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For the identical units, we have the lowest price! Don't be afraid because of our low price. These are efficient, high capacity units. We have heard of softener companies charging as much as two to four times as much for the exact same units. Our prices are so low on these that we will not try to "sell" you on these softeners. We want you to shop around and compare.
We always recommend a water filter be installed in front of all brands of water softeners. Why? Others might say their softener doesn't need a filter in front of it. Ours doesn't either! No matter what brand of softener that you buy, a 30-micron or smaller sediment filter in front of any brand softener will definitely extend the life of that unit. For the brand that we sell we recommend the W10 body (1") with the W30PEHD cartridge (30 micron). For prices on sediment filters, click here. If you choose to purchase a water filter you may also need to purchase fittings (copper or PVC) to connect the water filter to your piping, and corrugated stainless steel flexible connectors can sure help make your installation easier when flexibility is needed.
There are so many different softeners and so many different choices, Why do we offer these components in our Soft-Economizer? Our Founder has been in the plumbing business for a long time and has been selling quality water softeners for over 25 years. Through that long experience he knows which parts are reliable. We can sell any brand and any components and we have chosen to sell what we consider to be one of the finest softeners made.
We have been selling the Fabulous Soft-Economizer softeners (in 2001 we updated the microprocessor control head) since our beginning on the Internet in 1995, and we are confident you will be another happy customer.
To help you determine which system would serve you best, you can use the below calculator to compare usage level vs number of regenerations vs salt usage.
To use the tool enter your daily water usage (in gallons) and your water's hardness level (in grains per gallon) then either click outside the box or press the TAB key. You can also see the result of changing the grain capacity setting for each unit (the lower the capacity setting the more efficiently the salt is used).
Typical residential water usage is about 50 gallons per day per person.
Get the job done fast with these great pre-measured sanitizing packets. When used as directed, Sani-System kills bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (Staph), Escherichia coli (E. coli) Listeria and other micro-organisms that grow on the untreated surfaces of water quality equipment. This sanitizer eliminates odors and sanitizes tanks, lines, and hoses. A great way to help your system remain free and clear of bacteria growth.
Q. "There are hundreds of companies selling all kinds of softeners. Why should I buy your softener systems?"
A. We are a large, reputable company that was here yesterday and we will be here tomorrow. We are often copied, but we don't believe that any one can match our quality softener systems at these prices. We sell many 1000's of other quality plumbing products as well, so you can rest assured that we know plumbing products. We are a very stable and reputable company. We love to sell what we believe in, and we definitely believe in the Soft-Economizers.
Q. "During the regeneration process of a water softener is it ok to turn on the faucets, take a shower, etc? Will it mess up the regeneration process?"
A. Running water while the softener is regenerating will not mess up the regeneration process, but any water used during the regeneration cycle will not be softened. If water is used while the water softener regenerates, water that would normally go through the softener now automatically bypasses the softener and runs straight to the fixture being used and to the water heater if any hot water is being used.
Q. "Can these softeners be installed outdoors?"
A. Our softeners should be protected against the weather. The electrical components should be shielded from water, and steps should be taken to protect the tanks and head (which contain liquid) from freezing.
Q. "What is hard water?"
A. Hard water is generally defined as having more than 1 GPG (grains per gallon) of dissolved minerals in it (usually calcium, magnesium carbonate, and/or manganese). There is some argument as to what is an "acceptable" level of hardness. Consider those who do not have enough water. For them just having water is wonderful. For those that have an abundance of water and the income/means to improve their water quality, then it is a relative term as to what constitutes "acceptable" levels of hardness. The judgment ranges from a conservative "Soft water = 0 to 5gpg; Moderately hard water = 5 to 10gpg; Hard = 10 to 20gpg; Very hard = 20+gpg as well as others feel that the following is their standard: Soft Water = 0 to 1.0gpg; Slightly hard = 1.1 to 3.5gpg; Moderately hard = 3.6 to 7.0gpg; Hard water = 7.1 to 10.5gpg; Extremely hard water = 10.6+gpg. Our own opinion is that an unacceptable level of "hard" water is a relative term and that only you can "know" if the level that you have is acceptable to you. When in doubt, we say, don't get a water softener. If you know and feel that your water is "too hard" and you can afford it, then invest in one to improve your life. Don't be "sold" by a pushy/aggressive salesperson that you can't live without a water softener. Most people can. We like to recommend a Water Softener when the hardness is 6 grains per gallon or more. At 6 grains of Hardness or above most people can really experience the benefits of soft water. Some who are accustomed to soft water who move to a new area that has water with a hardness as low as 3 or 4 grains will also want a water softener. Everyone is different. Our founder has an Soft-Economizer softener but says that he could live without a water softener but his wife can't (she loves the feeling of cleaner hair).
Q. "How is hard water measured?"
A. Hard water is usually measured in either "parts per million" (PPM), "milligrams per liter" (Mg/L), or "grains per gallon" (GPG); PPM and Mg/L are actually the same measurement. If you know your PPM or Mg/L of water hardness and need to determine what your GPG amount is, divide your PPM (Mg/L) by 17.1. (One GPG = 17.1 PPM or Mg/L).
Q. "How can I tell how hard my water is?"
A. You can either have it tested locally or you can send it to us by mail or UPS (at least 4oz) and we will test it for free (hardness only). If you are planning to purchase or have already purchased a softener somewhere else it doesn't matter to us, we will still test your water for free. Please include your e-mail address with your water sample so we can notify you of the results. Click here to find out where to send it.
Q. "I've read ads that claim that Magnetic (magic?) softeners would solve my hard water problems. What is your experience?"
A. Magnetic "conditioners" have been around for a long time - they are not new. We ask, if they work so well, why doesn't everyone have one? Our founder, Vic, has done extensive research and has yet to find any scientific (non-biased) proof from a reliable source that proves that magnetic water conditioners are actually effective. Vic does not believe that any brand of magnetic conditioner can remove hardness. If you have verified proof that a magnetic conditioner is effective, please email us with the information. Bottom line, if you're looking for a quality water softener, replacement media, and technical support, then you can enjoy peace of mind by purchasing a Soft-Economizer (likely the very best softener available) from us.
Q. "Why does the water softener have to add salt to the water in order to work?"
A. During the normal "in service" or conditioned water position of the valve, hard water enters the system through an inlet at the top of the resin tank. The resin tank is filled with cation resin beads that have sodium or potassium ions attached to them. As hard water comes in contact with the resin beads, the hardness molecules (magnesium, calcium) attach to and stay on the resin molecules, at the same time releasing the sodium or potassium molecules. If sodium chloride (NaCl) is being used as the regenerate material then sodium is released. If potassium chloride (KCl) is being used, the potassium molecules are released. This is why it is called an ion exchange. The result is the quality and convenience of soft conditioned water. After a period of use, the sodium or potassium ions are depleted until only hard mineral ions are left on the resin beads in the tank and the water can no longer be softened and needs to be regenerated. During the regeneration cycle, the system washes the ion exchange resin with sodium chloride or potassium chloride, whichever is being used, overpowering and forcibly removing the hardness and scale molecules off of the resin beads, replacing them again with the sodium chloride or potassium chloride molecules. Please note that only the sodium or potassium is released into the conditioned soft water. The chloride portion of the molecule stays attached to the resin and any excess is pushed out the drain along with the hardness and scale molecules during the regeneration cycle.
Q. "How long does your softener take to regenerate, and how much water do they use?"
A. Normal regeneration time is 2 hours (for the #88 typically 78 gallons of water & 12 lbs of salt used per regeneration; for #89 typically 94 gallons of water & 18 lbs. of salt used per regeneration). The regeneration cycle is preset for 2am, but you can change it easily.
Q. "You state that your softener regenerates only when necessary (you call it "on demand"). However, you also state that the regeneration time is preset for 2AM, and can be changed easily. I don't understand; how can both be true?"
A. Our Fabulous Soft-Economizer Water Softener is considered "on demand." Every day at 2:00 am., the 460i Control statistically averages the amount of water that has been used in the last 7 days to anticipate the amount of water that will be used the next day. The computer then determines if the water conditioner has enough remaining capacity to supply the next day's needs. If not, the unit will regenerate. If there are changes in the usage pattern, the computer will compensate for the change and regenerate only when needed. The unit is factory preset for 2:00 a.m. To change the time that the unit regenerates, you can set the clock ahead (or behind) the actual correct time, depending on the time you desire the regeneration to occur.
Q. "It looks like your softeners use more salt and water for its regeneration than a softener offered by someone else."
A. Check their other statistics. You'll find that ours does not need to regenerate as frequently. We prefer to sell units that are larger, thereby, in the long run less wear and tear and less salt and water waste.
Q. "What is the difference between a water softener, a water filter, a descaler, and a conditioner?"
A. A water softener is a true water treatment system. The dissolved calcium and magnesium carbonate (which are responsible for the hard water) in the water are replaced with either sodium chloride (salt) or potassium chloride. This is different from a water filter in that filters will generally remove chlorine, pesticides, bacteria (in some cases), and suspended particles (sand, sediment, etc). A filter will not remove dissolved solids (which are responsible for hard water). A descaler does not remove dissolved solids; it attempts to prevent the solids from being deposited inside pipes, on fixtures, etc. The word 'conditioner' is very vague and means very little in our minds. We do not recommend that you purchase any brand of magnetic conditioner or lime fighter.
Q. "Why would I want to soften my water?"
A. It greatly reduces the scaling of pipes, faucets, pots, glasses, tubs, etc. You will use less laundry soap, dish washing soap, hand soap, etc. The water is more pleasant to wash with, less soap scum.
Q. "Ok then, why wouldn't I want to soften my water?"
A. If you're using sodium chloride (salt), then the softener will add a small amount of sodium to the water. For most people this is not a problem. However, if you're on a sodium-restricted diet, we would recommend a separate faucet in the kitchen that dispenses un-softened water for drinking. Some people take a while to get used to the feel of softened water.
Q. "Someone told me that I shouldn't soften the water to my kitchen faucet or ice maker. What faucets should be left untreated by a water softener?"
A. Normally your outside faucets (hose bibbs) should not be softened. Our founder does not use soft water for his drinking water filter or his ice maker filter. He does use softened water at his kitchen sink. It really depends on your existing water quality.
Q. "Someone told me that softened water feels 'slimy'. Is that really how softened water feels?"
A. When you wash your skin with hard water, there is a layer of soap and minerals that is left on your skin. This is what causes the supposed 'squeaky-clean' feeling. With soft water, the soap is completely rinsed away leaving just the natural oils your skin produces..
Q. "I've heard that a water softener adds sodium to my water supply. Is this true?"
A. Yes. A household water softener removes the hardness minerals - calcium and magnesium - from water and replaces them with sodium or potassium (if you use potassium chloride).
Q. "How much sodium is added to the water by the softener?"
A. That depends on the hardness of the original water. This table below shows the additional amount of sodium consumed by drinking one quart of softened water.
As a comparison, one slice of white bread has about 160 milligrams of sodium; 3/4 cup of canned baked beans = 1130 milligrams; 1 tablespoon of catsup = 204 milligrams; 1 medium frankfurter = 610 milligrams; and 1 cup of whole milk = 127 milligrams. Even a common Alka Seltzer tablet contains 532 milligrams of sodium.
However, if you suffer from hypertension or are on a sodium-restricted diet, you should consult your doctor about the proper water for drinking.
Q. "Should I worry about corrosion from the salt in the water?"
A. No. Over a long period of time it may have some effect on exposed steel surfaces. Most of the metal in a home that comes in contact with softened water is either coated, painted, or stainless steel. All which would be unaffected.
Q. "I read somewhere that drinking soft water might be related to heart attacks. Is this true?"
A. There is currently a medical controversy over what effect, if any, drinking hard or soft water may have on heart disease. In some areas with naturally soft water, residents seem to suffer more from heart disease. In other areas, there appears to be no difference between drinking hard or soft water. A number of researchers feel that some other constituent of water - not hardness or softness - may be responsible for the variations in heart disease figures in different areas of the country.
Q. "What's the difference between naturally soft water and the water from a water softener"
A. There's a great deal of difference! Naturally soft water is generally acidic and contains very few dissolved minerals. This tends to make the water quite corrosive to pipes and plumbing. The water from a water softener is more like the raw water from which it is made. It is usually alkaline rather than acidic, and contains moderate amounts of dissolved minerals. Thus softening hard water in the home should not significantly affect corrosion.
Q. "What model is the Autotrol control head"
A. #460i-268 - Autotrol manufactures many models. We believe this is one of the finest and most reliable heads they make.
Q. "What type of salt should be used with your softeners?"
A. We recommend using coarse salt, which most grocery stores carry in bulk. Block salt should not be used.
Q. "Do I have to use salt?"
A. Most stores that sell softener salt will also sell a salt substitute (potassium chloride). This is just as effective as the regular salt, but adds potassium instead of sodium. The downside is that potassium chloride costs between 3 and 4 times more than the regular softener salt.
Q. "Does a water softener have to be specifically manufactured to accept potassium?"
A. No. Generally, water softeners can use either. With potassium chloride, you will use more than with salt.
Q. "Is it true that salt kills bacteria? I do not want the level of "good" bacteria in my septic system to be affected."
A. VERY high concentrations of salt can kill some bacteria; however, the concentration of salt that is used in a softener is NEVER high enough to kill bacteria in septic systems. There is also some evidence, which indicates that low salt levels can improve bacterial action in a septic system.
Q. "Will a Reverse Osmosis system remove the salt from the softened water?"
A. Most brands will remove 95%+ of the salt from the water.
Q. "What should I look for in a water softener?"
A. One of the main features you should look for are capacity (measured in grains) and how it determines when to regenerate. Ours have a 40,000 and 68,000-grain capacity and they meter how much water has been used to determine when it should regenerate. Some units regenerate after a fixed period of time regardless of how much water you've actually used.
Q. "What difference does size make?"
A. The size of the softener (rated in grains) in combination with knowing your hardness level will tell you how often it will regenerate, and consequently how often you will have to add salt. Our #88 unit is normally set at 24,000 grains (it has a maximum capacity of 40,000 grains).As an example with the #88: If you have a family of four and your hardness level is 10. Divide the 24,000 by your hardness (10), giving you 2,400 gallons of treated water. The average person uses about 50 gallons per day so divide the 2,400 by 200 (50 gallons x 4 people). This gives you 12 days between regeneration's. Our softener uses about 8 lbs. of salt per regeneration, so if you start out with a full brine tank (400 lbs) it should last you well over a year before you have to add salt again! How's that for low maintenance?
Q. "How much water does it take to dissolve 12 pounds of salt?"
A. One gallon of water will dissolve 3 pounds of salt. So for 12 pounds of salt, at least 4 gallons of water should be in the brine tank.
Q. "Do I have to have an exact amount of salt in the brine tank for the softener to regenerate properly?"
A. The amount of salt placed into the brine storage tank has nothing to do with the amount of salt used during the regeneration cycle. Water will dissolve and absorb salt only until it becomes saturated. A given amount of brine (salt saturated water) contains a specific amount of salt. Just make sure that there is at least enough salt for a regeneration cycle (12 lbs. in the case of our unit).
Q. "With a flow rate of 18gpm normally, just how much water is that really? How much water do most fixtures use?"
A. A toilet will normally use about 2-3gpm, a shower 1 1/2-3gpm, a bathroom or kitchen faucet 2-3gpm, a dishwasher 2-4gpm, a washing machine 3-5gpm. When you start running more than one fixture (sink/dishwasher/toilet/etc) at a time, the gallons per minute add up quickly and those extra gallons from 1" waterways can make quite a difference.
Customer satisfaction is our number one priority. We simply prefer not to sell low gallonage systems and our customers have written to thank us over and over.
Q. "Why would I spend extra for '1" waterways' when I only have a 3/4" main?"
A. Even if you have a 3/4" main line, having true 1" waterways will significantly reduce the friction loss that any softener produces. Yes, this might be "overkill" for some, but if gallons per minute are important to you, then it would definitely be worth the extra money.
Q. "What makes your softeners better than others that charge as much as two to four times the price?"
A. All softeners, regardless of price, should soften your water (i.e. reduce the hardness to 0 grains). The question is how long will the unit last? How often does it regenerate? How large is the grain capacity? What is the warranty? How long has the company been in business? Does the softener regenerate based on time rather than how much water has been used? How easy is it to change the settings and service the unit? How quickly can you get your questions answered and your problems solved?
Q. "What's the difference between demand (like you offer) versus solid state timers?"
A. The difference is that a demand softener only regenerates when you use enough water to cause it to regenerate. The "solid state" (sounds good but....) time clock unit will regenerate at a specific time even though you have not used water or used very little. The savings are in salt and water. There is a BIG difference!
Q. "Why do you recommend a two tank system over a one-tank system?"
A. Salt water is corrosive. If you live by a beach and have a car, you see the results all the time. On a one-tank system the controls are very close to the salts. We believe that it's far superior to keep the electronics away from the corrosive effects of the salt.
Q. "What is the valve assembly made of?"
A. The valve is made of Noryl® plastic.
Q. "How easy is it to install your softeners?"
A. If you've done even a little plumbing, we think you'll probably be able to install our softener. Take a look at the basic installation instructions and decide for yourself. With proper fittings a plumber should be able to complete installation in 1-6 hours in most cases.
Q. "Does the resin tank have to be right next to the brine tank?"
A. No, they can be up to 15' apart.
Q. "Can the brine tank be installed above the resin tank?"
A. Autotrol, the maker of our softener head, does not recommend for the brine tank to be elevated above the resin tank. During the brine and slow rinse cycles, the brine may be used too quickly because the elevation could cause less restriction on the injector, thus allowing all of the brine to be used too soon.
Q. "Will a softener remove iron/red stains?"
A. If the iron is in its soluble form (known as ferrous iron or Fe++) then in many cases it will. To remove ferric iron (Fe+++), you must use an iron filter. We do not offer an iron removal filter.We do NOT recommend any brand of water softener if you have high iron in your water. Iron removal is a science and is very complicated. Because of so many variables in water quality they don't always do a thorough job (sometimes nothing works perfectly for high iron). We believe that it is best to have a local professional deal with that.
Q. "Will a softener remove tannin?"
A. Most people don't have this concern, as in most situations tannins are not a problem. Most brands of softeners could remove tannins but not with CATIONS in the softener (which is what we offer). By replacing the typical quality CATION media in the softener tank, with ANION resin, then the softener might be able to remove tannins. The Soft-Economizer softener contains (comes with) quality CATION resins which are specifically designed to remove hardness and will not remove tannins. We do not wish to offer the Soft-Economizers with ANION resins.
Q. "How can I tell if I currently have anion or cation resin in my water softener that I bought elsewhere?"
A. Place the resin in a beaker of brine (NaCl) and then give that solution a good swirl. If the resin floats it is probably anion resin and if it sinks it is probably cation resin.
Q. "I've read that the softener capacity should be large enough so that it should not regenerate more than every two days. Is there an ideal period between regenerations? Do long periods between regenerations (say a month) have any negative effects on the softener?"
A. A water softener should be regenerated when the softener has reached its capacity and is unable to keep exchanging the hard ions for the soft ions. How often a water softener regenerates is dependent on how many grains per gallon of hardness are present in your water and the capacity of your water softener. If the capacity of the water softener is 40,000 grain, and you have 10 grains per gallon of hardness, then your softener would regenerate after 4,000 gallons of water had passed through it. How quickly you would use 4,000 gallons of water would really depend on your water usage. Long periods between regenerations would not have any effect on the softener if water is being used and traveling through the softener. If you are on vacation and water is not being used, sitting in the softener, then the water in the softener could be bacteriologically fouled. Fouling would depend greatly on the condition of your well water or water source. The softener that we sell can be set up (by the customer) for a calendar override. A calendar override would cause the unit to regenerate after a predetermined period of time. It can be set for between 0 and 15 days. Another way would be; whenever you get back from a long vacation, put a little chlorine (1 oz maximum), mixed with a gallon of water into the brine well of the brine tank and push the manual backwash.
Q. "Why do you only offer two models?"
A. Most softener suppliers offer many models, and we could too. But we do not wish to sell a lower quality or less reliable softener - we want to sell products we believe in and that provide value to our customers. Consider that the size of our #88 Fabulous Soft-Economizer is too small for only about 2-5% of potential customers. Generally the #88 can easily handle a family of 6-8 in most cases. It might be oversized for some, but we believe that this is a good thing. If a softener is oversized then it will regenerate less frequently and will suffer less wear and tear and consequently will last even longer than normal. Also, because we don't have a lot of models, you know that parts are available down the road. Because this one model is so reliable, we don't have a need to constantly be shuffling models around. This softener is an excellent unit and that's that. It is reliable and it does the job very efficiently at a low price for a top-notch metered system. We feel that this is what our customers ultimately want and that is what we sell.
Q. "How do I utilize your 'free technical support'?"
A. Once you have purchased a softener from us, we will give you our technical support phone number. We do not furnish our technical support phone number ahead of time because too many people in the past called simply to get free advice on their old softeners, some of which were not purchased from us.
Q. "How does the warranty work on the softener?"
A.We have selected the components in our softener from quality manufacturers. Autotrol (the manufacturer of the head) is sold nationwide. Most Culligan® dealers stock parts for them. Contact the individual manufacturers to handle any warranty claims. Within the warranty period, defective products should be returned to the manufacturer for repair or replacement. Our tech support is ready to help you with any problems that you may encounter. Note: the warranty does not cover labor or freight charges.
Q. "Will the Soft-Economizer softeners that you offer, pass my local new construction inspection?"
A. Since we ship throughout the entire U.S., and every state and local agency has their own guidelines (some have a local "agenda"), we can not possibly guarantee that your local agency will pass any of our quality water softeners. We suggest that if passing their "inspection" is a concern, that you print out the products page in question and take it to them. Simply show them the page and ask if they could possibly have a "problem" with that product before placing your order. If that agency has a special need or concern, then just contact us telling us what that concern is. Possibly we might be able to provide information for them, which might then alleviate their concerns. We only offer top quality plumbing products that are acceptable in most areas but that is not to say that we can guarantee that your local governmental body will "pass" any of our quality products
Q. "Is it ok for the water softener drain hose to drain into my septic system?"
A. Generally, most people drain their discharge into their standard drain, which would go into the public drain system or their septic tank. We recommend that you use an air gap when discharging into a clothes washer standpipe. According to the Water Quality Association Technical Papers concerning septic tanks, etc: "... Concerns about salt and soil absorption rates were also dispelled. The increased sodium content in the tank's discharge was shown to have no detrimental effect on the soil's ability to absorb water in normal drainage field. Interestingly, certain soil conditions benefited from it. Additionally, when the softener's calcium-rich regeneration backwash emptied into the septic system, the discharge could actually improve the soil's percolation... the conclusion drawn from these tests is that softened water is NOT harmful to a normally operating septic system or drainage field...." To quote Gary Schreiber of The Purolite Company: "Everything has documentation both ways.... What is the actual experience in the field with water softeners and septic systems? In 29 years in the water softening business I have never seen a septic system that has failed because of water softener influent. In the industry, I have asked this question many times. I have never had an answer from anyone of the hundreds [that I've asked] that indicated septic system failure due to water softener influent."
Q. "I don't have a large drain line. What rate of pressure/flow does the discharge have during recycling/recharging?"
A. The maximum drainage pressure will be the same pressure as your normal house pressure. The gallons per minute (at 45psi) during the fastest regeneration cycle (which is the backwash cycle) is less than 3 gallons per minute.
Q. "Does the drain-line used by the brine overflow need to be below its starting point at the brine tank?"
A. Yes. The brine tank overflow drain is a gravity flow drain. Therefore, it must drain at an elevation lower than the brine drain outlet.
Q. "You recommend outdoor water faucets to be supplied by unsoftened water?"
A. Over time, softened water could be harmful to your plants and other vegetation, especially if you are using sodium chloride to regenerate your resin.
Q. "Do your softeners have a 'grains per gallon' limit?"
A. Our softeners will handle from 1 to 99 grains per gallon. The more grains per gallon, the sooner our units will regenerate.
Q. "What kind of resin does your softeners include?"
A. Our softener comes with CATION resin (#C100E) made by Purolite or equivalent.
Q. "How long will a water softener last and how long will the resins last?"
A. Of course the quality of the resins and the water softener can make a big difference. The average life of a water softener varies by the make and is roughly from 3 years to 25 plus years. Resin life depends on the amount of chlorine and the definitely a lot on the quality of resin and number of regenerations, but usually will vary from 7 to 15 years. As long as strong oxidizers (such as high ppm chlorine) do not come into contact with the resin that we offer, the resin will last (under normal "average" operating conditions) for approximately 10 years, possibly longer. For instance, high iron contact with the resin will cause the resin to 'foul' sooner. There are resin cleaners available for that purpose; however, we do not offer them, as they are a hazardous shipping material. When your resins finally wear out we do offer new top quality replacement cation resins - just click here.
Q. "Is the metering device on your softener before or after the softening tank?"
A. The metering device on the softener that we sell is after (on the outflow) of the softening tank. We believe that is far superior to any other system.
Q. "If I have a small amount of iron in my system, will that damage the metering system?"
A. A small amount of iron will not damage the metering system of the softener that we sell.
Q. "Will installing a softener reduce my water pressure?"
A. All brands of softeners do have a pressure drop. Think of the concept of all of the water ways (mostly caused by the resistance along the walls of pipes and fittings and changes of directions) that the water must travel through as well as the bed of resin, etc. in a softener. Water pressure is lost going through ALL plumbing fixtures, from faucets to meters to pipes to water heaters and so on. The Soft-Economizer's normal service flow is 13 gpm (that's more gallons of water that most homes ever use all at the same time) and at that gallonage you "should" experience a 10psi pressure loss; at 10 gpm a 5psi pressure loss and at 8gpm (that would be a typical shower plus kitchen faucet plus a toilet being flushed all at the same time) you should have less than a 4 psi pressure drop. At 5 gpm there should be less than a 2 psi pressure drop. When shopping for a water softener this pressure drop is something to compare. The less pressure drop the better and that is why we are telling you to look for those statistics. The Soft-Economizer's pressure drops are very little compared to many other brands of water softeners.
Q. "My drain line will be located above the softener. Will your softener be able to drain sufficiently?"
A. As long as the water pressure at the softener is no less than 40 PSI and the run of your softener drain line does not exceed 15 feet, your discharge line may be elevated up to 6 feet above the unit. If your drain line will be elevated more than 6 feet above the unit then an alternative way of pumping the discharge will need to be used. If the softener drain line is installed above 6 feet then too much back pressure will be created for the valve to backwash properly and the backwash discharge could be forced back into the mineral/brine tank.
Q. "Does hard water (with lots of calcium) shorten the life of our septic system?"
A. We have not heard of hard water shortening the life of a septic system. That is not to say that it might not. You may want to check with a local company that deals with septic systems.
Q. "I live in California and have been told by some friends that in our city we aren't allowed to install a water softener. Do you know if that is true?"
A. In some cities of California (all/any brands) of water softeners are forbidden. We do not know if they are in your town and we recommend that you call your local code authorities. We would like to mention that because we always stay on the side of caution, we will not offer (ship) our Fabulous Soft-Economizer Water Softener to anywhere in the state of California. We do wish to caution those that plan on installing a water softener in California that Assembly Bill 334 could affect restrictions on residential water softening and has been the subject of much controversy in California. It is our understanding that it authorizes local California agencies to regulate the use and availability of self-regenerative water softening appliances that discharge to the community sewer system, effective January 1, 2004. It is up to those who buy and install a water softener to check with your local authorities to see if they are legal in your area.
Q. "Must I get a permit to install this Soft-Economizer water softener?"
A. It depends on your local plumbing codes and rules. Since we ship to so many different areas we simply can not "keep up" with the latest (seems like) ever changing local and state laws. We always recommend that you follow all laws and so, we recommend that you contact your local code enforcement governmental bodies to be sure of the laws concerning water softeners in your area before purchasing any brand of water softener.
Q. "My pH is 3.0, my hardness is 43 grains, etc ... Can you tell me what I need?"
A. We sell top quality products for many water needs. However, due to liability reasons, we will not recommend which system you need. Please note that the systems that we sell are very good at solving specific water problems. We can't say if it will solve your problem. If you know what you need; we can sell it to you at a great price. Possibly a softener might not even be a good idea for your particular water problem. The myriad possibilities in water source and qualities, as well as personal preferences (and pocket books) as to what constitutes 'good' water, makes choosing a softener a very personal choice. Choosing the right softener begins with understanding which contaminants need to be removed from the water. Each present somewhat different challenges. Due to not knowing your local water conditions, as well as potential liabilities we do not (and can not) recommend any water product or give water advice. We can tell you, that if you are going to buy a water softener; ours is one of the finest made. Note that the U.S. Geological Survey states that over 90% of homes in the U.S. have water hardness at below 15 grains. Therefor we conclude that in some cases people are purchasing water softeners that really don't "need" them. Water softeners are nice but are not really necessary in our opinion in probably 80% of homes.
Q. "Is it okay to clean my softener's brine tank with bleach?"
A. If bleach is used to clean the brine tank, the brine tank must be empty. Leave the bleach in the tank for a couple of hours and then rinse it out. Do NOT rinse the bleach through the softener itself; the life of the softener's resin will be shortened if it comes in contact with bleach. Also, please make sure to use only very diluted bleach; 0.8 fluid ounces per every cubic foot is recommended.
Q. "What is the 18 x 5 brine grid, and what do other softeners usually have?"
A. The brine grid keeps the salt 5" from the bottom of the brine tank so that water will mix more effectively with salt. It prevents the salt from bridging and caking to the bottom of the tank. Your brine is being sucked from the bottom of the tank. Other softeners usually do not have one.
Customer Testimonials
"I found your plumbing store on the Internet two years ago and bought a water softener.
I really liked it so I'm ordering an other one for my rental unit....I was very pleased with my first unit."
- Marlin Anderson, Sidney, Montana 59270-5801
"...Last year I ordered an entire water softener package from you and it was very easy to order and it works great. No problems at all...I am very pleased with your products and services. I mean, think about it, how many people buy an $800 water softener over the Internet? Well, I did and...it couldn't have turned out any better. Keep up the great service."
- Chris Crumbo, Ely, Iowa 52227-9676
"Thanks for the great watersoftener. It wasn't hard to install & now we have beautifully soft water."
- Holt Mebane
"Thank you for the great customer service and quality products....the water softener has been performing flawlessly."
- Scott Norbeck, Webster, Minnesota 55088-2103
"... the water softener that I purchased from you two years ago performs flawlessly.
Thank you...." and then 6 years after purchasing the Soft-Economizer softener, during a small purchase he wrote: "You guys
are great. I'm really glad that I bought the softener from you."
- Cuong N.
"Keep up the good work. I purchased a water softener previously from you.
My next door friend purchased a ___ brand, wore it out, and is on a ___ brand softener. I have not had not one problem with the softener I got from you and I saved a bunch of money. You can put my comments on your page. In fact, you can also forward to me, any requests folks for info about your services from upstate New York have, and I will be happy to respond to them and invite them over to see the softener in person." (a note: we deleted the very popular brand names that Mr. Meerschaert had written to us about, as we do not wish to belittle other brands)"
- Michael Meerschaert, Rome, New York 13440-9801
Please note that every customer testimonial shown on our pages has given us written permission to quote them. Our customer's privacy is very important to us so we will never give, share or sell contact information or e-mail addresses to anyone!
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The score thus far: Sunny Leone – 3 lakh, Sachin Tendulkar – 1 lakh. Adult entertainment star Sunny Leone is ruling India's mobile screens with her official mobile app which is far more popular than the official app of the recently-retired cricket superstar Sachin Tendulkar.
Within a month of its launch, Leone's free-to-download app is seeing 10,000-12,000 downloads daily and has already crossed 3 lakh downloads. Also free, Sachin Tendulkar's app on the other hand, was launched in November last year, and is being downloaded about 3,000 times a day. It has totalled 1 lakh downloads so far.
Both celebrity apps were released by top Indian free video-on-demand mobile TV service, the Gurgaon-based ZengaTV. The service generates 300 million video views a month, mostly from its 19 million unique users in India. It has exclusive digital rights for both celebrities.
Those who download the Leone app expecting to view hardcore adult content, of the type that she has become famous for, will be disappointed. In keeping with Indian laws, the app will provide legitimate, above-board material — her interviews, movie videos ("Sunny Leone on Tamil movie set in Thailand"), travel blogs ("Sunny Leone in Hawaii") and social media content, all integrated into one app.
The popularity of the two apps illustrates a larger change: Indians are turning into some of the world's most ravenous consumers of digital content even as the country's smartphone user base rockets. In the last two years, action on mobile screens has doubled as compared to live TV screens as users watch content on-the-go at their own free time, say reports.
There is more growth around the corner. Later this year, India will become the world's second largest base of internet users, crossing 300 million users, driven mostly through cellphone access, overtaking the United States and second only to China.
ZengaTV's CEO Abhishek Joshi says that 28 per cent of mobile video users in India state that their traditional television viewing has decreased, a steeper fall than in many Western markets. He cites Nielsen Mobile's data that close to 40 per cent of Indians' "media interactions" will occur on smartphones and users spend 160 minutes a day on their cellphones, more than the time they spend watching TV.
Joshi calls Sunny Leone's official app a "mindblowing success". "She is obviously a people magnet," he says. Leone has become something of a mega celebrity in India, her reputation as a top global porn star preceding her to India and turning her Bollywood (Jism 2) and television (reality show Big Boss) appearances into money-spinners. Worldwide, on the internet pornography is the most profitable content category.
Both the Leone and Tendulkar official apps are owned by the stars themselves and produced by ZengaTV on a revenue sharing basis. As they are free to download, profits come from advertising.
Both apps can be downloaded on basic phones with a simple internet connection. "Nearly half our audience is from rural and small town India," says Joshi. ZengaTV's next celebrity app release will be that of chef Sanjeev Kapoor.
Despite the heartening numbers, the five-year-old mobile content industry has its share of challenges. "For streaming videos and mobile entertainment to become mainstream, quality of bandwidth has to improve," says Joshi.
For all the latest India News, download Indian Express App

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Friday, February 22, 2013
Yellow Lamborghinis
Lately I've been talking to the kids in my life about love. Suddenly, now that Levi left me and technically I'm surviving the cold waters of a breakup, I've become an expert on love advice, apparently. At least to them. Not so much to myself. I mean, if I'm such an expert, the results aren't so good. Yesterday my car spun out on the highway and into a ditch at 60 miles an hour, when the car ahead of me lost control and did a 360. I had nowhere to go but the ditch, and missed T-boning my little borrowed car into the support beams for the overpass bridge by 5 literal feet. God sent an angel to shove my car out of the ditch and up the hill, rolling down to sink back into the ditch nose-first on the other side of the bridge beam. It was epic. I was never so scared in my life. First thought? Call Levi. About three excruciating seconds later, reality sunk in and I readjusted my plan. Call Dad. He was a thousand miles away but he was right there for me. For Valentines, I received a beautiful sculpted heart necklace from my parents to remind me that there is someone who will always, always love me. Lesson? Love your family, they will always be there for you no matter how busy they are or weighted down with priorities or how far away they are. Thanks, Dad.
But the kids I've been talking to aren't really in the same boat as me. Three or four successive breakups, and they are in tears about their future, in tears about their past, and disillusioned about love. God reminded me of my dream car, and I swallowed my pride to talk to them about what I really believed to be a major happening in today's youth (high school, college, everyone, really.)
It's like this. When you're born, God gives you a shiny yellow Lamborghini. My oh my but how beautiful it is, so shiny, so perfect, every curve and gleam just flawless from the dealership show floor. That's your heart. That's the gift of your love, that you carry within you. The keys are in your hand. It's all yours.
But what if no one notices? That sad, lonely feeling of not being loved. Of no one caring. Of no one even noticing what an amazing car you know you have. I think a lot of kids are like that. They are so excited to show off their car - who wouldn't be? It's the natural desire. The trouble is, they don't protect their car.
Along comes someone in nice clothes, with a big smile, and notices the car. WOW! What an awesome car! You light up with a smile as big as fireworks, giddy that someone has finally noticed. "Thanks!" you say, "Wanna go for a ride?" "Sure!" "Just be careful not to go too fast," you might caution. They assure you that they won't. They are a safe driver, for sure.
Big problem? You don't know them. You don't know their driving skills, or what their intentions are for your car. You judge them by how they look, how they act, and what they say... but you don't wait to see who they are. You just get so excited that someone has noticed your car, and give them the keys. The ending? They wreck the car. Or they steal it. Or they don't take care of it and let it get banged up. Why should they take care of it, anyways? They don't know you. It's not their car. It was a lucky find.
Now, you're left with a banged up Lamborghini and the value is wayyyy less. Talk about sadness, hurt, and all the rest of the emotions that come along with it. But the next person that comes by, and notices, you do the same thing. Wow! A Lamborghini! Kinda beat up, but, wow! A real Lamborghini?! You may be a little less quick to give them the keys, but you do. "Please be careful." "Don't worry, I'll never hurt it like the last person."
A big mistake later, you find yourself alone with a car in even worse condition. The cycle continues. Until suddenly you aren't sure of yourself at all. Do you even have a nice car? Does it even run anymore? Is there anyone in the world worth trusting? So much pain and confusion.
Your heart is your dream car. You can't just hand the keys over. You have to wait and see who the person really is. It may be lonely or impatient to wait, but you must protect your car. If it seems to be turning out well, you may offer to let the person go for a ride WITH you. Keep waiting until you are sure, convinced from God, that the person is trustworthy of the keys, before you hand them over.
Who do you let drive your car? Your family, your best friend, maybe? Very few other people. A car costs a lot of money, and the damage from a wreck can be lethal. No one just lends out their car, Lamborghini or not. A best friend? They earned the right to drive the car. They prove they care about you, your belongings, your treasures. They will respect your car. They will treat it right, drive it responsibly, and return it in good condition. If they are a great friend, they might even take it through the wash on the way back and top off the gas tank! What a blessing! That is the only person you should let have access to your keys.
So that's my advice. Your heart is a Lamborghini. If it's been wrecked, banged up, don't despair. God is the great dealership that made it in the first place- the car isn't worthless. He can rebuild it, and maybe make it even stronger from the wrecks. It's His workmanship and He is capable of miracles with your heart. But don't just hand over the keys to the first person who notices the car. Wait and pray and see if they earn that right.
I think a huge issue these kids deal with - they want so badly to be loved, feel loved. A different kind of love than familial love, that very special kind. They don't understand how someone could just wreck their car. But that's life. Handing over the keys is their choice, and it's their job to safeguard that car and wait and see if the person is trusted. The right person will respect the value of the car, and invest the time to earn your trust. They will treat you right. They will never wreck your car from carelessness.
On a personal note............ people are people and free will is still an option. Sometimes you can know someone for several years, pray and pray and wait and find them faithful, and even feel convinced of God's will when you hand over the keys... and then they crash the car anyways, and you are left with the wreck. That kind of betrayal hurts deeply. Especially when they walk away from the wreck that they caused and don't look back. Don't care to help you fix it all up. That kind of abandonment cuts deeply.
But that doesn't change what God can do. He can still take those broken parts and craft the car back together. It's still a Lamborghini from His factory. It may hurt for a long time, and maybe it'll take forever for you to trust anyone with the keys again, but that's okay. Trust God. Love your family. And protect your Lamborghini. Take it for a cruise along the shore and just enjoy being the one with the keys for a while. Maybe someday, God will send you that best friend to ride along with you and share that drive.
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text: CONTACTGet In Touch111 S Jackson St, Seattle, WA email@example.com more information? Name* First Last Email* PhoneCompanyRoleWould you like to receive marketing material from 3Discovered?*YesNoWould you like 3Discovered to contact you to set up a product demo?*YesNoFill out our questionnaire?*This questionnaire will provide us with all the information we need to provide you with the most pertinent information we have to offer you. Please spend a couple minutes filling this out before we contact you.YesNoQuestionairrePlease take a moment to fill out this questionnaire to help us better understand your needs.Do you currently use 3D Printing Technology?*YesNoDo you currently have a library of 3D Designs?*YesNoHow do / would you use 3D Printing?* Prototyping Customized Products Mass manufacturing On Demand parts Other How do you access printers?* Own your own Dedicated Service Bureau Partner Cloud Service Distributed Network Other When would you like to start using 3D printing?* Currently using ASAP 0-1 Year 1-3 Years Your designs are:* 3D Cad Files ready to 3D Print Digital Designs but not 3D Ready Drawings Tribal Knowledge / Reverse Engineering None This iframe contains the logic required to handle AJAX powered Gravity Forms.


text: NOT MAKING THE GRADE. Florida State University sophomore wide receiver Carlton Scott has become the second FSU player to be sidelined by academics this summer. Senior running back Roosevelt Snipes left school two weeks ago, ending his chance to remain eligible for this season, and sophomore tailback Dwayne Denson, one of the top recruits in the nation last year, is ''hanging by a thread,'' sources close to the football program told the Tallahassee Democrat. Scott, considered the Seminoles' fastest player, returned home to Chiefland after a losing battle to improve his grades.


text:
For the smoked paprika butter: Combine the butter, paprika, salt and pepper in a bowl. Roll into a log, wrap in waxed paper or parchment and refrigerate until very cold.
For the mashed potatoes: Put the potatoes in a large pot, cover by 2 inches with cold water and add 2 tablespoons kosher salt. Bring to a boil and cook until fork-tender, about 35 minutes. Drain the potatoes, run through a food mill set over a large bowl and rice until very fine.
Combine the milk and heavy cream in a small saucepan and bring to a simmer over low heat.
Put the potatoes back in the pot, place the pot back over low heat and, using a wooden spatula, stir the potatoes to dry them out. Begin adding the cold paprika butter little by little, vigorously stirring with a wooden spoon until the butter is incorporated. (Adding the cold butter slowly will create an emulsion.) Slowly stir in the warm milk mixture bit by bit, and then switch to a whisk and whisk until light and fluffy. Fold in the chives and season with salt and pepper.
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text:
A new sign of recovery in the housing market and strong corporate earnings sent stocks higher for a second day. It was a good showing for what has mostly been a miserable July. The Dow Jones industrial average has risen only four times in the last 12 trading days.
The Dow Jones industrial average rose 103.16 points, or 0.8 percent, to 12,908.70.
The Standard & Poor's 500 index rose 9.11 points, or 0.7 percent, to 1,372.78.
The Nasdaq composite index climbed 32.56 points, or 1.1 percent, to 2,942.60.
For the week:
The Dow is up 131.61, or 1 percent.
The S&P 500 is up 16, or 1.2 percent.
The Nasdaq is up 34.13, or 1.2 percent.
For the year:
The Dow is up 691.14 points, or 5.7 percent.
The S&P 500 is up 115.18 points, or 9.2 percent.
The Nasdaq is up 337.45 points, or 13 percent.


text:
To serve Indiana University in meeting its strategic goal of actively engaging the university's strengths to support the economic development of Indiana by exceeding the business diversity spend goals, successfully meeting all compliance reporting requirements and participating in community service activities to ensure a business environment that fosters the inclusion of businesses owned and controlled by minorities, women and other small disadvantaged businesses in Indiana University's contracting and procurement processes.
The Department of Supplier Diversity is committed to the following goals:
Indiana University requires certifications from one of the following: NMSDC, IMSDC, WBENC, State or City, or any organization of reciprocity.
Scale and capacity are critical to all companies that become prime or "Tier-One" suppliers in the supply chain. When IU makes cost correct purchases of goods and services, those efficiencies translate into better pricing and service for the customer. Innovative means of delivering goods or services in support of IU are also important. The innovations should be stated in cost savings, or operational efficiencies (e.g. examples of where your company was successful implementing the idea with another educational institution similar in size or function to IU.
IU Major Construction projects are handled through the IU Architects and Facilities offices. You will find bid information on their websites:
Please visit our Certification page. For additional questions please contact us.


text:
Log in to make the most of Hymnary.org collections.
1. Into the valleys of blessing
My shepherd leads;
Peace is my spirit possessing,
My soul He feeds.
Pastures so green are around me,
Waters of life shall flow;
Fairest of flowers surround me,
Ever I onward go.
My shepherd leads along the way,
Kept by His care I cannot stray;
In tender love, to realms above,
My shepherd leads me home!
2. Into the ways that are weary
My shepherd leads;
Dark tho' the skies be and dreary,
He knows my needs.
Heavy the load I am bearing,
Love hath my pathway planned;
Trusting, I'm still forward faring,
Led by my shepherd's hand. [Refrain]
3. Into the land all immortal
My shepherd leads;
Unto the glorious portal
My way He heeds.
Mansions of heavenly splendor
Wait me when I shall come.
Led by my shepherd so tender
Unto my Father's home. [Refrain]
Source: The Cyber Hymnal #4456
|First Line:
|Into the valleys of blessing
|My Shepherd Leads
|Mary S. Leonard
|Refrain First Line:
|My Shepherd leads along the way
|Instances (1 - 1 of 1)
|First Line
|Tune Key
|The Cyber Hymnal #4456
|My Shepherd Leads
|Into the valleys of blessing
|[Into the valleys of blessing]
|Mary S. Leonard


text:
CRS Annotated Constitution
|Fifth Amendment -- Table of Contents
|Prev | Next
Substantive Due Process
Justice Harlan, dissenting in Poe v. Ullman,65 observed that one view of due process, "ably and insistently argued . . . , sought to limit the provision to a guarantee of procedural fairness." But, he continued, due process "in the consistent view of this Court has ever been a broader concept . . . . Were due process merely a procedural safeguard it would fail to reach those situations where the deprivation of life, liberty or property was accomplished by legislation which by operating in the future could, given even the fairest possible procedure in application to individuals, nevertheless destroy the enjoyment of all three. . . . Thus the guaranties of due process, though having their roots in Magna Carta's 'per legem terrae' and considered as procedural safeguards 'against executive usurpation and tyranny,' have in this country 'become bulwarks also against arbitrary legislation."'
Discrimination.—"Unlike the Fourteenth Amendment, the Fifth contains no equal protection clause and it provides no guaranty against discriminatory legislation by Congress."66 At other times, however, the Court assumed that "discrimination, if gross enough, is equivalent to confiscation and subject under the Fifth Amendment to challenge and annulment."67 The theory that was to prevail seems first to have been enunciated by Chief Justice Taft, who observed that the due process and equal protection clauses are "associated" and that "[i]t may be that they overlap, that a violation of one may involve at times the violation of the other, but the spheres of the protection they offer are not coterminous. . . . [Due process] tends to secure equality of law in the sense that it makes a required minimum of protection for every one's right of life, liberty and property, which the Congress or the legislature may not withhold. Our whole system of law is predicated on the general, fundamental principle of equality of application of the law."68 Thus, in Bolling v. Sharpe,69 a companion case to Brown[p.1357]v. Board of Education,70 the Court held that segregation of pupils in the public schools of the District of Columbia violated the due process clause. "The Fifth Amendment, which is applicable in the District of Columbia, does not contain an equal protection clause as does the Fourteenth Amendment which applies only to the states. But the concepts of equal protection and due process, both stemming from our American ideal of fairness, are not mutually exclusive. The 'equal protection of the laws' is a more explicit safeguard of prohibited unfairness than 'due process of law,' and, therefore, we do not imply that the two are always interchangeable phrases. But, as this Court has recognized, discrimination may be so unjustifiable as to be violative of due process.
"Although the Court has not assumed to define 'liberty' with any great precision, that term is not confined to mere freedom from bodily restraint. Liberty under law extends to the full range of conduct which the individual is free to pursue, and it cannot be restricted except for a proper governmental objective. Segregation in public education is not reasonably related to any proper governmental objective and thus it imposes on Negro children of the District of Columbia a burden that constitutes an arbitrary deprivation of their liberty in violation of the Due Process Clause.
"In view of our decision that the Constitution prohibits the states from maintaining racially segregated public schools, it would be unthinkable that the same Constitution would impose a lesser duty on the Federal Government."
"Equal protection analysis in the Fifth Amendment area," the Court has said, "is the same as that under the Fourteenth Amendment."71 So saying, the court has applied much of its Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence to strike down sex classifications in federal legislation,72 reached classifications with an adverse impact upon illegitimates,73 and invalidated some welfare assistance pro[p.1358]visions with some interesting exceptions.74 However, almost all legislation involves some degree of classification among particular categories of persons, things, or events, and, just as the equal protection clause itself does not outlaw "reasonable" classifications, neither is the due process clause any more intolerant of the great variety of social and economic legislation typically containing what must be arbitrary line–drawing.75 Thus, for example, the Court has sustained a law imposing greater punishment for an offense involving rights of property of the United States than for a like offense involving the rights of property of a private person.76 A veterans' law which extended certain educational benefits to all veterans who had served "on active duty" and thereby excluded conscientious objectors from eligibility was held to be sustainable, it being rational for Congress to have determined that the disruption caused by military service was qualitatively and quantitatively different from that caused by alternative service, and for Congress to have so provided to make military service more attractive.77
"The federal sovereign, like the States, must govern impartially. . . . [B]ut . . . there may be overriding national interests which justify selective federal legislation that would be unacceptable for an individual State."78 The paramount federal power over immigration and naturalization is the principal example, although[p.1359]there are undoubtedly others, of the national government being able to classify upon some grounds—alienage, naturally, but also other suspect and quasi–suspect categories as well—that would result in invalidation were a state to enact them. The instances may be relatively few, but they do exist.
Congressional Police Measures.—Numerous regulations of a police nature, imposed under powers specifically granted to the Federal Government, have been sustained over objections based on the due process clause. Congress may require the owner of a vessel entering United States ports, and on which alien seamen are afflicted with specified diseases, to bear the expense of hospitalizing such persons.79 It may prohibit the transportation in interstate commerce of filled milk80 or the importation of convict–made goods into any State where their receipt, possession, or sale is a violation of local law.81 It may require employers to bargain collectively with representatives of their employees chosen in a manner prescribed by law, to reinstate employees discharged in violation of law, and to permit use of a company–owned hall for union meetings.82 Subject to First Amendment considerations, Congress may regulate the postal service to deny its facilities to persons who would use them for purposes contrary to public policy.83
Congressional Regulation of Public Utilities.—Inasmuch as Congress, in giving federal agencies jurisdiction over various public utilities, usually has prescribed standards substantially identical with those by which the Supreme Court has tested the validity of state action, the review of agency orders seldom has turned on constitutional issues. In two cases, however, maximum rates prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture for stockyard companies were sustained only after detailed consideration of numerous items excluded from the rate base or from operating expenses, apparently on the assumption that error with respect to any such item would render the rates confiscatory and void.84 A few years later, in FPC v. Hope Gas Co.,85 the Court adopted an entirely dif[p.1360]ferent approach. It took the position that the validity of the Commission's order depended upon whether the impact or total effect of the order is just and reasonable, rather than upon the method of computing the rate base. Rates which enable a company to operate successfully, to maintain its financial integrity, to attract capital, and to compensate its investors for the risks assumed cannot be condemned as unjust and unreasonable even though they might produce only a meager return in a rate base computed by the "present fair value" method.
Orders prescribing the form and contents of accounts kept by public utility companies,86 and statutes requiring a private carrier to furnish the Interstate Commerce Commission with information for valuing its property87 have been sustained against the objection that they were arbitrary and invalid. An order of the Secretary of Commerce directed to a single common carrier by water requiring it to file a summary of its books and records pertaining to its rates was also held not to violate the Fifth Amendment.88
Congressional Regulation of Railroads.—Legislation or administrative orders pertaining to railroads have been challenged repeatedly under the due process clause but seldom with success. Orders of the Interstate Commerce Commission establishing through routes and joint rates have been sustained,89 as has its division of joint rates to give a weaker group of carriers a greater share of such rates where the proportion allotted to the stronger group was adequate to avoid confiscation.90 The recapture of one half of the earnings of railroads in excess of a fair net operating income, such recaptured earnings to be available as a revolving fund for loans to weaker roads, was held valid on the ground that any carrier earning an excess held it as trustee.91 An order enjoining certain steam railroads from discriminating against an electric railroad by denying it reciprocal switching privileges did not violate the Fifth Amendment even through its practical effect was to admit the electric road to a part of the business being adequately handled by the steam roads.92 Similarly, the fact that a rule concerning the allot[p.1361]ment of coal cars operated to restrict the use of private cars did not amount to a taking of property.93 Railroad companies were not denied due process of law by a statute forbidding them to transport in interstate commerce commodities which have been manufactured, mined or produced by them.94 An order approving a lease of one railroad by another, upon condition that displaced employees of the lessor should receive partial compensation for the loss suffered by reason of the lease95 is consonant with due process of law. A law prohibiting the issuance of free passes was held constitutional even as applied to abolish rights created by a prior agreement whereby the carrier bound itself to issue such passes annually for life, in settlement of a claim for personal injuries.96 A non–arbitrary Interstate Commerce Commission order establishing a non–compensatory rate for carriage of certain commodities does not violate the due process or just compensation clauses as long as the public interest thereby is served and the rates as a whole yield just compensation.97
Occasionally, however, regulatory action has been held invalid under the due process clause. An order issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission relieving short line railroads from the obligation to pay the usual fixed sum per day rental for cars used on foreign roads for a space of two days was held to be arbitrary and invalid.98 A retirement act which made eligible for pensions all persons who had been in the service of any railroad within one year prior to the adoption of the law, counted past unconnected service of an employee toward the requirement for a pension without any contribution therefor, and treated all carriers as a single employer and pooled their assets, without regard to their individual obligations, was held unconstitutional.99
Taxation.—In laying taxes, the Federal Government is less narrowly restricted by the Fifth Amendment than are the States by the Fourteenth. The Federal Government may tax property belonging to its citizens, even if such property is never situated within the jurisdiction of the United States,100 and it may tax the income of a citizen resident abroad, which is derived from property located at his residence.101 The difference is explained by the fact that pro[p.1362]tection of the Federal Government follows the citizen wherever he goes, whereas the benefits of state government accrue only to persons and property within the State's borders. The Supreme Court has said that, in the absence of an equal protection clause, "a claim of unreasonable classification or inequality in the incidence or application of a tax raises no question under the Fifth Amendment. . . ."102 It has sustained, over charges of unfair differentiation between persons, a graduated income tax,103 a higher tax on oleomargarine than on butter,104 an excise tax on "puts" but not on "call,"105 a tax on the income of business operated by corporations but not on similar enterprises carried on by individuals,106 an income tax on foreign corporations, based on their income from sources within the United States, while domestic corporations are taxed on income from all sources,107 a tax on foreign–built but not upon domestic yachts,108 a tax on employers of eight or more persons, with exemptions for agricultural labor and domestic service,109 a gift tax law embodying a plan of graduations and exemptions under which donors of the same amount might be liable for different sums,110 an Alaska statute imposing license taxes only on nonresident fisherman,111 an act which taxed the manufacture of oil and fertilizer from herring at a higher rate than similar processing of other fish or fish offal,112 an excess profits tax which defined "invested capital" with reference to the original cost of the property rather than to its present value,113 an undistributed profits tax in the computation of which special credits were allowed to certain taxpayers,114 an estate tax upon the estate of a deceased spouse in respect of the moiety of the surviving spouse where the effect of the dissolution of the community is to enhance the value of the survivor's moiety,115 and a tax on nonprofit mutual insurers although such insurers organized before a certain date were exempt inas[p.1363]much as a continuing exemption for all insurers would have led to their multiplication to the detriment of other federal programs.116
Retroactive Taxes.—It has been customary from the beginning for Congress to give some retroactive effect to its tax laws, usually making them effective from the beginning of the tax year or from the date of introduction of the bill that became the law.117 Application of an income tax statute to the entire calendar year in which enactment took place has never, barring some peculiar circumstance, been deemed to deny due process.118 "Taxation is neither a penalty imposed on the taxpayer nor a liability which he assumes by contract. It is but a way of apportioning the cost of government among those who in some measure are privileged to enjoy its benefits and must bear its burdens. Since no citizen enjoys immunity from that burden, its retroactive imposition does not necessarily infringe due process, and to challenge the present tax it is not enough to point out that the taxable event, the receipt of income, antedated the statute."119 A special income tax on profits realized by the sale of silver, retroactive for 35 days, which was approximately the period during which the silver purchase bill was before Congress, was held valid.120 An income tax law, made retroactive to the beginning of the calendar year in which it was adopted, was found constitutional as applied to the gain from the sale, shortly before its enactment, of property received as a gift during the year.121 Retroactive assessment of penalties for fraud or negligence,122 or of an additional tax on the income of a corporation used to avoid a surtax on its shareholder,123 does not deprive the taxpayer of property without due process of law.
An additional excise tax imposed upon property still held for sale, after one excise tax had been paid by a previous owner, does not violate the due process clause.124 Similarly upheld were a transfer tax measured in part by the value of property held jointly[p.1364]by a husband and wife, including that which comes to the joint tenancy as a gift from the decedent spouse125 and the inclusion in the gross income of the settlor of income accruing to a revocable trust during any period when the settlor had power to revoke or modify it.126
Supplement: [P. 1364, substitute for last paragraph in section:]
Although the Court during the 1920s struck down gift taxes imposed retroactively upon gifts that were made and completely vested before the enactment of the taxing statute,30 those decisions have recently been distinguished, and their precedential value limited.31 In United States v. Carlton, the Court declared that "[t]he due process standard to be applied to tax statutes with retroactive effect . . . is the same as that generally applicable to retroactive economic legislation"— retroactive application of legislation must be shown to be "justified by a rational legislative purpose." 32 Applying that principle, the Court upheld retroactive application of a 1987 amendment limiting application of a federal estate tax deduction originally enacted in 1986. Congress' purpose was "neither illegitimate nor arbitrary," the Court noted, since Congress had acted "to correct what it reasonably viewed as a mistake in the original 1986 provision that would have created a significant and unanticipated revenue loss." Also, "Congress acted promptly and established only a modest period of retroactivity." The fact that the taxpayer had transferred stock in reliance on the original enactment was not dispositive, since "[t]ax legislation is not a promise, and a taxpayer has no vested right in the Internal Revenue Code." 33
However, the Court has treated differently gift taxes imposed retroactively upon gifts that were made and completely vested before the enactment of the taxing statute,127 at least in part on the basis that such imposition unfairly treats a taxpayer who could have altered his behavior to avoid the tax if it could have been anticipated by him at the time the transaction was effected. Also, a conclusive presumption that gifts made within two years of death were made in contemplation of death was condemned as arbitrary and capricious, even with respect to subsequent transfers.128
Deprivation of Property: Retroactive Legislation.—Federal regulation of future action, based upon rights previously acquired by the person regulated, is not prohibited by the Constitution. So long as the Constitution authorizes the subsequently enacted legislation, the fact that its provisions limit or interfere with previously acquired rights does not ordinarily condemn it. The imposition upon coal mine operators, and ultimately coal consumers, of the liability of compensating former employees, who had terminated work in the industry before passage of the law, for black lung disabilities contracted in the course of their work, was sustained by the Court as a rational measure to spread the costs of the employees' disabilities to those who had profited from the fruits of their labor.129 Legislation readjusting rights and burdens is not unlawful solely because it upsets otherwise settled expectations, but it must take account of the realities previously existing, i.e., that the danger may not have been known or appreciated, or that actions might have been taken in reliance upon the current state of the law; therefore, legislation imposing liability on the basis of deterrence or of blameworthiness might not have passed muster. The Court has applied Turner Elkhorn in upholding retroactive applica[p.1365]tion of pension plan termination provisions to cover the period of congressional consideration, declaring that the test for retroactive application of legislation adjusting economic burdens is merely whether "the retroactive application . . . is itself justified by a rational legislative purpose."130
Rent regulations were sustained as applied to prevent execution of a judgment of eviction rendered by a state court before the enabling legislation was passed.131 For the reason that "those who do business in the regulated field cannot object if the legislative scheme is buttressed by subsequent amendments to achieve the legislative end," no vested right to use housing, built with the aid of FHA mortgage insurance for transient purposes, was acquired by one obtaining insurance under an earlier section of the National Housing Act, which, though silent in this regard, was contemporaneously construed as barring rental to transients, and was later modified by an amendment which expressly excluded such use.132 An order by an Area Rent Director reducing an unapproved rental and requiring the landlord to refund the excess previously collected, was held, with one dissenting vote, not to be the type of retroactivity which is condemned by law.133 The application of a statute providing for tobacco marketing quotas, to a crop planted prior to its enactment, was held not to deprive the producers of property without due process of law since it operated, not upon production, but upon the marketing of the product after the act was passed.134
In the exercise of its comprehensive powers over revenue, finance, and currency, Congress may make Treasury notes legal tender in payment of debts previously contracted135 and may invalidate provisions in private contracts calling for payment in gold coin,136 but rights against the United States arising out of contract[p.1366]are more strongly protected by the due process clause. Hence, a law purporting to abrogate a clause in government bonds calling for payment in gold coin was invalid,137 and a statute abrogating contracts of war risk insurance was held unconstitutional as applied to outstanding policies.138
The due process clause has been successfully invoked to defeat retroactive invasion or destruction of property rights in a few cases. A revocation by the Secretary of the Interior of previous approval of plats and papers showing that a railroad was entitled to land under a grant was held void as an attempt to deprive the company of its property without due process of law.139 The exception of the period of federal control from the time limit set by law upon claims against carriers for damages caused by misrouting of goods, was read as prospective only because the limitation was an integral part of the liability, not merely a matter of remedy, and would violate the Fifth Amendment if retroactive.140
Bankruptcy Legislation.—In acting pursuant to its power to enact uniform bankruptcy legislation, Congress has regularly authorized retrospective impairment of contractual obligations,141 but the due process clause (by itself or infused with takings principles) constitutes a limitation upon Congress' power to deprive persons of more secure forms of property, such as the rights secured creditors have to obtain repayment of a debt. The Court had long followed a rule of construction favoring prospective–only application of bankruptcy laws, absent a clear showing of congressional intent,142 but it was not until 1935 that the Court actually held unconstitutional a retrospective law. Struck down by the Court was the Frazier–Lemke Act, which by its terms applied only retrospectively, and which authorized a court to stay proceedings for the foreclosure of[p.1367]a mortgage for five years, the debtor to remain in possession at a reasonable rental, with the option of purchasing the property at its appraised value at the end of the stay. The Act offended the Fifth Amendment, the Court held, because it deprived the creditor of substantial property rights acquired prior to the passage of the act.143 However, a modified law, under which the stay was subject to termination by the court and which continued the right of the creditor to have the property sold to pay the debt, was sustained.144
Without violation of the due process clause, the sale of collateral under the terms of a contract may be enjoined, if such sale would hinder the preparation or consummation of a proposed railroad reorganization, provided the injunction does no more than delay the enforcement of the contract.145 A provision that claims resulting from rejection of an unexpired lease should be treated as on a parity with provable debts, but limited to an amount equal to three years rent, was held not to amount to a taking of property without due process of law, since it provided a new and more certain remedy for a limited amount, in lieu of an existing remedy inefficient and uncertain in result.146 A right of redemption allowed by state law upon foreclosure of a mortgage was unavailing to defeat a plan for reorganization of a debtor corporation where the trial court found that the claims of junior lienholders had no value.147
Right to Sue the Government.—A right to sue the Government on a contract is a privilege, not a property right protected by the Constitution.148 The right to sue for recovery of taxes paid may be conditioned upon an appeal to the Commissioner and his refusal to refund.149 There was no denial of due process when Congress took away the right to sue for recovery of taxes, where the claim for recovery was without substantial equity, having arisen from the[p.1368]mistake of administrative officials in allowing the statute of limitations to run before collecting a tax.150 The denial to taxpayers of the right to sue for refund of processing and floor stock taxes collected under a law subsequently held unconstitutional, and the substitution of a new administrative procedure for the recovery of such sums, was held valid.151 Congress may cut off the right to recover taxes illegally collected by ratifying the imposition and collection thereof, where it could lawfully have authorized such exactions prior to their collection.152
Congressional Power to Abolish Common Law Judicial Actions.— Similarly, it is clearly settled that "[a] person has no property, no vested interest, in any rule of the common law."153 It follows, therefore, that Congress in its discretion may abolish common law actions, replacing them with other judicial actions or with administrative remedies at its discretion. There is slight intimation in some of the cases that if Congress does abolish a common law action it must either duplicate the recovery or provide a reasonable substitute remedy.154 Such a holding seems only remotely likely,155 but some difficulties may be experienced with respect to legislation that retrospectively affects rights to sue, such as shortening or lengthening statutes of limitation, and the like, although these have typically risen in state contexts. In one interesting decision, the Court did sustain an award of additional compensation under the Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, made pursuant to a private act of Congress passed after expiration of the period for review of the original award, directing the Commission to review the case and issue a new order, the challenge being made by the employer and insurer.156
Deprivation of Liberty: Economic Legislation.—The proscription of deprivation of liberty without due process, insofar as substantive due process was involved, was long restricted to invoca[p.1369]tion against legislation deemed to abridge liberty of contract.157 The two leading cases invalidating federal legislation, however, have both been overruled, as the Court adopted a very restrained standard of review of economic legislation.158 The Court's "hands–off" policy with regard to reviewing economic legislation is quite pronounced.159
Supplement: [P. 1358, add to n.75 following Richardson v. Belcher citation:]
FCC v. Beach Communications, 508 U.S. 307 (1993) (exemption from cable TV regulation of facilities that serve only dwelling units under common ownership).
Supplement: [P. 1365, add to n.130:]
Concrete Pipe & Products v. Construction Laborers Pension Trust, 508 U.S. 602, 636–41 (1993) (imposition of multiemployer pension plan withdrawal liability on an employer is not irrational, even though none of its employees had earned vested benefits by the time of withdrawal). In Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498 (1998) , the challenge was to a statutory requirement that companies formerly engaged in mining pay miner retiree health benefits, as applied to a company that had placed its mining operations in a wholly owned subsidiary three decades earlier, before labor agreements included an express promise of lifetime benefits. In a fractured opinion, the justices ruled 5 to 4 that the scheme's severe retroactive effect offended the Constitution, though differing on the governing clause. Four of the majority justices based the judgment solely on takings law, while opining that "there is a question" whether the statute violated due process as well. The remaining majority justice, and the four dissenters, viewed substantive due process as the sole appropriate framework for resolving the case, but disagreed on whether a violation had occurred.
Supplement: [P. 1366, add to n.138:]
The Court has addressed similar issues under breach of contract theory. United States v. Winstar Corp., 518 U.S. 839 (1996) .
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CAER Seminars
Woody Biomass for Kentucky's Green Energy: Supply Chain and Logistics Challenges
Tom Kimmerer
Moore Ventures LLC
Tuesday, February 8, 2011 at 10:00am
Ben Bandy Conference Center
UK Center for Applied Energy Research
Kentucky is in a 'sweet spot' for biomass production, with productive but underused farm land and forest land. As interest rises in the Ohio Valley for biomass feedstock for combustion and liquid fuel production, Kentucky could be well positioned to be a major player in the biomass supply chain, with important implications for the rural economy. Before Kentucky can play a major role as a biomass provider, we have to overcome significant challenges in the biomass supply chain. The loss of jobs and talent in the logging industry, the lack of access to capital for major equipment purchases and the lack of sustainability standards for biomass provisioning need to be overcome before Kentucky can reach its potential as a major player in the biomass industries.
The 'chicken-or-egg' problem is significant: biomass consumers are reluctant to commit to projects without assured fuel supplies, and biomass producers are reluctant to commit to capital expenses in the absence of a clearly defined market. We will discuss these challenges in the context of creating a framework for Kentucky to move forward in the emerging biomass industries.


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Be the first NJ.com user to add photos or videos of Natural Nails
Natural Nails was founded in 2000, and is located at 530 W Side Ave in Jersey City.
Natural Nails is located at 530 W Side Ave, Jersey City, NJ. This location is in the West Side neighborhood. This business specializes in Nail Care.


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About Us
The Gelato Fiasco, Inc., is a private company founded in 2007 by 24-year-old gelato enthusiasts Joshua Davis and Bruno Tropeano. Today, Gelato Fiasco employs more than 50 people at its stores in Brunswick and Portland, Maine, and its Flavor Foundry and offices in Brunswick. Its stores are open 362 days year. A catering team scoops flavors at weddings throughout New England. And pints of The Gelato Fiasco's most inventive and appealing flavors are available at the finest grocery and corner stores in the United States. Wherever it is sold or served, Gelato Fiasco symbolizes bold, intense flavors in a product whose commitment to quality and consistency is unmatched.
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Investments and Franchising
Gelato Fiasco operates its own stores and does not offer franchising opportunities. Investment opportunities are not currently available.
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Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com for press inquiries and interviews.
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Grocery store managers interested in offering Gelato Fiasco's pints should contact our grocery team.


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Event – Defending Community and Ecology In Ecuador – 24 June
Posted in Events by Ferne Edwards on June 17th, 2008
The Globalism Research Centre RMIT, Friends of the Earth and the Latin American Solidarity Network present Defending Community and Ecology In Ecuador
A public talk with:
- Carlos Zorilla, Decoin, – Ecuador, Glen
- Kuecker – De Pauw University, Indiana,
Date: Tuesday June 24, 6.00pm
Location: Bella Union Bar, Trades Hall (cnr Lygon and Victoria Streets), Carlton South
Free admission
Carlos Zorrilla is the founder and executive director of DECOIN, a grassroots NGO dedicated to the conservation of the cloud forests of the Intag region of northern Ecuador. The area has long been under threat by government and corporate attempts to establish a large-scale copper mine, which have been met by determined community resistance and direct action. Glen Kuecker is co-founder of the Intag Solidarity Network, which runs a human rights program in Ecuador, and is Professor of Latin American History at De Pauw University. For more information contact Yael at yael.zalchendler @rmit.edu.au


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Twin-spired Nurses
Katie and Kimberly Mitts '17 may be nearing the end of their time at Pace in the nursing program, but the pair is forever grateful for the lessons, experiences, simulation scenarios, and mentoring they have received along their Pace Path.
When asked how they would describe their Pace experience, nursing majors Katie and Kimberly Mitts '17 had a few words come to mind when reflecting on four years of a rigorous and rewarding program combined with their academic and extracurricular accomplishments at Pace—amazing, challenging, worthwhile, and eye-opening.
The twins, who are passionate about helping others and learning as much as they can about nursing, stepped onto Pace's Pleasantville Campus in 2012 eager to pursue the careers of which they had always dreamed.
"Pace is close to our home in Rockland County, New York, but far enough away that we could experience college life, and when we looked at various nursing programs, this was the only one that has clinicals starting during sophomore year," Katie says.
Although the sisters knew they would be embarking on a challenging academic program, they wanted to get involved on the Pleasantville Campus and meet new people through extracurricular activities and organizations.
The sisters jumped into Greek life and joined sororities—Phi Sigma Sigma for Katie and Alpha Lambda Sigma for Kimberly—and they both were a part of Pace's cheerleading team during their first and second years.
"Being a cheerleader was especially fun in college," Kimberly says. "It challenges yourself in different ways from high school cheerleading, and it was a great way to get out, meet people, and set yourself on the right path."
Their path to becoming nurses was something the pair set out upon at a young age. At 14, the Mitts sisters joined their local ambulance's youth corps within the Nanuet Community Ambulance Corps, earning basic certifications, assisting EMTs and paramedics on emergency calls, and improving patient care skills. The two are still active in the corps and have served several positions over the years including Senior Corps members and Katie as the Lieutenant of Communications from May 2015 to May 2016.
"We joined our local ambulance core because we knew we wanted to do medicine," Katie says. "I think that opened our eyes and showed us what the nurses actually do, and we enjoyed learning that and being able to work with them."
Currently in their final semester of the nursing program, the duo says they are so grateful for the education they have received through lessons, clinicals, innovative learning experiences in the classroom, and much more.
"In the nursing program, it has been a great honor to make it as far as we have," Kim says. "We have seen our class go from 150 students to 60 because it is so challenging."
In the nursing program, Katie and Kimberly have access to cutting-edge technology in the Clinical Education Labs that allow students to partake in simulations, which expose them to a range of scenarios so they know exactly what to do when faced with these situations in real life. The labs enable students to practice skills on human patient simulators, familiarize themselves with electronic medical records, and prepare medications using computerized systems.
"The simulation equipment we use is the most amazing I have ever seen," Kimberly says.
She says the nursing students listen to the patients' lungs and differentiate the sounds they hear, they learn how to give injections, and they have to pass validations while talking to the patients, among many other experiences.
"It was a lot of fun, and the human patient simulators are great because they can adapt in any way," Kimberly says. "I walk in one week and one is pregnant and you have to deal with that scenario. Just seeing those simulations gets you comfortable being in a hospital setting."
The Mittses say one of their greatest takeaways over the past few years has been understanding and developing better time management skills, spending 12 hour days studying in the library, listening to previous lectures, reviewing hundreds of flashcards, and teaching themselves what they need to do to in order to become better nurses.
"Before, I would procrastinate, but this program and this University has taught me how to properly time manage and how to balance everything including your social life," Katie says. "Being able to say that we made it through the nursing program, balanced everything, and were not so engrossed in our work that we didn't lose out on life is a great accomplishment."
Having each other to lean on was especially important for the sisters, as they relied on each other and pushed one another to work their hardest. They also credit their success to help from their professors, who were always willing to answer any questions, and support from their grandparents Shirley and Joe, their father Tim and mother Tammy, and their boyfriends Matt and Erich who kept the sisters going when it was the toughest.
Although Katie and Kimberly do not plan on working together after they graduate—Katie wants to work in the suburbs and Kimberly wants to get a taste of city life—the two know they always have a special bond and can rely on each other with any questions or concerns they encounter.
"I'm going to miss Pace—and it will be different once we graduate—but I feel comfortable saying that once I leave, I can say the University has done me well," Katie says. "I am proud I can add to that number of graduates who are successful from Pace."
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The NYPD is helping the Pace Community stay vigilant. We invite you to attend an emergency response training session on Wednesday, August 22, 2018.
NYPD Response Training (NYC)
We're kicking off the academic year right with Convocation 2018 in NYC and PLV. This year's speakers include Lubin Dean Neil Braun and award-winning author Imbolo Mbue.
Convocation 2018
Three Pace students were recently awarded the prestigious 2018 Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship, which will allow them to pursue their dreams overseas.
Setters Circle the World


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Discover the view from the Park Tower Knightsbridge
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The iconic circular shape of The Park Tower Knightsbridge allows unspoilt and ever changing views of every aspect of London, with Hyde Park immediately to the North, Westminster to the East, Battersea Power Station to the South and Brompton Road, Harrods and Harvey Nichols to the East.
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Reserve a Suite for your next stay at The Park Tower Knightsbridge, enjoy unrivalled views over Hyde Park and Knightsbridgeand take advantage of exclusive benefits, including a 10% reduction on our Flexible Rates with Breakfast included. Discover our Suites.
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