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1. The category of Voice: its definition. The Active and the Passive voice.
Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.[1] This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences.
Typically, in passive clauses, what would otherwise be expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb comes to be expressed by the subject, while what would otherwise be expressed by the subject is either not expressed at all, or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus transforming an active verb into a passive verb is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"), because it transforms transitive verbs into intransitive verbs.[2]
Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject.[3] The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other than the agent in subject position. This may be done to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role;[3] it may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion.[4] The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action.
The difference between Active and Passive Voice is as the terms are defined.
For example, in Active Voice the subject is performing or doing an action, thus the term doer. In Active Voice the subject is actively involved in the action.
On the other hand, in Passive Voice the doer is no longer the subject, and the subject is no longer participating in any action, but rather, the action is being done to the subject; thus, the subject is now the receiver. In this voice, the sentence wants to emphasize the action and NOT who is doing the action.
If you consider all of the skills involved in learning a language: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, two are active and two are passive. Speaking and writing are skills that require action while listening and reading require little or no action, thus passive skills.
For example: The man is reading the newspaper. (Active Voice – The subject or the doer is reading.)
The newspaper is being read by the man. (Passive Voice – The subject in this sentence is not doing anything, but it is receiver of the action).
Can all sentences be written both in Active or Passive Voice?
The answer is No. Only those sentences that have a subject, a verb, and an OBJECT can be converted into Passive Voice.
There are many verbs that have no object. Some examples:
The woman is crying. (No object)
The students are going to the library. (No object)
The above sentences can ONLY be written in Active Voice. Verbs that do not have an object are called intransitive verbs. When you look a verb up in a dictionary, you will see an "i" after the verb.
On the other hand, if there is an object in the sentence, it can be written in Passive Voice. Some examples of sentences with an object are:
The man bought a newspaper. (Active Voice)
The newspaper was bought by the man. (Passive Voice)
The above sentences can be written in both Active and Passive Voice because there is an object in the Active Voice, in this case, the newspaper. Verbs that have an object are called transitive verbs. When you look a verb up in a dictionary to determine if a verb can be in either Active or Passive Voice or both, you will see a "t" after the verb.
Why use Passive Voice?
Active Voice is preferred voice in English, because it is shorter, shorter, and more direct. Passive Voice, however, uses longer sentences and is used frequently in formal writing. There are several reasons to use Passive Voice. Some of the more common reasons are:
1. When the subject or doer of the action is not known
Examples: The paper was left on my desk.
My wallet was stolen.
The alarm was rung.
2. When the focus has to be about the receiver and not the doer
Examples: The telephone was discovered by Alexander Graham Bell.
The bill was paid by the client.
3. When the subject or doer is obvious or represents a large group and doesn't need to be stated.
The test was given.
The suspect was arrested.
Rice is grown in China.
English is spoken in the United States.
4. When the doer of the action is known but does not want to be mentioned because it might be something wrong.
Examples: The top of the deck was ruined.
The window was broken.
5. When are writing an essay or assignment and you want to vary the voice in your writing to avoid monotony
How is the Passive Voice Formed?
In statements The Passive Voice requires
The verb To Be + The Past Participle.
In Perfect Tenses in Passive Voice, the sentences require:
Some form of the verb HAVE (Have, Has, Had, Will Have) + BEEN + The Past Participle
In negative sentences, add the word NOT after the verb.
In questions follow the correct word order: Verb+ Verb + Subject in all questions EXCEPT when asking a question with WHO, use WHOM.
2. The brunch of lexicology, that is devoted to the study of meaning is known as Semasiology.
Semasiology (from Gr . semasia - "signification") deals not with every kind of linguistic meaning only. This does not mean that we need not pay attention to the grammatical meaning. On the contrary, grammatical meaning must be taken into consideration in so far as it bears a specific influence upon lexical meaning.
The main objects of semasiological study are as follows: semantic development of words,
its causes and classification, relevant distinctive features and types of lexical meaning, polysemy and semantic structure of word, semantic groupings and connections in the vocabulary system, i.e. synonyms, antonyms, etc.
Meaning is one of the most controversial terms in the theory of language. An exact definition of lexical meaning becomes especially difficult due to complexity of the process, by which language and human consequence serve to reflect outward reality. Since there is no universally accepted definition meaning we shall give a brief survey of the problem as it is viewed in modern linguistics. There are 2 approaches to the problem: 1) the referential approach, which formulates the essence of meaning as the interdependence between words and things or concepts they denote; 2) the functional approach, which studies the functions of a word in speech. This approach is (sometimes described as contextual) based on the analysis of various contexts.
The essential feature of the first approach is that in distinguishes between the three components, connected with meaning:
1) the sound form of the linguistic sign (sign or symbol);
2) the concept underlying this sound form (meaning; thought or reference).
3 ) the actual referent, i.e. the part or the aspect of reality to which the linguistic sign refers (thing meant).
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1.The existence of other voices in Modern English besides active and passive
Active voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. It is the unmarked voice for clauses featuring a transitive verb in nominative–accusative languages, including English and most other Indo-European languages.
Active voice is used in a clause whose subject expresses the agent of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb.[1] A sentence whose agent is marked as grammatical subject is called an active sentence. In contrast, a sentence in which the subject has the role of patient or theme is called a passive sentence, and its verb is expressed in passive voice. Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject.
Further information: Deponent verb, Reflexive verb, Mediopassive voice and Unaccusative verb
Some languages (such as Albanian, Bengali, Fula, Tamil, Sanskrit, Icelandic, Swedish and Ancient Greek) have a middle voice. This is a set of inflections or constructions which is to some extent different from both the active and passive voices. The middle voice is said to be in the middle between the active and the passive voices because the subject often cannot be categorized as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. For example it may express what would be an intransitive verb in English. For example, in The casserole cooked in the oven, cooked is syntactically active but semantically passive. In Classical Greek, the middle voice often has a reflexive sense: the subject acts on or for itself, such as "The boy washes himself", or "The boy washes". It can be transitive or intransitive. It can occasionally be used in a causative sense, such as "The father causes his son to be set free", or "The father ransoms his son".
In English there is no longer a verb form for the middle voice, though some uses may be classified as middle voice, often resolved via a reflexive pronoun, as in "Fred shaved", which may be expanded to "Fred shaved himself" – contrast with active "Fred shaved John" or passive "John was shaved by Fred". This need not be reflexive, as in "my clothes soaked in detergent overnight". English used to have a distinct form, called the passival, which was displaced over the early 19th century by the passive progressive (progressive passive), and is no longer used in English.[2][3] In the passival, one would say "the house is building", which is today instead "the house is being built"; likewise "the meal is eating", which is now "the meal is being eaten". Note that the similar "Fred is shaving" and "the clothes are soaking" remain grammatical. It is suggested that the progressive passive was popularized by the Romantic poets, and is connected with Bristol usage.[2][4]
Many deponent verbs in Latin are survivals of the Proto-Indo-European middle voice.
2)Stylistic and Regional varieties of English
On the British Isles there are some local varieties of English, which developed from Old English local dialects. There are six groups of them: Lowland /Scottish/, Northern, Western, Midland, Eastern, Southern. The local population uses these varieties in oral speech. Only the Scottish dialect has its own literature /R. Berns/.
One of the best-known dialects of British English is the dialect of London - Cockney. Some peculiarities of this dialect can be seen in the first act of «Pigmalion» by B. Shaw, such as : interchange of /v/ and /w/ e.g. wery vell; interchange of /f/ and /0/ , /v/ and / /, e. g/ fing /thing/ and fa:ve / father/; interchange of /h/ and /-/ , e.g. «'eart» for «heart» and «hart» for «art; substituting the diphthong /ai/ by /ei/ e.g. «day» is pronounced /dai/; substituting /au/ by /a:/ , e.g. «house» is pronounced /ha:s/,«now« /na:/ ; substituting /ou/ by /o:/ e.g. «don't» is pronounced /do:nt/ or substituting it by / / in unstressed positions, e.g. «window» is pronounced /wind /.
Another feature of Cockney is rhyming slang: «hat» is «tit for tat», «wife» is «trouble and strife», «head» is «loaf of bread» etc. There are also such words as «tanner» /sixpence/, «peckish»/hungry/.
Peter Wain in the «Education Guardian» writes about accents spoken by University teachers: «It is a variety of Southern English RP which is different from Daniel Jones's description. The English, public school leavers speak, is called «marked RP», it has some characteristic features: the vowels are more central than in English taught abroad, e.g. «bleck het»/for «black hat»/, some diphthongs are also different, e.g. «house» is pronounced /hais/. There is less aspiration in /p/, /b/, /t/ /d/.
The American English is practically uniform all over the country, because of the constant transfer of people from one part of the country to the other. However, some peculiarities in New York dialect can be pointed out, such as: there is no distinction between / / and /a: / in words: «ask», «dance» «sand» «bad», both phonemes are possible. The combination «ir» in the words: «bird», «girl» «ear» in the word «learn» is pronounced as /oi/ e.g. /boid/, /goil/, /loin/. In the words «duty', «tune» /j/ is not pronounced /du:ti/, /tu:n/.
British and American English are two main variants of English. Besides them there are: Canadian, Australian, Indian, New Zealand and other variants. They have some peculiarities in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary, but they are easily used for communication between people living in these countries. As far as the American English is concerned, some scientists /H.N. Menken, for example/ tried to prove that there is a separate American language. In 1919 H.N. Menken published a book called «The American Language». But most scientists, American ones including, criticized his point of view because differences between the two variants are not systematic.
American English begins its history at the beginning of the 17-th century when first English-speaking settlers began to settle on the Atlantic coast of the American continent. The language which they brought from England was the language spoken in England during the reign of Elizabeth the First.
In the earliest period the task of Englishmen was to find names for places, animals, plants, customs that they came across on the American continent. They took some of names from languages spoken by the local population - Indians, such as: "chipmuck" /an American squirrel/, «igloo» /Eskimo dome-shaped hut/, «skunk» / a black and white striped animal with a bushy tail/, «squaw» / an Indian woman/, «wigwam» /an American Indian tent made of skins and bark/ etc.
Besides Englishmen, settlers from other countries came to America, and English-speaking settlers mixed with them and borrowed some words from their languages, e.g. from French the words «bureau»/a writing desk/, «cache» /a hiding place for treasure, provision/, «depot'/ a store-house/, «pumpkin»/a plant bearing large edible fruit/. From Spanish such words as: «adobe» / unburnt sun-dried brick/, «bananza» /prosperity/, «cockroach» /a beetle-like insect/, «lasso» / a noosed rope for catching cattle/ were borrowed.
Present-day New York stems from the Dutch colony New Amsterdam, and Dutch also influenced English. Such words as: «boss», «dope», «sleigh» were borrowed.
The second period of American English history begins in the 19-th century. Immigrants continued to come from Europe to America. When large groups of immigrants from the same country came to America some of their words were borrowed into English. Italians brought with them a style of cooking, which became widely spread and such words as: «pizza», «spaghetti» came into English. From the great number of German-speaking settlers the following words were borrowed into English: «delicatessen», «lager», «hamburger», «noodle», «schnitzel» and many others.
During the second period of American English history there appeared quite a number of words and word-groups which were formed in the language due to the new political system, liberation of America from the British colonialism, its independence. The following lexical units appeared due to these events: the United States of America, assembly, caucus, congress, Senate, congressman, President, senator, precinct, Vice-President and many others. Besides these political terms many other words were coined in American English in the 19-th century: to antagonize, to demoralize, influential, department store, telegram, telephone and many others.
There are some differences between British and American English in the usage of prepositions, such as prepositions with dates, days of the week BE requires «on» / I start my holiday on Friday/, in American English there is no preposition / I start my vacation Friday/. In BE we use «by day», «by night»/»at night», in AE the corresponding forms are «days» and «nights». In BE we say «at home», in AE - «home» is used. In BE we say «a quarter to five», in AE «a quarter of five». In BE we say «in the street», in AE - «on the street». In BE we say, «to chat to somebody», in AE «to chat with somebody». In BE we say «different to something», in AE - «different from something».
There are also units of vocabulary which are different while denoting the same notions, e.g. BE - «trousers», AE -«pants»; in BE «pants» are «трусы» which in AE is «shorts». While in BE «shorts» are outwear. This can lead to misunderstanding. There are some differences in names of places:
British English American English British English American English
passage hall cross-roads intersection
pillar box mail-box the cinema the movies
studio bed-sitter one-room apartment
flyover overpass zebra crossing Pxing
pavement sidewalk tube underground
Differences in the organization of education lead to different terms. BE «public school» is in fact a private school. It is a fee-paying school not controlled by the local education authorities. AE «public school» is a free local authority school. BE «elementary school» is AE «grade school» BE «secondary school» is AE «high school». In BE « a pupil leaves a secondary school», in AE «a student graduates from a high school» In BE you can graduate from a university or college of education, graduating entails getting a degree. A British university student takes three years known as the first, the second and the third years. An American student takes four years, known as freshman, sophomore, junior and senior years. While studying a British student takes a main and subsidiary subjects. An American student majors in a subject and also takes electives.
A British student specializes in one main subject, with one subsidiary to get his honors degree. An American student earns credits for successfully completing a number of courses in studies, and has to reach the total of 36 credits to receive a degree.
Differences of spelling.
The reform in the English spelling for American English was introduced by the famous American lexicographer Noah Webster who published his first dictionary in 1806.
Those of his proposals which were adopted in the English spelling are as follows:
a) the deletion of the letter «u» in words ending in «our», e.g. honor, favor;
b) the deletion of the second consonant in words with double consonants, e.g. traveler, wagon,
c) the replacement of «re» by «er» in words of French origin, e.g. theater, center,
d) the deletion of unpronounced endings in words of Romanic origin, e.g.
catalog, program,
e) the replacement of «ce» by «se» in words of Romanic origin, e.g. defense, offense,
d) deletion of unpronounced endings in native words, e.g. tho, thro.
Differences in pronunciation
In American English we have r-coloured fully articulated vowels, in the combinations: ar, er, ir, or, ur, our etc. In BE the sound / / corresponds to the AE /^/, e.g. «not». In BE before fricatives and combinations with fricatives «a» is pronounced as /a:/, in AE it is pronounced / / e.g. class, dance, answer, fast etc.
There are some differences in the position of the stress:
add`ress adress la`boratory `laboratory
re`cess `recess re`search `research
in`quiry `inquiry ex`cess `excess
Some words in BE and AE have different pronunciation, e.g.
/`fju:tail/ /`fju:t l/ /`dousail / /dos l/
/kla:k/ /kl rk/ /`fig / /figyer/
/ `le3 / / li:3 r/ /lef`ten nt/ /lu:tenant/
/ nai / /ni: r/ /shedju:l/ /skedyu:l/
But these differences in pronunciation do not prevent Englishmen and American from communicating with each other easily and cannot serve as a proof that British and American are different languages.
Words can be classified according to the period of their life in the language. The number of new words in a language is always larger than the number of words which come out of active usage. Accordingly we can have archaisms, that is words which have come out of active usage, and neologisms, that is words which have recently appeared in the language.
1 The Category of Mood. The Indicative Mood. The Imperative Mood. The Subjunctive Mood.
In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical (and specifically, morphological) feature of verbs, used to signal modality.[1][2]:p.181; [3] That is, it is the use of verbal inflections that allow speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying (for example, whether it is intended as a statement of fact, of desire, of command, etc.). Less commonly, the term is used more broadly to allow for the syntactic expression of modality — that is, the use of non-inflectional phrases.
Mood is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although the same word patterns are used to express more than one of these meanings at the same time in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages. (See tense–aspect–mood for a discussion of this.)
Some examples of moods are indicative, interrogatory, imperative, emphatic, subjunctive, progressive, injunctive, optative, potential. Infinitive is a category apart from all these finite forms, and so are gerunds and participles. Some Uralic Samoyedic languages have more than ten moods; Nenets has as many as sixteen. The original Indo-European inventory of moods consisted of indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative. Not every Indo-European language has each of these moods, but the most conservative ones such as Avestan, Ancient Greek, and Sanskrit have them all. English has the indicative, imperative, emphatic, progressive, and subjunctive moods; others, such as the conditional, do not appear as morphologically distinct forms.
Not all of the moods listed below are clearly conceptually distinct. Individual terminology varies from language to language, and the coverage of (e.g.) the "conditional" mood in one language may largely overlap with that of the "hypothetical" or "potential" mood in another. Even when two different moods exist in the same language, their respective usages may blur, or may be defined by syntactic rather than semantic criteria. For example, the subjunctive and optative moods in Ancient Greek alternate syntactically in many subordinate clauses, depending on the tense of the main verb. The usage of the indicative, subjunctive, and jussive moods in Classical Arabic is almost completely controlled by syntactic context. The only possible alternation in the same context is between indicative and jussive following the negative particle
Realis moods are a category of grammatical moods that indicate that something is actually the case or actually not the case. The most common realis mood is the indicative mood. Some languages have a distinct generic mood for expressing general truths. For other realis moods, see the main article.
Indicative [edit]
The indicative mood, or evidential mood, is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. All intentions that a particular language does not categorize as another mood are classified as indicative. In English, questions are considered interrogatory. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is eating an apple" or "John eats apples".
Imperative [edit]
Main article: Imperative mood
The imperative mood expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. In many circumstances, using the imperative mood may sound blunt or even rude, so it is often used with care. Example: "Paul, do your homework now". An imperative is used to tell someone to do something without argument.
Many languages, including English, use the bare verb stem to form the imperative (such as "go", "run", "do"). Other languages, such as Seri and Latin, however, use special imperative forms.
In English, the second person is implied by the imperative except when first-person plural is specified, as in "Let's go" ("Let us go").
The prohibitive mood, the negative imperative may be grammatically or morphologically different from the imperative mood in some languages. It indicates that the action of the verb is not permitted, e.g. "Don't you go!"
In English, the imperative is sometimes used to form a conditional sentence: e.g. "go eastwards a mile, and you'll see it" means "if you go eastwards a mile, you will see it".
Subjunctive [edit]
Main article: Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood, sometimes called conjunctive mood, has several uses in dependent clauses. Examples include discussing imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expressing opinions or emotions, or making polite requests (the exact scope is language-specific). A subjunctive mood exists in English, though it is used in English much less than in many other Indo-European languages. In English, this mood has, for some uses, become something of a linguistic fossil. An example of the subjunctive mood is "I suggest that Paul eat an apple". In this instance, Paul is not in fact eating an apple. The sentence merely presents the hypothetical (but unfulfilled) actions of Paul according to the speaker's suggestion. Contrast this with the indicative verb of the sentence "Paul eats an apple", in which the verb "to eat" is in the present tense and employs a mood that states an unambiguous fact. Another way of expressing the request is "I suggest that Paul should eat an apple", derived from "Paul should eat an apple."
Other uses of the subjunctive in English, as in "And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for his trespass..." (KJV Leviticus 5:7) are archaisms. Statements such as "I will ensure that he leave immediately" often sound archaic or overly formal, and have been almost completely supplanted by constructions with the indicative, like "I will ensure that he leaves immediately".
The subjunctive part of the conditional version of "John eats if he is hungry" is:
English: John would eat if he were hungry.
German: Johannes äße, wenn er Hunger hätte.
Spanish: Juan comería si tuviera hambre.
Italian: Giovanni mangerebbe se avesse fame.
The subjunctive mood figures prominently in the grammar of the Romance languages, which require this mood for certain types of dependent clauses. This point commonly causes difficulty for English speakers learning these languages.
In certain other languages, the dubitative or the conditional moods may be employed instead of the subjunctive in referring to doubtful or unlikely events (see the main article).
2 Productive and minor ways of word – formation in English
Types of word-formation means and their productivity.
Word-formation is the brunch of lexicology which studies the derivative structure of existing words and the patterns on which a language builds new words.
Word-formation is the system of derivative types of words and the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulae and patterns. For instance the noun driver is formed after the pattern: v + suffix er.
The structural patterns with the semantic relations that they signal give rise to regular new creations of derivatives. e.g.: sleeper, giver, smiler. There are different classes according to different principles: morphological; syntactic; lexico-semantic.
There exist 4 main ways of word building in modern English: derivation affixation; composition; conversion; shortening abbreviation.
There are also secondary ways of word-building: sound interchange; stress interchange; sound imitation; blending; back formation; reduplication.
The conformity with structural types of words the following 2 types of word-formation distinguished: word-derivation; word-compounding.
Words created by word derivation have 1 derivational base and 1 derivational affixation. e.g.: overestimate.
Some derived words have no derivative affixes because derivation is achieved through conversion. e.g.: fall, n.; fall, v.
Word created by word composition have at least 2 bases. e.g.: ice-cold.
Word-formation may be studied from 2 angles: synchronically; diachronically.
Diachronically it is the chronological order of formation of 1 word from some other word that is relevant. Synchronically a derived word is regarded as having an even more complex structure that its correlated words regardless of the fact if it was derived from a synchro base or a more complex base.
Back-formation: e.g.: begger, n.-beg, v.
Sound and stress interchange may be regarded as ways of forming words only diachronically, because in middle English not a single word can be coined by changing the root vowel of q word or by shifting the place of the stress.
Sound and stress interchange in fact has turned into means distinguishing between words of different parts of speech. e.g.: sing, v.-song, n.
Sound interchange: vowel and consonant interchange. By means of vowel interchange we distinguish different parts of speech. e.g.: food, n.-to feed, v. In some cases vowel interchange is combined with affixation. e.g.: strong — strength; to sit — to set.
The type of consonant interchange typical of modern English is the interchange of a voiceless fricative consonant in a noun and the corresponding voice consonant in the verb. e.g.: use — to use.
There are some particular cases of consonants interchange. e.g.: speak — speech.
Consonant interchange may be combined with vowel interchange. e.g.: breath — to breathe.
Many English verbs of Latin French origin are distinguished from the correspondent noun by the position of stress. e.g.: export — to export. Some of the ways of forming words in present day English can be resorted to for the creation of new words whenever the occasion demands. These are called productive ways of forming words. Other ways cannot now produce new words and these are called non-productive. There are no absolutely productive means. Derivational patterns and affixes possess different degrees of productivity. All derivational patterns experience both structural and semantic constrains. The fewer are the constrains the higher the productivity is. The degrees of productivity: highly productive; semi-productive; non-productive.
Consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts.
Mathematics – maths
Laboratory – lab
Captain – cap
Gymnastics – gym
3 types:
1) The first part is left (the commonest type)
advertisement – ad
2) The second part is left
telephone – phone
airplane – plane
3) A middle part is left
influenza – flu
refrigerator – fridge
Accepted by the speakers of the language clipping can acquire grammatical categories (used in plural forms)
Is blending part of two words to form one word (merging into one word)
Smoke + fog = smog
Breakfast + lunch = brunch
Smoke + haze = smaze (дымка)
- addictive type: they are transformable into a phrase consisting of two words combined by a conjunction "and"
smog → smoke & fog
- blending of restrictive type: transformable into an attributive phrase, where the first element serves as modifier of a second.
Positron – positive electron
Medicare – medical care
A word or word combination that appears or especially coined by some author. But it doesn't name a new object or doesn't express a new concept
Sentence – sentenceness
"I am English & my Englishness is in my vision" (Lawrence)
Word manufacturing by children:
Влюбчивый – вьбчивый
Барельеф – баба рельеф
Sound interchange is the way of word building when some sounds are changed to form a new word. It is non-productive in Modern English; it was productive in Old English and can be met in other Indo-European languages.
The causes of sound interchange can be different. It can be the result of Ancient Ablaut which cannot be explained by the phonetic laws during the period of the language development known to scientists., e.g. to strike - stroke, to sing - song etc. It can be also the result of Ancient Umlaut or vowel mutation which is the result of palatalizing the root vowel because of the front vowel in the syllable coming after the root (regressive assimilation), e.g. hot - to heat (hotian), blood - to bleed (blodian) etc.
In many cases we have vowel and consonant interchange. In nouns we have voiceless consonants and in verbs we have corresponding voiced consonants because in Old English these consonants in nouns were at the end of the word and in verbs in the intervocal position, e.g. bath - to bathe, life - to live, breath - to breathe etc.
Stress interchange can be mostly met in verbs and nouns of Romanic origin: nouns have the stress on the first syllable and verbs on the last syllable, e.g. `accent - to ac`cent. This phenomenon is explained in the following way: French verbs and nouns had different structure when they were borrowed into English; verbs had one syllable more than the corresponding nouns. When these borrowings were assimilated in English the stress in them was shifted to the previous syllable (the second from the end) . Later on the last unstressed syllable in verbs borrowed from French was dropped (the same as in native verbs) and after that the stress in verbs was on the last syllable while in nouns it was on the first syllable. As a result of it we have such pairs in English as: to af`fix -`affix, to con`flict- `conflict, to ex`port -`export, to ex`tract - `extract etc. As a result of stress interchange we have also vowel interchange in such words because vowels are pronounced differently in stressed and unstressed positions.
It is the way of word building when imitating different sounds forms a word. There are some semantic groups of words formed by means of sound imitation
a) Sounds produced by human beings, such as: to whisper, to giggle, to mumble, to sneeze, to whistle etc.
b) Sounds produced by animals, birds, insects, such as: to hiss, to buzz, to bark, to moo, to twitter etc.
c) Sounds produced by nature and objects, such as: to splash, to rustle, to clatter, to bubble, to ding-dong, to tinkle etc.
The corresponding nouns are formed by means of conversion, e.g. clang (of a be
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1 Productive and minor ways of word – formation in English
2The problem of the word. Types of morphemes. Principles of morphemic and derivational analysis.
The term word problem has several meanings:
· word problem (mathematics education) is a type of textbook problem designed to help students apply abstract mathematical concepts to "real-world" situations
· word problem (mathematics) is a decision problem for algebraic identities in mathematics and computer science
· word problem for groups is the problem of recognizing the identity element in a finitely presented group
· word problem (computability) is a decision problem concerning formal languages
In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Principles of morphemic analysis.
In most cases the morphemic structure of words is transparent enough and individual morphemes clearly stand out within the word. The segmentation of words is generally carried out according to the method of Immediate and Ultimate Constituents.
This method is based on the binary principle, i.e. each stage of the procedure involves two components the word immediately breaks into. At each stage these two components are referred to as the Immediate Constituents. Each Immediate Constituent at the next stage of analysis is in turn broken into smaller meaningful elements. The analysis is completed when we arrive at constituents incapable of further division, i.e. morphemes. These are referred to Ultimate Constituents. A synchronic morphological analysis is most effectively accomplished by the procedure known as the analysis into Immediate Constituents. ICs are the two meaningful parts forming a large linguistic unity. The method is based on the fact that a word characterized by morphological divisibility is involved in certain structural correlations. To sum up: as we break the word we obtain at any level only ICs one of which is the stem of the given word. All the time the analysis is based on the patterns characteristic of the English vocabulary. As a pattern showing the interdependence of all the constituents segregated at various stages, we obtain the following formula: un+ { [ ( gent- + -le ) + -man ] + -ly} Breaking a word into its Immediate Constituents we observe in each cut the structural order of the constituents.A diagram presenting the four cuts described looks as follows: 1. un- / gentlemanly2. un- / gentleman / - ly3. un- / gentle / - man / - ly4. un- / gentl / - e / - man / - ly A similar analysis on the word-formation level showing not only the morphemic constituents of the word but also the structural pattern on which it is built.The analysis of word-structure at the morphemic level must proceed to the stage of Ultimate Constituents. For example, the noun friendliness is first segmented into the ICs: [frendlı-] recurring in the adjectives friendly-looking and friendly and [-nıs] found in a countless number of nouns, such as unhappiness, blackness, sameness, etc. the IC [-nıs] is at the same time an UC of the word, as it cannot be broken into any smaller elements possessing both sound-form and meaning. Any further division of –ness would give individual speech-sounds which denote nothing by themselves. The IC [frendlı-] is next broken into the ICs [-lı] and [frend-] which are both UCs of the word. Morphemic analysis under the method of Ultimate Constituents may be carried out on the basis of two principles: the so-called root-principle and affix principle.
According to the affix principle the splitting of the word into its constituent morphemes is based on the identification of the affix within a set of words, e.g. the identification of the suffix –er leads to the segmentation of words singer, teacher, swimmer into the derivational morpheme – er and the roots teach- , sing-, drive-.According to the root-principle, the segmentation of the word is based on the identification of the root-morpheme in a word-cluster, for example the identification of the root-morpheme agree- in the words agreeable, agreement, disagree.
As a rule, the application of these principles is sufficient for the morphemic segmentation of words.However, the morphemic structure of words in a number of cases defies such analysis, as it is not always so transparent and simple as in the cases mentioned above. Sometimes not only the segmentation of words into morphemes, but the recognition of certain sound-clusters as morphemes become doubtful which naturally affects the classification of words. In words like retain, detain, contain or receive, deceive, conceive, perceive the sound-clusters [rı-], [dı-] seem to be singled quite easily, on the other hand, they undoubtedly have nothing in common with the phonetically identical prefixes re-, de- as found in words re-write, re-organize, de-organize, de-code. Moreover, neither the sound-cluster [rı-] or [dı-], nor the [-teın] or [-sı:v] possess any lexical or functional meaning of their own. Yet, these sound-clusters are felt as having a certain meaning because [rı-] distinguishes retain from detain and [-teın] distinguishes retain from receive.It follows that all these sound-clusters have a differential and a certain distributional meaning as their order arrangement point to the affixal status of re-, de-, con-, per-and makes one understand -tain and –ceive as roots.
The differential and distributional meanings seem to give sufficient ground to recognize these sound-clusters as morphemes, but as they lack lexical meaning of their own, they are set apart from all other types of morphemes and are known in linguistic literature as pseudo- morphemes. Pseudo- morphemes of the same kind are also encountered in words like rusty-fusty.
IV. Derivational level of analysis. Stems. Types of Stems. Derivational types of word.
The morphemic analysis of words only defines the constituent morphemes, determining their types and their meaning but does not reveal the hierarchy of the morphemes comprising the word. Words are no mere sum totals of morpheme, the latter reveal a definite, sometimes very complex interrelation. Morphemes are arranged according to certain rules, the arrangement differing in various types of words and particular groups within the same types. The pattern of morpheme arrangement underlies the classification of words into different types and enables one to understand how new words appear in the language. These relations within the word and the interrelations between different types and classes of words are known as derivative or word- formation relations.
The analysis of derivative relations aims at establishing a correlation between different types and the structural patterns words are built on. The basic unit at the derivational level is the stem.The stem is defined as that part of the word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm, thus the stem which appears in the paradigm (to) ask ( ), asks, asked, asking is ask-;thestem of the word singer ( ), singer's, singers, singers' is singer-. It is the stem of the word that takes the inflections which shape the word grammatically as one or another part of speech. The structure of stems should be described in terms of IC's analysis, which at this level aims at establishing the patterns of typical derivative relations within the stem and the derivative correlation between stems of different types. There are three types of stems: simple, derived and compound.
1 Stylistic and Regional varieties of English
Differences in the organization of education lead to different terms. BE «public school» is in fact a private school. It is a fee-paying school not controlled
Date: 2015-01-29; view: 522


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Space Shooter 3D game 126.96.36.199
Shoot the enemy and travel through the galaxy!
Shooter is the latest Magma Mobile Arcade game inspired by the famous old-school manic shooters.
This Shoot 'em up (shmup or STG) will immerse you in a space environment aboard an aircraft where your goal is to shoot waves of enemies!
This "bullet hell" game (also called danmaku) is easy-to-handle but hard to master!
Indeed, the player will have to memorize levels and enemy...

subset: commoncrawl


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THE Scottish socialist leader, Tommy Sheridan, was cleared yesterday of causing a breach of the peace during a mass demonstration outside the home of Britain's Trident nuclear submarines.
The Glasgow MSP had pleaded not guilty to the offence at a protest at Faslane naval base on the Clyde on 22 October, 2001.
During his 40-minute trial at Argyll and Bute District Court in Helensburgh, Mr Sheridan, 38, said he felt he had every right to participate in the demonstration, one which he said was described afterwards as "peaceful and friendly" by police officers and naval base staff.
The case was dismissed by the Justice of the Peace, John MacPhail, saying: "I am not persuaded there is a sufficiency of evidence."
After the verdict, Mr Sheridan said: "What's vital now is the establishment of the right to peaceful protest as is clear in article 11 of the European Court of Human Rights.
"Those who attend Faslane naval base to express their opposition to nuclear weapons quite simply have the legal right to do so."


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Rating: 3 Stars
Mary Davies finds safety in her ordered and productive life. Working as an engineer, she genuinely enjoys her job and her colleagues – particularly a certain adorable and intelligent consultant. But something is missing. When Mary's estranged childhood friend, Isabel Dwyer offers her a two-week stay in a gorgeous manor house in England, she reluctantly agrees in hopes that the holiday will shake up her quiet life in just the right ways.
But Mary gets more than she bargained for when Isabel loses her memory and fully believes she lives in Jane Austen's Bath. While Isabel rests and delights in the leisure of a Regency lady, attended by the other costume-clad guests, Mary uncovers startling truths about their shared past, who Isabel was, who she seems to be, and the man who now stands between them.
Outings are undertaken, misunderstandings play out, and dancing ensues as this company of clever, well-informed people, who have a great deal of conversation, work out their lives and hearts.
I always pick up books by Katherine Reay. I have loved her novels from the beginning. I love how she has figured out how to incorporate Austen/Regency-era novels with the present. Even if I had not received an early copy of The Austen Escape to review from NetGalley, I would absolutely have picked this up.
However, this novel seems a little bit rough. Perhaps I didn't receive the finished version. The novel starts in chaos, which didn't seem intentional. I had to reread it several times to figure out what was going on. It seemed very odd to start a book in the middle of a conversation at a tech company work place. I felt like I had landed in Oz and was trying to get my bearings.
And that isn't the only part of the novel that feels like confusing. The middle part of the novel also includes a house-party type situation, which readers who love cozy-mysteries will be very familiar with. However, there is no mystery.
Again, as a reader, I was confused because there are so many characters that it is hard to keep them straight, which is also sort of a joke among the characters because they are all also using fake names derived from Austen novels, which makes it only more confusing. However, only a few of them are well developed enough for a reader to keep them straight.
Also, the book involves a trip to something like Austenland, so I was a little bit concerned that it would mimic a book that I liked a lot. However, Reay did a great job making her book different from that book, even though it involved play acting Austen characters during a very expensive vacation.
Overall, the novel was interesting enough for me to read the entire book in three days, which is no small feat. I really take a long time to read Kindle books, but this was great.
This is a book for:
- Austen lovers
- people who love a complex romance
- fans of Katherine Reay
It's definitely not a book for everyone, but don't let that dissuade you, if it is up you aisle.
If you do want to pick it up, look for it on November 7, 2017!
***I received this book free from NetGalley in exchange for an honest review.***
Don't forget that you can follow my reviews and what I'm reading in real-time here on Goodreads. Add me as a friend! I love to see what you're reading/reviewing, too!


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An original event
From history
Le mystère de la Pérouse
What our visitors say
Live from Puy du Fou
Official blog
Get to the heart of the action in our 2018 season!
This morning, our teams presented our 2018 creations to the French press! Let's have a quick look to the essential information… LE MYSTÈRE DE LA PÉROUSE: the 2018 grand creation This new original creation will take you on a voyage around the world, departing from France in 1785 under the leadership of Monsieur de la […]
Training session, 700kms away from Puy du Fou
Since 2013, a team of over 50 actors, stuntmen and horsemen trained at the Grand Parc, have been highlighting the Puy du Fou expertise, 700 kilometers away from the Grand Parc… Inside the Dutch theme park Efteling, whose artistic universe is based on fairy tales and legends, they perform the "Raveleijn" show several times a […]
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(€0.12 per minute from a French landline).
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Welcome to The Gulf Coast Harmonizers
Whether you live here in paradise year-round, or only fly south when the cold winds start blowing up north, we'd love to have you join us! We rehearse at 6:30 pm every Monday evening at Cypress Lake Presbyterian Church in Forth Myers. Hope to see you there!
After 25 years entertaining the people of Lee County, the Gulf Coast Harmonizers chorus is celebrating our Silver Anniversary with a new name that reflects our growth. We now have members who come from Pine Island to Alva & Labelle and south to Estero, not just the Cape. Click here to watch us perform.
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The Gulf Coast Harmonizers is a membership organization of singers who meet regularly to practice, perform, socialize, and have fun. We currently have over 40 singers from all walks of life, and all parts of the Cape Coral, Fort Myers, North Fort Myers, Estero, and Bonita areas. The year 2017 marks our 25th year entertaining the people of Lee County as the Cape Chorale, and in recognition of the greater geographical scope both of our membership and our customers, we've chosen this year to rebrand ourselves the Gulf Coast Harmonizers.
Gulf Coast Harmonizers
8260 Cypress Lake Presbyterian Church
Fort Myers, Florida 33919
E-mail: [email protected]
Please show your support for the Gulf Coast Harmonizers by making a
donation. We are a 501(c)(3) non-profit, and our EIN is 650371703.
Either click the Donate button for a one-time donation, or fill in a monthly
amount and click Subscribe for a continuing Sustaining Donation
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Sergeant York
Mildred Pierce
Desert Pursuit
Thank Your Lucky Stars
The Mask of Dimitrios
Everybody Does It
Sinbad the Sailor
The Phynx
Nobody Lives Forever
Gallant Bess
The Magic Carpet
All George Tobias films
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2018 FANDANGO MOVIES.


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'Boob joke' Stoke-on-Trent councillor reprimanded
A Labour councillor has been reprimanded by her party for a Facebook post claiming to have used her breasts "to get out of a speeding ticket".
Ruth Rosenau, who is responsible for transport on Stoke-on-Trent City Council, was told to remove it by the Labour Party.
Her friend Tony Walley said there should have been more of a "dialogue" over the post.
It was part of a social media craze to raise awareness of breast cancer.
The campaign involves people posting fake comments in a bid to encourage friends to respond.
In a statement, the Labour Party said: "Senior party figures should take care when using social media, this is a case in point.
"Once again the regional office has had to send our social media guidelines to councillors in Stoke-on-Trent."
Ms Rosenau has yet to comment.
Mr Walley, an active member of the Labour Party, said social media was "really important" these days, including for charities.
He said: "It's a really competitive market and charities are always thinking in new ways about raising awareness. This was one of those ways.
"I can completely understand where people are coming from if you look at that post but that's what it was designed for - to grab your attention.
"In this case I just think there could have been more of a dialogue.
"She could have then said 'well this is what it's about - it's about raising awareness of... cancer'."
A similar social media campaign earlier in the year raised £1m for Cancer Research in just 24 hours.


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Zetta Protects Physical & Virtual Servers
Servers form the backbone of the business IT world, and it's vital to ensure that they are protected in the event of a disaster. These servers run Windows or Linux operating systems and applications such as Exchange or SQL.
Zetta Data Protection can fully back up the entire server, whether physical or virtual, including the OS, applications and the associated data offsite to the Zetta Cloud, so it is safe from any disaster that might impact your on premise environment. Because you have the whole server image and there is no need to reconfigure any applications or settings upon recovery, you can get back to business quickly and easily following a disaster.


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Changes could reduce regulatory uncertainty for Chinese investors, potentially spurring significant increases on outbound Chinese investment, especially in sensitive industries.
Continuing a policy of gradually relaxing its control over outbound investments of Chinese companies, China's National Development and Reform Commission (the NDRC) proposed amendments (the Proposed Amendments) to the Administrative Measures for Approval and Registration of Outbound Investment Projects (境外投资项目核准和备案管理办法) (together with its predecessor rules, the Outbound Rules) on April 13, 2016.
The Proposed Amendments seek to accomplish several objectives, including:
- Removing the NDRC's entrance control for Chinese investors pursuing offshore assets
- Lowering the Chinese regulatory hurdle for outbound investments involving a sensitive country/region/industry (definition included below)
If the Proposed Amendments are adopted, we expect that:
- More Chinese buyers will be encouraged to bid for offshore assets.
- Chinese buyers will be more likely to pursue deals involving a sensitive industry.
- Non-Chinese sellers will be more willing to consider multiple potential Chinese buyers.
While actual timing of any rule implementation is as of yet unknown and may be subject to modifications, the Proposed Amendments suggest that further loosening of restrictions on outbound investments will be forthcoming soon.
The Outbound Rules currently require "registration" with the NDRC for outbound investments in excess of US$300 million. Prior NRDC "approval" is required for investments involving a sensitive country/region/industry, and if such investments exceed US$2 billion, approval of the State Council (central government) will also be required. Sensitive countries/regions are defined as those countries/regions with which China has not established diplomatic relationships, or which are internationally sanctioned, or where wars or civil unrest is taking place; sensitive industries include infrastructure, telecommunication, cross-border exploration of water resources, large-scale land development, electric artery, power grid, press and media.
The registration process under the Outbound Rules currently works as follows:
- In the initial stage, Chinese investors are required to submit an information report to the NDRC before any substantive work begins on a project.
- The information report responds to specified questions enumerated by the NDRC. Usually the investors will file the report electronically with the local branch of the NDRC, which will coordinate with the central NDRC to file the information reported.
- "Substantive work" means entering into a binding agreement, making a binding offer, or lodging an application with any government or regulatory authority in the target jurisdiction in connection with outbound acquisitions.
- To start substantive work, the investors must receive a "confirmation" from the NDRC. The current Outbound Rules provide that the NDRC has discretion over whether to issue a confirmation after considering "state outbound investment policies." It is widely believed in the market that the NDRC has used this confirmation process to softly regulate outbound transactions. For example, the NDRC may control the number of confirmations for a particular targeted foreign asset to avoid Chinese companies bidding against each other for the same asset.
- In the second stage, the Chinese investors are required to submit an application for registration with the NDRC, and the NDRC again has the discretion over whether to issue a "registration notice" after considering "state outbound investment policies." In practice, the NDRC very rarely denies registration notice after it has issued a confirmation for the same project. Among other required information, the application for registration must include details of the contemplated financing the Chinese investor would use to make the outbound investment.
Proposed Amendments
- State Council Approval No Longer Required. Investments involving sensitive countries/regions or sensitive industries (exceeding US$2 billion or not) will only require NDRC approval under the proposed amendments. State Council approval will no longer be required.
- Initial Stage – Simple "Receipt" Will Replace "Confirmation." While "registration" will still be required, the above mentioned "confirmation" requirement will be abolished under the Proposed Amendments. Rather, upon receiving an information report from a Chinese investor seeking an outbound investment, the NDRC is required to issue a "letter of receipt" to acknowledge the registration filing, (without the ability to consider "state outbound investment policies"). Such letter of receipt will entitle the investor to begin substantive work.
- Second Stage – Registration Still Required but With Simplified Application.
- Under the Proposed Amendments, Chinese investors seeking offshore assets are still required to file with the NDRC a registration application. The transaction can only proceed after the NDRC registration notice is received. When deciding whether to issue such notice, the NDRC still has discretion to take into account of "state outbound investment policies."
- However, the registration application will be simplified to no longer require details of the contemplated financing the Chinese investor would use to make the outbound investment.
Implications / What This Means for You
- For Chinese Buyers. The Proposed Amendments to the Outbound Rules are a further liberalization of a key Chinese regulatory process for Chinese companies buying foreign assets. The Proposed Amendments to the Outbound Rules should significantly ease the burden on potential Chinese bidders at the initial "teaser" stage. Chinese bidders will have substantially more flexibility to pursue potential opportunities without the concern that the interests of another Chinese party will impair their ability to participate in initial stage. Specifically, if the Proposed Amendments are adopted as the final rule and implemented to letters, the Chinese buyers will not need to worry about the NDRC's policy controls in the initial stage and will enjoy a further levelled playing field with foreign buyers, at least at the preliminary steps in auctions. However, as described below, sellers may still be wary of the risks presented by the secondary "registration" phase of NDRC consideration contemplated by the Proposed Amendments.
- For Non-Chinese Sellers. Overseas sellers should be able to cast a wider net over potential Chinese buyers, who should be more willing to expend initial efforts and should be less concerned that a regulatory review will preclude their participation in auctions for unknown reasons. In addition, more Chinese buyers should be expected to participate in transactions involving a sensitive industry, because only NDRC approval will be required under the Proposed Amendments. However, sellers should note that even under the Proposed Rules the NDRC retains discretion not to issue the secondary registration notice for policy considerations, which could effectively block a transaction even after the "letter of receipt," including post-signing of a deal. Whether the NDRC will reconcile the two stage requirements in the final rules, and if the Proposed Rules are implemented without further revisions, whether the NDRC will continue its practice of rarely denying a registration notice for deals for which a letter of receipt has been issued remains to be seen. As a consequence, while the Proposed Amendments are a promising development, and should enable greater momentum for Chinese bidders, deal certainty may remain an important topic of discussion with these bidders. This certainty may come through confirmation that the NRDC registration process represents manageable risk or is completed pre-signing, or by building in reverse termination fees or similar mechanisms where appropriate to mitigate the risk and costs of subsequent NRDC opposition to the transaction.


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Marriage is a sacred union between God, a man, and a woman. The Apostle Paul used marriage as an example of the union between Christ and the church. The most unique marriage proposal is the one in which Jesus knocks on the door of one's heart so that they may be united in the love, joy, and peace of the Holy Spirit. A unique marriage proposal can continue to unite a couple's memory long into their marriage. Try one of these 7 unique marriage ideas for the Christian couple:
Propose in a Song
"I will sing for the one I love a song about his vineyard" (Isaiah 5:1)
Not everyone has the gift of singing, but if you do try serenading a love song to your significant other and end it with a proposal. For those without singing talent, you could ask a friend or group of friends to sing to her while you're out for dinner. In some cases, you may be able to get a choir to sing a melody asking the question of marriage.
Propose with Praise Dancers
"Again you will take up your timbrels and go out to dance with the joyful" (Jeremiah 31:4).
Many churches use praise dancers with colorful, flowing clothing to usher in worship during their services. There are many love songs that would fit beautifully in a proposal with praise dancers. Seek out through your local churches to find praise dancers who would be willing to perform at a private gathering of family and friends. Take dance lessons with her and propose on the last day.
Propose in Prayer
"And this is my prayer: that your love may abound more and more in knowledge and depth of insight" (Philippians 1:9).
Praying together regularly helps set this proposal on a good foundation. It also helps if you are already on your knees. Allow her to pray first and you follow with a prayer about listening to God's direction in your life. Before ending the prayer, pop the question, and pray again asking for the Lord to keep you both in His will.
Propose in the Scriptures
"If you really keep the royal law found in Scripture, "Love your neighbor as yourself," you are doing right" (James 2:8).
Place her engagement ring in Song of Solomon 2:4 and have her read the verse out loud. Or have her look up the following scripture passages (Song of Solomon, Matthew 25:10, Luke 14:8, John 2:1-2, and Revelation 19:7-9) and ask her what the key word was in each of those passages (wedding). Follow with getting on your knees and asking her to marry you.
Propose in the Fellowship of other Believers
"Rejoice with those who rejoice" (Romans 12:15).
Plan a get together with your small group and have a cake served with the proposal written on it for her. You could also get your friends together to plan a scavenger hunt in which she finds clues to your upcoming proposal with wedding trinkets to search for. Or have a night out with a few couples and ahead of time have them share their proposal stories.
Propose at the End of Church Service
"Let them exalt him in the assembly of the people and praise him in the council of the elders" (Psalm 107:32).
Depending on your church and pastor, you could request to be given time after the service is over to ask her to marry you. You could have ushers bring her roses a few a time preceding your proposal and ask the pianist to play a few tunes from the wedding stance.
Propose with Sunday School Students
"From the lips of children and infants you, Lord, have called forth your praise" (Matthew 21:16).
If you serve at the church in children's ministry, you could make little posters with the proposal on it and have the children hold them up. You could ask the children to draw pictures for you and use their artwork as a background for your proposal.
Positioning for a Marriage Proposal
A wise and discerning man would have a really good idea of how their spouse-to-be would like to be asked. If she's a private person and doesn't like crowds—keep it small and intimate. If she loves to be in fellowship—secretly invite her friends to come and celebrate the proposal. Remember marriage is a binding covenant that the Lord will honor throughout your lifetime. Be prayerful. Be honest. Be ready for the greatest adventure of your life.
Article by Crystal McDowell
Crystal McDowell is a writer, speaker, and teacher with a passion to encourage believers to know and grow in their relationship with Jesus Christ through practical application of God's word.
Crystal and her husband, Marshall, raise their five children in the Bloomington, IL. As a freelance writer and editor for over 13 years, Crystal has published numerous Christian curriculums for Sunday School and VBS as well as many articles dealing with marriage, motherhood, and relationships. She's a weekly staff writer for www.whatchristianswanttoknow.com as well as writing her own blog at http://crystalmcdowellspeaks.blogspot.com.


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I'm participating in Melissa's Red Rubber Inspirational #217 Spring Birthday that starts today. You can find it HERE. I chose to make a Spring Birthday card for a female. I used 1920's Collage and Savvy Sayings to create my card. It's long and skinny measuring 4X8 1/2. Added some twine, swirls, wash tape and punched out a few leaves. Colored with Copics.
A closer look
Copics used:
Word Art Wednesday challenge #180- Anything Goes
Creative Moments challenge #66- Anything Goes
Inspiration Destination challenge #30- Anything Goes
Penny's Paper Crafty challenge #224- Use spooled items
Inky Impressions challenge #206- Punch It
ttcrd challenge - Anything Goes
Inspirational challenge #138- Anything Goes
Crafting From The Heart challenge #56- Always Anything Goes
Craft Your Passion challenge #258- Anything Goes


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My husband eats a banana just about every day, so we buy a bunch every week and every week we inevitably get over-ripe bananas that don't get eaten. (I personally don't really like plain bananas and can't digest them very well, but love and tolerate them in baked goods.) This week I had four bananas to bake with! I decided to go with the chocolate-banana flavor combination. Chocolate and bananas go so well together. I remember as kids we used to dip bananas in melted chocolate, then freeze them for an easy, healthy treat. I think you can even buy them in the freezer section of the grocery store now, already made. Up until the past few years I had never baked anything banana-chocolate before. My sister and bother-in-law raved about these banana chocolate chip muffins that they would buy from a bakery, so I decided to try it myself and was hooked. I really like to make these banana muffins and add chocolate chips to them.
I was set to try some new recipes this week and chose Aunt Mary's Banana-Chocolate Chip Bread from allrecipes. I have an Aunt Mary, but I don't think this is her recipe. My Aunt Mary lives in Arizona and is also a wonderful cook. The other recipe I tried was Banana Chocolate Cupcakes from Joy of Baking (one of my new favorite baking sites). The bread turned out great and the cupcakes were FANTASTIC! My husband took the majority of them to work with him and they got outstanding reviews from his coworkers. I didn't have the ingredients to make the ganache frosting, so I chose another recipe from allrecipes called Creamy Chocolate Frosting. The cupcakes are so moist and tender and the frosting so creamy. If you have any over-ripe bananas and are wondering what to do with them, I highly recommend trying the cupcake recipe!
I give Aunt Mary's Banana-Chocolate Chip Bread 4 stars and the Chocolate Banana Cupcakes and Frosting 5 stars (on a scale where 1 star = "What a waste of ingredients!" and 5 stars = "Yummy, yummy, joy, joy!")
Check out Sweet Sundays at MySweetCreations' blog!


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The Texas Agricultural Extension Service created the Earth-Kind program to promote environmental awareness. Through a combination of organic and traditional gardening principles they formed a new horticulture system that practices environmentally responsible landscaping and gardening techniques. Follow this link to the Earth-Kind Gardening Guidelines publication or visit the Earth-Kind website for further information.
Additional Earth-Kind Resources
- Earth-Kind Landscaping
- Earth-Kind Roses
- Texas Smartscape – Guide to using plants, shrubs, grasses and trees that are native or adapted to out regional climate.
- Texas Superstar – All plants tested and selected for superstar performance in the Texas landscape.
- Texas Urban Landscape Guide – Information related to the design, installation and maintenance of WaterWise landscapes.
- Texas WaterWise Council – Be wise with water


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With Christians currently facing persecution around the world, Supreme Knight Carl A. Anderson is asking all Knights of Columbus members and their families to pray A Novena of Grace and Solidarity starting this month and throughout the year.
The novena was written by Father Marcello Mastrilli, an Italian Jesuit Priest who was among approximately 100 Jesuits martyred during mission trips to Japan during the 17th century.
"We are proposing a new prayer, a Novena of Grace and Solidarity, based on the prayer of Father Mastrilli," the Supreme Knight said. "I urge all brother Knights and their families to join in this Novena of Grace and Solidarity for persecuted Christians throughout the world March 12-20. The novena can also be prayed at any time throughout the year."
Supreme Knight Anderson added, "Let us pray that, in spite of all the tribulations they face, they will remain faithful and that we will remain worthy of their trust in us."
Editor's Note: Click here for the Supreme Knight's full story on Father Mastrilli and the Novena of Grace and Solidarity that appears in the March 2017 Columbia Magazine.
A Novena of Grace and SolidarityGod our Father, as St. Francis Xavier and countless of your missionaries traveled to the ends of the earth, impelled by the love of Jesus Christ, give me the grace to rely entirely on you, confident in the knowledge that you raise up the humble and the lowly. May I be united with your saints in offering you my humble tribute of thanksgiving and praise. I implore you to grant me, through your mercy, the blessing of living and dying in a state of grace. I also ask this same blessing for all those throughout the world who suffer persecution because of their faith in you. O God, you were pleased to gather to your Church the peoples of the world by the preaching and miracles of all your saints; mercifully grant that I may imitate their virtues and so bear witness to the Gospel of your Son, Jesus Christ, who lives and reigns for ever and ever. Amen.
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Nothing kills your appetite quicker than a typo! You want your customer's focus on your food instead of your typos. Don't only use spell-check. Have multiple people look it over for errors.
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I'm smiling! What a nice thing to have, a feature in All Cards For Occasions:>) Thanks, Bruce!
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I love my new bag. It is so beautiful. I work in schools with children who have hearing loss and they love my bag. I get to share information about hearing loss with teachers in the school when they ask about the lovely picture. I also tell them about Ms. Soares. Thanks for sharing her story. It makes the picture even more unique. I had a difficult time choosing from all the options just related to hearing but fell in love with all of her offerings on this site. The quality of the bag is great also.
A delicate, pink flower for your beautiful wife's birthday
I invite you to visit my blog - Nature's Wonders - which is all about the natural world in my neighborhood. http://mothernature2014.blogspot.com/ I always wanted to try photography, and my retirement offered an opportunity to do just that. The natural world is my first love. Here you will find pictures of things both large (landscapes, for instance) and small (macro) that catch my eye. I hope the images serve as a window into the natural world many of you don't have the chance to see. In a sense, I'm trying to create a guided nature trail, sharing what information I have about the subject. I'm always grateful for new and better information and welcome all input. Learning is food for the mind and soul. Nothing is ever...
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Jennings M. Oakman
He was born in Union Township, Fulton County, August 6, 1927, the son of the late William and Blanche Hamman Oakman. He was the husband of Roberta Birdie Wyant Oakman, whom he married April 18, 1987.
He was a 1945 graduate of Warfordsburg High School.
He served in the United States Navy from 1945-1952 during the World War II era, stationed at Pearl Harbor. He received a diploma from National School in Los Angeles, Calif., for auto mechanics and diesel extension division in 1956. He was awarded a World War II Victory Medal.
He was employed by Union Township as a supervisor for 14 years. He was a substitute mail carrier for many years and was a fruit inspector for the state of Maryland and an inspector for Snyder's of Berlin.
He was a farmer and a member of the AARP.
He was a member of Buck Valley Lutheran Church and treasurer for 20 years. He attended Hancock Assembly of God.
In addition to his wife, he is survived by a sister, Wanda Lee Elbin, Warfordsburg, many cousins, nieces, nephews, relatives and friends.
He was preceded in death by a brother, Lamont Oakman; infant brother, Eldon Oakman; and a sister, Myreta Stahle.
Funeral services will be held Friday, October 9, at 11:00 a.m., at Hancock Assembly of God, Hancock, Md. Rev. Donald Preston, Rev. Robert Smith and Rev. F. Allan Weatherholt Jr. will officiate. Burial, with a military graveside service by Tri-State Honor Guard, will be made in Buck Valley Lutheran Cemetery.
The family will receive friends at Hancock Assembly of God, Thursday, October 8, from 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.
The family requests that memorial contributions may be made to Buck Valley Lutheran Cemetery Fund, c/o Linda Souders, 4143 Buck Valley Road, Warfordsburg, PA 17267.


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Microalgae research
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text: Robert Hancock wrote:> Luben Tuikov wrote:>> --- On Mon, 1/28/08, Robert Hancock <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:>>> The trick is that if an ATAPI device is connected, we (as>>> far as I'm aware) can't use ADMA mode, so we have to switch that>>> port into legacy mode.>>>> Can you double check this with the HW architect of the>> HW DMA engine of the ASIC?> > Will do so. However, previous statements from NVIDIA fairly clearly > indicate that this is the case.> >>>>> This means it's only capable of 32-bit DMA.>>> However the other port on the controller may be connected to a hard >>> drive and therefore still capable of 64-bit DMA.>>>> If this is indeed the case as you've presented it here,>> it sounds like a HW shortcoming. I cannot see how the device>> type (or protocol) dictate how the DMA engine operates.>> They live in two different domains.> > Well, there is an indirect link. The ADMA interface (which supports > 64-bit DMA) cannot be used to issue ATAPI commands, so if an ATAPI > device is connected we have to go to legacy mode, which supports only > 32-bit DMA.> > I'm not sure why ADMA mode doesn't support ATAPI. The only reason I can > think of is that there's issues since ATAPI commands can potentially be > of unpredictable transfer size. The "real" ADMA spec that the NVIDIA > implementation is loosely based on does have some special "ignore > excess" controls that don't seem to be in the NVIDIA version (or at > least not to the knowledge I have on this hardware)...The original Pacific Digital ADMA cores *do* support most ATAPI commandsin ADMA mode, including READ_CD, READ_10, etc.. With the caveat that ifDSC completion state is required, the driver has to drop out of ADMAand poll for it after the ADMA command completes.Commands which were not ADMA compatible (eg. MODE_SENSE, TEST_UNIT_READY, ..)were simply handled with PIO (in the driver) rather than any form of DMA,which is okay because those commands are relatively infrequent.Note that Pacific Digital "officially" said "no ATAPI" for the ADMA design,but I implemented it regardless (for Linux) and it worked rather well.We could burn DVDs and back-up to tape simultaneously, with the burnerand the tape unit sharing a single IDE cable/channel.Cheers


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This model will be used by software engineers and global services consultants to help guide customers through the stages of developing an autonomic infrastructure.
"In an effort to help our customers develop an autonomic infrastructure, IBM has developed a staged approach to plan and measure their progress," said Alan Ganek, vice president, IBM Autonomic Computing. "This high-level framing is essential to mapping the progression of true autonomic functionality, and to help information systems work together in a way to better manage themselves."
The new autonomic deployment model defines five levels of increasingly sophisticated self-governance for customers' information systems. IBM is delivering hardware, software and services to help customers enhance the self-management capabilities of their computing systems to reach these levels, thereby reducing the cost of ownership and improving availability of the entire IT environment.
IBM has defined a new information technology (IT) framework for Autonomic Computing to serve as a roadmap for guiding customers through the adoption of autonomic technology and to act as a basis for working with industry leaders to ensure a complete set of open standards are in place to address these needs.
Autonomic Computing Framework
Basic, Managed, Predictive, Adaptive, Autonomic
This evolutionary path to autonomic computing is represented by five levels, starting from basic, through managed, predictive, adaptive and finally to autonomic.
- The basic level represents the starting point where a significant number of IT systems are today. Each element of the system is managed independently by systems administrators who set it up, monitor it, and enhance it as needed.
- At the managed level, systems management technologies are used to collect information from disparate systems into one, consolidated view, reducing the time it takes for the administrator to collect and synthesize information.
- At the predictive level, new technologies are introduced that provide correlation among several elements of the system. The system itself can begin to recognize patterns, predict the optimal configuration and provide advice on what course of action the administrator should take. As these technologies improve, people will become more comfortable with the advice and predictive power of the system.
- The adaptive level is reached when systems can not only provide advice on actions, but can automatically take the right actions based on the information that is available to them on what is happening in the system.
- Finally, the full autonomic level would be attained when the system operation is governed by business policies and objectives. Users interact with the system to monitor the business processes, and/or alter the objectives.
Cisco Systems, Inc. also understands customers' requirement for increased intelligence and self-management throughout network infrastructures.
"The primary business imperatives for enterprises today include driving down the total cost of ownership of their infrastructure while increasing user productivity," said Gregory Akers, senior vice president and CTO, Services,Cisco Systems, Inc. "The trend toward converged networks means that integrating business resiliency into the infrastructure is also critical. Autonomic computing solutions that provide self-managing capabilities are key toward achieving these goals."
Collectively, these intuitive and collaborative qualities enable enterprises to operate more efficiently with fewer human resources, decreasing costs and enhancing a company's ability to enact and react to change.
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Candid Candace: Bears' Gould kicks in to help kids receive books
The associate board of Working in the Schools hosted its annual Blackboard Affair on Feb. 8. More than 425 partygoers enjoyed a Mardi Gras-themed event at the Chicago Cultural Center that began with a VIP reception hosted by Bears placekicker Robbie Gould. He announced the launch of a new summer reading program, "Books in Bags," which will be a partnership between Working in the Schools and his charity, the Goulden Touch Foundation. The program will raise funds to send bags of books home with more than 3,000 students.
Copyright © 2018, Hartford Courant


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How do you price a pampered, low mileage Z3?
Hello to all forum users. About a month ago I submitted a post about pricing my '98 Z3 (probably still on Roadfly somewhere). There were a few Z's in Michigan on Craig's List. They averaged betweem $8-10K with 68,000 miles or more. Mine had 26,000 pampered miles; no winters. 1.9 Roadster.
I asked $11,500 since someone was kind enough to share that he had paid $11,500 for a '97 with 17,000 miles. I sold for $11,000. Good luck to those who are sellling.Reply With Quote 188.8.131.52
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What are Licensed Real Estate Salespersons
© 2012 by Aurelio Locsin.
Buying and selling homes, office buildings and properties involves dealing with industry standards, government regulations and financial contracts. The process is fraught with peril for individuals who do not perform it everyday. Licensed real estate salespeople handle this complex transaction so that it is accurate and legally binding for both buyer and seller.
What They Do
Licensed real estate salespersons handle the process of buying, selling and renting buildings, rooms and land for both owners, and those needing the property. They determine a competitive sales price by examining comparable sales, list property on multiple listing services and answer inquiries on it. They then hold open houses so other agents and potential buyers can view the property, and take a client to tour a property he may want to buy. They negotiate offers and fill out all the necessary paperwork so that the transfer of property meets all legal and industry requirements.
All states mandate licensing for real estate sales agents and brokers. Although requirements vary by location, those in California are typical. Applicants must be at least 18 years old and be legal residents of the United States but necessarily of the state. They must also disclose any criminal convictions throughout their entire history. The following college level courses must be successfully completed: real estate principles, real estate practice, and one from a list that includes appraisals, property management, real estate finance, general accounting and escrows. Lawyers who are members of the state bar need not complete the courses. Applicants must then pay a fee and take an exam. They must answer at least 70 percent of the questions correctly to pass.
Real estate brokers run their own businesses and can hire sales agents. Their licensing requirements differ slightly those of sales agents. Using the California example once again, brokers must be at least 18, legal residents of the U.S. and disclose any criminal convictions. They must complete seven college level courses including real estate practice, real estate finance and appraisal, general accounting, business law, office administration, and mortgage loan brokering. They need a minimum of two years of full-time licensed sales agent experience, or may substitute that experience with a four-year degree. They must then pay a few and complete an exam with at least 75 percent of the questions correct. They may also re-take it for free within two years.
Outlook and Salaries
From 2010 to 2020, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, licensed real estate sales agents are expected to see job growth of 12 percent while for brokers, it's 8 percent. Compare this to the projected increases of 14 percent for the average worker. Population growth will be behind the need for more real estate but the economy will affect opportunities. As of May 2011, agents earned a mean $51,170 per year, or $24.60 per hour. Brokers averaged $83,830 yearly, or $40.31 per hour.
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Related books
Another interesting addition to the series. I've always been impressed by how much this field pays!
Very informative hub, alocsin! I doesn't sound easy to be in this line of job.
I've been a Realtor since 2004, and I love it. However, one thing I'd like to point out is that taking the classes and becoming an agent is just one tiny slice of the pie when it comes to being a successful agent. The coursework doesn't teach a person how to market, how to generate leads, and how to work with people who get frustrated with the process. The courses teach the real estate laws. I often have to interact with government agencies to make things happen, scour out hidden information about a property, or find ways to help buyers get qualified when lenders are telling them "no." I didn't get that knowledge from any coursework!
A couple of the books you've recommended offer some great techniques on some of this stuff, and I recommend "The Millionaire Real Estate Agent" to anyone wanting to get into this business, but also be aware that no single book will make you an overnight success, either!
Real estates is another great biz many people have turned into real jobs. This is a good Hub with regard.
Another interesting hub. A friend of mine did something similar to that, she retrained as an auctioneer for both houses and personal property.
Shared, pinned, tweeted, up and useful!
I have been in the real estate industry since 1989, and a broker since 1993. It's a wonderful industry. I've worked with many people who are still clients/friends to this day. Great information about the industry.
Real Estate sales are up 25% in Arizona. We are doing quite fine here right now. Housing prices are also coming back nicely. Commercial R/E is also building again. I made my living doing commercial R/E. Nice article.
My dad owned his own Real Estate Agency and was a broker. My mother also got her real estate license since she worked in the office with my dad...primarily doing paperwork. He was also a home builder. They were a great team!
I would no more consider buying or selling a house without the aid of a real estate professional than flying a plane without lessons or a license. There is so much that they can help you with to help aid the process plus avoid potential and expensive pitfalls.
With the downturn in the economy and the foreclosure crisis of the last few years...it has been a tough time for many real estate agents. Of course some parts of the country are doing better than others.
Up, useful, interesting votes and will share.
I was a licensed real estate agent in Maryland in 1994. I lasted less than a year because I didn't really have the marketing personality, no contacts, and was trying to do it part-time. In Maryland, you didn't need college courses before taking the certification test. All we had to do was take a course given by a licensed real estate agent who was working for Century 21. The course included all of the topics you mention in this hub, and I believe it was only a 2-3 month course meeting once or twice a week in the evenings. I found real estate very hard making money, even harder than marketing hubs and making money on Hubpages. Voted up as having very useful information and sharing with followers.
Useful information. Here in India, many illegal Real Estate Salespersons are working and we need to a strict policy in this regard.
Voted up and shared with followers..
I remember seven years ago this was a really growing career in South Florida. Now, it is one that you really have to do your homework to keep competitive. It is great when the economy flourishes. Wonder what they commission is now days on sale of homes? Very well done, Alocsin.
Very informative hub. I always got something new every time I visit your hub. Keep it up, brother. Thanks for share with us. Voted up!
Buying a house is a scary prospect, since most people don't do it very often, and having an agent to help make sure you do everything you need, in a timely fashion is key.
Interesting hub and info. My brother moved house a couple of years ago, so we had to deal with real estate salespersons or estate agents as we call them over here, great info for anybody needing their assistance, voted up and shared, nell
Tough times right now, but there is still money to be made in the right areas of the country. Very interesting, Aurelio!


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