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in another article i had seen via and nvidia going straight to 80 nm, bypassing the 90 nm node altogether. it got me wondering why we stop at specific points on the process technology reduction roadmap. so, i'm asking the following question.
why have we seen the 250 nm to 180 nm to 130 nm to 90 nm to 65 nm, as well as the upcoming 45 nm, 32 nm, 22 nm, and 16 nm process nodes? why weren't they 120 nm or 140 nm? turning to raw numbers, we see a decrease in size of 28%, 27.8%, 30.8%, 27.8%, 30.8%, 28.9%, 31.3%, and 27.3% respectively.
are there physics at work? are these marketing decisions? are they a way to increase revenue through expected technological breakthroughs over time and better processing techniques? or is it "just because"?
the story that prompted me to write this little article today comes to us from digitimes. it talks of a company called promos that is manufacturing 70 nm parts with its new 300 mm facility.
via and nvidia saw value at 80 nm; promos sees value at 70 nm. so why are we on the 90 nm to 65 nm bandwagon? if you have insight or speculation, post your thoughts below.
user comments 45 comment(s)
|waiting on… (10:32am est wed aug 16 2006)
goatguy – by x-plattform
|goatguy… (10:53am est wed aug 16 2006)
please enlighten us as to this imponderable.
seriously, i really enjoy your contributions: keep them up! – by radiant energy
|possibly moore's law? (11:25am est wed aug 16 2006)
180 nm –> 130 nm
90 nm –> 65 nm
45 nm –> 32nm
you are halving the die size every couple of years – by fuji
|approximately moore (11:55am est wed aug 16 2006)
i always assumed this was just a function of doubling the number of transistors. when you decrease the size of features by about 29.3%, you double the number that can fit on the same size die.
it's kind of complicated, but basically,
plug in any of the above #'s and you'll get approximately the next number:
you get the picture. i think it's just a way to add some predictability to the performance curve. there's no reason not to go from 90->80 or 90->70, but i'm guessing the performance improvement wouldn't be worth it for all the retooling (or factory building) necessary to change their process. and skipping to the next level would probably take twice as long, which means the competition would have a couple of years to swoop in on their market share. it's all a trade-off.
graphics card makers and smaller chipmakers probably have less to worry about when it comes to predictability of transistor size because 1) graphics card performance often rely on complete redesigns in their logic more than strict processing power and 2) smaller, lesser-known chipmakers have less to lose when it comes to taking chances on big manufacturing changes. – by math nerd
|yes it is moors law (11:56am est wed aug 16 2006)
moorlaw states that the processor doubles it performance every 1.8 to 2 years. to reach that the device size need to be reduced to get the speedup assuming you dont do uarch chages to get this performance and just rely on freq. so a nice figure it to cut the die size by half. if we translate this to linear dimenstion we get 0.7 w and 0.7 l for length and width of the device. so 0.75 * 180nm = 126nm=~130nm. similarly 0.7 * 130nm =91nm=~ 90nm etc. since process shrink is not going linearly i.e 0.7 is becomming more like 0.75 as we go to smaller process sizes – by newbie
|standardization (11:57am est wed aug 16 2006)
it's a decission to keep developpement costs at a reasonable level:
by setting a roadmap with known goals rechaers funding can be spent more economically. it's much more effective if (almost everubody develops its proces technology and manufacturing equipement for 65 nm rather than for 55, 60, 65, 70 and 75 nm.
most shrinks are a shrink by a factor close to the square root of 2. that is a shrink to 70.7%, explaining your numbers.
why the square root of 2? probably because the step size is not too big, nor to small. and after 2 cycles you have a shrink by two, which gives easy factors.
|you don't see it? (12:02pm est wed aug 16 2006)
the ratio is exactly 2::sq.root 2.
or as such:
this is so that every generation, you can half the die size of the exact same chip…
and every two generations, you can quarter it.
if you look at every other generation… they are exactly half the feature size. if it ever rounds up or down… it will match again later.
try counting from the last to the earliest… they all match up.
1um (remember the 486?)
the average ratio is 1:1.414 (square root of 2)
– by nerd
|my theory…. (12:09pm est wed aug 16 2006)
not sure where the 250 came from but if you'll notice the factor of 70%,
250*.7 = 175 ~ 180
or if you do it without rounding:
250 – 175 – 122.5 – 85.75 – 60.025 – 42.0175 – 29.41225 – 20.588575 – 14.4120025 – by ggm
|re: …….. (12:21pm est wed aug 16 2006)
moore's law does not state that "the processor doubles it performance every 1.8 to 2 years".
specifically it is the number of transistors.
every generation is sqrt(.5) of the previous. every 2 generations it halves.
also could be cos(45�) – by ggm
|i'm glad that is cleared up (12:24pm est wed aug 16 2006)
see, we can figure things out for ourselves without summoning up the oracle of goat guy.
we must follow in his path for a time, then create our own. – by rcaman
|it's.. (1:21pm est wed aug 16 2006)
almost certainly something to do with the wavelength of light used and the inherent interfereance patterns.
i woul dlike to hear from he of much goatness though.
– by nick shaw
|theories theories theories… (2:24pm est wed aug 16 2006)
most of you are dead on. it has more to do with moore's law (or observation, if you want to be particular about it) than optical effects.
"ggm", you mentioned that you don't know where 250nm came from.
the .25 micron process stems from convenience. it just so happens that krypton fluoride produces 248nm laser light, and relatively cheap silicon lenses are highly transparent to this wavelength of light. of course i-line lithography (365nm) was also used for the 250nm process by some. but 248nm became the standard for .25 micron.
then 193nm argon fluoride was slated for use in the .18 micron node. they ran into some difficulty with absorption rates by the silicon lenses and resists, but it worked out alright after some research, and 193nm was phased in at the .18 micron node, and continues to work today at the 65nm node.
it was thought that 157nm might make things easier at these smaller feature sizes, but generally lower wavelengths are less transmitted by materials, so lenses would absorb more light, and the resist layers would need be made thinner and probably of a different material.
feature sizes below the wavelength of the light used are achieved through refractive lenses with low numerical apertures. the numerical aperture (na) of a lense is dependent upon both the design and the material composition of the lense, but with enough research and work it is generally possible to find nas that work for whatever feature sizes you are aiming at.
some of you who have been following the industry closely since the .25-.18 micron transition may remember that the .13 micron transition was not the originally planned "next step". it was deemed too small and difficult a transition using current 193nm tech. the industry was hoping that 157nm would help them out there. instead they planned to standardize on 160nm. that didn't work out because some smart guys figured out that 130nm wasn't so bad after all, and through more materials research they were able to develop lenses with nas low enough to enable 130, 90, and 65nm lithography.
157nm is all but abandoned at this point, because 193nm is still long enough for relatively inexpensive resists and lenses. going to 157nm would require going through all the trouble we went through with 193nm all over again, and then some. with immersion lithography around the corner, promising to divide the na by a factor of 1.33 for water or 1.6 for some of the other, more clever liquids, 193nm ought to be able to survive a few more years in the industry.
as for why they chose those specific numbers? well it is a combination of factors, moore's law being the predominant factor, and issues such as the na of the lenses that the few lense producers that supply all the tool vendors can make, and of course they like the number to be rounded up to allow for a little bit of variation between tools.
every company tweeks their tools in their own way, and some allow their tools to work longer between maintainence (the optical components need to be replaced every few months beause they develop color spots which reduce the uniformity and power of the beam and can cause diffraction). so it's not all so exact, and every design must be validated for the specific fab that it will be produced in.
congrats to those of you who noticed the pattern of following moore's law. you get a gold star!
– by drsengir
|oh, and… (2:28pm est wed aug 16 2006)
and on top of convenience, i forgot to mention that the process step prior to .25um was .35um, which is one "moore's law step" behind .25um. prior to .35um we had .5um, and .7um, and 1um. of course only us old fogies remember those days.
– by drsengir
|stating the obvious (3:31pm est wed aug 16 2006)
why 65nm instead of 70nm?
because it's 5nm smaller. duh.
honestly, i always thought it had more to do with the lithography process (like drsengir has so kindly explained) than anything else, but i'm far from being an expert. – by mr. obvious
|shrinks perspective (3:42pm est wed aug 16 2006)
dr. sengir and the nerds above offered good answers. anyway..
hey rickgeek and geeks, do you guys wonder if there will be some secret tweaks with the upcoming k8l architecture?
what is your opinion on the reverse hyperthreading rumor (or anti-rumor)?
do you think that athlon 64's will be able to ramp up in ghz when produced on 65nm process? strangely, 90nm has only given it a 200 mhz advantage so far over 130nm (see the fx-55 130nm at 2.6 ghz, and the fx-57 90nm at 2.8ghz). there should be another one upcoming at 3 ghz on 90nm process, but that is just about as far as amd can push it as we overclockers know. the 130nm chips overclocked pretty close to 3 ghz as well, which is pretty confusing.
get what i mean? usually, smaller fab process allow much higher clocks, but it certainly did not with the 90nm process in comparison to 130nm.
it did not help much for intel's netburst architecture either, but a little more than with athlons though. even at 65nm process, there is still not an official 4.0 ghz pentium 4. it did help with the power consumption and heat dissipation, but not much either, probably due to larger cache sizes.
it seems that the die size shrinks are not as beneficial as they used to be, or at least as we have been witnessing as of late. – by bo_fox
|ha! (4:30pm est wed aug 16 2006)
well i just wrote a very long response, and i think it just vanished into the aether.
my new response will be short and to the point, and not nearly as detailed or informative, i appologize, but if you'd like more info then ask and i'll write more later.
1. k8l is likely, it would be dumb to think that amd isn't working on a new and improved architecture. will the tweaks be secret? probably not, it does them no good to keep such secrets, because then developers can't take advantage of them.
2. reverse hyperthreading is not feasible. are they working on it? probably. ibm and sun worked on it decades ago to no avail.
3. clock speed depends on amd's priorities, which at this point seems to be more related to parallelism. there's a lot of deep magic (that i went into and promptly lost in the previous message) that goes into process shifts and reworking of cores. in this day and age you can no longer have your cake and eat it to. you have to compromise between improved switching times or lower power dissipation. i think amd will aim at lower dissipation, it's more conducive to massive parallelism. i think the ghz wars are long since done with, and although processors will continue to bump up their clock speeds as technologies improve, they won't be a significant market factor, well at least not as significant a market factor.
– by drsengir
|look (5:53pm est wed aug 16 2006)
checking at the number, it seem to decrease by 70% roughly. but,
0.7 time 0.7 is about 0.5. taking the inverse, this is 2.
look like it is related to moore!
it is though to be that smart. – by smartest guy around
|lithography, not law (6:20pm est wed aug 16 2006)
i assume he meant 'tough'.
i don't think the moore's law thing is on purpose. if i were mking chips, i would want to break moore's law, because that would give me a competitive advantage. moore himself has said that he didn't expect the law to stay as accurate as it has for this long.
i think it is because when companies make the decision about their next chip, they want something doable, because they want to launch the product on time. obviously, smaller is better.
in my opinion, the people talking about the lithography are closer to the real reason than those focussing on moore's law. – by iv
|i found it (6:53pm est wed aug 16 2006)
doing some research, i have found why the node decrease by those amount. check the number. going from 90nm to 65nm node is 0.7 decrease in die size. but this is twice the number of transistors. also, note that sqrt(2) is 0.7
twice the number of transistor mean twice the performance (in some way). this is done to follow moore law.
and no geek found this before. – by gg
|heu (6:55pm est wed aug 16 2006)
no way sqrt(2) could be 0.7. but you get the point – by gg
|dah.. (7:09pm est wed aug 16 2006)
as noted by multiple people
double the transistors requires a 0.7 shrink..
0.7*0.7=0.50 the size. – by not a retards
|most companies buy their tools from the same tool vendors (7:36pm est wed aug 16 2006)
this is the main reason why the semiconductor companies all move together (the ones that can afford it that is).
the leading manufacturer of physical vapor deposition machines is applied materials, according to wikipedia they make 80% of all of them in the world.
i know intel used to buy it's lithography tools from asml & nikon precision who makes the overwhelming majority of those tools as well.
it's the capabilities of these tools that drive the process geometry game. if amd wanted to compete w/ intel at 45nm they simply have to spend the ~$2 billion on the same state of the art fab equipment that intel is buying from them.
keep in mind, just because you can draw a 45nm metal line on a silicon wafer doesn't mean you can make a 4ghz logic device. speed and geometry are related but smaller geometries don't guarantee you greater speeds or low powers, just lower cost. for better speeds and powers you need to bring your process designers and your chip designers talents into play as well.
tool vendors like applied materials, nikon precision, and asml will sell this equipment to anybody, including you and i.
last i heard a 45nm cvd/pvd tool would run you ~$5-$15 million and a nikon photolith much more then that depending on what options you wanted. most fabs have anywhere from a dozen to several dozen of these tools depending on what their process flow is and how many lines they want to run. future fabs may even have 100's. this is why a fab cost ~$2.5b, it's not the biulding, it's the tools.
— another rule of thumb, the tools cost the 1st guy more, so if intel goes to 45nm 1st, they get to pay significantly more. kind of like buying the 1st model year of car. so often times it's better to be #2 then #1 because #1 gets stuck with most of the tool vendors r&d cost.
i honestly don't know why they pick the process nodes they do, but it's a safe bet it has to do with what nikon and asml can do with their optics and what applied materials can do with their vapor deposition machines.
not what end users like intel, amd, and ti would like them to do, they'd like them to do 1nm and someday within my career they will probably make tools that can do just that.
– by ee
|easy (8:25pm est wed aug 16 2006)
1.41 x 1.41 = 2.
you double the density on your chip. moore law. – by a retard
|applied materiels.. (8:34pm est wed aug 16 2006)
applied materials makes (almost)all the chipmaking equipment in the world.
i expect they simply "force" the issue to the next node in most cases… i expect they want to make a model "65 nanometer" and one model only, not a 62, and a 68, and a 75.. etc… – by applied materiels
|applied materiels (8:52pm est wed aug 16 2006)
i can also be related to the fact that each generation shrink by two (0.7*0.7=0.49). it follow moore law – by other tard
|moore law (9:08pm est wed aug 16 2006)
2*0.7 + 2 – sqrt(2) = 2
moore law
0.7 + 2 – 0.7*0.5 + 0.35 – 0.7 = 2
|pixel art (9:45pm est wed aug 16 2006)
hey, the last one is just a pixel!!!! – by nitin
|law of volumes (10:30pm est wed aug 16 2006)
ee is a funny guy..
sometimes he sound brilliant sometimes he is the biggest retard..
intel is the world's biggest buyer. you think nikon and asml or any other manufacture charges them a premium or gives them a volume discount.
by being big, first and buying the most i think they probably get the biggest discount…
its economics.. did you take any in school.. better learn some – by not a retard
|ramping (12:10am est thu aug 17 2006)
yes, intel buys the most tools, so should get a volume discount. they also collaborate with vendors so they get tool-level learning earlier than competitors.
where is amd 65nm? intel has been shipping 65nm since november of 05. does anyone think conroe will max out at 3ghz? not me. i'd likely say ~3.3-3.5 on 65nm.
things will get more interesting at 45nm. who is going to go with hi-k? if they can pull it off, it could be a 'game-changer' as far as process technology goes. – by fab rat
|you know i wonder… (1:22am est thu aug 17 2006)
whatever happened to goatguy? he used to come here often, and he really liked to comment on rickgeek's news.
most of the stuff he talked about was rather deep and over my head, but still was intresting to read.
so goatguy, if ya out there come back to the communty bro – please? – by linuxnub
|hi goats… i still occasionally lurk… (1:46am est thu aug 17 2006)
but only way off regular bizniz hours.
y'all got it. as one of the "natural notch-posts" early on in chipmaking that also tilted toward grand poohbah moore and his law, scaling a given surface by a factor of 2 made sense. and since it is a surface, you need to increase linear packing by the square-root of 2, or by 1.414.
well, that corresponds to the inverse in dimension (1 / 1.414 = 0.707). and sure enough, just as sir ricksalot noted, each generation is about 29% on the average "shrunken" from the previous generation. only for a short while when photolith dimensions were on the same order as wavelengths of light did this rule get altered. then (now) its back on track.
thanks all for mentioning me. its sad to report, but "real work" keeps me too busy in the day now to do much pleasant geek.com reading.
– by goatguy
|self fulfilling prophesy (5:09am est thu aug 17 2006)
so, moore's law is a self-fulfilling prophesy. those that make the investment decisions make them to keep pace with moore's law, and the technology roadmap is moore's law.
could intel et al throw a few more billion dollars at the problem and innovate ahead of the law? is moore's law more to do with economics & business strategy and less to do with the maximum pace of innovation? is it a case of "nobody ever got fired for keeping pace with moore's law"?
if gordon moore stated that the complexity of circuits doubled every 36 months, or every 12 months, would that then be the benchmark the industry followed for the last 40 years?
|more on moore (7:30am est thu aug 17 2006)
| /|
| / |
| / | 0.7
| / |
|/ |
aera: 0.7×0.7 = 0.5. this is half of the previous generation. obvioulsy related to moore law. – by moore
|we know already! (10:01am est thu aug 17 2006)
ok, everyone can stop doing the calculations out. we can all do basic 9th grade geometry, and no one has said anything new in a while except ee and "cause or effect".
"not a retard" – you should bite your tongue, because ee's point was far more realistic than yours. "volume discount"s aren't particularly good when you're talking about volumes of 100 tools every 18 months, or less (intel loves to reuse old tools. they have more implanters with bernas sources than every other company combined, because everyone else upgraded to ihc sources a decade or two ago).
when you contract a tool vendor to supply a cutting edge tool, they bill you for the r&d cost. it's not like the consumer industry where they do the r&d, build 2 million units, and ship them out to distributors. the semi customers come to the tool vendors, make unreasonable demands, and then the sales guys at the tool vendor brings them to some more reasonable compromise, and then fits them with a bill for the ensuing r&d expenditures (which can amount to millions of dollars, mind you) and charges a premium for the first bathes of tools (which is partially due to the part suppliers charging the vendors more for the r&d and first batch parts).
intel would get a volume discount if they ordered 100 of the last generation of tools. they don't do that because they have plenty of old tools.
goatguy – good to hear from you again. i, too, have been far too busy to frequent this site as i used to, but hopefully i'll have a bit more time for such things in the near future.
"cause or effect" – moore's law is nice because it sets a solid pace that has proven both challenging and yet possible. memory device manufacturers have been known to tweak their tools and work with the tool vendors to skip a little ahead of the rest of the industry, producing 110nm parts when the rest of the industry was migrating to 130nm, and 80nm when everyone else was trying for 90nm. this is more practical in memory applications due to the simplicity and consistency of memory structures.
as it is we only follow moore's law through convenience. moore observed that the number of transistors in device designs roughly doubled every 1-2 years. that's a very vague observation to make. generally the industry agrees on a goal. it's not set in stone by the tool vendors as ee suggests, but the tool vendors certainly set the pace for transition based on their physical capabilities and limitations. their customers say, "the next step, according to the pattern that we've followed for 30ish years, is to go to 65nm, so that's our target for the next generation", and the tool vendors say, "we can do the math, thank you, we've been working on 65nm tools for years now, and we expect to have products available for testing on your floor within a year". sometimes the transition takes longer, like from 130 to 90nm, which was definitely on the tail end of moore's observation (2 years), whereas the transition from 180 to 130nm was relatively quick.
and as precise as it sounds, talking about nanometer feature widths, it's really not so precise. 90nm lith tools don't consistenty produce 90nm features. they consistently produce 90 +/- 40 nm features, depending upon the tool and how well it's upkept.
but if moore had claimed that transistor density doubles every 6 months, then he would simply have made an inaccurate observation, and we certainly could not set the industry pace so fast to appease his foolishness.
so to answer the question: "cause or effect?" it's neither and both. it's the chicken and the egg. moore observed what he observed because of the pace that the industry was capable of setting, and the industry has tried to maintain that pace because they want to keep up with moore's law. but moore's law isn't a law, and if they could advance faster then they would. but they can't, so they don't.
– by drsengir
|power reduction (3:50pm est thu aug 17 2006)
is the main driver of shrinking circuit sizes in the last couple of years.
saving power (and the planet) via shrinkage is an easy win.
making genuinely more powerful innovative designs with the extra gained space, well that's a lot harder. – by cool running
|lots of pre cumm dribble here (1:03am est fri aug 18 2006)
some idiot wrote
"90nm lith tools don't consistenty produce 90nm features. they consistently produce 90 +/- 40 nm features, depending upon the tool and how well it's upkept."
yeah right, pay 20 million for a 193nm stepper that does 90nm +/- 50%. i don't think so.
try more like 90nm +/- 10nm. even if you factor with in field, nested to isolated and with-in wafer and wafer to wafer over the life of the lens prior to a clean you don't get to 40nm total variation. you are no doctor but another phd pretender…
then he says
|re: dude (9:37am est fri aug 18 2006)
i am no doctor, that's just a very old moniker (i've used it for over 10 years, i never felt compelled to change).
the tools that i've used don't cost $20 mil, they cost more like $5-10 mil, and they like to say that they work within +/- 10nm, but we design with anywhere between 30 and 60nm of "slack". we're not just talking about lense effects, here. you're forgetting mask misalignments, which can be disastrous, particularly on a 300mm wafer. the smaller our buffer zones, the lower our yields. so while the machines may be capable of producing 90 +/- 10 nm features, we design features that effectively occupy more silicon real estate. and these buffer widths will only increase in proportion to feature size.
and it is the case that companies pay for r&d costs. we refer to it as an nre, a non-recurring expense. it's always quoted and agreed upon prior to, or during development, and is always under the actual r&d cost, but the rest is absorbed by the gross margins. it's just to help subsidize the cost of r&d, which runs into the tens of millions of dollars per year at these tool manufacturers.
so why no 450mm? because it's too much of a pain right now, for everyone. the tool manufacturers will do it, they'd love to, because they'll bill the company that wants 450mm tools some tens of millions of dollars on an nre to get the thing produced. there is no volume potential for 450mm tools at the moment, while most of the industry is still using 200mm technology. intel would rather buy two 300mm machines that they know will work spot-on because the technology has already been developed. there was enough of an industry push towards 300mm with the emergence of large foundries and the general demand for consumer electronics. but foundries still fill more 200mm orders than 300mm because most asics are small and the batch sizes they need do not warrant the added expense of 300mm production. they certainly wouldn't turn much profit on 450mm machines at the moment. intel and the memory giants are really the only companies that could potentially benefit from 450mm wafers.
and don't be fooled by the tool vendors, they only say that they're not making money because if they say that things are going great then they have to start admitting that their gross margins are quite large (50% on new tools, up to 400% and sometimes higher on replacement parts) and they may have to start competing with each other on price, which they currently do not.
– by drsengir
|pitty our designs (11:08am est sat aug 19 2006)
dr. you are confusing registration vs cd. the two are very different. you need to go back to school to be even called a bser – by a doctor
|itrs (11:19pm est sat aug 19 2006)
it is good to see more informed comments on the same topic than years ago.
the question why 70 nm not 65 nm is not technically answered but you can say politically. it is the itrs who drew the lines and re-drew the lines. originally it was 100 nm, then 70 nm, then 50 nm, etc. now it's 90 nm, 65 nm, 45 nm, etc. same geometric progression, different boundary condition. nothing rigorously correct about the node definitions. it's all in the end arbitrary. – by fc
|history (11:46pm est sat aug 19 2006)
"…193nm was phased in at the .18 micron node, and continues to work today at the 65nm node…"
a lot of companies were using 248 nm even at 0.13 um, including intel and amd. 90 nm is where you saw 193 nm introduction en masse.
a little different for the chinese foundries, who have the subtle advantage of choosing today between older (248) and newer (193) wavelengths for the same technology node. – by fc
|na (11:52pm est sat aug 19 2006)
"feature sizes below the wavelength of the light used are achieved through refractive lenses with low numerical apertures. "
should be the higher the na the better. that's why immersion is used, to increase the na. more reflective optics is being used for hyper-na tools. – by fc
|index of water (11:57pm est sat aug 19 2006)
dr. s, you cited 1.33, that looks like it's for krf (248 nm). for arf (193 nm) it's more like 1.44. – by fc
|"90 nm" (12:06am est sun aug 20 2006)
"90nm lith tools don't consistenty produce 90nm features. they consistently produce 90 +/- 40 nm features, depending upon the tool and how well it's upkept."
dr. sengir, you exemplify the need to manage communication. communicating more is good, but if it increases chances of error, it may not be worth it.
a 90 nm tool is usually a 193 nm scanner with ~0.75 na. the na can be higher or lower. in fact, the na spec is the maximum value, you can set the value lower if you want to get better depth of focus. also the setting is nominal, actually your na may be 0.747, for example.
with a ~0.75 na arf tool, you can go down to about 100 nm lines and spaces. if you check the typical m1 pitch design rules, they are about 120 nm lines and spaces.
how many scanners of the same model have you seen side to side? take any three, one will be a "dog". – by fc
|you are donkey or baboon (12:17am est sun aug 20 2006)
i am holyman
silence if you dont are scientist of technology and old master of computer artifacts – by guru_of_death
|em or rc delay (1:52am est sun aug 20 2006)
those are bigger limiters of moore's law than lithography.
no one is doing copper below 100 nm width. – by got it?


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He said, "It grieves me that this was interpreted this way. Jen is an incredibly giving, loving, and hilarious woman who remains my friend. It is an important relationship I value greatly. The point I was trying to make is not that Jen was dull, but that I was becoming dull to myself - and that, I am responsible for."
But in a taped TV interview, which will air on breakfast show Today on Thursday (22Sep11), Pitt admits he's prone to saying things he shouldn't in interviews.
He tells TV host Matt Lauer, "It's always been a part of the territory. I've got a knack for stepping into s**t... I do it every year or so and it's OK.
"But I don't wanna live on guard and I guess I should be more on guard I guess."


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- Home
- Conflict Management Training
- Responding to Conflict: Strategies for Improved Communications - 3 Day Seminar
Responding to Conflict: Strategies for Improved Communications - 3 Day Seminar
Discover how to recognize the causes of interpersonal conflict. Become aware of your emotional triggers to prevent explosive situations. Learn new strategies of conflict management to improve your communication performance & ultimately increase the succe
- Course Outline
Be the voice of reason and resolve workplace conflict.
Discover how to recognize the causes of interpersonal conflict. Become aware of your emotional triggers to prevent explosive situations. Learn new strategies of conflict management to improve your communication performance and ultimately increase the success of your business initiatives.Learning Objectives
- Recognize and assess the various causes of conflict
- Express emotions in intelligent and influential ways
- Identify your own conflict style and how to adapt it effectively around others
- Give and receive criticism in ways that build positive relationships
- Increase listening skills to diminish conflict and improve communication
- Enhance your assertiveness skills and express your views more concisely in order solve problems effectively
- Use conflict as an opportunity to build better relationships
- Recognize and assess conflict – in order to manage it effectively
- Identify your own conflict style and how to manage yourself
- Clearer communications can lead to improved teamwork and morale
- Brainstorm activities to encourage involvement of everyone for creative problem solving
- Hands-on activities to engage participants in demonstrating skills
- Self assessment for insight into individual behaviour and how you work with others
Who Should Attend
Managers and professionals dealing with conflict who are seeking productive ways to manage themselves and others in these situations.
- Prerequisites & Certificates
Certificates offered
Certificate of Completion 18 PDUs RIBO Credits: Personal Skills 18 hours
- Cancellation Policy
If you cannot attend a seminar for which you have paid and are confirmed and cannot find a substitute to take your place, notify us by email or fax no later than 15 business days prior to your session's start date to transfer or for a complete refund.
If you cancel with 15 business days or less before the start date of that course, and cannot find a replacement for yourself, you will be liable for the entire seminar fee. Once your payment has been received and a cancellation administration fee of $250 has been paid, you will receive one courtesy transfer to use in any future Canadian Management Centre seminar* of equal or lesser value. The complimentary transfer must be used within one year of the original cancelled session. We will also work with you if the courtesy transfer needs to be substituted within your organization.
For cancellations received 5 business days or less in advance of the session start date or if you fail to attend without notifying us in writing, in fairness to all attendees, neither a refund nor a courtesy transfer will be issued.
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Call it the Oriental obsession or the Japanization of America.
We are driving Toyotas and Datsuns, watching Sonys, clicking Nikons and wearing Miyakes. Even our food has the flavor of Japan -- tofu, rice cakes, miso soup, sushi.
Suddenly, the ``made in Japan`` label has gone from cheap to chic.
While trendiness is a big reason behind the boom in Japanese cars, televisions, cameras and clothes, it is only part of the reason why Japanese food is popular. Scientists are telling us that eating more like the Japanese may be a key to preventing cancer and heart attacks.
And food writers, such as Elizabeth Andoh with her new book, An American Taste of Japan (William Morrow and Co., $24.95), are showing us how to do it.
``I think it makes sense to eat like the Japanese because you can eat well and still feel well,`` Andoh said. She recently taught a class at Macy`s in Aventura Mall.
``You don`t have to feel deprived. Diet can be rich in flavor without being rich in butter and cheese.``
It`s this fat that is the culprit in the American diet, the experts say. Typically Americans consume 40 percent of their calories from fat compared to 10 to 15 percent consumed in Japan. And fat is hazardous to your health as well as waistline.
Women in Japan and other Asian countries who eat low-fat diets have one of the lowest breast cancer rates in the world. In fact, Andoh says women have to ask their gynecologists in Japan to perform the breast examinations that are done routinely here.
Dr. George Sopko, head of a cardiovascular risk reduction center at St. Louis University, says studies illustrate that as the Japanese move to Hawaii and California they consume more fat, have higher cholesterol levels and suffer more heart attacks. As fat content went from 7 percent of the diet in Japan to 26 percent in California, deaths from heart disease grew from 1.3 to 3.7 per 1,000.


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Transform your photos into one-of-a-kind, hand painted masterpieces!
The watermark in the lower right corner of the image will not appear on the final print.
by Dean Triolo
Transitions With Blue And Red by Dean Triolo - 7.375" x 10.000"
Wood Print
Hanging Wire
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Wood Print
Transitions With Blue And Red wood print by Dean Triolo. Bring your artwork to life with the texture and added depth of a wood print. Your image gets printed directly onto a sheet of 3/4" thick maple wood. There are D-clips on the back of the print for mounting it to your wall using mounting hooks and nails (included).
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Ships From
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Bring your artwork to life with the texture and depth of a wood print. Your image gets printed directly onto a sheet of 3/4" thick maple wood.
All wood prints ship within 3 - 4 business days and arrive "ready to hang" with mounting hooks and nails.
Wood prints are extremely durable and add a rustic feel to any image.
For additional product photos and information, visit our wood prints product page.
Average Rating (4.86 Stars):
Clarice Marchena
August 17th, 2018
Koptie Steven
August 15th, 2018
Good Evening, It is August 15, 2018 and I have yet to receive this item. I am still very interested in seeing this great picture and wanted to order a picture of Mohawk Ironworkers working in New York City. My address is 403A Forest Avenue, Orillia, Ontario Canada, Postal Code: L3V3Z2. Please track order. Thank You Steven Koptie
Brett Wilkinson
August 15th, 2018
Kaela Rose
August 12th, 2018
From the time I was a child I have been intrigued with the patterning of light and the interaction of color. In the course of my life path I fell away from any sense of creative freedom, working from what I thought was expected of me. Through the long process of releasing an imposed belief system and replacing it with my own experiences and truths I have become able, emotionally and spiritually to access my child spirit through my adult educated mind. I am powerfully influenced by the passionate colors of the Italian High Renaissance and the gestural freedom of Impressionism and abstract expressionism. The spirituality of the theories in these genres has also had a great impact on me. In my work I seek to establish the intricate web...
Our return policy is very simple:
If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on FineArtAmerica.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Fine Art America does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
Customer Service: 877-807-5901
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All wood prints ship from our production facility within 2 - 3 business days of your order.


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Monday, March 12, 2012
England defeat France in Paris in Six Nations classic
England beat France away from home for the first time since 2008 as they came away 24-22 winners in a classic Six Nations encounter in Paris on Sunday afternoon. A last minute dropgoal attempt from Francois Trinh-Duc fell short for the hosts.
In one of the more entertaining Six Nations games we've seen in recent times, Le Crunch turned out to be a classic battle that went right down to the wire as France fought back after England took an early lead. Two quickfire tries, first a great effort from Manu Tuilagi, then a Ben Foden try set up by Ben Morgan, gave England a 14-3 lead in the first half.
France chipped away and the second half was a far tighter affair. A fantastic try from Tom Croft then appeared to seal the deal for the English, but thanks to Julien Dupuy, Lionel Beauxis, and Morgan Parra, who all contributed points from the tee, and a Wesley Fofana try with 6 minutes left, we saw a thrilling finale to the game.
If Trinh-Duc's dropgoal attempt had just a meter more on it, it would have been the French celebrating, but instead England took a famous win in Paris, and still have a mathematical chance of winning the Six Nations.
"It's hard to come back against the English after such a bad start. We clawed back into contention thanks to our pride," said brilliant French number eight, Imanol Harinordoquy.
"The two turnovers did for us. Once again we came back into it and we didn't miss out by much. It's hard to beat the English once they get ahead," he added.
Don't miss out on rugby's biggest stories and most
popular videos with the new Rugbydump Daily
Posted by Rugbydump at 10:52 am | View Comments (49)


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Canadians Importing US-style Prevarication
TORONTO: The US may be importing Canadian-style healthcare from our friendly neighbors to the north, but it's nice to know it's not a one-way street. It appears now that Canadians are importing US-style prevarication in their normal course of doing business. For us here in the US who may not be familiar with Rahim Jaffer the NIP will try to lay out the basics.
Rahim Jaffer was the first Muslim elected to the Canadian Parliament, serving from 1997 to 2008. After his defeat in the hotly contested 2008 election Jaffer reinvented himself as the "access point" for Canadian government money. According to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Jaffer purported that doors for government money "were wide open to him":
Two businessmen who heard Rahim Jaffer speak last August at a Toronto-area restaurant believed the former MP would be their connection to millions of dollars in government grants.
The men, who spoke to the CBC on condition of anonymity, said they were lured to the Aug. 25 meeting by an email that boasted: "Rahim Jaffer, who is the Canadian government money access point for us, will be in attendance."
"We left with the impression Jaffer was the source of funding," said the president of one company who pitched to Jaffer and his business colleague Nazim Gillani, the author of the email and the organizer of the meeting…
The two businessmen say they were presented with Jaffer's business card, which indicated he was an MP, and his address was Centre Block at the House of Commons. Jaffer had lost his seat a year earlier. John Nicol and Dave Seglins, CBC News
Jaffer apparently has been studying the US stimulus boondoggle. He co-founded a company that pitched whopper-sized projects to the Canadian government, including a proposed $480-million "shovel-ready" and waste disposal project, looking for $100 million in government funds. Read more…


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Tucson Weather
Ken Elder, ABR, GRI, MRE, REALTOR®
I understand how important your real estate needs are and treat every client as if they were my only client. I will give you impeccable service, dedication, hard work, and expertise that will insure a smooth and successful transaction.
I am a native Arizonan with experience in both Tucson and Phoenix. Whether you are looking for your first home, upgrading to keep pace with a growing family, relocating to Arizona or looking to sell your current home, I can help you with your real estate needs.
Let me provide you with professional representation to achieve your goals with my market knowledge, technology, and marketing experience. With me, you will always be "Right at Home".
Client testimonials...
"When I was ready to make an offer, you gave excellent and thoughtful advice. I believe we crafted an extremely good offer that in the end, it got me my wonderful house. You helped me organize my paperwork and put my deal together in a way that was very well thought out. It also gave confidence to my lender. I really appreciated your ability to interact with the lender on my behalf. Your work and clear communication helped to keep me out of the weeds. Thank you, Ken. I look forward to recommending your real estate services to my friends. I know they will be in the same capable hands that I was in."- P Bramley
"Wow!!! What can I say; Ken went above and beyond my expectations. Ken took what seemed like a hopeless contract and turned it into a home purchase for us. He is very professional, knowledgeable and aggressive in a good way. We are so thankful that Ken was our REALTOR."- C & M Patino
"Ken's priority during this complex transaction was always to represent my best interests. I was very comfortable during the entire purchase process knowing Ken was handling the negotiations and transaction. I have no reservations in recommending Ken to anyone purchasing property."- Lance Gatewood
"Our experience working with Ken Elder during our home sale was a very pleasant one with the highest quality of service. We have sold other homes and did not have the same experience as we did working with Ken."- Larry and Vicki Evans
"I knew when I met Ken that he was going to make a very good partner in my hunt for a new home. He was very knowledgeable, professional and a pleasure to work with. My experience with my lender was a nightmare, having Ken in my corner made all the difference. Ken's priority was always to represent my best interests. Ken was there for me through the entire process and I would highly recommend him to anyone purchasing a home." S Boris
I am dedicated to our Long Realty mission: to create an exceptional real estate services experience that builds long-lasting relationships.
I hope that you will give me the chance to assist you.
Thank you!


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Slovenian Pianist Goricar Accompanies Silent Film Wednesday, November 7
SALISBURY, MD---Slovenian pianist Andrej Goricar's music may not move mountains… but it's fun to climb to!
The classical musician provides piano accompaniment for the 1931 silent film V kraljestvu Zlatoroga (In the Realm of Goldenhorn) 7 p.m. Wednesday, November 7, in the Great Hall of Salisbury University's Holloway Hall. Dr. Jim Welsh, English professor emeritus and co-founder of the journal Literature/Film Quarterly, facilitates.
The resident pianist of the Slovenian Cinematheque, Goriar has performed his own compositions and improvisations for a wide range of silent movies and film retrospectives. While a student at the Ljubljana Academy of music, he earned the prestigious Prešeren Student Award for his interpretation of Beethoven's Fifth Piano Concerto with the Slovenian Philharmonic Orchestra. He completed his studies, performing the original version of Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue with the Slovenian Radio Symphonic Orchestra.
Sponsored by the Office of Cultural Affairs, World Artist Experiences, Inc., and the Slovenian Embassy to the United States, admission is free and the public is invited.
For more information call 4109-543-6271 or visit the SU Web site at www.salisbury.edu.


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Pom Poms & Tassels
Good morning! Halfway through this week! Hope you all are well. The sun is finally shining. It was rainy for so many days in a row! Since it's finally looking like spring I wanted to share some trendy pieces that are all under $50.00. Pom Poms & Tassels are everywhere this season. Since it isn't something… Continue reading Pom Poms & Tassels


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Denver—The Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) is the premier annual right-wing confab in Washington, DC. For the last two years, they've also taken the show on the road, with regional CPACs held in crucial swing states such as Florida and Colorado. On Thursday, high on their candidate's aggressive but dishonest performance in the previous night's presidential debate, several hundred conservative activists gathered in Denver for the second annual CPAC Colorado.
The right's newfound ebullience about the presidential election was largely overshadowed by its insecurity. Several speeches and plenary panels were largely dedicated to discussing how conservatives can reverse their ominous demographic destiny. Female, young and minority speakers repeatedly reassured the overwhelmingly older white audience that conservatism is actually the best ideology for the disadvantaged. Conservatives seem not to have considered that women and minorities may find conservative policies unappealing.
"There are men and women of color—black, brown and yellow—who share our faith, share our values…. They need to know that when we say, 'we,' we mean them too," said former Representative Artur Davis (D-AL). In what was a rare, albeit only implicit, admission—that the GOP's royalist economic agenda and Romney's infamous "47 percent" comment—might alienate working class voters, Davis also said, "People who work with their hands need to know that their cause is our cause."
Davis, being an African-American who recently switched parties, has skyrocketed to Republican stardom. He spoke during primetime to the Republican National Convention. He gladly plays the role of assuaging any conservative guilt about their hostility to civil rights. "Conservatism has nothing to apologize for or be defensive about," Davis asserted. But the whole rest of his speech was a defense against the widely held perception that conservatives are hostile to anyone who is not a rich white person.
Davis even went so far as to assert that for the homeless black men he passed in a park the night before, "conservatism has a case to make in their lives." He did not explain what that case would be. The crowd clapped as if what conservatism offers the homeless is self-evident. Can you imagine a Republican candidate actually going to a group of homeless men in a park and arguing that cutting the capital gains tax is what will most help them? They need housing vouchers, Medicaid and food stamps, for which congressional Republicans are cutting funding.
Over a dozen speakers and panelists argued that all conservatives need to do to convert minorities, young people and women is to reach out to them. That, and a little dose of tokenism, will bring a diverse generation of single women and young Latinos into the Republican Party, they asserted. Several speakers glowingly mentioned Mia Love, a congressional candidate in Utah. Strangely, I did not catch references to any other first time congressional candidates. Surely the fact that Love happens to be African-American must be pure coincidence. Or not. "A party that has Bobby Jindal, Mia Love and Marco Rubio doesn't need to take lessons from the left on diversity," said Davis.


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Kurt Vile Smoke Ring For My Halo chords
C Em D (Play those along to the song for the rhythm, you will hear. The C is only used between the lines.)Smoke ring for my halo Angel demon human Oh the rest have made it Over and over Think I can see it now Smoke ring for my halo Human angel demon Hundereds have made it Right under the roof of your house Thought you could see it then Sippin' from the sewer can Excerises my hand Pacifies the land Makes the most out of your jizzatown, man I feel like laying down Yeah and I wanna do it again Oh what a mess I guess I'm in


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If I ever forget to change one of me patches, that's horrible. It's the worst feeling ever forgetting to change a patch. Why's that? Because it's the same kind of medication what they give heroin addicts so it's, if you forget to change it you get bad withdrawal symptoms so I'll start itching all over, feeling hot and cold, headaches, unable to sleep and that's just forgetting to change one day. So it's horrible. Wow. What kind of patches are these, sorry, what's the name of it? It's buprenorphine. It's like a morphine based. You mentioned the withdrawals there. You didn't mention pain. Is pain something which gradually comes back as opposed to maybe in one day does the patch leave you in a lot of pain? No, if, well, really I don't notice the pain if I've forgot to change the patch because the withdrawals are that bad, I just can't think about anything to be honest and it's sent me into hospital a couple of times where I've forgot to change it and I've had a bad reaction just from forgetting to change it for one day. When you were hospitalised, what were you suffering from then? At the same time, I'd just started a new medication because I'd reacted wrong, badly to that and because I'd forgot to change the patch, they both reacted badly together and it sent me kind of crazy and my friends started getting worried about me so mum took me into hospital and I ended up going three days without sleep. So they had to give me something to just knock me out of it. Okay. Do you mind just saying what you meant when you say you went a bit crazy? Well, I started I actually started hallucinating because I'd had an allergic reaction at the same time as withdrawal symptoms so I'd actually gone over to my friend's house and I just asked her if I were a butterfly and it kind of freaked her out so that's why they says, "We'd better get you to hospital." Do you remember much about what happened? Yeah, I remember it all. It were, I'd started twitching really badly and the doctor at A and E could see that something were happening and that and at first they said, "Oh, you've got to try and get some sleep." "Oh, I can't. I've been trying for three days." So then they gave me some diazepam to knock me out and then after I'd actually got some sleep, the patches eventually started kicking in and I started feeling better after a couple of days.
Endometriosis implants are most commonly found on the ovaries, the Fallopian tubes, outer surfaces of the uterus or intestines, and on the surface lining of the pelvic cavity. They also can be found in the vagina, cervix, and bladder. Endometriosis may not produce any symptoms, but when it does the most common symptom is pelvic pain that worsens just prior to menstruation and improves at the end of the menstrual period. Other symptoms of endometriosis include pain during sex, pain with pelvic examinations, cramping or pain during bowel movements or urination, and infertility.
When and how much to take
NSAIDs should ideally be taken with some food, or at least with milk or yoghurt to avoid irritation of the gastric mucosa (. the inner lining of the stomach). It is important not to exceed the recommended dose to avoid possible serious side-effects. There is also no benefit in taking more than a certain dose, since these drugs have a ceiling effect. This means that above a certain dose, taking even more of this medication will not yield any extra beneficial effects, but will considerably increase the risk for side-effects.
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NSAIDS have antipyretic activity and can be used to treat fever. [75] [76] Fever is caused by elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 , which alters the firing rate of neurons within the hypothalamus that control thermoregulation. [75] [77] Antipyretics work by inhibiting the enzyme COX, which causes the general inhibition of prostanoid biosynthesis ( PGE2 ) within the hypothalamus . [75] [76] PGE2 signals to the hypothalamus to increase the body's thermal set point. [76] [78] Ibuprofen has been shown more effective as an antipyretic than paracetamol (acetaminophen). [77] [79] Arachidonic acid is the precursor substrate for cyclooxygenase leading to the production of prostaglandins F, D & E.
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Reviewed By Mark T (Hilton Head Island, SC) Reviewed for a 1999 Ford F-350 —10/13/2017 4:10 PM
There were no installation instructions with the headlights and I also did not realize they shipped with no light bulb. The original bulb fits if it still works...but if not count on another $20 to $40 bucks at your local auto store. I was fortunate to find a youtube video showing how to remove the clips in the back or I probably would have broken them...again it required a tool I didn't have and another $10 at my local auto store. It took about 1-1/2 hours to install...but they work well!


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All posts in: Jay-Z
Song of the Day
Frank Ocean, JAY Z, Tyler the Creator – Biking
Photo of the Day
North West does not care about her dad's Adidas collaboration.
Only GIF Worth Sharing From Last Night
Blue dancing along to her mommy's performance from the MTV Video Music Awards.
Remix of the Day
Pharrell ft. Jay Z – Frontin' (Disclosure re-work)
When I was much younger, "Frontin'" was a song that I would listen on repeat for weeks. Hearing this re-work today by Disclosure brought back all of those memories. I was skeptical at first that I wouldn't like this very much, but I actually love it.
2014 Met Gala
I can't believe it's time already for the most fashionable night of the year! It's crazy to think that a year has already gone by. I feel like I was making the 2013 post just last month. This year's theme is White Tie and Decorations.
Of course we're kicking things off with Queen Bey and Jay.
Beyonce and Jay-Z both in Givenchy Haute Couture
The Grammys 2014
Jay Z and Beyonce in Michael Costello – wow that dress is so close to some kind of a wardrobe malfunction or a slip? What would we call this?
Grimes Signs With Roc Nation
If you've ever found yourself at a Grimes show, then you understand that you're in for one heck of a show. I caught Grimes I think two years ago at Capitol Hill Block Party having only known a handful of her songs back then, but found myself getting more and more into the show as the set went on. Grimes is what I can only describe as eccentric, colorful, and whimsical. Are we still using the term Manic Pixie Dream Girl? I know we use those for movies, but if we had it for the music category, she would probably take the cake.
This week it was announced that Grimes had signed to Jay Z's label Roc Nation. Already on the roster are: Rihanna, Timbaland, Haim, MIA, Santigold, Shakira, Wale, Kylie Minogue and more. She's in great company!
I'm excited for what is to come for the young artist in the new year.
Photo of the Day
As if we didn't love Jay Z enough already…
While on vacation at an unmentioned tropical getaway, Beyonce snapped this adorable father-daughter moment.
A Review: Jay Z's "Made In America"
I've actually seen this documentary on Showtime three times since it has aired, but since I have the inability to disconnect, I kept watching without retaining. Today, I decided that I would finally sit myself down and pay attention. The laptop was closed – no notes were taken – and my phone was at the other end of the couch. The only hiccup I had in watching the doc today was an unexpected food coma that caused me to fall asleep in the middle of it for two hours and start back up again right after.
Picture this: an 8-year old me putting on my headphones and listening to "Hard Knock Life" for the first time on our shared CD player. My brother wasn't as involved with the music industry as I was, but he basically taught me everything I know about hip hop and R&B. I like to think that my childhood wasn't as standard as everyone else's. I was a small child growing up with Tupac and Biggie and I'm sure that the parents of my peers found that quite inappropriate, but when it comes to my music, I was pretty serious and my parents knew that me rapping out these lyrics without me knowing the meanings was harmless.
If there's ever an industry that has always felt the need to defend themselves, it is the music industry. There are so many ideas behind it that people can't bring themselves to understand or ignorantly make judgments about, but make no mistake – music is powerful. It is always evolving and that's what Jay Z wanted to highlight in this documentary – that we can now hold festivals with lineups from varying genres. It's a step in the right direction and years and years ago, this would not have been possible. Another thing that I found myself enjoying about this doc is how it featured the people behind the scenes – the vendors, backstage, all the people that help make this festival happen without any name recognition whatsoever. Working a music festival is not easy. As an attendee, you pay for your ticket that you saved up for a couple of weeks maybe and prepare yourself for a show you're ready to enjoy. Do you know that the people that love this festival the most work so hard during the day and night to make it happen that they can't enjoy the acts themselves? They are the ones preparing your food, testing the sound two-three hours prior to a set, moving the heavy equipment backstage, keeping the lineup and schedule on track, and cleaning up every night after you leave so that when you arrive the next morning, you don't have to look at the trash that was left behind. It's the little things. The next time you attend one, make sure to give thanks.
Philly is so lucky to have Made In America, but they truly deserve it. Jay-Z, Ron Howard, and Brian Grazer did a tremendous job on this documentary. If you haven't seen it on Showtime yet, make sure you save yourself some time to.


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Women that you would normally be considered average looking outside of a bingo hall seem to be better than average looking while inside the bingo hall.
"I saw that lady at the Bingo Hall last night - she looked better there than now - Bingo Hot".
by Jerk Machine September 17, 2011
buy the domain for your foodie vlog


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As of 2015, reputed suppliers of bone growth stimulators in the United States include Biomet, manufacturer of EBI Bone Healing System Model 2001; Orthofix, manufacturer of Spinal-Stim and Physio-Stim; and dj Orthopedics, LLC, manufacturer of SpinaLogic, according to the Minnesota Department of Human Services. EBI Bone Healing System Model 2001 and Physio-Stim treat fracture nonunion, and Spinal-Stim and SpinaLogic treat failed spinal fusion. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved the noninvasive electrical stimulators as single-user devices.Continue Reading
SpinaLogic bone growth stimulator is a battery-powered, portable device that supplements healing of patients recovering from lumbar spinal fusion surgery, according to dj Orthopedics. Combined magnetic field technology enables the device to speed healing when patients wear it 30 minutes daily. Patients control the device with a single button.
Physio-Stim treats nonunion fractures that heal slowly, and the device has success rates up to 88 percent, according to Orthofix. The bone growth stimulator generates a pulsed electromagnetic field signal that it sends to the site of the fracture. Patients can wear the all-in-one unit over casts, and the device has a built-in software system to track patient compliance.
The EBI bone healing system supplements healing treatment of nonunion fractures by using its SFLX flexible treatment coils to send the electromagnetic signal to the fracture site, according to Biomet. Patients wear the treatment coils directly on the skin, over braces or casts, or incorporated into casts. The treatment schedule is typically 10 hours daily.Learn more about Medications & Vitamins


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Kudos to Denver park officials for listening to citizens on City Loop (2 letters)
Re: "Denver calls off plans for modern playground at City Park," March 23 news story.
I want to thank and congratulate Lauri Dannemiller, manager of Denver Parks and Recreation, for her recent decision to drop the plans to build the City Loop project at City Park. This decision represents a terrific example of a city leader listening to the wants and needs of an engaged and active citizenry.
I'm sure it wasn't an easy decision to make, given the amount of time given to the planning of the design and the financing of this project. However, it was the right decision to make. The last thing we lovers of City Park want is an effort to create "more activity" in our open spaces. Sometimes, less is more, and that is particularly true of our open spaces.
Kudos to all who had a hand in reversing this decision.
Marshall Schecter, Denver
This letter was published in the March 30 edition.
Cheers and high fives to Denver Parks and Recreation. They did the unthinkable; they listened to the people who would be most affected by a decision they made. How perfectly sensible to decide to place their new concept play area in a residential area in need of a playground, rather than destroy a much-loved playground in City Park and replace it with an unwanted one. If only all governments (city, state and national) would adopt such common-sense solutions to decisions and (gasp) listen to their constituents.
Theo Davis, Arvada
This letter was published in the March 30 edition.
For information on how to send a letter to the editor, click here. Follow eLetters on Twitter to receive updates about new letters to the editor when they're posted.


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chanel black friday 2015
Description Du Produit:Coach New Arrivals black milky sand Bags
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Health professional educational materials
These resources add to your existing knowledge of the TGA, as a health professional, and clearly outline what we do and don't regulate, and how you can participate in the regulatory system.
We also have resources for consumers that you can refer your patients/clients to.
Who we are and what we do...and don't do...
Online learning modules to inform health professionals about what reportable adverse events are and what steps to take to report...
* These educational materials are provided by the TGA (a part of the Department of Health) solely for the purpose of providing general education on the TGA regulatory scheme. The materials should not be taken to be a detailed description of the scheme, or advice on the application of the therapeutic goods legislation in particular cases. Nor should they be taken to be statements of policy.
People requiring information or advice on the application of the therapeutic goods legislation in particular cases should make their own enquiries.
Whilst due care has been taken in their preparation, the Department of Health cannot guarantee, and assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, currency or completeness of the information contained in these materials.
These materials are based on the scheme as it is in December 2013.


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Available ebook formats: epub mobi pdf rtf lrf pdb txt html
B Y Rogers is a writer living in the Rocky Mountains of Utah. He enjoys the pleasure forty years of marriage with his wife Lyn, his five children and ten grandchildren. His stories are influenced by John Irving, Harper Lee, Victor Hugo, Joseph Conrad and Upton Sinclair. He is apolitical, deeply religious and is concerned with the tragic consequences of humanity.
Review by:
Marcia Turner
on March 03, 2013 :
A brief glimpse into the psyche of a terrorist. Held me from the first sentence and intense read which I would highly recommend.
(reviewed 48 days after purchase)