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|Well logging apparatus and method using transverse magnetic mode
|Shields for antennas of borehole logging devices
|Dielectric well logging system with electrostatically shielded coils
|Electromagnetic logging sonde having improved housing
|Dielectric well logging with radially oriented coils
|Meador et al.
|Apparatus and method for determination of subsurface permittivity and conductivity
|Electromagnetic wave logging system for determining resistivity and dielectric constant of earth formations
|Meador et al.
|Dual radio frequency measurement of dielectric constant and resistivity of borehole media
|Meador et al.
|Gouilloud et al.
|Formation resistivity measurement while drilling, utilizing physical conditions representative of the signals from a toroidal coil located adjacent the drilling bit
|Redwine et al.
|Inductive resistivity guard logging apparatus including toroidal coils mounted on a conductive stem
|Borehole investigating apparatus of the induction logging type having a slotted metal support member with coil means mounted thereon
|Borehole investigation apparatus
|Well signaling system
|Silverman et al.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 508,360 filed June 27, 1983, abandoned.
transmitting an electromagnetic signal into a surrounding formation from a transmitting means arranged in a recess on the exterior of but insulated from a tubular, electrically conductive housing means threaded at each end for threaded engagement in a drill string;
receiving said electromagnetic signal from said surrounding formation at a receiving means, said receiving means spaced longitudinally from said transmitting means and arranged in a recess on the exterior of but insulated from said housing means;
reducing the coupling to said receiving means of the electric field component of the received signal, including noise, by electrostatically, but not magnetically, shielding substantially all of said receiving means;
picking up the received signals from said receiving means by inductive current coupling means positioned within the shielded portion of said receiving means and cooperating with said receiving means; and
communicating a signal indicative of the signal received by said receiving means to a data handling means located within said housing means.
a tubular, electrically conductive drill collar threaded at each end for threaded engagement in a string of drill pipe above the drill bit and including a longitudinal passage suitable for conveying drilling fluids therethrough;
means for transmitting electromagnetic energy into the space surrounding said drill collar, said transmitting means insulated from but disposed on the exterior of said drill collar;
first means for receiving electromagnetic energy from the space surrounding said drill collar, said first receiving means longitudinally spaced a first distance from said transmitting means and insulated from but disposed on the exterior of said drill collar;
a first receiver electrostatic shield substantially surrounding said first receiving means to reduce the electric field component of the received electromagnetic energy, including electrical noise, said first shield comprising conductive elements substantially surrounding said receiving means, insulated from said drill collar, having at least one gap to prevent eddy currents therein and maintained at the ground potential of said receiving means; and
first inductive coupling means disposed within said electrostatic shield and inductively coupled to said receiving means for coupling the signal from said receiving means to an electrical conductor for communicating to a data handling means.
data handling means disposed within said drill collar.
a pair of semicircular conductive shield tubes surrounding the receiving antenna, said tubes having a first pair of ends spaced from one another at the electrical center of the antenna; and
a conductive case mounted within the second recess and insulated from said housing and having a pair of opposed openings in the side walls thereof through which the receiving antenna extends, the second pair of ends of the semicircular conductive shield tubes being joined to said conductive case around the opposed side wall openings therein to form an electrostatic shield substantially enclosing the receiving antenna to reduce the coupling of electrical noise from conductive elements into the antenna.
a toroidal ferromagnetic core transformer for matching the impedance between the receiving antenna and the receiver.
a transmitter electrostatic shield substantially surrounding said transmitting means to reduce electrical noise from ground loop currents, said transmitter shield comprising conductive elements substantially surrounding said transmitting means, insulated from said drill collar, having at least one gap to prevent eddy currents therein and maintained at the ground potential of said transmitting means.
a second means for receiving electromagnetic energy from the space surrounding said drill collar, said second receiving means longitudinally spaced a second distance from said transmitting means and insulated from but disposed on the exterior of said drill collar;
a second receiver electrostatic shield substantially surrounding said second receiving means to reduce electrical noise from ground loop currents, said second shield comprising conductive elements substantially surrounding said receiving means, insulated from said drill collar, having at least one gap to prevent eddy currents therein and maintained at the ground potential of said receiving means; and
a second inductive coupling means disposed within said electrostatic shield for coupling the signal from said receiving means to an electrical conductor for communicating to a data handling means.
a pair of semicircular conductive shield tubes surrounding a second receiving antenna, said tubes having a first pair of ends spaced from one another at the electrical center of the antenna; and
a conductive case mounted within the second recess and insulated from said housing and having a pair of opposed openings in the side walls thereof through which said second receiving antenna extends, the second pair of ends of the semicircular conductive shield tubes being joined to said conductive case around the opposed side wall openings therein to form an electrostatic shield substantially enclosing said second receiving antenna to reduce the coupling of electrical noise from conductive elements into said second antenna.
a pair of semicircular conductive shield tubes surrounding the transmitting antenna, said tubes having a first pair of ends spaced from one another at the electrical center of the antenna; and
a conductive case mounted within the first recess and insulated from said housing and having a pair of opposed openings in the side walls thereof through which the circular loop transmitting antenna extends, the second pair of ends of the semicircular conductive shield tubes being joined to said conductive case around the opposed side wall openings therein to form an electrostatic shield substantially enclosing the transmitting antenna to reduce the coupling of electrical noise into the transmitted signal.
a tubular, electrically conductive housing means threaded at each end for threaded engagement in a drill string above the drill bit and including a longitudinal passage suitable for conveying drilling fluids therethrough;
means for transmitting electromagnetic energy into the formation surrounding said housing means, said transmitting means insulated from but disposed about the exterior of said housing means;
first receiving means for receiving electromagnetic energy from said formation, said first receiving means longitudinally spaced a first distance from said transmitting means and insulated from but disposed about the exterior of said housing means;
first shield means substantially surrounding said first receiving means for electrically, but not magnetically, shielding said first receiving means by reducing the coupling of the electric field component of the received signal, including noise, to said first receiving means, said first shield means comprising:
a pair of first conductive shield tubes substantially surrounding said first receiving means and within which said first receiving means is disposed, said first tubes each having a first end, said first ends spaced from one another with a first gap to prevent eddy currents therein, each having a second end, said second ends joined to a first conductive case at a pair of opposed openings in the side walls of said case through which said first receiving means extends, said first shield tubes and said first conductive case insulated from said housing means,
means mounted within said first conductive case for inductively coupling the signal from said first receiving means to an electrical conductor leading to signal handling means, and
means for electrically connecting said first shield tubes and said first conductive case to ground potential while insulating them from said conductive housing to reduce electrical noise from ground loop currents therein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for measuring formation parameters by transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals by means disposed in recesses in a tubular housing member and including means for reducing the capacitive coupling of noise from conducting elements located adjacent the recess and housing means. More particularly, a method and apparatus is disclosed employing electrostatic shielding of the antennas and ground loop isolation to reduce noise and minimum spacing of antennas from conductive elements adjacent the recesses and inductive current coupling means to enhance the signal level at the receiving means whereby the system is capable of use in a drill string to make measurements while drilling.
2. Description of the Background
It is desirable for many reasons to transmit electrical signals through the earth as a propagating medium, and receive the signals at a location spaced from the transmitter. Such a signal propagation system is, for example, used both for the determination of various parameters associated with the propagating medium and for communication purposes. These systems are often used in the investigation of the environment surrounding a borehole, and in particular, the surrounding earth formations. Various types of borehole logging systems are available to perform these investigations. A class of these systems utilize electromagnetic field phenomena to obtain data from the environment surrounding the borehole.
One type of electromagnetic logging is electrode logging which utilizes an electric field in the surrounding formation to produce a measure of the conductivity of the formation. A conductive mud is necessary for proper use of this system, thus rendering the system inoperative with oil base muds. Inductive logging is another type of electromagnetic logging which uses a magnetic field in the formation to produce a secondary current flow in the formation. The secondary current flow sets up a second magnetic field which induces current in receiving coils positioned in the borehole. The induced current in the receiving coil or coils is proportional to the secondary current flow in the formation and thus is directly proportional to the conductivity or inversely proportional to the resistivity of the surrounding formation. Electromagnetic wave propagation affords still another logging system for investigating the environment around a borehole and is the subject of the present invention.
An electromagnetic logging system of the wave propagation type is disclosed in Gouilloud et al, U.S. Pat. No. 3,551,797, which is incorporated herein by reference. This patent discloses a wireline system having a transmitter and receivers for measuring formation parameters, and utilizing phase comparison and amplitude. However, the Gouilloud wireline system is not usable in a measuring while drilling (hereinafter, "MWD") configuration. The Gouilloud patent discloses a non-conductive sonde of insufficient strength to operate in a drill string characterized by a mass of steel and more particularly drill collars in the vicinity of the drill bit and measurement apparatus. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,107,597 and 4,185,238 also show electromagnetic wave propatation systems for use in wireline apparatus. U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,597 describes the wireline sonde as being constructed of a non-conductive material which is customary in such devices in order to accommodate the use of electromagnetic transmitting and receiving apparatus. The U.S. Pat. No. 3,079,550 shows an induction logging system for measuring similar formation parameters, utilizing lower frequencies and requiring a conductive mud in the borehole.
Both the electrode and induction systems, heretofore the primary methods for measuring formation resistivity, as well as the wireline systems using wave propagation, have certain drawbacks, particularly for application in a MWD configuration. An electrode system requires insulation of the drill string from the several transmitting and receiving electrodes in the system. This normally requires a special insulation coating to be applied over the steel drill string in the vicinity of the electrodes. This coating is expensive to maintain and is of questionable reliability. An induction logging system normally operates at 20 KHz and requires large diameter coils to obtain the necessary coupling. In a MWD configuration, inductive logging coils must be mounted in or about a drill collar in a drill string and that portion of the collar must be non-conductive. Non-conductive collars are difficult to build while maintaining the structural integrity and strength necessary to their use in a drill string. In this regard thicker collar walls and improved mechanical strength characteristics are obtainable in a collar by reducing the size of the coils. In order, however, to achieve the necessary coupling between spaced coils which are small, the operating frequency of the system must be increased. As the frequency is raised from 20 KHz, wave propagation begins and standard induction is no longer effective. The wireline electromagnetic wave propagation devices described above do not use a sonde assembly having sufficient structural integrity and strength to be incorporated in a drill string or noise reduction and signal enhancement techniques which enable reliable performance in an MWD environment.
The unsuitability of the above systems for incorporation into a drill string to measure formation parameters using electromagnetic signals in a measurement while drilling configuration is clear. The electrode system discussed above is limited to use with electrically conducting, water base muds. Induction logging systems utilize large coil configurations which require too much space on a drill collar to maintain the strength and fluid communication characteristics described above. Smaller coils require the use of higher frequencies to insure proper coupling between coils, and the higher frequencies propagate in the formation. Thus, standard induction measurements cannot be utilized in MWD systems. The lack of structural integrity and ineffective signal reception are problems associated with these systems. The art has long sought a means of overcoming these disadvantages useful in providing an effective apparatus using electromagnetic signals to measure formation parameters while drilling.
The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for reducing the coupling of noise from conducting elements near the receiving means and enhancing electromagnetic signal reception suitable for measuring formation parameters about a drill hole and particularly useful for making such measurements while drilling by incorporation of the apparatus in the drill string. The apparatus of the present invention is characterized by having transmitting means, receiving means and noise reduction means disposed about a tubular housing means preferably a steel drill collar member, which is likely capable of conducting an electrical current. The present invention provides a new and improved borehole logging system for use in a MWD configuration and utilizing electromagnetic wave propagation while maintaining the mechanical strength and fluid flow characteristics of the drill string.
A presently preferred embodiment of the invention includes a tubular housing member having the essential mechanical and strength characteristics of a drill collar and which is likely to be capable of conducting an electrical current. The transmitting, receiving and noise reducing means of the present system are arranged on or about the drill collar member. One or more recesses are formed in the wall of the drill collar to house the transmitting and receiving components, leaving a full longitudinal path through the drill collar to thereby permit unobstructed flow of the drilling fluids through the pipe string. The transmitting and receiving antennas are preferably arranged in a generally circular array about the exterior of the tubular member. Preferably the receiving antenna comprises a low impedance antenna electrically insulated from the tubular member. Most preferably, an antenna having an impedance of less than about 100 ohms, such as a single loop antenna, is disposed annularly about the tubular member. Transmitting and receiving antennas of the system are arranged in one or more recesses formed in the peripheral surface of the drill collar.
Molded sleeves of insulative and wear resistant material encapsulate the antennas in the recesses and fill the spaces between the outer surface profile of the collar and the coils. Two receiving antennas are preferably employed and are located on the same axial side of the transmitting antenna. More preferably, the longitudinal distance between each pair of antennas, including transmitting and receiving antennas, is different.
The capacitive coupling of noise from conducting elements located adjacent the recess means and housing means, e.g., from a conducting drilling fluid, the drill string or a conducting housing is reduced, preferably minimized, by use of a low impedance receiver antenna, electrostatic but not magnetic shielding of the antenna, ground loop current isolation and inductive current coupling of the received signal from the antenna to the data handling means. Preferably, the low impedance antenna is substantially shielded, i.e., about ninety percent or more shielded.
The inductive current coupling means is preferably an impedance matching torodial ferrite core transformer and comprises a secondary coil used to pick up the signal from the receiver antenna. The transformer coil is wound on a ring of low magnetic permeability, preferably ferrite, which in turn encircles an annular antenna loop about the collar. Each secondary transformer coil couples its respective antenna coil to a receiver circuit. Transmitter and receiver circuits as well as power supplies are arranged in the wall of the collar.
In an exemplary system employing the present invention, a transmitting means and two spaced receiving means with associated circuitry detect phase change in a wave propagated through the formation surrounding the borehole between the spaced receiver antennas. The required comparison circuitry is disposed in the wall of the tubular housing member in this system. The present apparatus is also capable of measuring amplitude ratios as well as phase changes relative to spaced receiver antennas.
The method of the present invention comprises transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals with a device as described above and preferably incorporated into a drill string for measurement while drilling. The method further comprises reducing the capacitive coupling of noise into the system and enhancing the signal at the receiving means with the shielded, low impedance antenna and inductive current coupling means disclosed.
The method and apparatus of the present invention have many advantages. Capacitive coupling of signals transmitted along the tubular housing member or through adjacent conducting elements, e.g., the drill string or the drilling mud, is reduced, thus enhancing reception of the signal from the surrounding formation. A device having sufficient structural integrity and strength for incorporation into a drill string is provided. Accordingly, the method and apparatus of the present invention make possible the measurement of formation parameters using electromagnetic signals in a measurement while drilling configuration. These and other meritorious features and advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated from the following detailed description and claims.
Other features and intended advantages of the invention will be more readily apparent by reference to the following detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a drill string in a borehole with a section of drill collar incorporating a measurement while drilling logging system in accord with one embodiment of the present invention included in the drill string; also illustrated is a schematic analysis of wave propagation in a surrounding formation viewed relative to the transmitting and receiving means spacing on the collar;
FIGS. 2A and 2B combined provide a schematic side elevational view in cross-section of a drill collar including a logging system in accord with one embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2A illustration the top portion of the apparatus and FIG. 2B the bottom portion;
FIGS. 2C, 2D and 2E, respectively, illustrate, in more detail, schematic side elevational views of the transmitting antenna, the first receiving antenna and the second receiving antenna;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrative cross-sectional view taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2A, illustrating a transmitter antenna coil in accord with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustrative cross-sectional view taken in the direction of line 4 of FIG. 2B, showing a portion of the shielding means and a coupling for connecting a receiving antenna coil to an associated circuit;
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustrative partial cross-sectional view of a receiver antenna coil, shield and coupling means in accord with the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of a logging system in accord with the present invention; and
FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of a circuit for processing a signal received in accord with the present invention;
While the invention will be described in connection with a presently preferred embodiment, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to that embodiment. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
In drilling wells, the hourly cost of a drilling rig is very large and, therefore, it is desirable to minimize the time during which the equipment is not drilling due to mechanical failure of the drill string. Thus, maintenance of the mechanical integrity of the drill string is of primary concern in any measuring while drilling (MWD) logging system.
By definition, an MWD system seeks to provide realtime measurement of formation parameters and, therefore, measuring instrumentation should be positioned in the drill string near the bit, an extremely hostile physical environment. During drilling operations there are two characteristics of the drill string which are of prime importance: the integrity of the longitudinal conduit through the string for the flow of drilling fluids, and the physical strength of the components of the string to resist failure under stress. MWD logging systems include very delicate instrumentation which must be designed to function reliably and very precisely as an integral part of the mass of steel hardware required to survive the tremendous heat, pressures and stresses near a working drill bit. MWD instrumentation must be placed in steel drill collars which form part of the drill string near the bit. Such collars are basically cylinders of solid steel having an axial tubular conduit for the passage of circulating drilling fluids down the string to the bit. Such an instrumentation carrier provides many design constraints on both the packaging and the function of MWD systems. This is especially true in the case of the system of the present invention where the instrumentation is a radio frequency transmitter and receiver which must broadcast and receive and measure low-power electromagnetic signals in a very noisy electrical environment. Transmit and receive antennas are part of the present invention and are required to be mounted very close to a highly conductive mass of solid steel. These design constraints require a careful consideration of all the factors which affect the function of an electromagnetic logging tool to produce an accurate measurement of the formation parameters of interest.
There are three formation parameters which affect an electromagnetic wave in an earth formation, whether the wave communicates from one point to another by induction or by propagation. These three formation parameters are the conductivity (resistivity) the magnetic susceptibility and dielectric constant. Conductivity provides an indication of the energy absorbing characteristics of the medium, while magnetic susceptibility and dielectric constant each give a measure of the energy storing capacity of a material. Conductivity, which is a commonly measured parameter in well logging operations, exhibits wide variations in value for earth materials and strongly affects all electromagnetic waves. The magnetic susceptibility of most earth materials has relatively little effect on electromagnetic waves. The dielectric constant shows considerable variation in earth formations and has a large influence on high frequency propagating waves.
Amplitude and phase are the two fundamental characteristics of a wave. As the wave passes, or propagates, through a medium the amplitude and phase change. In a wellbore, the wave begins at some source, or transmitting point, and radiates away from that point by propagation, as indicated in FIG. 1. As the wave passes one receiver point the wave has a certain amplitude and phase character which reflects the effects of the wellbore and the formation through which the wave traveled. As the wave passes a second receiver point the amplitude and phase are generally changed, reflecting the effects of that same wellbore, the same formation and the additional formation through which the wave passed. By comparing the amplitude and phase of the wave as it passes the two receivers, propagation changes due to the formation may be studied. The difference in amplitude and phase between the two received wave signals can be measured and related to the wave propagation parameters, i.e., travel time and attenuation.
The slower a wave travels in a medium, the greater will be the measured phase difference between the two spaced receiver points. Thus, phase difference can be measured and related to propagation velocity, i.e., the larger the measured phase difference the slower the wave is traveling. The multiple graphs in FIG. 1 schematically illustrate an electromagnetic wave as a function of time as the wave is propagated from a transmitter antenna T, and is received by a receiver antenna R2 relatively near to the transmitter antenna, and by a receiver antenna R1 relatively far from the transmitter antenna. The wave is received at the far receiver antenna R1 a time delay "D" after reception at the near receiver antenna R2.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that different media affect a propagating wave through two mechanisms. One such mechanism is travel time and the other is attenuation. Since the dielectric constant and the conductivity are the only parameters of the media that affect wave propagation, they should be determinable by a measurement of phase difference (travel time), amplitude ratio (attenuation), or both.
One of the major parameters in the design of an electromagnetic logging system is the frequency of operation. The higher the frequency of electromagnetic energy propagating in a medium, the more the signal is affected by the dielectric constant of the medium rather than the conductivity of the medium. Because of the well-developed relationship between formation lithology and conductivity, it is this parameter which is of the most general interest to the drilling community. Thus, a frequency is selected to produce data closely correlated to the formation conductivity, however, many of the aspects of the present invention could be included in a dielectric logging tool if desired. In the present preferred embodiment, a frequency has been used so that the signal is still predominantly influenced by the conductivity of the formation and not very strongly affected by dielectric constant variations.
Another aspect of frequency selection is that the lower the frequency of operation, the closer are the correlations between received amplitude and phase variations and the conductivity of the formation. However, the lower the frequency, the longer the wave-length and the greater are the effects of other physical factors such as the spacing between the transmitting and receiving antennas and any conductive surfaces at ground potential. A factor, d/λ, where d is the distance between an antenna and a conductive mass, such as a steel drill collar, and λ is the wave-length of the transmitted wave, is very important. The lower the frequency, the larger the wave-length and, therefore, the smaller the d/λ value. The smaller the d/λ ratio the more power there is required in order to transmit sufficient energy into the formation to produce a measurable received signal due to increased coupling of the signal into the conductive mass and the signal degrading losses produced thereby. Power to operate instrumentation systems downhole in an MWD environment is at a premium and efficiency of operation is a major consideration of design. Thus, frequencies high enough to produce acceptable d/λ ratios for acceptable power consumption levels are required.
The other aspect of ensuring a minimum d/λ ratio is that d, the minimum distance between the antennas and the steel drill collar, involve system packaging factors which directly affect the structural reliability of the drill string. While the antennas could be mounted outside the periphery of a drill collar and protected against damage from interaction with the borehole by stabilizers, this is not practical. In order to mount these components within the peripheral borders of a collar, a recess must be formed in the outer surface of the collar. These recesses must be deep enough to surround the antenna for physical protection and still provide a sufficient spacing, d, between the antenna and the nearest surface of the conductive steel collar for an acceptable d/λ ratio. However, the depth of the recess also affects the physical strength of the collar and, therefore, the structural reliability of the drill string. In a drill collar, there is both a twisting torque force component as well as a bending moment force which requires great strength to withstand. Cutting recesses and grooves into the surface of a collar invariably affects its strength. Thus, for a given diameter drill collar both the axial length and radial depth of the antenna receiving recesses in the collar must be carefully selected.
The environment within which the present MWD electromagnetic logging system must operate is extremely noisy from an electrical standpoint. Other electrical equipment operating downhole frequently produces spurious signals which have a strong electric component and a weak magnetic field component. The system of the present invention is configured to reduce the effect of noise from outside sources by two techniques: The use of low impedance antennas which are more sensitive to magnetic field components and less sensitive to electric fields, and the use of highly efficient electrostatic shielding means. In the preferred embodiment a single turn small loop antenna lying in a plane normal to the axis of the drill collar is used to simplyfy the mathematics of interpreting the received signal, however, other configurations of low impedance antennas could be employed. Single turn loop antennas are used to eliminate interwinding capacitance and reduce stray capacitance coupling between the antennas and the drill collar. The loops are also electrostatically shielded by a cylindrical shield open at the electrical center of the loop and antenna couplings are shielded by conductive cases. The electrostatic shield is also electrically isolated from the body of the drill collar to minimize ground currents in the shielding.
FIG. 1 shows schematically drill string 11 positioned in borehole 12 traversing earth formations 13. The drill string includes sections of drill pipe and, at the lower end of the string, drill collars to provide weight to the system. A MWD logging apparatus in accord with the present invention and designed to make the measurements discussed above is housed in drill collar or logging sub 14 or the like which is illustrated positioned in the drill string above drill bit 16. The logging sub 14 is illustrated having longitudinal passage 17 for providing drilling fluid or mud flow through the system and access to the bottom of the drill string. Such access is vital for a number of reasons which are known to those skilled in the art and, therefore, will not be discussed here. Power supply and electronic circuit components for operating the system are housed in circumferential compartments 18 in the wall of sub 14 arranged about the passage 17. Transmitter antenna 19 and receiver antennas 21 and 22 having an annular configuration are illustrated arranged about collar 14 and spaced apart to provide the comparison of travel time and attenuation as described above.
By comparison of the arrangement of components of the MWD logging sub 14 with the graph of FIG. 1, it will be appreciated that an electromagnetic wave from the transmitter antenna 19, corresponding to transmitter antenna T, penetrates surrounding formations 13. The wave propagated within the formation in the vicinity of sub 14 is first received at receiver antenna 22 which corresponds to the near receiver antenna R2 spaced relatively closer along the sub to transmitter antenna 19 than receiver antenna R1. The propagated wave is received later by a delay time "D" at receiver antenna 21 which corresponds to the far receiver antenna R1, spaced relatively farther along the sub from transmitter antenna 19.
Referring next to FIGS. 2A and 2B of the drawings, sub 14 is schematically illustrated in greater detail. The compartment 18 is located within a recessed bore 31 and houses a power supply and data handling means such as the electronic components for the transmitter and receiver circuits as well as other circuitry, if desired.
In FIGS. 2A and 2B and the details of 2C, 2D and 2E, MWD apparatus is illustrated with transmitter antenna 19 just below the electronic compartments 18, and with receiver antenna 21, which corresponds to the far receiver R1 positioned toward the bottom of sub 14.
Beginning at the lower end of recessed bore 31, as viewed in FIG. 2A, passageways 34 and 35 provide openings to pass electrical wires 36 and 37 from the transmitter and receiver circuitry in 18 to transmitter antenna 19 and receiver antennas 21 and 22, respectively.
Transmitter antenna 19 coil consists of an antenna coil 119 positioned in an annular recess 38 which is formed in the outer surface of drill collar 14. Receiver antennas 21 and 22 consists of coils 121 and 122 located in elongate annular recess 39 in the outer surface of drill collar 14 below and axially spaced from first recess 38. A durable, electrical insulator material 23 encapsulates the transmitter and receiver antenna coils to provide electrical insulation of the coils, to protect the coils from wear and to maintain the hydrostatic integrity of the drilling fluid system. One example of a useful insulator material 23 is nitrile rubber. Generally, coils 119, 121 and 122 and the additional components described below located within the recesses 38 and 39 are constructed and arranged to allow the depths of the recesses to be minimized while completely accommodating the coils and other components within the outer surface profile of the drill collar 14 and having the antenna coils spaced a minimum distance from the nearest surface of the collar. Thus, the structural strength characteristics of drill collar 14 are preserved since relatively little material is removed from the wall of the collar to form recesses 38 and 39.
The construction of transmitter antenna coil 119 and its mounting in recess 38 may be appreciated by reference to FIGS. 2A, 2C and 3. The coil 119 is made up of one or more wire windings 42 which are wound about the collar in recess 38. Coil 119 is of low impedance, e.g., four or less turns 42 of multifilament insulated wire. The coil 119 may be mounted in recess 38 by various means, such as suspension within an incapsulation material 23 filling recess 38 or by being positioned about an annular insulative sleeve received into recess 38. In any case a minimum space "d" between the wire windings 42 of the transmitter coil 119 and the bottom of recess 38 is maintained to preserve the signal strength of the transmitted signal. As discussed above, unless a minimum value of d/λ is maintained for a particular operating frequency too much of the signal will be lost into the conductive steel collar to obtain a measurable signal level in the formation for practical power input values.
Windings 42 are enclosed within copper tube 43 which serves as an electrostatic shield. See FIGS. 3 and 2C. Electrostatic shield 43 is split in two halves midway along its arcurate length, with the halves being mechanically connected by insulative connector 44.
A copper coated steel case 46 is also mounted in the recess 38 and has openings in each side thereof to receive and electrically connect the ends of shield 43 and enclosed coil windings 42. Copper coated steel case 46 is electrically isolated from collar 14. A direct connection (not illustrated) between the ends of windings 42 and lead wires 36 extending from the transmitter circuitry is made in case 46 so that the lead lines continue a loop as the windings. Copper coated steel tube 47 extends from the end of passageway 34 to an opening in the top of case 46 to provide a conduit for lead wires 36. Molded insulative material 23 fills recess 38 and encapsulates case 46, tube 47, shield 43 and coil 42 to provide a protective and electrically insulating cover for transmitter antenna 19 and to maintain the hydrostatic integrity of the drilling system.
Tube 47 is in mechanical and electrical contact with the steel body of drill collar 14 at its upper end toward passageway 34. However, tube 47 is isolated from electrical contact with case 46 by an electrically insulating annular spacer 48. Thus, transmitter lead lines 36 are electrostatically shielded by tube 47 and collar 14, which is electrically grounded at the transmitter circuitry, thereby grounding the tube.
Transmitter lead lines 36 may comprise a pair of coaxial cables, with the center lead of the cables continuing as wire windings 42 of transmitter antenna coil 119. The shield lead (not illustrated) of each cable, grounded at the transmitter circuitry, is in electrical contact with each of tube shield halves 43 but is insulated from drill collar 14. Thus, windings 42 are also electrostatically shielded by case 46 and tube 43, which are at ground potential.
The transmitter antenna shield 43 aids in reducing the generation of noise in the transmitted signal while the split in tube shield 43 prevents circulating eddy currents from flowing about the tube which would interfere with the magnetic field of the propagating electromagnetic wave. Also, since grounded tube 47 is insulated from direct contact with grounded case 46, no ground currents are able to be generated in the shielding of lead wires 36 and coil windings 42. Therefore, transmitter antenna 19, including lead wires 36 and coil windings 42, is electrostatically shielded, but is not magnetically shielded.
Both the receiver antenna coils 121 and 122 are mounted about the body of drill collar 14 in the same way and in a manner similar to that of transmitter coil 119.
Annular recess 39 is sized in depth to preserve the strength of the drill collar 14 and to accommodate the receiver antenna coils and other components within the outer surface profile of the collar while having the antenna coils spaced the minimum distance "d" from the nearest conductive surface of the collar.
To enhance the sensitivity of the receiver antenna coils 121 and 122 to magnetic field components and reduce their sensitivity to the noisy electric field components low-impedance antenna coils are preferred. Although single turn loop antennas are used in the present system to reduce interwinding capacitance and capacitive coupling of noise into the antenna, other types of low impedance antennas could be employed. Also, axially symetrical loops simplify the mathematics of interpreting the received signals but with proper analysis techniques other configurations could be used.
The receiver coil 122 is enclosed within a copper tube 55 which serves as an electrostatic shield, as shown in FIGS. 2B, 4 and 5. The shield 55 is split in two halves midway along its arcuate length with the halves being mechanically connected by an insulative connector 56. As in the case of transmitter coil 119 and conductive case 46, a copper coated steel case 57 is mounted in but electrically isolated from the annular recess 39 and has openings in each side thereof to receive the ends of shield 55 and enclosed coil 122. Mounted within the case 57 is a transformer for inductively coupling the receiver antenna coil 122 to the receiver circuitry.
To maximize the energy coupled from the receiver antenna to the receiver input circuitry, a high efficiency transformer such as a ferrite toroidal transformer is preferred. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, a ring 58 of high magnetic permeability material, which may be a ferromagnetic material such as ferrite or powdered iron, is positioned about the receiver coil 121 and wound with a toroidal coil 59. The output of the coil 59 couples the received signal from the antenna coil 121 to the transmission line connected to the receiver circuit components (not shown). The impedance of the coil 59 is selected to match the impedances between the antenna coil 121 and the receiver input for maximum signal transfer. The coil 121 impedance may be on the order of a few ohms while the transmission line leading to the receiver circuit may be on the order of 50 ohms.
Receiver lead wires 37 include two coaxial cables extending from the receiver circuitry through a sub passageway 35 and a copper coated steel shielding tube 49 to connector case 57. As in the case of transmitter antenna coil 119, the outer shielding leads of coaxial cables 37, which are grounded at the receiver circuitry, are electrically connected to conductive case 57 and, therefore, to tube shield halves 55. The center leads of receiver coaxial cables 37 are connected to opposite ends of toroidal coil 59. As illustrated in FIG. 4, shielding tube 49 is mechanically connected to case 57 but is electrically isolated therefrom by insulating spacer 60. As in the case of shielding tube 47, shielding tube 49 is mechanically and electrically connected to the wall of drill collar 14 at the upper end of tube 49 toward the bottom of recess 31. Consequently, the receiver antenna leads and antenna coil 122 and 121 are electrostatically shielded by separately grounded tubing shield 49 and 67 enclosing lead cables 37 and the combination of cases 57 and tube halves 55, enclosing antenna coils 122 and 121, respectively. The split in copper shielding tube halves 55 prevents eddy currents from circulating about the tube which would interfere with reception of magnetic field components of the propagating waves by coils 122 and 121. Further, since grounded shield tubes 49 and 67 (enclosing lead cables for receive antenna coil 121) are insulated from direct contact with grounded cases 57, no ground currents can be generated in the shielding of lead wires 37. The receiver antenna coils 121 and 122 and their coupling components are carefully electrostatically shielded from noise, while remaining exposed to the magnetic field components of the electromagnetic waves generated by transmitter antenna 19 and propagated through the surrounding formations 13.
Electromagnetic waves generated by transmitter antenna 19 and propagated through surrounding formations 13 are incident on receiver antennas 22 and 21, whereby the varying magnetic fields of the waves interact with coils 122 and 121 of respective receiver antennas 22 and 21 to induce electric currents in the windings. Low impedance antennas, such as the relatively large wire, single loop preferred construction of receiver coils 122 and 121 exhibit minimized impedance to such magnetic field induced current flow while remaining less susceptible to noise due to varying electric fields. The current flow in receiver coil 122 generates electromagnetic fields in the plane of the corresponding ferritomagnetic ring 58 and toroidal coupling coil 59, thus providing a highly efficient inductive transformer coupling of the toroidal coil to the antenna coil. Similarly, a transformer toroidal coil is coupled to antenna coil 121. Voltages varying in accord with the field variations of the electromagnetic wave incident on the receiver antenna coil 121 are thus generated across the output of its coupling coil 59, and transmitted therefrom to receiver input circuitry. Similarly, voltages are generated due to electromagnetic waves incident upon receive antenna coil 122. The pair of received voltages are amplified and converted to lower frequencies for ease of handling in the electronics section.
In one preferred embodiment of the system of the invention, a drill collar having an outside diameter of 7 inches was formed with cylindrical annular recesses having a diameter of 5.75 inches. Antenna coils having an inner diameter of 6.2 inches were arranged in the recesses to produce a minimum distance between antenna and drill collar of about 0.22 inches. This system performed well downhole at an operating frequency of about 2 MHz.
Next referring to FIG. 6 of the drawings, an alternative arrangement is illustrated for the transmitting and receiving antenna coils. The upper portions of sub 80, housing circuitry component and power supply section 83, are similar to those of sub 14 set out with respect to FIG. 2A. Transmitter antenna coil 84 and receiver antenna coils 85 and 86, however, are illustrated in eccentric longitudinal recesses 81 and 82, respectively, on the outer wall surface of drill collar 80. Each coil 84, 85 and 86 typically includes a plurality of turns wound about a longitudinal core (not illustrated) and arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of drill collar 80. The cores and coils are made as small as possible to limit the depth of recesses 81 and 82 needed to house and protect the coil assemblies. The coils are spaced from the steel body of drill collar 80 a minimum distance "d" to preserve an adequate d/λ ratio for efficient operation and covered with an encapsulating medium 87 to allow magnetic fields to encircle the coils, to protect the coils and to maintain the hydrostatic integrity of the drilling fluid system. Appropriate electrostatic shielding (not illustrated) is also provided in the system, preferably as described above with respect to FIGS. 2A and 2B.
Referring now to FIG. 7 of the drawings, a schematic circuit diagram is illustrated for providing a system to make formation resistivity measurements using the apparatus heretofore described. Such data handling means are included in the electronics section in drill collars 14 or 80, although the embodiment of FIGS. 2A and 2B will be referred to hereafter. The output of the circuit shown in FIG. 7 may be recorded in the electronics section or may be fed by a telemetry system (not illustrated) to the surface for concurrent processing and readout at the surface. In any event, the transmitter is operated by power supply 24 at a frequency preferably in the range of 500 KHz to 10 MHz to provide an electromagnetic wave for output from the transmitter antenna coil 119. This wave is propagated through the environment, including earth formations 13 surrounding the borehole, to receiver antenna coils 122 and 121 of receivers 22 and 21, respectively, located at spaced longitudinal distances on the collar. The receiver antenna coils are coupled to the respective electronic receiver components which are driven by local oscillator 90 operating at a frequency within several KHz of the transmitted frequency to generate lower frequency output signals which are more easily handled. For example, transmitter 19 is illustrated operating at 2 MHz and oscillator 90 is operating at 1.998 MHz. The outputs from receivers 22 and 21 are then fed to a phase comparator 91 and/or amplitude measuring circuits 92 and 93 which are in turn coupled to a ratio circuit 94 to measure signal phase shift and attenuator all in accordance with the teaching of the aforementioned prior art patents.
In the operation of the system heretofore described, the signal emanates from a source, transmitter antenna 19, and travels away from it. The steel of drill collar 14 has a high permeability and is located to the inside of the source so that the steel only causes small effects on the signal as long as a minimum distance d from antenna to drill collar is maintained so that an adequate d/λ ratio is maintained. The signal that does travel along the steel is highly attenuated, so that the signal received at the receiver antenna coils must come from the region outside collar 14, i.e. earth formations 13 as long as the receiver antennas coils 121 and 122 are spaced the distance "d" from the surface of the collar.
The foregoing description of the invention has been directed primarily to a particular preferred embodiment in accordance with the requirements of the patent statutes and for purposes of explanation and illustration. It will be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many modifications and changes in the specifically described and illustrated apparatus and method may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, while the disclosure of the system has been described primarily with regard to resistivity measurements, particular coil configurations, and specific frequencies and frequency ranges, it may be appreciated from the present description and illustrations that other measurements, coil configurations, frequencies and the like could be used without departing from the present invention in its broadest aspects. Therefore, the invention is not restricted to the particular form of construction illustrated and described, but covers all modifications which may fall within the scope of the following claims.
It is Applicants' intention in the following claims to cover such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.


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Roman emperor in ad 193. Born in 133 to a Milan family, related through his mother to the jurist Salvius Iulianus, he began a senatorial career with the ...
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What do you get when you convince Tobey MaGuire, John Stossel, and Eva Mendes to get nude and fight each other? Well, you get a pornographic romcom about post-millennial intercourse in a world where gender still matters. Its a full-body experience that borders on going to heaven.... more »
- December 09, 2009
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Developer shock at the utility of JSON Schema
22 February 2015
As a developer who's spent years working with popular "scripting languages" I've developed a certain dislike of XML. Especially it's formality. It's all great when you're an "enterprise" developer using "enterprise" tools to build "enterprise" solutions.
I'm lead to believe Java and .NET take away all the complexity of turning things like SOAP into something useful. Not so in the worlds of PHP, Python, Javascript et al. I await a barage of links to libraries I'm not aware of that do just that.
And then JSON came along. Oh my god. This is just so easy. It reads like Python. My browser can understand it with a single command.
And then some people came along and decided that JSON things need schemas. And I was all like… "urgh! get your dirty XML covered fingers off my JSON!"


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The CHAPS (Community Health Assessment of Men who Purchase and Sell Sex) Project is a study of the health, safety, working and purchasing conditions for men involved in the sex industry in Metro Vancouver. We have begun interviews but are still looking for self-identified men who have experiences purchasing or selling sexual services, who have solicited/been solicited in indoor, outdoor or online venues in Vancouver and who would be interested in participating in this study.
Globally, there continues to be a complete absence of HIV prevention and sexual health research focusing on men (inclusive of transgender men) in the sex industry, and sex buyers in particular. This exploratory, qualitative study aims to evaluate the gender dynamics, sexual health and HIV risk environment of male sex workers and sex buyers, including men who both buy and sell sex, through the street, as off-street independents (e.g. online) and in venue-based settings, such as bath houses and bars.
The CHAPS Project aims to inform a better understanding of men's experiences, sexual health, and HIV vulnerabilities in the sex industry, and to identify barriers to care, in an effort to inform policy and evidence-based programs.
Buying or selling sex in Vancouver? CHAPS wants to hear from you!
Read more about the CHAPS Project


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Christopher King takes the reins of Lions Club for second time
On Saturday, Sept. 7, 2013, the Lions Club of Pago Pago held their yearly changeover night, where the outgoing club president bids a fond farewell and fa'afetai, handing over the mantle of leadership to the incoming president.
The venue this year was the beautiful new fale at Moana o Sina, where nearly 50 members and guests gathered to witness the installation of the club's new officers and board of directors, as outgoing Lion president Isabel Steffany Hudson turned the club leadership over to incoming Lion president Christopher J. King.
Charter president Mike Sala (who has presided over the club five times) performed the rites of installation while past president and charter member Vaito'a Hans Langkilde served as Master of Ceremonies.
In her farewell address, Lion Isabel noted, "The honor to have served you in this capacity in the last twelve months has been all mine." She said, "I am proud of what were able to accomplish and have full confidence in our new president and board to continue our work, as we serve this community in meaningful ways."
Lion Chris King — Lion King as he is fondly known — took the post for the second time in his years as a Lion member, having served once before as president of the club in 2008-2009.
He reminded those present of the two simple, powerful words that are the driving force behind the world's largest community service organization — "We Serve". With over 1.3 million members spanning the globe, he said, "We Serve" is founded on the strategy of team spirit. Let's continue to use our motto as a source of inspiration as we work together to provide the best possible service to our community."
Lion King gave credit and thanks to his wife, Danielle for her support and encouragement, adding that "it's our family's support that allows us to do what we do."
Under Lion president Isabel — who also gave credit to her "very patient husband" Dean— the club held several small village outreach clinics, including a special visit to the senior citizens of TAOA, which she pledged Lions will now do on an annual basis.
With the help of ANZ Amerika Samoa Bank and Fletcher Construction, the club acquired a van for mobile clinics; formed a new partnership with the Special Olympics and donated $10,000 to LBJ for state-of-the-art diagnostic eye care equipment.
Fagasa, Malaeloa and Alao villages were visited, where hundreds of residents were given free vision screening as well as blood sugar and blood pressure checks in partnership with the Department of Health. Hundreds of eye exams were given, thousands of reading glasses and sunglasses were distributed, and several residents were sent for follow up checks and surgery due to the findings in the clinics.
The club also donated cash, bottled water and food items to the Apia Lions Club to help with their recovery from Tropical Cyclone Evan.
In addition, the club yearly sponsors and benefits youth programs such as the Leo Club at South Pacific Academy, the Boy Scouts of America, Aloha Council and the international Peace Poster contest, which rewards youth for their artistic visions of peace in our world.


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To be or not to be able to survive
Alone in severe conditions
The concept is - individual survival in severe condition
Exif: F Number: 22, Exposure Bias Value: -0.33, ExposureTime: 1/5 seconds, Flash: did not fire., ISO: 100, White balance: Manual white balance, FocalLength: 50.00 mm, Model: Canon EOS-1Ds Mark III
Uploaded on 11/7/2010 8:00:01 AM
Copyright for this gallery photo belongs solely to Alexander Katyanov. Images may not be copied, downloaded, or used in any way without the expressed, written permission of the photographer.
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Static Security Guards/ Man Guard protecting your business is the most complete method in security actions.
A static security guard patrolling your site is a constant highly visible deterrent to potential criminal activity.
Our operatives will patrol, monitor CCTV and be on constant lookout for potential incidents natural or criminal to protect your business.
An IPM man guard will warn off or detain any such person carrying out criminal activity.
Our security personnel will operate around the clock, are available 365 days of the year and are happy to arrange a service at short notice. Our staff will become accustomed to your business working operations therefore assisting in the smooth running of your business.
Their duties may include:
Our staff are vetted to the British Standard (BS7858) and all are highly trained and SIA licensed. With their professional approach, commitment and skills bring peace of mind to you as a business owner.
All IPM's security guards are well presented and uniforms are provided to meet your business Health and Safety regulations, all have excellant communication skills which we feel is vital in a security role.
We offer a free consultation with no obligation to assess your site and become familiar with your requirements. With this information we can tailor your service to best protect your business.
To monitor our services a member of our management team will telephone or visit your site weekly to ensure a full and satisfactory service is being delivered. This will be followed by a monthly review. Our objective is to deliver the most proficient security service in the industry that our clients can rely on and all at competitive rates.
IPM's 24/7 Static Security Guard / Man Guarding Services:
For more information please call our helpful team on 0114 218 06 80
IPM Provide security guards in Sheffield, Rotherham, Leeds, Manchester, Worksop, Chesterfield, Nottingham, Barnley and the UK


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Submitting your own content to social media sites is a bit of a controversial issue. Many bloggers primarily use social media for the purpose of driving traffic to their own site, as opposed to using social media to find interesting content from other blogs and websites. The feeling from some passionate social media users is that submitting your own content is essentially spamming the community.
I think most of us as bloggers had the approach of submitting our own work when we first discovered the power of social media. If you're a website owner or blogger it's only natural to want to use the resources that are available to gain exposure.
Here are my observations on the issue of self submissions:
- The Digg crowd is especially sensitive to self submissions, although most users seem fine with digging your own content once it has been submitted by another user.
- Some StumbleUpon users are sensitive to the issue, some are not. There seems to be more of a variety here, and even amongst those that don't submit or give a thumbs up to their own content, I have rarely read any negative comments towards others who do.
- Most smaller social media sites and niche sites are not sensitive to the issue. In many cases, if you do not submit your own content to these sites it's not very likely that someone else will.
Here is my experience with self submission:
- My primary blog (Vandelay Website Design) has been around for about a year and has only been on the front page of Digg 4 times. Two of the times the popular post was submitted by me. I haven't submitted one of my own posts to Digg in months, and I doubt I ever will again. I had no negativity directed towards me for submitting my own content (that I'm aware of), but I would rather wait for someone else to submit or approach a friend to do so.
- Stumbling your own posts too much causes less results over a period of time. From my observations, the algorithm clearly seems to give more weight to a thumbs up from someone who has never given a thumbs up on that domain before. The more thumbs up you give to your own site, the less impact it has.
- While I don't give a thumbs up to posts on my primary blog, I have done so here at Traffikd on several occasions. From my perspective, this blog is new and sometimes I'm trying to give a post a bit more life. At some point I'll stop this completely, but I don't know exactly when that will be.
- I also submit my own posts (I do a bit of freelance writing) that are published on other blogs. I see this as being a little different than the typical self submission because it is not on a blog that I own.
- I submit a good portion of my posts on my primary blog to niche social media sites, but I do make a conscious effort to be sure that it is appropriate for the audience before submitting.
My own personal conclusions:
I have no problem with someone submitting their own content as long as it is appropriate for the audience of that specific social media site and as long as it is tagged in the proper category. I feel that it's important for anyone who submits their own content (myself included) at any social media site, large or small, to also be an active user by visiting and voting for plenty of other submissions besides just their own.
What do you think?
Please share opinions in the comments.


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You Should Be Here – A Country Song for Our Loved Ones Who Watch from Heaven
Cole Swindell Hits a Homerun of the Heart with His Latest Release 'You Should Be Here'
It does the one thing a true hit song should do, it sneaks up on you, and unwittingly tells your life story.
The music matters, but, as always, the words seal the deal.
Sitting in my kitchen this morning, enjoying the first coffee of the day, listening to Country 94.7, as I always do, these lyrics draw me toward my radio where I punch up the volume to my favorite setting, 'too loud'.
"You Should Be Here … It's one of those moments, that's got your name written all over it.
And you know that if I had just one wish it'd be that you didn't have to miss this.
Aw you should be here"
As I continue to listen, the tears flow down my face, and my husband, with water filling the corners of his eyes, walks over to hug me.
That's country music; magnetic song lyrics that paint the major makers of your life with music.
[Click to Tweet] – "You Should Be Here" – A song for someone in heaven #listentothis
The Video Let's You Share a Part of Mr. Cole Swindell's Personal Story
Instead of writing about the details of the video, I'll let you watch it, where you'll easily understand what this song is about and why Cole Swindell wrote it; about his dad, for his dad.
Although the details of each of our lives vary, this song speaks to all us who've lost someone we desperately love and miss, especially when we've reached those grand life milestones. Whether we're getting married, signing a record deal, having a baby, or achieving an unachievable goal, we wish for that one impossible thing, that they could be here to share it with us.
We Lost Dad Too Soon As Well
As my kids go through life and work to achieve their goals, I wish my father could be here to see it. He would be so happy watching everyone working hard to get to where they want to be, handling their struggles with grace and just plowing forward through all of it.
One of my sons is about to achieve a milestone in music as well, and my dad would be so proud of him! I wish he could be here, 'he would be all over this' (lyrics).
Dad would be especially proud of my brother Johnny right now. My brother, who I love with all my heart (I love you too Larry, my other brother!), has coordinated the build of his brand new home over the past year, and did so while working full-time! No small feat.
The build will be finished in the next month and he and my lovely sister-in-law Karen, will be moving in. This hasn't been an easy process for Johnny, but I know without a doubt, 'dad would be all over this' <—oh that's putting it mildly bro! Johnny, Cole Swindell's lyrics seem to be all about dad, this is for you:
"You'd be loving this, you'd be freaking out, you'd be smiling, yeah
I know you'd be all about what's going on right here right now.
God I wish somehow you could be here"
A Couple of Crazy Coincidences to note about this song: Cole Swindell's dad was born August 23rd, our dad August 22nd, and Cole Swindell released this hit single, on December 14th, 2015; December 14th is my third son's birthday. Hmmm…the angels are working in a strange way. I know you're here dad, but as Cole Swindell says, 'They say now you're in a better place, and I would be too if I could see your face'.
About Cole Swindell and 'You Should Be Here'
Released as the lead single for his upcoming album, Ashely Gorley and Cole Swindell are the writers of this magnificent song. Although the single is fairly new, as of January 2016 the song is doing very well on both the Canadian and US Country Music Charts. I personally predict a number one position for this one.
Cole Swindell. born in 1983, isn't a newcomer to country music. He's written for many well-known names over the years; Craig Campbell, Thomas Rhett, Scotty McCreery, and Luke Bryan. Fans of Mr. Swindell can find more about him via his Website, Facebook, and Twitter.
"Dad, this is one of those moments that's got your name written all over it" (Lyrics)
A Personal Dedication: I know Dad is proud of all of us, Mom, Johnny, Larry, Marnie, John, Karen, Fiona, Justin, Jared, Joshua, Jesse, Robyn, Chris, Jason, Nicole, Danielle, Ryan, Me, and all of his siblings and friends.
Tags: Country Songs about Time, Death Country Songs, Featured


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We are now preparing for the World Social Forum here, in Tokyo.
Call for endorsement for and participation in the World Social Forum on nuclear power/energy (Tokyo, Japan: 23-27 March 2016)
In this World Social Forum (WSF), we, artists in Tokyo, will have an art show and intend to do projection, No-Nuke, for a reply to "4.26 appeal" that French theatrical company, Brut de Beton Production, calls for.
We are so grateful, friends, if you are sending images on No-Nuke for our projection acts.
Please find some sites carrying some of our projection activity for reference of the images of the projection plan.
World Social Forum Free Palestine in Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2012
Report: BDS Street Art Action, Stop! SodaStream held in Shinjuku, Tokyo by AAO
We have a projector which brightness is 4000 lumen, however, Tokyo is considerably bright by night.
We recommend black letters on white background for images. Actually, a drawing that an outline is clear is suitable for projection than a photo.
These actions are going to be developed the outer wall of YMCA, the main meeting place of the World Social Forum, and other places as street action.
If you e-mail us (to: email@example.com) images (1024×768px), as many as you can, we are going to edit with ours (we will begin to do them from the 10th of March).
We beleave this idea will meet the policy of WSF and the reply to "Appel du 26 avril".
Looking forward to having your images,
In solidarity,
Artists of the WSF 2016


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- About
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Energy Efficiency
Faith Technologies' Energy Efficiency Group works hard to implement energy efficient solutions that maximize performance and cost savings for our customers' facilities. With more than 1,500 documented energy efficiency projects completed since 2004, we're ready to go to work for you.
We offer a turnkey approach – from the facility audit to the design, incentive procurement, project installation, and maintenance of your system – to provide energy efficient services in the most efficient way possible.
- Investment Grade Audits: Analyzing facilities with investment grade audits provides us with accurate information about existing systems in order to make an informed and hardworking recommendation. Read more.
- Incentive Procurement: We work with utility companies to secure the best incentives your project is eligible for. Then we pass the savings on to you. Read more.
- Lighting Installation, Design & Retrofits: From LED installations to fluorescent retrofits, we provide the latest lamp, ballast, and fixture combinations that will maximize efficiency and lighting quality for your facility. Read more.
- Lighting Controls: If your existing lighting system is already energy efficient, Faith Technologies can maximize savings by implementing lighting controls such as occupancy sensors and daylight harvesting (sensors that keep fixtures off when ambient light is sufficient).
- ECM Motor Replacement: We provide ECM motor replacements that are 75-80% more efficient than standard motors. These models run electronically, which eliminates heat production, and further enhances efficiency in mediums such as grocery freezer cases.
- Performance Contracting: Faith Technologies partners with performance contractors for public sector projects. Performance contracting finances project work with the energy costs saved from the new system, resulting in a system upgrade at essentially no cost to the end user.
- Specialist Team: Faith Technologies' Energy Efficiency Group includes multiple State of Wisconsin Registered Designers of Engineering Systems, as well as LC and LEED Accredited Engineers to provide you easy access to industry experts.
Featured Projects


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Family Connections
Education and Health Resources
Selkirk and Interlake
Main Menu
Preschool Programs
Child Care
Nursery Schools
Nutrition Services
Kindergarten Registration
Selkirk Imagination Library
Educator Resources
Parent Resources
Community Links
About Us
Contact Us
Local Education and Health Resources
This site offers an introduction to local education and health resources. Many of the resources listed focus on early childhood development. There are also good resources for teens, young parents, and educators.
Early Childhood Development
Programs are offered for both children and their parents. A list of Day Cares, Nursery Schools and local nutrition resources is available here as well.
An introduction local education, well-being and justice resources.
Resources for new parents and parents of older children are introduced. They include learning together, visits from a health nurse and anger management.
Family Connections presents opportunities to volunteer on local committees, participate in youth justice processes and to utilize the library and the Regional Resource Center.
Families new to the community can find additional resources to help them get their bearings.
Inventory of Community Programs and Services
This is a larger inventory of the local programs and services available to young children and their families. It includes a range of services such as health clinics, schools, family resource centers, recreational facilities (including parks and pools), and child care facilities, and the programming specific to each.
View Inventory (pdf)


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Our New Psychic Medium
We have been making some changes here at Angel Messenger, and one of those things is to create a really solid team of psychic practitioners. As you probably know, I have personally extensively interviewed and tested all the readers who work with me here, and I take my work very seriously. We are now adding one more element to our team.
Help me welcome our newest practitioner – psychic medium, Kathi!
Kathi is an incredibly gifted psychic medium who trained at the prestigious Arthur Findley College in Stansted, England. Oh, did I mention she also did some training with famous psychic medium John Holland? Yes, Kathi is pretty wonderful, and we are really happy to have her on our team.
If you recognize her name, that may be because Kathi was offering readings on our sister site, Free Tarot. But, I've decided that it is way too difficult for me to personally run two different high traffic websites that both offer private, one-on-one readings. We're making some changes to that site, and we'll be offering on-demand readings only over there. Kathi will be offering on-demand readings on our Tarot site as well (when she's available), but she has so much to offer that we knew she needed to be added to Angel Messenger as well.
Welcome Kathi! Thank you for joining our team!
Angel Blessings,
Rev. Sheri
- The Simplicity of Beauty (for Your Healing Journey) - August 13, 2018
- How to Silence that Mean Little Ego - June 11, 2018
- My Secret Weapon for Respiratory Illness (The King of Oils) - May 14, 2018
- How to Rise with Broken Wings - December 11, 2017
- Saving Us – The Amazing Key to Being Who You Are Meant to Be - November 6, 2017
- What have you lived through? (Don't Give Up!) - September 11, 2017
- Beautiful Little Child – A Journey to Healing the Inner Child - August 14, 2017
- Healing After A Relationship Has Ended (& How to Move On) - August 15, 2016
- Meditate As You Read - July 18, 2016
- Wearable Reminders Angels are With You - July 7, 2016


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Where's my freedom?
Pick me up.
I fell off the wagon again like clockwork.
Where's my freedom?
Wash away the times we stripped our feelings naked.
Now, you've got to know that there's been times when everything just seemed to fall in.
Where's my freedom?
I forget the times we shared a single mattress.
Where's my freedom?
White it out, the times we shared those epic glances.
Now, just fade away.
I can't be free.
You've locked me down and ran off with my...
Lyrics taken from http://www.lyricsmode.com/lyrics/a/a_wilhelm_scream/you_make_me_feel_like_i_need_a_psychiatric_evaluation.html


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First determination of the (re)crystallization activation energy of an irradiated olivine-type silicate
IAS – CNRS, "Astrochimie Expérimentale", Université Paris XI, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
2 LSPES ESA CNRS 8008, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Bâtiment C6, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
3 CSNSM, Université Paris XI, Bâtiment 108, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
Accepted: 13 May 2005
To study the evolution of silicate dust in different astrophysical environments we simulate, in the laboratory, interstellar and circumstellar ion irradiation and thermal annealing processes. An experimental protocol that follows different steps in the dust life-cycle was developed. Using the silicate 10 μm band as an indicator, the evolution of the structural properties of an ion-irradiated olivine-type silicate sample, as a function of temperature, is investigated and an activation energy for crystallization is determined. The obtained value of = 41 700 ± 2400 K is in good agreement with previous determinations of the activation energies of crystallization reported for non-ion-irradiated, amorphous silicates. This implies that the crystallization process is independent of the history of the dust. In particular, the defect concentration due to irradiation appears not to play a major role in stimulating, or hindering, crystallization at a given temperature. This activation energy is an important thermodynamical parameter that must be used in theoretical models which aim to explain the dust evolution from its place of birth in late type stars to its incorporation into young stellar environments, proto-stellar discs and proto-planetary systems after long passage through the interstellar medium.
Key words: methods: laboratory / techniques: spectroscopic / ISM: dust, extinction


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When it comes time to transport products from your manufacturing plant, chances are you rely on a simple and inexpensive creation to protect your investment. Corrugated boxes are an important part of today's retail and manufacturing environment. There are few products made today that aren't packaged in a sturdy corrugated box for safe shipping to warehouses, stores, or directly to shoppers. At McLeish Corr-A-Box we've been producing corrugated boxes for our valued customers for over 40 years. We have a large range of standard sizes, shapes and thicknesses but we also have the capability to do much more.
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Links to products featured on RecycleScene are affiliate links. Make a purchase of recommended products on our site, and we get a small percentage of affiliate commission to maintain our site. Thanks!
Pick up the tab?
Did you know that cans can be recycled over and over an infinite amount of times? Read up on aluminum cans in this post– in the meantime, it's time to talk about how you can recycle aluminum pop tabs.
While you should still recycle the whole can, people get really into collecting the aluminum tabs, sometimes collecting thousands at a time through special collection drives.
Pull Tabs For Charity is headquartered in Washington, D.C. and sponsors an ongoing aluminum pull tab recycling program. Check their program out if you're interested in raising money for your organization, business, K-12 school, or university.
Sometimes the soda companies run charitable promotions themselves. For example, Hansen's ran a tab collection program for breast cancer a while back. The red tab promotion, which is no longer active, was part of the City of Hope Breast Cancer Campaign. For each red tab received, 10 cents was donated (up to $100k) to the City of Hope for Breast Cancer research.
In April 2010, Sprite ran the "Sprite Tabs For Habitat" program. For each special green tab (which they featured on their Sprite cans during the month of April) that were collected and sent in, Sprite donated 10 cents to Habitat for Humanity, with a minimum donation of $250,000. Keep your eye out for these types of programs, as they crop up from time to time.
Handmade Pop Tab Goodness
Aluminum tabs are lightweight, easy to collect, and are great for artists to work with. The recycled soda pop tab bracelet featured on the right is handmade in the U.S. and comes in all sorts of colors. Now that's creative!
For more handmade crafting, also head on over to Plastique Creations, where Teresa has been crocheting for 41 years! She incorporates pop tabs into her handmade plarn bags. You can see her great creations on her flickr page, and find out more about them on her blog, plastiqrecreation.blogspot.com.
And to top it all off (so to speak), this beautiful and intricate lamp by Mauricio Affonso is made from hundreds of discarded aluminum pull-tabs.
We hope you enjoyed these ideas for how to recycle aluminum pop tabs, and thanks for keeping tabs on recycling!
Links to products featured on RecycleScene are affiliate links. We try and only feature products that close the recycling loop. Make a purchase of recommended products on our site, and we get a small percentage of affiliate commission to maintain our site. Read more in the Terms of Use & Disclosure link in footer. Thanks!


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Reviewed By Dave A (GREEN COVE SPRINGS, FL) Reviewed for a 2013 Ford F-150 —10/27/2017 7:47 AM
First winch I received had a broken ground wire. I needed the winch quick so Smittybilt arranged to have it exchanged at a store in Jacksonville where It was not even purchased. All was good until I freespooled the winch by hand and the rope pulled completely out of the crimp that holds it to the spool side. I called Smittybilt and Tom took care of it by sending me new parts. The tech support at Smittybilt is very professional, honest, and caring. For the money,,,,well worth it!!!!


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Monica A. Rankin. ¡Mexico, la patria! Propaganda and Production during World War II. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009. xiii + 366 pp. $30.00 (paper), ISBN 978-0-8032-2455-1.
Reviewed by Andrae Marak (California University of Pennsylvania)
Published on H-LatAm (May, 2011)
Commissioned by Dennis R. Hidalgo (Virginia Tech)
Unity through Production in Postrevolutionary Mexico
Monica A. Rankin's ¡Mexico, la patria! sets out to explore the ways in which from 1933 to 1946 the Mexican government, oftentimes in alliance with the U.S. government, used film, print, and radio propaganda to promote industrialization and forge a culturally unified nation, two disparate goals that some Mexican elites believed would reinforce one another. For her examination, she uses a broad, but flexible definition of "propaganda": namely, any message disseminated via film, radio, or print aimed at large audiences meant to mold popular opinion or instill loyalty. Rankin rightly notes that it is much easier to evaluate the intended effects of propaganda than to assess its actual reception by the general public. As a result, much of this book reads as an institutional history rather than a cultural history. But even without solid evidence of popular reception of government-issued propaganda, Rankin provides cogent insights into the ways that government officials thought that it might be received, providing us with a telling picture of their vision of Mexico as a nation.
Rankin breaks down the propaganda efforts into three major phases. The first (1933-41) occurred prior to Mexico's WWII alliance with the United States. This period reflected the sharp ideological polarization leading up to the election of Miguel Ávila Camacho (1940-46), as leftist and rightist factions and their foreign counterparts took advantage of the situation. Specifically, pro-fascists confronted anti-fascist groups. Prior to the onset of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, propaganda reached a limited audience. This changed in 1937 with the establishment of the Taller de Gráfica Popular (TGP), a leftist artist organization closely allied with the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), which produced a series of posters that attempted to rally support against fascism, Falangists, and Nazism. One event that underlines the ways that leftist propaganda meshed with the postrevolutionary state's attempts to promote a unified mestizo culture occurred when the TGP pounced on a report by the German government that denied Aryan status to a German immigrant's Mexican wife because she was thought to be part indigenous. Pro-fascist propaganda, in contrast, appeared in the pages of many of Mexico's leading newspapers, such as Excelsior and El Universal, and was supported by many Catholics and members of Mexico's business community and the middle class who disliked President Lázaro Cárdenas's (1934-40) anti-clerical and pro-labor policies.
The second phase (1941-43) aligned with the time that Mexico allied itself with the U.S. war effort. The United States created the (subsequently named) Office of Inter-American Affairs (OIAA) under the direction of Nelson A. Rockefeller to create cultural understanding between the United States and Latin America and to advance the interests of U.S. businesses, which were suffering as a result of decreased wartime trade with Europe. Mexico stood to benefit from the pro-business arrangement as well, as the United States agreed to purchase Mexico's excess mineral production, improve Mexico's highways and rail infrastructure to facilitate Mexican exports sector, and invest in Mexico's mass media as a means of enhancing wartime propaganda. By 1942, when Mexico entered the war, most Axis propaganda had been effectively eliminated from Mexican newspapers, and as a result Mexico's Federal Propaganda Office (OFP) was replaced with a promotion of Mexico as a strategic producer of wartime goods. Rankin rightly notes that the U.S. settlement--in 1941--of the conflict over Mexico's 1938 oil expropriation did more to win Mexican goodwill than any propaganda campaign, U.S. or Mexican. Moreover, Ávila Camacho's use of ex-president Cárdenas to prepare Mexico's defenses after Mexico sided with the Allies shored up his support from the Left even as he moved to the Right. But she understates the fact that Ávila Camacho had just won a presidential election that had further divided Mexicans along partisan ideological lines. His embrace of pro-Allied propaganda, which promoted increased industrial and agricultural output by tying production to patriotism, served the domestic purpose of uniting effectively, as Rankin demonstrates, the Mexican business community, the rural agrarian sector, industrial workers, and Catholics, the very groups that had bitterly opposed one another in the run up to the election. In fact, Ávila Camacho was hesitant to use revolutionary rhetoric and themes in the propaganda of the time because they might have reopened the factional wounds of the revolution itself. To its surprise, his administration discovered that evoking the Mexican Revolution "as a symbol of democracy" actually promoted unity (p. 251).
Rankin focuses quite heavily on the multiple divisions--printed propaganda, radio, theater, cinema, and conferences and competitions--of the OFP during the second phase. Although this part of the book becomes somewhat repetitive, her work on the Printed Propaganda Division and the posters put out by the Ministry of Education are especially welcome since the reprints will work well in the classroom. "My spirit speaks for my race," "Defended by her sons," and "Why do we fight" are excellent examples of the incorporation of mestizaje and indigenismo themes aimed at promoting unity, patriotism, and modernization. Also welcome is her attempt to measure the public's response to the propaganda. Rankin is careful not to overstate her evidence, given that the government had a difficult time measuring the impact of propaganda. She provides some alternative explanations for increased public support, such as the natural tendency to rally around the flag after being attacked, in this case German attacks on Mexican shipping. She provides suggestive evidence that many Mexicans, at least those who were literate, found the propaganda to be persuasive. Letters of support written to Ávila Camacho spanned social classes, professions, and geographic locations.
The third phase (1944-46) promoted the Mexican military as heroes and then shifted focus from winning the war to preparing for post-WWII economic prosperity. When Allied victory in WWII was assured, Ávila Camacho decided to mobilize Squadron 201, the famed Aztec Eagles, even though he thought that it might provoke popular resistance. Instead, the air squadron, which saw combat in 1945, emerged, with the help of propaganda, as a symbol of national honor and indigenous pride. The Mexican propaganda worked well in tandem with U.S. aims at postwar economics. The United States wanted to ensure that Mexico would remain a viable market for its exports, but it also wanted to reassure Mexicans that it did not plan to impose its culture on its neighbor. Meanwhile, Ávila Camacho wanted to use the nascent wartime industrialization as a launching pad for increased postwar industrialization. The postwar political pact that paved the way for the Mexican Miracle, a thirty-year period of 3 to 4 percent economic growth with minimal inflation, would be based on making available the consumer goods that Mexicans had learned so much about from U.S. propaganda, even as the rural sector lost its revolutionary place of importance.
Rankin's book is a welcome addition to the field of postrevolutionary Mexican studies. And although there is little that is new in the first two chapters, she makes use of a wide range of U.S. and Mexican primary sources in the remainder of the book. Her argument that Ávila Camacho's WWII propaganda set the stage for Mexicans' support for import substitution industrialization and the Mexican Miracle is convincing. Hopefully, her study will serve as a basis for future studies that seek to broaden our understanding of the ways in which propaganda was received at the local level.
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If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the network, at: https://networks.h-net.org/h-latam.
Andrae Marak. Review of Rankin, Monica A., ¡Mexico, la patria! Propaganda and Production during World War II.
H-LatAm, H-Net Reviews.
May, 2011.
URL: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=32059
|This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.


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Get an introduction to Gish Jen's novel Typical American to explore the American dream through the eyes of a Chinese immigrant. The video, from the American Masters film Novel Reflection on the American Dream, introduces the common challenge of reconciling an immigrant's native identity with the demands of new life in America.
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SAN FRANCISCO --On Monday, kids in San Francisco got a lesson they don't always get at school or at home -- how to use money.
Representatives from Bank of the West visited John Yehall Chin Elementary School near Chinatown to teach kids about financial literacy.
The students were given money boxes with three separate sections. One of the boxes was for spending, one for saving and another was for donating to charity.
Research shows that if a child learns to save in kindergarten, they are six times more likely to go to college.


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Hi All, Recently my photos are over exposing. Which settings do I need to look at to change? I've looked at White balance and exposure compensation. Does anyone have any tips for me?
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Would you mind reviewing Athera's Dawn on Amazon?
Yes, reviews help sell books. Because people take them seriously.
So I'm asking for those who've read the book to take five minutes and write a simple review of your impressions.
Sure, if you hated it, please abstain from writing a review, though I can't stop you. That's the beauty of capitalism in a free-market. However I'd sure appreciate positive reviews.
Thanks in advance!


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by Chad Schrump
This is going to sound bitter and I don't want to sound that way. No, it's going to sound petty. Probably somewhat bitter with a splash of petty. I can live with that. Here goes…
Dear Paul George,
You want to go home. Fine. I get it. I do. You've made your decision. Good for you. You'll most likely be playing basketball, if not next year, then the following – in front of a whole gaggle of your hometown friends, 2nd cousins, former high school teammates, your sister's best friend's brother named Kevin or Kev for short and a whole lot of front running Hollywood megastars that couldn't tell you the difference between a high ball screen and an eight ball that gets you high. Fine. Your call. Your rules.
But why did you have to screw the Pacers over in the process? Why did you have to screw an organization that now, will only get pennies on the dollar for your sure to happen fire sale. Why did you have to shit on the city that supported you through everything? Hell, I'm typing as fast as I can right now for fear that you'll be traded before this column drops. There's very little doubt that you'll be gone before Thursday's NBA Draft. Damn. Seems surreal.
What I hate even more is that Paul stuck out his hand, extended his middle finger and told every Indiana Pacers fan to go suck a big, fat egg. If the Pacers are ultra lucky, they get a decent veteran and a couple of 1st round picks that are probably somewhere in the 20-25th pick range. If that! Great. That'll certainly replace a player that has 1st Team All-NBA potential. Awesome. Thanks, PG. Appreciate ya.
By dropping the bombshell that he will not re-sign with Indiana after his contract expires and that he prefers playing for his hometown Lakers, what Paul George has done is basically allowed L.A. to keep every asset it has and just wait it out. They'll be full strength when he joins. I told you this was going to happen a month ago when Paul missed out on not being named 3rd Team All-NBA. REMEMBER? That was literally the Pacers only shot at keeping this guy. I hate being right all the time. I do.
There's no question that the signs have been pointing to George heading back to Los Angeles for a couple of years now but with the way the NBA has handled free agency – essentially giving the home team a serious advantage in re-signing its stars, I honest to God thought Paul would stay. I believed he was just flirting with the west coast – just California Dreaming, if you will. I thought maybe, just maybe – Paul wanted to be this generation's Reggie Miller. Guess not.
Then again, Paul George has never been Reggie Miller. (Strap in – this is where I start getting petty. I'm okay with it and you should be, too.) Tell me the last time Paul made a shot at the horn that tied the game or put the Pacers ahead. I'll wait… That's right, he doesn't. Some guys are Batman and some guys are Robin. Some guys are Paul George. At least Robin saved the day once in awhile. When's the last time Paul did? Calling Paul George "Robin" is disrespectful to Batman's favorite chum.
Paul gags more than a 9-month old trying peas for the first time. With the game on the line, he looks more uncomfortable than Forrest Gump in a Spelling Bee. Put the Pacers in the lead and Paul might score 40. Need a clutch shot to save the season – uh, you all saw it… it didn't draw iron. Wasn't close.
Maybe a guy develops into Batman while being rented out for one year before signing with Magic's Lakers but I don't see it with PG. I just don't. He's been here 7 years. Hasn't happened yet… unless you count the shot he made in his Gatorade commercial.
He made that one.
Just another guy that used to root for you