text:
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Mentouri University- Constantine
Faculty of Letters and Foreign Languages
Department of English
Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master
Degree in Applied Language Studies
By: Meriem SOUALMIA Supervised by: Dr. Elkhiar ATAMNA
This thesis is dedicated to my wonderful parents, who have raised me to be the person
I am today. You have been with me every step of the way, Thank you for all the unconditional
love, guidance, and support that you have always given me, helping me to succeed. Thank
you for everything. I love you!
To my sisters Souhaila and Mouna,
To my brothers Noureddine and Mohamed,
To my precious grand mother THELJA,
To all my family and dearest friends.
I am heartily thankful to my supervisor: Dr. ATAMNA Elkhiar, whose encouragement,
guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled me to carry out this research. It
is a pleasure to show him my deepest gratitude.
I wish to thank also those who helped me, without them, I could not have completed
this project, Dr. LABBED and Dr. BEGHOUL who provided me with important references
helped me to conduct this research, and a special thank to Dr.KAOUECHE for the help he
provided me.
I am indebted to my many of my colleagues to support me, AZEROUEL Djihad,
BENCHAABANE Nassima, for offering me their help and valuable references.
At the end, I would like to thank the students who participated in this research.
The data was gathered by means of a research tool in the form of a written translation test. As a result. The analysis of the data confirms that students' mistakes are due to their ignorance of appropriate methods they to be used to translate scientific terms and to their unfamiliarity with the computer sciences peculiar language. some pedagogical implications have been provided as a starting point towards resolving this problem and helping the students cope with scientific terminology in the process of translation. ABSTRACT The present study seeks to investigate third year English language learners' difficulties in translating scientific terms and to draw attention to the role of adopting the appropriate method that may produce high quality translation using purely Arabic vocabulary. 3 .
...............39 Table 5: Translation of the Term kilobits........62 Table 26: Translation of the Term Computer ..67 Table 29: Translation of the Term computer ..................................55 Table 20: Translation of the Term Emailed ............................................................58 Table 22: Translation of the Term Scan.........................................................................48 Table 14: Translation of the Term Email Account ....33 Table 2: Translation of the First Term Homepage ...........................................................................68 4 ......................................49 Table 15: Translation of the Term Screen name box.......................................................................List of Tables Table 1: English vs.....................................................................................42 Table 8: Translation of the Term URL (Uniform Resource Locators) .............................................................................................................................................53 Table 18: Translation of the Term Messenger ..61 Table 25: Translation of the Term Updated...........................45 Table 10: Translation of the Term Outlook Express ............................................................46 Table 11: Translation of the Term Windows ..........................................................................................................................................................65 Table 28: Translation of the Term install............38 Table 4: Translation of the Term connection speeds ..................................................................................................................................................................47 Table 12: Translation of the Term Desktop .........................................47 Table 13: Translation of the Term Toolbar..................................................................57 Table 21: Translation of the Term Blog .........................................37 Table 3: Translation of the Second Term website.42 Table 7: Translation of the Term Internet ................. Arabic ..........................................................54 Table 19: Translation of the Term Yahoo Chat ...............................................................................................................................51 Table 16: Translation of the Term Signed in.....................................63 Table 27: Methods used in Translating the Computing Terms ......................60 Table 24: Translation of the Term Antivirus ..................................59 Table 23: Translation of the Term Install ............................43 Table 9: Translation of the Term Click ...................................................................................52 Table 17: Translation of the Term Auto sign in option..........................................................41 Table 6: Translation of the Term wireless....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................1.....8 Hypothesis.............1.................8 Research Questions .3..............16 1........................2.........3..................................................11 Part One: Translation.......1............................ Compensation ................................3..............................................1..................... Requirements of Scientific Translator .....1........18 Part Two: Scientific Translation and Terminology.............................................2...........17 1..............19 2........................................................................................................3.......... Scientific Terminology.................................................14 1...................... Oblique Translation Techniques.................................................... Equivalence ....1....................3................................................................2 Definition of terminology ........................ Definition of Science .........1................13 1................... Adaptation .......................................................................3...............................17 1........................................................20 2........................................ Transposition ................................. Modulation ...................................................... The Aim of Scientific Translation ........................2................3.....................................................1 Scientific Register................................................................................................................2.............. Borrowing.....2.......................................................5......2...9 Structure of the Study...........................1...........3..9 CHAPTER ONE: Translation and Scientific Translation ..............................8 Aim of the Study ..........22 2........15 1..........15 1.................. Definition of Scientific Translation .9 Participants..............1...................................................12 1.............2...............2...............................................2.........................15 1..................................................................................................................................................................3................ Literal Translation..................................2...........12 1.................................................................21 2................ Translation Strategies .......................................1..........................................................................3.............................2................................................................................................11 Introduction..............................23 5 ................................................................................. Calque ..................3....................3.............14 1.................................................................................19 2...................................................2.....20 2....2......................1.....................2................................................................................1..................................................................................Table of Contents General Introduction.................................................................................................. English-Arabic Scientific Translation..................................................................................................... Definition of Translation....9 Research Tools ...................................2...........................................................................................................................16 1............16 1......21 2........................................................ Types of Translation ..............4.........19 2......................................... Direct Translation Techniques ...............3....................3.....................................................1.....
...........................................................................................1 Cross-Cultural Recognized Terms..........................................................................5..............................................................................................................................................................2.............49 · Sentence Seven .................3............................................ Naturalization ................................6.......4 Neologisms........................39 · Sentence three..........32 Conclusion ............................................ Analysis of the participants' Translations...........3..................................35 2.......................2.................. Coinage ..............4..................29 2................................35 2...................3............................................5......... Administration of the Test ................................. Arabic Language and Challenges for Translating English Computer Terms ....................... and Results ...................................1...........................................................................................3..........................................................................................................................................................5................................................26 2..................35 2...............................36 2.......................35 2......................53 · Sentence Ten ........................24 2................................................. Transcription...............................50 · Sentence Eight ... Derivation ................... Misconceptions in Scientific Translation..........................................24 2........................................................................ Analysis Procedure ..... Strategies of Translating English Technical Terms into Arabic .................................................................................................................................................................... Terminology in Translation...................................................... Analysis.......................................................................31 2....................5..............52 · Sentence Nine....................................................................................................................37 · Sentence one............................................................................5.........................................5...25 2......................................................................................................................5.....................................30 2............................................43 · Sentence five ............ The Analysis of the Results...................4........................................................35 Introduction..............................................................................6................................................. Description of the Test.............................................................2 Revival .....41 · Sentence four ..........29 2........................... The Corpus.......2............................................................................ Cultural Specific Terms ....1............................ The Choice of Population .........................37 2...............54 · Sentence Eleven............................................2......................34 Chapter Two: Data collection.........................1...............................................................................................37 · Sentence two.......................6....................36 2..................................1....44 · Sentence six.......................3.........................................................................................................................................................................................26 2.28 2....5..........................................................3............................56 6 .....................................................25 2....3.........
..........................................67 2...............................63 2........................................58 · Sentence Thirteen .............................................................72 Appendix...............· Sentence Twelve.................69 3..............................70 General Conclusion ...66 2....................8...........8......................59 · Sentence Fifteen ................................................................................................................................................................................. Over Translation ................................58 · Sentence Fourteen.............................................. Pedagogical Recommendations....................................8...................................................................................................................................2............................................................................62 2........76 The Test ....................... Mistranslation ............66 2........................................67 Conclusion ...1..........................................................................................71 Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................................................... Inexact Rendering......................................................7.................................. Under Translation .....8.........................................76 7 ................................................................................................. The Analysis of the Methods Used in Translating the Computing Terms ...........................................................................1..3........................................................................................................................
if any. Research Questions In attempting to investigate the translation problems encountered in translating English scientific terms into Arabic by 3rd year learners of English. it is necessary to answer the following questions: 1. so that the translated information can be used easily and help in developing other countries. 3rd year students at the English Language Department University of Constantine make when attempting to translate scientific terms from English into Arabic. It is rather considered a tool that helps people around the world develop and progress in the field of science. One of the main problems that translation trainees may face is how to deal with translating scientific terms from English into Arabic.What kind of method students use in translating scientific terms? 8 .What are the terminological obstacles students face in translating the scientific terms from English into Arabic? 2.General Introduction Scientific translation is not like other translations. and whether this method is the source of the difficulties they face and whether it is reliable enough to ensure good results and serve Arabic language. it goes beyond just rendering words from one language into another. Aim of the Study The present research attempts to highlight the common mistakes. and in choosing the best method to achieve a high quality translation of those terms which may enrich the Arabic language. To highlight the method they most often use in translating such terms. Thus a translator needs to ensure an accurate delivery of information and shows faithfulness and commitment to the source and the target language.
the data will be collected through the use of a test. The test is composed of one exercise in which third year English students will be asked to translate fifteen sentences from English into Arabic. Chapter two is devoted to the description. may be accounted for by their ignorance of the importance of adopting the appropriate method that ensures a high quality translation.Is this method responsible for the mistakes they commit? Hypothesis In an attempt to answer the questions raised by this study. Structure of the Study The present study consists of two main chapters. Participants Third year English language students at Mentouri University Constantine will be the chosen population sample to conduct this study. Thirty students will be chosen randomly from 9 . It also deals with the methods used in translating scientific terms and ends with a brief account of computer sciences in the Arab world. interpretation and analysis of the data collected and ends up with some pedagogical recommendations that may be considered as a solution for the terminological problems in translating scientific texts. Chapter one is divided into two parts. Research Tools In order to test the hypothesis and get the required information. a theoretical and a practical one. it is hypothesized that the difficulties students face when translating scientific terms. the first part attempts to highlight the main aspects concerning translation in general and the second part is devoted to tackle scientific translation and terminology. 3.
hence. The choice of third year students is motivated by the fact that they have been studying translation for two years now and. 10 . are supposed to have a good mastery of translation from English into Arabic.the total population of students enrolled for the academic year 2009/2010.
The first part starts with a literature review of the different definitions of the translation concept introduced by many theoreticians. it will discuss scientific translation and its major problems in coining new terms into Arabic. the first part will be mainly to discuss the different perspectives and conceptions concerning translation and its types. since the Arabic language is concerned. a brief comparison of linguistic differences will be made between Arabic and English language. As well as. therefore this part will be concerned only terms of computer sciences. and a brief discussion of translation types and strategies will be mentioned. stating their definition and characteristics. Whereas the second part will shed light on scientific translation. Moreover. Scientific register is so vast and is commonly used in a large number of branches. with particular emphasis on science and terminology. and the second part will be devoted to talk about scientific translation and scientific terminology. CHAPTER ONE: Translation and Scientific Translation Introduction The following chapter is divided into two parts. 11 .
As for Ghazzala (1995). translation focuses on the results achieved by the translator. to others (Nida and Taber. In common practice. They gave priority to meaning preservation as much as possible then focusing on the style. 1969/1982) translation consists of reformulating the message of the source text into the closest equivalent of the target language. Hatim and Munday focus on the part of the translator. for the sake of establishing equivalence to get the appropriate meaning (Yowell & Lataiwish.1. Hatim and Munday (2004) define translation from two different perspectives. translation is any process that results in transferring the meaning from one language into another. translation is an act of taking a text from one language and transforming it into another.. equivalence. one can usually identify two different senses of translation. the concrete product of translation. The other sees translation as an act of transferring messages from a source language into a target language. First as a process. For him the main goal is to deliver meaning of the source language by using the equivalents available in the target language. be it oral or written. Second as a product. For others (Catford. In this sense. 12 . Part One: Translation 1. as an in everyday life when a layman tries to explain or express ideas in a different way by using different words only even if within the same language. Some scholars' definitions of translation focus on the approach of preserving the original or source text effect. Definition of Translation Defining translation has always been a problematic issue in the sense that one finds more than one definition. One aims at transferring ideas and messages via rewording or paraphrasing. each one reflects a different perspective and a theoretical basis in which scholars seek the same goal namely. 1965). translation is to substitute a piece of writing in one language by its corresponding piece of writing in another language. 2000).
In addition. and inter-semiotic translation. Jacobson in his seminal paper (1959/2000) distinguishes between three main types of written translation: Intra-lingual translation. The first type aims at translating individual words only taking no consideration of the grammatical or other linguistic differences. each theorist looks at these types of translation differently and classifies them in different ways. Word-for-word translation. according to him. all the available typologies can be squeezed into these two types.1. According to Hatim and Munday (2004). Semantic versus communicative translation. Non-pragmatic versus pragmatic translation. for example. 3. All in all. It is also referred to as the proper translation. literal versus free translation is a sufficient classification.2. he started by literal translation which. 2. Inter-lingual translation is to translate textual materials from one language into another. Intra-lingual translation is the translation of textual materials within the same language and may include rewording or paraphrasing. Formal versus dynamic translation. Hence word-for-word translation involves 13 . is of two types: 1. Ghazzala (1995) discussed only the literal and free translation. According to him. Types of Translation At this level. Even though. Whereas inter-semiotic translation is the translation or the interpretation of the verbal signs by non verbal signs as translating ideas or emotions into a painting or in symphony of music. translation will be looked at from the viewpoint of classification of types and methods. the available typologies may include the following (Ghazzala 1995: 5) 1. Direct translation. 2. 4. inter-lingual translation. For Ghazzala (1995). Non-creative versus creative translation.
1. Lefevere (1975) argued that this method has severe limitations. Chukovsky said that "its adoption frequently leads to a complete distortion of the meaning of the original" (1984:6).3. Many theoreticians. free translation does not take much consideration to preserve the source text wording. Direct Translation Techniques Direct translation techniques are used when there are conceptual elements that can be transposed into the target language. Bosco (1997) classified those techniques as follows 1. free translation is to translate under no limitation. each one has a scale of facility that may be more helpful than the other. In free translation. Translation Strategies Strategies are sets of procedures that are used to translate. 1. On the other hand. considers the grammar and the linguistic differences. It is more target text oriented than literal translation. In this sense. translate freely. Borrowing 2. Catford (1965:25) suggested that free translations should be unbounded. including Ghazzala (1995). Calque 3.1.3. Bosco (1997) classified translation techniques or strategies into two types. claimed that this type could be a very dangerous method because it may destroy the meaning.extreme fidelity to the wording of the source text and forces the translator to set the exact equivalents. direct translation. the translator focuses on producing a natural readable target text. Literal translation 14 . the second type. it is also referred to as sense-for-sense translation. On the other hand. direct and oblique.
week-end and cool are new borrowed expression used in French and Arabic. 1. It is to translate a phrase borrowed from another language literary. Résumé and café passé from French 2. Literal Translation Literal translation is to translate from the source language into the target language and to preserve the same effect and wording of the source text. preserving the source language structure and the manner of expression which may not be familiar to the target language.3. 15 .2.1. J'ai parlé au parlement hier→ I gave a speech in the parliament yesterday. Eventually these words become part of the lexicon system of the target language as in Arabic language. This method usually works with languages from the same family as the following example shows. Kindergarten and hamburger from German 1. 1.1. Microwave اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﯾﻒ Also the English language has borrowed numerous words from different languages. changes which may affect the source text structures are not allowed.1.1. For example. In literal translation. Borrowing Bosco (1997) defines borrowing as the attempt to take words from one language and put them in another language alphabet. 1.1. For example 1.3. champions' league.3. Computer ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ 2. Calque Calque or loan translation is the literal translation. For example.3. only the language is changed. These words are naturalized to suit the grammar and the pronunciation of the target language.
For example: 1. and yet it should not carry awkwardness to the reader of the target text. because of the wide range of possibilities it offers for translators. Transposition 2. A red car → . Adaptation 5.3. Modulation Modulation is a type of translation where the translator adds changes to the grammatical and semantic structure of the source language to suit the target language without affecting the meaning. Vinay and Darbelnet(1977) distinguished between two major types of modulation.2. also called standard modulation. Reformulation or equivalence 4. because it has to convey the same idea of the source text. Blue ball → boule bleue in French. and free modulation. Bosco (1997) claimed that these techniques are used when the translator cannot translate elements from the source language without adjusting or changing the meaning. According to Zakhir (2008). it is seen as a solution for untranslatability. Modulation 3. the grammatical and stylistic elements of the target language. Oblique translation includes: 1. Also. 1.2. 2.3. Oblique Translation Techniques As for oblique. 16 . Transposition Transposition is to involve changes at the parts speech order when translating. recorded modulation.1. Zakhir (2008) said that this type is used frequently.ﺳﯿﺎرة ﺣﻤﺮاءA beautiful girl → ''ﻓﺘﺎة ﺟﻤﯿﻠﺔ. especially at the grammatical level. Compensation 188.8.131.52.2.
proverbs. and stylistically inappropriate to translate it as. for instance. This process allows the translator to reduce or expand the number of words.3. it is obligatory to keep them as they are.Give the devil his due →اﻋﻂ ﻛﻞ ذي ﺣﻖ ﺣﻘﮫ 2.2. especially in the case of translating idioms. but not to drop crucial information. because it has many possibilities to change the expression of the source language to suit the target language. As Bosco (1997:2) said "It is a shift in cultural environment".2. Equivalence This technique requires the translator to be creative. A hungry man is an angry man→ ﻛﺎد اﻟﻔﻘﺮ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﻔﺮا 1. For example: 1. the translator attempts to make textual materials that are specific to a given language culturally appropriate to another language.3. like father like son → ھﺬا اﻟﺸﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ ذاك اﻷﺳﺪ 17 . it is a ready type to use. or slogans of advertising. Thus. Recorded modulation is usually used in bilingual dictionaries. It is also used to make implicit expressions in the source language explicit in the target language. For example: 1.4. For example: 1. ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻌﺐ أﻻ اﻓﮭﻢ Free modulation is considered to be more practical.3. The elements translated by standard modulation are fixed. translators can change the negative form into the positive form. It is difficult → Ce n'est pas facile 1. Adaptation In this type. For example 1. It is easy to understand→ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﮭﻞ أن اﻓﮭﻢ It does not suit the Arabic language.
successful translation may depend on the translator's command of cultural assumptions in each language in which he or she works. advantages and disadvantages. the translator has to state the reason behind choosing a certain strategy. according to Zakhir (2008).5. However. Louise M.1. Moreover. Finally. 18 . and. Compensation Compensation is a strategy used to replace items that cannot be translated from the source text by others in the target text. Haywood from the University of Cambridge claims (cited in Bosco. 1997:P. that is. and involves replacing items whose roots are in the source language culture with elements that are indigenous to the target language. Cultural transposition is present in all translation as degrees of free textual adaptation departing from maximally literal translation. each one of the above procedures has its own characteristics. Also the cultural gaps between languages should be taken into consideration when adopting any of these procedures in translation. The translator exercises a degree of choice in his or her use of indigenous features. it is allowed to use more than one strategy in one text. thus translators are free to use any one if they see its efficiency in translating a given text.3.2.10) We have to remember that translation is not just a movement between two languages but also between two cultures. these procedures should not be used haphazardly. as a consequence. to express the meaning using different items not available in the source text but have the same sense.
such as biology. The Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology gives the following definition: Science is: 1. Generally speaking." Following the same sense. and the development of the theories to describe the results of these activities. critically tested. (Knowledge obtained from). geology. measuring and experimenting. especially by observing. 2. A particular subject that is studied using scientific methods.1. Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines science as: 1. Miguel & Ramirez (2007:2) define science as "A way of exploring and explaining the natural world using a process designed to reduce the chance of being misled. procedures and 19 . Definition of Science Many definitions have been given to the word science.Part Two: Scientific Translation and Terminology 2. The organized body of knowledge that is derived from such observations and that can be verified or tested by further investigation.1 Scientific Register 2. physics. 2. the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical world. Also. using a scientific method that helps to organize thought. 3.1. The systematic observation of natural events and conditions in order to discover facts about them and to formulate laws and principles based on these facts. science is a word that refers to the organized approach of attaining knowledge. Any specific branch of this general body of knowledge. or astronomy. In addition. systematised and brought under general principles" (Chambers 1993). science is defined by the Chambers Dictionary as "knowledge ascertained by observation and experiment.
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines terminology as: "Special words or expressions used in relation to a particular subject or activity". 2. Scientifically speaking.2.then come into clear. Technical writing and scientific papers are thus impossible without properly using terminological resources. Poem and Prose. Thus scientists use them to dignify their written works. they discriminate it from other registers (literary). art.1. free of subjectivity and personal involvements. cells.1.1. These terms make scientific texts incomprehensible for lay people. the terms or system of terms used in a specific science. it is concerned with the study and use of the systems of symbols and linguistic signs employed for human communication in specialized areas of knowledge and activities. however. and hormones which are specific terms generally used in scientific texts. the systematic study of terms" On the other hand. 2. Terminology is viewed as a structured set of concepts and their labels in a particular subject field. He (1976:15) wrote "Every profession has its growing arsenal of jargon to 20 . etc.. refer mainly to literary texts. Scientific Terminology Scientific terms are not simple words. they are special and complex ones. Scientific terms are the most significant feature in science. Terminology refers to all specific terms and expressions used in a specific register as the terms: endocrine system. it can be considered the infrastructure of specialized knowledge. faithful and reliable results. nomenclature lexicographer's terminology 2. in that William Zinasser (1976) explained that each jargon has its own list of terms which lay people would not understand easily. they are directed to experts of the science.2 Definition of terminology Webster's new world college dictionary defines Terminology as follows: 1.
Definition of Scientific Translation Scientific translation is mainly about translating terms in the fields of science and technology of all kinds. as the world develops. new technology appears. 2.2. medicine. economics. and terminology is expanding and changing daily. computer sciences. 2. it aims at presenting well expressed information.." Furthermore. Scientific translations do not involve literary texts. As Nida (1964) said in this point.fire at the lay man and hurls him back from its walls. and along with them emerge new terms to which finding an equivalent may pose a problem. engineering. He referred to scientific translation as a communicative service. they only deal with texts from the world of electronics. in that it insures that the reader may use this information easily. etc. since scientific translation is regarded as communicative service. automotive engineering. mathematics. properly and effectively. which offers new information for new audience. 21 . which are the author. scientific translation primary goal is to deliver scientific information. chemistry. Its main concern is to ensure delivering information accurately and correctly. geology. medicine. He added also. The Aim of Scientific Translation Byrne (2006) claims that. The scientific translation is considered as one of the most important issues.etc from one language into another (Ghazzala 1995). it is not easy at all to translate scientific terms that emerged in western developed countries languages into a language of third world countries which are still having financial and social problems. it certainly involves three main people. computer science. law.2. the translator and the reader. Ilyas (1989:109) claimed that scientific terminology varies from the regular and literary words since 'they do not accumulate emotional associations and implications'. that may be used easily. chemistry.1.. that it is much more than just rendering source text language and style. physics. The number of technical fields is infinitely large.
He claimed that there are nine requirements that a scientific translator should observe: 1. to be able to fill in the missing links in the original text. Requirements of Scientific Translator Scientific translators are not like other ordinary translators. Broad knowledge of the subject-matter of the text to be translated. Respect for choices made by the author.2. 3. but rather to transfer technology and new invention that may help other countries.that the scientific translator should have: 1. Work suitable for publication. and accurate manner". Constructive questions. 4. 2. 9. 2. 22 .2. This is because scientific translation is not just to transfer ideas or information. 3. There are certain qualifications that they should have in order to accomplish a good translation of scientific texts as well as to deliver the exact information. 6. Understanding of sciences. Following the same sense. Respect for references. Timely exchange of work. Al-Hasnawi (2010) also discriminated six characteristics -taken from the London Institute of Linguistics. According to the biomedical writer Bethany Thivierge (2002:188) "The work of scientific translators is to achieve one primary goal: to write information in a clear. 7. 8. Understanding of languages. Intelligence. A well-developed imagination that enables the translator to visualize the equipment or process being described.2. concise. Familiarity with current practices. 5. Work appropriate for the intended audience.
runs as follows: Translation of scientific terms is considered by Al-Hassnawi (2010) as a real intellectual challenge. to be able to choose the most suitable equivalent term from the literature of the field or from dictionaries. translators should consider this problem before anything else. and mastery of both English and Arabic. intelligence. that the text conforms to target language norms and target audience expectations. Byrne(2006:17) goes further and claimed … The need for translators to conduct research so as to understand not just the text but also the subject while at the same time ensuring. Practical experience in translating from related fields. Esmail Seiny (1985) mentioned that Krollman(1978) stated that terminology is responsible for 40% to 60% of the technical translator's errors. by means of revisions and corrections. Byrne (ibid) also claimed that scientific translator is communicating via the translated texts. 5. the translator becomes according to Göpferich (1993) and Amman & Vermeer (1990:27) "the intercultural or cross-cultural scientific writer". The ability to use one's own language with clarity. 4. Consequently. yet a significant one. conciseness and precision 6.3. One of these obstacles. It requires skills. A sense of discrimination. Arabic suffers a serious shortage of vocabulary that covers the fields of technology and science. Moreover.2. in that he should look further than the source text only to get more information from different sources. English-Arabic Scientific Translation Translation of science from English into Arabic poses huge linguistic obstacles. 2. therefore. to ensure an effective target text which serves the communicative purpose. and it takes up to 50% of his 23 .
more fascinating. the most immediately noticeable aspect of a technical text and indeed it gives the text the "fuel" it needs to convey the information". perhaps. The cross- cultural recognized terms do not impose serious translation problems. however. This process aims at finding an equivalent for the source language terms in the target language.e. Thus. Following the same sense. the least interesting feature of the new lexical development. is the evolution of new words for intellectual concepts. hence. Nowadays. the coinage of new scientific vocabulary is seriously required to enrich the Arabic language. Yowell and . These are terms that are of scientific or technical nature just like national organizations which are not restricted to a specific culture or language. 2. The equivalents for this 24 . Beeston (1970: 115) explained the importance of having new terminology for the scientific field as: The need for a large new vocabulary dealing with technological and scientific matters is. these terms do not belong to a specific culture.precious time to set the appropriate terms.3. Terminology in Translation It is undeniable that terminology has a significant role in scientific translations.Lataiwish (2000) pointed out that terminology is considered to have a very crucial part in English- Arabic translation. 2. there are two types of technical terms. scientific translation has become a crucial step towards the acquisition of new technologies and spread of technology all over the world. the Arab world witnesses an important process of transferring new founded western terms.3. i.. and it is a crucial feature in scientific texts.1 Cross-Cultural Recognized Terms Cross-cultural recognized terms are known as universal terms. In this sense. though more elusive. Byrne (2006:03) argued that "Terminology is.
the grammar terms.126) discussed two misconceptions related to scientific translation. Yowell and Lataiwish (ibid. Spaceship→ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﯿﺔ 3. only if such an equivalent is not found then the translator is allowed to invent a new item.2. if the target language is Arabic. For example.3. it is not easy to find their equivalents. no difficulties will arise. the ineffectiveness of processing the search of old Arabic terms and classify it with modern concepts. Besides any old Arabic archaisms can be modernized and given a new concept since the relation between the term and the referent is basically arbitrary. for example and cultural specific terms which pose critical problems in the translation process.4. especially.type are easily achieved since the cultural gap between source language and target language is smaller. However. They argue first. should look for old Arabic archaisms that may be set as an appropriate equivalents for the new foreigner terms. 25 . For that. the plural 'ren' in English grammar means more than one. while اﻟﺠﻤﻊin Arabic grammar means more than two. The security council→ﻣﺠﻠﺲ اﻷﻣﻦ 2.e. AIDS→ﻣﺮض ﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ 2. For example: 1. to be exact equivalents for new foreign terms. Misconceptions in Scientific Translation Yowell and Lataiwish (2000) claimed that terminology could be one of the most serious obstacles that may face translators of scientific texts. some purists demand forcefully that the translators. Cultural Specific Terms This type includes terms that are specific and related only to one language. The first one is mainly concerned with the linguistic nature of the scientific term and the second is related to the nature of the language itself. that it is worthless to waste time and energy looking for old Arabic terms. Thus.. They claim also. 2. before attempting to coin new terms. i.
Transcription Transcription or Arabization is one of the strategies widely used to translate scientific terms by introducing minor phonetic and morphological changes to the foreign term.5. Second. numerous options are available for translators to translate scientific terms into Arabic. this process is not always possible. Strategies of Translating English Technical Terms into Arabic Dealing with terminology requires specific skills in the form of some strategies that are likely to be fruitful and serve the target language. 2. This misconception relates to the nature of language and aims that the translator must not attempt to invent or coin new terms before looking thoroughly for vocabulary of the language. since vocabulary is an open ended component of language .126) added: "The condition for a successful term is that it is accepted by the user of the language and thus it gradually becomes established. Yowell and Lataiwish (ibid. This view sees language as "a reservoir of words" that has ready equivalents for each new foreign term.5. On the other hand. There are several methods of translating scientific terms into Arabic. It 26 . each method differs from the other in the use and the results it produces.The only aspect that should be necessarily considered by the translator is the coinage of new terms that correspond to the phonological and morphological rules of the target language. several Arabic agencies have devoted themselves officially or unofficially to produce new set of terminology for Arabic that may facilitate the translation process when it comes to introduce new terms from the source language. Those techniques will be discussed and "ordered from the poorest to the best" according to Ghazzala's (1995:163) point of view." 2. Yet. they discuss the view that sees language as a product and not a dynamic process.1. In this respect.
for example: 1. Tetra bite→ ﺗﯿﺘﺮاﺑﺎﯾﺖ The problem with transcription is that it does not give the meaning of the word in Arabic. if they use it for ordinary terms that have equivalents in Arabic as shown by the word 'email' usually transcribed as اﻻﻣﯿﻞand for which the phrase اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﻛﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔcan be used. they are just borrowed and shaped in Arabic letters. besides the transcribed terms are not pure Arabic ones.consists of writing the English scientific terms using the Arabic alphabet with no alteration to their pronunciation in the source language. neglecting the significant statue of the Arabic language. it is just an offence to the Arabic language. translators have to use them instead of transcription. Following this line of thought. Mega bite → ﻣﯿﺠﺎﺑﺎﯾﺖ 3. Take the following examples: 1. In fact. Ghazzala (1995) argued that this method should be avoided except in the case where translators could not find equivalent for the term in Arabic language. 2. Computer→ ﺣﺎﺳﺐ 2. Sandwich→ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﯾﺘﺶ Yet. Using transcription neither serves the Arabic language nor enriches its vocabulary. Virus→ ﺟﺮﺛﻮﻣﺔ This method will be considered as a critical problem opposed to translators. For example: 1. because it implies that Arab translators are unable to invent new pure Arabic terms and prefer the easy way to translate scientific terms. if the terms have equivalent in Arabic. Microwave→ ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﯾﻒ. 27 . thus.
) → ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ Naturalization is considered by Ghazzala (1995) better than transcription. To avoid this type of problem. Technology → ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ a. Oxide→اوﻛﺴﯿﺪ a. although it is still not convenient. Naturalization According to Ghazzala (1995). The added affixes are to adjust the terms into the Arabic morphology as is the case of verbs. the basic or the roots of terms remain English even if they are naturalized. in his opinion. Technological (adj. naturalization is the attempt to adopt the English terms to the morphology of Arabic word structure and can be seen as evolution of the transcription method. Biology→ ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ a. Technology→ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ 28 .. Thus it is not pure Arabic.) → ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ b.5.) → ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ 2. taking the scientific English terms and transfer them by using pure Arabic vocabulary. i. gender. Oxidised (adj. Biological (adj. adjectives and adverbs: 1. for example. nouns. the lay reader. This method consists of adding new affixes to the foreign terms leaving their roots unchanged. would not know the meaning of the word ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ. Technologiste (n) → ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ.2. For example: 1. Biologist (n) → ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ b.e.2. Oxidizer (n) → ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ 3. ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ b. would fulfill the appropriate translation of scientific terms and he simply suggested to translate. Ghazzala (1995) supported another method that. This method does not consider meaning.
Studio→ ﻣﺮﺳﻢfrom . Coinage This method aims at presenting new terms in the Arabic language via three main processes.5. 2. For example: 29 . The roots are used for the production of nominal and verbal forms by adding prefixes. In an attempt to get over this obstacle.3. The most used ones are machine-names. translators are likely to come across a situation where they need to be more creative by following certain methods that may ensure the high quality and smoothness of translating scientific terms. Data→ ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎتfrom أﻋﻄﻰ to give 2.1. coining new terms is the only way that ensures the creation of new specialized glossaries for the Arabic language. Derivation Baker (1987) said that the Arabic language is usually referred to as the language of derivation. suffixes. She explained that the Arabic language word root system is built up on three fundamental consonant roots. Ghazzala (1995) suggested that coinage is the best method for translating scientific terms. As for Baker (1987). For example: 1.3. each one holds a given meaning. Thus. ﯾﺮﺳﻢto paint According to Ghazzala (1995) derivation is based on measurements. it aims at using certain measures found in the Arabic language to derive new terms. 3.5. Biology→ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺣﯿﺎء According to Baker (1987) transcription and naturalization have not received acceptance from the language purists because they threaten the identity of Arabic. 2. Factory→ ﻣﺼﻨﻊfrom ﺻﻨﻊto manufacture 4. Generator→ ﻣﻮﻟﺪfrom ﯾﻮﻟﺪto generate. infixes and vowels. 2.
Ghazzala (1995) argued that derivation is still a restricted way because it cannot be applied to all the terms as some of them would not accept measures. they already exist but in different forms. Refrigerator→ﺛﻼﺟﺔ b. it is favoured by academics since it does not affect the identity of the Arabic language and the derivation process is based on pure Arabic vocabulary roots. Mixer→ﺧﻼﻃﮫ 4ﻣﻔﻌﺎل a. For example: 30 . 2. used to derive that term.3. Laboratory→ﻣﺨﺒﺮ b. Iron→ﻣﻜﻮاة Baker (1987) supported this method and claimed that it makes understanding of the meaning of terms easier for the readers since they are inherited from the root. the derived terms are not new to the vocabulary. Grease box→ﻣﺸﺤﻤﺔ b. 1.ﻣﻔﻌﻞ a. Butchery→ ﻣﺠﺰرة 3. Drill→ﻣﺜﻘﺎب b.ﻣﻔﻌﻠﺔ a. In other words. Baker (1987) said that this method uses Arabic lexicon instead of trying to introduce new concepts that may take time to be adopted.ﻣﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ a.2 Revival Revival attempts to put back into use old Arabic words that were used but fade away with the time and assigns them new meanings.5. Anchorage→ﻣﺮﺳﻲ 2. which is already familiar. Furthermore. On the other hand.
however. Environment→ ﺑﯿﺌﺔoriginally used to mean domicile 4. it is still not easy to look for old Arabic words. by any means available. there have been great efforts to bring new technical terms into Arabic. 2. Computer programming→ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ 2. Phonetics→ﻋﻠﻢ اﻷﺻﻮات 5. word processing→ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت 6. yet these methods should not threaten the Arabic identity. Translators should consider the linguistic differences between English and Arabic. This method according to Baker (1987) enjoys much acceptance.5. 31 . Software→ﺑﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت 3. Newspaper→ ﺟﺮﯾﺪةoriginally used to mean the small palm stick was used to write on Revival has proved its efficiency. Train→ ﻗﻄﺎرoriginally used to mean a line of camels 2. Using this method is not always successful because some of the attempts to revive archaic words did not suit modern Arabic vocabulary.4 Neologisms Neologisms aim at introducing new terms and concepts into the Arabic language by translating the meaning. Psychoanalysis→اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺴﻲ Finally. for that they need to coin terms that are linguistically suitable to Arabic. it consumes time and effort and cannot be applied to cover all new introduced terms in the field of science. For example: 1. they were "a subject of much ridicule" (Baker. Car→ ﺳﯿﺎرةoriginally used to mean the night travellers 3. 1. 1987:186). Hardware→أﺟﮭﺰة 4.
Arabic Language and Challenges for Translating English Computer Terms When computer products are developed in western countries and distributed in Arabic speaking countries. religious texts. therefore. Al-Hassnawi (2010:P. The following table highlights some of the inherent differences in language structure that the linguist must overcome when translating scientific or technical content from English into Arabic. they carry with them new terms that may have no equivalents in Arabic. Basically. Basic linguistic differences between English and Arabic can make translation challenging in technical and scientific work.6. many technical terms have been introduced into Arabic through transliteration or coining. Very little modern scientific or technical writing has originated in Arabic. When new computer software develops. this challenge will decrease. For instance. Translation involving computer terminology is considered a huge challenge for the Arabs.6) sets linguistic differences that exist between English and Arabic as illustrated bellow: 32 . linguistic issues concerning language development must be considered. and poetry. creating a shortage of equivalent terminology. as more and more technical content is translated into Arabic. Arabic is a language that has developed primarily through literature." While it is not easy to express computing terms in Arabic. Over time.2. the translator needs to use pure Arabic terms that can accurately express the exact meanings of the source language terms. This phenomenon makes it challenging to find standards for technical terms commonly used in English. "calculate" and "calculator" are ambiguous as are "compute" and "computer.
. . . .Does not use vocalization. . to adjectives.It has no diglossia.Uses many compound lexical structures. registers.Diglossia exists.Words are composite.Flexible word order.Very few inflections . etc.Punctuation has a bearing on the interpretation . .Few vowel sounds used mainly in vocalization. English Arabic . . under. .Narrow range of gender distinction. after. .Uses abbreviations. implication e. on the of texts. .A part from such suffixes as (-ling and -ette) . . .Adverbs are mostly formed by the affixation of (ly) English prepositions such as before. . .Only few grammatical items are compound.Archaic expressions are almost outdated. Nativity…. terminology that may cover all fields. formulae. sounds.Vocalization has a semantic function.Does not use any form of capitalization. formulae. acronyms. .Metaphor and other forms of figurative language language are reserved for poetic use of language and are very much frequent even in certain related fields. . . .There are about twenty configurations of vowel .Wide range of gender distinction. and . Table 1: English vs. .There is no dative or dual. . Modern Standard Arabic.Punctuation has little bearing. Arabic 33 . there is no paradigmatic diminutive in English. behind.Rigid word order. over.Uses few compound lexical structures.Scientific and technical terminology covers all .Highly inflectional.Metaphor and other forms of figurative . .Shortage of scientific and technical relevant fields. and between are adverbs in Arabic. .There is no clear-cut tense aspect distinction. . below.g. The majority of grammatical items are compound. . .Pharyngeal and glottal sounds are among the except in the aspirated (H) and the colloquial standard phonemes in Arabic. .Contains dative and dual.There are no pharyngeal or glottal sounds . if any. . interpretation of texts.Words are paradigmatic.There is clear-cut tense-aspect distinction.Archaic expressions are still in use. glottal stop. . above. Mosaic.Capitalization is sometimes used for semantic . .Adverbs are formed by prepositional premodification of nouns and adjectives.Rarely uses abbreviations.Paradigmatic diminutive exists. and clichés. acronyms.
For that. and it is in a great need of introducing terms that serve Arabic vocabulary. which may help in choosing the appropriate translation technique in order to ensure the accurate rendering of the English terms. and he should bear in mind that. As for English language it belongs to Germanic languages while Arabic language belongs to Semitic. the translator should acquire a mastery of the two languages and a wide background knowledge. while English language is considered by AL-Hassnawi a highly sophisticated technological language. Conclusion The aim of this chapter was to review some aspects concerning translation and scientific translation. Both of the languages belong to different language families. 34 . this chapter showed how terminology is considered to be a serious obstacle in translation scientific terms from English language into Arabic. Al-Hassnawi deduced from this comparison. that Arabic language suffers a serious shortage of technical and scientific terminology. It presented first the numerous translation strategies that are involved in translation process. scientific translation is not just about translating information. and most of the language features. The above table shows that the differences that exist between Arabic and English play a significant role in scientific translation. ultimately this leads to plenty of differences concerning vocabulary and grammar. Second it attempted to discuss the several issues concerning scientific translation. which yielded that translating scientific and technical terms is not a simple task for the translator. but rather ensure that this information can be used easily by the reader.
The sentences included were carefully and deliberately chosen to ensure that each contains at 35 . 2009-2010) at the Department of English. The Choice of Population The participants in this study were third year students of English (L. The test is in the form of a translation exercise which consists of fifteen short simple sentences taken from different texts from "Computer Basis for Idiots" (Joe Kraynak. The aim is to uncover the students' translation deficiencies as far as computer terms are concerned and to highlight the terminological problems they encounter in translating English computer terms into Arabic . are likely to have a fairly good command of English. Faculty of letters and Languages. Description of the Test The research tool used in this study is test. Analysis.3. which was collected from (30) students written translation production of the test. therefore.D.2003). 2. The Corpus The corpus that was taken into consideration in this study was in written form.Chapter Two: Data collection.2. About 30 students have been chosen randomly from the total population to take part in this study.M. This is attempted through the analysis of the data generated by the research tool. 2. and Results Introduction The main concern of this chapter is to confirm or refute the hypothesis underlying this study which hypothesises that the difficulties students face when translating scientific texts may be accounted for by their ignorance of the importance of adopting the appropriate method that ensures a high quality translation. The choice of this population was motivated by the fact that the participants have been studying English for three years and.1. ESP and translation. They are also supposed to have no problems in translating scientific terms from English into Arabic because the course they follow includes two teaching units. 2.
4. method used to translate it. The mistranslated terms will be classified in tabular formats each of which shows the rate of the mistake in the form of percentages. Administration of the Test The test was administrated to the informants by their teacher. Analysis Procedure The outcomes of this research will help examine the students' translation of computer terms to see the terminological problems they encounter when translating an English source text into an Arabic target text. 2. 2.5. The test was done as homework because the teacher is aware of the students' translation competence and has concluded that if it were taken in class. · The total number of the terms to be translated was about twenty-five (25) terms. number of its occurrences. and a suggested translation. 36 . · The suggested translation will be the standard on the basis of which the informants' mistakes are evaluated. The reason behind choosing sentences rather than a text is to avoid all others areas of difficulty which may arise as a result of a text textuality and to ensure a great amount of terms from different fields of the computer. probably no one could manage to translate the computer terms embedded in each sentence. In order not to influence them. The following procedures were used in order to analyze the mistakes and problems the students faced during translation: · The identification of the translation mistakes made by the students was based on the method they preferred to use.least one computer term. the researcher chose not to inform the informants of the aim of the test. · The translation deviations will be classified in tables according to the translation method used by the informants.
1. The translations differ from one student to another. Among the 27 participants. · Sentence one: "Home page is the first page retrieved when accessing a Web site. which means that only 27 samples were analyzed. which leads to more than one suggested translation. The following tables illustrate the students' translations. two did not attempt to translate it." Not all the participants translated the first sentence. not all of them translated all the sentences. The tables below give more details. alteration or correction. when referred to in the present study.11% Total 27 100% Table 2: Translation of the First Term Homepage From the above table. However. Analysis of the participants' Translations All the students responded to the test except three who did not hand back their work. each one has been translated using more than one method. but sometimes similar ones are found.1. As it is shown in the above 37 .6. their frequency of occurrence.2. The sentence contains two computer terms.6.77% 2-ﺻﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ 2 7.70% No equivalents 3 11. Term one: Homepage The English Suggested frequency of Percentage The method term Translations Occurrences used % 1-Homepage 1-اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ 21 77. The Analysis of the Results 2.40% Neologisms 3.اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ 1 3. The tables also indicate that the respondents' answers. are reported without any modification. it seems that most of the participants have no problem in translating the term "Homepage" using only Arabic vocabulary. and the number of the students who participated in the translation.
The first suggestion "اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔseems to be the closest correct equivalent for "Homepage". whereas. The analysis of these translations reveals that most of the participants used neologisms in order to render the term into Arabic. The analysis reveals seven suggestions.70%. 2.22% 1-Transcription only for ﻣﻮﻗﻊ 7 25.40% Total 27 100% Table 3: Translation of the Second Term website The above table shows that the majority of the participants translated the term "website" using different methods.table.70% ﻣﻮﻗﻊ وﯾﺐ 2 7. they succeeded to use pure Arabic terms rather than transcription.40% ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ 2 7.40% No equivalent 2 7. therefore.51% 2-neologisms for the whole item اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﯿﺖ 2 7. Some of the participants treated the term 'website' as if composed of two separate items. This type of translation occurred six (6) times 38 . The terms consists of two items "web" and "site". with a percentage of 7. the second occurred only twice (2). there are three suggested translations. each was translated with the available equivalent found in Arabic. others translated it according to the transcription method using only one word as " اﻟﻮابwhich has no specific Arabic meaning. However.40%. Term Two: Website The English Suggested Frequency of Percentage The method used term Translations Occurrences % 2-website اﻟﻮاب 6 22. The first one occurred 21 times with 77.40% ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ 1 3. three participants did not translate it. the third one occurred only once with a percentage of 3.77% of the total percentage.92% the word "web" ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ 5 18.
The term ' 'ﻣﻮﻗﻊwas also used separately.92% speeds 2-ﺳﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ 7 25.with a percentage of 22. a method which favours the use of neologisms.70% 5-اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻌﺔ 1 3.92% 4-ﺳﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻞ 1 3.92% neologisms 3-ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل 7 25. The other suggestions ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲis not suitable because the term اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲwas not in the source text. The first. Term One: Connection speeds The English term Suggested Frequency of Percentage The method Translations Occurrences (%) used 1-Connection 1-ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﯿﺖ 7 25. the same thing for the word اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﯿﺖ. "connection speeds" and "kilobits".40% No equivalents 0 0% Total 27 100% Table 4: Translation of the Term connection speeds As it is shown in the above table most of the students used the method neologisms to translate "connection speeds".22%.70% 6-ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ 2 7. This sentence contains two computing terms. · Sentence two: "Connection speeds are measured in kilobits per second.40% 7-ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ذاﻛﺮة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ 2 7. As for ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔand ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ. It was translated using pure Arabic words. it is the closest equivalent for the word "site". they can be considered as appropriate since they were translated using pure Arabic items. The two items have been translated as a whole only two time as ﻣﻮﻗﻊ وﯾﺐ. The results of the analysis revealed seven suggestions for the term. Although it does not convey the meaning of the term as a whole in English. second and third have the same 39 ." All of the participants translated the second sentence. 3.
the sixth and the seventh occurred with percentage of 7. The term consists of two items "connection" and "speed". the same thing applies to the fifth suggestion ""اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻌﺔ.92%.40%.percentage 25.70%. The fourth suggestion " "ﺳﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻮﺻﻞand the sixth suggestion " "ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺮﺑﻂcould be acceptable because the terms " "اﻟﻮﺻﻞand " "اﻟﺮﺑﻂhave the meaning of "to connect". the term " "اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻتrefers to the meaning of the word "calls" in English language. the fourth and the fifth have a percentage of 3. because the term " "اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞcarries the meaning of the word "to deliver" or "delivering". The second one " "ﺳﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞalso cannot be considered as a closest equivalent for "connection speeds". most of the suggestions were emphasised the term "connection". the latter was given the same equivalent by all the participants ""ﺳﺮﻋﺔ or " " "ﺳﺮﻋﺎتin plural. 40 . The term " "اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻌﺔis an adjective whereas in the source text it is a plural noun. This suggestion is a translation of terms that did not exist in the source language which are " . whereas. The last suggestion " ﺳﺮﻋﺔ "ذاﻛﺮة اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮcannot be accepted as an equivalent for "connection speeds" because it is a translation for another term which did not occur in the source text "computer memory speed". However."ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﯿﺖhence it carries the implied meaning or idea of "connection speeds" which was about internet connection. The third one " "ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎلalso refers to another meaning which is "speed communication" which is not acceptable as a translation for "connection speeds". The first suggestion ""ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﯿﺖ cannot be considered as an equivalent since it does not include the translation of "connection".
41 . · Sentence three: "Many businesses that offer wireless internet connectivity advertise as hotspots. The word "bit" means a unit of information in a computer that must be either 0 or 1. These terms have been analyzed in the participants' translations as the tables illustrate.37% of the participants translated the third sentence. "wireless" and "internet". it was rewritten in Arabic alphabet. This type of translation introduces no meaning for the word. However the term "kilobits" is a unit of measurement for computer memory. This sentence contains two computer terms. it consists of two items "kilo" and "bit".4. Term Two: Kilobits The English Suggested Frequency of Percentage The method term Translations Occurrences (%) used 2-Kilobits 1-ﻛﯿﻠﻮﺑﺎﯾﺖ 27 100% Transcription No equivalents 0 0% Total 27 100% Table 5: Translation of the Term kilobits As it is shown in the above table. and indeed the research for "kilobits" equivalent in Arabic revealed no available items which can be used as equivalent in Arabic language and which may carry an approximate meaning. it yields one suggestion only. Therefore. This may be due to the fact that it does not yet have an equivalent in Arabic vocabulary." 70. all the participants translated the term "kilobits" using one method which is transcription.
5.66% No equivalents 9 33.33% did not translate at all. The term "wireless" consists also of two items "wire" and "less".62% transcription Total 27 100% Table 7: Translation of the Term Internet 42 . thus. using pure Arabic vocabulary. while the rest 33..e. 6. in Arabic one can discriminate between two items " "ﺳﻠﻜﻲwhich is equivalent to "wire" and " "ﻻas an equivalent for "less" which is the only accepted translation. this was taken into consideration while translating the term. Term One: Wireless The English Suggested Frequency of Percentage The method term Translations Occurrences (%) used 1-Wireless 1-اﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻲ 18 66. which is clear that more than half of the students attempted to translate it. The method used was neologism.66 %.37% No equivalents 8 29. i.33% neologisms Total 27 100% Table 6: Translation of the Term wireless As the above table shows the term "wireless" was translated 18 times with a percentage of 66. Term Two: Internet The English Suggested Frequency of Percentage The method term Translations Occurrences (%) used 2-Internet 1-اﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﯿﺖ 19 70.
م. The term "internet" is defined as a large system of connected computers around the world.11% 2-Neologisms 4-ال.29%.37% of the participants attempted to translate the term "internet" and all of them used the transcription method.URL (Uniform 1-اﻟﻤﺼﺪر 2 7. 7. From the above table one can see that 70.70% No equivalents 3 11. the participants failed to provide an adequate equivalent for this term which should be in pure Arabic vocabulary and carries its meaning in the source language.70% 6. This is the only satisfactory translation so far." The fourth sentence had the highest rate of participation. with a percentage of 96.ال ﯾﻮ 3 11.11% Total 27 100% Table 8: Translation of the Term URL (Uniform Resource Locators) 43 . · Sentence four: "Web pages addresses are formally called URL (Uniform resource locators).م 3 11. it is a worldwide network of connected computers. Term: URL (Uniform Resources Locators) The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage The method of (%) used Occurrence 1. Therefore one can translated it as اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﯿﺔ.ار. the analysis of the given translations of this term is illustrated in the table below.85% 1-Transcription Locators) 3-م ﻣﺤﺮر اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ.ﻣﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ 1 3. This translation is an acceptable one since it carries the meaning of the term.40% Resource 2-URL 14 51. The sentence contains one computer term "URL (Uniform Resources Locators)".11% 5-ﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ 1 3.
The third suggestion "م ﻣﺤﺮر اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ. the intended meaning in both suggestions is not achieved. an abbreviation and three words.85% shows that more than half of the students failed to translate it appropriately. To starting with.74%. · Sentence five: "Click the outlook express icon on the windows desktop or in the quick launch toolbar. 44 . the translation of the fifth suggestion.85%. The same thing applies to the sixth suggestion. no item was missing from the suggested translations and only Arabic vocabulary was used. They provided six suggestions and they used two methods. transcription and neologism." Less than half of the participants attempted to translate the fifth sentence. the term was translated by 24 participants from the total number. the second 51. Also. However. This one includes the highest number of computer terms. could be the nearest equivalent. and finally the fifth and the sixth 3.70%. in fact. the third and the fourth 11. The term consists of four items. "ال ﯾﻮis considered as inappropriate translation because it still has the source language pronunciation and it does not denote any meaning in Arabic. "مcan be accepted as an adequate translation. the fourth suggestion "ال. it carries the meaning of the source language term.ار.م. it is not an exact equivalent for the English expression. Compared to other sentences. with a percentage of 40. ""ﻣﺤﻼت اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻮﺣﺪ. it contains five terms that will be analyzed in the following tables. The first suggestion has a ratio of 7. it cannot be considered as a translation at all because the term is still in English and the participants used it in Arabic. However. the lowest participation so far. The second one "URL" used by the majority with a total percentage of 51. ""ﻣﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ.40%. the first suggestion " "اﻟﻤﺼﺪرcan be considered as an equivalent for the first suggested term since it is a translation of only one item.11%. As it is shown in the above table.
Term One: Click The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 1-Click 1-اﺿﻐﻂ 11 40. the second suggestion seems to be the nearest equivalent to the term "click".14% did not translate it at all. As for the first one ""اﺿﻐﻂ. The rest of the participants with a percentage of 48.14% Total 27 100% Table 9: Translation of the Term Click The above table shows that the term 'Click' was translated by 14 participants who provided two different translations using the same method. 45 . "neologism". however.8. whereas? " "اﻧﻘﺮis just to press something very briefly. it carries the meaning of "press" in English. Of the total number of the suggested translations only one could be the nearest equivalent for the term "click". Therefore. The term was translated using only pure Arabic words.74% of the total participants translated the term as ""اﺿﻐﻂ.11% Neologisms No equivalents 13 48.74% 2-اﻧﻘﺮ 3 11.11% translate it as ""اﻧﻘﺮ. 11. it is to push something firmly using the fingers. 40.
Therefore. The second translation is " ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻘﻞ "اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ. The first suggestion ""اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ is not suitable to be accepted as a translation. transcription and neologisms.9. Term Two: Outlook Express The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 2-Outlook express 1- اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊoutlook 1 3. it does not carry any sense in Arabic at all.18% Total 27 100% Table 10: Translation of the Term Outlook Express It seems evident from the above table that only four (4) participants attempted to translate the term "Outlook Express".70% No equivalents 23 85. The third suggestion " "اﻻﺗﻮﻟﻮكis a mere transcription of the term.70% 1-neologisms 2-ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ 1 3. the participants translated only one item ""اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ and kept the second item "Outlook" in English as it is.70% 4-اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة 1 3. The participants used two methods. The reason behind giving it to be translated is to test the participants' ability and awareness of the internet terminology. The term "Outlook Express" is used for free online mail. The same thing applies to the fourth suggestion ""اﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮة. 46 . Here the participants tried to provide pure Arabic translations for the term. However. it is primarily a name of a company that offers a free emailing via the net. their suggestions were not successful because they do not carry the meaning of the English expression. This is a pure mistranslation of the term because the participants understood the term as expressing an idea. Each one provided a different equivalent for the term. it cannot be given an equivalent in Arabic language.70% 2-Transcription 3-اﻻﺗﻮﻟﻮك 1 3.
Term Three: Windows The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 3. the majority of the participants (85.10.66%) made no translation attempt for the term "Windows" and those who translated it (29. This suggestion is successful as it uses a pure Arabic term and which is the closest equivalent for "windows". The suggested translation is ""اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺪة.70% Neologisms No equivalents 23 85.62% Neologisms No equivalents 18 66.Desktop 1-ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺐ 3 11.18% Total 27 100% Table 12: Translation of the Term Desktop As it is shown in the above table. To put differently.18%) failed to give an equivalent for the term "desktop". three (3) participants were able to grasp the meaning of the English 47 . Term Four: Desktop The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 4.62%) had no problems in finding the exact equivalent using one method which is neologism. 11.Windows 1-Windows 1 3. while the rest provided two suggested translation.70% 2-اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺪة 8 29.11% 2-ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻘﺮاءة 1 3.66% Total 27 100% Table 11: Translation of the Term Windows Most of the participants (66.
the first one rendered the term "toolbar" into ""ﺷﺮﯾﻂ. it is the nearest equivalent to the English term. On the other hand. 12. the second suggestion " "ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻘﺮاءةis not a very successful translation. The term "desktop" is specific to computing lexicography.59% Total 27 100% Table 13: Translation of the Term Toolbar The table above shows that only two students managed to provide equivalents for the term.expression and ended up with a successful Arabic translation as it illustrated in the table. "desktop" is the view in computer screen which is intended to represent the top of a desk which contains certain icons.70% 2-ﺷﺮﯾﻂ اﻷدوات 1 3. so one participant from the total sample succeeded to provide an equivalent for the term.70% Neologisms No equivalents 25 92. 48 .59%) failed to translate it. Toolbar is a window that contains a range of icons that access tools. since it does not carry the meaning of the English expression. Each one from the two participants provided one suggested translation. while the rest (92. it carries the meaning and it is a pure Arabic vocabulary. Both of them used neologism as a method of translation. while the second one translated it as ""ﺷﺮﯾﻂ اﻷدوات. Term Five: Toolbar The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 5-Toolbar 1-ﺷﺮﯾﻂ 1 3. but it has the meaning of "reading desk". The second suggestion is a successful one.
40% 9-ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻت 2 7.· Sentence six: "Enter information for a different e-mail account.70% No equivalents 2 7.70% 3-اﯾﻤﺎﯾﻞ 4 14.11% succeeded to convey the required meaning of the English term because it is a complete translation of the term. There is only one computer term in this sentence which is "Email account"." Most of the participants (88. The table below shows the participation concerning translating this term 13. only the fourth one ""ﺣﺴﺎب ﺑﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ.70% 8-رﺻﯿﺪ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻت 2 7.70% 1-neologisms 6-ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ 1 3.Email 1 3.11% 5-ﻋﻠﺒﺘﻚ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪﯾﺔ 1 3. From the ten suggestions.33% 2-اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ 1 3. Unlike the first suggestion " "ﺑﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲwhich had the 49 . neologisms and transcription. and they used two methods in their translation.81% 4-ﺣﺴﺎب ﺑﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ 3 11. Term: Email Account The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 1-Email account 1-ﺑﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ 9 33. which occurred three times with a percentage of 11.40% 10.40% Total 27 100% Table 14: Translation of the Term Email Account The above table shows that the participants provided ten (10) suggested translations.88%) attempted to translate the sixth sentence.70% 2-transcription 7-ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت 1 3. The term consists of two items.
85. The analysis of the participants' translations revealed nine different suggested translations. they used one method which is neologism. there is one item missing which is "account". but it is not a complete translation. The rest of the suggestions are not close enough to be accepted as equivalents for the English term because either the rendering is not correct.18% of the respondents translated the seventh sentence. ""ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻت. This suggestion is a correct equivalent. as in ""اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﻊ. The third suggestion " "اﯾﻤﺎﯾﻞoccurred four times with a percentage of 14. type your screen name.33% among the ten suggestions.81%. This sentence contains one computing term "screen name box". ""ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ." To start with. · Sentence Seven: "Click the screen name box.highest percentage of occurrences 33. ""ﻋﻠﺒﺘﻚ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪﯾﺔ. like translating items did not exist in the source language. or it is not complete as in ""رﺻﯿﺪ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻻت. the term is still as it is in the source language. 50 . The last suggestion "email" cannot be accepted as an equivalent because it is not a rendering. The term was transcribed and thereby carries no meaning in Arabic for it cannot be accepted as a translation. the term consists of three items. and then click the password box and type your password.
81% Total 27 100% Table 15: Translation of the Term Screen name box The suggested translations have different ratios of occurrence. Starting with the first suggestion ""ﺻﻨﺪوق اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ.اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ 1 3.81% 9. The participants attempted to translate the components of the term separately which ended up with meaningless rendering of the term. 51 . the fifth suggestion" ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﺳﻢ "اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ.Screen 1-ﺻﻨﺪوق اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ 9 33.70% 7-اﻻﺳﻢ 1 3.33% name box 2-اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ 1 3. The third and the eighth occurred with a percentage of 14. The same thing applies to the third suggestion ""ﺧﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ.70% 8-ﺧﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺎر 4 14.70. seventh and ninth had a ratio of 3.14. sixth. and the sixth ""ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ. The first one has the highest ratio with a percentage of 33.81% 4-اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ اﺳﻤﮭﺎ 1 3. fifth. the fourth suggestion" "اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ اﺳﻤﮭﺎ. Term: Screen name box The English Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method term of used Occurrences 1. The rest of the suggestions are acceptable translations of the term with the second one " " اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔbeing the closest equivalent as it carries the meaning of the English term.70% No equivalents 4 14.70% 3-ﺧﺎﻧﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ 4 14.81%. it is only a translation of one item which is "name". The seventh " "اﻻﺳﻢis not a full translation of the term.33% while the second and the fourth. Each one occurred only once.70% 5-ﻣﺮﺑﻊ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ 1 3. it is clear that this is a literary translation.70% Neologisms 6-ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺷﺎﺷﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ 1 3.
While the rest attempted to translate it using neologism as a method. The sentence contains one computing term "signed in".33%. it has the source term meaning rendered into the target one.70%.07% of the participants translated it.62% 3-ﻛﻤﺸﺘﺮك 1 3. click I am available and click invisible. Eventually. they provided four suggestions. Only the first suggestion could be accepted as a closest equivalent.70% No equivalents 8 29. the rest of translations are not appropriate since they carry a different meaning.Signed in 1-ﻣﺴﺠﻼ دﺧﻮﻟﻚ 9 33. Term: Signed in The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 1. The participants came out with four suggested translations as it is shown in the table below.62%.62% Total 27 100% Table 16: Translation of the Term Signed in It is evident that eight participants failed to give an equivalent for the English term.· Sentence Eight: "To remain signed in but hidden. Whereas. 52 .70% Neologisms 4-ﻟﻚ رﻣﺰا 1 3.33% 2-اﺗﺼﺎل 8 29. 15. the first one has the highest ratio of occurrence with a percentage of 33. the second with a ratio of 29. and the third and the fourth have the same percentage 3." The analysis of this sentence shows that 74.
ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ 7 25.اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻻﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ 1 3. succeeded to convey the required meaning and it is translated using pure Arabic terms. not all of the nine suggestions come close to convey the meaning of the English term.70% 8-اﻟﺰر اﻻﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﻜﻲ ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل 1 3.92%) among the other suggestions. four." 92.92% Naturalization 4.with the highest percentage of occurrences (25. Only the third suggestion " "ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل اﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ.70% 6-اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻞ اﻻﻟﻲ 1 3.70% Neologisms 5-ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﻻﻟﻲ 1 3.81% Total 27 100% Table 17: Translation of the Term Auto sign in option As the analysis reveals.70% 7-اﻟﺪﺧﻮل اﻻﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﯿﻜﻲ 1 3. Term: Auto sign in option The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage The method of (%) used Occurrences 1. naturalization and neologisms.auto sign in 1-ﺧﯿﺎرات اﻟﺘﺴﺠﯿﻞ 3 11. The analysis revealed nine different suggested translations as it is shown in the below table.11% option 2- رﻣﺰauto 2 7.70% 9-اﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﯿﺎر 5 18. Some of the suggested translations which kept some items of the source term as they are pronounced in the source language as in suggestions two. The term was translated using different methods: transcription. 16.59% of the participants translated the ninth sentence which includes one computer term. seven and eight the English term "auto" did not 53 .· Sentence Nine: "You can also click the Auto sign in option.51% No equivalents 4 14.40% Transcription 3.
" Except for one participant. fourth and seventh occurred with ratio of 3. The first suggestion "" اﻟﻤﺎﺳﻨﺠﺮis a transcription of the English term.Messenger 2 7.ﻣﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ 1 3.40% and finally the sixth 11. whereas the third one had a ratio of 18. The first one has a percentage of 44.11%. therefore. it does not convey the meaning of 54 .70% for each. all the students translated the tenth sentence.70% 3-اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ 5 18. the fifth 7.44% 2-أﻟﺴﺎع 1 3.70% No equivalents 0 0% Total 27 100% Table 18: Translation of the Term Messenger The participants provided seven suggested translations.70% Transcription 5.11% 7. point to Yahoo! chat and join a room. Term: Messenger The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 1.change in the translation process they were merely transcribed and . · Sentence Ten: "Open the messenger menu. The analysis reveals different suggested translation as the tables show. The sentence includes two computing terms "Messenger" and "Yahoo chat".44%. the second. did not succeed to give the meaning of the English term. 17. The terms were translated using two methods transcription and neologisms.51%.51% Neologisms 4-اﻟﺮاﺳﻞ 1 3.Messenger 1-اﻟﻤﺎﺳﻨﺠﺮ 12 44.40% 6-اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻞ 3 11.
the term and. Term: Yahoo Chat The English term Suggested Translations Frequency Percentage (%) The method used of Occurrences 2. The fifth suggestion "Messenger" is not a translation at all of the English term. The third suggested translation " "اﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞcan be accepted as an equivalent because it refers to "letters" or "mails" which does not exist in the source language.yahoo chat 1-ﯾﺎھﻮ ﺗﺤﺪث 7 25. The sixth suggested translation " "اﻟﻤﺮاﺳﻞwas also not successful to convey the source term meaning.11% 3-ﯾﺎھﻮ دردش 9 33.33% Neologisms 4. Most of the participants' suggestions 55 . 18. It is in Arabic and it carries the exact meaning of the English term which the one who delivers messages. the English term was used but written using Arabic letters and therefore is can be considered as a translation.70% No equivalents 0 0% Total 27 100% Table 19: Translation of the Term Yahoo Chat The table above shows that all of the participants attempted to translate "yahoo chat" into Arabic and thus eight translations were provided.70% 8-ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺤﺎدﺛﺔ 1 3.81% Transcription 5-ﯾﺎھﻮ ﻣﺤﺎدﺛﺔ 3 11.70% 7-دردﺷﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﯿﺔ 1 3.Yahoo 4 14. it rather refers to "the correspondent". is not an appropriate translation.11% 6-ﯾﺎھﻮ راﺳﻞ 1 3. Fourth suggestion " "اﻟﺮاﺳﻞrefers to the "sender" of the message.92% 2-ﯾﺎھﻮ ﺗﻜﻠﻢ 3 11. The second one " "أﻟﺴﺎعwhich has been suggested by one participant is adequately rendered. therefore.
11%. only three students from the total sample succeeded to set the right equivalent.e. hence. The one that could the closest equivalent is the fifth one " "ﯾﺎھﻮ ﻣﺤﺎدﺛﺔwith a percentage of occurrence 11. however.succeeded to convey the required meaning. On the other hand "chat" has many suggested translations as it is shown in the above table. The results revealed that all the participants transcribed it into Arabic letters.85%) attempt to translate the eleventh sentence. no equivalent is yet available in Arabic language for it. only one could be the closest equivalent. neologisms and transcription." Half of the population sample (51. i. Also the sixth suggestion " "ﯾﺎھﻮ راﺳﻞis not a correct rendering of the term because the word "chat" is translated as "send" in Arabic. Furthermore. The analysis of the term translation is illustrated in the below table 56 . · Sentence Eleven: "You can subscribe to mailing lists and newsletters on the web to have news emailed to you. in this sentence there is one computer term which is "emailed".. the first item is a name of a company that offers free chatting and mailing via the net. To start with the term consists of two items "yahoo" and "chat". the analysis shows that four participants put the term "yahoo" as translation which is not accepted as a rendering at all. it was translated using two methods.
70% 5-ﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﻟﻚ 1 3.19.40% 4-ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻻﻣﯿﻼت 1 3.70% اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ 2 7. the word 57 . fifth. The first suggestion " "ﺗﺮﺳﻞand the fifth suggestion " "ﺗﺒﻌﺚ ﻟﻚare in pure Arabic terms. Term: Emailed The English The Suggested Total Percentage of The method term Translations Number of Translation (%) used Occurrences 1.ﺗﺮﺳﻞ إﻟﯿﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ 1 3. even though both of them can not be accepted as an equivalent for the English term. since the English term is transcribed and naturalized as ""اﻻﻣﯿﻼت.66% No equivalents Total 27 100% Table 20: Translation of the Term Emailed 66. Whereas the third suggestion " "ﺗﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﯿﻚ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮwhich is provided by only one participant.70% 7-ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﯾﺪ 18 66.66% of the participants did not translate the term.Emailed 1-ﺗﺮﺳﻞ 1 3. while the English term aims at sending mails via the net. this translation conveyed the meaning.40% Transcription 3.ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ اﻻﺧﺒﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ 1 3. The rest came out with seven different suggestions. while the second and the fourth occurred twice for each. and left as blank.70% 6. sixth and seventh suggestions occurred only one time. and it is in pure Arabic words. The last suggestion " "ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﯾﺪis a mistranslation of the English term. The same thing for the second suggestion " "اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰit does not convey the total sense of the source term. both of translation carries only the meaning of "send". The first. Also the sixth suggestion " "ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ اﻻﺧﺒﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻻﻛﺘﺮوﻧﻲThe fourth suggestion " ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ "اﻻﻣﯿﻼتis not a successful attempt. third. Since they do not carry the whole meaning of it. is an adequate rendering of the English term.70% Neologisms 2-اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ 2 7.
also the source term is a verb whereas this suggestion is a noun. thus it carries no meaning even if it is in Arabic alphabet. the participants provided two suggested translations. Only seven participants attempted to translate the term.03%.11% 2. no rendering was introduced.07% Total 27 100% Table 21: Translation of the Term Blog As it is shown in the above table." "ﺟﺪﯾﺪdid not exist in the source term. · Sentence Twelve: "A blog is a publicly accessible personal journal that enables an individual to voice her /his opinion.Blog 1-اﻟﺒﻠﻮق 3 11." 77. The term was translated using neologisms as a method. the first one is transcription of the term. it includes one computing term which is "scan". 20.77% of the participants translated this sentence. three (3) participants translated as ""اﻟﺒﻠﻮق. the analysis of this term translation is provided in the below table 58 .Blog 4 14.81% Transcription No equivalents 20 74. they adopted transcription as a method of translation. The second suggestion is not a translation. Term: Blog The English The Suggested Total Percentage of The method term Translations Number of Translation (%) used Occurrences 1. Both of the suggestions can not be accepted as a translation. and four (4) participants put it as it is in the source language "blog" in the Arabic sentence." This sentence has the lowest rate of participation with percentage of 37. · Sentence Thirteen: "Scan incoming files for viruses. it contains one computing term "blog".
"install". The last one " "ﺗﺎﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻮis not an adequate equivalent for the English term.21.70% 4-ﺗﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻮ 1 3. it a successful rendering of the English term.70% No equivalents 5 18. this translation is in pure Arabic language and it conveys the required meaning .11% Neologisms 3-ﻓﺎﻗﺪ 1 3." Concerning this sentence. the rate of participation estimated to 70. is a successful one too. The first one " "اﻓﺤﺺhad the highest rate of occurrences with percentage of 62.scan 1-اﻓﺤﺺ 17 62. is not acceptable as an equivalent since it refers to a meaning of another word "check". also the second suggestion which occurred three times with percentage of 11.96% 2-ﻣﺴﺢ 3 11.96%. "antivirus" and "updated".11%. Whereas the third one " "ﻓﺎﻗﺪwhich occurred only once. it contains three computing terms.51% Total 27 100% Table 22: Translation of the Term Scan The above table shows that the students provide four different suggested translations. · Sentence Fourteen: "Purchase and install an antivirus program and keep it updated with the latest virus definition.37%. Term: Scan The English The Suggested Total Percentage of The method term Translations Number of Translation (%) used Occurrences 1. These terms were translated using neologisms and transcription. 59 .
70% No equivalents 8 29. As for the first suggestion " "ﺣﻤﻞit refers to "download". they failed to achieve the appropriate meaning.22. the second. Term: Install The English The Suggested Total Percentage of The method term Translations Number of Translation (%) used Occurrences 1-install 1-ﺣﻤﻞ 7 25. The fourth one occurred three times and the last one occurred once.ﺷﻐﻞ 1 3.92% 2-ﺳﺠﻞ 2 7. From these seven suggested translations. only the third one " "ﻧﺼﺐand the sixth one " "رﻛﺐare accepted as an adequate equivalent for the English term. Furthermore.40% Neologisms 4-ﺿﻊ 3 11.40% 3-ﻧﺼﺐ 2 7.11% 5-ﺛﺒﺖ 2 7. while the rest are considered as mistranslations.62% Total 27 100% Table 23: Translation of the Term Install Seven suggested translations were provided by the participants for the English term. and fifth one " "ﺛﺒﺖrefers to "to fix".40% 6-رﻛﺐ 2 7.40% 7. third. The first one occurred with percentage of 25. the second one" "ﺳﺠﻞone refers to "register". the fourth one " "ﺿﻊrefers to "put".40%. and finally the seventh one " "ﺷﻐﻞrefers to "to work" 60 . fifth and sixth had the same rate of occurrences 7.92%.
85% 3-اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺢ اﻟﻔﯿﺮوﺳﺎت 1 3. The first one " "ﻣﻼﺣﻘﺔrefers to another meaning which is "to pursuit" or "to hunt". The third one " "ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺢrefers to "fight". 61 . And the last one " "ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔrefers to "protect". they translated it using transcription which yields the term ""اﻟﻔﯿﺮوﺳﺎت. while all the participants provided the same suggestion for "virus" .70% 2-اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻠﻔﯿﺮوﺳﺎت 14 51.85%. is accepted as a successful rendering since it is the exact equivalent.70% Transcription 4-اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺮوﺳﺎت 3 11.62% Total 27 100% Table 24: Translation of the Term Antivirus The analysis concerning the English term in the above table revealed that the participants came out with four (4) different suggested translations. no need to suggest them. Concerning the suggestions provided for "anti". only the second one. which had the highest ratio 51.11% Neologisms No equivalents 8 29. This term consists of two items "anti" and "virus". Term: Antivirus The English The Suggested Total Percentage of The method term Translations Number of Translation (%) used Occurrences 1-antivirus 1-ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻼﺣﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺮوﺳﺎت 1 3. the suggested translations were primarily around "anti".23. While the rest of the attempts are not close enough and since the exact equivalent exist. this translation is not accepted since there is a pure Arabic equivalent for the English term which is ""اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﯿﻢ.
Neologisms was adopted as a method.48% is higher comparing to the previous sentence. · Sentence Fifteen: "Wi-Fi is a wireless network standard for connecting computers via radio frequency signals rather than network cables. The second one occurred with percentage of 14. as it is illustrated in the below table 62 . Term: Updated The English The Suggested Total Percentage of The method term Translations Number of Translation (%) used Occurrences 1-updated 1-ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺎ 10 37.81% Neologisms No equivalents 13 48." the participation rate with percentage of 81.03%. this last sentence contains one computing term which is "computer".14% Total 27 100% Table 25: Translation of the Term Updated The suggested translations for this term are considered as successful ones.03% 2-ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ 4 14.81%. it was translated using neologisms and transcription methods. The first suggestion occurred with the same percentage of 37. which yields to pure Arabic words and carry the meaning of the source item.24.
37% 2.11% Transcription No equivalents 5 18. there are five techniques used in translating scientific terms. "Naturalization". it is in Arabic and carries the meaning. The Analysis of the Methods Used in Translating the Computing Terms As it has been mentioned earlier. The students' difficulties in finding the adequate Arabic equivalent words and expressions can be related to the specific terminology used in scientific text.7.51% neologisms Total 27 100% Table 26: Translation of the Term Computer The process of translating this last term revealed three suggested translations. whenever they come across an obstacle in finding the Arabic terms using a good method. is not accepted as an adequate equivalent. "Revival" and 63 . "Derivation".computer 1-اﺟﮭﺰة ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ 19 70. the second suggestion ""اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﺐ is an accepted equivalent. also it does not carry the meaning of the source term. "Transcription".اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﺐ 3 11. the first suggestions " "اﺟﮭﺰة ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮwhich has the highest ratio of occurrences 70.e it is not in pure Arabic words. first it is transcribed i.37%. Therefore. they end up with meaningless transcribed words and awkward sentences.25. On the other hand. 2. Term: Computer The English The Suggested Total Percentage of The method term Translations Number of Translation (%) used Occurrences 1. and to their ignorance of the appropriate method that may ensure a good rendering of the scientific terms into pure Arabic vocabulary.
"Neologisms", each translator has the freedom in choosing any technique that he prefers, and
ensures its efficiency in introducing new terms into Arabic language.
The analysis of the participants' translations reveals that all of them adopted two
techniques to translate the computing terms; which are "Transcription" and "Neologisms".
The most used one was "Neologisms" with percentage of occurrences 66.66%, and
"Transcription" occurred with percentage of 33.33%. The analysis shows that there are some
suggested translations that have been used both of techniques because there are some terms
consist of more than one item, as in yahoo chat, email account, URL, outlook express,
antivirus, auto sign in option, website, and some participants translated them separately. the
total number of the terms exceeds 33 items.
The participants who did not translate any term have been not accounted, this result is
good so far, it proves that a great number of the participants tend to use pure Arabic terms,
even though they are still having problems in setting out the right equivalent.
Term and strategy used in translation
Transcription Naturalization Derivation Revival Neologisms
1-Home page 0 0 0 0 25
2-Web site 8(web) 0 0 0 19
3-Connection speeds 10 internet 0 0 0 17
4-Kilobits 27 0 0 0 0
5-Wireless 0 0 0 0 18
6-Internet 19 0 0 0 0
7-URLuniform 17 0 0 0 10
8-Click 0 0 0 0 14
9-Outlook express 2 0 0 0 2
10-Windows 1 0 0 0 8
11-Desktop 0 0 0 0 4
12-Toolbar 0 0 0 0 2
13-E-mail account 5 0 0 0 19
14-Screen name box 0 0 0 0 23
15-Signed in 0 0 0 0 19
16-Auto sign in 5 AUTO 0 0 0 18
17-Messenger 14 0 0 0 12
18-Yahoo Chat 25 YAHOO 0 0 0 27
19-Emailed 0 0 0 0 9
20- Blog 7 0 0 0 0
21- Scan 0 0 0 0 22
22- Install 0 0 0 0 19
23-Antivirus 19 VIRUS 0 0 0 19
24- Updated 0 0 0 0 14
25- Computer 19 0 0 0 3
Table 27: Methods used in Translating the Computing Terms
The above table displays that from five translation methods, the participants used only
two; "Transcription" and "Neologisms". The total number of the terms that have been
transcribed is eleven (11), while the number of terms that have been translated using
Neologisms is twenty-two (22). Some of the terms that have been transcribed do not have any
equivalent in Arabic language as: "Kilobits", "Outlook express" and "Blog", "Yahoo", "web"
and others have equivalents, but the participants did not bother themselves to pure Arabic term
and they preferred the easy way. As in "computer", "windows", "messenger", "internet"
2.8. Inexact Rendering
There are certain rules that the translator should follow in translating any text, one of
them is to show fidelity and faithfulness to the source text, to ensure the accurate delivering of
the information to the target text, and otherwise, they will be considered as "traitors". Aziz
(1971:22) argued that the inexact translation take place when "the translator does not tell the
whole truth; he either omits from, or adds to, the original sense". Inexact rendering has three
main aspects; under translation, over translation and mistranslation. The first aspect is to omit
necessary features from the source text; it is called "Under translation". The second aspect is to
add more items that do not exist in the source text, thus it leads to involve extra meaning, it is
known as "Over translation". Whereas the third aspect is "Mistranslation", it is simply to
mistranslate and produce incorrect equivalents.
2.8.1. Under Translation
Not all the participants were able to provide equivalents for all the terms, for that they
preferred to omit. From the twenty-five (25) terms, only three "Connection speeds", "kilobits"
and "Yahoo chat" have been translated by all the participants, and they provided numerous
suggested translations for each term as it has been shown in their analysis. The rest of the terms
did not get a 100% of participation; they have been omitted by some participants as in the term
"Toolbar", where only two participants attempted to provide an equivalent for it. This of course
due their incompetence in finding the equivalent by using an adequate method that provides
sometimes there have been more than one incorrect rendering for one term. Each term has been translated. Mistranslation As it has been shown in previous analysis of the participant's translations. the participants did not overstate in their suggested translations. they tried to provide an adequate equivalent for each term. using a suitable method of translation to maintain the meaning. the participants did not over translate.ﺷﻐﻞ 1 No equivalents 8 Table 28: Translation of the Term install 67 . it seemed evident that all of them failed in providing a correct equivalent for each term. 2. no one could provide correct translation for the all twenty-five terms. the above table illustrates a case when the analysis revealed mistranslation: The Participants No.8.meaningful terms. Of Suggested The English Expression translation Occurrences Translations install 1-ﺣﻤﻞ 7 2-ﺳﺠﻞ 2 ﻧﺼﺐ 3-ﻧﺼﺐ 2 4-ﺿﻊ 3 5-ﺛﺒﺖ 2 6-رﻛﺐ 2 7. its analysis showed that at least there is one mistranslation.8. and restricted knowledge of the subject matter and the unfamiliarity with the computing sciences that are developing every day. 2. Over Translation Since the data that have been analyzed consists of only terms.2.3.
and fifth one " "ﺛﺒﺖrefers to "to fix". which may help in producing a high quality translation. these mistranslations and omissions of the terms that have been given to be translated. is mainly due the students ignorance of the methods that are used in coining new terms into Arabic. they transcribed the term. While five participants provide no translation for the term. Ultimately. The English term The participants No. The above table displays an example of the participants' mistranslation. meaningful and can be used easily. Another example that illustrates the participants failure to achieve a adequate equivalent. As for the first suggestion " "ﺣﻤﻞit refers to "download". Of The Suggested Translations translations Occurrences 1. that should carry meaning and presented in pure Arabic items. is showed in the analysis of the term "computer" in the below table. only two students succeeded to provide the exact equivalent. and failed to achieve the appropriate meaning. 68 .computer 1-اﺟﮭﺰة ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ 19 اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب 2. they used pure meaningful Arabic word. Only three participants provided a successful rendering of the term. while the rest were considered as mistranslations.اﻟﺤﻮاﺳﺐ 3 No equivalents 5 Table 29: Translation of the Term computer As it is shown in the above table most of the participants who translated this term failed to set an accurate equivalent. and finally the seventh one " "ﺷﻐﻞrefers to "to work". in which results a meaningless word. the table shows that there are seven translation forms that have been given by 19 participants. Furthermore. the second one" "ﺳﺠﻞone refers to "register". the fourth one " "ﺿﻊrefers to "put".
and be exposed more to the scientific translation theory. The analysis revealed that the difficulties student face.Conclusion This chapter was carried out to answer the questions that raised this study. concerning the difficulties students face while translating scientific terms and its relation to the method they used. Thus. some pedagogical recommendations will be suggested to be guideline for the students as well as for the teacher. in order to achieve high quality translation. as well as their ignorance to the importance of adopting a method that facilitates the translation process and assures a good translation production. are due to their lack of background knowledge concerning the computing terms. 69 . which may help them in giving more attention to the methods of translating scientific terms.
3. At this level they are practising only. For that. where they will be introduced to translation theory.1. also they seemed careless about the major invention of foreign terms into Arabic language. so they can translate and convey the required meaning easily. which decreases the quality of the translation. the students should be taught to be creative and avoid transcription of the foreign items. which should carry meaning and aims at using in pure Arabic vocabulary. and the significance of rendering those terms into pure Arabic vocabulary. Pedagogical Recommendations The outcome of this study shows that the students are not aware of the importance of adopting an accurate translation method while translating scientific terms. Moreover. till first year master. In here some recommendation will be suggested that might make the translators more aware and reconsider the best method. and be exposed. 70 . The syllabus design concerning teaching translation for third year students does not include any course where the students will be introduced to scientific translation as a theory and the methods used to translate scientific terms. and help to produce adequate equivalents. which threatens its identity. and preserve the Arabic language identity. to the vital role that methods of translating scientific terms play in facilitating the translation process. the students should be equipped with the basic scientific translation standpoints. they need to learn the methods serve the Arabic language more. as the world develops Arabs should be creative in the production of the terms for the new introduced terms. in earlier stages of their academic acquisition of the translation skills. even though. the syllabus does not contain the study of scientific translation and its methods. in order to deliver an adequate meaningful equivalents.
Ultimately. It was suggested that teaching scientific translation theory and the methods that may facilitate the process of translation. and to find out the methods they use to render those terms. they could not provide adequate equivalents. On the other hand it was proved that using a given method may lead to incorrect and unacceptable translation. while others preferred another one which did not serve the Arabic language. may help in confronting the problems student face in translating scientific terms. and do not have a good mastery of the two languages. that Arabic language suffers a serious lack of scientific vocabulary. the first one was that a great number of students use a translation method aims at using pure Arabic vocabulary. thus one should pay more attention and give higher importance to scientific translation theory and its methods that would ensure the enrichment of Arabic language. The practical part of this research revealed two main results. some pedagogical recommendations were given. It was suggested that teaching scientific translation theory and the methods that may facilitate the process of translation. The second result showed that even the students used an appropriate method. 71 . This should be taken as a sign. and this was due to their careless and the restricted background of the computing field. and whether these methods are responsible for difficulties they face. in that they ended up with inaccurate rendering.General Conclusion The present study was carried out to investigate third year students' problems in translating English scientific terms into Arabic.
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12. and then click the password box and type your password. Purchase and install an antivirus program and keep it updated with the latest virus definition. Enter information for a different e-mail account. To remain signed in but hidden. 2.Appendix The Test Translate the following sentences into Arabic. Wi-Fi is a wireless network standard for connecting computers via radio frequency signals rather than network cables. type your screen name. 6. point to Yahoo! chat and join a room. Click the outlook express icon on the windows desktop or in the quick lunch toolbar. Connection speeds are measured in kilobits per second. 7. click I am available and click invisible. 4. 5. You can subscribe to mailing lists and newsletters on the web to have news emailed to you. Many businesses that offer wireless internet connectivity advertise as hotspots. 1. 76 . 3. 9. 13. 10. Home page is the first page retrieved when accessing a Web site. 14. Click the screen name box. 11. Web pages addresses are formally called URL (Uniform resource locators). You can also click the Auto sign in option. Open the messenger menu. 15. 8. Scan incoming files for viruses. A blog is a publicly accessible personal journal that enables an individual to voice her /his opinion.
اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ ﺗﮭﺪف ھﺪه اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻮاﺟﮭﮭﺎ ﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻮري ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ و ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻹﻋﻼم ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻂ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪور اﻟﺬي ﺗﻠﻌﺒﮫ ﻣﻨﺎھﺞ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻮدة ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻔﺮدات ﻋﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﺘﺔ. أﯾﻀﺎ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ أن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻮاﺟﮭﮭﺎ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻹﻋﻼم اﻵﻟﻲ ھﻮ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﺪاوﻟﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺘﮭﻢ اﻷﻛﺎدﯾﻤﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ.و ھﺪا ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﯿﺪ أو رﻓﺾ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﮫ ﻓﻲ ھﺪا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ. اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎت اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ . ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻓﺤﺺ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻗﺪم ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺒﺔ . ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ اﺧﺪت ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎت اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ أن اﻷﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻜﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﮭﻠﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺼﯿﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﯿﺔ ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ .أﯾﻦ ﯾﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮن ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻣﻔﺮدات ﻋﺮﺑﯿﺔ ذات ﻣﻌﻨﻰ. 77 .ﺗﻢ وﺿﻊ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺑﯿﺪاﻏﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮن ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻧﻄﻼق ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﺣﻞ ﻟﮭﺎﺗﮫ اﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎت و ﺗﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﯿﺔ.
l'analyse des données source confirme que les fautes d'étudiant. Et l'aide les étudiants pour s'occuper de la traduction scientifique et la terminologie dans le processus de traduction. sont en raison de leur ignorance de méthodes ils ont leur l'habitude de traduire les termes scientifiques et à leur non familiarité à la science informatique dans la langue anglaise.Résumé La présente étude cherche à enquêter sur les difficultés rencontrées lors de la traduction des termes scientifiques. Les données ont été cueillies par l'épreuve écrite comme un instrument de recherche. et d'attirer l'attention sur rôle de l'adopter la méthode appropriée qui peut produire une traduction de haute qualité dans le vocabulaire arabe pur. 78 . Car cette une implication pédagogique ont été fournis pour être une directive pour commencer à résoudre ce problème.