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We are specialist Kitchen Remodel Designs Huntington Beach CA contractors and we present the highest high-quality Kitchen Remodeling Huntington Beach CA solutions to you at quickly incredibly economical provide services that will actually satisfy you as significantly as exceed your anticipations without acquiring concerned of the price. Their documents displaying where every single numbered cabinet and Ikea panel goes were invaluable, as was their client service. The original kitchen featured tile countertops, a shallow sink, a single-pane window and tiny counter space. Your kitchen redo could be a total gut job, or maybe you want to retain some appliances or the cabinets. Electrical work alone to update the 35-year-old wiring in our kitchen was $four,175.
Maintain in thoughts exactly where person prep, cleanup, and cooking workstations will be. Assure the correct tools, pots and pans, sinks, storage and appliances are effortless to access for every single kitchen job. We've got resources for you…Check out our price range for a kitchen remodel guide Or use Zillow to help find out and speak to a local home improvement specialist in your area. A glass subway-tile backsplash and beneath-cabinet lighting bring a small shine to this kitchen remodel.
When all was stated and done, it actually did really feel like a new home, not just a new kitchen. Initial is that your request to quote and remodeling a kitchen commonly calls for contractors to make lots of assumptions. With refacing, you don't have to replace the whole unit cabinet and nonetheless get a brand new face to your cabinet for a fraction of the price. It is regarded as the normal benchmark for the estimation of the charges for kitchen remodeling. Speak with the contractor and see what you can do to speed up the remodel and save funds.
For much more details about kitchen remodeling fees, call (800) 211-8394 or make contact with us to speak with a representative. If you determine to do a big remodel or rearrange your sinks, dishwasher and icemaker, you will have to relocate the pipes. Primarily based on the Calfinder, roughly 70 percent of the expense of kitchen remodeling can be recovered upon resale. You can take into consideration of visiting the web-site /remodeling-cost They supply the typical kitchen remodeling project expense according to your place.
According to Industry Reports cited beneath, the cost of a minor kitchen remodel averages $18,527 nationally, and in Boston is $21,700 in 2013. KITCHEN Building TIP #two: When receiving estimates from contractors, see precisely exactly where your income is going. Here is some information distinct to your region to offer you with a realistic economic expectation prior to the demolition starts. The price for dream kitchens can be costly, but you are going to be spending a lot of time there, so why the heck not. Plan for 60 percent of your kitchen remodel cost in Philadelphia to be for labor.
This also signifies the appliances take up significantly less floor space, which can be great for a small kitchen remodel design and style. Modern Loved ones Kitchens offers two style revisions (integrated in the value), emails you gorgeous three-D renderings and uploads your whole order list to Ikea's Kitchen Planner. The very first step in determining kitchen remodel estimates is contemplating your kitchen as a whole. I liked the price tag, although the extras added up rapidly and expense way more than the approximately $two,000 advertised for a 100-square-foot model kitchen. Going with full custom cabinetry in a larger space can cost even a lot more than that!


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Former Vacansoleil rider Nikita Novikov has been handed a two-year ban by the Russian Anti-Doping Agency, for the use of banned substances.
"Based on the findings of the Disciplinary Committee of the Anti-Doping decided to disqualify the athlete Nikita Novikov for 2 years," stated the short statement on the RUSADA website.
The Russian tested positive, after an out of competition test, for the steroids hydroxy-ostarine and o-dephenyl-ostarine, in May of last year. Both drugs help to promote muscle mass and muscle strength.
Novikov turned professional with the, now defunct, Vacansoleil team in 2012, after four years on the Itera-Katusha development squad. He showed good promise at the Russian continental team, but failed to replicate that in the WorldTour. His only notable result was 14th at the Quatre Jours de Dunkerque. Novikov only competed in 10 races before his suspension last June.
The ban will be backdated to the date of his suspension, and will end on June 6, 2015. Russian cycling has been under the microscope at the Russian anti-doping agency, with three other riders being handed sanctions in the last month.

subset: commoncrawl


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Independent Learning
Technical Evangelism
Competitive Research
Sales Ready Messaging
Distributed Team Management
Find my next opportunity for applying my deep pre-sales expertise and learning how to build and grow a small software company while keeping my technical skills sharp.
I currently focus on winning key accounts and partnerships while leading other Solution Architects and Solution Engineers during RFP/RFI responses, technical evaluations, and solution selling across North American and Europe. I've also been responsible for annual sales and presales training material and presentations, contributing to product marketing, and being a key field sales advocate to R&D. I also recruited and trained new Solution Architects and Solution Engineers in regional offices.
Lead a team of pre-sales technical resources supporting all of Attivio's US and Canada field sales representatives as well as acting as primary solution architect for the Digital Business (formerly eBusiness) vertical. In this expanded role, I worked extensively with sales management to on-board and enable remote account executives and help them build pipeline in their first year.
Continued my work as a Solution Architect with a move into the Digital Business vertical. Provided vertical-focused expertise and guidance to Attivio's sales team and prospective customers across digital media. Developed marketing messaging and positioning for Attivio's offering.
I was the first outside hire to help build the technical sales team to support all aspects of Attivio's go to market. This included leading technical sales and evaluations with OEM prospects, global business development channels, and North American direct sales. Bringing a v.1 enterprise technology to market required extensive teamwork with R&D and contributing directly to the code base (Java) while in the field.
In a blended pre/post-sales role, I helped design, sell, and implement large scale end-to-end load tests for the most complex call center environments integrating VoIP infrastructure and CRM systems. Helped guide an off-shore engineering team tasked with making tooling for simulating state machines for simulating 1000's of call center agents. (I spent a lot of time packet sniffing!)
I jumped directly into the pre-sales world fresh out of college and immediately stood out in leading some of the most complex evaluations of Empirix's contact center testing and monitoring solutions with key clients including major airlines, insurance, and utility customers.
Mathematical Sciences (with Honors)
Major Qualifying Project: Modeling Glioblastoma Multiforme
Sponsored by IBM, I continued on-going research into computational modeling of a highly invasive form of brain cancer. My contributions focused on evaluating stability and performance of numerical methods for simulating current state of the art models. Utilized MPP-based C code to apply algorithms at scale across a massively parallel processing platform within WPI. Won an honorable mention in the department's annual awards for projects and research.


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All rights reserved © Copyright Teach Children Ltd | Sitemap | Contact Us | Disclaimer | About Us | Facebook | Twitter
Chinese proverb
These games help to strengthen the core muscles - those of the stomach, back and pelvis. Children who tend to lie over their handwriting, rather than sitting up straight, often have a weak set of core muscles.
By concentrating on moving the right and left side of the body independently and together these games ensure both sides of the body get strengthened equally.
For good posture the large muscle groups that support the pelvis, trunk, shoulders and arms need to work in a coordinated way (gross motor skills). Strong gross motor skills gives the body a stable base (core strength) required for balance and stability, supporting coordination skills and helping your child's sitting position and handwriting.
Good balance and stability are helped by having strong core muscles. These games work on improving balance and stability and so aid the sitting and handwriting process.


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Popular Now
Popular Now
Popular Now
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01803 865913
+44 1803 865913
By: Sam Silverman and Lisa A Tell
277 pages, Approx. 550 illustrations
Hundreds of high-quality images clearly demonstrate normal avian anatomic and radiographic features in a wide variety of species so that you can recognize abnormal features. This book includes detailed directions for patient positioning along with radiographic exposure guidelines, ensuring that you obtain the highest quality diagnostic images.
1.#Radiology Equipment and Positioning Techniques 2.#Anatomic Art 3.#Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulates) 4.#Peach-Faced Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) 5.#Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) 6.#Sun Conure (Aratinga solstitialis) 7. Senegal Parrot (Poicephalus senegalus) 8.#African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus) 9.#Orange-Winged Amazon Parrot (Amazona amazonica) 10.#Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) 11.#Goffin Cockatoo (Cacatua (Licmetis) goffini) 12.#Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) 13.#Umbrella Cockatoo (Cacatua (Cacatua) alba) 14.#Moluccan Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) # 15.#Pigeon (Columba livia) 16.#Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 17.#Red Tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) 18.#Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
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|$50.00 - $99.99
FirstSing Mood lamp Diamond Bluetooth speaker Colorful Light Pluse Subwoofer with Mic TF Card Breathing 6 LED multi colored themes speaker
This Wireless LED Bluetooth Subwoofer can deliver clear mids and highs and super bass sound for you. With the colorful LED light, you can get a visual enjoyment while you listening to music. It is also a multifunctional speaker, which supports Bluetooth, TF card and AUX play modes. Call functionality is also supported.
Special Features:
Smart touch induction lamp
6 LED multi-colored themes
2.0-inch loudspeaker x 1
Supported 3 play modes: Bluetooth, TF card, Aux-in
Mobile handsfree communication
Timing power off function
Bluetooth version: V2.1+EDR
Battery: 3.7V 2000mAh
Output power: 3W
Power supply: USB/DC 5V
Packing with Original gift box


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Online Masters in Health Administration Programs
(found programs from 84 schools)
Below is a list of all of the Online Masters in Health Administration Programs we could find, from over 570 schools across the US.
A number of well-regarded universities and colleges offer courses to earn your Masters of Health Administration online. Many of these degree courses are designed for working professionals, so you can work on your degree at a pace that works for you.
To find an online Masters in Healthcare Administration degree program that can help you advance your career, simply contact the schools on this page. You will want to request information from all of the schools that offer the programs you are interested in, so you can compare the available offerings.
There are several important things to evaluate about schools that offer a Master's in Health Administration online including accreditation status. The U.S. Department of Education has recognized the Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME) as the sole source of authority on MHA programs. You will also want to compare tuition rates, financial aid opportunities and matriculation rates.
Additionally, many schools that offer a Master's of Health Administration online require at least one campus visit. Campus visits may be mandatory for orientation periods, specific courses, or for capstone and thesis projects. Campus visits are usually geared toward developing strategic and creative thinking skills fostering collarborative leadership traits, and completing hands-on management projects.
School Profiles
Below, we interview Dr. Anne Hewitt of Seton Hall University, which offers an Online Master's of Healthcare Administration and Dr. Liesl Riddle of George Washington University, which offers an Online Healthcare MBA program.
Paying for an online master's in health administration:
Funding your master's degree can be accomplished in several ways. If you are already working within healthcare, check to see if your employer has a grant program or a tuition reimbursement program. Many large healthcare organizations encourage healthcare professionals like you to return to school, as upper management positions routinely require a graduate level education.
Another place to look for tuition assistance is with the college you are considering attending. Each school you contact can provide you with financial aid information including scholarships that may be university-specific. Some schools also have funded fellowships and work/study programs. The Association of University Programs in Health Administration also offers a full listing of scholarships that you may be eligible for. Contacting the schools themselves is the best way to gather the information you will need to determine which online Health Administration Master's degree program you can afford.
Online Master's in Healthcare Administration Curriculum
Master's level Health Administration programs are comprised of courses geared toward creating leaders who can drive healthcare change and improvement. You will likely be taking classes in organizational behavior, ethics, human resource management, statistics, finance and leadership. In addition to regular coursework, most schools require a graduate thesis or capstone project, demonstrating your ability to synthesize and employ what you learn over the course of the program.
To complete your Master of Health Administration online, you will need to earn anywhere from 40-60 credit hours. You can expect to complete a program in anywhere from two to four years, depending upon your enrollment status. Again, reaching out to those schools that offer the program you are interested in is the best way to learn specifics for each option.
Career Opportunities: Master in Health Administration Online
Once you have completed your online Health Administration Master's degree program, you will be ready to move up the ladder and into a management, research, consulting or executive role within healthcare. Healthcare administration positions are generally concentrated within hospitals and medical groups, pharmaceutical and insurance companies, state and federal agencies, and independent organizations such as the Institute for Healthcare Improvement.
The salaries that come along with executive and management positions in healthcare can be quite enticing. In 2013, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the mean annual wage for medical and health services managers is $101,340. which translates to $48.72 per hour. Even more important than the earnings potential that comes with a position within healthcare administration is the role you will play within the healthcare landscape at large. Your leadership skills and authority can help you to drive positive change and improvement within our nation's healthcare system. In an age when healthcare system reform and innovation are of top priority, the personal satisfaction you can derive from being an agent for that change can be very rewarding.
As a healthcare administration professional, it may behoove you to become involved with professional organizations if you haven't already. Most associations offer student memberships at a discounted rate, which you can take advantage of if you return to school to earn your Master's of Health Administration online. Some groups also offer scholarships and networking benefits to members that can be invaluable in creating a successful career.
Organizations offering scholarships include the American College of Healthcare Executives. the Association of University Programs in Health Administration. the American Association of Healthcare Administrative Management. Scholarships are just the beginning of the valuable resources these organizations provide, both while you are attending schools and through your career. Lifelong continuing education and networking opportunities abound, making professional membership an advantageous move.
To learn more about which online Health Administration Master's Degree program is right for you, contact the schools below. Don't wait another day to move toward the career satisfaction you crave.


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- Paint & Coating[1]
- Other Home Appliance Parts[1]
- Apparel Machinery Parts[10]
- Other Construction Material Making Machinery[9]
- Punching Machine[10]
- Metal Casting Machinery[1]
- Metal Coating Machinery[10]
- Other Metal Processing Machinery[10]
- Metal Processing Machinery Parts[10]
- Industrial Furnace[10]
- Other Metallurgy Machinery[1]
- Other Mining Machinery[10]
- Mining Machinery Parts[1]
- Plastic Extruders[1]
- Plastic Product Making Machinery[3]
- Moulds[10]
- Aluminum Profiles[10]
- Contact Person : Ms. Yin Jenny
- Company Name : Wuxi Anber Machine Co., Ltd.
- Tel : 86-0510-88239310
- Address : Jiangsu,wuxi,NO 59 YANXIN ROAD YANQIAO INDUSTRIAL ZONE
- Country/Region : China
Related Product Searches:Control cabinet of die heater,High Quality,electrical oven, mould oven
Wuxi Anber Machine Co., Ltd is a professional manufacturer of aluminium profile casting & extruding equipments in China. We locates in Wuxi city, near to Shanghai, very convenient in machine transportation. Our engineers are of several decades' experience in this filed, we have a strict production rule to control the final quality of our machines. We are able to supply the whole aluminium profile production line, which includes aluminium melting furnace, billet casting machine, billet heating furnace, hot shear furnace, mould heating furnace, extrusion press, puller, cooling bed, aluminium cutting saw, packing machine, surface treatment equipment, etc. All these machines feature a reasonable structure, good appearance, easy operation and low energy consumption.
Main technical parameters:
1. Matching extrusion press: 400T~800T
2. Size of inner heating zone: 800×680×400mm
3. Air blower: Vertical type
4. Working temperature: 480°C
5. Mould output: Manual to take the heated mould out
6. Control method: By temperature
7. Total power: 24KW
8. Power of air blower: 2.2KW
9. Power supply: 380V 3-phase 4-wire
10. Power voltage: 220V
11. Machine weight: 1.5T
12. Heating thread: Nickel-chrome wire1. Matching extrusion press: 400T~800T1. Matching extrusion press: 400T~800T4. Working temperature: 480°C4. Working temperature: 480°C4. Working temperature: 480°C
Control cabinet of die heater


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CVG: "A quality sci-fi shooter with a likeable hero, a compelling setting, and fun combat - that is, until you climb into your mech."
N4G is a community of gamers posting and discussing the latest game news. It's part of NewsBoiler, a network of social news sites covering today's pop culture.


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I liked Georgia Frontiere, and I would guess five or six of her husbands did as well for a time or as long as they remained alive.
She once went down the whole list for me, the one who died in her lap, the marriage that was never consummated, the one that ended with her husband going to prison, but day turned to night and we ran out if time.
She became owner of the Rams after one of them drowned.
As criticism of her ownership mounted, Georgia declined all interviews, which reminds me of Jim Buss, but one ditz at a time.
Eventually we struck up a relationship. Whenever we got together she gave me her cheek to kiss. I was married so I was used to the routine.
She offered me a job and a Golden Retriever. It's not so strange when you consider she wanted to bake a cake for Jim Everett to make him feel better after a bad game.
Georgia had her eccentricities, all right, and a mother who sincerely believed she had spent time on the moon.
But as owner of the Los Angeles Rams of Anaheim I wouldn't be surprised to learn she's Arte Moreno's role model.
And maybe some day Arte will win a World Series like Georgia did a Super Bowl.
She might've been blonde and a dedicated shopper, but once you got to know her she wasn't dumb.
Three of the teams she owned advanced to the Super Bowl, including the one known as "The Greatest Show on Turf," and while a lot of people would credit John Shaw for her success, she had him working for her.
Maybe that's why I welcomed the opportunity to get to know Jim Buss. I didn't realize at the time we met his dad would die, and like Georgia, he would be thrust into the spotlight overseeing an L.A. treasure.
But here we are, the Lakers just as crummy as those Rams in Anaheim, and now a question of whether the Lakers have the know-how to turn it around.
The Rams made a number of financial decisions, including leaving Southern California, to find their way again. They might leave St. Louis soon for the same reason.
The Lakers aren't going anywhere, but do they have the leadership to do whatever is necessary to put the Lakers back on top?
I called Jim Buss and asked what he would tell Lakers fans, and he said he would only talk off the record. So I said, goodbye.
Before we parted he said Mitch Kupchak would do all the talking publicly, and while that showed some smarts in not letting the unintelligible Mike D'Antoni be the voice of the Lakers, it's not enough.
Right now the public is left with the lingering impression Buss is very much a ditz like Georgia.
And so far his resume reads like a history of mistakes: hiring Rudy Tomjanovich, Mike Brown and D'Antoni as head coaches, ignoring Phil Jackson and most recently extending Kobe's contract.
He and Kupchak built this team, and it is NBA garbage.
But privately, like Georgia, I found Buss smarter than he looks. And so I have hung in there the past few years, maybe more than anyone besides KSPN's John Ireland, the voice of the Lakers, giving Buss the benefit of the doubt.
That was until Tuesday.
The Lakers are where they are because they were poorly constructed, as if injuries to Steve Nash and Bryant are surprising, while counting on journeymen like Jordan Farmar and Steve Blake to fuel playoff aspirations.
Those who follow the Lakers these days, and some folks are into pain, talk about the great effort they are getting from players giving their all.
Reminds me of the Houston Astros.
It's hard to mistreat a player getting paid $19 million, but the Lakers have savaged Pau Gasol, much of the damage being done in leaked off-the-record information, and believe me, much of it coming from the Lakers.
The Lakers' sellout streak in Staples Center has ended, and who believes D'Antoni will be coaching beyond the final year of his contract next season? Who believes he will be back next season?
No one knows what Kobe will be able to give the Lakers over the next two seasons, or if any top free agent would be agreeable playing with someone who sucks all the air out of the room.
The Lakers need leadership, or a voice of hope, like never before. The coach's departure is a given and Kupchak is now being propped up like some kind of puppet to save Buss from public scrutiny.
As much as I like Buss and believe he wants to excel, a perceived ditz in hiding doesn't instill much confidence. How about letting everyone know how badly he feels and the family's commitment to do better?
He might even have to stand next to his sister, Jeanie, but how about putting Phil between them?
It's time for the guy making the basketball decisions to speak.
I would begin by telling Lakers fans Georgia Frontiere hoisted the Lombardi Trophy high over her head.
I can't think of a better way of Buss letting fans know there's still hope for the Lakers with him in charge.
Contact the writer: email@example.com


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The people who work here not only have the knowledge and experience to help you pursue your financial goals, but they also happen to be extremely great folks, too! Our staff is always ready to address your concerns, answer your questions, and put you at ease.
Janis Biggers
I have been helping clients and families manage their financial lives since 1992. While helping clients with tax planning and preparation, I realized that there was so much more I could do to help. At that time, many clients were using a broker instead of an adviser. I draw the distinction between a broker, whose job it is to sell you something, and an adviser, who is a financial partner helping you make good financial decisions and set and reach goals over a long-term relationship. Having been in the business for many years, I love reviewing with clients I have worked with 10 or 20 years to show them the effects of long-term growth and compounding returns. For many, their net worth is much greater than their original investments and they have achieved financial independence. In my mind, long-term financial success is about making financially sound decisions, and while that is not most people's area of expertise, it is mine, and I love to help.
I grew up in Kilmichael, MS, and attended Mississippi State University before moving to Atlanta and working with Peat Marwick Mitchell (for those of you who hear mention of the Big Four, it was the Big Eight at that time and Peat Marwick Mitchell eventually merged into KPMG.) From Atlanta, GA, I moved to Eufaula, AL, and worked as the controller and then VP-Finance of an agri-business company for seven years before joining a Tax and Accounting partnership (which is what led to my Wealth Management firm.) Working at the agri-business company I helped manage a profit sharing retirement plan, which gave me further appreciation for the benefits of long-term, tax-deferred investing.
I have two wonderful sons, Chris and Steven, a beautiful daughter-in-law, Julie, and the most amazing granddaughter, Alice. I am very proud of all of them, and I love being a grandmother. As anyone with young grandchildren knows, grandchildren bring all the joy of having children without the responsibility! When I'm not visiting Alice in Atlanta, GA, or working in Eufaula, AL, I spend time at my little piece of beach paradise in Santa Rosa Beach, FL. While those three locations keep me busy, I also enjoy traveling and have recently been to Turks & Caicos, an Alaskan cruise, and Spain. I also enjoy reading, playing cards, and am typically somewhere in the middle of the season of a recent Netflix show.
Chris Blackmon
I was drawn to the financial planning business because I enjoy helping people make better financial decisions. Financial stress and uncertainty is one of the biggest causes of anxiety for individuals, within marriages and for small business owners. I believe much of this is unnecessary and can be alleviated through partnering with a trusted financial professional. While I love doing market research and seeing our clients' investment accounts grow over time, the most rewarding part of my job is when I see comfort on a clients' face after a discussion and know they are leaving with a better understanding of where they are and what they need to do to reach their goals. I'm encouraged when these discussions lead to actions that can help relieve the financial worry so many investors experience.
I started my career at PricewaterhouseCoopers where I spent seven years assisting large public entities and privately held Companies. I enjoyed my work with large corporations but knew my passion was in personal finance. This background provided me a great springboard to help individuals and small business owners coordinate tax and investment management. The integration of tax planning with wealth management can save thousands of dollars when money is in motion (settling an estate, planning retirement income, or selling a business.)
I grew up in Eufaula, Alabama, and attended the University of Alabama where I received a Bachelor's and Masters of Accountancy. I am very passionate about Alabama athletics but am somewhat milder than many as I was there during "The Shula Years." My wife, Julie, and I were married in 2012 and live in the Brookhaven area of Atlanta. We welcomed our first child, Alice, in May of 2015 and as anyone who has ever had young children knows, this has been a wonderful, amazing, tiring, blessed time for us. We are active members of Peachtree Road United Methodist Church and involved in our community. In my spare time, I enjoy playing golf and basketball, watching football, spending time with family and friends, and traveling. We have recently visited Turks and Caicos, Cape Cod, and often travel to the Beach. Now that you know a little bit more about me, I'd love to learn more about you, please feel free to reach out to me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Tax preparation and accounting services offered by Biggers Blackmon LLC are separate and unrelated to Commonwealth.


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YOU ARE WATCHING: For Hope
Have a nice day! All The Best
For Hope
The life and death of a young woman who suffered from scleroderma, and how she and her family coped.
Genres: Drama
Actor: Dana Delany, Polly Bergen, Harold Gould, Tracy Nelson
Director: Bob Saget
Country: USA, Canada
Movie: For Hope
Production Co:
Duration: 100 min
Release: 1996
Server VIP
Server OpenLoad Link 1
Server OpenLoad Link 2
Server OpenLoad Link 3
Server TheVideo Link 1
Server TheVideo Link 2
Other Link 1
Other Link 2
Other Link 3
Other Link 4
Other Link 5


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RHONJ's Teresa Giudice thinks Donald Trump would be a great president
Teresa Giudice has made clear who she plans to vote for — but she forgot one very important detail about her rights, post-prison.
Real Housewives of New Jersey star Giudice has thrown her support squarely behind one presidential candidate, and we can't say we're surprised.
During an appearance on Watch What Happens Live, Giudice told Andy Cohen that she wholeheartedly supports the candidacy of her former Celebrity Apprentice boss, Donald Trump.
More: Teresa Giudice makes a major announcement about her future with The Real Housewives of New Jersey
"Of course I'm gonna vote for Donald Trump," she told Cohen. "I think he's amazing. I think he'll make a great President."
But Giudice seems to have forgotten about one important detail: She is no longer eligible to vote.
According to New Jersey law, Giudice has at least temporarily lost her right to vote after being convicted of bankruptcy fraud charges and spending 11 months in prison — a felony. Due to the voting laws in her home state, she is ineligible to vote while incarcerated, on parole and on probation, meaning the absolute earliest she can rock the vote is the year 2018.
More: Teresa Giudice throws a birthday party while under house arrest (PHOTO)
That is two full years after the next Presidential election this fall.
So while Trump has been endorsed by an unusual mix of celebrities, including Ted Nugent, Tila Tequila and Sarah Palin, he will not be able to count on Giudice's actual vote after all.
The endorsement does not go both ways. Trump did not vote for Giudice during her turn on Celebrity Apprentice, and in fact fired her on episode 12 of her season. That did not sway her opinion.
"I don't think that Mr. Trump fired the right person, but I'm very proud I got this far," she said at the time.
More: Teresa Giudice sends first post-prison message to fans (VIDEO)


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SENSI WHITE Foaming Cream is enriched with LHA to slough off over-pigmented dead cells and smooth skin's surface.
Rich foam, tolerance demonstrated on Asian sensitive and reactive skin.
Skin is deeply cleansed and cleared, it looks brighter and more homogeneous. Skin is soft, supple and comfortable.
Daily cleansing in the morning and evening. Take a nut-size amount in the palm and lather with lukewarm water until turning into a rich and creamy foam. Apply to the face and gently massage the skin. Rinse thoroughly with clear water and dry without rubbing.


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Ideas and inspiration for your home
If you are redesigning your kitchen, our advice, kitchen design ideas, and kitchen inspiration will guide you through creating your new space.
Out with the old, in with the new
Kitchen design made simple
Get clued up on kitchens
Create the look at home
Explore our favourite kitchen looks and discover how to recreate some of our popular kitchen designs at home with our Shaker, Universal or Contemporary kitchens.
Popular picks
Explore some of our most popular articles and advice that can help you introduce the latest looks, transform your home and keep it safe.


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You are here, because you have already read the Beginners' Guide and want to learn more about embedded systems in general, OpenWrt in particular and maybe get involved. If you are not, well, go away.
The four major components of an Embedded Linux System are:
| The browser https://dev.openwrt.org/browser is not only to look at the source code without actually downloading it, but mainly to document changes. If, for example you suddenly miss the packages
kmod-fs-ext2 and
kmod-fs-ext3 use the search to see when and possibly why these packages are no longer available
You can always download the entire source code and watch it in your favorite editor.
If you merely want to have a look at it, there is software for this purpose as well, i.e. OpenGrok, LXR Cross Referencer, etc.
You can also read about changes without having to look at the source code:
You may find further help with this here:
→ testing
Besides contributing code or helping to document things, you can also help a lot by testing …
In a perfect world you have full-time developers the do the developing and testing themselves. They write the damn code, they should know best, what they changed, when they changed it, what this could affect and thus are the most efficient testers. Dependent on what software is being developed, you will also employ testers. They do not necessarily be programmers (sic!) and also a lot cheaper then those but represent the user. Professional testers do exist. To develop a computer game, you need a lot of good professional testers. For a office program you need less testers and for a software like OpenWrt, which is in fact an OS, even less, and different, though it's still good to have some. In this perfect world, both, developer and tester are happily employed and do talk to each other as often as needed.
In a realistic world you have less of everything.
In the real world you have unpaid developers and unpaid testers, coming from totally different cultural backgrounds, speaking unrelated languages, with some age differences, differences in skill, knowledge, understanding and interest. Different mentalities… Well, … welcome.
By simply utilizing the software and supplying some significant bug-report when you encounter a bug, you are already helping. But if you have the time and the will you could help with some extended testing.
For this it is essential to understand the development process:
Also bear in mind, that OpenWrt supports about 20 distinct hardware platforms. Decide what you want to go after.
Of course not the entire source code changes every three days, so there is no real point in testing everything every three days.
You could rather look the changes here: https://dev.openwrt.org/browser and check only the parts that have been altered. Or you rather subscribe to the commits mailing list: https://lists.openwrt.org/mailman/listinfo/openwrt-commits and receive a mail for every change.
(En passant) Let's say you have one device you deploy as a NAT home router. Even though you could be perfectly happy with the current stable release (OpenWrt 10.03 'Backfire') you could still decide to install OpenWrt trunk 'Attitude Adjustment' on it instead. You could then decide to do this every now and then (maybe once a month) when you have the time for installing and for some (proper) testing.
So when you have the time and lust for some tinkering, either download the current build offered for download (dependent on the platform every couple of days a new one) or obtain the most current code through SVN and compile it. After installation, take some time to perform testing procedures and report bugs. Done.
What to test for? Test the things you are using. No biggie. The point here is, that you do use trunk, where the actual development is going on, and also that you flash the newest version on now and then (once a month, one every two weeks, how often you want) and do take some time and describe bugs.
Dependent on what device you have, it is most advisable to have a serial cable ready.
Sadly there are some basic articles only, regarding this very interesting possibility:
There is a own independent project concerning itself with this matter, it's called Freifunk. They also provide some modified OpenWrt version for this purpose: An older one based on White Russian, called Freifunk Firmware and the newer one called FFLuci based on current OpenWrts.


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GluA1 subunits of AMPA glutamate receptors are implicated in the synaptic plasticity induced by drugs of abuse for behaviors of drug addiction, but GluA1 roles in emotional learning and memories of drug reward in the development of drug addiction remain unclear. In this study of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), which is critical in emotional learning of drug reward, we investigated how adaptive changes in the expression of GluA1 subunits affected the learning process of opioid-induced context–reward association (associative learning) for the acquisition of reward-related behavior. In CeA neurons, we found that CeA GluA1 expression was significantly increased 2 h after conditioning treatment with morphine, but not 24 h after the conditioning when the behavior of conditioned place reference (CPP) was fully established in rats. Adenoviral overexpression of GluA1 subunits in CeA accelerated associative learning, as shown by reduced minimum time of morphine conditioning required for CPP acquisition and by facilitated CPP extinction through extinction training with no morphine involved. Adenoviral shRNA-mediated downregulation of CeA GluA1 produced opposite effects, inhibiting the processes of both CPP acquisition and CPP extinction. Adenoviral knockdown of CeA GluA2 subunits facilitated CPP acquisition, but did not alter CPP extinction. Whole-cell recording revealed enhanced electrophysiological properties of postsynaptic GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors in adenoviral GluA1-infected CeA neurons. These results suggest that increased GluA1 expression of CeA AMPA receptors facilitates the associative learning of context-drug reward, an important process in both development and relapse of drug-seeking behaviors in drug addiction.
Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by compulsive behaviors of drug seeking and drug taking, driven by positive rewarding effects of drugs and negative emotional state during drug withdrawal (Hyman et al., 2006; Robbins et al., 2008; Koob and Volkow, 2010). The development of drug addiction engages active learning and memories that associate drug stimuli and related environmental cues with positive emotion of reward. The cellular mechanisms for learning and memory involve adaptive changes in glutamate synaptic strength particularly through altered subunit composition of AMPA receptors (Bowers et al., 2010). Thus, activity-driven synapses may be strengthened by membrane insertion of GluA2-lacking (i.e., GluA1/GluA1 or GluA1/GluR3) AMPA receptors, which have higher Ca2+ permeability and channel conductance than GluA2-containing AMPA receptors (Isaac et al., 2007; Kauer and Malenka, 2007). GluA1, the predominant subunit of central AMPA receptors, has been shown to mediate an enhanced response to the rewarding effect of opioids in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (Carlezon et al., 1997); however, direct activation of VTA AMPA receptors does not induce rewarding effect or behaviors of reward (Ikemoto et al., 2004). GluA1 also plays an important role in behaviors of cocaine seeking and reinstatement (Bachtell et al., 2008; Engblom et al., 2008). Nevertheless, it remains unknown how GluA1 may act to influence the contextual learning of rewarding effects of drugs through environmental cues–reward association, an important process in the development of drug addiction.
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), as part of the brain's reward circuitry, is important in processing positive emotions and particularly, in the learning process of stimulus–reward association (Baxter and Murray, 2002; See et al., 2003). Many studies have demonstrated the important role of amygdala, including CeA and basolateral amygdala (BLA), in opioid reward. Activation of CeA NMDA receptors increases low-dose morphine-induced CPP (Rezayof et al., 2007) and the signaling pathway of NMDA receptor–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in CeA is critical for expression of morphine CPP and for enhanced morphine CPP (incubation of morphine craving) after morphine withdrawal (Li et al., 2008; Li et al., 2011). Recently, He et al. found that blockade of protein kinase M ζ (PKMzeta) in BLA, but not in CeA, inhibits morphine CPP (He et al., 2011). Additionally, ablation of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in amygdala reduces morphine CPP (Gadd et al., 2003).
In adult amygdala neurons, both GluA1 and GluA2 subunits are highly expressed and GluA2-containing (GluA1/GluA2) AMPA receptors are predominant (Zamanillo et al., 1999; Mead and Stephens, 2003a, b; Tye et al., 2011). While activity-dependent synaptic long-term potentiation, a cellular model for learning and memory, can drive GluA1-containing AMPA receptors into synapses in hippocampal neurons (Hayashi et al., 2000), the function of CeA GluA1 subunits in the behavior of context–reward learning is largely unknown. In the current study in rats, we determined the behavioral effects of virally altered GluA1 and GluA2 expression in CeA neurons on the acquisition of morphine-induced CPP behavior, a widely used rodent model for measuring rewarding effects of drugs (Tzschentke, 2007).
Materials and Methods
All procedures involving the use of animals conformed to the guidelines set by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of MD Anderson Cancer Center. Male Wistar rats (250–300 g) were housed in groups of three with food and water available ad libitum, and a 12 h light/dark cycle. All behavioral trainings and tests were performed between 8:00 A.M. and 18:00 pm.
Cannula implantation and microinjection.
General methods for site-specific microinjection were similar to those used in our previous studies (Zhu et al., 2007; Bie et al., 2009). Briefly, rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg i.p.) and restrained in a stereotaxic apparatus. A 26-gauge, single guide cannula (Plastic One, Roanoke, VA) was inserted on each side of the brain, aiming at CeA (anteroposterior, −2.3 mm from the bregma; lateral, ±4.0 mm; ventral, −8.0 mm from dura) (Paxinos and Watson, 1986). The guide cannula was then cemented in place to the skull and capped after placement of a solid dummy cannula with the same length as the guide cannula. The implanted rats were housed individually and allowed to recover from the surgery for at least 1 week before experiments. Bilateral microinjection of a viral vector (1 μl each side) into CeA was made through a 33-gauge injector with an infusion pump at a rate of 0.1 μl/min. All cannula placements for bilateral CeA injections were histologically verified afterward.
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors.
For construction of AAV-GluA1-flip vector, the coding sequence of the rat GluA1 flip version (gene bank accession: M38060.1) (Sommer et al., 1990) was amplified by RT-PCR from rat brain mRNA with the primer pair: 5′-CCGAATTCTATGCCGTACATCTTTGCC-3′ and 5′-CCGTCGACTTACAATCCTGTGGCTCCCAAGG-3′. The PCR product was purified and inserted into pAAV-CMV backbone vector through EcoRI and SalI sites to obtain the pAAV-CMV-GluA1-flip vector. The vector was analyzed by PCR, restriction endonuclease analysis and sequencing to make sure there was no mutation in the GluA1 coding sequence. The vector was further validated by expression of GluA1 protein in CHO cells and then the validated vector was prepared for adeno virus packaging (Gao et al., 2002). For construction of AAV-GluA1-shRNA-GFP vector, four 21 nt candidate sequences against rat GluA1 mRNA were selected with the BLOCK-iT RNAi Designer (Invitrogen) and then cloned into pAAVsc-si-EGFP shRNA expression vector with a loop sequence of TTCAAGAGA. The silence efficiency of these shRNA sequences was evaluated by co-transfection of each shRNA expression vector with pAAV-GluA1 vector into CHO cells. Transfected cells were harvested at 48 h post-transfection. AAV-GluA2-shRNA vectors were similarly constructed, validated and packaged. GluA1 and GluA2 expression levels of each sample were evaluated by Western blot. The most effective vector was selected and marked as AAV-GluA1-shRNA containing the shRNA sequence 5′-GGAATCCGAAAGATTGGTTAC-3′ (M38060.1, 1123–1143), and AAV-GluA2-shRNA with the sequence 5′-GGAGCACACACAGCGACAATT-3′ (NM017261, 1289–1309). Animals were injected with 1 μl (∼5 × 10−9 GC/μl) AAV-GluA1 virus, or 1 μl (∼2 × 109 GC/μl) AAV-GluA1-shRNA-GFP or 1 μl (1.5 × 10−9 GC/μl) AAV-GluA2-shRNA-GFP virus into CeA on each side of the brain. All behavioral experiments were performed 10 d after the virus injection.
CPP and extinction training.
The general CPP procedure has been described in our previous studies (Zhu et al., 2007; Bie et al., 2009). With a standard 3-chamber CPP apparatus (MED Associates, St. Albans, VT), each conditioning session, conducted around 6 P.M., consisted of one cycle of saline (s.c.) conditioning on one day and morphine (s.c.) conditioning on the following day, and CPP behavior was measured at 9 A.M. in posttests after 1, 2, 4 or 5 sessions of conditioning treatment (45 min each) and 1 d post-conditioning. A saline injection (s.c.) without conditioning was made before each CPP test. In this study, control rats displayed baseline preference for one chamber (equipment bias) and morphine conditioning was mostly paired with the non-preferred chamber. CPP was also consistently induced by pairing with the preferred chamber (Zhu et al., 2007). CPP behavior was defined by statistical difference in times spent in the morphine-paired chamber before conditioning treatment in pretest and in the posttest in the same rats. CPP data were presented as actual times a rat spent in the morphine-paired chamber in pretests and posttests. CPP extinction was achieved by once daily conditioning with saline (s.c.) only and was measured by a CPP test on every other day to minimize its inference with extinction training. After the behavioral experiments, brain slices (600 μm thick) containing the CeA were cut on a vibratome (Leica Microsystems) and CeA tissues were punched out by a pipette tip with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm for biochemical analyses.
Western blot analysis.
CHO cells were transfected with plasmids (pAAV-GluA1, pAAV-GluA1-shRNA, pAAV-GluA2-shRNA and control vectors) and harvested after 48 h. The cells were lysed in 200 μl RIPA buffer and supplemented with Complete Protease Inhibitor tablets (Roche). Samples were mixed with 2× SDS loading buffer and denatured at 70°C for 15 min. For total protein preparation, CeA tissues were homogenized in 150 μl RIPA buffer with fresh protease inhibitor, the lysate was centrifuged and the supernatant was kept as total protein samples. For crude synaptosome preparation (Bie et al., 2009), CeA tissues were gently homogenized in sucrose buffer and centrifuged at 1000 × g. The supernatant was centrifuged at 10000 × g for 20 min and the synaptosomal pellet was resuspended in 80 μl RIPA lysis buffer. Protein concentration of each sample was determined by the DC protein assay from Bio-Rad. Equal amounts of protein (25 μg for total protein, 7.5 μg for crude synaptosome) were loaded per lane and separated on an 8% SDS-PAGE gel. The PVDF membranes with transferred protein were incubated overnight at 4°C with the primary antibodies against GluA1 (1:1,000, Millipore, catalog no. 05-855R), phospho-GluA1-Ser845 (1:3,000, Millipore, catalog no. 04-1073), GluA2 (1:1,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, catalog no. sc-7610), and β-actin (1:1,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, catalog no. sc-81178). After washes, the blots were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:10,000, Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 1 h. The blots were developed with ECL plus reagent (GE Healthcare). The densitometric quantification of immunoreactive bands was performed with the AlphaView software (Alpha Innotech).
Whole-cell recording.
General recording methods have been reported before (Zhang and Pan, 2010; Zhang et al., 2011). Coronal slices (240 μm) containing the amygdala were cut from the brain of virus-injected rats and maintained in a preheated (35°C) physiological solution containing (in mm): NaCl, 126; KCl, 2.5; NaH2PO4, 1.2; MgCl2, 1.2; CaCl2, 2.4; glucose, 11; NaHCO3, 25, saturated with 95% O2 and 5% CO2, pH 7.2–7.4. Virus-transfected neurons were identified by GFP signals in CeA slices from rats after single-side CeA injection of mixed viruses (AAV-GluA1+AAV-GFP, 3:1) for GluA1-overexpressing cells or AAV-GluA1-shRNA-GFP for cells with GluA1 knockdown. Due to the limited packaging capacity of AAV that prevents expression of both GluA1 and GFP in one vector, the GFP-expressing cells near the injection track in CeA from rats injected with the mixed viruses were approximately considered as GluA1-overexpressing cells, and control cells were those in CeA of the other uninjected side in the slice. Visualized whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were obtained from GFP-labeled, infected neurons and GFP-negative control neurons in CeA with a glass pipette filled with a solution containing (in mm): cesium methansulphonic acid, 120; HEPES, 20; EGTA, 0.4; MgCl2, 2.0; TEA-Cl, 5; Mg-ATP, 2.5; Na2GTP, 0.25; QX-314-Cl, 1; pH 7.2–7.4, 280–290 mOsm. For rectification analysis, spermine (100 μm) was added to the pipette solution. Electrical stimuli of constant current (0.25 ms, 0.2–0.5 mA) were used to evoke postsynaptic currents with a bipolar stimulating electrode placed in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). All recordings were performed in the presence of picrotoxin (50 μm). To calculate the AMPA/NMDA ratio, the AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) was determined by the averaged amplitude of ten EPSCs at +40 mV in the presence of D-AP5 (50 μm) and the NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC was obtained by subtracting the AMPA EPSC from the total EPSC. The rectification index (RI) of AMPA receptors was obtained by the equation: RI = [EPSC−70/(70 − Erev)]/[EPSC+40/(40 − Erev)] (EPSC−70 and EPSC+40, EPSCs recorded at a holding potential of −70 and +40 mV, respectively; Erev, reversal potential calculated from the I–V relationship) (Balland et al., 2006; Conrad et al., 2008). All drugs were applied through the bath solution unless stated otherwise.
AAV-injected animals were deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg i.p.) and perfused transcardially with heparinized saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 m phosphate buffer. The brain was extracted and post-fixed overnight at 4°C, and cryoprotected in 30% sucrose in 0.1 m phosphate buffer. Consecutive 30 μm coronal brain sections were prepared and stored in PBS (containing 0.1% sodium azide). For GFP expression, sections were mounted on slides, dried and coverslipped with ProLong Gold antifade reagent for DAPI staining (Invitrogen). For GluA1 staining, sections were blocked with 5% normal donkey serum (NDS) in PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100 and incubated overnight with anti-GluA1 antibody (1:500, Millipore, catalog no. 05-855R). Sections were then rinsed and incubated with the Alexa Fluor-conjugated secondary antibodies: Alexa Fluor 568 goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:500, Invitrogen). The stained sections were examined with a Nikon E600 fluorescence microscope (Nikon Instech).
Novel object recognition test.
This test, consisting of three phases of habituation, acquisition trial, and retention trial, was performed to assess learning of novel objects and recognition memory according to the procedures described in a previous report (Bevins and Besheer, 2006). Seven days after viral injection, a rat was habituated to an open-field arena for 20 min on three consecutive days. In an acquisition trial, the rat was given 3 min to explore the arena with two identical objects: two cans of Coca Cola or two plastic water bottles of similar sizes. The exploration time the rat spent on each object was recorded. In a retention trial 4 h after the acquisition trial, the animal was returned and allowed to explore the arena with one can of Coca Cola and one water bottle for 3 min. The exploration time on the familiar object (presented in the acquisition trial) and on the novel object (not presented in the acquisition trial) was recorded. All objects and the test box were cleaned with 70% ethanol between rats to remove odor cues. Novel preference in percentage was calculated by the time exploring on the novel object divided by total exploration time on both novel and familiar objects.
Data analysis and materials.
Numeral data of CPP and EPSCs before and after a treatment were statistically compared and analyzed with Student's t tests or one-way ANOVA. For behavioral data of CPP and extinction time courses involving multiple treatments or CPP tests, two-way ANOVA for repeated measures with post hoc analysis of the Bonferroni method was used to determine statistical significance in group treatment and between-group interactions at each time point. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM, and a p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with the Prism software version 5.04 (GraphPad Software). Morphine hydrochloride was kindly supplied by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. All other drugs were purchased from Tocris Bioscience or from Sigma-Aldrich.
GluA1 upregulation during proposed learning consolidation of morphine reward
We first examined the expression level of GluA1 in CeA from rats with morphine-induced CPP. Conditioning with morphine pairing with the non-preferred chamber at a dose of 10 mg/kg (s.c.) induced significant CPP behavior after 2 conditioning sessions (t(5) = 6.962, p < 0.01, Fig. 1A,B). Continued conditioning with four such sessions produced CPP with no further increase in CPP magnitude (t(5) = 6.080, p < 0.01). Conditioning with morphine paring with the preferred chamber also consistently induced CPP (t(5) = 4.487, p < 0.01, Fig. 1C). In CeA tissues taken from rats after two or four sessions following posttest 1 or posttest 2 (Fig. 1A), we found no significant change in the levels of synaptosomal GluA1 and GluA2 proteins between control rats and rats with morphine-induced CPP (Fig. 1D,E). No change was found either in total protein levels of CeA GluA1 and GluA2 (data not shown).
We therefore predicted that CeA GluA1 might be important for the learning and consolidation process of environmental cues–reward association in CPP behavior, which occurs several minutes to several hours after conditioning training (McGaugh, 2000). To examine this, rats were then conditioned by a single conditioning session with morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.), which also induced significant CPP (t(5) = 6.513, p < 0.01, Fig. 2A). In CeA tissues harvested 2 h after morphine conditioning, we found a significant increase (about 34%) in synaptosomal GluA1 when compared to saline-conditioned control rats (t(8) = 2.572, p < 0.05, Fig. 2B). Morphine injection (10 mg/kg, s.c.) in home cage without conditioning (chamber pairing) induced a small increase in the GluA1 protein expression, but it did not reach statistical significance (t(8) = 1.671, p = 0.1332, Fig. 2B). In contrast, the GluA2 level remained unchanged across the three rat groups. In addition, the level of CeA synaptosomal GluA1 expression remained unchanged in single session-conditioned rats with a low dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c., Fig. 2C), which failed to induce CPP (see results of Fig. 4A below). Thus, it appears likely that CeA GluA1 plays a role in the learning/consolidation process of context–reward association for morphine-induced CPP behavior.
GluA1 overexpression facilitates associative learning of morphine reward
To determine this GluA1 role, we overexpressed GluA1 in CeA by using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. Lysate of CHO cells transiently transfected by a constructed vector (pAAV-GluA1) showed a strong immunoreactive band of GluA1 (Fig. 3A). After bilateral microinjection of the vector packaged in AAV2 virus (AAV-GluA1, 1 μl, 5 × 109 GC) into CeA, we found a 1.5 fold increase in GluA1 expression in CeA tissues collected 7 and 14 d post-injection when compared to CeA tissues of control rats similarly injected with AAV-GFP virus (7 d: t(10) = 5.056, p < 0.01; 14 d: t(10) = 3.741, p < 0.01, Fig. 3B,C). Phosphorylated GluA1-Ser845 subunits, an activated form required for membrane trafficking of AMPA receptors (Choi et al., 2011), were also increased in CeA of AAV-GluA1-injected rats. The AAV-GluA1 virus did not alter the expression of GluA2 subunits in CeA (Fig. 3B,C), indicating a selective overexpression of GluA1 by the virus. Supporting the GluA1 overexpression induced by CeA microinjection of the AAV-GluA1 viruses (Fig. 3D a–c), CeA neurons showed clearly stronger signals of immunoreactive GluA1 in the AAV-GluA1-injected side of CeA than those on the uninjected side (Fig. 3Dd–f).
We then used these rats with viral overexpression of CeA GluA1 to examine the CPP acquisition phase (from pretest to the first significant CPP) during which CeA-involved learning and consolidation of context–reward association (associative learning) is proposed to occur for the CPP behavior. Conditioned with morphine at 0.5 mg/kg (s.c.), naive rats required a minimum of three conditioning sessions to acquire significant CPP, with more conditioning sessions inducing similar CPP in magnitude (Fig. 4A, two-way ANOVA: conditioning, F(6,84) = 3.81, p = 0.002; morphine, F(1,14) = 6.47, p = 0.023). Rats injected with AAV-GFP in the CeA displayed a similar time course of CPP acquisition to that of naive rats, requiring at least 3 conditioning sessions for CPP induction (Fig. 4B). In contrast, in rats with CeA injection of AAV-GluA1, a singe conditioning session with the same morphine dose (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) was sufficient to induce significant CPP (Fig. 4B). Moreover, the CPP magnitude in these rats further increased with each additional conditioning session until after four sessions, and was significantly larger after each session and at the post-conditioning test than those in AAV-GFP-injected rats (Fig. 4B, two-way ANOVA: conditioning, F(6,78) = 23.57, p = 0.0001; GluA1, F(1,13) = 13.06, p = 0.003). Saline conditioning of naive or AAV-GluA1-injected rats did not induce CPP after these conditioning sessions. These results support the notion that the enhanced effect of morphine in CPP acquisition of morphine reward is mediated, at least partially, by increased CeA GluA1 function that facilitates the learning and consolidation of morphine reward in CPP behavior.
To further determine this facilitating effect of GluA1 on the associative learning, we examined the behavior of CPP extinction induced by extinction training, a new form of associative learning that is required to reduce CPP and drug-seeking behavior (Sutton et al., 2003). Conditioning with a higher dose of morphine (3 mg/kg) induced CPP after a single session in both groups of AAV-GFP-injected control rats and AAV-GluA1-injected rats, but stronger CPP was induced in the AAV-GluA1 group after each conditioning session than controls during CPP acquisition (Fig. 4C). During CPP extinction induced by daily sessions of conditioning with saline only, a single session of extinction training significantly reduced the CPP in the AAV-GluA1 group so that the remaining CPP was no longer different from that in the AAV-GFP group. After that, the CPP in both groups extinguished at a similar rate following additional training sessions, with the same number of extinction sessions required to reach complete extinction in both groups (Fig. 4C, two-way ANOVA: conditioning, F(5,70) = 18.47, p = 0.0001; GluA1, F(1,14) = 10.28, p = 0.006). To exclude the possibility that CPP of a higher magnitude would naturally extinguish faster, we did similar extinction experiments in two groups of naive rats with statistically different magnitudes of CPP behaviors induced by two different doses of morphine (3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg). As shown in Figure 4D, whereas the CPP of lower magnitude was completed extinguished after 5 sessions, the CPP of higher magnitude extinguished much slower, with significant CPP behavior remaining after 9 training sessions (two-way ANOVA: extinction training, F(6,84) = 38.02, p = 0.0001; morphine dose, F(1,14) = 7.31, p = 0.017). Thus, as the extinction training engages a separate form of associative learning without involvement of a morphine effect, these findings further support the notion that upregulation of CeA GluA1 function facilitates associative learning in CPP behavior.
GluA1 downregulation inhibits associative learning of morphine reward
To further validate the learning-facilitating effect of CeA GluA1, we used an AAV-GluA1-shRNA vector to downregulate the expression of GluA1 in CeA. Western blotting analysis showed that, 10 d after bilateral infusion of 1 μl AAV-GluA1-shRNA-GFP vector into CeA, the level of synaptosomal GluA1 protein was decreased by about 36% in CeA tissues when compared to that from rats injected with AAV-scrambled shRNA vector (t(6) = 5.552, p < 0.01, Fig. 5A). Consistent with reports of several previous studies (Zamanillo et al., 1999; Mead and Stephens, 2003a, b), the expression level of synaptosomal GluA2 protein also was decreased to a less extent in GluA1-shRNA-injected rats for unknown mechanisms (t(6) = 3.727, p < 0.01, Fig. 5A). This GluA1-shRNA-mediated GluA1 downregulation was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of GFP-positive CeA neurons for GluA1 immunoreactivity (Fig. 5B).
In AAV-scrambled shRNA-injected control rats, one conditioning session with morphine at 3 mg/kg (s.c.) induced CPP, with more morphine-conditioning sessions producing slightly stronger CPP (Fig. 5C), similar to the CPP acquisition by the same morphine dose in AAV-GFP-injected control rats (Fig. 4C). However, in rats with CeA injection of AAV-GluA1-shRNA, similar morphine conditioning failed to induce CPP even after two sessions and at least three sessions were required to induce significant CPP, which was significantly smaller in magnitude than that in the control group (Fig. 5C). Of note is that the GluA1-shRNA-injected rats was able to acquire CPP that was comparable in magnitude to that of control rats after five conditioning sessions, making it unlikely that the delay in CPP acquisition was due to a reduced pharmacological effect of morphine. Consistent evidence was shown in analysis of CPP extinction. The CPP in scrambled shRNA-injected control rats diminished to almost complete extinction after five sessions of extinction training, whereas the CPP in GluA1-shRNA-injected rats largely persisted with most CPP remaining after such 5 training sessions (Fig. 5C, two-way ANOVA: conditioning, F(5,90) = 20.43, p < 0.001; GluA1-shRNA, F(1,18) = 8.38, p = 0.0096; extinction training, F(3,54) = 17.25, p < 0.0001; extinction/GluA1-shRNA, F(1,18) = 7.16, p = 0.015). These results indicate that downregulation of CeA GluA1, together with some downregulation of GluA2, inhibits associative learning in a drug-free context of reward-related behavior, providing further support for the facilitating effect of CeA GluA1 on associative learning of opioid reward.
GluA1-overpressing neurons exhibit properties of GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors
To identify synaptic changes responsible for the GluA1 overexpression-mediated acceleration of CPP acquisition, we obtained CeA slices from rats after single-side CeA injection of AAV vectors and performed whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in infected, GFP-labeled neurons in CeA of the injected side and control CeA neurons in the other uninjected side (Fig. 6A). In those GFP-positive, likely AAV-GluA1-transfected neurons, we found a significant increase in the ratio of AMPA EPSC over NMDA EPSC when compared to the ratio in control neurons (one-way ANOVA: F(2,33) = 4.909, p < 0.05; post hoc Tukey's test: p < 0.05 for both comparisons, Fig. 6B,C). Compared to controls, no significant change in the ratio was observed in AAV-GluA1-shRNA-infected neurons. Next, we analyzed the rectification property of AMPA EPSCs, a unique feature of GluA2-lacking, Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (Isaac et al., 2007). The current–voltage relationship of AMPA EPSCs in GluA1-overexpressing cells showed significant inward rectification (one-way ANOVA: F(2,34) = 5.629, p < 0.01; post hoc Tukey's test: control vs. GluA1-GFP, p < 0.05; GluA1-GFP vs. GluA1-shRNA, p < 0.05, Fig. 6D). Furthermore, blocking GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors by bath application of 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine (NASPM, 100 μm) significantly decreased the EPSC amplitude only in GluA1-overexpressing cells (one-way ANOVA: F(2,22) = 8.365, p < 0.01; post hoc Tukey's test: p < 0.01 for both comparisons, Fig. 6E). In comparison with controls, no statistically significant change was found either in the rectification of AMPA EPSCs or in the NASPM effect in AAV-GluA1-shRNA-infected neurons, perhaps reflecting the viral downregulation of both GluA1 and GluA2 shown in Figure 5A. In addition, the paired-pulse ratio (PPR), a commonly used synaptic measure for changes in the probability of presynaptic transmitter release (Zucker and Regehr, 2002), remained unaltered across the three groups of neurons (one-way ANOVA: F(2,31) = 0.1652, p = 0.8485, Fig. 6F), suggesting that the change in GluA1 subunit expression primarily affected the properties of postsynaptic AMPA receptors rather than presynaptic glutamate release in these CeA neurons.
GluA2-lacking AMPA receptor is important for morphine-induced CPP
We then determined whether CeA GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors were critical for the acquired CPP behavior induced by morphine. We found that CPP in rats conditioned with morphine (10 mg/kg, 4 sessions) was significantly attenuated by bilateral intra-CeA infusion of NASPM (40 μg, each side) (morphine group: t(7) = 6.517, p < 0.01; morphine plus NASPM group: t(7) = 4.804, p < 0.01; two-way ANOVA: F(1,14) = 9.39, p < 0.01, Fig. 7A). CeA infusion of NASPM alone did not change preference behavior in naive rats (t(5) = 0.8285, p = 0.4451). To further determine the behavioral significance of CeA AMPA receptors, we substituted morphine with AMPA to directly activate the AMPA receptors in the conditioning procedures. Rats similarly conditioned in 4 sessions with AMPA (100 ng in 0.5 μl, each side) bilaterally infused into CeA displayed significant CPP (AMPA group: t(7) = 7.069, p < 0.01; AMPA plus NASMP group: t(7) = 4.990, p < 0.01), and similar to morphine-induced CPP, the AMPA-induced CPP also was largely inhibited by CeA pre-infusion of NASPM (40 μg, each side, 30 min before AMPA infusion) (two-way ANOVA: F(1,14) = 9.78, p < 0.01, Fig. 7B). Thus, it appears that activation of CeA AMPA receptors is rewarding, sufficient to induce CPP behavior, and the GluA2-lacking AMPA receptor is important for this rewarding effect, consistent with its role in facilitating the acquisition of reward-related behavior.
GluA2 knockdown facilitates associative learning of morphine reward
To determine the role of CeA GluA2 subunits in the behavior of opioid reward, we constructed AAV-GluA2-shRNA vectors and infused the virus into CeA to knockdown GluA2 expression. Bilateral infusion of AAV-GluA2-shRNA vectors significantly decreased the GluA2 level by 68 and 63% in CeA synaptosomal (t(6) = 6.066, p < 0.01) and cytoplasmic (t(6) = 3.164, p < 0.05) protein preparations, respectively, when compared to those from animals treated with AAV-scrambled shRNA (Fig. 8A). In contrast, cytoplasmic GluA1 level was not altered by the AAV-GluA2-shRNA vector, while synaptosomal GluA1 was moderately reduced (t(6) = 2.762, p < 0.05), a finding consistent with a previous report (Mead and Stephens, 2003b). Behaviorally, control rats treated with CeA infusion of scrambled GluA2-shRNA displayed CPP after one session and the following 4 sessions of conditioning with morphine (3 mg/kg, s.c.); however, rats treated similarly with AAV-GluA2-shRNA showed consistently stronger CPP than control rats (two-way ANOVA: F(1,16) = 6.88, p = 0.0185, Fig. 8B), an effect similar to that of GluA1 overexpression (Fig. 4C). But unlike the learning-facilitating effect of GluA1 overexpression on both CPP acquisition and CPP extinction, GluA2 knockdown failed to accelerate CPP extinction (Fig. 8B), with CPP in both groups declined at a similar rate during extinction training, as in the rat groups treated with two different morphine doses (Fig. 4D).
CeA GluA1 is not involved in learning of novel objects
Finally, we conducted the novel object recognition test to determine whether CeA GluA1 was involved in the learning process of novel objects and related recognition memory. Behaviors of object exploration were compared among three groups of rats with CeA infusion of AAV-GFP for control, AAV-GluA1 for GluA1 overexpression, or AAV-GluA1-shRNA for GluA1 knockdown. Rats in all three groups preferred exploring the novel object to the familiar object (AAV-GFP: t(10) = 5.316, p < 0.01; AAV-GluA1: t(10) = 4.576, p < 0.01; AAV-GluA1-shRNA: t(10) = 6.158, p < 0.01, Fig. 8C). The exploration times in the AAV-GluA1-shRNA group slightly decreased when compared to the other two groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (one-way ANOVA: F(2,15) = 2.058, p = 0.1622, Fig. 8C). When the novel preference was compared, there was no significant difference among the three groups (one-way ANOVA: F(2,15) = 0.2349, p = 0.7935, Fig. 8D). This suggests that upregulation or downregulation of CeA GluA1 does not have a generalized effect on object learning and recognition memory.
In the present study, we have provided biochemical, electrophysiological and behavioral data to suggest that increased expression and function of GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors in CeA likely facilitates the learning and consolidation of environmental context–reward association, an important process in the development of drug-seeking behavior as well as in relapse of such behaviors in opioid addiction.
The amygdala is known for regulating and coordinating emotional behaviors in response to various persistent environmental stimuli and emotional events generally promote learning and memory via amygdala functions (Baxter and Murray, 2002; Everitt et al., 2003; Maren, 2005; Knapska et al., 2007; Murray, 2007; Roozendaal et al., 2009; Tye et al., 2011). The vast majority of previous studies have been focused on amygdala regulation of negative emotional behaviors represented by fear responses (Kalin et al., 2004; Maren, 2005; Knapska et al., 2007; Ehrlich et al., 2009; Tye et al., 2011). Recent evidence increasingly suggests that the amygdala including CeA is part of the brain's reward circuitry and is important also in regulation of positive emotions represented by reward-related responses (Baxter and Murray, 2002; See et al., 2003). The role of amygdala including CeA in behaviors of opioid reward has been shown in a number of studies and the receptor and signaling systems involved include NMDA receptors, cannabinoid CB1 receptors, dopamine receptors, neurokinin-1 receptors, ERK and PKMzeta (Gadd et al., 2003; Zarrindast et al., 2003; Rezayof et al., 2007; Li et al., 2008; Bishop et al., 2011; He et al., 2011; Li et al., 2011; Rezayof et al., 2011). However, local injection of morphine into the lateral nucleus of the amygdala did not induce CPP (Olmstead and Franklin, 1997).
Our data from the current study indicate that reward conditioning with morphine increases expression and synaptic strength of GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors in CeA neurons, which promotes the associative learning of opioid reward in positive emotional behaviors. This is consistent with a recent study showing that in vivo optogenetic stimulation of the glutamatergic pathway from BLA to nucleus accumbens (NAc) promotes motivated response of reward-seeking behaviors (Stuber et al., 2011). Given the extensive glutamatergic inputs from BLA neurons onto CeA neurons (Pitkänen et al., 1997; Swanson and Petrovich, 1998), the adaptive increase in GluA1 expression and in the synaptic strength of GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors in CeA could be driven by persistent stimulating activity of the BLA–CeA glutamatergic pathway and operates as part of the mechanisms underlying motivated reward-seeking behaviors through facilitated reward learning.
This CeA GluA1 function of learning facilitation is in agreement with a general rewarding effect of GluA1 subunits and AMPA receptors found in other reward-related brain areas. For instance, repeated exposure to morphine or cocaine increases GluA1 expression in VTA and hippocampal neurons, and GluA1 upregulation in VTA enhances the rewarding effect of morphine or motivation for cocaine self-administration (Fitzgerald et al., 1996; Carlezon et al., 1997; Billa et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2011). Activation of CeA AMPA receptors by local infusion of AMPA increases extracellular dopamine level in several brain regions including prefrontal cortex and NAc (Stalnaker and Berridge, 2003). Our data suggest that CeA GluA1 is important in the learning and acquisition of reward-seeking behavior, as evidenced by increased expression of synaptic GluA1 during the proposed period of reward learning and consolidation. It is interesting to note that the synaptic GluA1 protein returned to pre-morphine level after the acquisition and establishment of CPP behavior while synaptic GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors were still required partially for the established CPP behavior. This is consistent with previous reports of no change in GluA1 expression in VTA and NAc of rats with established, cocaine-induced CPP (Carlezon and Nestler, 2002; Plant et al., 2006; Hu et al., 2007; Bachtell and Self, 2008; Matsuo et al., 2008; Edwards et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2011), and might reflect an intense increase in synaptic GluA1 through new GluA1 synthesis and synaptic insertion required for synaptic facilitation only during associative learning of reward, with synaptic GluA1 returning to a more moderate and sustainable level after acquisition. This notion of CeA GluA1 more important for associative learning and acquisition of reward is in line with the general concept that CeA primarily is not involved in storage of emotional memory (Maren, 2005; Knapska et al., 2007; Vlachos et al., 2009). As supported by our electrophysiological data, upregulation of GluA1 expression may change the subunit composition of membrane AMPA receptors and switch GluA2-containing AMPA receptors to GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors with enhanced synaptic strength in response to glutamatergic input activities (Bowers et al., 2010).
Extinction of addictive behaviors in animals involves a type of learning that is thought to form a new memory, which suppresses behavioral response to a previously learned stimulus (Bouton, 2002; See et al., 2003). Since no drug was involved in extinction training, it permitted the current study to determine CeA GluA1 role in an alternative form of associative learning without the influence of the pharmacological effect of morphine. Our data of CPP extinction support the effect of CeA GluA1-mediated learning facilitation rather than a sensitized pharmacological effect of morphine per se. This role of CeA GluA1 is in line with previous studies demonstrating a generally consistent extinction-promoting effect of GluA1 subunits in cocaine-seeking behavior in other brain regions of reward (Sutton et al., 2003; Engblom et al., 2008). Of note is the report that deletion of AMPA receptor binding protein Narp, which is highly expressed in the amygdala, blocks extinction of morphine-induced CPP (Crombag et al., 2009). Interestingly, mice lacking GluA1 can learn to associate a light/tone stimulus with food reward, but show inhibited ability to associate the cue with a new behavior of reward (Mead and Stephens, 2003a). In addition, our results of the novel object recognition test indicate that CeA GluA1, while important in associative learning of opioid reward, may not be involved in learning of novel objects and related recognition memory.
Our data showed that shRNA downregulation of GluA1 or GluA2 also significantly decreased GluA2 or GluA1, respectively, in CeA synaptosomal preparations. This is unlikely caused by the off-target effect of the shRNA sequence because the shRNA sequence does not have potential target sequences of the other subunit in rat mRNA by blast analysis. In fact, this associated change in the expression of GluA1 and GluA2 has been reported in previous studies, which showed that deletion of either of GluA1 or GluA2 would disrupt and decrease the expression of the other subunit in BLA and hippocampus (Zamanillo et al., 1999; Mead and Stephens, 2003a; Mead and Stephens, 2003b). However, overexpression of GluA1 did not increase the GluA2 level in our study, nor was it reported in previous studies (Carlezon et al., 1997; Shi et al., 1999; Mack et al., 2001; Sutton et al., 2003; Rumpel et al., 2005; Schmitt et al., 2005; Matsuo et al., 2008). Thus, it appears that, whereas GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors could be upregulated independently of GluA2 subunits in the synapse, a certain level of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits may be required to maintain the synaptic function of GluA1/2 AMPA receptors. Although the molecular mechanism for interactive assembly and trafficking of GluA1 and GluA2 heterotetramers is still unclear, it is consistent with the notion that, of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits, lack of one type inhibits membrane insertion of the other and their co-assembly on synapses (Zamanillo et al., 1999). The shared facilitating effect on CPP acquisition but differential effects on CPP extinction by GluA1 overexpression and GluA2 knockdown may indicate that GluA1 is more actively and predominantly involved in the associative learning than GluA2. As knockdown of one subunit type also decreases the other, this off-target effect should be cautiously considered in data interpretation of GluA1 and GluA2 roles.
Given the direct glutamatergic projections from BLA to CeA and predominant glutamatergic neurons in BLA (Sah et al., 2003), it would be intriguing to investigate whether GluA1 in BLA neurons has a similar or differential role in associative learning for behaviors of opioid reward. Due to potential spillover of the injected viral vector into BLA, such a role of BLA GluA1 in the behavioral effects we observed cannot be excluded.
In summary, the present study suggests that increased expression of GluA1 subunits, and consequently upregulation of GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors, in CeA neurons may facilitate learning and consolidation of context-drug reward association, resulting in accelerated acquisition of behavior of opioid reward and its inhibition by new conditioning stimuli. In a clinical perspective, this may imply an important role of CeA GluA1 subunits in promoting early development of drug-seeking behaviors leading to drug addiction and in alleviating drug-seeking behaviors after drug withdrawal.
This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse Grants DA023069 and DA027541.
The authors declare no financial conflict of interest.
- Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Zhizhong Z. Pan, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 110, Houston, TX 77030. zzpan{at}mdanderson.org


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Log In needed $59,854 · 2016 GMC Sierra 3500HD SLEReport Ad
ModelSierra 3500HD
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Good overnight stay is essentiall for a succesful conference or sports event.
Active groups can stay overnight in an informal setting. On campus you can find seven cabins to accomodate a total of 105 persons. Each cabin has 15 beds, five bunk beds on the ground floor and five single beds on the first floor. Showers and toilets are in a separate toilet building. Users of the cabin can use a large indoor room for group activities and meals. You can book this facility (Stall) seperately.
You can book the cabins through the Booking Office.
For your overnight stay you can book the conference Hotel Drienerburght. With 51 single and 13 double bedrooms, this on campus hotel it is effective and convenient. Al rooms are equiped with shower, toilet, phone, TV and free WiFi. Selected rooms are suitable for disabled persons.
Check prices and availability at the Drienerburght site.
De Broeierd
Adjacent to the campus you'll find Fletcher Hotel de Broeierd. With 61 luxurious hotel rooms, three suites and 15 Garden Rooms with private terraces, this is the spot for the demanding traveller.
Check prices and availability at De Broeierd.


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A Scam Email with the Subject "Job Offer." was received in one of Scamdex's honeypot email accounts on Sun, 14 Feb 2016 05:23:31 -0800 and has been classified as a Generic Scam. The sender was "Sharon Brooks" <email@example.com>, although it may have been spoofed.
The position of Service survey specialist involves evaluating and commenting on customer service, undetected, in a wide variety of stores. The reports provide business with unbiased reviews from a customer standpoint. This allows businesses to identify problems which might result in unhappy customers and loss of sales. Service survey specialist have a great responsibility and are paid accordingly. As a specialist, you will have a flexible schedule and hours since it is a part-time program. Your commission is $200 per task. The payment that will be sent to you will include your commission of $200 and the rest is what you will use for your task. Thus, it does not cost you a dime to start. If you are genuinely interested in this legitimate opening, kindly furnish us with the details below to get started. Full Name: Full Mailing Address (City, State and Zip Code ): Cell Phone #(s): Present Occupation (If ANY) : Please note that you can work from any location in the United States. Thanks, Sharon Brooks HR Manager Integrated Research Inc. Cincinnati, OH


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Production Inkjet: Making the Right Choice
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Model: StandardCharger Kit Standard Standard, Black Bezel
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Olight developed their M23 Javelot LED Flashlight for tactical professionals who require a compact yet powerful EDC illumination tool. Its CREE XP-L LED produces outputs from a low 20-lumen to a darkness-piercing 1020 lumen high. The low output is ideal for performing tasks such as reading, while the high output allows for lighting and searching large areas. Because of the heat generated from the high output, thermal regulation circuitry automatically steps down the output from 1020 to 600 lumens after five minutes to protect the light from heat damage. Complimenting the outputs is a disorientating strobe mode. All outputs are controlled from a single pushbutton tailcap switch for simple activation with momentary and constant-on modes available.
Built to withstand the rigors of daily duty, the M23 features a lightweight and durable aluminum alloy housing with a corrosion and scratch-resistant Type III hard anodized finish. The emitter window is made of scratch and impact-resistant tempered glass with anti-reflection coatings on both sides to maximize light transmission. Protecting the window and bezel is a stainless steel retainer ring. The housing is impact-resistant to 5' and O-ring sealed to provide an IPX8 rating, making it waterproof and submersible to a depth of 6.6'. A removable handle ring can be mounted to help facilitate various tactical light/pistol grip techniques. The M23 can run on one user-supplied 18650 rechargeable or two CR123A disposable batteries.
|Illumination Source
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Low: 21 lumen
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1 x 18650 rechargeable
2 x CR123A disposable
Low: 30.0 hr
Med: 2.0 hr
High: 5 - 55 min
|Aluminum alloy
|IPX8-rated, submersible to 6.6' / 2 m
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Bezel: 1.6" / 4.1 cm
Length: 5.7" / 14.5 cm
|5.4 oz / 152.0 g
|Packaging Info
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|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|9.1 x 6.8 x 1.9"


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22 Aug
Lately, we have been receiving an abundance of hits via a site called CanadaVisa.com where an angry group of Live In Caregivers have been using their discussion forums to compare processing times. Unsurprisingly, many are irate with the increases and now there is talk of mobilizing to create a protest and strike across Canada.
19 Aug
UPDATE AUGUST 23: A report coming from a caregiver online suggests that this procedure may not be as easy as initially thought. Apparently a caregiver with implied status has to wait till their OHIP expires, apply to renew, wait for the rejection and then file an appeal. More hoops to go through in order to take advantage of health care they are entitled to as a temporary foreign workers.
Yesterday, Toronto immigration lawyer Rafael Fabregas tipped us off, via his Twitter @rafael_fabregas, that not only can foreign caregivers in Toronto maintain OHIP while on implied status when their work permit has expired, but it is not exactly new, just not commonly known.
For the last few years, and especially since the ballooning of caregiver Permanent Residence processing times, we have met no less than one caregiver per day at our office who has no OHIP coverage due to being denied renewal as their permit is expired. However, these caregivers have implied status with their last employer on record and are just caught in the waiting period for the open permits.


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Blog Tour: Breaking Shaun (Breaking Free #2) by E.M. Abel(@EMAbel4)~ Stacy's Review, Excerpt, Teasers & Giveaway
"Let's fall in love before the world breaks through. Before time catches up and I break you."
Breaking Shaun is the second book in the Breaking Free series and it can be read as a standalone, which is how I read it. And now that I have completely fallen in love with these characters I am going to read Freeing Asia which is book one. Not that I need to, but I just really want to. I LOVE the way the Author writes and really pulls you in to not only the world of her characters, but the world surrounding them as well. As much as I love Natalie and Shaun, now I just really want to read Marcus and Asia's story too!
The book starts off with Natalie moving across the country to live with her cousin Nick in Virginia. Basically she just needs a new start, and being twenty-four years old with nothing to lose she decided to make the move. I think at her young age she just feels a little lost, and I could honestly relate to her in many ways. She has dreams of becoming a photographer, but somehow that all got squashed and she just ended up in the service industry like so many of us do. She's tough though, and she definitely IS NOT looking for love or romance. She actually has a guys attitude of "screw em ad leave em" which is in her mind the perfect way to stay free from hurt.
"I don't really get into men. I get on them, and then I get off."
"Women like me don't fall for guys like you. We don't come when you call, we don't beg for your attention, and we don't confuse sex with love. Women like me break men like you."
Shaun is actually the same exact way, He bangs A LOT of chicks and the moment any of them get too close he's outta there! Shaun also seems a little lost to me, but also more at ease with his life for some reason. He's only a couple years older than Natalie but he just seemed a little more secure to me. I'm not really sure why that's just how I felt. One thing is certain, Shaun is HOT and the way his green eyes and surfer body are described is just how you'd want it. He has a filthy dirty mouth on him which I love, and he's kind of a mega slut which surprisingly didn't bother me. Either way he's HOT!
"I don't want a girlfriend. I want a woman I can get along with and fuck."
Shaun and Natalie's chemistry is instant, but their actions most definitely are not. Shaun makes it clear from the very beginning that he wants Natalie, but Natalie is scared of having her usual-casual sex with Shaun. She's almost too attracted to him, and that could obviously cause a problem. So these two decide to strike up a friendship which is totally new to the both of them, but considering the close group of friends that surround them, it seemed feasible I guess. This is how the other characters are intertwined as well, Shaun is Asia's brother and Marcus's best friend, and Natalie is Nick's cousin who is also best friends with Asia—got it? There are some other friends/family members as well but I really like their core group of friends, they felt like friends I would have in real life. Especially Nick, that dude is hilarious and he says the funniest stuff. I just loved them all.
So basically Shaun and Natalie decide to go down the friendship road until they can't handle it anymore and obviously lust and want overcome them. Yet they still seem able to keep their "no strings attached" clause intact, it is very apparent that they are falling for each other. It's cute actually, and although you think it sounds cliché it's really not. And I think a lot of that has to do with the writing, it was fresh, and sexy and super witty and I am an instant fan of E.M. Abel now. Like for real. Her storytelling has a super addictive quality that makes you feel like you're right there in the story with them. Obviously these characters go through some crap and dramatics, but at the end of the day I was just really happy with how it turned out, and I actually had a smile on my face when I was done—I love that! This book was a GREAT read especially for summer!
"I wanted all of her. I wanted to be the first man she gave everything to, but I knew I didn't deserve it. I could only take what she was offering. So, I did. I took all of it.
"Is this what you wanted?" he whispered as he took my wrists in one hand and the other came down to cup my breast. I swallowed as moisture gathered in my mouth and my brain scrambled for a response. It was just so difficult to think with Shaun's hard body pressing against mine in the middle of his apartment building where anyone could see us.
His gaze finally broke from mine and moved down to my lips as he glided his thumb across my hard nipple. I could smell the soap on him, feel his wet, warm skin pressed against me. My eyes fluttered closed and I pressed my head against the wall as the lust took over.
Shaun moved his hips forward making me very aware of his arousal before lowering his head and slowly dragging his tongue across my bottom lip. I was panting now and my entire body was tingling. I don't know how he'd done it but Shaun had completely turned the tables on me. I'd come over to assert myself and show him the side of me he hadn't seen, yet here I was getting pressed against a wall and turning into putty in his hands.
My husband is awesome and also a Chief in the US Navy. This means crazy schedules, uncertainty and lots of nights spent alone writing on my computer.
I have two amazing kids who always know how to make me laugh.
I've been passionate about writing since I wrote my first poem in the 3rd grade and I've been using it as a means to express myself since.
I think because I hold my emotions so close and fear being vulnerable I use different forms of self expression- writing, drawing, painting, photography, tattoos- to show the world who I am.
The one rule I use everyday is the Golden Rule--"Treat others the way you'd like to be treated." I believe karma is very real and sometimes she can be a bitch if you make her that way.
I love acting crazy, I love to laugh, I love making people laugh, I love the ocean, I love dancing like no one is watching, I love good music, I love good books... oh man I should probably stop there. I love a lot of stuff.
Please feel free to write me or send a friend request.
December 2015