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Supreme Court argument focuses on whether testimonial statements were relayed through expert testimony; doubt is cast on whether the expert could testify about her conclusions based on the out of court DNA testing results from a sample obtained from the victim under the Confrontation Clause, in Williams v. Illinois (No. 10-8505)
On Tuesday, December 6, 2011, the Supreme Court heard oral argument on an important case involving expert testimony under the Confrontation Clause. See Williams v. Illinois Argument Transcript (listen to the oral argument below). The case has the potential to impact expert testimony in criminal cases beyond expert forensic testimony. At its core, the case calls into question how much an expert may rely on statements and facts of others who do not testify at trial. Under FRE 703, and related state rules, generally an expert may rely upon "facts or data" in which an expert "in the particular field would reasonably rely," and the facts and data "need not be admissible for the opinion to be admitted." The question in the case is whether the Confrontation Clause allows this practice and to what extent.
Williams v. Illinois Oral Argument audio
Issue Presented
In Williams v. Illinois (No. 10-8505), the question presented is:
Whether a state rule of evidence allowing an expert witness to testify about the results of DNA testing performed by non-testifying analysts, where the defendant has no opportunity to confront the actual analysts, violates the Confrontation Clause.
[For more background on the case, see the prior posts, including a summary of "Who Testified and Who Did Not on the DNA Analysis?, and a summary of the facts and lower court decision.]
A summary of some of the areas of focus during the oral argument follows:
Did The Expert Testimony Include Testimonial Statements?
The initial core issue is whether the expert testimony conveyed the substance of a testimonial statement of a non-testifying witness from Cellmark? In affirming the conviction, the Supreme Court of Illinois concluded the expert's reliance on the Cellmark testing was for the nontestimial and "limited purpose of explaining the basis for her opinion on the critical issue concerning whether there was a DNA match between the defendant's blood sample and the semen sample recovered from [victim] L.J." People v. Williams, 238 Ill.2d 125, 345 Ill.Dec. 425, 939 N.E.2d 268, 282 (July 15, 2010).
Petitioner's counsel, Brian W. Carroll, Office of State Appellate Defender, framed the issue: "Because no one from Cellmark appeared at Mr. Williams' trial, [forensic expert] Lambatos' testimony conveying the testimonial statements from Cellmark violated Mr. Williams' rights under the Confrontation Clause." Williams Transcript, at 3:14-17. Respondent's counsel, Anita Alvarez, of the State's Attorney Office for Cook County, Ilinois, argued that the expert opinion relying on the Cellmark results was nontestimonial. The statements were not used to prove the truth of the matter asserted and were offered merely to explain how she arrived at her own independent conclusion that there was a DNA match based on the separate samples obtained from the defendant and victim. Additionally, the results from the electrophoretogram were machine-generated which the expert merely analyzed. Finally, the expert was extensively cross-examined about here conclusion. Id., at 32:1-15, 34:8-14, 38-39.
Several Justices expressed doubt that the limited purpose to consider the Cellmark testing rendered it nontestimonial. For example, Justice Antonin Scalia noted that if the results were not offered for their truth, they would be irrelevant. Willliams Transcript, at 7:21-23, 38:1-3. Justices Anthony M. Kennedy Kennedy and Ruth Bader Ginsburg also noted that the manner in which the results were conveyed were testimonial. Id. at 22:8-10 ("And if she weren't relying on the truth of the assertion from Cellmark, it would be irrelevant for the" factfinder.) (Kennedy, J.); Id. at 35:9-12 (same) (Kennedy, J.); id. at 34 ("[H]ow does it become non-testimonial when it's relayed by the recipient of the report?"). Justice Antonin Scalia clarified in questioning that the expert testimony about the lab results was the only evidence confirming the match. Id., at 5:11-14; see also id. at 18:15-17 ("If the statements weren't true, then [expert] Lambatos' testimony would not link Williams' DNA to the crime.") (Petitioner's counsel). Justice Kennedy summarized that "the chain of custody are just supporting actors. The key actor in the play, the Hamlet in the play, is the person who did the test at Cellmark." Id., at 30-31.
Hearing the questions of some of the Justices, Deputy Solicitor General Michael R. Dreeben, as amicus curiae for the United States, noted that under Illinois state law, the expert's testimony cold not be used to prove the truth of what Cellmark did. Willliams Transcript, at 42:1-10. However, the expert testimony provided a "circumstantial way in which the fact finder can infer that Cellmark tested the DNA in the semen that was sent to it," but no testimonial statement was offered implicating the Confrontation Clause. Id., at 44:2-8. Mr. Dreeban added, "The Confrontation Clause ... does not obligate the State to present a strong case. It does not prevent the State from presenting a relatively weaker case, so long as it does not rely on testimonial statements to prove the truth of the matter asserted." Id., at 46:17-22. The Court has consistently held that factfinders follow limiting instructions. In this case, the factfinder was a trial judge and the Illinois Supreme Court concluded he did not consider the expert testimony for the truth of the matter asserted. Id., at 46-47, 48-49. He clarified that during cross-examination, the expert was asked about the steps taken by Cellmark and that the petitioner was not claiming this line of questioning violated the Confrontation Clause. Id., at 43:1-5.
Justice Samuel A. Alito, Jr. pondered whether the lab results were nontestimonial to explain the expert conclusion: "Hasn't it long been accepted that experts may testify to the facts that form the basis for their opinions on the ground that when the experts go over those facts they are ... not being introduced to prove the truth of the matter asserted, the truth of those underlying fact; only that those are the facts that the expert has relied on in reaching an opinion?" Williams Transcript, at 6:9-16. Justice Scalia distinguished between a hypothetical question to an expert and the expert's reliance on a testimonial statement. Id., at 7-8, 37-38; see also id. at 27:15-19 ("[A]n expert can always testify about the material that they relied on, whether that material is ever admitted into evidence and sometimes that material could never be admitted into evidence.") (Respondent's counsel).
Justice Elena Kagan asked where in the record supported the conclusion that the tiral judge, as finder of fact, did not consider the expert testimony for the truth of the matter asserted. Williams Transcript, at 34:15-19. The response was that the Illinois Supreme Court had reached this conclusion in its decision:
In sum, the State did not offer [expert] Lambatos' testimony regarding the Cellmark report for the truth of the matter asserted and this testimony did not constitute ''hearsay.'' Thus, the trial court and appellate court properly concluded that Crawford [v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004)] considerations did not apply here. Lambatos disclosed the underlying facts from Cellmark's report for the limited purpose of explaining the basis for her opinion on the critical issue concerning whether there was a DNA match between the defendant's blood sample and the semen sample recovered from L.J. By allowing the expert to reveal the information for this purpose alone, it undoubtedly aided the judge, sitting as the factfinder, in assessing the value of Lambatos' opinion.
Williams, 238 Ill.2d 125, 345 Ill.Dec. 425, 939 N.E.2d at 282; see also Joint Appendix, at 172. Justice Sonia Sotomayor suggested some deference may be due the state court conclusion, however, Justice Scalia questioned how much deference should be given in light of the record. Williams Transcript, at 50-51.
Impact on the Role of Expert Testimony
Justice Alito noted that the some crime labs involve 12 technicians in DNA analysis. Williams Transcript, at 13:12-16 (referring to Amicus Curiae Brief of the New York County District Attorney's Office and the New York County Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in Support of Respondent, 7-8 ("As noted above, each case involves the separate testing of a minimum of two different samples (a crime scene sample and a suspect exemplar), and each process requires the participation of at least six different technicians. That means that each case will involve at least 12 technicians. Only at the end of these processes does an analyst, who routinely will testify in court about the case, compare the two electropherograms and prepare a report setting forth her conclusions.")). Justice Alito noted that it "is impossible for us to bring all 12 of those technicians into court to testify in every case in which there is DNA evidence; and if we have to do that we will just not be able to use DNA evidence in court; we will have to rely on less reliable evidence." Id., at 13:19-24. Justice Scalia responded that the prosecutor can decide how many of these witnesses to call but testimonial statements could not be admitted. Id., at 14:12-16. Petitioner's counsel stated that not every step in the DNA process involved testimonial statements and consequently some witnesses would not have to be called. Id., at 15:3-15.
Repondent's counsel conteded that the expert testimony "satisfies the Confrontation Clause because she is the witness against the accused in this case, and the fact that she testified that she relies on material that was generated by Cellmark does not make Cellmark the witness against the accused." Williams Transcript, at 29:7-11. However, Justice Scalia countered that, in his view, the expert went further: "But she said more than that. She said I relied on material provided by Cellmark which is, and then she described what that material was. And she had no personal knowledge of that." Id., at 29:13-16.
No Notice and Demand Process Available
Justice Ginsburg asked if the State of Illinois had a notice and demand process, in which the government could provide notice that it was not intending to call certain experts and the defendant could demand their presence at trial. Respondent's counsel clarified that the state did not have this process. Williams Transcript, at 40:6-10. The Supreme Court acknowledged a notice and demand process could comport with the Confrontation Clause. See Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. _, 129 S. Ct. 2527 (2009) ("The defendant always has the bur-den of raising his Confrontation Clause objection; notice-and-demand statutes simply govern the time within which he must do so. States are free to adopt procedural rules governing objections.") (emphasis in original).
Should An Expert Exception Be Recognized?
In addressing the practical consequences on forensic expert testimony, Justice Stephen G. Breyer noted that requiring multiple forensic technicians to testify would result in "a sea change in normal criminal law practices." Williams Transcript, at 8-12. He suggested that an exception to testimonial statements be considered for expert testimony. Id., at 8-12. Petitioner's counsel responded that the decisions in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004) and Melendez-Diaz [v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. __, 129 S. Ct. 2527 (2009)] closed the door to an exception. Id. at 12:5-8. Justice Scalia hadded that "Justice Breyer dissented from those opinions." Id., at 12:9-10.
Squaring the Case with Prior Confrontation Clause Precedent
Justice Anthony M. Kennedy questioned whether the Williams was weaker than recent cases: "You are saying that the State of Illinois case is weaker here than in Melendez-Diaz [v. Massachusetts], where they had a certificate, and in Bullcoming [v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 2705 (2011)], where they had somebody from the lab testify as to lab procedures.". Williams Transcript, at 23:12-17; see also id. at 31:11-16, 21-23; 32:16-24.
Strength of the Case Without the Expert Testimony
Justice Kagan asked about the strength of the case without the challenged expert testimony. Williams Transcript, at 35-36. The Repondent's counsel noted in addition to the testing evidence the victim had identified the defendant. This questioning was significant since the espondent argues, if a Confrontation Clause error resulted, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Respondent's Brief, at 11, 32-33.
New Confrontation Clause Directions?
Will the case signal a new direction on Confrontation Clause case law or confirm a trend that when the government presents testimonial statements, from experts or others, the person making the statement must be subject to cross-examination? Will an accommodation be made for expert testimony?
How will the newer Justices line up in the majority and minority of any ruling? Some of the recent Confrontation Clause decisions have been by five to four margins. The make-up of the Court on recent Confrontation Clause decisions follows:
Bullcoming v. Mew Mexico, 564 U.S. __, 131 S.Ct. 2705 (2011) (5 to 4 opinion authored by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, holding that under the Confrontation Clause, the surrogate testimony of a second forensic analyst, who did not observe or review the original blood alcohol content results, was inadmissible; the defendant has the right "to be confronted with the analyst who made the certification, unless that analyst is unavailable at trial, and the accused had an opportunity, pretrial, to cross-examine that particular scientist
- Majority: Ginsburg (authored opinion except Part IV and n.6), joined by Scalia, Sotomayor, Kagan, Thomas, JJ.
- Concurrence: Sotomayor, J.
- Dissent: Kennedy (author), joined by Roberts, CJ, Breyer and Alito, JJ.
Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. _, 131 S.Ct. 1143 (2011) (6 to 2 opinion authored by Justice Sonia Sotomayor, holding: "[T]hat the circumstances of the interaction between [the victim] ... and the police objectively indicate that the 'primary purpose of the interrogation' was 'to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.' Therefore, [the victim's] ... identification and description of the shooter and the location of the shooting were not testimonial statements, and their admission at Bryant's trial did not violate the Confrontation Clause.")
- Majority: Sotomayor (author), joined by Roberts, CJ, Kennedy, Breyer, and Alito, JJ.
- Concurrence: Thomas, J.
- Dissent: Scalia and Ginsburg, JJ.
- Note: Kagan, J. took no part in the consideration of the case
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. __, 129 S. Ct. 2527, 2542 (2009) (5 to 4 opinion authored by Justice Antonin Scalia, holding that certificates of forensic analysis are "testimonial" and "the Sixth Amendment does not permit the prosecution to prove its case via ex parte out-of-court affidavits")
- Majority: Scalia (author), Stevens, Souter, Thomas, and Ginsburg, JJ.,
- Concurrence: Thomas, J.
- Dissent: Kennedy (author), joined by Roberts, CJ, Breyer and Alito
Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 823, 830 (2006) (8 to 1 opinion authored by Justice Antonin Scalia, holding that the victim's response to 911 operator's interrogation was not "testimonial" and not subject to Confrontation Clause because the statement was made under circumstances that objectively indicated an ongoing emergency and the primary purpose of the interrogation was to enable police to assist in meeting that emergency; victim's written statements in affidavit given to police officer were testimonial and excludable under the Confrontation Clause because no emergency existed at the time of the statement and the primary purpose of the interrogation was to investigate a past crime)
- Majority: Scalia (author), Roberts, CJ, and Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer, and Alito, JJ.,
- Concurring and Dissenting In Part: Thomas, J.
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004) (7 to 2 opinion authored by Justice Scalia; landmark Confrontation Clause case holding that "testimonial" statements of an unavailable witness violated the Confrontation Clause absent a prior opportunity for cross-examination)
- Majority: Scalia (author), Stevens, Kennedy, Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg, and Breyer, JJ.,
- Concurrence: Rehnquist, CJ, joined by O'Connor, J. (dissenting from overruling Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980))
A decision is expected before the end of the Term, most likely by July 2012. In the meantime, for copies of the briefs and a summary of the case, see the Williams v. Illinois Resource Page (Introduction and Overview) and (Key Briefs and Materials). See also prior blog posts on the case.
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Thu, 14 May 2009 02:28:12 +0000 – By Noel SheppardAssociate Editor, Newsbusters.org
Years from now, the week of May 4, 2009, may be remembered as when it became crystal clear to even the most liberal Americans the media are so biased it isn't funny.
The week innocently began with a Los Angeles Times entertainment reporter addressinghow comedians are still afraid to make jokes about Barack Obama.
Having possibly read the piece, "Late Show" host David Letterman on Thursday tried to remedy the situationby having one of his writers feebly attempt to poke fun at the new President.
"Barack Obama is so dumb, when he was Governor of Texas, someone asked him what the capital of Texas is, and he said, 'Capital T.'"
Thus began a string of supposed Obama jokes intentionally missing the mark and, instead, bashing former President George W. Bush.
Whether this was life imitating art or vice versa is irrelevant, for one of America's favorite funnymen was coming right out and admitting he's just not ready to say anything against the new White House resident even in jest.
Unfortunately, the reallybad jokes were right around the corner, for when the Labor Department announcedthe following day employers had shed 539,000 workers from their payrolls in April, the Obama-loving media actually reported it as good news.
We really are in Camelot now.
Not only are you forbidden to make jokes about the new king, errr, president, but all news, no matter how bad, must now be reported as good.
Tourists planning a vacation to our nation's capital this summer should also be pleased to know that from this point forward, July and August cannot be too hot.
Of course, Washington, D.C., wasn't always such a congenial spot, for when it was announced only five months ago the economy lost 533,000 jobs in November, the press viewed it as so cataclysmic it was necessary for all Americans to immediately support president-elect Obama's stimulus plan or suffer the most dire of economic and financial consequences.
So it came to pass that virtually the same exact economic data hailed as apocalyptic when Bush was president was now a sign the economy is improving.
Yet, this shouldn't be at all surprising, for the media never wanted to admit things were ever good during Bush the Second's reign.
First, his recovery was "jobless." Then, it wasn't producing enough new hires to keep up with the growth in the labor force.
Finally, when unemployment really began declining in his second term to levels rarely seen in the post-World War II era, the media claimed the jobs created were all low-paying or part-time.
What a difference an "O" makes, for now that a man the press adore is in the White House, over a half million Americans can lose their jobs in a month, and it's a sign things are getting better.
As one of my readers marvelously quipped last Friday, for eight years the press bemoaned the emptiness of the full glass, and now they are praising the fullness of the empty glass.
Makes you wonder what's going to happen when the recession really ends, and the first report showing an increase of even one job is released.
They'll probably throw Obama a parade which certainly won't be inconvenienced by inclement weather for rain isn't allowed to fall till after sundown now.
In anticipation of this event, comedienne Wanda Sykes has already been booked as the Mistress of Ceremonies.
I know it sounds a bit bizarre, but that's how conditions are.
Noel Sheppard is associate editor of the MediaResearchCenter's NewsBusters.org. He welcomes feedback at email@example.com.
Noel Sheppard is associate editor of the Media Research Center's NewsBusters.org. He welcomes feedback at firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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When Hell Came to Texas : In the days after the Civil War, a solitary rider travelled the open frontier - but he wasn't alone, for Death seemed to travel with him. Or maybe it was the Devil himself who gave him the lethal pistol shot that earned him the name âDeath's Acolyte.â And when the stranger with the scarred face, who calls himself Ken Casey, rode into the peaceful Texas town of Wardell, maybe peace - for his own ravaged soul - was all he wanted. But in Wardell, all hell is about to break loose.
Awaiting a train shipment of gold, Angus Pugh and his army of outlaws, including notorious gunslinger Luke Draco, take the town hostage and kill a few innocent citizens as a lesson to any comers. Donning priestly vestments, Ken Casey, ordained man of the cloth, steps from the shadows to conduct the victims' funeral rites - and that's just his first revelation. For Casey can destroy souls as easily as he saves them, and earthly justice is delivered in gun smoke and blood.


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Visit Edmunds.com for a complete listing of local car dealerships in Bobtown, Pennsylvania. Find the best deal on your next vehicle with online discount price quotes on car, truck, SUV, and minivan models. With the ability to compare prices on new and used vehicles in Bobtown, Edmunds.com makes the car buying process convenient and cost-effective. Search for car dealerships in Bobtown, Pennsylvania with our comprehensive dealership network and avoid the common hassles associated with car shopping.
Non Display Review Name "After shopping around for months for a vehicle and narrowing my list down to 4 types; I came back to Tri-Star because of your sales member D. Torboli."... Read more Review by: BrenzyFrenzy
Non Display Review Name "I worked directly with Dominic Carbone for my whole sale and he was awesome. However the day I received this email the transmission started acting up "... Read more Review by: jsmith412


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Jim offered me an opportunity to try out the new Real Colors from Ak Interactive. I love trying out new paints. Acrylics, enamels, oils, when a new paint hits the market, Ill snag some up. So this was an opportunity I found hard to pass up.
The kit I chose to try out the new paints on is the Cyber-hobby Panzer IV B. Now it should be mentioned that I have tried to build a Dragon panzer iv twice before. Both times the build was abandoned due to fit issues or just the sheer number of parts. But as the saying goes, third times the charm....Hopefully.
This blog starts a few steps into the build, having already completed the daunting task of assembling the suspension and some portions of the upper hull. We are appropriately 837 parts into the build at this stage and have about 14,217 parts left until we can start laying down some paint.
Ok, maybe not that many parts but there are quite a few left. Those that have built a dragon kit before can emphasize with me on this one.
Enough rambling, enjoy the pictures.
I had to shave down the front bump stops a little in order for the front suspension arms to articulate. For some reason the where a little on the long side and the suspension hardly had any travel.
In my rush to clean the upper hull from the sprues, I managed to shave off a portion of the side. A little bit of strip styrene and some filler and you wont even know I goofed.


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Girls Paw Patrol Swimsuit.
Keep your little one covered up at the pool with this fabulous swimsuit.
With a fun Paw Patrol design across the front, your child will adore wearing this while out playing in the sun by the pool.
Available designs:
- My Little Pony
- Paw Patrol
- Shimmer & Shine
- Peppa Pig
Available sizes: 18-24 months, 2-3 years, 4-5 years, 6-7 years
Browse more of our wonderful range of Kids Swimwear online and buy in stores at B&M.


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|Posted by MaryT on December 4, 2013 at 12:55 AM
Hello Portland,
I am the new manager of this site. I am currently the Secretary of Portland NOW, Inc. In the new year the Portland NOW Board of Directors will be discussing the future of Portland and how the changes coming will affect the residents. We will be working on new projects and hope to keep the neighborhood better informed.
I plan to update this site regularly.
We have a Facebook page if you would like to see what is going on now.
Until next time.
Categories: None
Oops, you forgot something.
The words you entered did not match the given text. Please try again.
Tonya D. Montgomery says...
Hello MaryT,
I am the Portfolio Manager at The Housing Partnership and we are interested in how we can work together in the area! Who should I contact? Thank you!


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January 07, 2009
Cisco Unified Communications Enhances Customer Relationship for Insular Life
Philippines-based Insular Life, a life insurance company, has been successful in enhancing its relations with customers by making use of Cisco (News - Alert) Unified Communications in the cities of Makati and Cebu. Another Cisco site in Alabang, where Insular's headquarters is located, will be completed this year.
This system allows customers in the Philippines to dial a single toll-free number from anywhere to call and contact Insular Life staff or its agents in any of the three sites.
Trends & Technologies, a Cisco Certified Partner is involved in the implementation of the Cisco Unified Communications (News - Alert) project which was initiated two years ago. Trends & Technologies is replacing Insular's old private branch exchange system (PBX (News - Alert)) with the new Cisco system. This has resulted in cost savings besides greater customer satisfaction.
Tisha Cruz, vice president of Insular Life's Information Services Division, said, "We were able to integrate voice communications in the three offices with one local numbering system, facilitating interoffice communications while improving cost efficiency. A Cebu-based customer, for example, may be passed on to a servicing assistant in Alabang as if it were a local call."
"We want to provide tools to our executives and key personnel to deal with their mobility requirements and at the same time address some company cost issues," added Cruz.
The project is expected to be completed by early this year with the linking of the Alabang headquarters with the other two sites in Makati and Cebu.
Christian Hentschel, Cisco's managing director of emerging countries in Asia commented that Insular Life made a smart business decision two years ago to move to unified communications and is now reaping the benefits. He added that Unified communications enables companies like Insular Life, covering widely dispersed geographic locations, to collaborate effectively with its customers and partners.
Insular Life has earmarked a major part of its development budget for IT infrastructure enhancement, including the unified communications project.
Cisco specializes in networking solutions which transforms the way people connect, communicate and collaborate.
Don't forget to check out TMCnet's White Paper Library, which provides a selection of in-depth information on relevant topics affecting the IP Communications industry. The library offers white papers, case studies and other documents which are free to registered users. Today's featured white paper is Fixed Service Strategies for Mobile Network Operators, brought to you by Comverse (News - Alert).
Shamila Janakiraman is a contributing editor for TMCnet. To read more of Shamila's articles, please visit her columnist page.
Edited by Michelle Robart


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Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Be the first NJ.com user to add photos or videos of Teqconsult Group
Teqconsult Group was founded in 1986. Teqconsult Group specializes in Management Information Systems Consultant. Teqconsult Group has 1 employees and estimated revenues of $98,000.00.
Teqconsult Group is located at 53 Main St, Hackensack, NJ. This business specializes in Business Organizations.


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The results are in from our Great Christmas Cheese Poll!
When it comes to serving the festive cheeseboard on Christmas Day the question of 'When do we have the cheese course?
It is often a hot topic in British households. So, to find out when the UK planned to enjoy its festive cheese, we decided to carry out the Paxton & Whitfield Great Christmas Cheese Poll.
The poll, carried out in our four UK shops and via our popular Twitter and Facebook channels, found that 64% of the total respondents will enjoy their festive cheeseboard after their Christmas pudding on Sunday 25th December.
That means that over 26 million UK adults* could be tucking into selections of Christmas cheese post-pudding on the big day, with 16 million tucking into their cheese before their pudding.
In total, 64% of the total respondents said that they would be having their festive cheese course after the Christmas pudding on Sunday 25th December.
Regionally, the results were as follows:
BATH – residents of Bath proved a change to the overall results in that 52% of respondents said that they'd have their Christmas cheeseboard before their Christmas pudding.
LONDON – the split was 34% for before the Christmas pudding and 66% for after.
STRATFORD-UPON-AVON – the split was 28% for before the Christmas pudding and 72% for after.
It was great fun to carry out this poll and the teams in the shops had some really engaging conversations with customers about it. The overall all result wasn't a huge surprise to us but the regional variations were. It looks like residents in and around Bath are more like our Continental neighbours in how they enjoy their cheese. In France, the cheese course is always served before the dessert.
Our cheese experts normally suggest that for a festive cheeseboard you allow 100 – 125g of cheese per person. So, taking into consideration that 26 million – that means about 2.6 million kgs of cheese. That's 1,130,435 of Paxton's Baby Stiltons, which at 40cms high equates to 45,217kms – which is enough Stilton when put together to go around the equator 1.12 times!
Emma Marsden, food writer and researcher, was involved in the Paxton & Whitfield Great Christmas Cheese Poll. She said:
"The Christmas lunch is a feast like no other... often starting early with a Buck's Fizz and finishing with a rifle through the chocolate box while enjoying one of the festive films. So, it can be a challenge to fit in every part of it and in the 'right order'. I'd hazard a guess that the reason the cheese board comes after pudding for most people is the natural pause required between each course to digest the wonderful offerings of the day. This particular savoury platter is essential to the proceedings of course. It will in fact round off the day well, when everyone is just starting to feel that little bit peckish again when the remains of the big bird have been cleared away."
The poll was run over a three-week period in November 2016 and in total had just under 500 responses.
The question asked was:
When during Christmas Day lunch/dinner do you enjoy your cheese?
A: Before your Christmas Pud.
B: After your Christmas Pud.
* The Office of National Statistics at 2014 puts the population of the UK at about 64 million. Of that figure the adult population aged between 16 to 64 is 63.5% - so 40.6 million UK residents.


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Texas Amateur Athletic Federation
Region 7
Welcome to T.A.A.F. Region 7
Our Mission Statement
The Texas Amateur Athletic Federation is a non profit organization established in 1925 to promote, organize, and conduct amateur athletics in the state of Texas.
Our mission shall be to create and maintain in the State of Texas a permanent organization representative of amateur athletics and/or organizations, devoted thereto; to establish and maintain the highest ideals of amateur sports in the State of Texas; promote the development of physical education and to encourage the standardization of rules of all amateur athletics, games and competitions.
The Federation shall consist of organizations of a permanent status that are active and interested in promotion of amateur athletics and representative of one or more sports in their respective communities.
The objectives of Texas Amateur Athetlic Federation, Incorporated are both charitable and educational.
For information on state-wide TAAF programs, please visit www.taaf.com.


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Palestine Solidarity Campaign
The Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) is an activist organisation in England and Wales that promotes solidarity with the Palestinian people. It was founded in 1982 during the build-up to the first war between Israel and Lebanon, and was incorporated in the UK in 2004 as Palestine Solidarity Campaign Ltd.[1]
The PSC says it campaigns for peace and justice for Palestinians, in support of international law and human rights. PSC states that it is "opposed to all forms of racism, including anti-Jewish prejudice and Islamophobia".[2] It has stated that it opposes both "Israel's occupation and its aggression against neighbouring states"[3] Whilst recognising differences between apartheid-era South Africa and Israel, PSC promotes the boycotting of Israeli goods as a method that it believes was previously successful in achieving political change.[4] The PSC's stated goals include the right of return for Palestinians and Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories.[5] The PSC has criticised Israel's practices when arresting children.[6]
Activities organised by and statements from the PSC are reported on outlets such as the website The Electronic Intifada.[7]
PSC chapters have run workshops on such questions as "How to deal with Zionists' arguments; what to say to those who call us anti-Semitic" and "What are settlements? What will boycotting Israeli goods achieve?"[8]
Founders and leaders[edit]
The PSC has an executive committee consisting of 20 members (plus two members representing the PSC's Trade Union Advisory Committee), who are elected at the Annual General Meeting by PSC members. Its headquarters are in London. There are four staff members. The organisation relies on volunteers to perform many tasks, such as running campaigns and managing branch offices.[2]
One of the PSC's founders, Tony Greenstein, is also a founder of Jews for Boycotting Israeli Goods.[9]
Most of PSC's directors have not been of Palestinian or Middle Eastern descent. Its current Chair is Hugh Lanning and its current Director is Ben Jamal.[10]
The PSC has about 40 branches in England, Scotland and Wales, a list of which is kept on its website.[11] The organisation's activity in Scotland is co-ordinated by the Scottish Palestine Solidarity Campaign.
The Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign is a separate organisation that was set up in late 2001 by a group of established Irish human rights and community activists.[12]
The PSC website lists many patrons of the organisation, including the following individuals:[13]
Bob Crow and Tony Benn were also patrons of the organisation until they died.
Following remarks at a pro-Palestinian lobby when it was reported that she said of Palestinian suicide bombers: "If I had to live in that situation – and I say that advisedly – I might just consider becoming one myself", PSC patron Baroness Jenny Tonge was criticised for rationalising suicide bombings. In a subsequent BBC interview, she stated "I was just trying to say how, having seen the violence and the humiliation and the provocation that the Palestinian people live under every day and have done since their land was occupied by Israel, I could understand and was trying to understand where suicide bombers were coming from." Adverse comment was aroused and on 23 January 2004 Charles Kennedy, then leader of the Liberal Democrats, asked her to resign from his party's frontbench.[14]
PSC patron Caryl Churchill's play Seven Jewish Children, was written in response to 2009's Operation Cast Lead in Gaza and first performed in London's Royal Court Theatre in February 2009. It received a mixed critical reception. The full text of the play and links to a number of comments about it are available online.[15]
Trade union affiliates[edit]
These include:[16]
- Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen – ASLEF
- Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union – BECTU
- Fire Brigades Union – FBU
- GMB (trade union) – GMB
- National Union of Teachers – NUT
- Public and Commercial Services Union – PCS
- National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers – RMT
- Transport Salaried Staffs' Association – TSSA
- Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians – UCATT
- University and College Union – UCU
Boycott Israeli goods campaign[edit]
PSC has officially supported the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement since 2001. A study published in The Jewish Chronicle has been reported as recognising the PSC as one of the main proponents of the BDS movement in Britain.[17]
The PSC organised disruptions of a performance by the Israel Philharmonic at the Royal Albert Hall in February 2011. BBC Radio 3, which was broadcasting the concert live, was forced to suspend the broadcast several times, over the protesters' shouting and heckling.[18]
On 28 May 2012, when Israel's Habima theatre company performed at the London Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, the PSC and other BDS groups organised a protest outside the building. On 29 May 2012, BBC Radio 4 reported that Habima was "being criticised for performing to Jewish audiences in the Occupied Territories." A PSC press release corrected the report, saying that it was criticising Habima "for performing in illegal Israeli settlements in the West Bank." After six months of pressure by PSC, the BBC Trust upheld the PSC's complaint.[19]
The PSC waged a two-year campaign to block an EU trade agreement, the ACAA, that recognised Israeli pharmaceutical standards as equal to those in Europe. The agreement was ultimately passed in October 2012.[20]
In November 2012, the PSC uploaded a 69-minute film to YouTube entitled The Case for Cultural & Academic Boycott of Israel, introduced by Ken Loach.[21]
The PSC protested against an Israeli LGBT event in London,[22] calling it "yet another attempt by Israel to co-opt the LGBT community into its pinkwashing campaign, which aims to re-brand Israel as a haven for queers while drawing attention away from its numerous crimes against the Palestinian people".[23][24]
PSC has supported the BDS campaign against the French company Veolia. The campaign has cost Veolia several lucrative contracts in Europe, including a £485 million waste management contract in West London. Veolia has been criticised by the BDS movement because of its activities in Palestine and Israel. The allegations made included providing infrastructure and services to illegal settlements and racist recruitment policies.[25]
The PSC led a campaign to block the Israeli government's tourism bureau from advertising in British newspapers, its argument being that Israel was misrepresenting Palestinian territories as its own.[26]
Other activism[edit]
While Israel was at war with Lebanon in 2006, the PSC staged a protest against Israel's participation in the Davis Cup at Eastbourne.[27]
Sarah Colborne, who was then director of the PSC, was on board the Mavi Marmara during the 2010 flotilla raid.[28]
The PSC supported and raised funds for the 2010 "Viva Palestina" convoy to Gaza, which sought to focus international attention on the Gaza Strip.[29]
Scottish PSC helped coordinate 2011's "flytilla," in which activists flew into Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion Airport as part of a protest. Many activists were detained and denied entry to Israel.[30]
The PSC sponsored the Montpellier Fundraising Bike Ride, which raised money jointly for PSC and Medical Aid for Palestinians (MAP).[31]
The PSC arranged a 30 March 2012 "Land Day" protest outside the Israeli Embassy in London.[32]
The PSC promoted the play I Heart Hamas: And Other Things I'm Afraid to Tell You, which was staged on 17 January 2013.[33]
In 2014, the PSC supported a demonstration on Nakba Day that protested against the visit to London of the Israeli politician Tzipi Livni.[34]
Related groups and individuals[edit]
Red Card Israeli Racism is an offshoot UK-based group openly committed to BDS. Its membership is drawn from the ranks of other BDS groups, among them PSC.[35]
PSC was part of 2007's ENOUGH coalition to oppose the Israeli occupation of territories controlled since the 1967 Six-Day War.[36]
PSC cohosted the 2011 event "Complicity in Oppression: Do the Media Aid Israel?" with Amnesty International UK and the Middle East Monitor Online (MEMO).
See also[edit]
- ^ Duedil. "Palestine Solidarity Campaign Ltd". Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ a b PSC. "About". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
- ^ Stop Arming Israel. "About the Campaign". Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- ^ "Boycott Action- Plymouth PSC". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ "PSC aims". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ "Child prisoners". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ http://electronicintifada.net/blogs/ali-abunimah/israel-actions-surpassbarbarism-apartheid-south-africa-group-says-after-naeem[permanent dead link]
- ^ http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=330187ae93459db222a4ac9449cce02e&docnum=96&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=51&wchp=dGLbVzB-zSkAl&_md5=5e2f43cad9a97ddc31a76c9eabf3e258
- ^ CPGB. "Tony Greenstein Biography". Communist Party of Great Britain.
- ^ Duedil. "Directorships".
- ^ "PSC Branches". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- ^ IPSC. "History of the IPSC". Ireland Palestine Solidarity Campaign.
- ^ "Our Patrons". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Archived from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Tonge sacked over suicide comment". BBC. 23 January 2004. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ The Guardian (26 February 2009). "Read Caryl Churchill's Seven Jewish Children". London. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Trade Unions & Palestine". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ Klaiman, Hagit. "Report: Jews behind campaign to boycott Israel". Yedioth Ahronoth.
- ^ Ynet. "Anti-Israel protest disrupts Philharmonic show in UK". Yedioth Ahronoth. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ PNN. "BBC Trust Admits Failings in Accuracy in News Reports on Pro-Palestinian Protests". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ The Jewish Press. "Israeli Pharmaceutical Sales Certified in Europe".
- ^ PalestineCampaignUK. "The Case for Cultural & Academic Boycott of Israel with intro by Ken Loach". Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Freedom Of Expression – True Colours Tour Dates and Concerts". Allgigs. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=4f80b31067429aa11352c2b22ad626cd&docnum=59&_fmtstr=FULL&_star tdoc=51&wchp=dGLzVzt-zSkAl&_md5=799f1f62688d4e65e023425abc1beec0
- ^ "Facebook". Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ Palestine Solidarity Campaign. "Veolia Takes Severe Blow As It Fails To Win 485 Million Pound Contract In West London". Retrieved 16 August 2014.
- ^ Independent Catholic News. "Israeli Government breaks UK advertising rules for fourth time".
- ^ PSC. "Prosecution of Brighton solidarity activist dropped". Electronic Intifada. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- ^ Reuters. "Cameraman: 4 commandos were captured during flotilla raid". Israel News. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ Wafa. "PSC: You Can Help Break the Siege on Gaza". Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ Press Association (23 January 2008). "12 held ahead of Bethlehem visit". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ Hill, Ed. "Montpelier to Montpellier Bike Ride for Palestine". Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?_m=5ae98dca2c30c047a2d17df8ac0112bf&_fmtstr=FULL&docnum=27&_start doc=1&wchp=dGLzVzt-zSkAW&_md5=533dd2db89bcacd1ad6069ec593a14ee
- ^ "I Heart Hamas: And Other Things I'm Afraid to Tell You". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ "Nakba demonstration". Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
- ^ Red Card Israeli Racism. "About". Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ^ Independent Catholic News. "Launch of major coalition to end Israeli occupation of Palestine".


text:
|11 Dec 2012
Lags for no reason
I could not figure out what it is. If I left my computer for 30mins, when I came back, it lags. While lagging, I opened Task Manager. The RAM usage its only 2.8Gb out of 8GB. If I use it for 2 mins, it back to normal...what is that?
|My System Specs
|11 Dec 2012
Win 7 Pro 64-bit
Couple of questions, if I may, to clarify some things.
1. When you say the computer lags, are you talking about the time it takes to access programs or games, keyboard lag (time it takes for typed characters to appear on screen), time it takes to come out of sleep or hibernation, or something else?
2. You mentioned using Task Manager to check RAM usage. Did you also check Processes to see if something is hogging the CPU? (Like a disk defrag running in the background while the computer is idle or a virus scan?)
3. Also from Task Manager you could check the Resource Monitor for a more in-depth analysis of what's happening with your computer.
Resource Monitor
4. Have you done routine maintenance chores such as defrag, check disk, disk cleanup, etc? This tutorial gives many suggestions on how to optimize Windows 7. Not all will apply to your computer but you might consider trying some of them.
Optimize Windows 7
|My System Specs
|12 Dec 2012
Other Troubleshooting Steps for Windows 7 to work through to check it over good.
|My System Specs
|12 Dec 2012
So I got into Bios and change all settings to default. After that, I got BSOD in Windows animation screen. I reinstalled my computer and after installing all the important drivers, it happens again. Whenever I want to change the resolution by right click desktop and open "screen resolution", In there the drop down menus are acting weird. It drops when I click it, but it went back up after clicking. And the Intel graphic control panel, when I open it and my mouse is hover over the windows, it kept switching from the pointer to loading...
|My System Specs
|12 Dec 2012
Run the hardware tests in Troubleshooting Steps for Windows 7.
Did you use only the drivers provided by the installer and optional Windows Updates after enabling Automatically deliver drivers via Windows Update (Step 3)?
The only drivers which should be imported are those still missing in Device Manager after all Windows Updates are done.
If you didn't follow these Best Practices from Clean Reinstall - Factory OEM Windows 7 then I would start over and do it correctly. This time wipe the HD first with Diskpart Clean Command accessing DISKPART At PC Startup.
Don't install anything other than all Important and Optional Updates, to see if the problem occurs. Then provide any missing drivers one-by-one with time in between each to check performance. Do not reinstall any driver bloatware packages beyond just the driver itself. Report back on performance, any functionality which is missing.
|My System Specs
|Thread Tools
|Similar help and support threads
BSOD for no Reason. Blue Screen Viewer says ntoskrln.exe is reason
Good evening, I own an ACER Extensa 5620 2 GB of RAM OP Is Windows 7 Home Premium x64 bit the original installed OS on the system was Vista full retail version?
|BSOD Help and Support
Wireless network list gone, sound lags, RAM overloaded for no reason
Hello everyone, I was hoping you could have a clue about my problem. For the last day or so my laptop (MSI) behaves erratic, 2 major events should be mentioned: 1. Yesterday eve I noticed that I'm not connected to the Internet and the network connection icon in the tray shows "no available...
|General Discussion
WLM lags?
Does your WLM lags or hangs in windows 7 after a period of usage?
CS:S Lags
Hello, I am having some problem with my CS:S on Windows 7. I tried by regedit corretcting MMCSS, no luck with that, and then i tried by disabling network throttling too, no luck either. Can anyone tell me what to do?And if someone repaired, please tell me how. Thanks in advantage.
Pc lags after start orb
I have recently put windows 7 64bit on my laptop and pc it all works fine on my laptop but on my pc it lags after the start orb dissapears for 7-15 secs and the screen goes all black then flashes up with the welcome screen. I have reinstalled 7 3 times on this pc and it still does it yet my laptop...
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text:
Uncanny X-Force #13 (Preview)
in Comic Previews Comment
- Story by
- Rick Remender
- Art by
- Mark Brooks
- Cover by
- Chris Bachalo and Esad Ribic
- Publisher
- Marvel Comics
The Dark Angel Saga: Part 3 Years ago, Wolverine helplessly watched as Jean Grey, the love of his life, died before his eyes. Years later, he would lose his best-friend Nightcrawler to a similar fate. In order to save our world, can he allow them to die again? X-Force team up with The Amazing X-Men for the final push against the heir of Apocalypse, in a battle Royale that will force Wolverine to make the hardest choice of his life. One world must die!


text:
The Easy, Super-'90s Way I Keep Grown-Out Bangs out of My Face
Bangs, fringe, breakage — whatever you call it, it'll fit in some butterfly clips.
The beauty blogosphere is filled with posts about lightening your hair: how to do it, what the experience is like, what to consider before you do it.
Posts about going brunette? Not so much. I guess people just assume you can dump a vat of dark hair dye on your head and call it a day. But the truth is, going darker can get pretty involved.
I have gone from blonde to brunette to blonde to brunette to blonde to bru... you get the picture. While I prefer blonde, sometimes I need to take a break or "reset" my hair to a more natural color while the damaged hair grows out. Because the condition of my hair has been less than awesome lately, I decided to give brunette another go.
Given that I am the opposite of a good hairdresser, I entrusted my awesome and patient hairstylist, Lindsay, to brunette-ify me. We spent several weeks sending pictures back and forth until I decided on a look that I liked.
What I had to consider, and what you will need to consider, is that skin tone has everything to do with finding your perfect shade. Your skin and natural hair color have the same underlying pigments, so it is advisable to stay within two shades of your natural color. Obviously, this "rule" is pretty lame, but it's something to consider if you want the most natural result, I guess. I personally think any color can be your color if you rock it right.
My tips? 1. Don't go too dark too quick. 2. Don't choose anything too ashy. 3. Pick a color that has some warmth. You can also do a pre-pigmentation process. Since I chose a color very close to both my natural one and to the dark blonde that was in my hair, I didn't have to worry about the latter. Lindsay helped me choose a medium brown color so that in the future I can either go darker or add more blonde. I'll probably be adding more blonde.
I wanted my hair color to have dimension, so we added a few highlights in foils, concentrating more on the bottom layers. This method allows for the highlights to be visible when my hair is tied up--which is 99 percent of the time.
While the foils were in, Linday applied Paul Mitchell 5NN Light Neutral Neutral Brown mixed with 5NA Light Natural Ash Brown and 20 volume from roots to ends.
What's cool about Paul Mitchell colors is that they're cruelty-free, the color is very gentle, and their dyes are low in ammonia and have a natural beeswax base. It's not often that you leave your colorist's chair with softer hair than you came in with.
After my rinse and tone, Lindsay used the Paul Mitchell Awapuhi Wild Ginger Keratin treatment on me, which made my hair feel brand new again. One quick blow-dry later and I was good to go.
This is probably the happiest I have ever been as a brunette, thanks to Lindsay. And it must be said: I'm having just as much fun as a brunette as I did as a blonde. So we can put that rumor to bed.
Any of you gone from blonde to brunette? Mishaps? Tell me how it went!
Also, what do you think about me going white-blonde in a few months?


text:
Picks: Reviews of Movie Label 2007, Panorama Express, and more.
|Jan 17, 2007
|Michael E, Callahan
|Related OS:
|Software that can help
|Good for
|Cow Rating
|NEW for XL-DBQuery Version 1.1 :- - Support for Parameter Queries - Compatible with...
|Datacatch Librarian is an office database solution for automatically cataloging and...
|Taking your virtual tour business to greater heights!
Greetings and Welcome! Glad you stoppedby. It's been absolutely frigid in Colorado the past week. In themorning it's been as low as -12 Fahrenheit and the high hasn'tbeen exactly something to write home about. With three feet of snowhanging around outside, and no sign of it melting, it's been all themore reason to stay inside and look at software. I've got some goodtitles picked out to tell you about. So, if you're just about ready,just sit back, relax, have a cup of cocoa, and let's take a look.
- Movie Label 2007
- Version: 2.5.2
- System Requirements: Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP
- Get more info
- Download Movie Label 2007NOW!
- View A Screen Shot
Movie Label 2007, by Code|Aero Technologiesis a powerful program for keeping track of all of your movies. Intesting it out I found that the program is both intuitive and easy-to-use. That makes it perfect for users with all levels of experience. Iliked the fact that I could actually enter my entire movie collectionconsisting of VHS tapes, DVDs, and more.
Another cool feature of the Movie Label 2007 is that it snagsdata for you off the Internet. That means you get accurate informationabout each movie plus extras like graphics. With Movie Label 2007you can have more than one collection. So, for example, put your VHStapes in one collection and your DVDs in another. The program also makesit easy to manage movies when you loan them out. Cool.
Movie Label 2007 is full-featured and has lots of extras. Youcan catalog movies and even collection of television series. It supportsa wide range of media types including VHS, DVD, and even BluRay. So, ifyou've got lots of movies to take care of, check it out. It may be justwhat you're looking for.
- CD and DVD Jewel Case and Label Creator for Word
- Version: 4.0
- System Requirements: Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP
- Get more info
- Download CD and DVD Jewel Case and Label Creator for WordNOW!
- View A Screen Shot
CD and DVD Jewel Case and Label Creator for Word, by CreateCDLabels.comis a slick tool for making labels for your CDs and DVDs. I like thatfact that you can use your own graphics. I created several with picturesof the woods around our house as well as some with my grandchildren onthem. Cool
CD and DVD Jewel Case and Label Creator for Word is both easy-to-use and intuitive, perfect for both new and experienced users. Anothercool feature is that the program works on both the Mac and PC. So, ifyou make a lot of CDs and DVDs and would like to "label" them withsomething other than a magic marker take a look at CD and DVDJewel Case and Label Creator for Word. Keep in mind that thisversion does not yet work with Microsoft Office 2007.
- Panorama Express
- Version: 2.0
- System Requirements: Windows ME/NT/2000/XP
- Get more info
- Download Panorama ExpressNOW!
- View A Screen Shot
Panorama Express, by Imatronicsis an amazing program that helps you to create virtual tours.I've seen virtual tools when looking at things like real estate, but Inever even imagined making virtual tours. When I stumbled onPanorama Express I had to take a look.
Panorama Express lets you create a virtual tour that has all thefeatures of a professionally generated tour. You can have maps that areinteractive, interactive compasses, and lots more. For example, you canput in some really cool motion effects that just might make youdizzy! I really liked that fact that I could also include backgroundmusic that plays while the tour is showing. This helps you to really setthe mood for your virtual tour.
Panorama Express gives you lots of options including differentways to output your tour. I had a blast playing around with this programand it's relatively easy-to-use. In view of the fact that I'm"graphically challenged" I'd say that a person with some photographyexperience would find the program downright easy. So, if you'd like totinker in the world of "virtual tours" you have to look atPanorama Express. Impressive!
- XL-DBQuery 1.03 by SBS Development
- Check ItOut!
XL-DBQuery 1.03 is a cool tool that helps you make the most ofExcel. The interface is intuitive and the program is easy-to-use. Youcan export data to Microsoft Excel and utilize it in a variety of ways.For example, you can actually merge data from two unique sources. Slick.I'm going to do a full review of the program, but don't wait for me.Check it out for yourself!
- Datacatch Librarian Standard 188.8.131.52 by Datacatch Inc.
- Check It Out!
Datacatch Librarian Standard 220.127.116.11 is a nifty utility that youcan use to keep up with all your removable media. You start puttingpictures and music and data on CDs and DVDs and pretty soon it can bereally difficult to know where everything is. That's where this babysteps in. It can automatically catalog the stuff on different media soyou can find it in a flash. It's a great way to keep track ofeverything from music to photos. I'll have my full review for you assoon as possible. Till then, check it out!
That brings us to a close for this week. I hope you liked reading aboutthese Picks as much as I enjoyed writing about them. Take the time todownload them and try them out for yourself. I'll be back next week withmore cool programs to tell you about. Till then, have a great week, awonderful weekend, and happy downloading!
Michael E. Callahan, known around the world by the trademarked name Dr. File Finder, is regarded as the world's leading expert on shareware. Dr. File Finder works with software programs and developers full-time, and in the average year he evaluates 10,000 programs. Since 1982 he has evaluated over 250,000 software and hardware products. Mr. Callahan began evaluating software online in 1982 and no one has been at it longer. He currently works doing online PR and marketing for software companies, and is the Senior Content Producer for Butterscotch.Com.


text:
|PDF (Download Only)
|Indygo Junction Inc
|No Reviews Yet (Be the first to rate it)
Spring, Summer, Autumn & Winter - a pillow design for every season. Flowers, leaves, and trees are appliquéd in felted wools. Largest design is 13" x 36".
No part of this eBook/ePattern may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, unless otherwise stated, in which case reproduction is limited to the use of the purchaser without permission from the publisher, Indygo Junction. The written instructions, photographs, designs, projects and patterns are intended for the personal use of the retail purchaser. It is a violation of our copyright to share, forward, or in any way distribute this electronic PDF pattern to any other party. It is strictly for personal use. A limited license agreement is available for making this item for resale.
We take great care to ensure that the information included in our patterns is accurate and presented in good faith. No warranty is provided nor results guaranteed. For your convenience, we post an up-to-date listing of corrections on our website.
Note: www.YouCanMakeThis.com provides this copyright & terms of use policy review as a courtesy to our site users and eBook authors. The copyright policy applies to the associated eBook and is specified and owned by the individual eBook author.
Finished size: 13 1/4" x 13 1/4"
1/2 yard cream homespun cotton fabric
6" x 6" piece of lavender wool for flowers
4" x 4" piece of olive green wool for leaves
DMC embroidery floss: #3011 Olive green,
#833 Gold
Finished size: 12" x 19"
10 1/2" x 20" piece of natural colored linen
3 1/2" x 20" piece of tan tweed wool
14" x 21" piece of cotton print for
pillow backing
6" x 18" piece of dark green wool
4" x 10" piece of rosy-peach wool
4" x 4" piece of light green wool
3" x 3" piece of gold wool
DMC embroidery floss: #407 Peach, #3363
Light Green, #833 Gold, #934 Dark Green,
#3371 Brown
Finished size: 13" x 26"
14" x 27" piece of black wool
14" x 27" piece of cotton print fabric for
pillow backing
7 1/2" x 9 1/2" pieces each of rust, green,
and tan tweed wools
Twelve 3/8" dia. flat multi-earth colored
Matching machine thread
DMC embroidery floss: #3371 brown
Finished size: 13" x 18"
1/2 yard of light blue denim
8" x 14" piece of tightly woven cream
wool or cream wool felt for trees
Tiny scrap of red wool or red wool felt for
2 yards of 3/4" wide cream cotton twill
tape for embellishment
DMC embroidery floss: #931 Blue,
Cream floss
Basting glue
Polyester stuffing
Chalk marking pencil
OPTIONAL: Plastic template material


text:
Police have determined that a report that a person was being held against his or her will inside a house in West Baltimore was unfounded and tactical officers have left the scene, according a department spokesman.
Det. Jeremy Silbert said a person flagged down a patrol officer about 3 a.m. and reported a possible hostage situation at the house on Madison Avenue, near West North Avenue. Tactical officers surrounded the house.
Silbert said there was no evidence that anyone was barricaded inside the house and police determined the report to be unfounded. Tactical officer departed about 7:15 a.m. Silbert said detectives have made contact with the occupants of the house and are interviewing them now to determine what, if anything, happened.
Streets in the area have reopened.


text: Challah bread is just so delicious; it is a Shabbat favorite. Sprinkle your salt on with that same good flavor with this set of Challah Salt & Pepper Shakers! These mini Challahs are conversation starters of their own!Ceramic salt and pepper shakers measure 3.00" l x 1.25" w x 1.25" h. Designed by F. Timinsky.


text:
There is a woman who was in her ninth month of pregnancy when Ramadaan came, and at the beginning of the month she was leaking water (i.e., amniotic fluid), but not blood. She was fasting whilst that water was leaking. This happened ten years ago. My question is: does this woman have to make up the fast, noting that she fasted on those days when this water was leaking?
If the situation was as you described, then her fast is valid and she does not have to make it up.


text:
The biggest myth about running a successful business is that you have to do it alone. You have to figure out everything and you have to implement it all. You have to learn the hard way every single time...All total lies! It took me an entire year to figure that out...really...
But the truth is...it really doesn't have to be THAT hard.
I want to share with you 10 things that totally transformed my business and got me to this point. The kick ass point where I have clients and a steady stream of $$$ hitting my back account. These are 10 things that I waited almost a whole year to implement! A WHOLE ENTIRE YEAR!!! Let me save you a year of time…
- Pay for automation tools. Don't try and DIY hack things. Just purchase the damn subscriptions. If it turns out you don't need it, cancel it down the road.
- Start, focus and grow a private Facebook group. Do NOT just create one and then half-ass your way through it (guilty). Focus on growing it like a champ.
- Invest in a coach. Like a real hands on and incredibly smart business coach. Find someone who you really vibe with and that you know has some serious skills.
- If you are lacking in an area of your business, but you KNOW you need that skill to level up, find someone to teach you. Buy a course or whatever! Just invest. I think you've heard me complain about how long I waited to implement Pinterest and how it's now one of my biggest assets. Just buy the damn course and learn the skill.
- It's ok to outsource. YUP! You actually don't have to do every single task all on your own. You can hire a va, social media manager, copy pro, etc….just do it already.
- Say NO!!! I was royally screwed over by a client because I just couldn't say no. Now I'm out a huge chunk of cash and some pissed off feelings. Create boundaries. Have them right in your contract. Don't bend ever. Be nice and polite, but don't make exceptions. If it doesn't work out just say…"BYE FELICIA"!
- Set up a drip email campaign. Apparently in my head not upgrading my email subscription service was smart...um...NO. Spend the money and you will make it back ten fold.
- Find real people who do what you do. They are out there in your community. You just have to power down the laptop every now and then. They are going to have some skills you don't and visa versa.
- Collaborate like a beast! Collaborate and then collaborate some more. You are never too small or too big to not collaborate. Ok..now I'm not saying being the collaborating hooker on the block, but find someone you mesh well with. Only accept and offer collaborations that are beneficial to your business. Choose your collaborative relationships wisely. Kind of like sex.
- Celebrate EVERYTHING with your tribe. EVERYTHING!!! Celebrating alone is for that crappy entrepreneur you once were. Community and your tribe is EVERYTHING! I wish someone had slapped me across the face at this time last year and told me to get my ass out there! Find a coach, mentor, partner, group of badasses...real actual breathing people! Build a community and then the rest will follow. OH MY GOD! I can't even imagine how amazingly different last year would have ended up.
I was scared and I was dumb. I thought I could do it all on my own. You can't. You have to find that tribe of people to learn from and grow from. You need a support network. Find them, love them and watch how your entire business grow. THIS IS A GUARANTEE!
If you are ready to stop doing it alone, grow your business, your community and be ACCOUNTABLE, here's how I can help-
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Customers who are looking to send a parcel to Philippines can do so with Worldwide Parcel Services from just £29.56. Understandably, Philippines is one of the destinations where a lot of parcels have been sent for a variety of reasons, such as tourism, but mainly business.
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TRENTON — The Department of Environmental Protection's Division of Fish and Wildlife is urging motorists to be on the alert for white-tailed deer on the roadways with the arrival of the fall breeding season, especially during the morning and evening commutes when visibility may be poor and deer activity is likely to be higher.
"White-tailed deer become most active and unpredictable during the annual fall rut," said Division of Fish and Wildlife Director David Chanda. "At this time of year, deer are much more likely to dart into roadways without warning. Drivers need to be extra alert to avoid collisions that could result in serious injuries or even death."
Deer movements related to the rut are beginning now and will pick up in the coming weeks. Studies indicate that the peak of the mating season in New Jersey occurs during the first three weeks of November in northern counties and during the last three weeks in southern counties. Breeding can continue well into December in both regions.
Triggered by shorter days and cooler weather, deer disperse and move around considerably as they search for mates. Deer behavior is likely to be sudden and unpredictable.
In many instances, deer will wander closer to and onto roadways. They may suddenly stop in the middle of a road, crossing and even re-crossing it. The danger is particularly pronounced at dawn and dusk when many people are commuting to and from work. Visibility resulting from low light or sun glare may be difficult during these times.
Commuters should be especially alert and drive with additional caution when daylight saving time ends on Nov. 6. Normal driver commuting times will more closely align with peak deer activity periods after this time.
The DEP offers the following tips to help motorists stay safe:
- If you spot a deer, slow down and pay attention to possible sudden movement. If the deer doesn't move, don't go around it. Wait for the deer to pass and the road is clear.
- Pay attention to "Deer Crossing" signs. They are there for a reason. Slow down when traveling through areas known to have a high concentration of deer so you will have ample time to stop if necessary.
- If you are traveling after dark, use high beams when there is no oncoming traffic. High beams will be reflected by the eyes of deer on or near roads.
- If you see one deer, be on guard: others may be in the area. Deer typically move in family groups at this time of year and cross roads single-file.
- Don't tailgate. Remember: the driver in front of you might have to stop suddenly to avoid hitting a deer.
- Always wear a seatbelt, as required by law. Drive at a safe and sensible speed, taking into account weather, available lighting, traffic, curves and other road conditions.
- If a collision appears inevitable, do not swerve to avoid impact. The deer may counter-maneuver suddenly. Brake firmly, but stay in your lane. Collisions are more likely to become fatal when a driver swerves to avoid a deer and instead collides with oncoming traffic or a fixed structure along the road.
- Report any deer-vehicle collision to a local law enforcement agency immediately.
For more information about white-tailed deer in New Jersey, visit www.njfishandwildlife.com.
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With many flexible ways to complete your degree, our accreditation may seem too good to be true, but we are indeed a regionally accredited state instituion.
We do in fact offer the best of both worlds - the flexibility and convenience of distance education, coupled with the academic credentials and personal support that are more typical of a traditional college.
Charter Oak's Accreditation
Charter Oak State College is licensed and accredited by the State of Connecticut and regionally accredited by The New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC).
The New England Association of Schools and Colleges
NEASC is the accrediting board for colleges and universities located in the New England area. Accreditation of an institution of higher education by NEASC indicates that it meets or exceeds criteria for the assessment of institutional quality periodically applied through a peer review process. An accredited college or university is one which has available the necessary resources to achieve its stated purpose through appropriate educational programs, is substantially doing so, and gives reasonable evidence that it will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. Institutional integrity is also addressed through accreditation. Accreditation by NEASC is not partial but applies to the institution as a whole. As such, it is not a guarantee of every course or program offered, or the competence of individual graduates. Rather, it provides reasonable assurance about the quality of opportunities available to students who attend the institution. Inquiries regarding the accreditation status by NEASC should be directed to the administrative staff of the institution.
Charter Oak State College underwent a comprehensive evaluation visit on November 7, 2016, by a team representing the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.
The College subsequently received reaccreditation from NEASC on March 3, 2017. The College will submit a fifth-year report for consideration in the Fall of 2021.
The College is governed by the Connecticut Board of Regents for Higher Education.
The Connecticut Board of Regents for Higher Education
The seventeen Connecticut State Colleges and Universities (CSCU), including Charter Oak State College, are governed by the Connecticut Board of Regents for Higher Education.
The bachelor's degree program of Health Information Management at Charter Oak State College is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education (CAHIIM).


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6rounds is a social entertainment platform that mixes webcam chats, interactive features & social games in a fun and playful video chat environment. If you are bored after keeping in touch with your friends in just 140 characters or with no real one on one conversation, it's time for you to check out 6rounds.
After covering some of the great apps used in production at WorkingPoint and our own Envato, we asked 6rounds share the apps that help them brew the secret sauce. If you are not familiar with 6rounds, be sure to check out our review of the app!.
Firefox is the king of add-ons and it's proven to be popular and successful, helping users customize and enhance their browser and browsing experience. Chrome followed in Firefox's steps, offering a growing selection of fantastic extensions. Safari may be late to the show, but better late than never!
Though Safari has a very limited selection of extensions available, a decent starting gallery launched with the release of Safari 5.0.1. Here are the top 15 new Safari 5 extensions.
Laughter is the best medicine. Period. To keep up with the pace of a world moving at a lightning speed, it is absolutely essential to stay put and have a few laughs. If you don't have a funny bone, get one and get it tickled often.
Personally, I consider this to be the golden era of hilarity online. Created by amateurs & professionals alike there is no dearth of funny content in every possible niche. After the jump we are featuring a wild mix of hilarious sites that are worth a visit.
Well designed and enhanced web forms can really complete a great website interface experience (ie. sign up forms). It's certainly not an aspect developers or designers should settle for less on. We've gathered 25 really fantastic web forms for your design and development inspiration.
To establish a unique identity in the online publishing universe, you need to have a great content & a great blog design as well. It is hard to keep people stick around your blog if you are running the WordPress Kubrick theme.
Hence, we at Web.AppStorm always insist on great content packaged in a fabulous wrapper. To help you select an fitting identity to your blog, we have rounded up thirty beautiful themes for two of the greatest blogging platforms – WordPress & Tumblr.
When I was a young boy I always wanted to grow up to become a professional website designer. A few decades later reality hit and made me realize that my dream would never come into fruition. But, I wasn't depressed at all because I found Greasemonkey. With Greasemonkey I could become a web designer for any website, making tweaks with a few lines of code. I could customize any website I wanted, getting rid of the stuff I didn't like, and adding new features to my favorite sites.
Greasemonkey is a free Firefox extension that lets you insert bits of Javascript into the website you're looking at and has made my browsing experience a whole lot better. It's extremely customizable and can be made site-specific. If you know how to code you can create your own script, but if you don't, you can head over to Userscripts.org and find a huge repository of Greasemonkey scripts. Greasemonkey scripts can be used for all occasions, and I'd like to share a few of my favorites. Each of these scripts has improved my browsing experience in some fashion so I hope they can do the same for you. Enjoy!
If you have your own blog, you probably already love WordPress – it's the most popular blogging platform by far. It lets you host your own blog, allowing you to retain control over your content, and does just about everything you need from a blog. And if there's something it doesn't do, a host of plugins are available that let you add all the functionality you're dreaming about.
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The George Washington University National Security Archive has posted a series of reports on interviews and conversations between Saddam Hussein and his FBI interrogator. The declassification of these records was originally reported in the NY Daily News. James Gordon Meek had already released some of the reports and has an interesting four-part series on Saddam's interrogation at the Mouth of the Potomac.
I've been going through them and they make an interesting read. He jumps between lies, delusions, often defending and boasting about his monstrous rule. He even makes a few accurate observations: 'HUSSEIN stated that the United States used the 9/11 attack as a justification to attack Iraq'. Well, duh. For a great window into the mind of one of the most monstrous dictators of our time, take a look.


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The move could sound the death knell for the Sats, which are taken by about 1.2 million primary school children a year.
Despite a warning from the Government that a boycott would be "unlawful", more than 1,000 delegates at the National Union of Teachers annual conference in Cardiff yesterday passed the motion unanimously, to a standing ovation.
Members want the tests to be replaced by teacher assessment, and the school league tables - which are based on Sats results - scrapped.
They claim that the tests damage children's education because there is too much narrow "teaching to the test", with pupils cramming for the papers months before they sit them.
Other subjects are squeezed out of the curriculum and teachers and pupils are placed under unacceptable pressure, they claim.
The National Association of Head Teachers (NAHT), which represents 85 per cent of primary heads, will vote next month on a boycott.
The joint action, to start next year, will escalate tensions between the Government and the teaching profession and comes just weeks before the start of this year's Sats in English, maths and science for 11 year olds, which start on May 11.
Hazel Danson, a primary school teacher from Kirklees who proposed the motion, told the conference: "This is an unprecedented move to get rid of these damaging tests.
"We represent the majority of teachers and heads in primary schools and that is a formidable force. We will be heard. It is a fatally flawed system and we would be reckless and irresponsible if we allowed the system in primary schools to remain."
Teachers went as far as describing the tests as "child abuse".
Max Hyde, a member of the NUT executive, said: "At best Sats are detrimental and skew the curriculum, at worst, and particularly for our most vulnerable children, they are perilously close to child abuse."
Christine Blower, the acting general secretary, said after the vote that the union was prepared to negotiate with ministers to avoid the need for action. "That is why we're giving so much notice of our intentions," she said.
She also said that parents supported scrapping Sats, quoting an NAHT survey of 10,000 parents which found that 85 per cent wanted to abolish the current system.
The Department for Children, Schools and Families had urged NUT members not to vote in favour in the ballot. It said any attempt to boycott the tests was "unlawful" and risked "removing a basic right" of parents to see how their children and local schools were performing.
However, comments made by Ed Balls, the children's secretary, last week, suggested the Government was not completely wedded to the current system. It has already scrapped tests for 14-year-olds.
Mr Balls said he would act on the recommendations of the experts group on testing, convened after last summer's Sats fiasco, which is due to report next month.
But he warned that any reform would not be introduced until 2011 at the earliest. He said the government had "no intention of getting rid of testing altogether" and that a boycott would be "irresponsible and disruptive".
Despite widespread concerns about the affects of the tests on teaching and children's stress levels, the boycott plan has failed to win the unanimous backing of other teachers leaders.
Mary Bousted, the general secretary of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers, said it was the wrong way to proceed.
"The idea that a boycott will sway the government is naive," she said. "If anything, it is likely to make it more intransigent."
Chris Keates, general secretary of the NASUWT, said the entire school accountability regime needed to be radically overhauled.
"Simply removing the tests will do teachers no favours at all," she added. "The important thing is to get rid of league tables."
Heads have a statutory responsibility to administer key stage tests but union legal experts said they were confident that members would not face contractual problems if a boycott went ahead.
School governors, however, have warned that a boycott could lead to disciplinary action.
Phil Revell, chief executive of the National Governors' Association, said: "We really regret that head teachers are going down the road of a boycott. Governors will make it absolutely clear that undue pressure brought on any teacher who wishes to administer the test will result in disciplinary action. It is completely different for a head, as opposed to a teacher, to take this form of action."


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Description - Chibi Winx Stella - Dress Up Games
Chibi Winx Stella : Winx Club is not only magic and fights against evil. Girls also like to relax by doing some shopping at the mall. How about go out with Stella to buy some clothes? Exclusive Games
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The best way to keep up to date with Stockton Rugby Club
The Grangefield Ground 52a Oxbridge Avenue Stockton-on-Tees Stockton-on-Tees TS18 4JF View with Google Maps
This website is part of the Pitchero Rugby Union network. Create your own free Rugby Union club website with Pitchero.
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Pitch Hero Ltd Registered in ENGLAND | WF3 1DR | Company Number - 636 1033


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Friday, May 27, 2011
Fundraiser Pics
Editing Prints and Curating With My Friends
My Amazing Curator
Ashlee Pritchard
Ash Squared. I owe both of these guys so much!
Mum came before the show. I think she was happy. Thanks go to Ash for the photo.
I found this on my camera the day after the show.
Before taking it all down.
Thank you so much for everyone who came down and had a chat and a beer. It was great to be able to see everyone again. The good news is that I have enough money to fly back to Timor Leste. I have started taking Tetun lessons, which will hopefully make me feel slightly less inadequate while talking to such amazing people.
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Movieparadise Watch Streaming and Download Full Movie in HD
The Dark Tower tell story about "The last Gunslinger, Roland Deschain, has been locked in an eternal battle with Walter O'Dim, also known as the Man in Black, determined to prevent him from toppling the Dark Tower, which holds the universe together. With the fate of the worlds at stake, good and evil will collide in the ultimate battle as only Roland can defend the Tower from the Man in Black..".
Cast : Idris Elba, Matthew McConaughey, Tom Taylor, Claudia Kim, Fran Kranz, Abbey Lee, Jackie Earle Haley, Katheryn Winnick, Dennis Haysbert, Michael Barbieri, José Zúñiga, Alex McGregor, Nicholas Hamilton, Nicholas Pauling, Eva Kaminsky, Robbie McLean, Matthew Thomson, Karl Thaning, Lemogang Tsipa, Robert Whitehead, Leeanda Reddy, Kenneth Fok, Charlize Churcher, Ben Gavin, Sara Cicilian, Lara Adine Lipschitz, Jabari Gray, Paul Riley Fox, Mark Elderkin, Joe Vaz, Christopher Stein, Andre Robinson, Alfredo Narciso, Dan Hirst, Zak Rowlands, Christiaan Schoombie, Keci Eatock, Marmee Cosico, Bill Walters, Inge Beckmann, Reon Van Der Watt, Richard Lothian, Larry Nuñez, Michael Basile, Warren Masemola, Emily Child, Zanne Solomon, Mary Twala, Sarah Potter, Andrew Laubscher
1 day ago - ok here are my personal thought on this movie I think you can say what you want but I really liked it this movie had a lot of action and fun you really cant go wrong here the action packed fun and enjoyment mcconihey was a pure joy as the evil villain he really knows how to excite an audience you need to see this movie
9 day ago - ok so I walked into the theater with full expectations of this one sucking however I really had a nice time watching it this was filled with action and adventure just what you want from a end of summer flick just a good time and loads of fun at the movies
2 day ago - I liked the movie was really good. But yet a little disappointed that the movie missed so many things from the book.in my opinion this should of been done in a series setting..just my two cents
1 day ago - My hard & fast rule of "Never pay ticket price for anything with Matthew McConaughey in a leading role" has served me well once more, because though one of the biggest problems with _The Dark Tower_ was how they tried to squeeze decades of lore into 95 minute movie, the best part about it was still somehow that it was over pretty quick. _Final rating:★½: - Boring/disappointing. Avoid where possible._
8 day ago - **The dark force, the dark tower and then there's heroes!** Based on the book of the same name. It is a book series, so we can expect a new franchise here. Another fantasy series, but is it worth is the real question. I don't know how famous is the original source, but I did not find the film any good. For me, it was another teen film like the majority of similarly themed films that flopped terribly. But here, an adult holds a prominent role that played by Idris Elba. Maybe this is just an introduction, but still the first impression failed. The youngsters might enjoy it better than the adults. Particularly the teenagers. A teenager having a series of strange dreams about another world is all actually comes true when he enters through a portal to one of those worlds in the same universe. Now he's tailed by a most dangerous force in the universe, but accompanied by a gunslinger, he has to find a way to stop an apocalypse that's going strike his world and to rest of the universe. Being very simple could be the reason I did not enjoy it. Basically, there's no twist in it. What they have called twist was a cliche in this kind of theme. The cast was okay, and so the visuals. But it all points to the story. The sequel could get better, so lets wait and see. In the meantime, I've heard that a completely a new version of the television series is on the development. I hope it works out better than the film franchise. Finally, it is an average film, neither worth nor a waste of time! I hope you make the right decision regarding watching it! _5/10_


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(δομέστικος τω̑ν ᾽Ικανάτων), commander of the tagma of Hikanatoi. The origin of the Hikanatoi is obscure; Bury rejects the possibility of their identification with foederati, stressing that there is no ...
Subjects: Medieval and Renaissance History (500 to 1500).
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