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1 COMMUNICATING WITHOUT WORDS FOR PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY IN A TALKATIVE WORLD Barigbon Gbara Nsereka, Ph.D Department of Mass communication, Faculty of Management Sciences Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Port Harcourt, Nigeria Amadi Richard Nlemanya Ph.D Department of Mass communication, Faculty of Management Sciences Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo Port Harcourt, Nigeria Abstract In the face of the increasing need for public and occupational safety consequent on the rising incidence of hazards from industrial processes and environmental pollution, this paper seeks to contribute to the sustenance of life in society through its postulation of wordless (nonverbal) communicative practices. To accomplish this objective, it does an exposition of communication, mainly non-linguistic, reviews the strengths of nonverbal communication over verbal communication and discusses the functions and forms of nonverbals. Highlighting the importance of communication to the security of life and property, it mentions some settings of safety and unsafe situations. It then takes a look at how nonverbals like signals, signs, coded language, sign language, body language and colour, can be used to promote safety in such specialized endeavours as intelligence activities, marine traffic control, dredging, crane operation, fire-fighting and road traffic; and makes appropriate recommendations. Key words: Communicating, Nonverbal communication, Public safety, Occupational safety, Talkative world. 1. Introduction The simple, soft and sophisticated communication of messages across the world today has resulted into a heavy weight of information upon the globe. The information overload or information glut being experienced, flows in from the conventional print and broadcast media, the streaming media, cable transmissions and the various social communication platforms in cyberspace. The cyberspace, we know, is enabled by the Internet which is a vast and versatile web of information that serves as a library, a notice board, a messaging system, a shop front, a debating society, a social club, an archive, a newspaper and personal assistant, all at once. Thus, observably, ours is the most talkative age in human civilization. IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 1
2 In such a noisy world, it can, we believe, be a wonderful idea to take a break from the hullabaloo of speech and, sometimes, do more than talk. It could be a lot of fun and energysaving. After all, is variety not a spice of life? 1.1 Wordless communicative Acts When the driver of the taxicab in front of you switches on the indicator light leftwards, you immediately know he or she is turning to the left-hand side of the road. Communication has taken place. When you obey highway codes, you are involved in communication. When a bird chirps on the nearby tree, a dog barks around the corner, a kitten mews, a cock crows or a bee dances ritually, certain messages come to one s mind. Could this bird or animal have communicated to one and other creatures around? Can one give meanings to these sounds or acts? If the answer is yes, then communication is on. When a man walks past without a word or greeting, when a lover breathes softly or talks in whispers and when a wife returns home to receive a cold welcome from the husband, do we have some kind of feelings or thought? If we do, then the art of communication is at play. The rustling of leaves in the bush or of flowers at home, is a communicative activity. Keeping silent - as evidence of powerlessness, to resist the urge to express anger, to show reverence and love, to concede an argument as the proverbial answer to a fool, to indicate a lack of interest in the matter at stake, as a manifestation of injured feelings or to tame pent-up emotions - is a communicative activity. 1.2 Communication: Definition and Explication Communication among humans at different levels is necessary to ensure that social, political, cultural and economic goals and objectives are attainable. In achieving these goals, we must know that commitment is built on trust, and that trust requires a two-way flow of communication. Communication is the exchange of messages between or among people for the purpose of achieving common meanings. Unless meanings are shared, it is extremely difficult to influence others. Communication, therefore, is a process by which information is transmitted through a common system of symbols, signs and behaviour. Various other definitions of the term communication have been given including the following by Emery, Ault & Agee (1976) which we have adopted as the operational one in this paper: IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 2
3 Communication among human beings is the art of transmitting information, ideas and attitude from one person to another. One cannot not communicate. Because of the indispensability of communication to human survival, the first maxim of communication is: Man cannot not communicate. This means that man must communicate to be alive just as man must eat to live. Communication is vital to human existence and co-existence, giving meaning to human beings daily interactions. Man cannot avoid communicating even if he tries because human life depends on it. That is why even when there is no conscious effort to communicate, one does it. For instance, if you don t linguistically tell some little children disturbing your peace at your sitting-room to keep quiet but command them to be silent through a signal such as placing your forefinger vertically across your lips, you have communicated loudly to them. 2. A Profile of nonverbal Communication In tracing the origin of communication, UNESCO (1980) describes the nature of non-verbal communication: Starting with the simplest vocal and gesture signals rooted in their physical structure, human beings developed a whole range of non-verbal means for conveying messages: music and dance, drum messages, signal fires, drawings and other forms of graphic symbols including the pictogram (p.3). Verbal communication is the use of words or language written or spoken to communicate our ideas and feelings. On the other hand, nonverbal communication refers to those activities or actions that are neither written nor spoken, but are used to communicate such things as feelings, emotions, opinions and beliefs. That is to say, communication is nonverbal when it is transmitted through behaviours such as bodily actions and vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message and are usually interpreted as intentional (even if they are not) (Verderber, 1999, p. 77). Nonverbal communication behaviours are used regularly among members of a given culture or speech community and they (the behaviours) have agreed-upon interpretations (or meanings) in that culture or speech community (Burgoon, 1994). As used above, agreed-upon interpretations in a culture or speech community means IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 3
4 that although people from around the world use many of the same nonverbals (i.e. nonverbal cues), interpretations given to those nonverbal acts vary according to cultures. 2.1 Functions of nonverbal Communication (NVC) As Adler and Rodman (1997) write, nonverbals are used to do the following: 1. Repeating messages: If someone asks me for a direction to the Faculty of Humanities block in University of Port Harcourt, I could say, It is a little distance from the Senate Building and then repeat my direction by pointing to Senate Building if it is within sight. 2. Substituting messages: Nonverbal communication may be used in place of a verbal message; e.g. nodding instead of saying yes. 3. Complementing messages: Nonverbal communication completes or reinforces a verbal message. An example is frowning when you are telling a friend that you are unhappy with what she has just done or scratching the head when telling a friend that you are trying to remember the name of your former school headmaster. 4. Accenting a message: Just as we can use italics or bold character to highlight or emphasize an idea in print, we similarly use nonverbal devices to emphasize an oral message. Shaking hands with a student when you are congratulating the student on having an excellent grade in your course or looking longingly into someone s eyes while saying I love you is an example. 5. Regulating a message: Nonverbal communication can be used to control the flow of the verbal message. A singer who wishes to end a song which is being sung could draw the song and bring down the tone of the voice to signal its ending. 6. Contradicting messages: Imagine a situation where a physician is asking a patient whether he has ever experienced nervousness (trembling of the body). The patient answers no; yet his hands are shaking violently, overly discrediting the answer. 2.2 Forms of nonverbal Communication IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 4
5 Now that we have understood how nonverbal messages operate as a form of communication, let us look at the various forms of nonverbal behaviour. 1. Kinesics (the study of body communication). This is the technical name for facial expression, body movement, gesture and posture. There are five classes of body movements, namely: a. Emblems: These are substitutes for specific words or phrases such as shaking the head to mean no, nodding to mean yes or shrugging the shoulders to mean maybe. b. Illustrators: nonverbal behaviours used to accent or emphasize a verbal message c. Affect displays: facial movements that convey emotional meaning. d. Regulators: behaviours that control or monitor the speech of another individual; e.g. looking at the watch, shifting chairs, sighing. e. Adaptors: movements we make with our bodies (e.g. scratching or rubbing ourselves) or with objects (fondling with a pencil or our clothes) 2. Oculesics (the use of the eye to communicate) 3. Proxemics (the use of distance/space in communication) 4. Territoriality (the use of fixed space to communicate) 5. Haptics (tactile or touch communication) 6. Paralanguage or vocalics (vocal but nonverbal aspect of speech) 7. Chronemics (the use of time to communicate) 8. Clothing and personal grooming (communicating through clothing and personal carriage) 9. Silence (non-talk) 10. Objectifics (the use of material things within the environment to communicate certain messages) 2.3 Non-verbal Aspects of traditional Communication Traditional communication takes place in the following modes: IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 5
6 (i) Demonstrative (ii) Instrumental (iii) Inconographic (iv) Extra-mundane (v) Visual (vi) Institutional 3. Signs, Signals, Symbols, Pictography, Sign Language, Colour Signs, signals and symbols three related components of communication processes found in all known cultures have attracted considerable scholarly attention because they do not relate primarily to the usual conception of words or language. (a)signs Ashley Montagu (1971), an anthropologist, defines signs as a concrete denoter (i.e. a physical pointer) possessing an inherent specific meaning, roughly analogous to the sentence, This is it; do something about it! The meanings expressed by signs are right inside them; that is, the sign points to what it means and not just provides a clue to what it means. The most common signs that we encounter in our daily life are pictures like a clenched fist and an outstretched arm. A hand posed in a stop gesture may also be called signs. (b) Signals A signal is merely a device by which one is able to formulate external meanings. It is any sound or object which provides a clue to the intended meaning. Unlike signs, the meaning of a signal is extrinsic, not intrinsic to it; that is to say, from what you see or hear, you make out a meaning. An example of a signal is a scream for help. The difference between signs and signals can be illustrated by the observation that while many types of animals respond to signals, only a few intelligent and trained ones (usually dogs and apes) can respond to simple signs. (c) Symbols Symbols are more difficult to understand than signs and signals. To avoid any mental confusion arising from understanding the difference between sign or signal and symbol, let us IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 6
7 just say in a layman s language that the term symbol is a device or something which is used to represent an abstraction. (d) Sign Language This is any means of communication through bodily movements, especially of the hands and arms, used when spoken communication is impossible or not desirable. Wherever vocal communication is impossible as between speakers or mutually unintelligible languages or when one or more would-be communicators is a deaf-mute, sign language can be used to bridge the gap. Members of religious orders who have taken vows of silence, as well as others who for reasons of piety or humility have forsworn speech, have need of sign language. Often, in a silent monastic order, for instance, natural gestures such as passing food or pointing to some needed object have sufficed for effective communication, leaving little need for specially coded signs. (e) Pictographs Pictography is the art of expressing oneself and communicating by means of pictures and drawings. Pictographs that are drawn or painted on rocks are known as petrograms while those that are incised or carved on rocks are called petroglyphs. A pictograph that stands for an individual idea or meaning may be called an ideogram. If a pictograph stands for an individual word, it is called a logogram. Pictographs are also used as memory aids. (f) Colour Different colours have different meanings depending on the culture of the communicators and on the contexts of communication. Psychologically, colour may evoke feelings of warmth, quietness and cheerfulness( Agba & Okoro, 1995). In one context, green may mean fertility and in another, permission to continue. Red means stop or wait while amber or light yellow means be ready to move. In the broadcast studio, red light indicates that a programme is on air and so there should be no loitering. Green means move cautiously along. 4. Public and occupational Safety: An Exposition IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 7
8 Safety precautions fall under two principal headings: occupational safety and public safety. Occupational safety is concerned with risks encountered in areas where people work: offices, manufacturing plants, farms, construction sites, and commercial and retail facilities. Public safety involves hazards met in the home, in travel and recreation, and other situations not falling within the scope of occupational safety ( Encyclopedia Britannica, Deluxe Edition, CD-ROM, 2004). Safety was not considered to be a matter of public concern in ancient times when accidents were regarded as inevitable or as the will of the gods. Modern notions of safety developed only in the 19 Century as an outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution, when a terrible toll of factory accidents aroused humanitarian concern for their prevention. Today, the concern for safety is worldwide and is the province of numerous governmental and private agencies at the local, national, and international levels. Industrial accidents can occur because of improper contact with machinery, the lifting or other handling of bulk materials, and contact with electrical, chemical, or radiation hazards. The mining and lumbering industries are among those that have the highest rate of severe accidents. High-technology industries such as electronics have relatively low accident rates. Several international organizations provide means by which national safety organizations can exchange information and pass on new ideas. Among the bodies serving in this capacity are the International Social Security Association (ISSA) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). These two bodies have sponsored international safety congresses every three years since Every four years, a congress is held by the Permanent International Association of Road Congress, a body that is maintained by the transport ministries of its member countries and by groups representing the highway construction industry. The World Touring and Automobile Organization (OTA) holds a safety congress every other year. 5. Communication in Safety Stripped of all technicalities, safety means freedom from danger, harm, hurt, uncertainty, misfortune, accident, evil or insecurity. Safety embraces those activities that seek either to minimize or to eliminate hazardous conditions that can cause bodily injury or even death. IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 8
9 In this paper, we are not as much concerned with the phenomenon or concept of safety as with how to use communication, mainly nonverbal, to enhance safety or to escape danger (an unsafe situation). A discussion of the nitty-gritty of safety in various respects is left for safety experts. By communication in safety, we mean the application of communication principles, processes and methods to safety management. Communicating to enhance safety in a particular setting or to ask for help to escape danger involves both linguistic and nonlinguistic activities. Verbal communication media which are employed to transmit safety messages include face-to-face interaction, printed materials, radio, telephone, walkie-talkie, television, video-conferencing and teleconferencing, and other new technological communication devices. Here, we shall concern ourselves more with coded language and nonvocal communication forms like signs, signals, symbols, colour and sign language all of which could also be employed where speech is difficult or unsafe. 5.1 Settings of Safety Safety precautions and communication to avoid or escape danger are necessary in various settings. These include office, environment, home, workshop, sea, air, road, fail, forest, industry and production plant. 5.2 Unsafe Situations and Hazards These situations include accidents, health hazards, and emergencies that require first aid treatment. Below are some of the unsafe situations which cut across the various safety settings: (1) Burns and scalds (2) drowning (3) bleeding (4) electric shock (5) food poisoning (6) fractures or dislocations (7) snake bite (8) dog bite (9) cuts and sprains(violent twisting of a joint) (10) particles in the eye (11) a fall from a height (12) fainting (13) epilepsy (14) hemorrhage (16) lightning (17) ozone depletion (18)global warming (19) (20) tsunami (21) pollution of the environment (air) caused by exhaust fumes, cigarette smoke and industrial pollutants (22) air pollution (23) water pollution caused by sewage, industrial IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 9
10 waste, fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides (24) sea pollution resulting from the escape of crude oil and (25) radioactivity. 5.3 Basic Facts on unsafe Situations:(21-25 above) (a)pollution means a situation in which substances have been put into the environment by man in sufficient concentration to cause damage to health. (b) Industrial pollution occurs when harmful fumes and gases from industrial processes are discharged into the atmosphere and when harmful chemicals are discharged into rivers. (c) Exhaust fumes from cars and lorries contain cancer-causing chemicals. The smoke breathed out by people smoking cigarettes is harmful to those non-smokers who breathe it in. (d)raw sewage pollutes rivers and lakes into which it is discharged, partly because it may contain pathogens and partly by causing the reduction of dissolved oxygen in the water. (e) Fertilizers which seep into rivers and lakes cause pollution by speeding up the growth of micro-organisms. (f) Insecticides may control insect pests, but if these insects are eaten by other animals, then the insecticide may accumulate in the bodies of the predators and kill them also. (g) Radioactivity is a pollutant because it damages cells and may kill organisms (Mackean & Jones, 1983). There are hazards in process plants. The chemicals used at the facility may be hazardous because they are flammable explosives, reactive, radioactive or toxic. Usually, these chemical hazards are in the form of mixtures, making it more difficult to identify the severity of the potential hazard. Mechanical and electrical hazards as well as industrial noise further complicate plant process operations. All of these hazards, no matter how complex, must be adequately identified through proper characterization of the hazards in order to arrive at a satisfactory solution to the problem. IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 10
11 Fire outbreak is a hazard. According to Kisinger (1985), fire, which is a combustion process, is a complex chemical reaction between fuel, oxygen and ignition sources. As fuels are oxidized, there is an emission of heat and if the combustion process results in a rapid pressure rise, an explosion occurs. The following are the potential ignition sources (things that can spark fire) during industrial operations: (i) Electric sparks (ii) Smoking and matches (iii) Frictional heat (iv) Hot surfaces (iv) Overheated materials (v) Open flames (vi) Spontaneous heating (vii) Welding and cutting (viii) Combustion particles These sources are capable of releasing sufficient energy for enough duration to cause the initial chemical reaction for combustion to occur. Temperatures of the fuel and the ignition source can greatly influence the ignition (Kisinger, 1985, p.16). Occupational Safety and Health Act was created in the United States on December 29, The purpose of the Act is to reduce work-related injuries, illnesses and death and incidentally, to cut resulting costs - lost wages and productivity, medical expenses, disability compensation. 6. Communicating for Safety in Specialized Endeavours 6.1. Communicating for Safety in Marine Traffic Control Lightships and Lighthouses IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 11
12 Communication between ships, for safety purposes, is vital both at sea and within the confined channels of inland waterways. The principal methods of transmitting a signal are visual (that is, by flag, semaphore or light) or aural (by means of horns or radio) The control of ships near coasts is facilitated both for warning and navigational purposes, by the use of lightships and lighthouses. A lightship is a small ship that stays at a particular place at sea and that has a powerful light on it to warn and guide other ships while a lighthouse is a tower or other building that contains a strong light to warn and guide other ships near the coast. Channels on the approach to ports are clearly marked by floating buoys, usually fitted with lights and equipped with sound signals (horns, bells, and whistles) for use in bad weather or at night. The proper provision of buoys and beacons, anchored in their correct positions and their subsequent maintenance is essential for control and safety purposes. Distress Signal at Sea A distress signal is a method by which a ship at sea summons assistance. Distress signals are fixed by custom and by internationally agreed-upon sea traffic rules. Of the most important rules, two are: (i) (ii) that there should be visual signals such as a flame, a red flare, an orange smoke signal or a square flag displayed with a ball below; and sound signals such as a gun rocket fired at regular intervals or a continuous sounding of a fog-signal apparatus. 6.2 Communicating for Safety in Dredging Activity An interview conducted with a former dredging master in the defunct Wilbros (Nig.) Ltd. revealed the following information on communication for safety in dredging: 1. If a dredging master wants to drop an anchor, he uses a whistle to inform the derrick operator to come and help drop the anchor in case the dredger does not have an anchor boom. IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 12
13 2. Blowing a horn once means inviting a deck hand (man that helps derrick badger operator) to come and run errands. 3. Blowing the horn twice means asking the derrick operator to pick up the anchor. 4. Blowing the horn once but long means communicating with the derrick operator to drop the anchor. The above signals vary with the environment involved. 5. Torchlight may be used by a waiting worker to inform those on the dredger that he needs to come to the dredger or enter the tug boat. 6. The house boat has an alarm to inform people of an emergency. 6.3 Colour Communication for Safety In Shell (SPDC) and in the defunct Wilbros Nig. Ltd; all lifting pieces of equipment which have been certified safe for use for a maximum period of three months are colour coded. The colour code in current use is displayed in a prominent position at each location. The code is changed on completion of a three-monthly thorough examination. The following colours are and were used in succession for coding in Shell (SPDC) and in the defunct Wilbros Nig. Ltd respectively: SPDC(Shell) Wilbros Duration White Yellow January-March Red Green April June Yellow White July-September Black Blue October December IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 13
14 Cranes are colour coded twice in a year: from January to June and from July to December. 6.4 Communicating for Safety in Road Traffic It is a well known fact that the incidence of accidents on Nigerian roads is outrageous partly because of the poor state of the roads and chiefly because of recklessness and impatience in Nigerians. To curb the rate of accidents and ensure the safety of life on our roads, such efforts as establishing the Federal Road Safety Commissions and Federal Road Maintenance Authority (FERMA) have been made besides the use of communicative road signs. Traffic lights are also installed at very busy junctions. 7. Conclusion and Suggestion As Ndolo (2006) writes, while verbal communication is discrete and begins and ends with a sound, nonverbal communication is continuous as long as the communication partners are present. Verbal communication is single-channelled as words come out one at a time and in sequence. We hear spoken words and see printed or written words. Nonverbal communication is multi-channelled. They may be seen, heard, felt, smelled and tasted. There is, therefore, more communication with nonverbals. Verbal communication is almost always under the communicator s voluntary control as it is deliberate. Most nonverbals are not deliberate; in fact they are at times a reflex action. If this is the case, for safety purposes, people should voluntarily further explore the world of nonverbals. References Adler, R.B. & Rodman, G. (1997). Understanding human communication(6th Ed.) Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc. IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 14
15 Agba, P.C. & Okoro, M.N. (1995). Fundamentals of graphic communication. Enugu: ACENA Publishers. Emery, E; Ault, P.H; & Agee, W.K.(1976). Introduction to mass communication. New York: Harper and Row. Encyclopedia Britannica (Deluxe Edition), CD-ROM, Hall, E. (1959). The silent language. New York: Doubleday. Kisinger J.L. (1985). Source of ignition, fire protection manual 1: Hydrocarbon processing. Houston: Gulf Publishing. Montagu, A. (1971). Touching: The human significance of the skin. New York: Harper and Row. Ndolo, I.S. (2006). Interpersonal communication: Selected readings in relationship. Enugu: Rhyce Kerex Publishers. Samuel, P.S; Fasuyi, O.O. & Njoku, P.A (1989). A new tropical health science for senior secondary schools. London; Macmillan Publishers. Simon I. C. (2003) Boys Brigade workshop paper delivered at Second Advanced Trainers Course, Makurdi. Tubbs, S.L. & Moss, S. (1987). Human communication. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. Wentz, C. A (nd) Safety, health and environmental protection. Boston: WBC McGraw Hill Wilson, D. (1997). Communication and social action. Port Harcourt: Footstep Publications. IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development Page 15
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text:
The Tour has reached Eastern France after a series of flat stages, and therefore, it is time for some hills again. We're in the region of the Vosges mountains with three small but difficult climbs to master: the Col de la Schlucht (8.9 km at 4.1 percent), the Col du Platzerwasel (8.7 km at 7.6 percent) and the Col du Firstplan (8.4 km at 5.4 percent).
These look harmless on paper, but could reveal themselves as treacherous for the general classification contenders - remember when Lance Armstrong got isolated from his teammates back in the 2005 Tour's stage 8? That was on the Col de la Schlucht.
So the road between Vittel and Colmar has all the makings of a tricky stage, and will surely see a medium-mountain specialist take the honours.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The incidence of diabetes progressively and significantly increased among patients with an HbA1c greater than 5.0%….
Several studies have suggested that HbA1c levels may predict incident diabetes. With new recommendations for use of HbA1c in diagnosing diabetes, many patients with HbA1c results below the diagnostic threshold will be identified. Clinicians will need to categorize risk for a subsequent diabetic diagnosis in such patients. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of HbA1c to predict the incidence of a diabetic diagnosis.
For this study they performed a historical cohort study using electronic medical record data from two Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Patients (12,589) were identified with a baseline HbA1c <6.5% between January 2000 and December 2001 and without a diagnosis of diabetes. Patients (12,375) had at least one subsequent follow-up visit. These patients were tracked for 8 years for a subsequent diagnosis of diabetes.
The results showed that during an average follow-up of 4.4 years, 3,329 (26.9%) developed diabetes. HbA1c ≥5.0% carried a significant risk for developing diabetes during follow-up. When compared with the reference group (HbA1c <4.5%), HbA1c increments of 0.5% between 5.0 and 6.4% had adjusted odds ratios of 1.70 (5.0–5.4%), 4.87 (5.5–5.9%), and 16.06 (6.0–6.4%) (P < 0.0001). Estimates of hazard ratios similarly showed significant increases for HbA1c ≥5.0%. A risk model for incident diabetes within 5 years was developed and validated using HbA1c, age, BMI, and systolic blood pressure.
The results showed that baseline HbA1c was significantly predictive of the subsequent development of a diagnosis of diabetes over an 8-year period. The risk of developing diabetes increased progressively at HbA1c levels ≥5.0%, with an odds ratio exceeding 16 in those with HbA1c 6.0–6.4%. This latter group had a cumulative incidence of diabetes approaching 80%. Not surprisingly, significant predictors for diabetes incidence included clinical parameters, such as blood pressure, BMI, serum creatinine, prevalent cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. From these data, they also developed risk–calculating equations for determining the probability of developing a diabetic diagnosis within 5 years. This data will inform clinicians on how to risk–stratify individuals who are screened for diabetes using HbA1c but whose levels do not reach the recommended diagnostic threshold of less than 6.5%.
Several studies have evaluated HbA1c as a predictor of subsequent diabetes or as a tool to diagnose treatment-requiring diabetes. A number of threshold values have been previously proposed for diagnosing diabetes, such as >7.0% (4,7), >6.5% (13), .2 SD above the normal mean (i.e., .6.1%). In addition, a number of HbA1c levels have also been proposed to identify individuals at risk for diabetes (i.e., pre-diabetes), such as 6.1–6.9% [7], 6.0–6.4% [8], or 5.7–6.4% [1]. The implementation of new guidelines for diagnosing diabetes using HbA1c will help standardize the way in which clinicians apply results from this test. However, there remains uncertainty on how to classify and whether to intervene in individuals whose levels fall below this threshold.
There is growing evidence that HbA1c may not only predict diabetes but also cardiovascular disease and death. Among women without diabetes, HbA1c levels were significantly associated with both, although the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors may contribute additionally to this risk. Selvin et al. showed that, in a community based population, HbA1c was significantly associated with risk of developing both diabetes and cardiovascular disease independent of fasting glucose levels. As with the results, they showed that levels at 6.0% carried the greatest risk. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that individuals with HbA1c levels greater than 6.0% should be targeted for prevention strategies to reduce not only incident diabetes but possibly also cardiovascular disease.
Many clinicians have been attracted to using HbA1c as a screening test for diabetes since the test reflects longer-term glucose control, does not require fasting, has less day-to-day biologic variability, and is a well-accepted marker of risk of long-term microvascular complications. Such usage is evidenced by the large cohort of patients in whom HbA1c levels were obtained in patients without a diagnosis of diabetes. However, prior guidelines discouraged use of HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes, largely as a result of standardization and reproducibility issues that precluded its use in such broad settings. Current instrumentation and standardization methods aligned with the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial have abrogated most of these issues. Such evidence was cited by the International Expert Committee and affirmed by the American Diabetes Association in their acceptance of HbA1c for screening and diagnosis.
Significant strengths of this study are its large population drawn from two VA medical centers in different geographic regions, the ability to query a robust electronic medical record for clinical and demographic factors, and patient follow-up for up to 8 years. Important limitations include the largely white men and older population, the reliability of the administrative data set, and the selection and ascertainment bias related to patients for whom HbA1c testing was performed. It is possible that HbA1c tests were performed in patients who were preselected for the presence of other known risk factors for diabetes. Such selective screening might bias the results toward showing a higher risk of developing diabetes for a given HbA1c level. To address this, the analyses controlled for many known risk factors and helped identify those factors that contribute significantly with HbA1c in predicting risk of diabetes.
Limiting factors may include the fact that information on the prevalence of smoking in the study population was not included, which is a known risk factor for diabetes and is higher among veterans than nonveterans. This might tend to inflate the risks of diabetes observed. Another potential bias is that a greater amount of medical care (e.g., increased number of clinic visits) might associate with a higher number of diabetes cases ascertained during the study. The number of medical visits was adjusted for but this did not significantly influence the models. Finally, diagnosed diabetes was identified based on medical record evidence that the patient was actually diagnosed by a clinician and/or treated with a diabetes medication. These criteria would exclude patients who have an unrecorded but true diagnosis of diabetes for whom no medications were prescribed, which could lead to an underestimation of the true risk of developing diabetes. However, the number of such patients should be small because of the use of multiple variables to establish a diagnosis of diabetes and the extended follow-up period.
"In summary, we have characterized the risk of developing diabetes in patients without a diagnosis of diabetes who had a baseline HbA1c levels, 6.5%. These data show a progressive risk for developing diabetes when HbA1c is 5.0%, with nominal risk below that level. We generated a risk calculator using HbA1c and other clinical data that estimate the 5-year risk of developing diabetes. Because clinicians implement HbA1c testing to screen for diabetes, these data may be used to help identify the risk of incident diabetes among individuals with HbA1c levels 6.5%."
Diabetes Care February 2, 2011 DC_100625


text:
Ducard presents:
Saturday October 10, 2-5pm: Music on the Patio with Tony Bruno and Jeff Roberts. It's a great weekend to enjoy the acoustic duo of Tony Bruno and Jeff Roberts that performs anything from the groove of Soul and R&B classics to the twang of Country favorites to the melody of Acoustic Pop and a surprising array of Standards. Feel free to bring your pets and picnics for a relaxing afternoon of wine and music in the mountains at the peak of harvest season.
Sunday October 11, 2-5pm: Music on the Patio with Wylder, and tours at 2 and 4pm. Come join us for music on the patio with Wylder as they share with us their fresh and upbeat blend of awesome indy-folk-pop. Enjoy the great Fall weather with us as we start to wrap up harvest season, and have tours at 2 and 4pm. Bring a picnic, pets, and friends! No cover.


text:
Course Outline
One Minute Norwegian
|Complete beginners
|Presented by Dag
|Number of episodes:
|10 episodes of 2-4 minutes each
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|Original broadcast January-March 2008. Now available in archive
|This course covers the absolute basics of Norwegian. The course introducing the listener to basic greetings, introductions, numbers, language problems and common words and phrases. The course is made up of ten lessons, each lasting just 2-3 minutes. Listeners can learn to communicate with Norwegian speakers and are sure to impress. The basic lessons for this course are available for free in our Lesson Library. To purchase the full version of this course, click the appropriate button below.
One Minute Norwegian provides an introduction to basic Norwegian. With this course you will not become fluent, but you will acquire a range of useful expressions which you can use while on a trip to Norway. Your efforts are guaranteed to make a good impression on people you meet. The phrases included in this course have been specially chosen to help the learner make fast progress on the basics of Norwegian, with each new episode building on previously-learned knowledge.
Use the buttons above to access the free audio files in our lesson library, or buy the premium pack in our store. The table below provides further details about the features of the premium edition of One Minute Norwegian. Please note that all products are sold in £GBP and VAT is added for EU customers. For an approximate equivalent in your own currency, please use our currency convertor.
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text:
Troubled singer Chris Brown has escaped further jail time after pleading guilty to an assault charge.
The Kiss Kiss hitmaker appeared at a court in Washington, D.C. on Tuesday morning (02Sep14) and admitted beating up a man outside a hotel in the city last year (13).
Brown, who spent two months in prison earlier this year (14) for a probation violation, was sentenced to time already served for the misdemeanour assault charge and was fined $150. During the hearing he apologised for his actions, telling the judge, "I'm sorry, I am very sorry."
He walked free from court with his on/off girlfriend Karrueche Tran by his side.
The singer's bodyguard, Christopher Hollosy, was previously convicted on an assault charge stemming from the attack.
Brown's court appearance on Tuesday marked the third time officials had attempted to resolve the case with the star. He missed a previous plea hearing scheduled for Friday (29Aug14) due to travel difficulties.


text:
高一下学期 5 月月考
第一节(共 5 小题)
听第 7 段对话,回答第 8~10 题。
第一部分:听力(共两节,满分 30 分)
8. Who is the man? A. The woman's customer. B. The woman's old school friend. C. The woman's fellow worker.
听下面 5 段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳 选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。每段对话仅读一遍。 1. Where does the conversation probably take place? A. In a lab. B. In a classroom. C. In a library.
9. What can we learn from the conversation? A. The man is in charge of sales in the company. B. The woman doesn't need to travel a lot. C. The woman thinks her job is enjoyable. 10. What does the woman think of the man's job? A. Challenging. B. Interesting. C. Tiring.
2. What are the speakers talking about? A. Where the woman lives. B. Why the woman moved to the Hilton. C. How the woman found the China Great hotel. 3. What will the weather probably be like tomorrow? A. It will be windy. B. It'll rain heavily. C. It'll snow heavily.
听第 8 段对话,回答第 11~13 题。 11. What did the woman do? A. She earned much money. B. She bought many things. C. She borrowed the man's money.
12. How soon will the woman's birthday money come up? A. In a week. B. In two weeks. C. In a month.
4. What does the woman suggest the man do? A. Take Bus 105. 5. What is the time now? A. 8:00. B. 8:30. C. 5:30. B. Ask another person. C. Walk to the railway station.
13. What kind of person is the man? A. Proud. B. Selfish. C. Helpful.
听第 9 段对话,回答第 14~16 题。 14. Why does the woman make the call? A. To ask for some information about a job. B. To ask the man to write an article. 15. When is the man's company closed on Friday? A. At 3:30. B. At 2:30. C. At 4:30. C. To tell the man about her new job.
16. What will the man do tomorrow morning?
6. What can we know about the man?
A. He failed his final test? B. He lost his job. C. He lost all his money.
A. Go to a publishing house.
B. Give the woman a call.
C. See the woman.
听第 10 段独白,回答第 17~20 题。 17. When did the storm happen?
7. What was the relationship between the speakers? A. Teacher and student. B. Classmates. C. Good friends.
A. Last Thursday.
B. Last Friday.
C. This Friday.
18. How many people were badly injured in the storm? A. 15. B. 14. C. 9.
19. Where was the farmer when the storm came? A. In the kitchen. B. In his bedroom. C. In his office.
20. What did the woman do when she noticed her house shaking? A. She tried to take something out. B. She rushed out with her children. C. She told her husband not to leave.
第二部分:英语知识运用(共两节,满分 45 分) 第一节:单项填空(共 15 小题;每小题 1 分,共 15 分) 从 A、B、C、D 四个选项中,选出适合空白处的最佳选项。 21. --________! There's a car coming. --Thank you. It's really dangerous. A. What a pity B. Watch out C. Congratulations D. Cheer up 22. The girl didn't feel at _____ease when talking with foreign students, because she was afraid of losing _____face. A. / , the B. an, / C. an, the D. / , / 23. This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can ______ my sister. A. dig out B. pick out C. pick up D. lift up 24.Henry wasn't fond of fishing, and __________. A. I was nor B. nor was I C. I was either D. either was I 25. _________, most films directed by Mr. Brown are interesting; however, this one is boring. A. In addition B. In total C. In general D. In common 26. In the past twenty years, advances in science have made ______ possible for people to live longer than in the past. A. that B. this C. it D. one 27. – Bob is David's cousin. -- _______ he reminded me so much of David. A. No doubt B. No wonder C. In time D. In return 28. Listen! Do you hear someone _______ for help? A. calling B. call C. to call D. called 29. The teacher, ______ that her students were still weak at physics, decided to give them further practice. A. to know B. known C. knowing D. to be known 30. –Anything different today ? -- Well, no engineer and no worker _____absent today, which means all _____ present at the meeting.
A. are, are B. was, were C. were, was D. is, is 31. It's a waste of time him. He is no longer in charge now. A.asking B.to ask C.asked D.asks 32. My classmate will have a chance to _________our school and take part in that competition. A. support B. defend C. represent D. guide 33. This _____ girl is Linda's cousin. A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. Little pretty Spanish 34. It is said that men drivers are far more _______ to have accidents than women drivers. A. probable B. major C. likely D. possible 35. _______ in 1993, the EU, together with the US, is one of the two largest economies in the world. A. Finding B. Founded C. Found D. Founding 第二节:完形填空(共 20 小题;每小题 1.5 分,共 30 分) 阅读下面短文,从短文后所给各题的四个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出能填入空白处的最佳选 项。 I was having lunch with friends last week, and as usual we discussed the big issues (议题) of the day. Crowds at airports. Kate and will's coming wedding. And at last Christmas None of us had bought any yet, so we (气氛). We talked instead about the 38 One 39 said he got a real live horse. received, I changed the subject 37 36.
the topic, not wanting to ruin the festival mood
Christmas gifts we ever received. 40 that was the one gift I always asked for and never 42 emotion(情感). I said
41 . After all, regret should not be a 43 Murphy.
the best gift I'd ever received was our
We all remember when thousands of parents 44 their kids' request for a little dog after 45 Disney's 101 Dalmatians at the cinema in 1966. We had no kids' 46 to meet, but I 47 that our all-too-quiet house needed a pet. Then I received Murphy as my Christmas gift. Actually, Murphy hadn't even been 48 when I got her. One of my friends sent me a note 49 me that his dog would give birth and we would be picking the baby dog 50 in three months. Then Murphy was born. She 51 our family and hung around with us for 15years, any Christmas gift I'd ever received. Can you still 53 a Christmas gift from 20 yeas ago? No, I didn't think so. So if you haven't 52 than
any gifts yet, I'd 36. A. plans 37. A. chose 38. A. best 39. A. customer 40. A. Because 41. A. angrily 42. A. wedding 43. A. cat 44. A. went on with 45. A. hearing 46. A. request 47. A. forgot 48. A. fed 49. A. warning. 50. A. out 51. A. joined 52. A. shorter 53. A. love 54. A. bought 55. A. ask
you to buy a dog. I promise it'll be the best gift to give. C. gifts C. changed C. biggest C. child C. If C. happily C. travel C. horse C. gave in to C. visiting C. decision C. wrote C. touched C. telling C. over C. believed C. more C. enjoy C. met C. want D. journey D. continued D. most beautiful D. waiter D. When D. gradually D. holiday D. fish D. looked forward to D. seeing D. dream D. hoped D. praised D. reminding D. up D. hated D. less D. remember D. received D. persuade
fruit, Johnny's eyes were full of happiness. He saw that the children in all these places enjoyed his wonderful apples. Johnny Appleseed travelled a lot. While he was travelling he always slept in the open air and cooked his own meals. He met many wolves, foxes, bears and made friends with them all. He was never afraid of animals and even when it snowed he slept out in the open. But one day he became very ill. A mother bear looked at him sadly and went to some Indians. The Indians came. They took Johnny to their village and gave him their medicines and good food and they looked after him. After he recovered, he thanked the Indians and went away to plant apple trees. And wherever he went, people welcomed him warmly, because he was the man who made their countryside rich with beautiful trees where once there was nothing but the brown earth. 56. Why did John decide to plant apple trees? A. Because he liked playing under apple trees. B. Because he thought apple trees provided more fruit than other trees. C. Because he wanted apple trees to grow everywhere. D. Because he thought apple trees were easier to grow than other trees. 57. It can be learned that John __________________. A. began to plant apple trees when he grew up C. had to beg for food wherever he went B. always slept in the houses of local people D. was angry at children eating his apples
B . season B. created B. most special B. friend B. Though B. immediately B. party B. dog B. caught up with B. noticing B. order B. decided B. born B. promising B. off B. left B. longer B. keep. B. made B. advise
Many years ago, there lived a boy in Boston in America called John Chapman. He knew all about the animals and birds who lived in the forests. His favorite tree was the apple tree. Once while he was eating an apple he looked at the little brown seeds in it. "I shall plant these seeds," he said. "Soon the whole countryside will be full of apple trees." So, when John Chapman grew up, he started to travel around the country with a large sack (麻袋) full of apple seeds on his back. He stopped every now and then and planted a seed. He often gave the seeds to the people he met and asked them to plant the seeds. People gave him food, asked him to stay and rest in their houses and they called him Johnny Appleseed. After the winter, the spring came and Johnny Appleseed went back to each place to see the little green plants coming up through the earth. Everywhere baby apple trees grew. When they gave
58. After the mother bear saw John was sick, she __________. A. asked her friends to save him C. went to find food and took care of him 59. Where can we most probably read the text? A. In a travel magazine. C. In a children's book. B. In a personal diary. D. In a scientist's report. B. turned to some Indians for help D. could do nothing but look at him carefully
Imagine one day, the water taps in your house stop running. You have to pay a lot of money to buy water from shops. And still there isn't enough water for everyone. Your mother has to save the family's shower water to use for washing clothes. Then she has to use that same dirty water to wash other things. Would you be able to stand that kind of life? Probably not. But that's what kids in Yemen are experiencing. Experts said Yemen is going to be the first country in the world to run out of water. According to a World Bank report, the capital, Sanaa, will run out of drinking water as early as 2025. Because of the water shortage in Yemen, the government often cuts the water supply. Hannan, an 18-year-old from Lahej, told the British newspaper the Times: "In a good week we'll have a water supply all week. But then the following week there will be water only for a day or two." Hannan said only rich people have enough water to use. They can buy water from the shops or from the water truck. Private companies own the trucks. They travel around the city every day to sell water-at very high prices. "A lot of people can't afford it," she said. The average(平均的) person in Yemen uses 100 to 200 cubic meters of water per year. That is far below the international water poverty line of 1,000 cubic meters. The government is thinking of making use of seawater. But it will cost a lot and it may not happen soon enough to help the people of Yemen. 60.The word "that" in paragraph 2 refers to __________. A. drinking dirty water C. suffering from water shortage 61.Hannan described _________________. A. how beautiful Lahej is C. how heavy the traffic in Lahej is B. what her life is like D. how people make full use of water B. buying water from shop D. washing clothes with used water
B. may try to make use of seawater C. only cares about rich people's live D. has found a practical solution
Among rich countries, people in the United States work the longest hours. They work much longer than people in Europe. This difference is quite surprising because productivity per hour worked is the same in the United States as it is in France, Spain and Germany, and it is growing at a similar speed. In most countries and at most times in history, as people have become richer they have chosen to work less. In other words, they have decided to "spend" a part of their extra income on a fuller personal life. Over the last fifty years Europeans have continued this pattern(模式), and hours of work have fallen sharply. But not in United States. We do not know why this is. One reason may be more satisfying work, or less satisfying personal lives. Longer hours do of course increase the GDP(国内生产总值). So the United States has produced more per worker than, say, France. The United States also has more of its people at work, while in France many more mothers and older workers have decided to stay at home. The overall result is that American GDP per head is 40% higher than in France, even though productivity per hour worker is the same. It is not clear which of the two situations is better. As we have seen, work has to be compared with other values like family life. It is too early to explain the different trends(趋势) in happiness over time in different countries. But it is a disappointing idea that in the United States happiness has made no progress since 1975, while it has risen in Europe. Could this have anything to do with trends in the work-life balance? 63.Which of the following countries has more of its people at work? A. Spain B. France C. Germany D. America
62. The Yemen Government __________________. A. can do nothing about the water supply
64. The underlined word "say" in the third paragraph means _______. A. talk with B. speak C. for example D. as a result
65. What message can we get from the text? A. The GDP of Europe is higher than that of America. B. Two possible reasons are given for working longer hours in the US. C. People all over the world choose to work less when they are richer. D. Americans are happier than Europeans. 66. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? A. American and Europeans C. Work and productivity B. Staying at home D. Work and Happiness
are harder to neglect or forget. Also when you write your goals in a particular way, you are able to make yourself continuously aware of situations that will bring you nearer to your goals. 67. The author gave the example of two drivers to show __________. A. the foolishness of the first driver C. the foolishness of the second driver B. the importance of having a map and right direction D. the importance of setting goals
68.According to this text, the most important thing in realizing one's ideal is to ______. A. try to be realistic about one's ability B. have a clear understanding of what he or she wants in life C. let others understand him or her first, then work together with them D. let others help him or her to make his or her dream come true 69. If people want to reach their goals, they should _____________. A. write down their goals C. face the difficulties in front of them B. sign a contract with other people D. discuss with others and ask for their help
Why is setting goals important? Because goals can help you do, be and experience everything you want in life. Instead of just letting life happen to you, goals allow yourself to make your life happen. Successful and happy people have a vision of how their life should be and they set lots of goals (both short-term and long-term ) to help them reach their vision. By setting goals you are taking control of your life. It's like having a map to show you where you want to go. Think of it in this way. There are two drivers. One has a destination in mind (her goal) which is laid out for her on a map. She can drive straight there without any wasted time or wrong turns. The other driver has no goal or destination or map. She starts off at the same time from the same place as the first driver. But she drives aimlessly around, never getting anywhere, just using up gas and oil. Which driver do you want to be ? Winners in life set goals and follow through on them. They decide what they want in life and then get there by making plans and setting goals. Unsuccessful people just let life happen by accident. Goals aren't difficult to set, and they aren't difficult to reach. It's up to you to find out what your goals, ideals and visions really are. You are the one who must decide what to pursue and in what direction to aim your life. Research tells us that when we write a goal down, we are more likely to achieve it. Written goals can be reviewed regularly, and have more power. Like a contract(合同) with yourself, they
70. If you want to succeed, you must___________. A. study hard B. have a goal and achieve it C. live happily D. sleep well
第四部分 单词拼写。(每空 1 分,共 15 分) 71. She went late at night to ________(接生)a baby for a poor family. 72. We had a rest in the _________(阴凉处)of the trees. 73. He has ________(克服)all difficulties and achieves success. 74. This is a great way to increase _________(产量). 75. Using __________(化学的) fertilizers has become very common in farming. 76. _______(笑声)is the sun that drives winter from the human face. 77. He ________(毕业)from Yunnan University in 1990. 78. Dr. Yuan is quite _________(满意)with his life. 79.There are various kinds of _______(主题) parks in the world. 80. The most universal _________(面部的) expression is smile. 81. ________(旅游业)is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland. 83. ________(个人)speaking, I don't think his idea is practical. 84. There are a _________(不同种类) of cars to choose from. 85.He won two gold_______(奖牌) in the Olympic games.
姓名: 答题卡
题 号 答 案 题 号 答 案 题 号 答 案 题 号 答 案 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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赞同方 反对方 你的观点 人和宠物和谐相处, 很吵闹,甚至伤人; …… 增加生活乐趣 造成环境污染 注意:1、100 词左右;2、文章应该包括表格中所有信息,但不可逐条翻译;3、可以适 当增加细节,以使行文连贯; 4、文章的开头已给出,不计入总词数。 Recently we have had a heated discussion on whether people should keep pets like dogs and cats at home.
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71._________ 72. ______________ 73. ___________ 74. ___________ 75. ___________ 77._________ 77. ______________ 78. ___________ 79. ___________ 80. ___________ 81._________ 82. ______________ 83. ___________ 84. ___________ 85. ___________ 第五部分 写作
第一节 短文改错 (共 10 小题;每小题 1 分,满分 10 分) It is four months after I came to this school. To be honest, I wasn't used to the life there at first. Then I found no one to talk to him. Beside, it was the first time I had left my parents. How I missed everything at home! Now I feel more at home at school, thank to my teachers and classmates. They both treat me as their good friend, which helps me a lot. I wasn't better at English at the beginning of this term, but my English teacher always encouraged me study hard. " Keep on working hard,'' he said, "but you will make progress.'' 第二节 书面表达 20 分 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. _________ __________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________ ____________ _____________ _____________ ___________
________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________
最近新闻报道了一些宠物伤人的事件,而在我们身边也有一些人正在饲养宠物。假如你 们班最近进行了一次讨论,请根据下面的提示谈谈自己的看法。


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Journeys BismarckStore's name : KIRKWOOD MALL
Address & Contacts
(701) 258-1400
58504 Bismarck
Opening Times
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- Latitude : 46.709724
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985 stores Journeys in the U.S. registered on Stores-Locator.com
Located in Nashville, Journeys is a renowned brand that was first established in 1986. The company is owned by Genesco Inc., a corporation that has been in the footwear industry since 1924. Journeys Kidz is a sister company that produces all the designs of the brand in kids' sizes. Their retail stores are found in numerous areas worldwide. Journeys deals… more about Journeys
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Stella And Dot: From jewelry to apparelThe successful jewelry brand is planning a major evolution for this Spring: some items of clothing will be introduced in a few weeks.
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The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series is in Atlanta this weekend and once again the food folk at Atlanta Motor Speedway are bring out their select dishes. From Peanut Butter and Jelly Milkshakes to a tasty Chicken sandwich topped with Applewood Smoked Bacon! In all, Atlanta Motor Speedway has 20 consession locations for race fans - some carrying several specialty items!
Here's your complete menu list for the race weekend which includes all three series in NASCAR - The Camping World Truck Series, The Xfinity Series, and the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series.
Things You Have to Try
You have to try the Georgia Peanut Butter & Jelly Milkshake. Made with real peanut butter and grape jelly, the tastes combine to make a smooth and delicious treat good anytime of the year. They're available on the concourse, near Section 138 of the Champions Grandstand.
Taste of Georgia: Visit the Taste of Georgia Concession Stand located the Earnhardt Grandstand near section 124 for unique items featuring Georgia-themed items! Try the Cherry Coke BBQ Sandwich, a Racin' Hot Chicken Sandwich or a C.C. - the Clark Cluck: a fried chicken breast topped with Applewood bacon, lettuce, spicy ranch and sweet pickles on a potato roll!
Brunch Barn: Stop by the location in the Earnhardt grandstand on Sunday and sink your teeth into a Brunch Burger - French toast served with a hash brown patty, American cheese, egg and bacon!
Specialty Stands: Specialty concession stands are located throughout the grandstand concourse and provide national and regionally recognized chains serving up their signature items for you to enjoy at the race. Papa John's Pizza, the official pizza of Atlanta Motor Speedway, Sonny's BBQ, Jim N' Nick's BBQ, Bojangles Famous Chicken and Biscuits, The Australian Bakery and Repiccis Italian Ice can be found at various locations throughout the concourse.
Infield Concessions: The infield concession locations feature standards sports fare including hot dogs, hamburgers, nachos, pretzels and popcorn. In addition, Papa John's Pizza is also available at the Coke Grill. Two stands are conveniently located off the infield road course access road, adjacent to the Flock Brother's Corral and the High Speed Corral campgrounds respectively.
For complete event information and to purchase tickets, contact the Atlanta Motor Speedway ticket office at (770) 946-4211, (877) 9-AMS-TIX or visit www.atlantamotorama.com


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Truck Wheel & Axle Parts
Snow and ice can cost valuable time unless you can get through safely, so we carry several types of chains. Under-inflated tires can also cost money with added fuel consumption and reduced tread life. Utility Trailer of Utah's huge inventory of tire inflation systems is the answer.


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Annual lists serve a lot of functions. They offer a clear snapshot of an industry in transition. They also provide a valuable yardstick and often can verify long-term trends. Take the latest installment of Financial Planning's RIA Leaders issue, which features our ranking of the nation's top RIA firms.
The firms that are moving up the list - as well as the firms that have moved off the list - are at the foundation of our cover story. To best highlight the shifting dynamics, we focused on fee-only firms and excluded those with broker-dealer affiliations or with large stakes held by banks or other outside institutions.
FP senior editor Ann Marsh, who wrote the cover story, says she was struck during her reporting by the way that independence was a decisive factor for advisors as they developed plans to grow their practices.
Marsh tells me that, back in the late 1990s, when Rob Francais founded the RIA that would become Los Angeles-based Aspiriant - which ranked No. 1 on our list of fastest-growing, fee-only firms and No. 3 on our overall list of fee-only firms - it could be difficult to convince prospects that they needed the services of a comprehensive financial planner. That is no longer the case.
"We were marketing into a headwind," Francais says. "Today, we are marketing into a light breeze and the breeze is going not against us but with us," he says, adding that "the industry is hitting its stride."
Yet at the same time, it remains to be seen how the majority will handle the challenge of structuring their ownership. As our cover story, which begins on p. 34, points out, growth in the RIA space is rapidly outpacing the rest of the financial services industry. However, more new entrants are choosing a dually registered business model.
By presenting a list of firms without broker-dealer affiliations, we've captured those independents whose world view has required them to adopt (and heavily fund) complex succession plans. Many other RIAs simply won't or can't devote the time and resources to doing the same.
The result is that the definition of independence among RIAs will remain a subject of debate for years to come. And the giants that look likely to emerge in this space, as consolidation continues, will evolve into very different players, due to the decisions about ownership they are making - or failing to make - now.
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When a customer is logged into her account at Freedom Mortgage, she can get detailed account information, make payments, schedule automatic payments and sign up for e-statements. She can also request her tax, escrow and insurance information, according to Freedom Mortgage.Continue Reading
These account services are available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Customers can also request payoff statements for their mortgages. These can either be emailed or faxed. Automatic payments can be scheduled when customers are logged in, so that future mortgage payments are paid on the same day each month, states Freedom Mortgage.
Portal technology on the Freedom Mortgage website allows users to customize their experience when they log in. Customers can include Web links on this portal that are only available for viewing under their user names. However, Freedom Mortgage requires its users to have permission or authority to place the links to other sites. Customers can also submit new loan applications and register new loans while they are logged in, explains Freedom Mortgage.
When users log in, Freedom Mortgage collects information about their use of the website through online tracking. The information collected includes browser types, access times and click behavior, as reported by Freedom Mortgage.Learn more about Credit & Lending