text:
The transformations my patients go though from beginning to end of treatment are what makes me excited to come to work every day. It's a thrill to see a patient who at one time was reluctant to smile, and now can't stop beaming from ear to ear! I genuinely enjoy the relationships I build with my patients and look forward to many more years here at Kristo Orthodontics.
Originally from New Richmond, Wisconsin, I attended the University of Minnesota at Duluth for my undergraduate studies, earning a Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry, and a Bachelor of Applied Science in Exercise Science with a minor in Psychology. I continued on to dental school at Indiana University, graduating fourth in my class with my Doctorate of Dental Surgery in 2009 and my Master of Science in Dentistry in 2011.
At Indiana, I had amazing professors with many different philosophies and styles. Because of this I learned an assortment of different orthodontic techniques and technology, not just one. It has been immensely helpful to have a wide range of educational experiences from which to draw, as each of my patients has unique needs and requires a personalized treatment plan to achieve the best results.
- Minnesota Dental Association
- American Association of Orthodontists
- American Dental Association
- Wisconsin Dental Association
I am so happy to have made Andover, Minnesota my home. My husband Ross and I have a black lab named Jack, and are very thankful to have lots of family close by in New Richmond and River Falls. We love to go back to my hometown every year for Fun Fest!
My husband and I are into weight training, so a lot of our free time is spent at the gym. I just did my second Tough Mudder! We also enjoy the outdoors riding our Harley motorcycles, spending time at our cabin, and water and downhill skiing.


text:
Click on a thumbnail to go to Google Books.
Love Is the Killer App: How to Win Business and Influence Friends (edition 2003)
by Tim Sanders (Author)
Work details
Love Is the Killer App: How to Win Business and Influence Friends by Tim Sanders
No current Talk conversations about this book.
This is good source for understanding importance of quality like knowledge, network and compassion in our worklife and career.
Didn't resonate with me... forgot the premise.
Excellent for cultivating relationships. Great to learn how to add value to your customers and your business. A great positive outlook. Inspires really positive thinking. I highly recommend. A very good read.
This is a combination business-psychology book or perhaps 'the inter-personal psychology of business'. It focuses more on relationships across firms than with employees and colleagues within the firm. The philosophy seems a mix of Buddhism meets Flowerchild meets Hipster meets Business 2.0. Business people who are old-school (not even Business 1.0) in a profit-focused, corporate world are not going to resonate with this book. Perhaps a subtitle could be: 'how to be super-positive, energetic, and loving fostering a mutual explosion in positive thoughts with other like-minded cheerful lovecats'. This is not to say the book has no merit. But the book is so full of excitement that at points it is syrupy. If everyone had such a compassionate perspective there would be so much less politics, arguing, tension, stress, and lawsuits it would be much more appealing and rewarding, I suspect, for many in business. On the other hand, if the author's suggestions around networking, for example, were widely adopted, then all businesspeople would spend all their time connecting with networked people connected by Lovecats, for no obvious business reason in many cases, and never get any work done.
Parts of the book are trivial and seemingly too basic to put in print (the recommendation, for example, to use a contact management system for recording business contacts); other parts of the book seem to be psychological: "Lovecats revel in the element of delight and surprise they can bring to the table." In my business experience, there are a lot of focused and successful business professionals whose list of what delights them include meeting objectives, closing a deal, enforcing accountability, beating competitors, and the like. As a result, the book is going to be more successful in networking-centric, enlightened?- unrealistic-communities such as bloggers or management consulting gurus who follow Seth Godin and Tom Peters.
Good book. If people put these concepts into practice it would make for a better world.
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English (1)
Amazon.com Amazon.com Review (ISBN 060960922X, Hardcover)Is love really all you need? Tim Sanders, director of Yahoo's in-house think tank, believes love is the crucial element in the search for personal and professional success. In Love Is the Killer App he explains why. Sander's advice is to be a "lovecat," which despite the cutesy moniker is his sincere and surprisingly practical prescription for advancement both inside and outside the office. It starts with amassing as much usable knowledge as possible, which he explains can be done by religiously carving out time to read and then poring through as many cutting-edge books in your field as possible. It follows with an emphasis on networking to the extreme. Sanders offers concrete suggestions, from compiling a super list of contacts to ensuring all are regularly stored in an always-accessible format. And he concludes by advocating a true mindset of compassion, which he says involves sharing this knowledge with those contacts and ultimately helping anyone who in one way or another may ultimately help you. Through identifiable anecdotes and specific recommendations, the book promotes an undeniably feasible yet decidedly offbeat program that has worked for the author and could prove equally favorable for others who apply it. --Howard Rothman
(retrieved from Amazon Thu, 12 Mar 2015 18:24:00 -0400)
Encouragement to become business intellegent, people friendly and a real leader.
(summary from another edition)
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Diced Chicken And Peppers - An Easy Chicken Recipe
A quick and easy chicken recipe
If you are like me, then you absolutely love chicken recipes! More than beef, I like the taste of chicken. The easy and quick chicken recipe on this page is a chinese variation. The diced chicken is soft and delicious. It is also spicy and colorful. The diced chicken and peppers recipe can be prepared under 15 minutes. Cooking takes about 15 minutes. You can have the diced chicken with boiled rice, fried rice or Chinese noodles.
365 ways to cook chicken
Contains a variety of chicken dishes - baked, fried, barbecued, stewed, roasted - everything's here in this book. Learn how to cook quick recipes or make a lavish chicken feast for all. Master easy chicken recipes as well as those extravagant time consuming dishes. Highly recommended.
Things you will need
3 tablespoons of oil
1 crushed garlic cloves
Chicken -- diced (around 450 g)
1 small red chilli pepper
2 green peppers
2 tbsps white wine (optional)
2 tbsps soy sauce
4 tablespoons chicken stock
A pinch of sugar (also optional)
Salt to taste
Half a can of diced bamboo shoots
1 teaspoon of cornflour which is mixed with 3 tablespoons water
- Heat oil in frying pan.
- Add the garlic.
- Fry them till you get a cooked smell of garlic. This will take around 2-3 minutes.
- Add the diced chicken pieces along with diced chillis and pepper. Mix well.
- Fry till chicken is cooked.
- To accentuate the taste, you can add the white wine, soy sauce, chicken stock, sugar and salt into the pan.
- Mix well.
- Add the can of bamboo shoots.
- Cook on further for 2 more minutes.
- Add the cornflour and water. This is added to create a thick sauce.
- When the sauce is thickened enough, off the flame.
- Your diced chicken and peppers is ready! Enjoy.
Another diced chicken recipe: how to make an easy diced chicken salad
Other recipes
- 5 Delicious, Easy-to-make, Healthy Kerala Breakfast Recipes
If you are on the lookout for some new breakfast recipes - why not try one of these South Indian delicacies? They are healthy, easy-to-make, and super delicious!
- Curd and Sesame Potatoes - A Yummy Recipe for Curd and Potato Lovers!
A yummylicious recipe with curd and potatoes. Also included on this page - Lassi recipes and Lemon curd recipe video.
- Simply Delicious - Best Spicy Indian Tomato Curry Recipe
A yummy and easy tomato curry recipe for those people who love spicy Indian cuisine.
You might also be interested in:
- Pancakes or Waffles - Which is The More Healthy Breakfast Option?
We all love pancakes and waffles. Some of us love the fluffy goodness of pancakes whereas some others might prefer the crispiness of fresh waffles. But which one of the two is a healthier option?
- Top 10 Lip Smacking Photos of Sandwiches
Some really yummy sandwich photos. Want to try them out as well? No problem, the recipe link is provided below each photo. Feeling too lazy to cook? Then you can try one of these recipes out. They're lip smacking and do their job pretty well of satia


text: Coordinator's Column | June 01, 2004From the Coordinator Stacie Raymer Author Notes © 2004 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Article Information Coordinator's Column Coordinator's Column | June 01, 2004 From the Coordinator SIG 2 Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, June 2004, Vol. 14, 1-2. doi:10.1044/nnsld14.2.1 SIG 2 Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders, June 2004, Vol. 14, 1-2. doi:10.1044/nnsld14.2.1 View Article Figures Tables PDF PDF Supplemental Data Supplements Multimedia Share Email Twitter Facebook Pinterest Tools Get Citation Citation Raymer, S. (2004). From the Coordinator. Perspect Neurophysiol Neurogenic Speech Lang Disord, 14(2), 1-2. doi: 10.1044/nnsld14.2.1. Download citation file: RIS (Zotero) EndNote BibTex Medlars ProCite RefWorks Reference Manager © 2018 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association × Alerts User Alerts You are adding an alert for: From the Coordinator You will receive an email whenever this article is corrected, updated, or cited in the literature. You can manage this and all other alerts in My Account The alert will be sent to: Confirm × Sign In or Create a free account to receive alerts. × Welcome to the summer edition of the Division 2 Perspectives for 2004! It's been such a busy spring that I definitely welcome the slower pace of summer. The good news is that Division 2 members have been hard at work over the past several weeks, and I have several items to let you know about. Foremost among the items to report to you are the initiatives that came out of our Division 2 Triennial Leadership Meeting. In late April, the Division 2 Steering Committee (SC) and members of the four working committees gathered at the ASHA National Office (NO). We previously held these meetings every 2 years, but because we are trying to manage money very wisely, we have moved to a planning meeting every 3 years. Most of our efforts in the meeting were devoted to updating bur strategic plan, a requirement for all Special Interest Divisions. After meeting with several NO staff members, we set to work updating and developing our division action strategies, many of which complement the ASHA Strategic Plan and Focused Initiatives. I will highlight some of those plans, realizing that several of them are still in the developing stages. Subscribe to view more For full access to this article, log in to an existing user account, become a SIG affiliate, or purchase a short-term subscription. Become a SIG Affiliate Join a SIG Pay Per View Entire SIG 2 Perspectives on Neurophysiology and Neurogenic Speech and Language Disorders content & archive 24-hour access $25.00 Buy Now This Issue 24-hour access $17.00 Buy Now This Article 24-hour access $10.00 Buy Now Sign In or Create an Account Please sign in using your ASHA.org login. If you do not have an ASHA login, you may register with us for free by creating a new account. Sign In or Create an Account We've Changed Our Publication Model... The 19 individual SIG Perspectives publications have been relaunched as the new, all-in-one Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups. Learn more > Related Articles Related Topics


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(2007) dir. Charles Ferguson
viewed: 01/30/08
"I don't do quagmires" — Donald Rumsfeld
Iraq is not a quagmire. Iraq is a disaster of mammoth proportions. Charles Ferguson's documentary No End in Sight details the missteps that the Bush administration made in their war against Iraq and the resulting occupation. It's damning. These people have created a situation that is an utter atrocity, a complete destruction of a country under the guise of good, which is an utter lie.
Donald Rumsfeld, Dick Cheney, Paul Wolfowitz, George W. Bush, Paul Bremer. The asinine leadership that sought out this war with Iraq, sought to bring down Saddam Hussein, ignored the intelligence available to them from the people in their organization who had experience in occupation, in the Middle East, in rebuilding, in arming and preparing the military, giving direction, and lived in insane denial of the worsening reality of the situation there. There are others in the organization, in the Bush White House, who were enmeshed in the rank idiocy of major decision-making about the post-war Iraq. The film doesn't even go into questioning the raw greed and corruption that led to the decision-making, it simply shows how the people who knew the right things to do were ignored.
The people that speak in the film are largely people who were directly involved in the military or are reporters who were in Iraq during a great deal of these events. Paul Hughes, General Jay Garner, and others clearly deliniate the outrageous political decisions, as they roundly argued against the choices.
Rumsfeld looks the greatest buffoon, shown in press conferences, gabbing in denial about the worsening situation. Bremer is not shown speaking but his decision to disband the Iraqi military was perhaps the worst decision, or at least one of the most devastating decisions made, without so much as one iota of experience behind him. And the history of the relationship with Iraq, while not gone into in great detail, is also damning to the people in the administration. Cheney, Rumsfeld, Wolfowits, Colin Powell,…were all there in the elder George Bush's administration when the first Iraq invasion happened 10 years before. The same group of leaders, with more power, seeking…who knows?
And the relationship with Hussein in the 1980's, there is a photo shown of Rumsfeld smilingly shaking Hussein's hand. That the U.S. government, under the Reagan administration, supported Iraq in opposition to Iran, even though they knew that Hussein was using chemical weapons on his own people.
Hypocrisy, stupidity, outright criminality.
I have been thinking a lot lately about how completely destructive the Bush adminstration has been, not simply in Iraq, which it has brought to its knees in their inept handling of the "rebuilding" of Iraq, but across in so much of the rest of the world, not to mention the internal damage their management of the United States. The long term damage, the cultivation of Islamic extremists and well-founded hatred for the United States, the country that destroyed their nation. It's brutal. What are we going to do? Why aren't we rioting in the streets and calling for their heads on posts?
This film tries to stick to the facts about the failures and about the resulting situation. It is no quagmire. It's a grandiose disaster, one still ongoing, one whose effects will be felt for decades to come.


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[caption id="attachment_26388" align="alignnone" width="640" caption="Photo taken from Google Maps."][/caption]
Google Maps is making cross-country club hopping easier than ever, having just released street view accessibility inside of London's famous Fabric music venue, host of the popular Fabric Live mix series (Four Tet's Fabric mix was one of Hive's favorites of 2011). Those who haven't the visited the U.K. nightlife staple might picture a mega-club-like mass of steel and cement, but these internal effigies are more intimate than imagined, with brick walls, a hardwood dance floor and warm red and purple lighting. The best part is, if you ever end up getting lost in the sea of people, you could theoretically use Google Maps to navigate yourself back to the front door (and back to your hotel).
This isn't the first time the Google Maps API has had a musical crossover moment. The Rap Map, for example, is a super-well curated list of interesting locations in the hip-hop world, from recording studios, song references and recording studios. The good folks at the Grammy's created the Music is Life is Music app this year, a way to drop songs on locations you associate them with, also incorporating social media influencers Twitter, Rdio, and Foursquare. Global Billboard is a mashup of the Google Maps and Last.fm API's, making top artists and tracks browseable by country. Ever wonder who was the top played artist in Gibraltar? You guessed it, Lana Del Rey. [Via Fact Mag]


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Although it seems incredible, the toothpaste can have more utilities besides cleaning your teeth. You can use it with confidence in the daily house cleaning. – Clean the walls: if you have a small artist in your house that draws your walls, it won't be a problem anymore. With a …Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: clean the shoes


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Another beautiful Church in Hampshire situated on a very busy road in the Village of Wickham in Hampshire, England.
Parking is a small slip off the road that comes Fareham to Alton via Wickham, I can see it taking no more that 4 maybe 5 cars so the number attending the church could be hampered by parking alone.
The Church, dedicated to St. Nicholas, is a very striking example of a church built upon a large mound almost circular in construction. This particular mound had probably been sacred ground for centuries so what could have been more fitting than the building of a first Christina church upon the place hallowed by the people for untold generations? In all probability St. Wilfrid dedicated a church here before 670AD.
The present building therefore probably has an ancestry that was ancient when the Normal builders came in 1120 leaving behind them the now re-used west doorway, with its zigzag on the arch. Later changes were wrought in the thirteenth century through the church's association with the Manor of Wickham and the Uvedale family so that by the mid 19th century it looked as shown in the illustration below.
The Victorian era then saw a fifteen year period of 'makeover'. The Norman doorway was moved about ten feet to the west and fitted into the new tower, the north transept was rebuilt and the exterior walls clad in flints. The interior did not escape attention, or 'spoilation' as it underwent considerable alteration, including the introduction of an organ in the South Chapel and uniform seating.
More recent internal changes took place in the 1950s with alterations to the chancel and creation of the priest's vestry. The organ was removed to its current position in 1957 from the South Chapel enabling its re-dedication as a Lady Chapel in 1961. This chapel has received further attention with the installation of engraved glass panels and doors and a lighting corona in 2004.


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Agathe von Trapp, the eldest daughter of a well-known musical family, overcomes many obstacles to pursue her musical career and move to the United States.
Director: Ben Verbong
Writers: Christoph Silber (screenplay), Tim Sullivan (screenplay)
Stars: Eliza Bennett, Lauryn Canny, Yvonne Catterfeld
Genres: Drama | Music
Country: USA
Language: English
RELEASE: The.von.Trapp.Family.A.Life.of.Music.2015.BRRip.XviD.AC3-EVO
SOURCE: FGT (720p) – Thanks!
ViDEO: 1600 kbps XviD
RESOLUTiON: 720×400
RUNTiME: 1h38msec
SUBTiTLES: English for the foreign parts (.srt)
AUDiO: 448 CBR AC-3
LANGUAGE: ENGLiSH
GREETS: Srkfan & AQOS
NOTES: Enjoy.


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Volume 7, Number 1
March 2009
Download pdf
'I am an Argentine': Irish
in Buenos Aires,
Brad Lange (1)
First mission of the
Passionist Fathers in St. Paul's Chapel, Carmen de
(Passionist Fathers, Golden Jubilee of the
Monastery: St. Paul's Retreat
of the Passionist Fathers 1888-1938, Capitán
Sarmiento, November 1938)
1822 and 1945, about 30,000 Irish people migrated to Argentina.
While the majority settled in the rural provinces, a small
community gradually developed in Buenos Aires. Predominately
Catholic, this urban group rejected assimilation and established
an autonomous, insular community until the late 1870s.
This article argues that as the Irish Catholic community
began to participate in Argentine social and political
affairs, they increasingly identified with their host
society instead of Ireland. It also considers the origins
of their Argentine nationalism and explains the motives
for their integration into porteño (Buenos Aires)
society. Methodologically, contemporary foreign language
newspapers are analysed to gauge the degree to which the
Irish-Argentine Catholics integrated between 1906 and
1881 and 1914, 4,200,000 Europeans immigrated to Argentina.
More than half of those migrants were Italian, and another
quarter were Spanish (Devoto 2003: 247). Both groups settled
predominately in the Federal Capital of Buenos Aires,
where they exerted an overwhelming social, cultural, and
political influence. As a result of their numerical preponderance
and notoriety, both groups have rightly provided a cynosure
for recent scholarly inquiry (2).
dozens of other ethnic groups contributed to the metamorphosis
that transformed Buenos Aires in the aforementioned period;
in many cases, their stories have been overlooked (3).
While such communities were less significant than their
better-known contemporaries from a numerical standpoint,
each had a constitutive role in the production of the
composite porteño culture that emerged. This
article will isolate one such group, the Irish, with the
intention of understanding how and why such a traditionally
insular and self-contained community finally decided to
integrate into the amorphous urban sphere around them
in the late nineteenth century.
examining two English-language, Irish Catholic newspapers
in Buenos Aires from 1906-1913, it will be possible to
gauge the degree to which the community embraced an Argentine
identity by that period. It will be argued that, while
the Irish maintained a rigid programme of isolation throughout
the peak period of their immigration to Argentina from
1820-1879, several factors undermined this strategy in
the decades that followed. Without the continued flow
of new migrants, the community gradually lost its singular
sense of Irishness, as the majority of its members were
increasingly born in Argentina. As the influx of Irish
immigrants to Argentina dwindled, the cultural bridge
between community and homeland weakened. Also, Father
Anthony Fahy, the charismatic leader of the Irish-Argentine
community who had initially implemented the plan of isolation,
died in 1871, and a capable successor did not emerge in
his wake. In his place, new institutions surfaced that
favoured greater participation in Argentine affairs.
yet, we know relatively little about the Irish community
in the city of Buenos Aires after the 1890s. The classic
studies of the community conclude before 1900, when immigration
had effectively ended (4).
This study will begin to address this lacuna. In terms
of Irish diasporic studies, it may be located within the
burgeoning historiography on collective identity and assimilation
Hiberno-Argentine Review and Fianna
Hiberno-Argentine Review was a Catholic weekly published
from 1906-1924 and then from 1924-1935 as The Argentine
Review. Though produced in Buenos Aires with an emphasis
on local affairs, the periodical regularly noted the social
and economic condition of provincial irlandeses.
Letters of correspondence were published frequently from
the provinces, indicating that its readership extended
beyond the city of Buenos Aires.
from the compulsory front-page news and editorials, the
typical issue of the Hiberno-Argentine Review
followed a similar format. There was a strong interest
in both cultural and historical Irish traditions. A typical
issue included Irish jokes and folklore, traditional Irish
recipes, memorable historical episodes, letters from correspondents
in Dublin or Cork, the latest news regarding Ireland's
struggle for self-rule against Great Britain, or a note
about the state of Catholicism in Europe.
was another Catholic periodical produced for the Irish
community in Buenos Aires that was published intermittently
from 1910-1913. Irish folk tales and historical narratives
dotted each copy, as did stories about the history of
the Irish in Argentina and their contribution to national
development. Editor Patrick McManus was a particularly
vocal opponent of imperialism and regularly criticised
British manoeuvres throughout the world.
themes that resonated throughout the pages of Fianna
were analogous to those of The Hiberno-Argentine Review.
Frequent reports of Argentine political and social issues
were included that readers were encouraged to debate.
also was a strong interest in Irish landmarks in each
issue. Typically, a photo of the Irish Parliament building,
St. Patrick's Cathedral, Donegal Castle, or another historical
site was included, along with a brief narration of its
importance. Since the majority of the readership had never
been to Ireland, these inclusions were less nostalgic
and more instructional in purpose.
an undeviating preoccupation with Ireland, this article
will demonstrate that both periodicals were concerned
primarily with life in Buenos Aires by the early twentieth
century. First, an overview of the Irish presence in Argentina
until that period is practical.
Irish in Argentina, 1520-1905
first Irishmen to set foot on the shores of the Río de
la Plata were likely to have been three men from Galway
who accompanied Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan)
during his famous voyage to the Southern Cone in 1520.
Very few followed until 1785, when more than one hundred
Irish butchers and tanners were recruited to Buenos Aires
to establish an export sector based on trading hides and
tallow to Europe and jerked beef to Brazil and Cuba. Most
of these men were unmarried Catholics who quickly assimilated
into the local community. Until the turn of the nineteenth
century, Irish migration to Argentina was spasmodic and
numerically marginal. There were no Irish communities,
and none of the migrants came to form the core of future
Irish migratory settlements (McKenna 1992: 66-67).
the failed British invasions of Buenos Aires in 1806 and
1807, many British merchants realised the export potential
of the River Plate and became the most influential foreign
group in the region the following decade (Scobie 1971:
100). Several deserters and captives from the British
forces were Irish conscripts who remained in Buenos Aires
to construct stone quays for the emerging port. Other
groups moved to the hinterland to become small farmers
and continued to maintain ties with the British merchants
in Buenos Aires (McKenna 1992: 69).
Argentina's subsequent war of independence against Spain
(1810-1820), several Irishmen joined the ranks of the
rebel garrison, lured by the promise of income, quick
promotion and adventure (Graham-Yooll 1981: 87). After
the war ended, a prominent flow of migrants began arriving
from Ireland and settling in the Pampas, where land and
cattle were abundant.
small pockets of Irish people emerged in Buenos Aires
during the 1820s, their population likely did not reach
the several hundreds until the 1840s, during the potato
famine in Ireland. Despite objections from Governor Juan
Manuel de Rosas to both European immigration and British
incursions during his Anglo-French blockade, Irish immigration
persisted in the 1840s due to the efforts of Father Anthony
Fahy. His protests against Rosas' position led to official
enquiries and, later, to permission for Irish immigration.
acted as a father figure and leader to the Irish, to whom
he gave financial advice and for whom he arranged marriages
to preserve ethnic and cultural homogeneity. He strove
to maintain a self-reliant, insular Irish community free
from vice and assimilation into an unfamiliar foreign
culture. New settlers were met at the docks when they
disembarked and were assigned rooms in approved Irish
boarding houses. Men were typically placed in either meat-salting
plants or cattle estancias, while women were
often paired with an Irish partner for marriage. The policy
of isolation and non-assimilation proved to be highly
successful as the Irish Catholics developed into a self-reliant
community in Buenos Aires by the mid-nineteenth century
(Bishop 1999: 149). Still, it appears that this strategy
was not predicated on ethnic bigotry and intolerance,
but rather was rooted in a devout sectarianism that preferred
English Catholic traditions to the perceived secularism
of Buenos Aires.
the decades following Fahy's death in 1871, religious
leaders and community institutions struggled to sustain
his programme. The Irish Hospital, St. Patrick's Society
and the Irish Ladies Beneficent Society were capable institutions
plagued by mismanagement and infighting.
the national climate of optimism and fiscal growth, there
were signs by the late 1870s that the Irish-Argentine
community was gradually eschewing Fahy's separatism in
favour of greater participation in Argentine affairs.
In 1879, the General Brown Club was founded to campaign
for a greater Irish voice in Congress. In subsequent decades,
several Irish politicians rose to electoral prominence
with a platform that encouraged continued immigration
and the moral and spiritual elevation of the 'paisano'
(Korol and Sábato 1981: 147-51).
factors also undermined the traditional bonds that had
held the Irish community together. The liberal intellectual
climate of Argentina in the 1870s aroused a popular feeling
of anticlericalism that led to the termination of the
Jesuit College in 1875. The Irish Sisters of Mercy likewise
came under public fire and left the country for over a
decade (Graham-Yooll 1981: 159-60). Also, the 1870s marked
the last phase of considerable Irish emigration to Argentina
until the 1920s, thereby lessening the relative presence
of Irish-born individuals and eroding the intimate affiliation
between Irish-Argentines and Ireland.
the short-term, however, it may have been the unprecedented
growth of the Argentine-born cohort that weakened the
community's ties to its homeland. The census of 1895 registers
16,284 individuals of Irish descent in the province of
Buenos Aires, yet only 4,693 had been born in Ireland.
By comparison, there had been 8,623 individuals of Irish
descent in the province in 1869, and the majority – some
5,246 – were born in Ireland. It is noted that over that
twenty-six year span, the number of Irish-born individuals
was relatively constant, though the total number of the
Irish community in the province doubled. Furthermore,
in 1895, only 2,852 individuals of Irish descent lived
in the city of Buenos Aires - comprising less than 1 per
cent of the population – and a mere 915 of those had been
born in Ireland (Coghlan 1982: 18-22).
and Morality: Irish Catholics in Buenos Aires, 1906-1913
the turn of the twentieth century, The Hiberno-Argentine
Review and Fianna were two of the most widely-read
periodicals within the Irish Catholic community. Both
emphasised moral restraint, hard work, and an intense
sense of community fellowship and collective purpose.
However, while these qualities were traditional pillars
of Father Fahy's inward-looking programme, they were no
longer accompanied by a rejection of Argentine culture
and stoicism towards local affairs. Increasingly, both
periodicals conveyed a strategy of integration that simultaneously
stressed both the retention of Irish values and participation
in the political, social and cultural affairs of Buenos
1906 until 1913, both The Hiberno-Argentine Review
and Fianna sustained an interest in national
politics, the activities of radical strikers and unions,
the education system, the military, export prices, the
monthly inflow of immigrants to Buenos Aires, Argentine
diplomacy, urban crime and political corruption. In an
illustrative editorial written in 1910, an anonymous author
in Fianna denounced an epidemic of fraud that
had been plaguing national elections. The writer implored
the community to avoid bribes and place honest votes,
stating that 'the vote of an Irish-Argentine (should)
be always considered a guarantee of political good faith'
(Fianna 9 July 1910: 26-27). Another editorial
published in The Hiberno-Argentine Review criticised
the lawless nature of the interior provinces and argued
for an increased police presence to prevent theft and
murder. The writer contended that if development and migration
to the interior were to continue, the stability and security
of the region would have to be demonstrated.
newspapers also published fascinating moral critiques
of Argentine society. If Irish Catholics were to participate
more actively in the affairs of the nation, they seemed
to prefer to do so in an environment liberated from the
vice that Father Fahy had feared decades earlier. A pillar
of his segregationist strategy was the perceived moral
superiority of the Irish community and the fear that assimilation
would damage their honourable character. One such critique
was published in the weekly 'News and Views' section of
The Hiberno-Argentine Review on 27 November 1908.
It noted that in the preceding twelve months the residents
of the city of Buenos Aires had spent one hundred million
dollars gambling at the racetrack and lottery, a fact
that could not 'be regarded as favourable to the character
and status of the capital' (HAR 27 November 1908: 6).
A comparable editorial was published in The Hiberno-Argentine
Review that criticised the legal sale of erotic novels
(HAR 20 November 1908: 5).
this vigilant attentiveness to national affairs and local
customs, both papers exhibited a passionate sense of Argentine
nationalism that was perversely underpinned by Argentina's
historical struggle against Great Britain, a fact that
engendered a common bond between the Irish and their host
society. Between 1906 and 1913, the Irish were nearing
the apogee of their struggle with Great Britain for home
rule, which ultimately lasted from 1801 to 1922. In Argentina,
the Irish Catholic community found inspiration in the
historical tales of the failed British invasions of 1806
and 1807 (HAR 1 October 1909: 34). One reader condemning
British imperialism throughout the world mockingly alluded
to 1806 when 'the combined Spanish and Argentine forces
drove back to the sea the bastards that came to rob Argentina
and establish their yoke in this free land' (Fianna
7 April 1911: 57-58). A tourist from Dublin provided an
account of his visit to the San Domingo Church in Buenos
Aires, where captured British flags from the failed invasion
were kept. Apparently choosing his words carefully to
avoid smugness, the writer referred to the 'remarkable
series of reverses those four British flags…commemorate'
(HAR 21 December 1906: 7).
story published in Fianna in 1910 reported that the British
were set to return the Falkland/Malvinas Islands 'to the
rightful owner the Argentine nation' to commemorate the
centennial celebration of Argentine independence (Fianna
17 March 1910) (6).
Another from 1913 ridiculed British entrepreneurs for
exploiting the Putumayo indigenous people in the provinces,
pointing out that Irish estancieros in Gran Chaco treated
the Putumayo with dignity and kindness (Fianna
July 1913). In these instances, the Irish merged their
enmity towards Great Britain with specific episodes from
Argentina's national history, thereby claiming a degree
of shared intransigence towards the nation. In Argentina,
the Irish not only saw a progressive democracy open to
immigration and brimming with economic potential, but
also one that had historically rejected the imperialistic
advances of their perpetual adversary.
sense of pride in the Argentine nation was ubiquitous
in both newspapers throughout the period and was consistently
manifested through stories extolling the contributions
of the Irish to national development and frequent passages
recounting important historical episodes and Irish-Argentine
heroes. An emblematic obituary published in 1907 for Thomas
McGuire recounted his experiences as one of the original
settlers during the great migration of the 1840s. The
piece celebrated his pioneering spirit in the Pampas,
where 'he plodded along with an unbroken confidence in
the future of his adopted land.' The contribution of these
Irish settlers also surfaced in the column when its writer
commented that 'the trackless prairies of the Pampa were
changed into well ordered estancias provided with all
the appanages (sic) of modern progress.' Although McGuire
was celebrated for his economic success and commitment
to encouraging development and immigration in the countryside,
'he never forgot the dear old land beyond the seas' (HAR
8 February 1907: 13-14).
similar obituary from 1905 praised the pioneer Eugene
Cronin for struggling 'under a semi-tropical sun to form
the base of a modest fortune'. Another from 1907 commented
that 'Frank Rauth was a typical Irishman in every sense
of the word. A staunch and practical Catholic, he never
belied the creed of his ancestors…and was an ardent lover
of the cherished land that gave him birth.' The piece
concluded with a proud eulogy to other fallen forbearers,
hopeful that 'generations of Hiberno-Argentines yet unborn,
will recall with pride and veneration the memory of those
grand old pioneers of our race in the River Plate…They
are leaving us; but the bright example of their many remains'
(HAR 8 March 1907: 15-16).
tributes appeared almost weekly in both papers and consistently
reinforced several themes. First was a pioneering spirit
among the early immigrants who arduously struggled against
all odds to survive in a foreign land. There also was
a recurring feeling that the success of the Pampas as
an agricultural basin after 1850 was due in large part
to the efforts of the Irish, who embraced their adopted
homeland and contributed to its growth as a republic.
Furthermore, most obituaries noted the moral character
of the deceased and their commitment to Catholic values.
Finally, nearly every tribute noted that the departed
never left the memory of Ireland behind.
Irish Catholics also exhibited an exceptional fascination
with former Argentine President Bartolomé Mitre (1821-1906).
Occasional mini-biographies were published in both papers
that described his promotion of immigration and recognition
of the Irish contribution to the Argentine economy. The
same year of his death, the Irish community in the County
of San Andrés de Giles, a subdivision of Buenos Aires,
erected a monument in his honour in a public square. A
spectator commented in The Hiberno-Argentine Review
that both the Irish and Argentine flags were flown during
the procession, which included a visit from members of
the Mitre family. The correspondent wrote that the monument
'reflects credit on the worthy citizens of Giles who wish
to perpetuate the memory of the deceased patriot' (HAR
4 January 1907: 7).
years later, Fianna republished a piece Mitre
had written in 1873 celebrating the Irish contribution
to national development (Fianna July 1913: 157).
One passage is remarkably similar to the tenor of dozens
of columns printed in both papers between 1906 and 1913
and is emblematic of the collective purpose the Irish
community had gradually embraced after the mid-1870s:
descendants of those clans, confirmed in the Christian
faith by the teachings of the Celtic Paul, have come
to our shores, and hung up their native harps to accompany
the Melodies of their countryman, Thomas Moore, not
as slaves who weep for their expatriation to the shores
of the Babylonian river, but as free men and voluntary
exiles who have found a new country where labour is
productive, and where their children are born and grow
up under the aegis of hospitable institutions.
descendants of those clans, confirmed in the Christian
faith by the teachings of the Celtic Paul, have come
to our shores, and hung up their native harps to accompany
the Melodies of their countryman, Thomas Moore, not
as slaves who weep for their expatriation to the shores
of the Babylonian river, but as free men and voluntary
exiles who have found a new country where labour is
productive, and where their children are born and grow
up under the aegis of hospitable institutions.
echoed the same themes of the obituaries and tributes
to deceased Irish-Argentines, noting the selfless sacrifice
and contribution of Irishmen to Argentine development.
He also defended the Irish-Argentine goal of having their
sons elected in the provincial chambers in the same letter:
the popular vote, the native-born son of an Irishman,
there to represent, as an Argentine, the interests of
the Irish community and the two noble races destined
to 'increase and multiply' under the auspices of Liberty,
Labor, and Prosperity.
the popular vote, the native-born son of an Irishman,
there to represent, as an Argentine, the interests of
the Irish community and the two noble races destined
to 'increase and multiply' under the auspices of Liberty,
Labor, and Prosperity.
critical points are made in Mitre's proclamation. The
first is the idea that the Irish would retain a level
of autonomy while still participating in Argentine institutions,
a point that foreshadows a ubiquitous theme in both newspapers.
The second is that the protagonist of Mitre's vision is
the native-born son of an Irishman. Fahy's generation
had identified primarily with Ireland because it was overwhelmingly
their place of birth, and the site of their formative
years. They could not forget Ireland because it had given
them their identity. The majority of Mitre's 'Irish' had
likely never been to Ireland, and never would. In the
mid-1870s, the percentage of Irish-born Argentines was
decreasing; by 1895, only 32 per cent of the Irish community
in the city of Buenos Aires had been born in Ireland (Coghlan
1982: 18-22). Thus, while the community retained a sense
of pride in their customs and native history, they were
less committed to ethnic segregation because they identified
more with their own nation of birth.
Sinn Féin Debate and Irish Catholic Integration
most illuminating example of Irish Catholic integration
in the early twentieth century was a public debate that
engrossed the community throughout 1908, creating a flashpoint
that helped codify the objectives and collective identity
of the group. At issue was the establishment of a branch
of the Sinn Féin political movement in Buenos Aires in
late 1907. Founded first in 1905 by Dubliner Arthur Griffith
(1871-1922), the movement was a hyper-nationalist, anti-imperialist
crusade that campaigned for Irish self-rule (Coogan 2002:
Irishmen in Buenos Aires attempted to found a local branch
of the movement and held initial meetings beginning in
late 1907. The episode quickly became an ebullition for
the Catholic community, who used the event to work out
conflicted feelings of nationalism. The debate materialised
in The Hiberno-Argentine Review, which typically
provided a forum to resolve similar intra-communal disputes.
The issue at hand was clear: should the community support
the movement in a show of solidarity with its homeland,
or were local affairs of paramount importance?
Irish-Argentines were willing to support Irish industries,
political ideals, and political activists, but contended
that their primary loyalty should align with their adopted
home. Others were pleased that an organisation interested
in their homeland had been founded. Though The Hiberno-Argentine
Review observed that Sinn Féin meetings were 'fiascos'
lacking organisation and vision, they stated that 'as
a matter of notorious fact we are warm supporters of Sinn
Fein…It is on the contrary, a real practical economic
force, making for sound, sensible end…In this we are,
and always have been, hand in glove with Sinn Fein' (HAR
24 January 1908: 5-6).
most outspoken critic of the movement was a reader who
used the pseudonym 'Irish-Porteño,' and his comments typified
the dispassion for Irish politics that many Irish-Argentine
Catholics felt. In one of his most biting letters, he
defined 'Irish-Argentines' to be only those of Irish descent
born in Argentina, not Ireland, and contended that this
group had 'no desire to dabble in Irish politics, and
that they do not, consequently, wish to become Sinn Feiners.'
His diatribe continued:
he a patriot, who, in his own native soil, publicly
proclaims himself an adherent of a foreign political
organization? I'm an Argentine, and foreign politics
do not interest me – hence I am not in a position to
laud or condemn it…But even if I were certain that it
were the best policy for Ireland and that it would ultimately
bring about her freedom, I would not, even then consider
myself under any obligation to join it. And why? Solely
and simply because I am an Argentine and consider that
as such I am bound to Argentina, and should lend my
services – small and insignificant as they may be –
to her political and social amelioration…Now, why should
we be expected to give out pecuniary assistance to a
foreign political organization when here in Argentina
there are hundreds upon hundreds of children of Irish
origin growing up without any education, and in many
instances, crying to heaven for the very necessaries
of life (HAR 10 January 1908: 14-15)?
he a patriot, who, in his own native soil, publicly
proclaims himself an adherent of a foreign political
organization? I'm an Argentine, and foreign politics
do not interest me – hence I am not in a position to
laud or condemn it…But even if I were certain that it
were the best policy for Ireland and that it would ultimately
bring about her freedom, I would not, even then consider
myself under any obligation to join it. And why? Solely
and simply because I am an Argentine and consider that
as such I am bound to Argentina, and should lend my
services – small and insignificant as they may be –
to her political and social amelioration…Now, why should
we be expected to give out pecuniary assistance to a
foreign political organization when here in Argentina
there are hundreds upon hundreds of children of Irish
origin growing up without any education, and in many
instances, crying to heaven for the very necessaries
of life (HAR 10 January 1908: 14-15)?
it is difficult to determine whether or not this position
was shared by others in the community, certain clues emerge
from these letters that indicate that rejection of the
Sinn Féin movement was commonplace. For example, another
letter from 10 January 1908 reiterated the same viewpoint:
may safely say, without exaggeration, I know the Irish-Argentines,
my countrymen, well, and that I am in tune with their
thoughts and feelings, their likes and dislikes, and
therefore I assert…that they, as a body…have no sympathy
with the Sinn Fein, or any other new fangled fandangle
imported here (HAR 10 January 1908: 16).
may safely say, without exaggeration, I know the Irish-Argentines,
my countrymen, well, and that I am in tune with their
thoughts and feelings, their likes and dislikes, and
therefore I assert…that they, as a body…have no sympathy
with the Sinn Fein, or any other new fangled fandangle
imported here (HAR 10 January 1908: 16).
'Criollo' argued that 'if our Irish friends consider it
their duty to support the Sinn Fein scheme with us the
case is very different. We too have a nation and a race
to uplift and to save' (HAR 24 January 1908:
14). Argentine-born individuals of Irish descent seemed
willing to support Ireland in spirit and purpose but preferred
to concern themselves primarily with problems in Argentina.
Poverty and political representation were more pressing
concerns for a group far less connected to Ireland than
previous generations had been. The same 'Irish-Porteño'
who had articulated the most derisive assault on the movement
submitted another letter on 31 January 1908. Like the
anonymous writer who claimed to speak for the entire Irish-Argentine
community, 'Irish-Porteño' alleged that he was in tune
with the sentiments of his fellows:
come in contact with my fellow countrymen during many
years in mostly every Irish-Argentine centre I was in
a position to know their sentiments and feelings, and
I accordingly asserted that they were not interested
in Irish party politics, much less anxious to become
adherents to a movement…I furthermore maintained – as
I do still – that we could not, as true Argentines,
join an organization that was both foreign and political.
That my views have been sanctioned by the Irish-Argentine
community is amply proved by the fact that not a single
Irish-Argentine…has objected to them. On the contrary
my views have been ably defended and upheld by several
Irish-Argentines…I objected to Sinn Fein on the ground
that as an Argentine it would be wrong for me to adhere
to it as it would clearly demonstrate that I was devoid
of love and patriotism towards the land that gave me
birth (HAR 31 January 1908: 15-16).
come in contact with my fellow countrymen during many
years in mostly every Irish-Argentine centre I was in
a position to know their sentiments and feelings, and
I accordingly asserted that they were not interested
in Irish party politics, much less anxious to become
adherents to a movement…I furthermore maintained – as
I do still – that we could not, as true Argentines,
join an organization that was both foreign and political.
That my views have been sanctioned by the Irish-Argentine
community is amply proved by the fact that not a single
Irish-Argentine…has objected to them. On the contrary
my views have been ably defended and upheld by several
Irish-Argentines…I objected to Sinn Fein on the ground
that as an Argentine it would be wrong for me to adhere
to it as it would clearly demonstrate that I was devoid
of love and patriotism towards the land that gave me
birth (HAR 31 January 1908: 15-16).
reader identified as 'Porteño' made a similar
argument. Again, speaking on behalf of the broader community,
he stated that 'we, Porteños, don't understand
Sinn Fein, and don't want to either…We, or most of us,
would like to see Old Ireland get her rights, (though)
if we do our duty I guess we have enough to do to look
after our own country's affairs' (HAR 20 November
1908: 11).
Each of these letters adds to our understanding of Irish-Argentine
feelings towards integration by the early twentieth-century.
As evidence has demonstrated, the community of Irish-Argentine
Catholics were interested in the social and political
affairs of Argentina and increasingly identified with
that nation over the country of their ancestors. While
both The Hiberno-Argentine Review and Fianna
demonstrated a strong affinity for Irish history and culture,
the editors, writers, and readers expressed a stronger
loyalty to the social concerns of their adopted home of
Argentina, which by the twentieth-century was in fact
the place of birth of roughly 70 per cent of the Irish
community in Buenos Aires. The group was much likelier
to be interested in addressing issues of poverty, child
welfare and the promotion of increased immigration as
a political policy than supporting the movement for self-rule
in Ireland.
the group continued to speak English, preserve community
institutions and practice endogamy by the early twentieth
century, they identified primarily with Argentina and
displayed an exceptional interest in local affairs. Accordingly,
this article has suggested that the group was engaged
in the process of 'integration' between 1906 and 1913.
process began after the death of Father Fahy, the influential
and passionate leader of the community who had promoted
its segregation for so long, and likely continued into
the 1930s and 1940s. Tellingly, the name of The Hiberno-Argentine
Review was permanently changed to The Argentine
Review in 1924, a move that signalled the process
of integration to be well underway.
author would like to thank Susan Socolow, Jeffrey Lesser,
Edmundo Murray and Carson Lange for their insightful comments
and criticism, and Gayle Williams for her tireless pursuit
of primary sources.
Brad Lange is a graduate student at Emory University in
Atlanta, Georgia (United States of America). He is interested
in the social and cultural history of immigrant groups
throughout the Southern Cone.
The most well-known studies are Jose Moya, Cousins and
Strangers: Spanish Immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850-1930,
and Fernando Devoto and Gianfausto Rosoli, La
Italiana en la Argentina.
This is not to say that all minority groups have been
neglected by historians. Classic studies include Narciso
Binayán, La Colectividad Armenia en la Argentina; Liliana
Cazorla, La Inmigración Sirio y Libanesa en la Provincia
de Buenos Aires: A Través de sus Instituciones Étnicas;
Ronald C. Newton, German Buenos Aires, 1900-1933: Social
Change and Cultural Crisis; and James Lawrence Tigner,
'The Ryukyuans in Argentina.'
See, for example, Patrick McKenna, 'Irish Migration to
Argentina,' Korol and Sabato, Cómo Fue la Inmigración
Irlandesa en Argentina; Coghlan, El Aporte de los Irlandeses
a la Formación de la Nación Argentina; Graham-Yooll,
Forgotten Colony; and Thomas Murray, The Story of the
Irish in Argentina.
See, for example, Andy Bielenberg (ed.), The Irish Diaspora;
Charles Fanning (ed.), New Perspectives on the Irish Diaspora;
and Arthur Gribben (ed.), The Great Famine and the Irish
Diaspora in America.
It appears that this event never transpired.
Baily, Samuel L., 'The Role of Two Newspapers in the Assimilation
of Italians in Buenos Aires and São Paulo, 1893-1913,'
International Migration Review 12:3: 321-40 (1978).
Bielenberg, Andy (ed.), The Irish Diaspora (New
York: Longman, 2000).
Binayán, Narciso, La Colectividad Armenia en la Argentina
(Buenos Aires: Alzamor Editores, 1974).
Bishop, Patrick, The Irish Empire (New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1999).
Cazorla, Liliana, La Inmigración Siria y Libanesa
en la Provincia de Buenos Aires: A Través de sus
Instituciones Étnicas (Buenos Aires: Fundación
Los Cedros, 1995).
Coghlan, El Aporte de los Irlandeses a la Formación
de la Nación Argentina (Buenos Aires: El Vuelo de
Fénix, 1982).
Coogan, Tim Pat, The IRA (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2002).
Devoto, Fernando J, Historia de la Inmigración en
la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana,
Devoto, Fernando J, and Gianfausto Rosoli, La Inmigración
Italiana en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Editorial
Biblos, 1985).
Fanning, Charles (ed.), New Perspectives on the Irish
Diaspora (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University
Press, 2000).
Fianna (1910-1913) [Buenos Aires: Latin American
Microfilm Project, 1996].
Graham-Yooll, Andrew, The Forgotten Colony: A History
of English-Speaking Communities in Argentina (London:
Hutchinson, 1981).
Gribben, Arthur (ed.), The Great Famine and the Irish
Diaspora in America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts
Press, 1999).
The Hiberno-Argentine Review (1906-1910), quoted
as HAR [Buenos Aires: Latin American Microfilm Project,
Korol, Juan Carlos, and Hilda Sabato, Comó Fue la
Inmigración Irlandesa en Argentina (Buenos Aires:
Plus Ultra, 1981).
McKenna, Patrick, 'Irish Migration to Argentina' in O'Sullivan,
Patrick (ed.) The Irish World Wide: History, Heritage,
Identity, Vol. 1 (London and Washington: Leicester
University Press, 1992).
Moya, Jose C, Cousins and Strangers: Spanish Immigrants
in Buenos Aires, 1850-1930 (Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1998).
Murray, Thomas, The Story of the Irish in Argentina
(New York: P.J. Kenedy & Sons, 1919).
Mörner, Magnus, 'Immigration into Latin America, Especially
Argentina and Chile,' in P.C. Emmer and Magnus Mörner
(eds.), European Expansion and Migration (New
York: Berg, 1992).
Newton, Ronald C, German Buenos Aires, 1900-1933:
Social Change and Cultural Crisis (Austin: University
of Texas Press, 1977).
Rock, David, Argentina: 1516-1987 (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1987).
Scobie, James, Buenos Aires: Plaza to Suburb, 1870-1910
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1974).
Scobie, James, Argentina: A City and a Nation
(New York: Oxford, 1971).
Tigner, James Lawrence, 'The Ryukyuans in Argentina' in
The Hispanic American Historical Review 47:2:
203-24 (1967).
Lange, Brad ''I
am an Argentine': Irish Catholics in Buenos Aires, 1906-1913' in
"Irish Migration Studies in Latin America" 7:1 (March
2009), pp. 51-60.
Available online (www.irlandeses.org/imsla0903.htm), accessed
Society for Irish Latin American Studies


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Oedema is abnormal fluid accumulation in body tissues that may be localized (as in swelling from an injury) or generalized (as in heart failure ).
Water balance in the body
Water accounts for roughly three fifths of body weight and is constantly exchanged between blood and tissues. The pressure of blood being pumped around the body forces water out of the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) and into the tissues. By a reverse process, which depends on the water-drawing power of the proteins in the blood (osmosis ), water is reabsorbed into the capillaries and lymphatic vessels from the tissues. Normally, these two mechanisms are in balance, keeping the distribution of water between the blood and tissues more or less constant.
The action of the kidneys and hormones, including antidiuretic hormone (ADH), regulate the total amount of fluid in the body. Any excess is excreted from the body as urine.
Causes of oedema
Various disorders can disrupt these processes. Heart failure leads to congestion in the veins, which creates backward pressure in the capillaries.This overcomes osmotic pressure in the capillaries and causes more fluid than normal to be forced into the tissues. Backward pressure can also be created by a tumour pressing on veins, causing oedema in the area drained by the obstructed vein.
In nephrotic syndrome, an abnormal loss of protein from the blood reduces osmotic pressure and prevents enough fluid being drawn from the tissues into the blood. Kidney failure prevents salt being excreted from the body, allowing it to accumulate in the tissues and attract water to it. Other disorders that can cause oedema include cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to blood congestion in the veins of the liver, lowers blood protein (and therefore osmotic pressure), and causes salt retention. A deficiency of protein in the diet, as may occur in alcoholics, can also reduce osmotic pressure.
Injury or inflammation may lead to oedema by causing capillaries to leak. The blockage of lymphatic vessels may result in lymphoedema. Oedema may also be caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroid drugs , that have an action on the kidneys, resulting in salt retention.
Symptoms of generalized oedema, such as swelling around the base of the spine (in bedridden people) or in the ankles, occur when excess body fluid increases by more than 15 per cent. In severe cases, fluid accumulates in large body cavities, such as the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen in ascites or the pleural cavity of the lungs in pleural effusion. In pulmonary oedema, the air sacs of the lungs become waterlogged, causing breathlessness.
The underlying cause of the oedema should be remedied. If this is not possible, symptoms can be relieved by excretion of the excess fluid. Output of urine by the kidneys is increased by restricting dietary salt and by the use of diuretic drugs .
Lymphoedema is an abnormal accumulation of lymph in the tissues, which occurs when the normal drainage of lymph is disrupted (see lymphatic system).
There are various possible causes for lymphoedema. Cancer can lead to the condition if the vessels become blocked by deposits of cancer cells. Surgical removal of lymph nodes under the arm (as in radical mastectomy) or in the groin, or radiotherapy to an area containing lymph nodes, may also result in lymphoedema. In the tropical disease filariasis, the lymphatic vessels may be blocked by parasitic worms. Rarely, the condition is due to a congenital abnormality of the lymphatic vessels known as Milroy's disease. In addition, lymphoedema may occur for no known reason.
Lymphoedema causes painless swelling in the tissues and thickening of the skin over the affected area. It usually develops in the legs; the swelling may start at the ankle and extend up the leg, and may occur to an incapacitating degree in some individuals. If a limb that is affected by lymphoedema is subsequently injured, infection can easily enter the site of injury and spread rapidly through the body tissues.
There is no known cure for lymphoedema. Treatment consists of taking diuretic drugs, wearing an elastic bandage or compression sleeve, massage, and special exercises; these measures may bring about some improvement.
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Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema - technical


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"HOUSTON -- BP engineers today succeeded in intercepting the damaged Deepwater Horizon oil well with a relief well they have been drilling since May 2.
The interception - nearly 3.5 miles below the sea floor and an additional mile below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico - will allow the final cement seal to be pumped into the damaged well from the bottom, finally killing it.
While the well is known to the general public as the Deepwater Horizon well after the oil rig leased by BP that exploded April 20, in the industry it is known as the Macondo well because it is drilled in the Macondo oil field. "Environment News Service had the story September 16, 2010.


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Human male anatomy, artwork
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Keywords: anatomical, anatomy, artwork, biological, biology, black background, bladder, brain, central nervous system, cns, cut out, cut outs, cut-out, cut-outs, cutout, cutouts, healthy, heart, human, human body, illustration, intestines, large intestine, liver, lung, lungs, nerves, normal, organ, organs, people, person, small intestine, spinal chord
Licence fees: A licence fee will be charged for any media (low or high resolution) used in your project.


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ATSB® technology is currently available in two liquid options: a concentrate and a ready-to-use spray.
ATSB® Concentrate and Ready-to-Use formulas: applied to to non-flowering vegetation to bait and kill mosquitoes in relatively large areas. The active ingredient, which kills by ingestion is an EPA-exempt pesticide (garlic oil):
- Professional Concentrate – 1L or 5L containers of the concentrated ATSB®. Diluting the concentrated materials with water enables spraying using backpacks or any other sprayer.
- Residential – ready to use spray for backyard and homeowner use.
Note: the particular ingredients of the concentrated materials in each territory are selected based on a wide range of parameters such as mosquito type, environmental conditions, regulations, anti-resistance procedures, etc.
Our Products


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Pearl of the Night Bundle – HD Character, Outfit and Expansion
Xin-Qian and the Pear of the Night Outfit are high quality HD Character, HD Outfit and Expansion sets for Genesis 3 Female(s). It contains the full character set Xin-Qian HD for Victoria 7, the Pear of the Night outfit and Shanghai Textures Expansion.
This Bundle Includes:
FWSA Xin-Qian HD for Victoria 7
Pearl of the Night for Genesis 3 Female(s)
Pearl of the Night Shanghai Textures


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Lily Allen pens song for Girls
Lily Allen has debuted a song L8 CMMR on hit TV show Girls.
The unreleased track premiered on the third season of Lena Dunham's award-winning show about the reality of life for 20-somethings in New York and also appears on the show's soundtrack, Girls Volume 2: All Adventurous Women Do.
Lily told Rolling Stone magazine: "I think the show is brilliant, so it was more or less a no brainer for me.
"Greg Kurstin, who produced and co-wrote this track with me, played a few of the new tracks for a friend of his who works on the show. Apparently [music supervisor Manish Raval] loved the songs, and later came back to Greg asking if he could include one of the tracks in an episode."
L8 CMMR is a song about a woman who feels territorial about her man.
Lily sings: "Look at my ring... You can't have him."
But just like Lena's lead character Hannah, as well as showing devotion and obsession, the song also addresses pure sexual desire, with lines such as, "Under the covers, my mind is a bad motherf***er."


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Fast radio bursts are rapid, bright sparks of radio waves initiating from an unidentified source in cosmos. They is a mysterious occurrence that happens only for a few milliseconds, and they had never been detected live – until a group of astronomers, by means of CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope in eastern Australia succeeded to change that. Even still the bursts were over nearly as soon as they arose, the group of astronomers, directed by Emily Petroff of CSIRO and Swinburne University of Technology, achieved to spot it occurring in real time. Merely seven fast radio bursts had formerly been detected– astonishingly, some were only spotted a decade after they actually happened. Petroff's group credited their achievement to the progress of new instrumentation, which reduced the time between observation and discovery of fast radio bursts from many years to seconds.
A schematic representation of CSIRO's Parkes radio telescope getting the polarized signal from the new 'fast radio burst'. [Image Credit: Swinburne Astronomy Productions]
Fast radio bursts are "one of the major mysteries in the cosmos", states Carnegie Observatories' Acting Director John Mulchaey. Although the cause of these fast radio bursts is still unknown. Whatsoever produced them was at least 5.5 billion light years away, meaning it "might have given off as much energy in a few milliseconds as the Sun produces in a day", according to Dr. Daniele Malesani of the University of Copenhagen. Such a huge quantity of energy proposes a cataclysmic occurrence, for instance the collapse of an extraordinarily fast rotating, gigantic neutron star as it collapses into producing a black hole.
Even though nothing new was learned this time, a clarification of their source is only a matter of time. Astronomers were however left a hint to its origins. The radio waves had a distinctive polarization – the route in which electromagnetic waves oscillate – signifying that there was a magnetic field in the neighborhood of their source.
Petroff, whose results were issued by the Royal AstronomicalSociety, says "We've set the trap. Now we just have to wait for another burst to fall into it."
Journal reference: arxiv.org/abs/1412.0342


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LAKE FOREST – Look in Tanya Leah's closet and you'll see other people's clothes.
That's just how the 36-year-old San Juan Capistrano resident, an avid secondhand shopper, likes it.
Leah says her interest in buying pre-owned clothing is economical, environmental – and a fashion statement.
"Generally, you're not going to ever wear the same thing someone else is, and that's what's awesome," she said.
Customers like Leah are the target of a push by Goodwill of Orange County to expand its base by modernizing existing stores and opening boutique-style versions of the traditional outlets.
In 1997 in Lake Forest, the nonprofit organization opened a large, traditional Goodwill store and, in a smaller, attached suite, opened Keepers, which features higher-end goods.
The stores – the only Goodwill locations in South Orange County – were recently overhauled as part of a countywide effort by the company to update its offerings and attract new customers.
Store modernization has become a priority, said Corrine Allen, vice president of Orange County retail operations.
An experiment with candles as decor elements in Keepers in 1999 took a bad turn and burned the store's interior, Allen said, but aside from work to repair that damage, the stores have remained unchanged, other than some paint work.
And while the company has had boutique-style stores operating since the 1990s, the model has taken off in recent years as Goodwill looks to convince communities leery of its entry into higher-end shopping areas.
The Lake Forest revamp was inspired by Goodwill's first Orange County boutique store, in Tustin, which opened last year. Tustin officials were reluctant to allow the store to come into town in its traditional iteration. The boutique there, somewhat of an experiment with its more modern look, proved popular.
"We basically said, 'This is a win,'" said Eric Smissen, Goodwill's visual specialist. "Shoppers have shown they're open to this."
The Lake Forest stores underwent a total renovation in April, turning dated and dusty shops into serene, modern spaces.
The floors were redone in a smooth laminate tinted yellow-brown, dated fixtures on which the clothes hung were replaced with industrial-looking dark, cast-iron pipes, and some popular sections, including purses, shoes and furniture, have been expanded. Brighter colors are also a change from the previous muted palate; wide ceiling pipes have been painted in the company's trademark yellow.
The cash register on the traditional side – long an impediment to moving through the store with its placement in front of the entry doors – is gone. A new bank of registers is flush with a side wall, which features a recycled rendering of the Goodwill smiley face logo, done in old strips of T-shirts.
And Keepers is now more brand-name clothing and less antique furniture.
"There's a growing trend around the country throughout Goodwill to expand the number of boutique stores … driven by the new customer coming into the thrift store market," Allen said, "the younger, trendier customer who appreciates name brands at cheaper prices."
The company tries to curate stores to specific communities, Allen said, which means stores here can take advantage of having access to higher-end clothing.
"In the boutique store we put great name brands," she said. "We're very fortunate to be here in Orange County because there are shoppers who purchase and donate designer (clothing)."
Lake Forest resident Karen Ngo has worked at Goodwill in Lake Forest since 2002. Though its dimensions haven't changed, the store now looks "bigger and brighter," she said. Joel Echegaray, a four-year employee at the store, said the revamp has been an exciting change.
"I feel we put a lot of effort into it as employees," he said.
People like Ngo and Echegaray are key to a successful upgrade, Allen said. "We're really depending on our staff to give great customer service."
That's because they are in charge of curating the stores and maintaining their uncluttered, airy feel.
Smissen said the goal with the revamp in Lake Forest is to make shopping there an experience that will continue to attract longtime customers and draw newer secondhand aficionados.
The re-imagining of the store's aesthetics is intended to speak to a shopper who may have a negative image of Goodwill's offerings, Allen said; "How can we get that customer in who wouldn't step foot in a Goodwill store?"
In this process, the challenge for Goodwill is to keep in mind its longtime customers, too, Allen said.
"We'll continue to focus on the full-line store," she said. "They'll always have that nice comfortable feel (and) a really broad product mix."
Contact the writer: 949-454-7307 or firstname.lastname@example.com


text: "As an enrolled citizen of the Cherokee Nation, I'm concerned with making my research responsible not only to the values and interests of the academy, but also to those of American Indian communities. My current research focuses on American Indian health. My main project is funded by the National Institute on Aging and examines ethnic disparities in patient outcomes and their relationship to patterns of interaction between doctors and elder patients. I'm trying to determine whether providers vary their communicative behavior according to their American Indian patients' cultural characteristics, and whether ethnically distinctive patients use distinctive communication patterns. The long-term goal of the project is to design health interventions that improve the medical care of American Indian elders."


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I have a table at a Rainbow Tea Party and my color is red. I have no idea what a Rainbow Tea is or how to decorate my table, can you help?
Betty from Cuthbert, GA
Why don't you ask somebody who has done it or maybe the person who assigned it to you? (05/23/2008)
By Judi
Found this on another article on Thrifty fun. Red stands for the Blood that Jesus Shed on Calvary, it also stands for Power.
I used a red table cloth, with matching red skirt, a beautiful red rose centerpiece with fresh baby breath and greenery. Each Captain is asked to invite anyone you choose to wear your color on that day, and collect donations as well.
My foods were: Bar-B-Que hash, Bar-B-Que ribs, red rice w/tomatoes and red sausage, red Jello topped with whipped cream, deviled eggs with red food coloring, pasta salad with red cherry tomatoes, Bar-B-Que drummettes, Lil Smokies, meatballs, and finger sandwiches.
For red food, baked pasta in red sauce, red velvet cake, roasted pepper dip, candied apples, strawberries, pomegranate juice mixed with prosseco or club soda, and tomato salad.
Hope this helps. Have fun. (05/27/2008)
By krlvnsa
Add your voice! Click below to comment. ThriftyFun is powered by your wisdom!


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By Meghan Ackerson
First-Year MBA, Consumer Marketing Academy
|The Christ Redeemer Statue in Rio
What distinguishes the Kelley global experience from most other schools is that it's 100% student-led. Our four second-year leaders designed our entire KIPs curriculum and in-country itinerary. We spent seven weeks learning about Brazil's history, business environment, cultural intricacies and people from various professors, visiting executives, and our native language tutor, Sergio.
When we arrived in Sao Paulo, we experienced first-hand everything we'd learned about in class and much more. The contrasts, the relationship-based business environment, the national pride, the warmth and hospitality of the people. We visited some of the top companies in Brazil – Embraer, Volkswagen, Petrobras, Procter & Gamble, and many more.
|The View from Corcovado Mountain


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"Dialogues in Time" at Jancar skips between past and present in Ilene Segalove's life and work, looking at each through the lens of the other. It's a small show, but a poignant romp: at once blunt, wry, endearing and revealing.
The recent work deals mainly with slippage between now and then, between the real and the ostensibly ideal. In "Whatever Happened to My Future" (2012), the 60-year-old Segalove video-chats with her 20-year-old self, thanks to some doctored old reel-to-reel footage. Characteristic of the artist's work over four decades, the exchange spans the personal (What happened to my hair?) and the political (Did ecology work?), compressing them into what amounts to a form of cultural chronicle, or collective autobiography.
This is especially true of "Secret Museum of Mankind" (2011), a five-panel collage interspersing posed portraits of the artist with dated ethnographic studies of foreign female types. Segalove includes the older pictures' original captions, ghastly sexist and racist commentary rating the looks of the "Buttered Beauty of the Negroid North" or "A Belle of the Quichua Tribe."
She adopts a snarky, self-critical tone in the captions to her own self-portraits, sighing over her age lines, laugh lines.
With slightly bitter resignation, Segalove labels one image: "I'm not sad, Proclaims Crone. I just look this way." The sentiment echoes a passage in the video when the older Segalove laments that she's gotten old and dark and lost her juice. To which her younger self keenly implores, "I don't want to turn into you. Get your irony back!"
Jancar Gallery, 961 Chung King Road, (213) 625-2522, through May 25. Closed Sunday through Tuesday. www.jancargallery.com
PHOTOS: Hollywood stars on stage CHEAT SHEET: Spring arts preview 2014 PHOTOS: Arts and culture in pictures
PHOTOS: Hollywood stars on stage
CHEAT SHEET: Spring arts preview 2014
PHOTOS: Arts and culture in pictures


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Jan. 25, 2013 – Sixteen of the nation's top law school moot court programs are competing in Houston this week in the 2013 Andrews Kurth Moot Court National Championship. The tournament is presented by the Blakely Advocacy Institute at the University of Houston Law Center.
The teams earned their way to the championship competition by achieving outstanding results in major moot court tournaments in the previous academic year. These "best of the best" programs will bid for the uncontested national crown. For the first time in the tournament's history, Blakely's moot court team qualified for the championship.
"Having our program among the best in the nation and competing right here at home is great recognition for our program, our students, and our efforts," said Blakely Advocacy Institute Director Jim Lawrence.
Previous winners of the Championship include the South Texas College of Law and Mississippi College School of Law.
"In a short time, the Andrews Kurth Championship has developed into one of the most prestigious moot court competitions in the nation," Lawrence said. "The sponsorship of Andrews Kurth along with the collaboration between the Law Center alumni and faculty has helped accelerate the championship's growth."
This year's problem involves the new gray market in the life insurance industry, the Stranger Owned Life Insurance market. STOLI participants seek life insurance as a purpose of investment, rising and falling on the life expectancy of strangers. The tournament is being held at the Bob Casey Federal Courthouse, 515 Rusk in downtown Houston.
For more information about the Andrews Kurth Moot Court National Championship, click here.


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Games to Do With Science?
While some students are intrigued by the natural wonders of the world, others cannot wait to get out of science class every day. Therefore, using games to increase the participation of all learners...
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The Best Science Games?
Science is fantastic, let's be completely honest. It is all around us, inescapable in every breath and every movement. And what could be better than learning about sciences by using science games? ...
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Outside Science Games?
Let's face it, science class can be boring. Playing games and performing other hands-on activities are a great way to get kids excited about science. Some of these games and activities can only be ...
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Bible Science Games?
Children are naturally curious and the more you involve them in active learning, the greater the odds that they will retain the key concepts of a lesson. Bible science games provide an enjoyable w...
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Games for Food & Science?
Educators can use common foods to teach various aspects of science. This helps to engage students, as they see the foods or products they can immediately relate to. These experiments end up getting...
Read More »


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CA Intermediate (IPC) Examination May 2014 Results
Dear all IPCC Students: Here is latest information and updates of The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) and official website @ www.icai.org. ICAI will announce the CA IPCC/Intermediate Final Examination Results 2014 on 8th August 2014.
CA IPCC/Intermediate Students are waiting for ICAI Results 2014 for IPCC/Intermediate examination May 2014.
All those Candidates who appeared in IPCC/Intermediate examination held on may 2014 now they want to check their results. Here in this page we are providing you information IPCC Results 2014, caresults.nic.in IPCC Result 2014, CA Intermediate Result 2014, Intermediate (IPC) Result 2014 etc.
CA IPCC Results 2014 will available on line.
Dear all CA Students visit given below official link and Get your ICAI Intermediate (IPC) Exam May 2014 Result 2014 (Results available 8th August, 2014). Direct link of CA IPCC Results May 2014 is available here now.


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Mozilla is looking to set a world record for one-day software downloads with the release of Firefox 3,
which should be released sometime today at getfirefox.com.
I have been using Firefox 3 for a little over a month now, and it really is a better browser. Better than Internet Explorer by a long shot, and better than Firefox 2, as well. It is quick, lighter-weight, and really nice to use. My favorite feature, though, is the easy extensibility of Firefox with the use of third-party add-ons like Foxmarks bookmark synchronizer and del.icio.us buttons.


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College Lecturers and Directors of Music
Dr Alexandra Buckle
Lecturer at St Anne's and St Hilda's Colleges
Research interests in Medieval and Renaissance music, history of musical institutions, social and political contexts, and Reformation studies.
Dr Matthew Cheung Salisbury
Lecturer at University College
Analysis and editing of medieval liturgy and plainchant; the historiography of related topics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; descriptive bibliography; digital humanities.
Dr Joe Davies
Lecturer in Music, Lady Margaret Hall
Dr Henry Hope
Lecturer at Magdalen College
Medieval Music: Minnesang, vernacular song repertories, and early polyphony.
18th-Century Music Aesthetics: Johann Gottfried Herder.
Historiography: GDR musicology, interdisciplinarity, and medieval musicology.
Dr Thomas Hyde
Stipendiary Lecturer in Music, Lady Margaret Hall & Brasenose College
Elizabeth Kenny
Director of Performance and Performance Studies
Matthew Martin
Fellow and Director of Studies - Keble College
Research interests in composition, Roman liturgy and plainchant, improvisation.
Dr Guy Newbury
Lecturer at Pembroke College
Composer and pianist. Research interests in the late-19th and 20th centuries, especially French and Polish music.
Benjamin Nicholas
Organist, Director of Music and Lecturer, Merton College
Research interests in contemporary choral music.
Dr Katharine Pardee
Betts Fellow in Organ Studies; Lecturer and College Advisor in Music, Corpus Christi; and Director of Chapel Music, Wadham College.
Dr Benjamin Skipp
Lecturer and Director of Studies in Music at Hertford and Somerville Colleges; Lecturer at Christ Church
Research interests in minimalism, musical postmodernism and critical theory.
Dr Timothy Summers
Musicologist with primary research interests in music for moving-image media, particularly video games. Additional research interests include performativity, critical theory, music in popular culture and music and identity.
Dr John Traill
Director of Music, St Anne's College
Conductor and composer. Musical Director, Ensemble ISIS. Research interests include the history of orchestration, the history of conducting, orchestral performance post-1750, and the performance of new music.
Dr Jonathan Williams
Director of College Music, St Hilda's College
Conductor, orchestrator, composer and musicologist.
Dr Mark Williams
Informator Choristarum, Organist & Tutorial Fellow, Magdalen College
Techniques of composition & keyboard skills, choral studies, performance practice. Artistic Director of the William Byrd Festival.


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Great Frederick Fair held for fun, not profit
Annual event, which begins Friday, earned $2.2M in 2008, but cost $2.4M
The Great Frederick Fair begins Friday, and it surely will attract thousands of visitors, as it does every year.
What it won't attract is a profit.
"We spend every dollar we take in," said Maurice A. Gladhill, fair treasurer. "... There is no net profit with the fair."
In 2008, the fair earned about $2.2 million according to income tax returns filed by fair officials, but expenses totaled about $2.4 million. The fair sustained a loss $177,191 that year.
In 2009, the fair took in slightly more than $2 million during the nine-day event, Gladhill said. This included vendor rental fees, parking, admission, entertainment ticket sales and carnival attractions. But the costs to put on the festivities totaled slightly more than $2 million. Costs include electricity, security, insurance, equipment rental, fire and rescue, restroom attendants and repair and maintenance.
"A lot of our buildings are 80 to 90 years old and they take a lot of maintenance," Gladhill said. "We're so proud of our buildings, but they take a lot of maintenance."
The 148th Great Frederick Fair is set to open its gates to the public Friday. If the weather is good and unless severe weather strikes the county as Hurricane Isabel did during fair week in 2003 Gladhill expects big crowds each day. He does not expect the sluggish economy to keep people away.
"Last year, the last Saturday was a total rain-out and it moved us from a positive bottom line to a negative bottom line," he said. "The bottom line is the weather pattern. It's more critical than the economy."
Hurricane Isabel swept through Frederick County in 2003, forcing several fair events to close. Crowds were already down before Isabel hit, and vendors complained of lagging sales as a result of the storm.
Becky Brashear, general manager of the fair, is hopeful this year.
"Based on fairs around the state, they are all doing well," Brashear said. "The support has been there and people are definitely staying close to home. We've been very fortunate we've sold out all our vendors."
Last year, several of the commercial food vendors and a handful of local organizations selling food reported sluggish sales, and attributed it to the poor economic conditions nationwide.
"We were well down from the previous year," said Ed Arnold, president of the Carroll Manor Fire Company. "You can tell it was the economy. I think we made about $25,000. Usually we make about $30,000."
The fire company has been a fixture at the fair since the 1950s. Its food tent is typically one of the largest at the fair, serving up hamburgers, cheeseburgers, french fries and fried chicken in a venue that can seat up to 120 customers.
Arnold is hoping for better sales next week.
"We want good weather and hungry people," he said. "We're going to be out there making money."


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GRAND FORKS, N.D. (AP) - August 12, 2009 --A North Dakota woman convicted of breast-feeding her 6-week-old baby while drunk is in jail after another run-in with the law. A judge last week had ordered 26-year-old Stacey Anvarinia to get treatment that could have helped her avoid jail on a child-neglect charge. The case grabbed international attention and stirred debate about breast-feeding, alcohol and privacy.
Hours after her sentencing, Anvarinia was arrested for allegedly slashing a tire on a truck. Police say she appeared drunk when they found her. The child was not in her custody.
The fresh legal troubles prompted Judge Sonja Clapp to rescind the treatment option for Anvarinia on Wednesday.
Anvarinia pleaded not guilty to the new charges she faces - criminal mischief and preventing arrest.
Information from: Grand Forks Herald, http://www.grandforksherald.com


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- pilbarabride
- 5 years ago
- Wedding: April 2014
We are starting to plan our wedding now. We are young parents and would like to keep costs down but not have a tacky wedding. Rather a fun, classy, eclectic day that represents us but still child friendly. We live in a small town and our wedding venue does not have kitchen facilities and we also have to specially order in chiavary chairs for the reception as no one in town does chair leasing.
Our guests would be seated in 2 or 3 long banquest tables decoated in hundreds of tealight candles in little jars and a large variety of flowers in larger jars and clear glass beer and wine bottles.
An outside caterer is way to expensive even for a basic menu. We thought a cost effective and fun meal idea would be to do gourmet pizzas served with disposable wooden plates with our initials monogramed in gold on them. Instead of a wedding cake we thought to do desert pizzas at dinner and do a champange tower instead and then pass around the glasses to our seated guests for speeches and toasts. We decided against canapes as we are doing an evening ceremony and having a family photo shoot done in our bridal gear another day in better lighting. So it will be straight inside for dinner.
Also in lieu of a more conservative dinner we are having a full cocktail bar with 3 high quality beers, 1 red and 1 white wine, and 3 cocktail choices as well as softdrink and water.
Pizzas we are considering are:
1) Bianca, mozzarella, poached pear, crumbled blue cheese , Brie and rocket.
2) Bianca, potato, rosemary, smoked salmon, and goat cheese.
3) Tomato Sugo, fior di latte, cherry tomato, basil, prosciutto, and rocket
4) Tomato Sugo, mozzarella, smoked spec, fresh Italian sausage, kalamatas and anchovy.
6) Tomato Sugo, garlic, prawns, cherry tomato, grilled zucchini and rocket.
Desert pizzas
7) Custard base, baked apple, cinnamon, caramel and pistachio crumble
8) Chocolate mud cake, strawberries, white chocolate and chocolate ganache.
We were wondering if this would be to tacky. It will be high quality ingredients and plenty of food to go around. Our venue cant facilitate a cocktail setting so we are forced to do sit down but have limited kitchen facilites. We have just over 200 guests and the crowed is very young with most guests between 20 & 30 plus family and children.
Thoughts anyone? Would this be a wedding you would enjoy.


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|Centerfire Rifle Cartridge Reloading Load Testing:
| 1. Your rifles bore condition is critical at this point and most likely even though you keep it clean unless you use a good copper solvent it is almost without saying that your barrel is copper fouled beyond serious accuracy testing.
(Bore Cleaning)
2. Scope mounting is also critical, while most shooters know how to mount a scope, very few know how to mount a scope precisely for ultimate accuracy over extended range shooting at very distant targets.
3. The next step in accurate load testing is a rock solid shooting platform. A shooting bench that is anchored to the ground is a must for any serious accuracy testing.
4. The next step after establishing a shooting platform in load testing is to have a good rifle rest to anchor your rifle, rifle rest bags are ok but the Outers Varminter adjustable rifle rest is more solid and accurate.
5. Target and targeting this is simply one of the most overlooked areas when reloaders are working up loads for accuracy load testing, simply put you need an accurate targeting system. Using our free targets you put up the target using a level which will help eliminate scope and rifle canting on the rifle rest. These targets have been made to align the crosshairs of your scope with the diamond shape points on the target.
6. Once you are satisfied with testing the accuracy of your load the next step is to test the velocity of the load for trajectory purposes. The Alpha Chrony Chronograph gives 1-string, 32-shot memory (numbered). Measures high, low and average velocities, extreme spread and standard deviations. Stereo jack for optional remote control. Retrieval of individual shot velocity measurements. With a flip of the finger switch, from FPS to MPS and vice versa.
7. The last and final step in load testing. For those commercial loaders and handloaders interested in optimizing load performance as well as staying within industry recommended standards, Western Powders' ballistics lab is the place to start. Western Powders' lab utilizes the piezoelectric transducer system recommended by SAAMI for all pressure testing. Pressure is read by a voltage meter and digital oscilloscope providing both the peak recorded pressure and the pressure curve trace. Projectile speed is recorded with a velocity meter and digital counter. Western's pressure & velocity testing services are available to the commercial loader as well as the individual handloader.
|Centerfire Rifle Cartridges:
|Resources And References: