaks ....... ............... 21 29 ~Mt. Carmel Jct. Downey 139 207 to Zion NP ................ 24 37 5Long Valley Jct. Pocatello 176 170 to Cedar Breaks ...... 27 25 BBryce Junction to Blackfoot 201 145 Bryce Canyon NP .... 20 27 *This distance may be shortened Idaho Falls 228 118 about ten miles by taking 30S 28 and 191 from Brigham City via Rexburg 256 90 Malad to Downey 12 UTAH St. Anthony 268 78 14 Ashton 282 64 36 Mack's Inn 318 28 28 West Yellowstone ':'346 0 Devil's Peak Dry Lake Dry Lake Range Erie Frenchman Mountain Frenchman's Flat Glendale Henderson Jean Jean Dry Lake Lake Mead Lake Mead National 20 34 22,34 22 22 25 34 22 20 20 38,34 Recreational Area 28-9 Las Vegas 22 Las Vegas Range 22 Little Devil Peak 20 Logandale 34 Lost City 38 McCarran Field 22 McCullough Mountain 20 McCullough Range 20, 22 Mesquite 38 Moapa 34 Moapa Valley 34 Moapa Valley Indian Agency 34 Mormon Mesa 38 Mormon Peak 38 Mormon Range 38 Muddy Mountains 34 Muddy River 34 Nellis Air Force Base 22 North Las Vegas 22 Overton 34 Pittman 22 Railroad Pass 22 Riverside 38 Roach 20 Roach Dry Lake 20 Rox 34 St. Thomas 34 Sandy 20 Sheep Mountain 20 Sheep Range 22, 34 Sloan 22 Spring Mountains 20, 22 Stateline Station 20 Table Mountain 20 Valley of Fire State Park 34 Victory Village 22 Virgin Mountains 38 Virgin River 38 West Virgin Peak 38 Whitney 22 UTAH Adams Head Peak 98 Adamsville 66 Alpine 136 Alpine Scenic Loop 136 Alta 136 Alton 94 Alunite 112 Amalga 178 American Fork 136 American Fork Canyon 136 Andersons Ranch 46 Angle 112 Annabella 116 Antelope Island 158 Antelope Range 72 Antimony 112 Aquarius Plateau 56-7, 98, 106 Arthur 158 Art's Reservoir 116 Asay 94 Ash Creek Canyon 46 Aurora 116 Austin 116 Avon 166 Awapa Plateau 56-7, 106 Axtell Bacchus Baker Canyon Balfour Barney Top Bear River Bear River Bay Bear River City 116 136 72 166 98 166 166 166 Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Bear Valley Bear Valley Peak Beaver Beaver Canyon 166 Beaver Dam Mountains Beaver Dam Pass Beaver Mountains 94 94 66 66 40 40 (Tushar) Beaver River Benjamin Ben Lomond Peak Bicknell 66 66 128 166 106 Big Cottonwood Canyon Big Lake 136 116 Big Plain Junction Bingham Canyon Birch Creek Mountain Birdseye 46 136 66 128 66 72 40 Black Mountains Black Rock Volcano Bloomington Bluebell Knoll Bothwell Boulder Boulder Mountain Bountiful Bountiful Peak Box Elder Lake Brian Head Brigham City Brighton 106 178 106 56-7, 106 158 158 166 58 166 136 Bryce Canyon National Park Buckskin Valley Bullion Canyon Burger Peak Burrville Cache Junction Cache Valley Caineville Call's Fort Camp Williams Canaan Moun-tain Canaan Ranch Cannonville Canyon Range 98 66 112 40 106, 116 178 166, 178 106 166 136 56-7, 98, 106 46 98 76 Capitol Reef National 106 94 128 40 Monument Cascade Falls Castilla Springs Castle Cliff Cedar Breaks National Monument Cedar City Cedar Valley Centerfield 58 58 136 122 Centerville 158 Central Chester Chicken Creek Circle Cliffs Circle Valley 40, 116 122 Reservoir 76 106 112 Circleville Circleville Mountain City Creek Peak Clarkston Clarkston Mountain Clear Creek Canyon Clearfield Clearfield Naval Depot Clinton 128, Coal Creek Canyon 112 112 112 178 178 72 158 158 158 58 Collinston Cook's Reef-Mesa Copperton Coral Pink Sand Dunes Corinne Cornish Cove Fort Cutler Reservoir Deer Canyon Deer Trail Mountain Delano Peak Desert Mound Deweyville Diamond Valley Vol-canoes Dog Valley Dog Valley Mountain Draper Dromedary Peak Duncan's Retreat Eagle Crag Peak East Fork Canyon East Tintic Mountains Eden Edward Elsinore Elwood Enoch Ephraim 178 106 136 88 166 178 72 178 116 112 112 58 178 40 112 72 136 136 46 46 112 128 166 72 116 166 58 122 Escalante 106 Escalante River Eyrie Peak Fairfield Fairview Farmington Farmington Canyon Fayette 56-7, 106 166 136 122 158 158 Fielding Fifty-Mile Moun-tain Fillmore Fillmore Volcanoes Fish Lake Fishlake Plateau 76 178 56-7, 106 72 72 106 56-7, 106, 116 Flowell 72 Fool Creek Reservoir 76 Fort Douglas 148, 158 Fort Pierce Wash 40 Fountain Green 122 Francis Peak 158 Freedom 122 Fremont 106 Fremont River 106 Fremont Wash 66 Frufta 106 Garfield 158 Garland 178 Geneva Steel Plant 136 Genola 128 Georgetown 98 Glendale 88 Glenwood 116 Goshen 128 Grafton 46 Grass Valley 106, 112 Gravel Pass 94 Great Basin 8 Great Salt Lake 158, 166 Greenville 66 Grosvenor's Arch 98 Grover 106 Gunlock 40 Gunnison 122 Gunnison Peak 116 Gunnison Plateau 56-7, 76, 122 Gunnison Reservoir 122 Halivah 58 Hall's Creek 106 Hamburg Peak 40 Hamilton Fort 58 Harrisburg 46 Continued on page 241 Harrisburg Junction Hatch Hatton Haystack Mountain Hell's Backbone Henrieville Herriman High Plateaus High Top Hill Air Force Base Hillsdale Hilltop Hobble Creek Canyon Holden Honeyville Hooper Horse Valley Peak Hunts Lakes Huntsville Hurricane Hurricane Cliff (Fault) Hyde Park Hyrum Hyrum Reservoir Indian Mountain Indian Peak Indianola Intermountain Indian School Iron Springs Ivins Jackson Mountain Jarvis Peak Joseph Juab Junction 46 94 72 122 106 98 136 56-7 122 158 94 128 128 76 166 166 94 116 166 46 46 178 166 166 72 40 128 166 58 40 40 40 116 ';"6 112 Kaiparowits Peak Kaiparowits 56-7, 98, 106 Plateau Kanab Kanab Creek Kanarraville Kanosh Kanosh Indian 56-7, 98, 106 88 88 58 72 Reservation 72 Kaysville 158 Kessler Peak 136 Kimberly 112 King 178 Kingston 112 Kingston Canyon 112 Kodachrome Flats 98 Kolob Canyon 46, 58 Kolob Terrace 56-7, 58, 94 Koosharem 106 Koosharem Reservoir 116 Lagoon Resort 158 Lake Bonneville 70-1 Lake Rill 126 Langdon Mountain 112 Lark 136 Lava Beds (Markagunt) 94 LaVerkin 46 Layton 158 Leamington 76 Leeds 46 Lehi 136 Leithead (Canaan) Ranch Levan Levan Peak Lewiston Liberty Lindon Little Cottonwood Canyon Little Creek Mountain Little Creek Peak Little Dog Valley Little Salt Lake Loa Loafer Mountain 46 76 122 178 166 136 136 46 94 112 58 106 128 1(ainbow 1(oads GUIDE to HI G HW A YS 91, 89, and 191 FROM SAN BERNARDINO TO YELLOWSTONE * '. Compiled and edited by WARD J. ROYLANCE * RAINBOW ROADS Salt Lake City, Utah Spu col. QI7. q'L f\ <jj/5r Copyright 1953 by Ward J. Roylance The special contents of this volume are protected by copyright and may not be reproduced in whole or in part without written permission of the publisher. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgment is made of the generous help given by many more individuals and organizations than it is possible to list here by name. Mention should be made especially, however, of the kindness and courtesy shown by representatives of the National Park Service, Union Pacific Railroad, U. S. Forest Service, various Chambers of Commerce, town clerks, librarians, commercial photographers, and many others who have cooperated in every way possible. Above all, sincere thanks and appreciation are gratefully extended to those personal friends and family members whose constant faith and encouragement have lent that indispensable degree of moral support without which this work could never have been commenced nor completed. LITHOGRAPHI:D IN U. e. A. LIST OF CONTENTS Index and Key to Maps-Mileage Chart _________ __________ ________________________________ Inside front cover Notes on Maps __________________________________________________ ________________ ----- ------ ------ --------------------__ __ __ _ Maps and Descriptions (see indexes for specific points) __________ ________________ _____________ __ _ Appendix: National Park Regulations __________________ __ _____________ __ ___________ _____________________________ __ __ __ _ National Forest Regulations and Suggestions ___ _______________________ ______________________ _ Calendar of Events __ ________ _________ _______________ . _____________ ___ ___ --- ---____________________ _______ __ ______ Automobile Clubs __ ______ __ __________ __________________._ ____ __ ___ __ __ __ _______ __ _______________ ___________ ________ _ Hospitals and First Aid Stations ______ ________ __________________________________ __________________ __ ____ Sample Accommodation Rates ______ ____________._ _ __ _____ ___ ____________ __ ____________________________ __ ___ _ Sources for Additional Information ______________________ _____ _______ _______________________ __________ _ Handy Equipment Checklist _________________ __ _____ __ ________ ___ _______ __ ________ __ ___________ ____________ _ 1 2-228 229-230 230 231-233 234 234-235 236-238 239 240 General Index _______ __ _______ __ _________________________ __ __ __ __ _._ __ __ __ ____ ___________ _________________________ __ __________ 241-244 * AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE Here is your guide to three of America's Rainbow Roads, a key to help you unlock the priceless treasures of scenic grandeur and fascinating historic lore that are to be found in great abundance along their winding miles. In it you will find something about hundreds of places and things-not too much about any of them, for that would take a library of books, but enough to let you know a little about most of the outstanding hig;hlights along the way. You fortunate people who travel these Rainbow Roads will see some of the world's most wonderful natural and man-made sights. You may not realize this fully at the time, yet without doubt it is true. Other sections of the world contain examples of natural phenomena superior in some respects to many of those found along Highways 91, 89, and 191; and, of course, in the main there is little comparison as far as the works of man are concerned. But where else in the entire world, concentrated in such a comparatively small area and so easily accessible to all by road, rail, or plane, is there anything to compare with Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, Zion, Bryce, Cedar Breaks, the Wayne and Garfield wonderlands, Death Valley, Timpanogos Cave, the High Plateaus of Utah, Great Salt Lake, the Mojave Desert, Craters of the Moon, the Salt Lake Wasatch, and the Teton Range of Wyoming? Where, for that matter, is there anything to compare with Hoover Dam and its natural surroundings? With Salt Lake City and its temple, tabernacle, capitol, mountains, and lake? Or with the hundreds of big and little pioneer settlements nestled under the skyscraping peaks of forested alpine ranges or baking unprotected under the desert sun? Yes, there is enough to see and do and learn in this unique region to occupy more years than most of us have at our service. That is a prime reason why travelers should wring every big and little drop of benefit out of their trips-and that is also why this book has been compiled in the first place, why it includes so many maps and other features, and why it has been arranged and bound in such a handy and convenient form. Most guide books cover a state or part of a state, or a certain point of interest, while most travelers-on the other hand-pass along the main highways through two or three or even half a dozen states. Travelers from southern California to Yellowstone, and vice versa, pass through seven states. No one, of course, can carry along seven different state guides (much less read them!) ; and yet, how can anyone gain much from a trip unless he has some kind of a guide in the car with him? Ordinary road maps are invaluable, but their print is small and they cover too large an area to include a great amount of detail. So we sincerely hope that our Rainbow Roads Guide is the answer (in part at least) to a long-standing tourist need. If it helps you to gain more pleasure and knowledge and enjoyment out of your journey along the Rainbow Roads, then it has justified itself. If it doe's not, then please let us know how we can do a better job! Any of your suggestions and constructive criticism will be genuinely appreciated-and they will help us in the future to better help you. WARD J. ROYLANCE NOTES ON THE MAPS All sectional road maps, with two exceptions (Grand Canyon a.nd Capitol Reef), were adapted from official state and federal road maps, and all are drawn to the same scale of 4 miles to 1 inch. Every effort was made to bring them up to date, but the work of changing and improving highways goes on unceasingly and no guarantee can be made as to their complete accuracy. A number of different sources were utilized in preparing the maps used in this book, including the following: Maps of the Federal Bureau of Public Roads; maps of state road commissions; U. S. Forest Service maps; U. S. Geological Survey maps; and other reliable sources. National park, monument, and recreational area maps have been reproduced with the generous permission of the National Park Service. Highway and road surfacing is indicated on sectional road maps with these simplified symbols: Heavy lines - Main highways (91, 89, or 191), Medium lines - Other principal hard-surfaced highways, Light lines - Unsurfaced roads (gravel, graded, dirt). All main U. S. and state highways, of course, are hard-surfaced; but it was not considered necessary to indicate here the specific type of surfacing. Oil company maps are entirely satisfactory for that purpose, if anyone is interested. Neither has The Guide attempted to segregate types of un surfaced roads, for the reason that to do so would make the maps obsolete almost as fast as they were completed, and for the additional good reason that many gravel roads are no better than - nor, in many cases, as good as - many ordinary dirt roads. In any event, travelers should inquire locally before attempting any unfamiliar dirt or gravel roads. Oil company road maps will be found useful in conjunction with The Guide, especially as large-scale orientation aids. Mileages were not, as a rule, figured closer than even numbers. Those along the main highways were obtained from first-hand speedometer readings and are accurate for all reasonable and ordinary purposes. Distances shown, in the case of towns and cities, are from business district to business district (which in most cases are also the geographical centers of the communities); and points from which mileages should be read are indica ted by caret marks (small v's). Mountain ranges and peaks visible from the highways but too far away to be shown on the maps are indicated by arrows. National park and monument maps carry individual mileage scales as shown on the respective maps. Much of the printing on these maps has been made unusually large for easier reading, especially while riding in a moving car. With this type of printing, there is no need for squinting and holding the map four inches from the eyes to see what it says; also, special points of interest along the way are brought more forcefully to the attention because of the large print with which they are marked. 1 Adjoins 6 MOJAVE -----, BALDY 1!J"P;"'$ I L ___ , I DESERT ,-I r --------------' SAN BERNARDINO NATIONAL FOREST To Encompassed on this map are three strikingly different geographic and climatic zones. On the south lies the wonderfully fertile valley of SAN BERNARDINO, snuggled 9000 feet beneath the forested peaks of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains; while to the north - and separated from this Garden of Eden by the two high alpine ranges - stretches the vast, scorched Mojave Desert. The half-hour transition by highway through all three of these distinct zones is a unique experience for the traveler, and one not soon to be forgotten. North of San Bernardino, combined 91-66-395 begin their long climb over CAJON PASS. The ascent is gradual, requiring about 20 miles for its 3000-foot rise to the summit, with the broadened highway sweeping in wide curves for most of the way. Descending only slightly from the summit, the road crosses sprawling Baldy Mesa, leaving behind the green forests of the alpine zone and entering that desert region of mesquite, creosote, and tree yuccas through which 91 travels for 300 miles. Dry, barren island ranges and peaks appear far off across the wastelands, while the stately San Gabriels and San Bernardinos fade away behind. In the mountains above San Bernardino are situated a number of fine summer and winter resorts, intensely popular with citizens of the Los Angeles area and well worth visiting. Rim-of-the-World Drive, over an excellent paved highway from San Bernardino, provides access to many of these resorts and affords breath-taking panoramic views of the valley and precipitous mountain slopes. San Bernardino Chamber of Commerce San Bernardino and its mountain backdrop, showing Rim-of-the-World Drive along the mountain crest (center background) and the mouth of Cajon Canyon (L). SAN BERNARDINO - Elev. 1054. Pop. 73,827 (metropolitan area 285,900). Seat of a county with the same name, San Bernardino today is a lively, bustling boom city. San Bernardino's strategic location as junction point of three major railroads, principal eastern highway port of the Los Angeles area, and center of a wealthy agricultural empire, has made the city an important trade and manufacturing community. The nearby mountain res~rts bring tho~sands of visitors annually, adding still more. to t~e city's ~eneral prosperIty. Norton All' Force Base, headquarters for San Bernardmo All' MaterIel Area, and supply and maintenance center for the southwest, is near the city, as is Kaiser Steel Corporation's plant at Fontana. 3 L San Bernardino has gained wide renown for its National Orange Show, held annually in February or March during harvest of the winter citrus crop. The 1953 show, lasting ten days from March 24, included "the world's largest cake-baking contest," with 110 contestants specializing in orange cakes and lemon pies; plus stage show, exhibits, bands, parades, fai r, and circus. The community boasts a fine school system, including parochial and business schools and a state junior college. Five hopsitals and a sanitarium are located here. The name San Bernardino was given to this area by a party of missionaries, soldiers, and Indians from the San Gabriel Mission under Padre Francisco Dumetz, who entered the valley on the feast day of San Bernardino of Siena, May 20, 1810. Subsequently the region was used extensively by the Mexicans for farming, until in 1851 the Rancho San Bernardino was purchased by Mormons from Salt Lake City for $77,500. The Mormons remained until 1857, when they were recalled to Utah by Brigham Young for a consolidated defense against the United States under General Johnston; during their six-year stay, however, they had surveyed the city and laid it out on the broad, spacious lines of their Utah capital, establishing prosperous farms and orchards which they were forced to sell in 1857 - with much heartache and disappointment - at a fraction of their original cost. Their stockade of cottonwood and willow logs is now the site of the county courthouse. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY was organized in 1853 and is the largest county in the United States. Its area of 20,000 square miles equals the combined areas of Massachusetts, New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware. Most of the county is an arid wasteland encompassing much of the Mojave and Colorado River Deserts; but the unusually fertile San Bernardino Valley places the county in a favorable agricultural position. Not only 50,000 acres of citrus fruits and 25,000 acres of vineyards make the county important; it also ·has a large livestock, poultry, and dairying industry. Mining in 1950 amounted to half the value of agriculture, while manufacturing totaled almost that of agriculture. In addition. county resorts during 1950 entertained nearly 4V2 million visitors. . SAN BERNARDINO N AT ION A L FOREST contains more than 800,000 acres of pine, spruce, cedar, tamarack, and other trees and shrubs. Maintained principally for watershed protection, the forest also orovi des a great deal of merchantable timber, hydroelectric power, irrigation water, and excellent trout fishing. CAJON PASS (pron. Kah-hohn; Spanish Puerta del Cajon-Gate of the Big Box). This 4301-foot gateway to the Los Angeles wonderland lies between the San Gabriel (Sierra Madre) and San Bernardino Ranges, and has been used for more than a century by travelers to and from southern California. Cajon Pass was utilized by Jedediah S. Smith in 1826, and in 1831 the famous Spanish Trail was blazed through it by William Wolfskill and the first pack train from Santa Fe. In the late 1840's it was used by returning members of the Mormon Battalion, several years later becoming a vital link in the heavily-traveled Mormon Cajon Pass (center) with the San Gabriels in Trail. the background. 4 LONE PINE CANYON, east of Cajon Junction, is on the main course of the San Andreas Rift. This enormous geologic fault, which has caused many California earthquakes (including that in San Francisco in 1906), extends two-thirds the length of California, disappearing into the Pacific on the northwest and into the Caribbean on the southeast. RESORTS - There are too many mountain resorts in this area to be described here in detail. The map will give a general idea of their extent and location. The sixteen major and minor LAKE ARROWHEAD RESORTS are perhaps the bestknown, though other resorts at such spots as ARROWB.EAR, GREGORY, and BIG BEAR LAKES are increasingly popular. Arrowhead Village (Elev. 5109) offers shops, hotels, theaters, cafes and dancehalls, all constructed largely in Norman style. At and near these resorts are private and public campgrounds, lodges, cabins, and garage facilities. Buses provide transportation s eve r a I times daily to and from San Bernardino. Summer sports include fishing-, swimming, boating, riding, hiking, golf, tennis, bowling, dancing, and skating. Boats and equipment may be rented. Winter sports include ice skating, skiing, sleighing, bob-sledding, and hunting. Besides Rim-of-the-World Resorts, the San Bernardino area also includes a number of others which offer recreational facilities similar to those described above. Some of these are M t. Baldy, Lytle Creek, Wrightwood, Mill Creek, and Barton Flats. Lake Arrowhead Chamber of Commerce Lake Arrowhead. For specific information on reservations and accommodations, beyond the scope of this book, write to the appropriate Chamber of Commerce at: • Big Bear Lake, Crestline, Lake Arrowhead, Running Springs - Rim-of-the-World Resorts. Ontario or Upland - Mt. Baldy Resorts. Rialto - Lytle Creek Resorts. Wrightwood - Wrightwood Resorts. Forest Home, Redlands, or Barton Flats - Mill Creek and Barton Flats Resorts. 5 Adelanto VICTOR VALLEY OBada Adjoins 2 ~ .!J -oJ ~ Bj nkle7 SIDEWINDER VALLEY , PILC7l Dlc:m laDdaark (tar DOrth) 2Z'I5 GRANITE )ll'1IS At VICTORVILLE, a dusty railroad town between cheerless sand and gravel bluffs, 91 begins its lengthy journey along and near the shallow, meandering Mojave River. The Mojave terrain is inspiring or depressing, desolate or attractive, dull or colorful-all depending on a person's individual state of mind, his likes and dislikes. Thousands of rockhounds and desert-rats love this parched land with an intensity matched only by the love of a Swiss for his native mountains or that of a salt-water man for the rolling sea. To them it is not lifeless and barren; on the contrary, it furnishes in its own peculiar way many opportunities for the study of plant and animal life, for the collection of an amazing variety of minerals, for art and solitary reflection and deep enjoyment of all those pleasures which the desert offers to him who looks beneath its unimpressive surface. State 18 leaves Victorville on the east and circles around through Apple and Lucerne Valleys to Big Bear Lake, Lake Arrowhead, and San Bernardino. It is a beautiful drive, including as it does the attractive APPLE VALLEY resorts and those along Rim-of-theW orId Drive; however. there are steep grades and narrow roads between Lucerne Valley and Big Bear Lake, and most of the route is unsafe for fast driving. North of Victorville, 91-66 follows the Mojave for many miles beneath low gravel hills and above the cultivated lands of the river bottom. Settlements are scattered, consisting for the most part of a service station-garage and maybe a motel, with tiny, isolated dwellings occupying the most unlikely situations. Side roads lead to unseen guest ranches, and worndown desert ranges close in toward the highway. Ahead, beyond Barstow, the fabulous Calicos raise their delicately technicolored slopes in pastel contrast against the blue of the sky. APPLE VALLEY is a charming, yucca-forested desert bowl located between granite hills and the high black slopes of the San Bernardinos. It is becoming increasingly popular as a site for beautiful suburban homes and pleasure resorts. Apple Valley Inn and other resorts offer riding, hiking, swimming, and dancing. HELENDALE - Elev. 2424. Orig-inally called Point of Rocks, the town was named Helen in 1897 for the daughter of A. G. Wells, a vice-president of the Santa Fe Railroad. The name was changed to Helendale in 1918. Its few residents grow alfalfa, corn, and other crops. ORO GRANDE (Spanish - Big or coarse gold) - Elev. 2625. A small, dilapidated hamlet today, Oro Grande once had a population of 2000 during the gold-mining days of the 80's. In 1878 gold was discovered in the Silver and Granite Mountains; the boom lasted for about seven years, then production declined and the last of the mines closed in 1928. N ow the town is supported mainly by a huge Portland cement plant and a lime-rock quarry. VICTORVILLE - Elev. 2715. Pop. 1952 est. - 10,000. At one time a rip-roaring mi~ing town, then a rip-roaring locale for early Western movies, Victorville today is a quiet trade center for surrounding ranches (potatoes, alfalfa, fruits, poultry, and cattle), and for quarrying and mining. It is the home of the annual San Bernardino County Fair (each fall) and a large cement plant. A few miles west is George Air Force Base with some 3000 airmen and their families; and in the general vicinity are several dozen guest and dude ranches which offer riding, swimming, golfing, and dancing. Victorville was known as Mormon Crossing in early days, until renamed Victor in 1885. By that time it had grown into an active and prosperous mining town; but by 1900 the mines had almost entirely closed down. For more than 20 years, from 1914 to 1937, the town was used as a locale for some 200 Western films starring such notables as William S. Hart. Harry Carey, Tom Mix, Hoot Gibson, Will Rogers, and Warner Baxter. Much of the Old Town still remains "across the tracks," and even new construction is designed in old western style. 7 BASIN OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER (PACIFIC) 8 ,.... ATLANTIC ",_ _, . • ",,'U!'. .-~ST,OJ\ ~ --- - ~--- ------ - MOJAVE DESERT and MOJAVE RIVER (also spelled Mohave; pronounced MohHAH- vay). This immense, parched land is one of America's largest deserts. Blistering under the unclouded sun in summer, cool and sometimes freezing in winter, the Mojave's wastes have brought death to many, suffering to many more, and untold wealth to others more fortunate. It is a land of dead mountains, dead valleys, and broad, bone-dry lake beds. Most of its mountains not only are bare of forest covering, but they also are incredibly worn down; some of them are almost buried in their own debris. And yet, to those who know and those who look, it is not a land which is entirely lifeless. Many of its socalled "dry lakes" are not wholly dry. The mountains and valleys are incomparably beautiful in spring, when countless desert cacti and flowers open their lovely blossoms for the world to see. And there are many species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects in the desert; many kinds of flowers, shrubs, grasses, and trees. The Mojave has a bad reputation for heat, and one which is well deserved. The temperature in summer usually ranges up to and beyond 100" ; probably the highest, recorded 30 miles east of Barstow in 1952 by four geologists from the University of Southern California, was 150° F. at a distance of three feet from the ground (highest recorded shade temperature in Death Valley was 134°, in Africa 135"). Nights, even in summer, are fairly cool, however; and in winter both days and nights are cool, the temperature sometimes going down to freezing and up to 65 or 70°. The Mojave River was discovered by Father Garces in 1776. He named it Arroyo de los Martires (Martyrs' Creek). Since then its valley has been a great roadway: for Spanish padres, for explorers such as Smith and Wolfskill and Fremont, for the huge annual caravans from Santa Fe to Los Angeles, for the Mormons and their lumbering wagon trains, and eventually for the iron horse and our present-day highspeed vehicles. None of the Mojave's waters escape into the sea (except for a small amount near the Colorado River), most of it sinking into the parched ground or evaporating from the dozens of dry lakes. In the fairly recent past, however, the region supported many chains of warm lakes and a tropical verdure; and even as late as the time of Columbus it is probable that many of today's dry lakes were still providing fish and mussels for ancient Indian tribes. GREAT BASIN - The approximate boundaries of the west's Great Basin, shown on the accompanying map, embrace almost all of the Mojave Desert's 15,000 square miles. Highways 91, 89, and 191 travel for perhaps 600 miles through this immense land-locked series of basins, most of which are completely devoid of standing water for the greater part of each year. The Great Basin measures some 800 miles in north-south length and about 500 miles across its broadest width. It is a region of scant rainfall, none of which reaches the sea in the form of running streams; but a number of smaller "sub-basins" in Utah, Idaho, and Nevada contain perennial bodies of water such as the Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Bear Lake, Eagle Lake, and others. Thousands of years ago, at the time of the great glaciers, this region supported Lakes Bonneville and Lahontan, two especially huge bodies which covered much of the present states of Utah and Nevada (see Lake Bonneville) ; but with gradually changing climatic conditions over a period of many centuries, the basin's countless feeder streams diminished in volume and number, evaporation increased, and the lake-oceans shriveled to oblivion in many places and small fresh and briny remnants in others. The Great Basin, so-called first by Fremont in the 1840's, actually consists of a large number of smaller depressions formed in main part by faulting of the earth's crust. On the east the basin is rimmed by the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and Idaho; on the west its rim is the Sierra Nevada. Within the 200,000 square miles of this exceedingly rugged area lie a great number of generally barren and arid mountain ranges, most of which trend in a north-south direction, and scores of large and small lakes that vary from totally dry to saline (Great Salt Lake) to pure and fresh (Bear Lake). Much of the Great Basin is almost bare of vegetation, such as those desolate regions in the Mojave and the salt desert of the Great Salt Lake; but vast areas in Nevada and west- 9 PILOT KNOB S--I-/,l. (~ dirt roads ill this area) LANE NTH. 450+ CALICO MTNS , .. -.. \ ,( "', ... : Coyote '.,.. ALVORD I I Dru ... \ "TN , J ... ... ... \ La II" " \ \ f\e ' " (Ma ,, _ .... ' .ny dirt road8 ~n this area) ~i __ tr // ~ ... ::-- Yermo /of' ~ ... ~"r'l'" I· . IUS- . ___ .•• O.i!I/!- "'~ ... -./." /" ANCIENT _CADY L AK E lll'NS _ USMC .. ., .. D~E~P~OT~:Q!Yi~··nneola "/~ \ ORDltrN 6ZS0 MANIX ~~! .HEWIERIW .. TN ern Utah are covered with sage and other semi-arid plants, while the southern region contains growths of Joshua trees, creosote bush, mesquite, and different kinds of cacti. In spring the deserts are fantastically beautiful with the blossoms of millions of flowers. Some of the higher mountains also support stands of timber, including the taller species, but the short and scrubby types such as pinon pine and juniper predominate in this region. Highways 91 and 66 separate at BARSTOW, 91 continuing on into the Mojave Desert, and 66 veering east toward the Colorado River, Arizona, and Chicago. The Calicos dominate the landscape in this section, mainly because of their delicate coloring; but other ranges and peaks and broad, flat, dry-lake bottoms also command the attention. Cave Mountain and the Cadys loom ever larger to the east and southeast, with Ord Mountain's lofty bulk on the south. Stark desolation is everywhere around, softened only slightly by the green oases at Barstow, the few small hamlets along the railroads, and the huge Marine Corps depots. To many people this region is beautiful in its own weird way. Especially is this so in the morning and evening, when the teasing light plays fantastic games with the eye, changing the colors of the naked earth, dimming a detail here, emphasizing another there. These are times when the desert's harshness, its deadliness, are camouflaged in soft, enchanting shadows. Other people, of course, regard the Mojave with an intense dislike, no matter what the hour or season. BARSTOW - Elev. 2170. Pop. 1953 est. - 9100. A modern boom town, Barstow receives its prosperity from a number of sources. The Santa Fe Railroad has its largest diesel repair and maintenance shop here, employing some 1000 workers. Nearby is the huge Nebo Marine Supply Base, largest in the country, with branches at Yermo and Daggett and employing 2500 military personnel, with about the same number of civilian workers. Thirty-eight miles to the northeast, the sprawling Armored Combat Training Center at Camp Irwin utilizes 700,000 acres of desert land for its maneuvers. (Camp Irwin trained as many as 36,000 men at a time during World War II. It was reactivated in 1948.) Barstow also receives a considerable income from the annual total of four million travelers who funnel through the city along Highways 91, 66, and 466. This is attested by the phenomenal number of tou~ist facilities in the city: 30 motels, 28 service stations, and 40 eating places. Surrounding farms grow alfalfa, using water from deep wells. They also raise turkeys and some cattle. Nearby mines further supplement the city's income. Annual events include a Gem Show in April, at Yermo; Flower Show (April); Desert Bow Hunters Archery Meet (June); Rodeo (September) ; Mardi Gras Parade and Barstow Gem and Mineral Show (November). Barstow has had an interesting history. Known as Fishpond during the 1860's, it was then an overland travel stop. In the late 1870's silver was discovered at Waterman Mine, touching off a wild boom which continued for many years - its momentum being sparked in 1881 by discovery of silver in the Calicos. In 1882 the town was known as Waterman Junction; then in 1886 it was renamed Barstow by the Santa Fe for its president, William Barstow Strong. For years it was an outfitting point for Death Valley expeditions and a shipping point for ores to Oro Grande, 30 miles south. 11 There are a number of scenic and historic points of interest near Barstow: Calico; Doran Drive and Odessa Canyon, scenic loop, east off the Calico Road; Mule Canyon, an old Borax mine in a colorful setting, and Kramer's Natural Bridge, east from the Calico Road; Rainbow Basin; Sunrise Canyon, colored walls and rock-hounds' paradise, 2 lj~ miles east of the Yermo Inspection Station, then north on a steep gravel road (keeping left) . CALICO GHOST TOWN - Now being restored by Walter Knott of Knott's Berry Farm fame, Calico is one of the most renowned of western mining towns. During the 1880's it was a large silver-mining settlement which eventually met its fate with the decline in silver prices. Silver was discovered here in 1881; by 1896 the mines had closed. At times the town had a population of 3500, and it is said that at least $67,000,000 in precious ores was taken from its Gateway to Calico mines. Mr. Knott is restoring many of the old buildings, including saloons, general store, apothecary, post office, miners' shacks, assay office, and dwellings. Admission and tours are free. Across a gully, forlorn on a barren slope, lies Calico's Boot Hill- its 40 or 50 boulderpiled graves arranged in orderly rows. Most of the graves are nameless, their markers (if ever there were any) faded away with the relentless years along with the names, the dreams, and the bodies of the men who are resting there. DAGGETT - Elev. 2005. Daggett is a rail-road siding which has seen a much more romantic era than it likely will ever see again, although nearby are two -very - much - alive Marine Corps depots which handle materials amounting to many times the value of all the gold and silver which ever passed through the little town. Alfalfa and cattle are the town's present agricultural supports. The silver mines of Calico, six miles away, supplied its stamping mills with ore during the 80's and 90's; and here, too, the famous 20-mule teams brought trains of borax from fields near Calico for transshipping by rail. By 1896 both its silver mills and borax industry had collapsed, and Daggett - like so many other little mining towns of the West - withered away through the years. YERMO (Spanish, Desert) - Elev. 1935. Yermo is a dusty little road and rail station, per- Calico's Boot Hill- Looking south haps most important as the site of one of Cali-toward Barstow Valley fornia's State Agricultural Quarantine Stations. ]2 - ----------- DEATH VALLEY Death Valley lies slightly more than 100 miles from either Baker or Las Vegas. The monument area, embracing almost 2,000,000 acres or 2981 square miles, includes some of America's most geologically interesting and scenically fascinating country, much of which can be reached comparatively easily over several hundred miles of surfaced and graded roads. The monument and adjacent areas also contain a number of hotels, cabin developments, and campgrounds. THE VALLEY - Death Valley itself is a narrow basin extending northwesterly for about 140 miles between the high Panamint Range on the west and the Amargosa Range on the east. It is a study in extremes in many ways. Nearly 550 square miles of the valley's floor lie below sea level, and at one spot (in the vicinity of Badwater) the "elevation" is 282 feet below the level of the sea. This area is the lowest in the Western Hemisphere, whilein contrast--it is also possible to see from Death Valley the lofty peaks of the Sierra Nevada, highest in the United States. Fifteen miles west of Badwater, and towering 11,328 feet above the valley floor, is Telescope Peak - a mountain which probably stands higher above its immediate surroundings than any other in this country. In the bottom of Death Valley, as remnants of ancient Lake Manly, are great chaotic beds of crystallized salt that have been cracked, tilted, and raised by the processes of drying and recrystallizing, then eroded into jagged ridges, peaks, and pinnacles by wind and rain. The Devils Golf Course is the most spectacular of these salt beds, and it is estimated that the salt deposits here are more than 1200 feet in depth. Death Valley contains many other unusual geological features which are scenically outstanding. Its mountains as a whole are prime examples of colorful and complete ruggedness. Lava flows cover large areas of the monument, and in the northwestern part of the region are volcanic craters formed by explosive eruptions occurring probably within the last millenium. The largest of these is Ubehebe Crater, an immense hole in the ground measuring half a mile wide by 800 feet deep. Other natural attractions include the badlands at Zabriskie Point and Golden Canyon, the quartz sand dunes near Stove Pipe Wells, Mosaic Canyon, salt pools, Mahogany Flat, a natural bridge, and the Gnomes Workshop. Man-made points of interest in Death Valley include Scotty's Castle, the unique mansion of famed Death Valley Scotty; a number of borax works; an Indian village near Furnace Creek Inn; and old mining ghost towns and charcoal kilns. Some of the more spectacular viewpoints in the monument are those at Zabriskie Point; Dante's View, overlooking the lowest point of the valley from an elevation of 5750 feet above its floor, and affording a grand panoramic sweep over the Panamint Range and hundreds of square miles of this continent's most desolate land; and Telescope Peak in the Panamints, reached over a 7-mile trail from the road and providing a truly bird's-eye view of the valley from the west. Death Valley's flowers in spring present a glorious technicolor spectacle, especially when the winter has brought sufficient moisture and temperatures are favorable. The valley. contains an amazingly wide variety of plant and animal life, some of it unique to this regIon. WEATHER - Death Valley is widely reputed to be one of the hottest places in the world in summer, and shade temperatures up to 134 degrees F. have been recorded. The summer months quite understandably are the least popular with visitors. From late October to May, however, the climate is regarded as ideal; then the days are usually warm and sunny, the nights cool and bracing. Rainfall averages little more than two inches annually, with most of it occurring in violent cloudbursts. The humidity is extremely low, and clear days average 283 out of the year. The Park Service recommends clothing warm enough to withstand chilly night temperatures in winter, and practical clothes for campers and hikers. 13 SCAl.I[ w o Z <LoJ :Z:" Oz < ..... 0: VI :5 1 STOvE PIPE WELLS HOTEL, CABINS. AIRPLANE LANDING STRIP. GAS ANOOIL WILDROSE STATION CABINS. RESTAURANT GAS a: OIL \ . I ' -, '-,, I . ,I \ Aauerreberry pt, \ Mushroom Erev. 6,279 ' , I Owlshead Mtns. INYO CO~U~N~T~Y_j---SA- N-B-E-R-N-A-RDINO COU NTY DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL MONUMENT CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA ScOI. LEGEND ~ Ranger Station A campground A Secondary campground - 'Surfaced Road ~ Gravel Road Note: Distances are shown between stars " 4 ~~ }-0o.0~ 127 0<.i 4;., Death }----"'!!!;:,:. Valley • Junction -To Baker )!!~. ."1,, !'J~ ~~.' Avawatz Mtns. !--} A il 1952 N. M. D. V. 7009 National Park Service. SEASON - The monument is open to travel all year, though the regular season is from about October 15 to May 15. Furnace Creek Inn is open from November 15 to May 1; Furnace Creek Auto Camp accommodations are available from September 15 to May 15. Summer accommodations are available as shown below. TRA VEL - Death Valley can be reached by automobile over any of the roads shown on the accompanying map. Airplane travelers can utilize a good 4000-foot gravel runway (with hangar and service) at Furnace Creek, or an 1800-foot CAA-approved landing strip at Stove Pipe Wells Hotel. Regular limousine service from Las Vegas is available through connections from Western, United, and Bonanza Air Lines. A combination rail and motor tour is available for Union Pacific passengers, leaving the train at Las Vegas and reaching Death Valley by Riddle, Tanner, and Death Valley Tours. ACCOMMODATIONS - The following description is taken from the official N ational Park Service brochure on Death Valley: Free Public Campground. - The Texas Spring Campgtound is located in a side canyon and may be reached by surfaced road one-quarter of a mile south of Furnace Creek Ranch. Sanitary facilities, running water, stone tables and benches, camp sites and parking places for trailers provide accommodations for several hundred people. Vi~tors should provide firewood before entering the monument or, preferably, carry gasoline or oil camp stoves. Firewood and tIther supplies may be bought at Furnace Creek Ranch. Hotels and Cottages. - Facilities at Wildrose Station are operated under franchise from the Government. It is a year-round operation and consists of a store, service station, meals, and cabins. Information as to rates, etc., may be obtained by writing Wildrose Station, Trona, Calif. All other hotels are situated on private land, and the National Park Service exercises no control over them. Death Valley Hotels, 630 South Shatto Place, Los Angeles 5, Calif., owns Furnace Creek Inn, a luxurious hotel, American plan, and Furnace Creek Ranch, European plan, with cabins, store, service stations, grass golf course, and photographic shop. Horses may be rented nearby. Open October to May. Stove Pipe Wells Hotel, near the famous sand dunes, is operated on the European plan, with comfortable cottages and hotel rooms. The service station is open all year for petroleum products and water. Address: Death Valley, Calif. Scotty's Castle has overnight accommodations, American plan. Open all year. Service station. Guide fee charged for tour of castle. Address: via Goldfield, Nev. All-year accommodations are also available outside the monument at the Amargosa Hotel in Death Valley Junction, at Panamint Springs, Calif., and at Beatty, Nev. Telephone and telegraph services are available at Furnace Creek Inn and Furnace Creek Ranch, but not at Scotty's Castle, Stove Pipe Wells Hotel, or Wildrose Station. 15 ~ ALVCIID Irrl. ILACk HILLS AVAlfATZ •• S. t 5':2.04- ( Bitter SpriDg ~t -s Mt;. CAVE AftOD t SILVER DRY LAKE ,, ,, , , , SoJG: LGlce' J ..- --Ri;';:;:- ... ---..~. ~- I ,I ,',., \- MTN ~~6~ Afton .. --"'! ,'\. \Trog t.Dry \ I.."~ , I . \ , Bector o ... ------,. CfI"c ca"y"n CADY M TN S. ! Mr. PISOlB, voloaD1o CODe 2SO teet high ~----...... Broadwell 0 "" SAND DUNEa BRISTOL Jl'.rlfS • This section also is dominated by a number of desert peaks and ranges - some of them low, some high, some worn almost completely away with age while others, more stubborn and resisting, continue to defend themselves in a hopeless battle against the elements. Much of the southern horizon is filled with the sprawling Cadys, their weathered summits rising not too far above broad alluvial plains which slope gently into the Mojave valley below. Cave mountain's lone peak looms ahead, high between the river and highway, while furrowed Cat Mountain keeps it company on the north. The Soda Range - one of the Mojave's most scenic mountain masses - towers to their east above Baker and great SODA LAKE sink. East of Manix Station 91 ascends to the top of a ridge, then climbs through a high pass between Cat and Cave Mountains. From there it plunges past the CRONISE DRY LAKES into the depths of Soda basin, where tiny Baker - at its bottom and visible for many miles - is a beckoning oasis by day, a tantalizing, twinkling beacon at night. Separating Cave Mountain and the Cadys is AFTON CANYON of the Mojave River (also known as Cave Canyon). This colorful gorge is the present route of Union Pacific, though in ancient times it served as drainage outlet for old LAKE MANIX - which had been imprisoned behind the Cave and Cady Mountain barrier until finally breaking through at this point and draining into Soda Lake basin. The canyon is famed as one of the Mojave Desert's prime scenic attractions because of its eroded and highly colored walls, visible to passengers on the railroad. Through this canyon in 1776 Father Francisco Garces passed on his way from the Mojave Indian villages on the Colorado to Mission San Gabriel. In the Lake Manix clay scientists have found fossil remains of the mastodon, antelope, camels, horses, and birds - all of Pleistocene age. SODA LAKE is called the "Sink of the Mojave River." Formerly, however, the river's accumulated waters sometimes overflowed northward into Silver Lake and Death Valley as well. The glaring white surface of this dry lake can be seen for great distances, and even after dark it glows eerily in the moonlight. Here in 1860 dragoons of the U. S. Army fought a group of Indians who had been molesting desert travelers; in the "battle," it is recorded, three braves were killed and one wounded. The army maintained a camp on the lake bottom until 1866. CRONISE STATION AND DRY LAKES are sometimes spelled Cronese. Probably named for Titus F. Cronise, a California pioneer and author, the present settlement consists of a few frame houses and a Richfield service station. Cronise Dry Lakes, often mistaken for mirages, are not always entirely dry, and small watermelon farms (not visible from the highway) are irrigated from lake waters and wells. In 1948 a Los Angeles company completed here an electric diesel mill, with a 500-ton daily capacity, for processing silt and clay used in the manufacture of paint. . DID YOU KNOW THAT-A buffalo hunt is held annually in House Rock Valley, Arizona? The Mormon temple in St. George, Utah, was built on a swamp? Franklin was the first permanent white settlement in Idaho? The world's largest Swiss cheese factory is located at Amalga, Utah? Old Calico Ghost Town is now being rebuilt as a unique tourist attraction? The present site of Salt Lake City was a thousand feet under water not so very long ago? N one of the water in the Great Basin flows to the sea? 17 .<..0. SILURIAN HILLS SILVER LAKE - , ......... -......... , , SODA DRY LAKE , , , I \ \ , , , \ (Talc tines) \ KINGSTON RANGE .. / -~1. Vl· .. J · Yucca Grove • :' Sta. 440. ~ I • L 4 P(aso Alto Sta ., Summit) 41.00· ". ")., • Hallo~ Springs • tao \ Huber'a Sta. (Mines) $OLD DAD MTN.4l75 ~ 700$,,,., $;"", CIMA • DOME $ KELSO PIC. ~746 From little BAKER, 91 begins an 18-mile, 3300-foot climb to PASO ALTO summit. Years ago this steady grade was a terror for motorists, especially in the blistering summertime; but today, with many service stations located handily for rescue, it presents few difficulties. From Paso Alto the road descends seven miles to WINDMILL STATION, and from there ascends to Mountain Pass. A notable feature of this section is the unusually long straight stretch of the highway. For 30 miles, from Baker to Clark Mountain Station, there is only one major curve in the road. Another remarkable feature is the great forests of TREE YUCCAS (Joshua trees) which appear east of Baker and continue well into the Clark Mountain pass. The imposing peak of Clark Mountain commands the eastern view beyond Paso Alto, with the yawning sink of Soda Lake and its jagged mountain backdrops behind in the west. In the northern and southern foregrounds rise low, rolling hills, some of them rich in talc; farther north the loftier peaks of the Kingston Range decorate the horizon. One of the most unusual geological attractions in this area is Cima Dome, a greatly eroded and worn down granite mountain which appears from the highway as an enormous, rounded swell covered with a heavy foresting of tree yucca. BAKER - Elev. 921. A welcome oasis in a desolate land, Baker serves as a principal desert refreshing stop for travelers and as junction point on the main southern road to Death Valley. Located here are a number of good motels and cafes, service stations and garages. In earlier days Baker was a busy mining town, having also a strategic location on the line of march of borax trains from Death Valley. It was known then as Berry, for Joe Berry, an old prospector, retaining that name until 1908 ~hen it was rechristened "Baker" by the railroad. Today there are still some scattered mining operations, such as talc mining and granite quarrying; and seven miles north, at Silver Lake, a 50-ton amalgamation and flotation mill has been engaged in silver extraction. But the romantic old mining heydays are only half-forgotten memories now. Southeast of Baker, and reached by dirt roads, are the Devils Playground and Kelso Sand Dunes. These remarkable granitic dunes are probably derived from the Granite Mountains and other nearby ranges. Although not California's most extensive, the dunes at Kelso are probably the state's highest and most spectacular. HALLORAN SPRINGS STATION - A small service station with a few cabins. HUBER'S STATION - Service station, garage, refreshments, and rest rooms. PASO ALTO (Spanish, high pass) - Elev. 4200. At the summit of the long climb east of Baker, this stop includes a service station, garage, cafe, and cabins, with the customary windmill overlooking aJl. VALLEY WELLS STATION - Gasoline, mechanic, cafe and refreshments. Years ago this site, with its plentiful supply of water, was the location of an expensive smelting center for copper ores mined in the Ivanpah Mountains to the east. WINDMILL STATION is at the bottom of a broad valley with the grandly symmetrical arc of Cima Dome swelling gently to the south. The valley is unusually well covered with a dense growth of strange TREE YUCCAS - those fantastic desert plants so common in the far southwest. Now protected by law against destruction, tree yuccas were known as Joshua trees by Mormon pioneers who named them, it is said, for their resemblance to Biblical Joshua in an attitude of prayer. Pioneers also called them cabbage trees, and today they are sometimes (incorrectly) dubbed the "yucca palm." Reproduction of this weird plant is aided by a tiny butterfly which lays its eggs only on the young runner sprouts and not on the seedlings - which would otherwise be killed by the larvae. A yucca-boring weevil also 19 * ~ LITTLE DEVIL ~ P K • S511J ij\ CLARK NTN. 7'03 - ~;'1 DEVIL'S PK. S86!S (Mines) ~II" ~ KESSLER P K. 6151.. o Joshua , , "'-" , \ ,'Reich. I / Dry I ,,, I..~/(e , ) ,. "," : / 'Roach V < ~ rr- '" o Brant SHEEP MTN. McCULLOUGH RANGE Moore McCULLOUGH M,.,T,6N . , , affects the tree by injuring its branch ends with their feeding and larvae-laying, the result being additional branching behind the damaged area. At Windmill Station, of course, is a windmill; also a service station and cabins, with refreshments. YUCCA GROVE STATION - Elev. 4000. A pleasant highway stop in a beautiful grove of yuccas, Yucca Grove Station is comprised of several houses, a service station and garage (towing), a cafe, and cabins. The station has added a small roadside display of pioneer and old-time relics such as an old wagon and automobile. Highway 91 winds through a high pass between imposing Clark Mountain (from which it is said early Mormons took great quantities of gold) and the Mescal Range. East of MOUNTAIN PASS it descends several thousand feet into the far-reaching basin of Ivanpah Dry Lake, which, cupped between the gentle slopes of numerous mountain ranges, is one of the most interesting and scenic of all the many desert valleys. Lakeview Junction affords a magnificent view of the lake and its valley, with the highway plunging straight from there to the flat bed of I vanpah Lake and then climbing into a wide saddle between parched McCULLOUGH and Spring Ranges. Devil's Peak stands out ahead, far across the gulf, with the jagged New York peaks on the southern skyline and majestic Clark Mountain across the north. Much of the valley and the mountain slopes are covered with creosote and other desert shrubs and flowers which add a welcome touch of life to the otherwise desolate landscape. There are a number of tiny service stations along the highway from CLARK MOUNTAIN STATION to JEAN, none of them more than five miles apart. One mile east of the state line three rows of giant power lines cross the highway from east to west, carrying their vital load over mountain and valley from Hoover Dam to Los Angeles. IVANPAH MOUNTAINS (Indian, meaning good Ivanpah Valley from Lakeview Junction or clear water.) There are a number of mines in this low range which at various times have furnished copper, lead, silver, gold, and tungsten ores. Not many decades ago a lowgrade copper was mined in the I vanpahs, some of it being smelted nearby at Valley Wells and some being shipped to Garfield, Utah, for smelting. Underneath Kokoweef l?eak there is supposed to be an underground cavern of immense proportions - a cave which, if it really exists, must be one of the world's most awesome. Described by Clark in his booklet Lost Mines of the Old West, the cavern was allegedly explored in 1934 by two men who spent several days wandering through its many chambers and for eight miles along the black sands of its underground river. The river, one of them claimed in a sworn affidavit, varies with the tides from a width of ten feet to about 300, and the sands of its bank are rich in gold. It finally disappears over a falls into an abyss which this man estimated or measured as between 3000 and 3500 feet in depth. To prevent claim-jumping the men blasted shut the ancient mine shaft by which they had entered, believing there was another opening nearby which they could find later; however, they were unable to find this other entrance, and the cavern still remains unexploited. Whether or not there is in fact such a cave, river, and fantastic canyon, the tale does add a touch of romance to the otherwise sterile I vanpahs. 21 -- SHEEP KTNS. 9910 To TonoFalz./ A!~vqda Test ..sife, \ Charleston Mtn. Re,f(jr!.s CHARLESTON PK.I/,910 " (I) Z I- 2 C) .... -- z a: ~ U) (I) Z I- 2 zC) - a: ~ (I) Adjoins 20 Boulder Junction ° 9 --- -- LAS VEGAS RANGE t FRENCHMAN MTN. Adjoins 34 r- - -- --------- I r' LAKE I I I I I I I Whitney. -1..r-g BLACK MTN McCULLOUGH RANGE r--" I ~ ,.. _____ J I I I I L _____ _ RECREA-I I I CLARK MOUNTAIN STATION - Service station, cafe, telephone, and cabins. DESERT CITY STATION - Gasoline, groceries, bus-stop cafe. JEAN, NEVADA - Elev. 2866. A railroad siding on the Union Pacific, with an emergency landing field nearby. Pop's Oasis on the highway has a motel, bar, cafe, garage, groceries, and service station. McCULLOUGH MOUNTAINS - One of the highest and most extensive of the desert ranges, these mountains are very picturesque with gently sloping, wonderfully symmetrical alluvial plains that almost bury the peaks from which they have weathered. MOUNTAIN PASS STATION - Elev. 4700. Between cliffs on both sides, this station is a rest stop for truckers and other motorists. Meals, fuel, garage, and refreshments are available. Nearby, on the dark slopes of Clark Mountain, are extensive mine workings. WHEATON SPRINGS is another small station offering meals, gasoline, cabins, and garage service. On the surrounding hills are clusters of Spanish bayonet, another common desert growth. This spiny plant was utilized by Indians in several ways; they used the roots for soap, the leaf fibers for cordage, and the flowers and fruit as edible delicacies. Emerging from the Spring-McCullough Mountain pass, 91 enters the large, relatively level valley in which LAS VEGAS is located. The rugged Spring Mountains (among the loftiest in the state) rise precipitously behind the city on the west, while a far-flung jumble of slightly lower but even more barren ranges almost completely rim the valley on its other three sides. Isolated Frenchman Mountain stands out in bold relief to the city's east, its coloring and aged form most difficult to describe because the y seem to change so often with the time of day. The fine motels of Las Vegas begin to appear as far south as McCarran Field, 'and within a short distance the magnificent resort hot e I s make their glittering debuts along both sides of the highway. For four miles into the center of Las Vegas the road is lined with hotels, motels, service stations, driveins, cafes, and fancy restaurants; and for another four miles it is lined with similar facilities through the length of North Las Vegas. North of Las Vegas, 91 again enters a desert Dcscrt Sca News BurelLU 23 -this time an empty, cheerless region which is even more of a wasteland, perhaps, than the Mojave. This is the grim stretch described by Fremont as the longest dry portion of his entire journey in 1844, during which his party traveled from 50 to 60 miles without a drop of water. "Desolate and revolting country," he termed it, and even the most avid desertrat today might think twice before contradicting the great explorer. CHARLESTON MOUNTAIN RESORTS offer summer camping facilities, hunting in season, and winter sports. Private resorts and lodges furnish accommodations, and four Forest Service campgrounds provide facilities for motorists, three of them also having trailer space. All four campgrounds are from 34 to 36 miles northwest of Las Vegas (via U. S. 95, State 39 and/ or 52) and are open from May to October. They are: McWilliams Camp~round, 36 miles northwest of Las Vegas on U. S. 95, State 39 or 52; space for 50 cars an 10 trailers; piped water, fireplaces, stoves, playgrounds, and toilets. Kyle Canyon Campground (no overnight camping), 37 miles northwest of Las Vegas on U. S. 95, State 39; space for 150 cars; piped water, fireplaces, stoves, playgrounds, and toilets. Kyle Canyon Trailer CamE, 34 miles northwest of Las Vegas on U. S. 95, State 39; space for 15 cars, 15 trailers; pIped water, fireplaces, stoves, and toilets. Fletcher View Trailer Camp, 341;4 miles northwest of Las Vegas on U. S. 95, State 39; space for 15 cars, 15 trailers; piped water and toilets. Skiing facilities are provided at Kyle Canyon and Lee Canyon as follows: Kyle Can~on (January l"-March 31), elevation 7400-7700 feet; aspen and pine with limited c1eare slopes, north exposure; one 1700-foot ski trail, novice to intermediate; no designated touring; 1600-foot rope tow with 300-foot vertical rise; one 40-meter jump; one instructor; lodge and canteen nearby; accommodations at Mt. Charleston Lodge or write Box 583, Las Vegas; information from Paul Chumrau, Box 583, Las Vegas. Lee Canyon (December 15-April 15), 45 miles northwest of Las Vegas; elevation 8500-8790 feet; cleared and open slopes with pine and aspen timber, north exposure, from flat and rolling to rough; 1500-foot ski trail, novice to intermediate; eight touring trails 2 to 15 miles long, but no overnight cabins, no supplies on routes; 1420-foot rope tow with 290-foot vertical rise; public shelter and canteen; limited overnight accommodations - bring bed roll; for information write Ted B. Willstead, 1023 Norman Avenue, Las Vegas. HENDERSON - A site of modern housing developments, Henderson is best-known for its enormous World War II basic magnesium plant, largest in the world. Magnesium and titanium are of great value in aircraft manufacture as substitutes for stainless steel. The plant was turned over by the War Assets Administration in 1948 to the Colorado River Commission as Agent for the State of Nevada, the price being $1 in cash and further payments out of revenue over a 20-year period. NELLIS AIR FORCE BASE, a new edition of the World War II Las Vegas Air Force Base of 12,000 men, is one of the Air Force's two finishing schools for jet fighter combat pilots. The base was reactivated in 1948 and dedicated in 1950 as Nellis Air Force Base, its primary mission being the training of qualified jet pilots as jet fighter pilots. This specialized training is accomplished during an eight-week course in gunnery, bombing, rocketry, and all aspects of jet aerial tactics. The base also offers a program designated as the Fighter Gunnery Instructor School, which, as its name indicates, trains pilots to be fighter gunnery instructors. Aircraft utilized in these programs include the F-80 Shooting Star, F-84 Thunderjet, F-86 Sabre-jet, B-25, and B-26. Many of the training instructors at the base are veterans of the Korean war. Nellis operates rest camps for its personnel at Mt. Charleston, and the Wherry Housing Development nearby comprises 400 units. 24 I NEVADA TEST SITE, formerly known as Frenchman's Flat, was renamed by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1951. It is part of the 5000-square-mile Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range of the Air Force, and was set aside in January 1951 for continuation of atomic energy experiments. A 125-mile fence surrounds the area, posted with warning signs, and helicopters patrol the site. The test site is under the direction of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, of which it is an integral part. A number of nuclear blasts have been set off here, breaking windows in Las Vegas and being seen and felt as far north as Idaho. According to the government, checks for radiation indicate that there is no danger to anyone outside the bombing range area either during or after the bursts. LAS VEGAS - Elev. 2033. Pop. est. February 1953 - 35,965. Desert Sea News BurellU Las Vegas is truly one of America's most amazing boom cities, having multiplied its population four times from 1940 to the present and pyramiding a $100,000 annual advertising investment into a yearly return from two million tourists of at least $122,000,000. The city perhaps is unequalled in America for percentage growth in retail sales and buying income. Las Vegas is famous, of course, as a gambling, pleasure, and divorce heaven. Seven huge resort hotels - usually crammed to the brim with vacationers and requiring reservations far in advance - offer de-luxe accommodations at $7 to $20 a day for two, with dining, swimming, sports, and floor shows on the side. These glittering palaces even have their own beauty salons, health clubs, stables, and exclusive shops. As with local night clubs, the resort hotels levy no cover or minimum charges at their elaborate floor shows, relying successfully on profits from such attractions as gambling and liquor to more than cover their expenses. Besides the crowded resort hotels, Las Vegas also has some 15 commercial hotels and more than 100 motels to accommodate pleasure-seekers. Yet, surprisingly enough, even this great reservoir of rooms is not sufficient on some weekends when thousands of fun-bent travelers from all over the country pour into the city. Gambling, divorce, and liquor are not the only attractions in and near Las Vegas, of course. The city also advertises its "sinus-proof desert air, its bone-soothing sun, its free- 25 dom from income and sales taxes, and its 24-hour "Howdy-Podner" hospitality. It also boasts that it has sunshine 99 ro of the time, rainfall under five inches annually, and an average mean temperature of 62 degrees. Dress is very casual. There are a number of dude ranches in the vicinity, and Lake Mead provides a large variety of water sports to many thousands of vacationers each year. Helldorado Week, an annual spring affair, features parades, rodeos, competitions of various kinds, square dancing in the streets, and an entire local population decked out in western clothes. Las Vegas has not always been in such a glamorous situation. Its early beginnings, as a matter of fact, were in striking contrast to the city's gay, carefree present, for in 1855 The Desert Sea News Bureau Meadows (as it was then known) were selected as a settlement by Mormon missionaries from Salt Lake City. The mission had a four-fold purpose: to teach the gospel and civilization to local Indians, to explore the Colorado River and its possibilities for navigation, to explore the valleys of the Virgin and Muddy, and to develop lead mines near Las Vegas. Several of these purposes were realized to some degree, but not enough to keep the project going; and in 1858 Brigham Young gave the members permission to return to Utah. In 1868 the Mormons offered their Las Vegas claims for sale. For more than 100 years Las Vegas has been a principal stop on the long road to southern California. Its modern history really began in 1905, however, when the railroad opened up thousands of acres of land for sale and guaranteed a water system, street improvements, railroad shops which would employ local people, and a handsome depot building. The town sprang up overnight, becoming county seat in 1909 and incorporating in 1911. Construction of Hoover Dam added to its size, wealth, and prestige during the 1930's, and World War II brought added prosperity with thousands of airmen at the Air Base and the huge Basic Magnesium Plant at Henderson. Since then a calculated advertising risk by local businessmen and the foresight and intelligence to capitalize on natural and man-made attractions have made it one of the pleasure capitals of America. 26 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I LAKE MEAD NATIONAL RECREATIONAL AREA Open all year. This large area, centered around Hoover Dam's Lake Mead and Davis Dam's Lake Mojave, is one of America's most popular recreational grounds. Here is a land where waterlovers can boat to their heart's content on the largest man-made lake in the world, with 229 square miles of water surface to explore in a painted and canyoned country which words can hardly describe. Fishermen can fish from boats or shore all year round. Swimmers can swim and bathers can bathe here, in cool blue waters. And geologists and photographers can find their respective heavens in this corrugated, technicolor land of sand and bare rock, of cliff and canyon and deep blue lakes. LAKE MEAD was named for the late Dr. Elwood Mead, commissioner of the Bureau of Reclamation at the time Hoover Dam was constructed. Formed in 1936 by completion of the dam, it covers at its highest level some 229 square miles of a.rea, having a maximum depth of 589 feet and containing 32,359,274 acre-feet of water. Its area, depth, and water content vary somewhat with the time of year and volume of flow to irrigated areas below. From Hoover Dam the huge lake winds 115 navigable miles through increasingly more lofty cliffs into the lower Grand Canyon itself; and side gorges of the Colorado make its 550- mile shoreline extremely irregular, at the same time adding to its fascinating opportunities for exploration. SWIMMING is ideal during many months of the year. Diving floats and safety lines are provided at Boulder Beach, Overton Beach, and Las Vegas Wash, with lifeguards on duty during the busy hours. BOATING must be done in accordance with area regulations. Boats may be launched on the lake after obtaining a boat permit from the superintendent's office or from any park ranger, a charge being made for this permit according to length and type of boat. Moorings may be arranged with the local mooring concessioner, or private moorings may be located and constructed in accordance with area specifications. Special regulations affecting safety, sanitation, navigation, and other phases of boating operation must be observed. Houseboats are not permitted. Lake Mead is dangerous in the same ways that any other large body of water is dangerous. Sudden winds may blow up, for instance, and sunken reefs are almost impossible to detect when a boat is traveling fast or winds have made the water choppy. Boaters should always exercise caution, and especially should they not stay out after dark. During summer the heat is intense, and since the shores afford neither trees nor shade, boaters should be wise enough to wear suitable head coverings. BOAT EXCURSIONS from Boulder City leave frequently during the vacation season, making both short and long trips to points of interest. One excursion, requiring nine hours and costing about $15 (children half price), is a 190-mile round trip into the Grand Canyon. Others are made to Hoover Desert Sea News Bureau 27 LAKE MEAD CMATllH BOlCH National Recreational Area· Arizona· Nevada National Park Service. BOUNDARY N.PS. __ _ BOUNDARY SmTf _ •• _ RORDS PRVED ROADS S[CONOARY=== RIRPORTS Dam ($1.73 for adults, half-price for children) ; and boats and pilots may be chartered for special excursions. Small boats are rented with or without motors, and motors are also rented separately. Tackle may be obtained on rental. FISHING can be done either from the shore or from boats, though the latter is recommended. Boats, motors, and guides may be obtained from private companies if desired. Serious fishermen should have several rods, one for baiting and one for casting; also a minnow bucket, deep plugs, and a stringer. Winter and early spring are said to be best for fishing, as the summer months are very hot. State fishing licenses are required for all fishing; and when a boat is used, then either a Nevada license with an Arizona stamp or an Arizona license with a Nevada stamp is required - depending on which side of the lake is fished. License fees vary according to length of stay, a regular license costing $6 and a stamp $2, with short-term tourist fees somewhat less. Minnows purchased in one state may be used in waters of the other as long as they have been obtained from licensed guides. Fishing is permitted all day, every day of the year, with limits being established for the entire recreational area as conditions may require. OTHER THINGS TO DO: The many miles of shore offer picnic and swimming opportunities for groups, and scenic trips can be made by automobile over the many primitive side roads in the area. (Inquire locally, however, before attempting any questionable dirt roads!) Small museums are maintained at the Administration Building in Boulder City, in the ranger station at the Boulder Beach road junction, and in Overton. These museums contain interesting exhibits of plant and animal life, extinct animals, Indian relics, and geology. Informal talks a re given at the Boulder Beach campground during the warmer months, and organized groups may obtain the services of a naturalist for boat trips or nature walks by writing to the superintendent. ANIMAL AND PLANT LIFE: Although this is mostly a barren desert country, about 60 different species of mammals have been noted within the area's boundaries. These include mountain sheep, Inyo mule deer, coyotes, bobcats, jackrabbits, badgers, ringtails, and foxes. Small rodents such as kangaroo rats, pack rats, deer mice Desert Sea News Bureau and ground .squirrels make up the bulk of the ani-mal populatIOn. More than 200 species of birds, 38 of reptiles, and six of amphibians have been noted in the area. Fish in the lake include Colorado "white salmon," largemouth bass, channel catfish, carp, bluegill, humpback suckers, black crappie, rainbow trout, and mosquito fish. Plant life represents the arid Lower Sonoran life zone. Many species of desert flowers bloom for months during the spring, with cacti blossoms adding their lovely colors also to the charming scene. The few kinds of trees in the area include the cottonwood, desert willow, mesquite, tamarix, and catclaw; in addition there are several spots containing Joshua trees, and the higher regions are forested with juniper, pinon, and ponderosa pine. 30 The following information is taken from the official government folder concerning Lake Mead National Recreational Area: HOW TO REACH LAKE MEAD NATIONAL RECREATIONAL AREA: By a1.domobile and bus.-Detailed information regarding motor roads to Lake Mead National Recreational Area may be obtained from local travel agencies and chambers of commerce. Most points in the area may be reached by surface roads. Personally conducted trips provided daily by the Greyhound Lines from Las Vegas to Boulder City and Hoover Dam include a boat ride on Lake Mead. The buses return to Las Vegas the same day. Charter and sightseeing trips are scheduled by Riddle Scenic Tours and Tanner Motor Tours. Bus service is available from Las Vegas, Boulder City, and Kingman, Arizona, to Hoover Dam and Davis Dam. By airplane.-United Air Lines, Western Airline Express, and Bonanza Airlines have daily service to Las Vegas. Desert Skyways, Inc., provides charter air service and sightseeing trips from the Boulder City Airport. Private planes may use the indicated landing strips throughout the area. At the Boulder City Airport, fuel and mechanic service may be obtained. By railroad.-The nearest railroad is the Union Pacific in Las Vegas, 23 miles away. Special bus sightseeing trips are available through the Union Pacific Railroad Co. The Santa Fe Railway at Kingman, Ariz., is about 80 miles from Boulder City. TRAVEL SEASON: The recreational area is open throughout the year and is a favorite winter resort for lovers of the outdoors. The really choice mon ths are March, April, and May, when the desert flowers perfume the air and paint the landscape with their brilliant colors. Then the birds are singing, the air is balmy, and nature calls to those who have ears to listen or eyes to perceive. October and November are usually bright and warm by day, with cool nights. Even during July and August, when temperatures may reach 1100 , the heat is not oppressive because of low relative humidity; and the nights are comfortable. For the summer sunshine, protection for the head and colored glasses are recommended. Blankets are usually required at night, even in the summertime. Winter weather may require the wearing of heavy coats, particularly in the mornings and evenipgs. ACCOMMODATIONS: A free public campground for both tent and trailer use is maintained by the National Park Service on the lake shore at Boulder Beach. Nearby are Lake Mead Lodge and a swimming beach and boat landing. At the campground are modern comfort stations, tables, fireplaces, waste receptacles, convenient water hydrants, and electric hotplates and outlets operating on commercial meters. Several hundred shade trees and shrubs have been planted here to make an attractive oasis. Elsewhere about the area, at many points where roads reach the lake shores, informal camping areas have been designated for public use. When using these remote sites, campers should be prepared to provide all their own needs for their entire stay. In some sections of the area the source of supply may be as much as 75 miles distant. Lake Mead Lodge, at Boulder Beach near the lake shore, furnishes excellent overnight accommodations. Comfortably furnished rooms, equipped with electric heating for winter and air cooling for summer, an unusually attractive dining room, lounge, and recreation rooms are among the services offered. 31 Cabin and tent-cabin facilities have been established at Overton Beach, Temple Bar, Willow Beach, Eldorado Canyon, and Searchlight Ferry (Cottonwood Landing). These may be equipped for housekeeping if desired. In Boulder City, there are hotel and auto-court accommodations and several cafes that serve good meals at reasonable prices. A variety of accommodations is also available at Las Vegas, 23 miles from Boulder City, and at Kingman, Ariz., 79 miles from Boulder City. Telephone, telegraph, postal, medical, and religious facilities are available in Boulder City, Las Vegas, and Overton, Nev., and at Kingman, Ariz., as are stores, garages, and photographic and curio shops. The National Park Service representative in direct charge of Lake Mead National Reccreational Area is the superintendent, who is assisted in serving the public by rangers, naturalists, boat pilots, and other members of his staff. The Service's headquarters are located in Boulder City. Visitors are welcome. Communications should be addressed to the Superintendent, Lake Mead National Recreational Area, Box 755, Boulder City, Nev. HELP US PROTECT THIS AREA. "Let no one say, and say it to your shame, That all was beauty here until you came." The recreational area regulations are designed for the protection of the natural features and for the comfort, convenience, and safety of visitors. Complete regUlations, from which this synopsis has been prepared, may be obtained at the superintendent's office or from any park ranger. Campgrounds.-A utomobile camping is confined to designated campgrounds, except when it is necessary to make camp on trips to isolated portions of the area. To keep all camping spots clean and sanitary, garbage and empty cans should be placed in garbage receptacles or buried if no containers are provided. Camping in anyone campground is limited to 30 days in any calendar year. Public Property, Trees, Flowers, and Animals.-The destruction, injury, or disturbance of public property, vegetation, flowers, rocks, birds, animals, and other natural features is not allowed. Dogs.-Dogs are not permitted to run at large in public campgrounds, on the beaches, in the vicinity of the boat landing, or in other places of visitor concentration. N oises.-Persons in camp should be quiet after the usual time for retiring. Most visitors come to the area for rest. Hunting.-Hunting within the area is restricted. Certain sections may be open to hunting when it is determined to be desirable by theNational Park Service superintendent and the State Game Commission. Hunting is not permitted in other areas administered by the National Park Service. Always obtain specific information from the superintendent's office or the local State game warden before entering the area to hunt. Lost and Found.-Persons finding lost articles may deposit them at the chief ranger's office in the National Park Service administration building located in Boulder City, or leave them with a park ranger. Park Rangers.-The rangers are here to help and to advise you as well as to see that regUlations are enforced. When in doubt, consult the rangers. Safety Rules.-Fishermen, boatmen, and swimmers are urged to follow these basic rules of safety: 1. Always leave \vord with someone as to when and where you are going and when you expect to return. This information will aid rescue parties in the event you are missing. 32 2. Stay ashore when water is rough. If you are on the lake when it is very rough, find a sheltered cove and wait for calm water. 3. Sit down, and sit still, when in a boat. 4. Equip your boat with air tanks; carry a life preserver for every passenger; carry day and night flares for use if in distress. 5. Swim only in designated places. Union Pacific Railroad HOOVER DAM, its construction begun in 1931, was completed in a record five years and two years ahead of schedule. Four thousand men, employed by a group of huge contracting firms which had combined their total resources for the project, poured into the dam some 3,250,000 cubic yards of cement from eight huge mixers, dug four spillway tunnels through solid rock (measuring 50 feet in diameter and with a total length of 16,000 feet), and installed 34 turbines and generators with a capacity of 1,835,- 000 horsepower. The dam is 726 feet high, 45 feet thick at the top and 660 at the bottom. Elevators descend 528 feet from the dam's crest, a distance equal to a 44-story building. Maximum pressure on the dam's base is 45,000 pounds per square foot. Hoover Dam's authorized cost was $165,- 000,000. Originally named Hoover Dam, it was renamed Boulder Dam in 1933. In 1947 the name was changed back to Hoover Dam. BOULDER CITY. - Elev. 2500. Pop. 1950, 3903. Boulder City is a model government- built city of well kept homes. During construction of Hoover Dam it was used as a housing project for workers, and since completion of the dam it has been used as a permanent administrative headuarters for government forces at the dam and in the Lake Mead area. There is no private ownership of pr.operty and no permanent leases. Commercial establishments are grouped together in a zoned section along the Las Vegas highway. 33 Adjoins 22 MORMON NORTH MUDDY MTNS. r-, I I I I RANGE I L, r- I I I r:J ,...J '"-______ --' 687Ji: VALLEY OF FIRE STATE PARK L- __ ~- - - - -,s,v.t.r-, I ,._--L- l<-" ... ___o.J <,s SOU T H MUD D Y M T N S. ;::::..r I I r--"• I r--J I ;t. ..R..... o ~ . 00 "0"0 Highway 91 north of Las Vegas penetrates a dead land of utter desolation, with no settlements along its length from North Las Vegas to Bunkerville, a distance of more than 80 empty miles. True, there are a few solitary roadside stations, and the MOAPA V ALLEY hamlets are not far away; but the highway itself passes through not one settlement which can be distinguished by that term. Mountain ranges are prominent in this section, as in the Mojave, but they are more rugged mountains here, with deeply eroded crags and cliffs and jagged peaks. Many of their colors are more somber, too, consisting for the most part of dull grays, faded yellows and browns contrasted with the pale green of desert brush. Both the Arrow Canyon and Mormon Ranges rank among the state's mos rugged, though they are not extensive chains and are matched in roughness by the towering Sheep Mountains off the map to the west. North Virgin Peak's lofty nipple is one of the most prominent landmarks in the entire region as compared with the low, unimpressive Muddies; and the wooded Beaver Dam Mountains grow higher and darker far to the northeast. Leaving California Wash, a wide valley between the Arrow Canyon and Muddy Ranges, the highway descends into the breaks of the Muddy River, crosses that stream at Glendale, and then climbs out past Overton onto Mormon Mesa - an immense flat stretch of country which is overlooked by rocky peaks of the Mormon and Virgin Mountains and cut in twain by the canyons of the Virgin and Muddy. MOAPA VALLEY AND MUDDY RIVER - Though to the casual traveler this forsaken land could not possibly afford a livelihood to human beings, surprisingly enough it has done just that for many hundreds of years. The little Muddy, rising from a large and clear warm spring some 30 miles north of its old junction with the Virgin, has provided irrigation water over uncounted centuries for ancient Indian inhabitants of its fertile valley. The stream's low banks have facilitated ditching, as have the level fields in the canyon bottom, and modern - day scientists have uncovered perhaps 100 distinct sites where aboriginal Indians lived and farmed for ages. These early people even mined pure rock salt from deposits in the lower valley. Jedediah Smith touched this region in the 1820's and Fremont passed through in 1844. The General was not complimentary in his description of the cheerless land, however, writing that the lower Virgin was "the most dreary river I have ever seen." Mormons and Argonauts en route to and from southern California in the late 1840's and for many years thereafter were required to traverse its "blistering, alkali" wastes-and more than a few unlucky travelers who wandered from the trail paid with their lives in its dehydrated vastness. Almost unrecorded were the a.nnual Mexican caravans from New Mexico to southern California, followThe fertile Moapa Valley lies under the peaks of the Mormon Range ing the Spanish Trail blazed in 1831 by William Wolfskill. But they left the trail marks of their animals' hooves across the mesas and down the canyon beds, to be followed grate- 35 a fully by later caravans of explorers, missionaries, freighters, and fortune - seekers. The Spaniards knew the future Muddy by a more dignified name, that of Rio de los Angeles or River of the Angels. Anglo-Saxon settlement of the Moapa Valley began during the 1850's when a number of Mormons from Utah were "called" to the Muddy Mission. This mission lasted only a few years, and not until 1865 was it reinstated. The settlers' huts were built of adobe, with willow and mud roofs and grouped together as forts. It is recorded that the summer heat was so intense in this country that chickens refused to run on the blistering ground and butter was poured from bottles. Malaria took its toll, farming results were poor, and Indians made life miserable with their begging and the ever-present threat of attack. So it is not hard to understand why a call to settle in this valley was dreaded by early Saints in Utah. In 1869 a Federal survey showed that the Moapa and Las Vegas regions were in N evada territory, and though the people had been paying their taxes in kind to Utah or Arizona, Nevada still insisted that they be paid retroactively to her in coin. Next year Brigham Young visited the Muddy settlements with a large party of retainers on a projected tour to the San Francisco Mountains, and probably to see for himself whether the region was worth fighting for. He had planned a steamer port, to be named Montezuma and located near the junction of the Virgin and Colorado; but Charles Savage, a member of his party, wrote years later that the President's enthusiasm waned considerably after he left St. George and saw the land with his own eyes. "A God-forsaken country," the President said, and thereafter spoke no more of Montezuma, of steamers or the San Francisco Mountains. It is probable that this trip was influential in the Church's subsequent decision to solve the tax problem by abandoning all its settlements in southern Nevada; and in 1871 the tiny Muddy hamlets were left to the Indians and the heat. Most of the evacuees resettled in Long Valley, north of Kanab, Utah, where they were instrumental in establishing the famed Orderville cooperative experiment; many returned to the Muddy once more in 1880 or soon after, when Elizabeth Whitmore of St. George bought the Patterson Ranch for $4000. CRYSTAL - A lone service station and refreshment stop at the junction of 91 and graveled State 40 to Valley of Fire. DRY LAKE - A railroad siding on the slokes of the small Dry Lake Range, overlooking the flat-bottomed valley of an ancient lake. There also is a tiny new school-house, a fountain, cafe, and service station. GLENDALE - Here, at the junction of 91 and 93, is located a service station, restaurant, and motel. Half a mile north is Arrowhead Garage and cafe; south is a railroad siding, highway maintenance shop, and a few houses. Glendale was settled by Mormons in 1855 and was probably named by James Leithead, a prominent Muddy Valley settler, for his home in Scotland. (Leithead moved to Long Valley at the exodus in 1871 and named the town of Glendale there.) LOGANDALE - Elev. 1400. Logandale is a clean little hamlet in the lower Moapa Valley, depending principally on dairying, tomatoes, vegetables, hay and grain for a livelihood. A sand mining and milling industry is located here also. Logandale claims the "finest winter climate in the west," not an unreasonable claim, and it proudly displays a beautiful new L.D.S. chapel and new brick school building. Logandale was settled in 1865 and was known for years as St. Joseph (after Joseph W. Young, a son of Brigham Young and active in Muddy River colonization). Abandoned in 1871, it was resettled about 1880 and renamed Logan for a local family of that name; "dale" w.as added later to avoid confusion with Logan, Utah. MOAPA VALLEY INDIAN AGENCY is a center of ranches where a few Paiutes try to wrest a living from the harsh earth. 36 OVERTON - Elev. 1285. Pop. 1953 est. - 800. Overton is the main settlement in Moapa Valley, there being located the Moapa Valley Chamber of Commerce, a branch of the Clark County Memorial Hospital, a silica sand and mica plant, and tourist facilities such as motels and trailer courts, theater, sporting goods shops, restaurants, and service stations. Agriculture is practiced extensively in the area, with dairying, tomatoes, vegetables, fine cantaloupes, and hay as the most important. Moapa Pioneers - Monument in Overton Further down the road, on the shore of Lake Mead, is Overton Beach and a branch of Lake Mead Boat Company. This is an increasingly popular resort for all-year bass and crappie fishing, for boating and other water sports. (See Lake Mead National Recreational Area.) Another attraction in Overton is the Lost City Museum, a tan adobe replica of one of the ancient pueblo Indian dwellings found at Lost City nearby and now covered by the waters of Lake Mead. Lost City, sometimes called Pueblo Grande de Nevada, belonged to the third Pueblo period; and the museum grounds contain accurate facsimiles of kivas and chambers made of mud, stones, and logs. There are rest rooms and a small picnic bowery at the museum, which is operated jointly by the National Park Service and the State of Nevada. Overton was named by its early Mormon settlers because it was "over" or upstream from the formerly more important St. Thomas. ST. THOMAS - Elev. 1145. This is one of the country's most unusual ghost towns, because for years at a time its site is covered by 60 feet of water. Six times between 1937, when first it disappeared into Lake Mead, and 1952, the ruins of old St. Thomas have reappeared when the level of the lake has fallen low enough. But nothing remains to be seen except the foundations of its old houses. St. Thomas had a one-time population of 800 and was the principal Mormon settlement in this region for many years. WEST POINT, near Moapa, no longer exists on the map; but it was the first and most northerly Muddy settlement in 1865. While Brigham Young's party visited here in 1870 a lone camel came into camp, "hungry and desolate." The awkward beast was sent to Salt Lake City for exhibition and, Savage records, "The young man who took the camel to Salt Lake had a terrible experience. Every animal that saw him on the road became frightened and ran away, compelling him to travel in the night." 37 2 o ~ Q: o ~ MORMON I VALLEY OF FIRE STATE PARK is a weird area of brilliant red cliffs and beautifully-eroded rock formations, petroglyphs and petrified logs. The unpaved road through the park, which follows a section of the old Mormon trail, is graded all the way and graveled over much of its length; but it is dusty and corrugated in spots. However, the region is interesting enough scenically to make the trip well worth-while. The area of greatest and most picturesque erosion-a chaotic jumble of pitted and curiously eroded red sandstone formations - is only two miles from the Overton Road. Near these and not far from the road is a white monument bearing a cross; this was erected by the Overton Chapter of VFW in memory of Captain John J. Clark, an old retired veteran who was found dead of thirst at this spot in 1915. A half mile from the road (shown on the map) is a picnic spot with shade and tables. Scene in the Valley of Fire For almost 20 miles the broad highway crosses Mormon Mesa's level face and affords sweeping views of all the area's jumbled mountain ranges. Finally winding down a steep cliff into the valley of the Virgin, 91 crosses that chocolate-colored meandering stream over a narrow bridge and cuts its way northeast through the rolling gravel hills which lie above the river's wide flood plains. By-passing the small agricultural hamlet of BUNKERVILLE, with its many ancient, empty-eyed pioneer homes, the road then crosses the Virgin once more and makes a sharp right turn into MESQUITE. From this tourist oasis - advertised unsparingly by large signboards for many miles in both directions - 91 enters Arizona and narrows to a width which is hardly suitable for modern cars. Much of its route through Arizona is winding, dipping, ascending, and descending, all of which necessitates low speeds and extreme caution. The section of the Virgin traversed here by 91 is an example of the kind of terrain through which ran the early pioneer and Spanish trails. Although some wagon roads followed the waterless top of Mormon Mesa from end to end, other tr3.ils kept to the valley of the Virgin as far as old St. Thomas. One account states that the river had to be forded 34 times in less than 50 miles, with constant danger and harassment from quicksand and floods. BUNKERVILLE - A little farming village along the fertile river bottom, Bunkerville is a tree-shrouded pioneer settlement which depends on products such as vegetables, melons, and grapes. Flood-plagued for years, it was settled in 1877 as a United Order experiment by Mormon families from Santa Clara. For 2lj2 years the Order continued, with all t?~ people living like one big family and practicing an economy which proved almost selfsuffICIent. 39 VALLEY NATIONAL "'~"'~ ... \ UTAH ....... ------------1- ~./~.-\~ .'" ) ( ( 70 WolF Hole and 1t1t. T """buff ~ On the desert northeast of here in 1869 a pioneer couple and their 12-year-old son died of thirst while attempting to reach St. George by a route that appeared easier than the Virgin Canyon. Their wagon had broken down and the boy had tried to reach Beaver Dam Wash for water, leaving his parents behind at the wagon. Their bodies were found several days later. MESQUITE is a trade center for surrounding ranches and principal tourist stop between Las Vegas and St. George. There are many cafes, motels, service stations, and garages in town, with ice cream, cold drinks,. and dry ice receiving a good deal of emphasis in the merchants' roadside advertising. Known by Mormons since the early 1850's, the site was not settled until 1880. Three years later it was abandoned because of floods and sickness, then in 1885 it was resettled permanently. For a time Mesquite was under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of Bunkerville. RIVERSIDE - A small service station offering refreshments and cabin facilities in a welcome grove of trees. Like Cajon Pass in California, Beaver Dam Pass in Utah is a portal between two entirely different lands. South of the pass stretches a vast desert, painted in quiet colors and sparsely covered with Joshua trees, Spanish bayonet, creosote, mesquite, and smaller vegetation; beyond the BEAVER DAM MOUNTAINS and to their northeast lies another desert, also sparsely cloaked with plant life but wonderfully different in geological forms and coloring. Here is the majestic beauty of vertical cliffs and yawning canyons, of flat-topped buttes and cone-like peaks, of lava flows and extinct volcanic craters and enormous faultsall colored not alone in quiet hues, but also - and predominantly - in powerful shades of red and brown, intermixed and contrasting strongly with green and blue, black and white and yellow. The mountains in this new land are higher, with thick stands of Utah juniper and pinon, with forests of spruce and pine, fir and aspen. Most of this land of the Virgin, though more broken and highly colored than the southern deserts, is still just as dry and desolate; but there are more running streams and bottom lands for farming. There are more towns and cities and hamlets, because there is more water, more farmland and timber. This is Utah's "Dixie," colonized in the 1850's and 1860's by hardy Saints from northern Utah and far-off Switzerland, called by their church to perform a heartbreaking mission of civilizing the Indians, growing cotton, manufacturing silk, and conquering a grim and forbidding land .... East of BEAVER DAM LODGE comes the Virgin, slicing the high mountain range from top to bottom in a narrow canyon some 2000 feet or more in depth. Through this gorge in 1826 struggled Jedediah Smith the Pathbreaker, and its depths were traveled again in 1852 by a Mormon exploring party under John D. Lee. Both times the canyon proved too hazardous and difficult for a trail. North of Beaver Dam Lodge the highway begins a long climb through Joshua trees and junipers into the mountain pass from which it descends into rocky Santa Clara valley. Here is where the dark PINE VALLEY MOUNTAINS come into view, with bright vermilion cliffs at their base and the towers of Zion far off to the east. BEAVER DAM LODGE is a travelers' 'stop on the banks of Beaver Dam Wash, named by pioneers in 1861 for beaver colonies found along the stream. The lodge offers meals and rooms, a lounge and cocktail bar. Across the stream to the north is a service station and cafe. Early in 1953 a flash fire caused damage estimated at $70,000, destroying the diesel plant at the lodge and cutting off power to the neighboring town of Littlefield. 41 BEAVER DAM MOUNTAINS are a scenically attractive ral!ge which.h3;rbor the r~ch Tutsagabet Mining District. It is said that these mountains contam an unhmIted quantIty of good grade copper ore, besides undeveloped stores of gold, silver, lead, and other metals. The most famous mine is the Apex, worked since 1872 for its copper ores and paymg more than $2,000,000 in values. The mine is deep, having a perpendicular depth of approximately 1000 feet. DIAMOND VALLEY VOLCANOES, south of Veyo, are three remarkably symmetrical and impressive cones reached over a fine paved road which passes within a few feet of each. The highest cone is near Veyo. One of the others is fast being decimated- by man for its cinder content. GUNLOCK-Elev. 3500. Pop. 1953 est.-90. Gunlock, named for "Gunlock Bill" Hamblin, sharpshooting brother of the famed missionary, Jacob Hamblin (see below), is a small farming community located in the upper reaches of Santa Clara canyon and raising beef cattle, cane for molasses, hay, grain, vegetables, and fruit. It has an impressive locale beneath painted, lava-capped cliffs and odd-shaped peaks. LITTLEFIELD, ARIZONA was founded in 1864 by Mormons and was Arizona's first perma- Diamond Valley volcano nent agricultural community. It was known early as Beaver Dams and later as Millersburg, its present name being given in the late 1870's. Much of the first colonists' labor was destroyed jn 1867 by a disastrous flood, and the location was abandoned until the mid-70's. Brigham Young's caravan stopped here in 1870, camping overnight at the old village site; while here his party was visited by old Piute Chief Thomas and some of his tribe who were seeking protection from prowling Navajos on the warpath. Near here, in 1844, one of Fremont's men was killed by Indians. MOUNT AIN MEADOWS, located in the Pine Valley Mountains a few miles north of Central, have had a long history - some of it pleasant and refreshing, much of it horrible. The meadows were a well known stop on the Old Spanish and California Trails, a place where southbound caravans would make final preparations for the long desert trek ahead and northbound trains would rest and recuperate. The Spanish called them Las Vegas de la Santa Clara, and Fremont described the spot as "all refreshing and delightful to look upon." Then, in 1857, the Meadows were the scene of a most brutal slaughter of more than 100 men, women, and children - eastern emigrants traveling to California. The massacre was conducted by a number of local white fanatics and Indians, but the true facts have been so obscured by time, emotion, and deliberate falsehoods that no attempt will be made here to elaborate the story further. A number of good books are available on the subject, including one entitled The Mountain Meadows Massacre, by Juanita Brooks of St. George. PINE VALLEY MOUNTAINS are one of the state's most beautiful ranges, supporting as they do such lovely forests and lakes, and towering majestically above such a kaleidoscopic and corrugated wonderland of rock. Their volcanic peaks furnish much of the life-giving water and timber for Dixie's settlements, and in pioneer days their forests provided specially- selected wood for the great tabernacle organ at Salt Lake City. ST. GEORGE-Elev. 2800. Pop. 1950-4562. Capital of Utah's Dixie, St. George today is a clean, civic-minded little city which gains much of its income from the tourist trade. The city has a number of fine, modern motor courts and restaurants, garages and service sta- 42 tions. Located here is the beautiful white St. George Temple, first Mormon temple to be completed in Utah, and a classic Mormon tabernacle which was begun in the 1860's and completed in 1876. Two of Brigham Young's homes still remain; they were used during his periodic winter visits to the southland. Dixie State Junior College is located here also. St. George was not one of the first settlements in this area of Utah, as it was not founded until 1861. The name was given in honor of George A. Smith, a Mormon leader and father of the Southern Utah missions. Its economy has been variously supported over the years by farming, cotton-manufacturing, silk-raising, mining at Silver Reef and in the Beaver Dam Mountains, and more recently by the tourist industry, local trade and farming. The ST. GEORGE TEMPLE site was chosen and dedicated by Brigham Young; later found to be located on a hidden bog, the temple foundation was made of hundreds of tons of volcanic rock pounded into the mud by a lead-filled Napoleonic brass cannon which had found its devious way to California and finally to Utah. Building of the temple was a miraculous work of human sacrifice requiring six long years of great hardship and devotion. Saints from northern Utah were called on 40-day missions to work on the temple, while those in the south gave one day in ten as tithing labor. 17,000 tons of rock were quarried by hand and hauled by ox team; large timbers were freighted overland some 80 miles and seven days from Mt. Trumbull near the Grand Canyon. The Saints contributed food, made the carpets, did the decorating. After the red sandstone building was finally completed, it was plastered a gleaming white; and then it was dedicated on April 6, 1877, five months before the death of President Young. DIXIE JUNIOR COLLEGE, dating from 1911, is a modern state-supported institution which offers The beautiful St. George Temple four years of work - two of high school and two of under-graduate college work. Fully accredited, the school is now conducting an extensive building and construction program. SANTA CLARA-Elev. 2625. Pop. 1953 est.-320. Santa Clara is a proud, tree-shaded little village on the river of the same name, widely known for its cleanliness and fine orchard fruits. Its people engage in fruitgrowing, cattle raising, and truck farming, while many of its male residents conduct a large cooperative trucking enterprise which serves Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California. Santa Clara has had a long history, dating from its settlement in 1854 by Jacob Hamblin, brave and honored "Apostle to the Lamanites," and others. The hamlet was reinforced several years later by a group of Swiss converts called to the Dixie Mission for grape raising and wine making. Like other desert settlements in this area, Santa Clara suffered greatly from recurrent devastating floods; but unlike many others it has managed to prosper instead of withering from age and the ravages of the elements. 43 Most early houses were built of cedars, willows, and cottonwood logs; but Jacob Hamblin's red stone fortress-house, built in 1862, is still standing on the west side of Santa Clara. JACOB HAMBLIN was a quiet man whose life was dedicated to keeping peaceful relations between the red man and the white man. He is known as "Apostle to the Lamanites" (Mormon name for the Indians), and on his grave marker at Alpine, Arizona, is the title "Peace Maker in the Camp of the Lamanites." This devoted man was instrumental in avoiding several bloody conflicts between the Mormons and Navajos, risking his life many times in accomplishing the mission to which he had been called. He died of "malarial fever" at Pleasanton, New Mexico, in 1886, leaving a posterity which has grown into the thousands. SHIVWITS - SHEBIT INDIAN RESERVATION comprises some 27,000 acres of mountain and valley lands. Perhaps 100 Indian souls do farming and handicraft work to eke out a living, while the children attend white schools in the area. SNOW CANYON, which can be seen in overview from a lookout point only 7lj2 miles north of Highway 91, is one of southern Utah's most charming attractions - especially in the late afternoon when the colors and shadows have deepened. A broad and intricately weathered canyon of red and yellow sandstone, the gorge is located in an area of extensive volcanic activity. At some ancient time great streams of basalt, now petrified into picturesque falls, cascaded over the canyon rim and covered its floor from wall to wall in a level flood which half-buried a few red and rounded sandstone islands. In some other area of fewer competing attractions, Snow Canyon would be famous - in southern Utah its beauty has been eclipsed by that of Zion. Snow Lookout also affords sweeping panoramas of the Hurricane Cliffs and Virgin badlands. WASHINGTON - Elev. 2800. Pop. 1950- 435. A farming village and suburb of St. George, Washington has a history dating from 1857. Many of its early settlers were from the southern states, chosen especially for their knowledge of cotton raising, and the old cotton factory which opened here in 1867 still stands south of the highway. Floods, heat, malaria, and poor crops plagued the early pioneers, yet most of them remained steadfast. The cotton industry continued until 1910, and it is said that a few plants are still grown as curiosities. WASHINGTON COUNTY - Area, 2425 sq. miles. Pop. 1950 - 9836. Density 4.1. Washington County was organized in 1855 and named in honor of George Washington. Though it was on the old Spanish Trail to California, the county was not explored systematically until 1849-50. Early settlers were not especially happy about their "call" to this cheerless region, and one of their The old Mormon cotton mill still stands songs reads in part: "Mesquit, soap-root, prickly-pear and briars - Dixie is the promised land that everyone desires." In 1862 the region produced over 70,000 pounds of cotton, even exporting some of it to other states. Now it js important for its scenic attractions and as a producer of turkey poults. One of its interesting products, still manufactured to some degree, is "Dixie Lick," 44 otherwise known as Dixie Sorghum or molasses, and reputed to have a higher iron content and lighter color than commercial molasses. Dixie is unusual botanically because its flora is of a Lower Sonoran desert type surrounded on all sides by cold temperate flora. Sub-zero temperatures occur very rarely in this area, and St. George motels have a standing offer of free rooms if the sun fails to shine (because of clouds) on any given day. U S. Forest Service Pine Valley Lake is nestled amid impressive peakl'! ZION NATIONAL MONUMENT Zion National Monument is one of the least known and least visited scenic areas in Utah, despite the fact that it lies only a few miles east of Highway 91. Most of the monument is inaccessible except by foot or horseback, although several cross-country dirt roads pass through some of the region. It still retains its primitive loneliness disturbed only occasionally by a chance stockman or a tourist of the more rugged type. The features and coloring of Zion National Monument are somewhat similar to those of its better known neighbor, Zion Canyon, though not in such concentrated degree. It is higher country, also, with a harsher climate than that of Zion Canyon; only 1/10 of the monument's area lies below 5000 feet, with about half of it lying above 7000 feet. The monument's 8cenery consist of profound, narrow canyons; high cliffs and buttresses; volcanic cones and lava flows; lofty timbered mountains; and wide areas of comparatively flat land. Much of the coloring is in varied shades of red, which in places is deeper than that of Zion Canyon. Some lava streams extend from four to nine miles down several valleys, with the southern extension of the monument having such an extensive covering of lava flows and cones that it is called the Kolob volcanic field. The many streams in the monument are remarkable for their very steep gradients, many of them descending for short distances at the rate of 300 to 1000 feet a mile. There are no accommodations in the monument. The season is relatively short, due to the high altitude, and roads and trails are most satisfactory only during the summer months (perhaps June 1 to September 30). At any time, visitors should inquire locally as to road condi tions. 45 Adjoins 58 ( Z I/O N BUTTE /2 ". SOUTH NTH, 66'37 Lei thead (Canaan) Ranch (/~ Big Plain Junction (~ c~ ~Ir ~ L----.,.,~~;:...· '"""'''--::~'_-·11.7'' TOWERS OF .' ------~'~ •. ,............ . TUMURRU - - • ..... - -1j:::=-=-==-::':::V:."l MORAVE CO. "\... $hort Cre~. < Sh"J!P'" ~' 3 s"ortc~~ J.4/(~s ~::! This section encompasses one of the most geologically interesting and scenically spectacular regions in the world. Here is much of the Virgin's marvelous Zion Canyon and its tributary gorges on La Verkin and North Creeks; here is the lofty face of Hurricane Ledge, a great fault which runs south beyond the Grand Canyon and north to the Tushars; here are volcanic cones, frozen streams of lava, geologic anticlines, warm springs, vast mesas, oil fields, and a wonderful sandstone cliff from which millions of dollars in silver has been removed. For the most part this is a harsh land of dead rocks, though it is marvelous to the tourist eye and has spread its fame around the world. But for living men, trying to wrest a bare existence from its sterile wastes, it is not a pleasant land. Usable resources are few, and Dixie has never been able to hold its youth or maintain a stable popUlation level. Tillable farmland is strictly limited, and terrible floods during pioneer days washed away much valuable soil. Mining at SILVER REEF aided the local economy considerably for many years, but oil wells near VIRGIN CITY were closed almost before they began to produce. Agriculture and livestock have been the most important economic factors, with tourist services complementing them to a large degree in recent years. ANDERSONS RANCH, also known as Anderson Junction, is a small cafe standing near a low lava dike. At an elevation of 3700 feet, it is near the northern extremity of Dixie's warm-type plant zone. ASH CREEK AND CANYON - This mountain stream winds in a deep canyon between the steep, lava-capped face of Hurricane Fault and the wooded Pine Valley foothills. Its course in early days was one of the roughest stretches of road between north and south. George A. Smith, who traveled it in 1858, several years before a better road was built, described the route as "the most desperate piece of road that I ever traveled in my life, the whole ground being covered for miles with stones, volcanic rock, cobble heads, and so forth; and in places deep sand. Our slow progress caused us to suffer for want of water." Father Escalante in 1776 named the lower stream N. S. Pilar, Rio de N uestra Senora de Zaragosa. GRAFTON - Elev. 3686. Marked by an ancient stone meetinghouse, Grafton today is a ghost town in a rock wilderness. Established .in 1859, its old site was destroyed by violent floods during the Great Rain of 1861-2 and the town was relocated. Named for Grafton, Massachusetts, it became the first seat of old Kane County and in 1900 supported about 120 souls; floods washed away most of the fields, however, and the people gradually moved elsewhere. The site has been used for several Hollywood movies, including the film Ramrod. Between Grafton and Virgin City lies the deserted site of tiny Duncans Retreat, a settlement which dated from 1861 and had a small population for about 20 years before floods made farming impossible. HARRISBURG JUNCTION AND HARRISBURG-At the junction is a cafe-service station and a shop dealing in rocks and western jewelry. Four miles north in a valley is the deserted site of old Harrisburg, its few remaining red-rock houses only vacant-eyed shells. Harrisburg was an early farm community and freighting stop which prospered during the heydays of nearby Silver Reef. After the mines began their decline, Harrisburg gradually lost out in importance to Leeds and finally succumbed entirely. It was named by Brigham Young in 1862 for Moses Harris, an early settler. HURRICANE - Elev. 3250. Pop. 1950 -1271. Named for the majestic Hurricane Fault (Ledge, Cliff), this prosperous community is one of Utah's more recent additions. A growing season of 190 days permits excellent crops of alfalfa, fine orchard fruits of many varieties, grapes, sugar beets, and vegetables. Yet only 60 years ago this bench was an UIiinhabited, waterless desert, reclaimed since then by the faith and determination of a few 47 men and women. Beginning in 1893 and not finishing for 11 long years, Dixie people dug and blasted from the Virgin River a canal nine feet wide, four deep, and eight miles long. Using nothing more complicated than a wheelbarrow, they built dams (two of which were destroyed by floods), trestles to support high flumes, and nine tunnels through solid rock. Roads were built by convict labor during the early 1900's, and today the town has a fine $80,000 airport, a modern school, and an attractive business district - all of it a monument to the ingenuity and tenacity of man. LA VERKIN - Elev. 3313. Pop. 1953 est. - 375. La Verkin, like its neighboring town Hurricane, is nestled beneath the crumbling ledges of Hurricane Fault. From Hurricane to La Verkin the highway crosses the Virgin over a high bridge some 389 feet in length. East of here the river cuts a deep gor!f.e (known as Timpoweap Canyon) through Hurricane Fault. Far down at the canyon s mouth is a popular resort known as Dixie Hot Springs, where local people can swim and bathe all year. La Verkin and Hurricane are the youngest settlements in southwestern Utah, not having been colonized until the 1890's. La Verkin's fields are irrigated from Virgin River water flowing through ditches, tunnels, and pipelines, with its household water coming in pipes from Ash Creek. The town is a fruit growing area and the people also raise livestock, turkeys, chickens, and dairy cattle. It received its name from La Verkin Creek. LEEDS - Elev. 3550. Pop. est. 1953 - 175. Leeds is an unassuming little highway town with peach orchards, truck gardens, beet fields, dairy cows, and, it is claimed, the longest growing season in southern Utah. Uranium deposits are worked nearby. Known for several years in pioneer days as Bennington, Leeds has had a wild and romantic past which it has managed to outlive and tell about. Situated only a mile from old Silver Reef (see below), the village naturally received an invigorating shot in the economic arm for many years; it was a. trade center and host for hundreds of miners during the boom years of the 70's and 80's, providing them incidentally with a powerful beverage called Dixie Wine. These prosperous days, however, passed away with the ore deposits at Silver Reef; and today only some aged red houses can remember much about them. It is said that many of these old buildings in Leeds would assay high in silver, since they were built of silverbearing sandstone taken from the reef. OAK GROVE FOREST CAMP (May to October) is 9 miles from Leeds over an improved forest road, high in the Pine Valley Mountains. There is space for 25 cars and 8 trailers. Facilities include playgrounds, stoves, piped water, and toilets. The area is popular for hunting and fishing in season. , PINTURA - Elev. 4000. Pop. est. 1953 - 40. Consisting of a few small houses at the edge of a juniper forest, Pintura is a fruit-growing and cattle-raising hamlet. Its orchards produce fine peaches, pears, plums, and apples, while grapes are grown in its vineyards. Pintura is a Spanish word meaning picture or painting, applied to the town in 1925. Before that, since 1868, the village had been known as Belleview - and for some years before 1868 it was called Ashton.
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|Rainbow Roads guide to Highways 91, 89, and 191 by Ward J. Roylance, 1953
|Rainbow Roads guide to Highways 91, 89, and 191: from San Bernardino to Yellowstone / compiled and edited by Ward J. Roylance. Is from the library of S. George Ellsworth and is comb-bound.
|Roylance, Ward J. (Ward Jay), 1920-1993
Automobile travel
|Subject Keywords
United States Highway 89
|Original Date
|Search Date
|Geographic Locations
Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5780993/
Idaho, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5596512/
Montana, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5667009/
Nevada, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5509151/
Arizona, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5551752/
Utah, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5549030/
Wyoming, United States, http://sws.geonames.org/5843591/
|Time Periods
20th century
|Utah State University, Special Collections and Archives, General Book Collection, 917.92 R815R
|Physical Collection
|Utah State University, Special Collections and Archives, General Book Collection
|SCA Call Number
|Reproduction for publication, exhibition, web display or commercial use is only permissible with the consent of the USU Special Collections and Archives, phone (435) 797-2663.
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|To order photocopies, scans, or prints of this item for fair use purposes, please see Utah State University's Reproduction Order Form at: https://library.usu.edu/specol/using/copies.php
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, s
. A/JlI It /lOADS "
Utah State University
Special Collections & Archives
From the Library
S. George Ellsworth
1916 - 1997
Battleship Rock
Beaver Dam Creek
Beaver Dam Lodge
Black Rock Creek
Bright Angel Point
Cane Beds
Echo Cliffs
Grand Canyon
House Rock
House Rock Valley
Jacob Lake
Kaibab Indian
Kaibab Plateau
Kanab Creek
Lees Ferry
Marble Canyon
Mokiah Wash
Paria Plateau
Pipe Spring National
Monument 80, 87, 88
Shinarump Cliffs 80
Short Creek 46
Summit Valley 80
Towers of Tumurru 46
Vermilion Cliffs . 46, 88
Virgin Mountains 40
Virgin River 40
Afton Canyon
A lvord Mountain
Avawatz Mountains
Baldy Mesa
Beacon Station
Bicycle Dry Lake
Black Hills
Black Mountain
Border Station
Bristol Mountains
Cady Mountains
Cajon Pass
Calico Mountains
Camp Irwin
Cat Mountain
Cave Canyon
Cave Mountain
Cima Dome
Clark Mountain
Clark Mountain Station
Club Peak
Coyote Dry Lake
Cronise Dry Lakes
Cronise Station
Deadman Point
Death Valley
Nat!. Monument
Desert City Station
Desert Siding
Devils Playground
Eagle Crags
Fremont Peak
Granite Mountains
Halloran Springs Station
Harper Dry Lake
Hawes 6
Hubers Station
Ivanpah Dry Lake
Ivanpah Mountains
Ivanpah Valley
Kelso Peak
Kessler Peak
Kingston Range
Kokoweef Peak
Lake Arrowhead
Lake Manix
Lakeview Junction
Lane Mountain
Mescal Range
Mesquite Dry Lake
Mojave Desert
Mojave River
Mojave River Sink
Mt. Afton
Mt. Pisgah
Mountain Pass
10, 16
,s, 10, 16
Newberry Mountain
New York Mountains
Old Dad Mountain
Opal Mountain
Ord Mountain
Oro Grande
Paso Alto Station
Pilot Knob
Red Pass Lake
6, 10
Rim of the World Drive
San Bernardino 2
San Bernardino Mtns.
San Gabriel Mtns.
Shadow Mountains
Sidewinder Mountain
Sidewinder Valley
Silurian Hills
Silver Lake
Soda Lake
Soda Range
Stoddard Mountain
Stoddard Ridge
Tiefort Mountains
Troy Dry Lake
Valley Wells Station
Victor Valley
Victorville 6
Wheaton Springs 20
Windmill Station 18
Yermo 10
Yucca Grove Station 18
American Falls
Bannock Range
Bear Gulch Ski Area
Beaver Dam Basin
Big Bend Ridge
Big Springs
186, 190
Bonneville Peak
Cherry Creek
Craters of the Moon
National Monument
Crystal Falls Cave
Fort Hall
For t Hall Indian
190, 198
Grandview Point
Haystack Mountain
Henrys Lake
Ice Caves
Idaho Falls
Island Park 208,213
Island Park Reservoir 208
Kinport Peak
Last Chance Inn
Lava Hot Springs
Lower Mesa Falls
Mack's Inn
Malad City
Marsh Valley
Menan Buttes
Mt. Jefferson
Naval Ordnance Plant
Old Tom Mountain
Oxford Peak
Pond's Lodge
Portneuf Canyon
Portneuf Range
Portneuf River
Putman Mountain
Red Rock Pass
Reynolds Pass
St. Anthony
Sand Dunes
Sawtelle Peak
Scout Mountain
Sugar City
Sunset Lodge
Swan Lake
Targhee Pass
The Lavas
Upper Mesa Falls
Warm River
186, 190
Wolverine Mountains
Hebgen Lake 213
West Yellowstone 213
Arrow Canyon Range
Black Mountain
Boulder City
Boulder Dam (see
Hoover Dam)
Boulder Junction
Carver Park
Charleston Peak
i·• I
, Cedar ~'~~'.&..A.
CEDAR .Dn.IlIiIl~ I r----~-.......... \--
i I 40
St. Geor :' .... ~
(San Bernardino to Los
Angeles ... ............ ......... 57 mi.) Grand Canyon 0 402
N S (North Rim)
San Bernardino 0 677
Jacob Lake 44 358
39 38
Victorville 39 638 Kanab 82 320
37 17
Barstow 76 601 Mt. Carmel
63 Jct.4 99 303
Baker' 139 538 23
91 Long Valley
Las Vegas 230 447 Jct." 122 280
48 21
Glendale 278 399 Bryce Jct.G 143 259
45 7
Beaver Dam 323 354 Panguitch 150 252
St. George2 359 318
Circleville 177 225
54 52
Cedar City3 413 264 Richfield 229 173
53 34
Beaver 466 211 Gunnison 263 139
60 15
Fillmore 526 151 Manti 278 124
62 24
Nephi 588 89 Mt. Pleasant 302 100
45 35
Provo 633 44 Thistle 337 65
44 21
Salt Lake City 677 0 Provo 358 44
Salt Lake City o ':'346 44
35 Salt Lake City 402 0
Ogden 35 311
48 'Baker to Death Valley 118
Logan 83 263 2St. George to Zion NP 45
27 3Cedar City to Cedar
Preston 110 236 Breaks ....... ............... 21
29 ~Mt. Carmel Jct.
Downey 139 207 to Zion NP ................ 24
37 5Long Valley Jct.
Pocatello 176 170 to Cedar Breaks ...... 27
25 BBryce Junction to
Blackfoot 201 145 Bryce Canyon NP .... 20
27 *This distance may be shortened
Idaho Falls 228 118 about ten miles by taking 30S
28 and 191 from Brigham City via
Rexburg 256 90 Malad to Downey
UTAH St. Anthony 268 78
Ashton 282 64
Mack's Inn 318 28
Yellowstone ':'346 0
Devil's Peak
Dry Lake
Dry Lake Range
Frenchman Mountain
Frenchman's Flat
Jean Dry Lake
Lake Mead
Lake Mead National
Recreational Area 28-9
Las Vegas 22
Las Vegas Range 22
Little Devil Peak 20
Logandale 34
Lost City 38
McCarran Field 22
McCullough Mountain 20
McCullough Range 20, 22
Mesquite 38
Moapa 34
Moapa Valley 34
Moapa Valley Indian
Agency 34
Mormon Mesa 38
Mormon Peak 38
Mormon Range 38
Muddy Mountains 34
Muddy River 34
Nellis Air Force Base 22
North Las Vegas 22
Overton 34
Pittman 22
Railroad Pass 22
Riverside 38
Roach 20
Roach Dry Lake 20
Rox 34
St. Thomas 34
Sandy 20
Sheep Mountain 20
Sheep Range 22, 34
Sloan 22
Spring Mountains 20, 22
Stateline Station 20
Table Mountain 20
Valley of Fire State Park 34
Victory Village 22
Virgin Mountains 38
Virgin River 38
West Virgin Peak 38
Whitney 22
Adams Head Peak 98
Adamsville 66
Alpine 136
Alpine Scenic Loop 136
Alta 136
Alton 94
Alunite 112
Amalga 178
American Fork 136
American Fork Canyon 136
Andersons Ranch 46
Angle 112
Annabella 116
Antelope Island 158
Antelope Range 72
Antimony 112
Aquarius Plateau
56-7, 98, 106
Arthur 158
Art's Reservoir 116
Asay 94
Ash Creek Canyon 46
Aurora 116
Austin 116
Avon 166
Awapa Plateau 56-7, 106
Baker Canyon
Barney Top
Bear River
Bear River Bay
Bear River City
Bear River Migratory
Bird Refuge
Bear Valley
Bear Valley Peak
Beaver Canyon
Beaver Dam Mountains
Beaver Dam Pass
Beaver Mountains
Beaver River
Ben Lomond Peak
Big Cottonwood Canyon
Big Lake
Big Plain Junction
Bingham Canyon
Birch Creek Mountain
Black Mountains
Black Rock Volcano
Bluebell Knoll
Boulder Mountain
Bountiful Peak
Box Elder Lake
Brian Head
Brigham City
56-7, 106
Bryce Canyon National
Buckskin Valley
Bullion Canyon
Burger Peak
Cache Junction
Cache Valley
Call's Fort
Camp Williams
Canaan Moun-tain
Canaan Ranch
Canyon Range
106, 116
166, 178
56-7, 98, 106
Capitol Reef National
Cascade Falls
Castilla Springs
Castle Cliff
Cedar Breaks National
Cedar City
Cedar Valley
Centerville 158
Chicken Creek
Circle Cliffs
Circle Valley
40, 116
Reservoir 76
Circleville Mountain
City Creek Peak
Clarkston Mountain
Clear Creek Canyon
Clearfield Naval Depot
Clinton 128,
Coal Creek Canyon
Cook's Reef-Mesa
Coral Pink Sand Dunes
Cove Fort
Cutler Reservoir
Deer Canyon
Deer Trail Mountain
Delano Peak
Desert Mound
Diamond Valley Vol-canoes
Dog Valley
Dog Valley Mountain
Dromedary Peak
Duncan's Retreat
Eagle Crag Peak
East Fork Canyon
East Tintic Mountains
Escalante 106
Escalante River
Eyrie Peak
Farmington Canyon
56-7, 106
Fifty-Mile Moun-tain
Fillmore Volcanoes
Fish Lake
Fishlake Plateau
56-7, 106
56-7, 106, 116
Flowell 72
Fool Creek Reservoir 76
Fort Douglas 148, 158
Fort Pierce Wash 40
Fountain Green 122
Francis Peak 158
Freedom 122
Fremont 106
Fremont River 106
Fremont Wash 66
Frufta 106
Garfield 158
Garland 178
Geneva Steel Plant 136
Genola 128
Georgetown 98
Glendale 88
Glenwood 116
Goshen 128
Grafton 46
Grass Valley 106, 112
Gravel Pass 94
Great Basin 8
Great Salt Lake 158, 166
Greenville 66
Grosvenor's Arch 98
Grover 106
Gunlock 40
Gunnison 122
Gunnison Peak 116
Gunnison Plateau
56-7, 76, 122
Gunnison Reservoir 122
Halivah 58
Hall's Creek 106
Hamburg Peak 40
Hamilton Fort 58
Harrisburg 46
Continued on page 241
Harrisburg Junction
Haystack Mountain
Hell's Backbone
High Plateaus
High Top
Hill Air Force Base
Hobble Creek Canyon
Horse Valley Peak
Hunts Lakes
Hurricane Cliff (Fault)
Hyde Park
Hyrum Reservoir
Indian Mountain
Indian Peak
Intermountain Indian
Iron Springs
Jackson Mountain
Jarvis Peak
56-7, 98, 106
Kanab Creek
Kanosh Indian
56-7, 98, 106
Reservation 72
Kaysville 158
Kessler Peak 136
Kimberly 112
King 178
Kingston 112
Kingston Canyon 112
Kodachrome Flats 98
Kolob Canyon 46, 58
Kolob Terrace 56-7, 58, 94
Koosharem 106
Koosharem Reservoir 116
Lagoon Resort 158
Lake Bonneville 70-1
Lake Rill 126
Langdon Mountain 112
Lark 136
Lava Beds (Markagunt) 94
LaVerkin 46
Layton 158
Leamington 76
Leeds 46
Lehi 136
Leithead (Canaan)
Levan Peak
Little Cottonwood
Little Creek Mountain
Little Creek Peak
Little Dog Valley
Little Salt Lake
Loafer Mountain
1(ainbow 1(oads
HI G HW A YS 91, 89, and 191
* '.
Compiled and edited by
Salt Lake City, Utah
Spu col.
QI7. q'L