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"Lury" Surname
Frequency of "Lury" Surname in the US
2000 US Census
The surname "Lury" is not included in the US Census Bureau's ranking of surnames with 100 or more people. Since fewer than 100 people with this surname were included in the 2000 Census, it is relatively uncommon.
Source: "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the Census 2000", US Census Bureau.
1990 US Census
Accoring to the US Census Bureau, "Lury" ranked #81,764 in frequency out of 88,799 surnames for which statistics were released from the 1990 Census.
Source: "Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 1990 Census", US Census Bureau.
"Lury" Graves on Histopolis
Histopolis currently has 0 grave(s) with the surname "Lury".
Resource Links for "Lury"
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Surnames that Sound Like "Lury"
The surname "Lury" has a Soundex code of L600. The following 220 surname(s) may sound similar to "Lury" since they share the same Soundex code.


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The Vietnam Development Partnership Forum (VDPF), with the theme "Towards Competitive, Inclusive and Sustainable Growth", was held on December 5 with a range of suggestions and recommendations from Development Partners (DPs).
Speaking at the forum on behalf of the Vietnamese Government, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung expressed his appreciation of the partnership between the government and DPs and was pleased to say that many recommendations from VDPF 2013 and 2014 had been applied in practice and achieve positive results.
The Prime Minister thanked the frank comments from the DPs and said the theme of the forum was consistent with Vietnam's development policies in the time to come.
"We recognize that our development steps will have many favorable opportunities but will also face and overcome difficulties and challenges," he said. "Vietnam looks forward to continuing to receive support from all DPs. We are ready to engage in dialogue with you in good faith and sincerity."
The VDPF is a forum for senior policy dialogue between the Vietnamese Government and DPs on important policies to promote economic development in a comprehensive manner and improve quality of life.
Vietnam has invested 9 to 10 per cent of GDP in transport, energy, telecommunications, water, and sanitation in recent years; a very high level by international standards. This expenditure has helped to raise standards and improve the efficiency of the country's infrastructure. Vietnam's economy has contributed to growth and as the country has become richer it has begun to face new infrastructure financing challenges. Urbanization is adding half a million of people per year to Vietnam's urban centers, leading to traffic congestion and pollution. The country is also becoming increasingly vulnerable to climate change and as such must build more resilient infrastructure.
The limitations of Vietnam's domestic capital markets to fund both public and private sector infrastructure and investments are also becoming more acute. Rising government borrowing has revealed a limited local market appetite to fully finance government debt issuance and it is clear that the local currency bond market will have to develop considerably if it is to play a more significant role in infrastructure finance.
At the same time, in spite of continued commitments to develop public-private partnerships (PPPs), the country continues to lack a credible PPP project pipeline. The private sector has voiced concerns about the government's "stop and go" approach when it comes to PPP policy and actions. The private sector also views the PPP bidding and negotiation processes as unpredictable and lengthy and there is a perception that uncertain enforcement of foreign arbitration will hinder investors' appetites to invest in Vietnam.
Let me highlight three areas where development partners think the government could take immediate action to begin to make progress. Firstly, more effectively utilizing available ODA. Secondly, after many years of stop and go attempts we need to elevate the role of PPPs in Vietnam. Finally, more coordinated efforts are needed to promote faster rates of capital market developments.
Mr. Eric Sidgwick, Country Director, Asia Development Bank (ADB)
Vietnam has completed the first five years of the strategy of socio-economic development phase 2011-2020 and is preparing for the strategy and the next important decision. In the past five years Vietnam has achieved many significant achievements in development, with growth rates averaging 6 per cent, while in other countries in the region it is 5.6 per cent, and the poverty rate has fallen sharply and infrastructure has improved markedly.
However, Vietnam faces many challenges, the first of which is labor productivity. In recent years Vietnam made good growth recovery after the global recession. But labor productivity growth is declining, which is a matter of concern. Labor productivity growth in Vietnam has reached just 4 per cent and tended to decrease, while labor productivity growth in China was 7 per cent and in South Korea was 5 per cent at a time when these countries had similar development levels like Vietnam now. The growth rate of labor productivity in Vietnam will not ensure sustainable growth for Vietnam to follow the development path of South Korea or Taiwan.
What to do to resolve this situation is to create a framework for an equal playing field for all economic sectors, encourage real competition and protect the rights of property ownership. It is also necessary to have clear distinctions between the management and trade activities of the State. The government also needs to withdraw from areas in which the government does not need to participate, in order to create opportunities for the private sector to get involved. The decision to divest completely from Vinamilk is a step that is suitable with the commitment to reform. And if it continues to implement the same steps, the level of confidence in the government's reforms will be raised. All such actions will help form a dynamic private sector that the State considers an important objective in the coming period.
Ms. Victoria Kwakwa, World Bank Country Director for Vietnam
Vietnam has made commendable progress in reducing poverty and stabilizing the economy in recent years. Policy actions that capitalize on these achievements and Vietnam's favorable demographics will support a continuation of robust, inclusive growth and strengthen domestic and external buffers. Greater exchange rate flexibility while focusing on monetary policy on maintaining low and stable inflation, along with growth-friendly fiscal consolidation, will provide greater stability for Vietnam's economy and ensure fiscal sustainability in the face of uncertain external shocks. Bolder structural reforms in the financial sector and State-owned enterprises will release resources to productive sectors and improve the overall business environment. These macro-critical structural reforms are essential to boost productivity, which has been falling in recent years, and to develop strong domestic industries that can take full advantage of opportunities created by the TPP and other free trade agreements.
Mr. Jonathan Dunn, IMF Resident Representative, Vietnam

subset: commoncrawl


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Friday Nov. 6th All Day Alabama / LSU Party
With live music starting at 8pm FIVE O
Drink and Food specials
Cajun Steamer Bar & Grill is a restaurant that specializes in Cajun cuisine. It serves a range of starters, such as raw oysters, seared tuna, stuffed shrimp, crawfish enchiladas, fried dill pickle chips, blue crab claws, crab cakes, fried mushrooms and battered Gulf shrimp. Cajun Steamer Bar & Grill also offers smoked tuna dip, fried boudin balls, grouper fingers, crawfish tails and alligators,...
Welcome to Cajun Steamer Bar and Grill! We specialize in delicious and reasonablypriced cuisine, including our house specialties and other customerfavorites. Our cuisine entrees are served in a relaxed and welcoming settingthat you and your friends and family are sure to enjoy. Whether you are inthe mood to indulge in something new or just want to enjoy some oldfavorites, we promise that our...
Be the first AL.com user to add photos or videos of Cajun Steamer Bar & Grill
The drinks and happy hour specials were great. My boiled shrimp was great - you could have it served either hot or cold. I ordered the plate that was to include shrimp, potatoes, and corn. I was surprised when they brought out one small ear of corn and two small potatoes on a saucer - that's it to go along...
This location is an excellent location if you are looking for seafood and especially Cajun style. Once located, I have visited twice and the food has been excellent. Atmosphere and service has been great also. Will definitely visit again and again.
Cajun Steamer Bar & Grill can be found at Main St 180. The following is offered: Bars & Pubs. The entry is present with us since Sep 7, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 12, 2013. In Birmingham there are 31 other Bars & Pubs. An overview can be found here.
Since 2005 the company has been providing Retail - Cajun Restaurant.


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Hey guys, I'm beta testing a game called Sentry Knight Tactics.
It's a lot of fun and it's coming to Steam soon. It's a sort of mix of real-time-strategy and RPG gameplay.
You might have played some of the earlier Sentry Knight games on Flash websites.
Anyway, I know the developers and we swapped some character cameos!


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Levon Helm will perform at WFUV Radio's Annual Gala 2010. The longtime Band drummer will receive the WFUV Sound & Vision Award and play a set with his Ramble on the Road band. Baseball Hall of Fame member and veteran broadcaster Ernie Harwell will receive the Vin Scully Lifetime Achievement Award in Sports Broadcasting, while Bob Schieffer, the seven-time Emmy Award-winning television journalist, will receive the Charles Osgood Lifetime Achievement Award in Broadcast Journalism. New York City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg will attend and offer comments.
According to the radio station, "the fundraising gala in support of New York's "Rock and Roots" public radio station, licensed to Fordham University, will be held at Gotham Hall in Manhattan near Herald Square. An audience of more than 400 donors will see Mr. Helm, a member of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, and his band perform a mini-concert, including songs from his career as a founding member of The Band and from his 2009 Grammy-winning album, Electric Dirt."
Musicians Suzanne Vega, Willie Nile, James Maddock, Richard Julian, Cory Chisel, Erin McKeown, The Kennedys, Willie Nile, Lucy Kaplansky, Amy Correia and others will attend the event.
WFUV Radio's Annual Gala 2010 will be held at New York's Gotham Hall on May 5 at 6:00 PM ET, followed at 7:30 PM by "dinner, entertainment, and a live auction of sports, travel and other valuable items." Individual tickets are $1,000 and $2,500; tables are $10,000, $25,000, $50,000 and $75,000.


text: For many, lack of health care is a persistent barrier to good health. HMD examines the twin issues of health insurance coverage and access as well as taking a broad view of health care services. We consider subjects such as the organization, financing, effectiveness, workforce, and delivery of health care.


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Fish represent the planet's most diverse group of vertebrates and they can be exposed to a wide range of pharmaceuticals. For practical reasons, extrapolation of pharmaceutical effects from 'model' species to other fish species is adopted in risk assessment. Here, we critically assess this approach. First, we show that between 65% and 86% of human drug targets are evolutionarily conserved in 12 diverse fish species. Focusing on nuclear steroid hormone receptors, we further show that the sequence of the ligand binding domain that plays a key role in drug potency is highly conserved, but there is variation between species. This variation for the oestrogen receptor, however, does not obviously account for observed differences in receptor activation. Taking the synthetic oestrogen ethinyloestradiol as a test case, and using life-table-response experiments, we demonstrate significant reductions in population growth in fathead minnow and medaka, but not zebrafish, for environmentally relevant exposures. This finding contrasts with zebrafish being ranked as more ecologically susceptible, according to two independent life-history analyses. We conclude that while most drug targets are conserved in fish, evolutionary divergence in drug-target activation, physiology, behaviour and ecological life history make it difficult to predict population-level effects. This justifies the conventional use of at least a 10× assessment factor in pharmaceutical risk assessment, to account for differences in species susceptibility.
1. Introduction
(a) Environmental risks associated with pharmaceuticals
Over 5000 human and veterinary pharmaceuticals are in use, or in development, and they target diverse physiological functions [1]. Many are highly potent, altering physiological processes at low therapeutic concentrations, between 0.05 and 100 μg ml−1 in blood plasma in human/mammalian systems [2]. Furthermore, many drug targets are highly conserved across diverse vertebrate phyla [3–6]. Following the widespread detection of pharmaceuticals in the environment [7–9], concern has been raised over their potential impact on vertebrate wildlife health. The most notable example of an adverse effect in wildlife is for exposure to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. This has been shown to cause population-level declines, and even localized extinctions, in three Asian vulture species (Gyps sp.) scavenging on the carcasses of treated cattle [10,11]. In another case, the contraceptive oestrogen 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2) has been linked directly with population-level risks in wild fish, owing to feminization in males and reduced fertility in both sexes of several fish species [12–15]. Generally, however, wildlife populations are exposed to relatively low-level environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals and data confirming adverse effects are extremely limited. It is widely recognized that better insight and understanding of environmental risks are required concerning both newly developed drugs and older pharmaceuticals, some of which have been present in the environment for decades [16]. Owing to the large number of compounds in use, several schemes have been proposed for prioritizing testing [4,17,18], which include 'reading-across' plasma concentrations and therapeutic effects of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals to non-target organisms [19]. However, quantifying both interindividual and interspecies variability in drug uptake and metabolism, and extrapolating between individual physiological responses and adverse population-level effects, represent major sources of uncertainty in pharmaceutical environmental risk assessment (ERA) [16]. Fish make up half of all vertebrate species, inhabiting virtually all aquatic environments [20] and exhibiting enormous diversity in morphology, physiology, behaviour, reproductive biology and population ecology [21]. ERAs concerning the susceptibility of fish to pharmaceuticals, however, are based on studies on only a few model fish species and rarely extend to the quantification of population-level effects.
(b) Assessing the potential susceptibility of fish to adverse effects from pharmaceuticals
The susceptibility of wildlife, including fish, to adverse population-level effects from chemicals and/or pharmaceuticals, depends on their exposure, physiological responsiveness and population resilience [22].
Exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals is generally assumed to be via water [23] (but also see [24]), because the majority of pharmaceuticals partition to the water phase in wastewater treatment and remain in solution following discharge to surface waters. In the cases where pharmaceuticals partition to solids and or lipids, this may trigger specific studies, simulating benthic sediment exposure and/or potential bioaccumulation in the food chain [25]. There are few data on pharmacokinetics (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) in fish [26], but there is a wealth of human/mammalian data, which offers the potential for 'read-across' to fish [16]. More studies are needed to explore the extrapolation of external aqueous exposure concentrations to internal drug concentrations in blood plasma [19,27], to confirm whether expected 'therapeutic' effects occur in non-target organisms [28]. Drug uptake across fish gills may be controlled by a variety of membrane transporters, including multi-drug transporters [29] and/or more specific transporters such as sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) which shows affinity across a wide dynamic range for both natural and synthetic steroids [30]. Predicting the metabolism and excretion of drugs in fish is even more challenging. While several fish species possess enzyme systems responsible for metabolism and excretion of most drugs in human/mammalian systems, limited comparative biotransformation data are available and they indicate that read-across is not straightforward. For example, in mammals, hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYPs) are known to play a major role in xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification, with CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4, in particular, mediating the metabolism of approximately 70% of pharmaceuticals [31]. However, no significant biotransformation could be measured for the known substrates of human CYP2D6, CYP2C9 or CYP3A4 for seven drugs in a study on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [32]. Furthermore, the pregnane X receptor (PXR nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2; NR1I2) which regulates many of the CYP enzymes, along with phase II metabolic enzymes and drug transporter proteins in human/mammalian systems, appears to play a role in metabolism in some fish species, but not others. PXR is active in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [29], fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) [33], but appears to be absent in cod (Gadus morhua), sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus); based on the latest gene builds for these species in Ensembl, version 74 [34]). At this time, therefore, it is difficult to predict drug metabolism and bioconcentration in fish based on the systems established for mammals, or to extrapolate between different fish species.
Physiological responsiveness of fish to pharmaceutical exposure will depend, in part, on the level of conservation of high-affinity interactions with designated drug targets (proteins) that cause the intended pharmacological action in human patients and veterinary animals. Thus, wildlife species that express proteins that are orthologous, i.e. proteins that share a common evolutionary origin to human and veterinary drug targets, may be more responsive than species lacking orthologues. Fish underwent evolutionary divergence from other vertebrates 450 Ma [21], but they nevertheless exhibit high evolutionary conservation of human and veterinary drug targets compared with other taxonomic groups used in aquatic ERA. For example, in zebrafish and three-spined stickleback, orthologues are predicted for 86% of human drug targets [3]. These (and other) fish species used in ecotoxicology belong to the last* of the following three superclasses: (i) Agnatha, jawless fish including lampreys and hagfish (ii) Chondrichthyes, cartilaginous fish, and (iii) Osteichthyes*, bony fish. The final class is the most diverse and comprises the Actinopterygii or ray-finned fishes, and Sarcopterygii, a paraphyletic class containing lobe-finned fishes, and all tetrapod vertebrates, including humans [21]. As Sarcopterygii are more directly related to tetrapods they may be expected to show greater conservation of human and veterinary drug targets compared with fish from other classes, particularly the more ancient superclasses Chondrichthyes and Agnatha. The influence of phylogeny on drug target conservation in fish has not yet been examined and existing orthologue predictions of drug targets have focused on only a few model ray-finned fish species [3], and/or employed simple best-match approaches [4,5]. Phylogenetically based predictions can better account for evolutionary events, including speciation and gene duplications [35], the latter being most prevalent in the ray-finned fish lineage [36]. The level of protein sequence similarity between the human drug target and the fish orthologue (especially for the ligand binding domain; LBD) may enable better predictions regarding the species responsiveness to pharmaceutical exposure [6]. However, currently, there are few experimental data comparing drug target responsiveness in fish, other than for the oestrogen receptor α (ESR1), and these indicate that LBD sequence similarity is not always predictive of receptor activation and therefore physiological response [37].
Population resilience (versus susceptibility) to environmental stressors is governed by life-history traits relating to reproductive strategy, longevity, dispersal, niche specificity, demographics and dynamic stock-recruitment [22,38,39]. A key challenge in ERA is determining whether or not physiological effects in individuals translate to adverse impacts on wild populations [16,40]. This extrapolation between effect-levels and between species has been attempted using population dynamics models, which project forward the life histories of wild populations, with and without superimposing chemical effects measured in surrogate, laboratory-exposed populations. Some models have indicated that short-lived, asynchronous spawning fish, such as the fathead minnow, may be more susceptible to population decline compared with longer-lived, seasonal spawning brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), following simulated multi-generation exposures to endocrine active chemicals [41]. These findings are consistent with studies on an experimental lake dosed for 3 years with the synthetic oestrogen EE2, which resulted in significant population decline in fathead minnows, but not the longer-lived, demersal white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) [15]. There is also some indication of increasing, heritable susceptibility to EE2 over generations, according to mesocosm studies on fathead minnows [42], and this is supported by laboratory life cycle studies on fathead minnows and zebrafish [43,44]. Other small fish species, such as the Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) may be even more susceptible to EE2 [45]. It is also possible that longer-term exposures to chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, may eventually become more problematic for longer-lived species with relatively low lifetime fecundity and inflexible life-history strategies [38,39] and/or fish species occurring higher in the food chain [15].
With a view to aiding the ERA of pharmaceuticals, we investigate a range of factors that may predict susceptibility in fish, spanning drug target conservation in model species to ecological life histories of these and other species. We assess the ability to extrapolate between species and biological effect-levels. This work encompasses assessments of exposure potential, physiological responsiveness and population resilience.
2. Methodological approach
We first examined variation in potential susceptibility in fish by describing the presence or absence of orthologues to 459 human drug targets in 12 diverse species with fully sequenced genomes and complete gene builds [34]. Then, prioritizing a subset of 45 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with potential to have direct effects on reproduction, we assessed the interspecies variation in target sequence similarity compared with the human target. The majority of the prioritized APIs mediate their pharmacological action via one or more steroid receptors, and the sequence similarity of the LBD of these receptors was assessed. Using experimental data, we then compared differences in ligand- and species-specificity of ESR1. In the next stage of our analysis, we evaluated fish life-history traits influencing environmental exposure to pharmaceuticals and population resilience (e.g. dispersal, reproductive strategy, generation time). Finally, a case study analysis was conducted for the highly potent steroidal oestrogen EE2, in order to investigate linkages between individual and population effect-levels, enabling an overall comparative assessment of risk for three model species commonly used in ERA. All fish species included in the study are listed in electronic supplementary material, table S1.
(a) Assessment of physiological responsiveness
(i) Orthologues in fish for human drug targets
Genomes were studied for 12 fully sequenced fish species with complete gene builds held in Ensembl Compara [46] (version 74, accessed January 2014): cod (G. morhua), coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae), fugu (Taikfugu rubripes), medaka (Oryzias latipes), Mexican cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), sea lamprey (P. marinus), southern platyfish (Xiphophorus maculates), spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus), three-spined stickleback (G. aculeatus), tetraodon (Tetraodon nigroviridis) and zebrafish (D. rerio).
Information regarding human drugs and their targets were downloaded from DrugBank v. 3.0 [1]. Only drugs annotated in DrugBank as 'small molecule', 'approved' and with 'humans and other mammals, as affected organisms' were considered. Drug targets with 'unknown pharmacological action' were excluded from our analyses. In total, information on 978 APIs associated with 459 unique drug targets was downloaded. DrugBank previously listed over 1000 drug targets, including metabolizing enzymes and transporters, but now shows that only 459 have specific pharmacological action. These drug targets were mapped to the Ensembl database (version 74, accessed January 2014) [34] using protein sequences from Uniprot [47]. Drug target orthologues in the 12 fully sequenced fish species and in the tree frog (Xenopus tropicalis), included as a tetrapod outgroup, were then calculated (electronic supplementary material, table S2) based on the phylogenetic gene tree predictions in Ensembl Compara (version 74, accessed January 2014) [46]. A drug target was considered to be conserved in a species if it had at least one human orthologue. The associated taxonomic information was retrieved from the NCBI taxonomy database (accessed February 2014) [48].
(ii) Assessment of sequence similarities
Sequence similarities were calculated for drug targets (21) associated with APIs (45) with anatomical therapeutic chemical classification codes suggesting direct effects on reproduction (prostaglandins (A02BB), oxytocics/uterus-contracting agents (G02A), contraceptives for topical use (G02B), sex hormones and modulators of the genital system (G03) and endocrine agents used in the treatment of neoplastic diseases (L02)). The sequence similarity was estimated from the multiple alignments available in Ensembl (version 74, accessed January 2014) [34]. To reduce the effects of erroneously aligned gene regions, produced by the large evolutionary distance between the species, only aligned amino acids were considered in the estimates. All sequence similarities are presented in electronic supplementary material, table S3. LBDs were annotated using the position-specific scoring matrices from the Conserved Domain database [49]. The sequence similarities of LBDs were calculated in an analogous manner to the sequence similarities of complete drug targets.
(iii) Assessment of amino acid sequence alignments with the LDB for human ESR1
Multiple alignment of amino acid sequences of the LBD of ESR1 was assessed with the following sequences: human ENSP00000405330; tree frog ENSXETG00000012364; cavefish ENSAMXG00000006267; cod ENSGMOG00000014898; common carp BAF99812; fathead minnow AAV41373; fugu ENSTRUG00000018219; medaka ENSORLG00000014514; platyfish ENSXMAG00000003084; rainbow trout P16058; roach BAD91035; stickleback ENSGACG00000008711; tetraodon ENSTNIG00000012264; tilapia ENSONIG00000013354; sea lamprey ENSPMAG00000005727; zebrafish ENSDARG00000004111. The amino acid residues in the human ESR1 that have been shown to have direct contact with the co-crystallized ligands 17β-oestradiol (E2) and diethylstilboestrol (DES) according to pocketome.org [50] (accessed in April 2014) were highlighted, and the alignment is presented in electronic supplementary material, table S4. The ESR1 in the coelacanth was found to be erroneous and was therefore excluded from the alignment analysis.
(iv) Assessment of interactions of pharmaceutical oestrogens with ESR1
Interactions with ESR1 of oestrogenic pharmaceuticals E2, EE2, the equine oestrogen equilin (used in hormone replacement therapy) and DES were compared across six different fish species (common carp, fathead minnow, medaka, roach (Rutilus rutilus), three-spined stickleback and zebrafish). Full-coding regions for ESR1 in each species were cloned and transfected into separate HEK293 cell lines and ESR1 receptor trans-activation assays were conducted as described in [37].
(b) Assessment of exposure potential and population resilience
(i) Life-history trait analysis
Using the databases FishBase (version 12/2013) [51] and FishTraits (version 2) [52], and the available scientific literature, life-history data were obtained for a broad selection of fish species in which physiological responsiveness to pharmaceuticals had been assessed. Rainbow trout and the Chinese rare minnow were also included as an alternative model species used in ecotoxicology and ERA. Searches focused on the compilation of qualitative and quantitative trait data (electronic supplementary material, table S5) required to calculate susceptibility indices incorporating indicators of exposure potential (e.g. dispersal, niche specificity, lifespan) and population resilience (e.g. spawning frequency, parental care, recruitment). Two alternative indices were used, the population survivorship index [38] and the ecological vulnerability index [39].
(ii) Life-table-response experiments integrating life cycle assessments of individual and population-level effects of EE2
Published life cycle data (F1 embryo to F1 adult to F2 embryo) quantifying the effects of the oestrogen receptor (ESR1, ESR2) agonist EE2 in three model freshwater fish species, fathead minnow, medaka and zebrafish, under standard flow-through conditions and test temperatures (25–28°C), were compiled and scrutinized according to established quality/reliability criteria [53]. Those studies incorporating measurement of a range of effect levels (molecular, physiological, behavioural, population-relevant effects) and confirmation of exposure concentrations by chemical analysis were used to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for population-relevant endpoints in each species: zebrafish LOEC = 0.5–1 ng l−1 EE2 [54,55]; fathead minnow and medaka LOEC = 1 ng l−1 EE2 [43,56,57]. Endpoint values (vital rates: proportion of viable fertilized eggs; proportion of females; female fecundity (eggs per female per day); survival) were tabulated as mean values ± standard error of the mean (electronic supplementary material, table S6). A lower LOEC of 0.2 ng l−1 EE2 was reported for the Chinese rare minnow [45]; however, insufficient life-table data were available to permit life-table-response experiments (LTREs) for this species.
Species-specific vital rates for control (non-exposed) and EE2 (1 ng l−1) exposed fish were then input with specific life-table data for wild populations of fathead minnow, medaka, zebrafish (electronic supplementary material, table S7) to stage-based Leslie matrix population models (electronic supplementary material, figure S1), constructed for each species using PopTools (v. 3.2.5) [58]. Population projections were based on females, because female fecundity limits population numbers. Populations were assumed to be closed with no immigration or emigration, and spawning was assumed to be asynchronous and protracted in all three species [59–61]. Finite, geometric population growth rate (λ) was then projected from n = 100 replicate LTREs [62] for each species, by resampling vital rates from their means and standard deviations, assuming normal distributions for each vital rate [60]. The statistical significance of the effect of EE2 (1 ng l−1) exposure on projected population growth rate (λE) versus control population growth rate (λC) was assessed on ranked projections using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test, owing to inequality of variances between exposed and control populations (according to Levene's test). These stochastic projections of treatment effects at the population-level enabled an integrated assessment of ecotoxicological and ecological population susceptibility. Determining the mean sensitivities (control + treatment/2) of each vital rate in each LTRE also enabled decomposition analysis to quantify the relative contribution and importance of these vital rates (performed according to Caswell [62]).
3. Results and discussion
(a) Assessment of physiological responsiveness
(i) Conservation of human drug targets
More than 80% of the 459 human drug targets had orthologues in all the investigated bony fish, while the sea lamprey (a jawless fish) had orthologues to 65% of the targets. These results suggest that responses in sea lamprey may differ frequently and substantially from those in bony fish (figure 1). Information regarding the APIs, the drug targets and their orthologues and co-orthologues in each species is presented in electronic supplementary material, table S2.
Although the vast majority of the APIs had at least one orthologous drug target in fish, this does not necessarily mean all these APIs will have a functional drug interaction and invoke a physiological response in fish, or that this response will resemble that occurring in humans. Even between mammalian species (human–mouse), there are numerous examples of orthologues that have diverged functionally [63]. The general sequence similarity between orthologous proteins may potentially give more information, but the data should be interpreted with caution, because orthologous proteins with similar function can have significant domains that are missing or differ substantially. The LBD and especially the specific amino acids that interact with the ligands are, however, generally highly conserved and could provide additional information regarding potential drug interactions [6].
(ii) Variation in sequence similarity
Alignments of the full protein sequence and LBD of the nuclear steroid hormone receptors, specifically, ESR1, oestrogen receptor β (ESR2), progesterone receptor (PGR), androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) and mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2), showed that the LBDs had higher sequence similarity to the corresponding human drug target than the full proteins (figure 2). Furthermore, in line with the established phylogenetics of fish evolution, the lobe-finned fish had the highest sequence similarities (75–81%) with the LBDs of the human steroid receptors, whereas the more primitive sea lamprey had the lowest LBD sequence similarities (52–63%; figure 2). This finding, however, does not necessarily mean that sea lamprey is less susceptible to drugs targeting these receptors, because it is also important to consider gene duplication and function. As an illustration of this, the human glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid-receptors are co-orthologous to a single corticoid receptor 'CR', and the human androgen and progesterone receptor are co-orthologous to a receptor annotated as 'PGR', in sea lamprey (electronic supplementary material, table S2). The CR in sea lamprey appears to be promiscuous for binding corticosteroids [64], but there are only limited experimental data assessing the responsiveness of this receptor to drugs designed to affect the human glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid-receptors. There are also very few data concerning the promiscuity, responsiveness and function of the PGR, ESR1 and ESR2 in sea lamprey. Nevertheless, plasma progesterone and E2 concentrations have been shown to vary between the sexes and reproductive stages, suggesting links with sexual function in this species [65]. Here, we show that sea lamprey has orthologues to both the human ESR1 and ESR2 and their LBDs are conserved to a similar degree in sea lamprey as in the ray-finned fishes (63–71%).
(iii) Variation in target-ligand binding and activation of ESR1
Assessment of pharmaceutical oestrogen interactions with fish ESR1 in trans-activation assays showed that DES was the most potent ligand and 10 times more potent than the natural oestrogen E2. EE2 was approximately twice the potency of E2, and equilin was around 10 times less potent (in all species) compared with E2.
The effective concentration corresponding with 50% of maximum ESR1 transactivation (EC50) showed little variation for E2 between the different fish species, ranging 2.4-fold between 0.18 and 0.43 nM (zebrafish and stickleback, respectively, figure 3). For the pharmaceutical oestrogens, however, there were somewhat larger differences between the different fish species. For EE2, the EC50 ranged 4.3-fold between 0.07 and 0.30 nM (zebrafish and stickleback, respectively) and for DES, the EC50 ranged 5.7-fold between 0.007 and 0.04 nM (medaka and zebrafish, respectively). For equilin, the EC50 varied 3.5-fold within the range 3.02–10.67 nM (roach and carp, respectively). There were also differences in the maximum fold-activation for ESR1 between the different fish species in these transactivation assays, for all the oestrogens analysed. For E2, this difference across the species was only around 2.5-fold, and similarly for EE2 around 2.2-fold, whereas for DES and equilin, these differences were around 4.0-fold (figure 3). Zebrafish and fathead minnow showed a tendency for lower levels of fold-activation by E2 and EE2 compared with roach, stickleback and medaka. Conversely, medaka showed lowest levels of activation by DES and equilin, followed by zebrafish and fathead minnow, whereas roach again showed highest fold-activation.
Although there were differences between the fish species studied for some of the interactions of pharmaceutical oestrogens with ESR1, far greater interspecies variation has been shown for other less potent environmental oestrogens. For example, ESR1 transactivation EC50s for 4-nonylphenol and 4-octylphenol are 30 times and 23 times lower, respectively, in common carp compared with medaka [37]. The much smaller 2.4-fold difference in the EC50 for E2 (and 4.3-fold for EE2) between the fish species studied, likely reflects the crucial roles of this natural oestrogen (and synthetic mimic) in a wide range of tissues, functions and processes in fish [66,67]. Curiously, 14 of the 15 amino acid residues of the human ESR1 known to have direct contact with E2 or DES were identical in all bony fish (electronic supplementary material, table S4). The greater interspecies variation in EC50s and fold-activation for DES (up to 5.7-fold variation) could therefore not easily be explained by the variations in sequence similarity in the LBD (electronic supplementary material, table S4). Instead, the influence of cofactors, differences in promoter sequences and amino acid residues in other domains, such as the DNA binding domain [37,68,69], may better account for the observed differences in ESR1 activation.
(b) Variation in exposure potential and population resilience
(i) Life-history trait analysis
According to two alternative susceptibility indices, based on a range of life-history traits, species with longer generation times and lower spawning frequency, fecundity and recruitment (coelacanth, sea lamprey and fugu) were ranked as the most susceptible to environmental stressors (figure 4). The higher ranking of these species is consistent with their higher conservation status, compared with other species analysed (electronic supplementary material, table S1). The rapidly reproducing southern platyfish was ranked as the least susceptible to environmental stressors (figure 4). The 'population survivorship index', specifically tailored for fish and amphibians [38], provided greater differentiation between the most and least susceptible species, indicating a threefold difference, compared with a 1.6-fold difference indicated by the more general 'ecological vulnerability index' [39]. Both these ranges are within the 10× assessment factor traditionally used in pharmaceutical ERA to account for variation in species susceptibility [25]. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that zebrafish were predicted to be more susceptible to population decline compared with the rare minnow, fathead minnow and medaka, which is due principally to broadcast spawning behaviour and lack of parental care in zebrafish. However, because the life-history strategies of many fish are highly plastic, enabling adaptation to their specific environments [38,70], our results should be used only as a general guide. Furthermore, the general life-history data analysis we adopted does not account for species-specific effects of pharmaceuticals. The inclusion of specific effects data in susceptibility indices requires some degree of weighting and/or expert judgement [39].
(ii) Life-table-response experiments
Available life-table data and full life-cycle studies for EE2 enabled integrated assessments of physiological susceptibility and population resilience for three model freshwater species commonly used in pharmaceutical ERA, specifically, fathead minnow, medaka and zebrafish.
Beginning with an analysis of life-cycle effects data, the LOECs for EE2 were: zebrafish LOEC = 0.5 ng l−1 [54]; fathead minnow and medaka LOEC = 1 ng l−1 [43,55–57]. While there were no effects on survival at these concentrations, there were significant effects on other population-relevant endpoints (vital rates), and their magnitudes of effect differed between species. There was a female-biased sex ratio in both zebrafish (57%) [55] and fathead minnow (65%) [43], but there was no female bias in medaka (50%) [56–57]. Plasticity in sexual differentiation is typical in some species, such as zebrafish, that are sometimes referred to as juvenile hermaphrodites. Alternatively, in gonochorists, such as fathead minnow and medaka, sex is determined around fertilization and feminization of males typically results in ovo-testes, as occurred in both species following exposure to 1 ng l−1 EE2 [43,56]. Female-bias appeared to be 'compensated' for by reductions in fecundity and fertilization success in fathead minnows. Greater reduction in fertilization success occurred in zebrafish, which may be linked to their broadcast spawning strategy, reduced likelihood of fertilization and oophagy, as opposed to substrate spawning and egg guarding displayed by fathead minnows. Fertilization success was affected least in medaka, whose females produced and brooded fewer eggs. EE2 exposure concentrations of between 0.5 and 2 ng l−1 resulted in no significant alteration in male courtship behaviour in zebrafish [54,71]. In contrast, male courtship was reduced in medaka [53,54]. Overall, there were reductions in fertilization/hatching success in all three species compared with controls: 25 ± 5% reduction in medaka [57]; 35 ± 30% in fathead minnows [43]; 54.5 ± 15% in zebrafish [44]. Female fecundity also showed declining (but non-significant) trends for all three species. Reciprocal pair-breeding of control (non-exposed) and EE2-exposed fish revealed that reproductive impairment occurred in both sexes, but was generally greater in males in both zebrafish [54] and medaka [57].
The integration of life-cycle effects data and ecological life-history data for fathead minnow, medaka and zebrafish, in separate LTREs, showed that finite population growth (λE) following exposure to 1 ng l−1 EE2 was more variable compared to controls (λC), but was reduced significantly in fathead minnow (λC = 1.12, λE = 0.90, −20%; Kruskal–Wallis H = 64.82, d.f. = 1, p < 0.001) and medaka (λC = 3.59, λE = 2.97, −17%; Kruskal–Wallis H = 43.55, d.f. = 1, p < 0.001), but not in zebrafish (λC = 2.30, λE = 2.17, −6%; Kruskal–Wallis H = 2.88, d.f. = 1, p = 0.089) (figure 5). Proportional reductions in population growth rate (fathead minnow > medaka > zebrafish) contrasted with the susceptibility indices derived from ecological life-history data for these species. Absolute population growth rate for fathead minnows was also projected to fall below λ = 1 under EE2 exposure, indicating population decline.
Decomposition analysis revealed that reduction in age 0+ fecundity (fecundity in the first year of life), although highly variable, was most influential on reducing population growth in all three model species under EE2 exposure. These results highlight potential drawbacks of traditional statistical evaluation of individual endpoints such as fecundity, which are often shown to be highly variable and 'statistically insignificant' [43,44,57]. Alternatively, integrative modelling approaches can use stochastic variation in multiple endpoints and, by extrapolating population-level effects, can indicate 'ecological significance'. The second most influential parameter affecting population growth was age 0 viability (proportion of viable female eggs × proportion fertilized), in which the proportion of eggs fertilized is influenced by the effects of EE2 on reducing male fertility. Reduction in fertilization success, that can act directly to reduce population growth, was greatest in zebrafish, but this was compensated by female-biased sex ratios and high fecundity in this species. Other modelling approaches, including mechanistic, individual-based models [40,61], may be better able to discern effects of EE2 on male reproductive fitness, including those relating to effects on behaviour.
4. Conclusion
Here, we identify factors for consideration when extrapolating between fish species and effects endpoints in pharmaceutical ERA. This approach can help to identify which levels of biological organization, from the molecular to the population-level, are most likely to account for interspecies variation. Drug bioavailability and biotransformation in fish are likely to be further sources for interspecies variation in responsiveness to drugs, which we have not explored fully because data are currently sparse.
We illustrate that although fish generally show high conservation of human drug targets across diverse taxonomic groups, there is some interspecies variation, for example in the LBD sequences for nuclear hormone receptors. Greater variation (up to 5.7-fold) was identified in the physiological responsiveness of different fish to drugs targeting these receptors. Additional analysis of ecological life-history data indicated further interspecies variation (up to threefold) in potential susceptibility to population decline. Ultimately, we integrated ecological life-table data with life-cycle effects data for EE2 and showed distinct differences in proportional reductions in population growth between fathead minnow, medaka and zebrafish (around threefold). These results, however, were not entirely consistent with the physiological and ecological susceptibilities indicated by the preceding analyses. This work illustrates that extrapolating from individual-level effects in laboratory tests to population effects in wild fish is challenging. Furthermore, while small fish models offer considerable utility for pharmaceutical ERA, they are not necessarily protective of all fish owing to wide ranging evolutionary divergence of physiologies, behaviours and ecological life histories. Nevertheless, based on our analyses on the data available, the use of at least a 10× assessment factor to account for interspecies differences in ERA seems appropriate for application to pharmaceuticals.
Funding statement
This research was supported financially by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra), UK Natural Environment Research Council, and by AstraZeneca's Global SHE Research Programme.
We thank Shinichi Miyagawa and Taisen Iguchi (Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, Okazaki, Japan) for allowing us to use the fish ESR transactivation data and Anke Länge (Biosciences, University of Exeter) for kindly preparing ESR data figures.
One contribution of 18 to a Theme Issue 'Assessing risks and impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment on wildlife and ecosystems'.
- © 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.


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Welcome to The San Diego Crew Classic!
Download informational PDF flyer of Visitor Information/FAQs
Street Address of Event:
3699 Crown Point Drive
San Diego, CA 92109
The San Diego Crew Classic is held on Crown Point Shores in Mission Bay, which is just 6.5 miles from the San Diego International Airport. We have a selection of hotel recommendations on our website that are all within a few miles of the venue and the airport. Mission Bay is also close to many San Diego attractions such as the world famous San Diego Zoo, our beautiful Balboa Park and SeaWorld, which is right behind the start of the race!
Racing begins at 7:20 a.m. each day, ending at 6:30 p.m. on Saturday and 3 p.m. on Sunday. Each morning starts with the singing of the National Anthem. Check the schedule at crewclassic.org/schedule to find your athlete's race time. Allow plenty of time to reach the venue. Parking will be tight, but we offer a free shuttle service from designated parking lots. More details at crewclassic.org/for-spectators/general-information/dates-and-times/.
We will have a free preview day on Friday—the Beer Garden, featuring award-winning local craft beers, will open at 1 p.m., and some food service will be available. Many crews will be practicing on the water, so there will be a lot of action to see. Also, many of the trade show vendors will be open on Friday. We encourage you to come out that day and get a taste of what's to come.
First-time visitors are always amazed by the large size of the regatta and the number of activities. We have a lot of fun here! Some things to note:
- The weather is, well, just about perfect. San Diego is known for its weather, but first-timers seem to be taken aback by all that sunshine. So, bring some sunscreen or buy some in our merchandise tent. Also, bring a sweater because in the springtime it can get chilly in the mornings and late afternoon. Or buy a Crew Classic sweatshirt in our merchandise tent.
- We have a Jumbotron! You can't be in two places at once, but you can watch your athlete from start to finish at the Crew Classic. Races are filmed from four points on shore and streamed live on the Internet.
- We're pretty proud of our Beer Garden. Our Beer Garden is a perfect spot to watch the race from the shore!
- Come hungry. We start serving food as early as 6 a.m. Later in the day, we'll have many options for lunch or just a snack. Be advised that you can't come all the way to San Diego without trying a fish taco.
- And don't forget about the competition! The caliber of racing at the San Diego Crew Classic is unsurpassed. Races take off every 10 minutes or less, so there are always boats coming down the course.
The San Diego Crew Classic website provides information on everything you need to know about the regatta. Be sure to read about the Friday night Pasta Dinner, and Alumni and Club Tent Row. You can also "like" us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter to see what's happening!
What is the closest hotel to the event? I'd like to be within walking distance.
Unfortunately, there are no hotels on Crown Point Shores. The closest hotel to the venue is Paradise Point. They have a limited number of rooms at a special rate saved just for Crew Classic participants and spectators. Across the street, a free shuttle will take you to the venue. Walking is possible from Paradise Point, but it's a bit of a jaunt. The next closest hotels are: The Dana Inn, The Bahia and the Hilton Regency Mission Bay. Visit our list of hotels at crewclassic.org/hotel.
I'd rather not drive. Can I get around without renting a car? Because everything is so close (race course, hotels, attractions), you could get by with short cab rides during your stay. Most hotels have shuttles from the airport, but check with your hotel to make sure. Your hotel could also help you with public transportation information about getting around the city. If you're concerned about driving in an unfamiliar city, however, don't worry: San Diego is very easy to navigate.
I just found out that my son/daughter is rowing there this weekend. Can you help me find a hotel room? I've never been to San Diego. I don't know where to begin. This could be a little tricky, but so far we've always been able to find a place for last-minute attendees. Our regatta sometimes falls on a busy spring break week, so hotels can be booked up. If none of the hotels on our list have rooms available, and if you're willing to stay a bit further out away from the Mission Bay area, then check out Mission Valley/Old Town, Uptown or Downtown – these neighborhoods are all still close to the course. For great information about hotels in San Diego, go to sandiego.org.
Any recommendations for restaurants or sightseeing activities? Our friends at The San Diego Tourism Authority have a table at the regatta, very close to the largest white tent on the venue. They are an excellent source for anything you could possibly want to know about San Diego, from restaurants, to shopping malls, to golf, to where to rent a little sail boat for the day. If you'd like to do some restaurant research now, San Diego Magazine publishes a list of some of the best restaurants in town on their website at sandiegomagazine.com.


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Data Hygiene for Direct Mail
Bad data costs you money and limits the success of your direct mail campaigns. Check out common pitfalls and how to fix them to save money and optimize mail performance.
Don't Miss a Thing.
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Welcome to the Harte Hanks Resource Center, home of our thought leadership content and views on unmissable trends and topics in the marketing world.


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According to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), there were 8.3 million people actively paying into occupational pension schemes last year, the lowest figure since 1956.
The number of savers in workplace schemes slumped by 400,000 between 2009 and 2010 as people either stopped paying into their pensions to save money or lost their jobs.
The National Association of Pension Funds (NAPF), which represents almost 1,200 pension schemes with combined assets of nearly £800 billion, described the "exodus" of savers as "astonishing". The NAPF warned that Britain is "on a collision course with its own old age".
Dave Prentis, general secretary of Unison, the union, said that taxpayers face a "huge benefits timebomb" because not enough people are saving for their futures.
Occupational pension schemes are provided by companies for their employees. The ONS's figures cover both public and private sector pensions.
The figures, contained in its annual survey of workplace schemes, showed that private sector companies have suffered far more than public sector organisations from people not saving. The number of active members of workplace schemes among private sector companies fell by 300,000 to 3 million between 2009 and 2010. The number of members in public sector schemes, which are funded by local of central Government, fell by 100,000 to 5.3 million.
Pensions experts said that the dramatic fall in the number of people saving is a direct result of squeezed household budgets and rising unemployment.
Joanne Segars, the NAPF's chief executive, said: "It is astonishing that pension uptake has slumped to such a low level, and with a graying population living longer and longer, it is the last thing our society needs."
"Unemployment is partly to blame, but many people who have a job are struggling with household finances and the rising cost of living. People are thinking about today and putting tomorrow on hold. Unfortunately, saving for a pension is being seen as a luxury".
Steve Webb, the pensions minister, said that the fall in savers highlights how much next year's auto-enrollment – which obliges companies to offer staff a workplace pension – is needed.
"This is exactly why getting people into workplace pensions will be so vital. Our reforms will mean that from October 2012, millions more people will be saving for their retirement, many for the first time," said Mr Webb. Auto-enrollment will mean that up to 9 million people will start saving into a pension for the first time.
Unison's Mr Prentis said that the ONS figures show that since 2000 the number of active members of occupational private sector pension schemes has fallen from 5.7 million to just 3 million.
"This shows just how few private sector workers are saving for their retirement," he said.
Ms Segars said that the "exodus" shows that confidence in private sector pensions is running at "a record low". She warned: "Those who quit their pensions could be storing up cash problems for later in life".
In a separate report, the ONS said that last year only 48 per cent of female pensioners received a basic state pension (BSP). This was because of broken work histories and part-time work patterns. The figure among men was 87 per cent. However the ONS said that because of legislative changes, by 2030 an estimated 95 per cent of women will receive the full BSP.
Visit Telegraph Retirement Services for expert advice on Maximising Retirement Income


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Our 13.25-meter (43-foot) Royal Mystique boat rent represents the essence of pure luxury. It's one of the most popular canal boats in the entire Le Boat fleet and includes bimini in Midi-Camargue, Italy and Germany!
About the Royal Mystique A
Our Royal Mystique A boat rent can accommodate parties up to six. The canal boats feature heating, a 17-inch LCD flat-screen TV/DVD player, a media center with MP3/USB connectivity and can supply air conditioning even if not plugged on shore power (generator). The huge sundeck has a fixed table and cushioned seating, plus a sun canopy. Cabins have en-suite bathrooms.
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ADD YET ANOTHER soiled page to the sorry history of the defense industry`s brazen raids on the public purse.
Rockwell International Corp. has pleaded guilty to falsifying time cards on a spare parts contract with the Air Force, a boondoggle that added $290,839 to the project`s cost.
The firm has agreed to pay a $1 million settlement, covering double the amount of mischarges and the government`s investigative expenses. It also could be fined another $200,000 for its creative bookkeeping.
Is the punishment harsh enough to get the attention of industry-wide cheaters and to cow company officials into running a tighter, more honest operation? Hardly.
The financial pain is minimal. Rockwell, the second largest supplier of U.S. defense needs, did $6.2 billion worth of business with the government in 1984. The soul-searching didn`t go very deep, either. Nobody was fired. The six guilty employees were transferred to other duties.
Once again, investigators could find no evidence that company managers were involved in the cheating. That is routine in defense spending scandals, so routine that obvious questions arise.
Like, who`s running the store? Is anybody in charge? Does anybody in the upper echelons of defense industry management have any contact with the work- a-day world?
Does anybody feel any responsibility to the taxpayers who foot the bills that create defense industry giants and the cushy executive jobs that come with them?


text:
Human rib cage, artwork
F008/7403 Royalty Free
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Credit: PIXOLOGICSTUDIO/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
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Keywords: 3d, anatomical, anatomy, artwork, backbone, biological, biology, biomedical illustration, black background, bone, computer generated, digitally generated, female anatomy, health, healthcare, healthy, human anatomy, human body, human representation, illustration, nobody, normal, plain background, protection, rib, rib cage, ribcage, skeletal, skeleton, spine, thorax, three dimensional, vertebral column
Licence fees: A licence fee will be charged for any media (low or high resolution) used in your project.


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KUALA LUMPUR: The national bowlers are making heads turn at the Brunswick Euro Challenge in Munich.
Rafiq Ismail, Syafiq Ridhwan Abd Malek and Sin Li Jane are in the top 12 after Sunday's qualifying proceedings.
The top 12 bowlers will qualify automatically for Step Two of the masters round.
Rafiq is currently seventh on a six-game total of 1,408 pinfalls, followed by Syafiq (10th — 1,399) and Li Jane (12th — 1,388).
The other Malaysians are also in contention for spots in Step One.
Former world champion Esther Cheah is 19th on 1,368, followed by Ahmad Muaz Fishol (21st — 1,355), Timmy Tan (26th — 1,340), Siti Safiyah Amirah Abdul Rahman (27th — 1,337), Adrian Ang (32nd — 1,291), Shalin Zulkifli (34th — 1,280), Natasha Roslan (42nd — 1,270) and Alex Liew (49th — 1,246).
Malaysian Tenpin Bowling Congress secretary general Maradona Chok said: "Our bowlers have done well in the qualifying round.
"However, they will have to continue bowling good lines for better scores as their rivals are also recording high scoring games.
"In fact, some of the best bowlers have yet to start as the qualifying round only ends on Saturday.
"At the stage, our bowlers are on the role."
The Euro Challenge is an European Bowling Tour event.


text:
The New Pacific Institute (NPI) is a policy research organization devoted to the promotion of better understanding and sociopolitical ties across the Pacific region. NPI is seeks the promotion of peace in the Pacific Basin in this time of uncertainty.
The institute was founded in 2010 by San Francisco residents Kyle Mizokami, founder of the Japan Security Watch blog, and Dr. Craig Hooper, founder of the NextNavy blog, as a research and discussion forum on military and political developments across the Pacific Ocean.
NPI now has representatives in Japan and New Zealand, in addition to the West Coast of the United States.
Contact the New Pacific Institute at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Forum:The Vault is moving
Dear Vault Dwellers, both anonymous and registered,
The Vault has been around as the best source of information about the Fallout series for more than six years, originally at Duck and Cover, and then at Wikia. We, The Vault bureaucrats, have now decided to open a new chapter in its history and again move the wiki, which will now be hosted by Curse at FalloutWiki.com. Some of you might have heard about my new job as Curse's Lead Wiki Manager, but it was just one of many factors that influenced the decision to move. While we have enjoyed our relationship with Wikia in the past, given the direction Wikia has been taking lately, we feel that it is no longer the direction we want. The wiki now has more space for content (with 807 compared to Wikia's 660px width), and the move gives us more freedom to decide how the wiki is run. We will be able to create a more user-oriented environment, with fewer advertisements, new forums and a host of other, exciting new features (coming soon).
All of your user pages, user rights, forum posts, talk page entries and, of course, articles and media files have already been transferred to the new server and the site is fully functional. The transition is still a work in progress and we, The Vault's bureaucrats and administrators, as well as Curse staff, are still working hard on some of the functionality. All users who contributed to The Vault with their Wikia accounts can reclaim their usernames using this account migration tool. We are confident that The Vault, now at its new address, will remain the prime source of information about Fallout game, especially once the next game in the series is released.
Wikia will continue to host a copy of all of the wiki's content (up to this date), and any users are, of course, free to go with us to the new location or to stay at Wikia. As the people who created The Vault, including its name and logo, at Duck and Cover before we brought it to Wikia, we now intend to keep it, and we expect Wikia to respect our rights to these marks and to rename their copy of the content to just "Fallout Wiki" or anything else they wish to name their site.
All things considered, we thank Wikia for their years of providing hosting for The Vault. We bear no ill will towards you, and part on good terms. All of Wikia staff members and users will always be welcome at The Vault. We hope that the same will be true for any Vault users and staff members that may have responsibilites on other Wikia wikis. Thank you and farewell.
The Vault (the Vault of the Future, if you wish) is now available at FalloutWiki.com and is open and free to all! Ausir 17:43, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
Comments from bureaucrats[edit source]
Well I would just like to state my reasons for agreeing with the fork. It really stems from certain areas and how the intrests of the Vault and Wikia as an organisation are becoming more diverged and almost counter productive.
The community of Wikia, as I view it, isnt really a community. Wikia Community Central exists as a place to appease the community that provide the content for Wikia, in there pursuit of simply increasing there revenue. This is most evident on blog posts regarding up coming additions to Wikia sites, which has culminated in the creation of the Anti-Wikia Alliance. Where the vast majority of user responces are always negative to the new additions and concerns are never address. Most new additions to Wikia are forced upon the users, only warranting responces from Wikia along the lines of "this is how it going to be, and your are going to like it". Something that I think Porter has pointed perfectly, that are voices are not heard by Wikia. Who here honestly likes the new admin dashboard for example?
As for the direction of Wikia and The Vault, Wikia is gearing more towards the social networking aspect of the site, where the content is becoming a secondary aspect to there concerns. They are trying to use the content as a hook for new users while becoming more like Facebook (no doubt they want the same kind of success Facebook has had). Instead of trying to innovate and improve the wiki content, they are imitating a completly unrelated franchise (marketed as an extension at present), but at what cost to the content. If the current trend continues Wikia will become a social network where the content is nothing but an extentsion (just like apps in Facebook), rather than its purpose. The Vault has been and will always be about focussing on the content. To put it in context, Wikia is slowly becoming the New Coke disaster in my eyes.
But I will keep this short and just end it there. 23:27, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
Comments[edit source]
- Banner ads on every page? Even on an edit page and when logged in. This is more advertisments than before, not fewer as you stated above. Is it teething troubles, or is this a permanent feature? I do not see how this is an improvement. Distracting, and slowing down page loading. Is there a way to turn these off? Given that people are contributing their time and effort to provide content for free, please detail where the advertising money is now going. I don't mean to sound confrontational, but this is a concern for me. Thanks for your time, --FourWayDiablo 20:18, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
- Yes, there is ads for both logged in and out users, but the top and bottom ad is as much as it gets, which to me is a good trade off. Compared to Wikia at present for logged out users (I currently count 8 min ads at present), it is a lot less. Also the future of Wikia looks very bleak, for example they are trialling (and we all know what that means, the Wikia wiki is going to get it sooner or later, whether it is wanted or not, just like everything else) in-line ads (broken links will now be ad links with pop up when you hoover the cursor over it) and a floating banner add that follows you down the page. 20:34, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
- Yes, there are banner ads, but they are not very obtrusive. While it is true that Wikia currently displays fewer ads to registered users, this is what some Wikia wikis already look to unregistered ones. The advertising money is going to Curse, which is hosting the wiki. While at the moment I cannot promise anything, I'll look into the possibility of making them display for unregistered users only here as well, although it might take some time. Ausir 20:36, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
- Thank you both for your replies. I can understand your reasoning - it was just a little jarring to see when I logged in. But as you've shown, it could be worse. Given the ratio of registered editors to readers (I obviously don't know the actual figures), I'm sure it could be argued that a "no ad display for reg. editors" option would not dent revenue noticably, but would make it a nicer place to "work", if you see what I mean :-) --FourWayDiablo 21:26, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
- It's true, and I understand your concerns, but it's simply not technically possible here at the moment, as here the ads are hardcoded into the skin, not displayed via a MediaWiki extension that checks whether a user is registered. I'll look into whether this can be changed, but I cannot promise anything for now. Ausir 21:30, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
- Ausir: If the site's been designed to advertise, I guess I'll take that as a "no" and try ad-blocking. ;-)
- GhostAvatar: Yes, I agree and can already see the layout advantages. Much better. It really was just the adverts which concerned me. :-)
- I noticed the pages here are older than those on the previous site. Just an update issue? Which ones should we edit? FourWayDiablo(talk) 22:02, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
I only have one issue with this place. The recent changes page is hard on the eyes. Any way of making it... easier to look at? Like the Wikia layout, perhaps? Yes-Man 23:35, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
- Once you get used to it, it is actually a hell of a lot better, especially for lookout out for edits by vandals. 02:14, 20 November 2011 (UTC)
I am having trouble reclaiming my account. I edited my profile on Wikia as istructed, but when I type a new password on Wiki, it keeps asking for a new password. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks -- Vault Dweller 5
- Nevermind I got it to work. The new layout is great by the way. Vault Dweller 5 02:42, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
Good to see the move as Wiki had really been bugging me this week accessing the Elder Scrolls Wiki on mobile is not a great experience. Banner ad covering the bottom few lines of content preventing ease to move through categories. Just surprised though there wasn't a poll on the forum. That said I think with the new skin fiasco I think it was clear where the regulars stood. Agent c 22:35, 20 November 2011 (UTC)
Just wanted to congratulate everyone involved on the move - I think it was a good one. The amount of ads and junk on Wikia has just gotten out of control. This new wiki seems much better, and I hope it stays that way for a long time. Kaelef 02:07, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
Glad to be here, gonna take me awhile to get used to the new skin, and can't wait till the more reliable chat is sett up, i'm just glad to be out of the hell hole that wikia was becoming. -bleep196- 03:00, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
- I was wondering about the chat. It was a Wikia thing, so it's not like we could bring it with us. Sort of makes chat moderators obsolete for the time being. On a side note, not sure how to get my signature back the way it was. It seems to have reverted to text rather than images. Yes-Man 05:07, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
Hey, I'm having the same issue as the gentleman above in regards to reclaiming my account. I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong; I'm putting the code thing it provides in the edit summary, and I assume blank space means a blank line somewhere on the page. It wouldn't have anything to do with it being linked to my facebook account, would it? ~CreedOfHeresy @ 5:22 am CST November 24 2011~
- Not sure - we're using a third-party extension for the migration, so I don't really know anything about its inner workings. However, we're now at a point (due to extensions installed) where I can offer you an alternative if you can't get it to work. Simply follow these steps:
- Register a new account here (with a name different from your Wikia one).
- On the Wikia wiki, send me a message with the name of your new account here (so I can verify you're indeed the owner of the "CreedOfHeresy" account).
- I'll then merge the accounts and you'll be able to log into the "CreedOfHeresy" account with the password you set for the new account.
- -- Porter21 (talk) 11:36, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
- woot, thankyou! I finally came to a site where the webmaster knows what they're talking about. Do you know how many results are in Google when I search.. too many! It's so annoying having to go from page after page after page, wasting my day away with thousands of people just copying eachother's articles… bah. Anyway, thankyou very much for the info anyway, much appreciated. —Preceding unsigned comment was added by 184.108.40.206 (talk • contribs). Please sign your posts with ~~~~!
- I'm having a tiny problem I can't seem to be able to subscribe your feed, I'm using google reader by the way. —Preceding unsigned comment was added by 188.8.131.52 (talk • contribs). Please sign your posts with ~~~~!
- So if I do the "account migration", will my account on the Wikia be banned? I mean I totally support going from Nukapedia to The Vault but I'm a Bureaucrat at The Paintball Wiki and wish to retain my title there. Another thing; why have I experienced so much lag while on The Vault? And where is the Blogs section of the site? 10.32.14.175 21:41, 4 February 2012 (UTC)
- No, your account on Wikia won't be banned. The migration edit just allows your account to be reclaimed over here. As far lagging, I don't know. I haven't noticed it myself. Don't know about blogs either. Great Mara 03:18, 5 February 2012 (UTC)
- So if I do the "account migration", will my account on the Wikia be banned? I mean I totally support going from Nukapedia to The Vault but I'm a Bureaucrat at The Paintball Wiki and wish to retain my title there. Another thing; why have I experienced so much lag while on The Vault? And where is the Blogs section of the site? 10.32.14.175 21:41, 4 February 2012 (UTC)
The account migration tool isn't working for me. I don't know if it's related to the issue above (my account is not linked to FB) or because I'm late to the move. I just found out about the move today. Was there any notice posted on the Wikia hosted site? I only found out about it when I was looking at a mod and one of the links was to this wiki instead of Wikia. I did notice the logo change on the Wikia site. Anyway, when I enter my username and a password, it gives me the code to enter in the edit summary. I edit my Fallout Wikia user page, put the text in the edit summary box, come back here and enter a new password, but it just gives me the same page telling me to edit my user page and a new code to enter in the edit summary. I did it a second time, but again it just gives me another code. --22.214.171.124 14:33, 13 February 2012 (UTC)
- Yeah, we posted a news item back when the split happened but Wikia naturally isn't all that keen on people being informed of the move so we couldn't message people directly etc. The account migration troubles shouldn't be related to "being late", although we don't really know why the tool isn't working for some people. I can, however, offer an alternative way to reclaim your account - simply take a look at my reply to CreedOfHeresy above. -- Porter21 (talk) 05:53, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
I like the new site I've been a fan of The Vault since Fallout 3 and am glad to see it has its own site now. Plus the new name for the wikia is so lame. Nukapedia really? CodeMyster 13:50, 28 March 2012 (UTC)


text: Select an international website Zoover.at Zoover.be Zoover.ch Zoover.com Zoover.com.tr Zoover.com.ua Zoover.cz Zoover.de Zoover.dk Zoover.es Zoover.fr Zoover.gr Zoover.hu Zoover.it Zoover.lt Zoover.nl Zoover.no Zoover.pl Zoover.pt Zoover.ro Zoover.ru Zoover.se Home Destinations Accommodations Add review Add review Add photos Add videos Add new accommodation Add attraction Home Add review Germany Baden-Württember Allensbach reviews Allensbach Reviews (1) Photos & videos (0) Accommodations (5) Attractions (12) Weather forecast Map Tips (0) More Question and Answer (0) 4.4 4 reviews See all reviews See all reviews Find Hotel Deals From € 91 Find the best deal Unfortunately no photos available Add the first photo Would you like to know what other people thought of their holiday in Allensbach? Then take look on this page at the reviews written by other travellers. Did you spend your holiday in Allensbach? Then you can add your review here. Allensbach scores a 4.4 out of 10, based on 4 reviews read more Would you like to know what other people thought of their holiday in Allensbach? Take a look at the reviews of other travellers about Allensbach. Have you been on a holiday in Allensbach yourself? Add your review here. - - - Less text 1 English review for Allensbach 7 1 Review Appreciation 7 Nightlife 5 Culture 7 Surroundings 8 Atmosphere - Care for nature - Language: English (1) All (4) ------------ German (2) French (1) Italian (1) Dutch (1) Party types: All (1) ------------ _._ 7 Theo de Natris, 07 July 2007 Nightlife 5 Culture 7 Surroundings 8 Atmosphere - Care for nature - Allensbach is a quiet place with some small beaches and a marina with boat-rental. The catering industry consists of a half dozen of restaurants with good price / quality standard. The environment is suitable for cycling and equipped with clear signposts. Actions for Allensbach Add review Add photos Add videos Add new accommodation Add attraction Print reviews Information about Allensbach Weather Allensbach Map Allensbach Photos Allensbach Videos Allensbach Question and Answer Allensbach Destinations nearby Reichenau Bodman Uberlingen Moos Gaienhofen / Hemmenhofen Dingelsdorf Markelfingen Zoover link on your website Click here for all Zoover widget options


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text: Stories Gear : Posted 05-03-2012 Bushnell Elite Tactical Riflescope Bushnell Outdoor Products has introduced four new Bushnell Elite Tactical HDMR and DMR 3.5-21x 50mm Riflescopes. Read More Story : Posted 12-01-2011 Colt and Magpul Partner to Offer Fully-accessorized Rifles Colt Defense LLC, one of the world's leading designers, developers, and manufacturers of rifles and carbines, will bring to market the LE6920MP. Read More Story : Posted 12-01-2011 National Right-to-Carry Reciprocity Legislation The U.S. House of Representatives passed an important self-defense measure that enables Right-to-Carry permit holders across the country to carry concealed firearms while traveling outside their home states. Read More Story : Posted 07-16-2011 The RMEF is teaming up with the NRA Whittington Center for a one-of-a-kind shooting sports event especially for hunters On August 26-28, this event is open to anyone interested in hunting, shooting, and conservation. The RMEF is teaming up with the NRA Whittington Center for a one-of-a-kind shooting sports event especially for hunters. Read More Story : Posted 03-17-2011 NRA's Rebuttal to President Obama on Gun Control Laws Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre and NRA-ILA Executive Director Chris W. Cox rebut the President in a letter delivered to the White House on March 14, 2011. Read More Story : Posted 03-03-2010 Barrett M107® .50 BMG Rifle in The Hurt Locker Movie Barrett is pleased to acknowledge the role played by their semi-automatic M107 .50 BMG rifle in the award-winning movie, The Hurt Locker. Read More


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Are you interested in working for a well beyond the Ordinary organization? Watch our GLOW video to find out how you can make a difference in this community and why this is the place for you. View Job Opportunities.
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The Voters' List is a list of eligible electors in the Town of Newmarket. During non-election years the Town of Newmarket does not maintain a Voters' List.
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I think I see where I was making my mistake. I looked at the shares being directly sold to the public in the IPO (406 million). I didn't even notice the total number of shares including those retained by the banks (857 million). I ran my calcs by the book, made sure everything was all nice and tidy, and I was starting with the wrong numbers to begin with. Garbage in, garbage out.Another 451 million shares drops the value from ~$90 smack down to the $40 price range of the IPO. In other words, the only major reason to buy Visa over Mastercard is if you think it has a strong competitive advantage.TMFMrCHW, thank you VERY much. You almost certainly saved me from losing a lot of money and spending the next year trying to figure out what the heck just happened.
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The Naval academy in Livorno, Italy. Naval Cadets march in uniform led by a band. They undergo drill in a large open ground. Officers look through binoculars. Ship sails on water surface.
Ruins in the city of Livorno, Italy during the Italian Campaign of World War II. Aerial views of damaged harbor of Livorno after Allied bombings. Ruins in Livorno. A view of sunken ships. A damaged pier. Soldiers walk over to a parapet. Ruins in the city. Three soldiers walking along a road carry a full size mannequin dummy of a person.
U.S. soldiers in Italy during World War 2. M8 and T27 armored cars, of the U.S. 91st Reconnaissance Squadron, cross narrow pontoon bridge over a river in Leghorn (Livorno) Italy. A destroyed steel bridge and bombed out buildings in background.
U.S. tanks and soldiers in Livorno, Italy during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The soldiers and the tanks advance. The soldiers walk past a sign which reads 'PISA'. The soldiers and the tanks move along a street. Italian civilians cheer as the troops advance. Soviet partisans carry an American flag and march along the street. A unit of Japanese-American U.S. Army soldiers from the 442nd Regimental Combat Team rest and lean against a wall. Wrecked buildings in the city. Close-up views of the faces of three Japanese-American U.S. Army soldiers of the 442nd regiment as they look at a bulletin board with warning notices written in German and Italian, and then walk away. A Japanese-American soldier looks at a road sign on which an arrow points to Rome and Pisa and has an extra sign added for Los Angeles. He smiles and laughs at the sign.
Film opens showing relatives of fallen American soldiers of Japanese ancestry who made the ultimate sacrifice in the European theater of operations, during World War 2. They were members of the United states 100th Infantry Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team. The relatives are assembled in an auditorium at a military installation in Hawaii, where the 100th Infantry is conducting a ceremony honoring their fallen heroes. Camera pans over some of the relatives. Decorations for valor are presented posthumously to some of the surviving relatives. A widow receives the Silver Star. A father receives the Distinguished Service Cross. A mother receives her son's award. Film shifts to scenes showing artillery batteries of the 100th Infantry in action at numerous battles in the Italian Campaign, including Naples, Cassino, Rapido River, Pisa, Anizo and others. A column of 100th Infantry accompanied by armor, are seen entering Livorno, Italy. Members in a jeep are seen passing through area of complete destruction. Others pick their way through rubble, as civilians bass the opposite way,carrying salvaged belongings, Troops of the 100th move cautiously and deploy near barricades to shield from snipers. They escort captured German prisoners. Battle casualties are seen being carried into field hospitals. A medical team performing emergency surgury inside a tent. Convalescing patients being tended by a woman Army nurse. Others recovering outside tents at the field hospital. A group of 100th infantry troops taking a break. One of their medics is interviewed. Gunners seen with Browning M1917 machine gun. Troops preparing a meal in the field. On presenting paper airplanes to Italian children who fly them. M4 Sherman tank parked on Italian street. Battalion members attending a Roman Catholic mass in the field. Army interviewer asks one of the troops why he fights in the U.S. Army. He responds.
'Retrospect' about the events that led to the present pattern of life in the United States. Host Douglas Edwards, an American television anchor speaks about the past events in America. Crowd of unemployed men gathering in bread lines after the 1929 crash and subsequent Great Depression. A man near a box of apples. The U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses a gathering. The kidnapping of Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr., the son of the aviator Charles Lindbergh in 1932. Bruno Richard Hauptmann, a German carpenter who abducted the child during the trial. The congressmen at the formation of the Lindbergh Law. Newspapers describe the apprehension or death of notorious mafia gangster criminals, such as Dutch Schultz and Baby Face Nelson. Huey Pierce Long, Jr. a American politician addresses people. Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia appeals to the League of Nations, after his country is attacked by Italy under Mussolini. Adolf Hitler stands. Troops of the German army parade. Scenes from the Spanish Civil War in 1936-1937 as Spanish national forces battle against fascist rebel forces. Spanish Troops fire 75mm field artillery pieces. Bombs being dropped on the buildings. Spanish soldiers marching during the civil war. The Hindenburg disaster takes place on May 6th 1937: The German airship LZ 129 Hindenburg catches fire over the Lakehurst Naval Air Station in Manchester, New Jersey. Amelia Earhart the first woman aviator to fly solo holds flowers and is surrounded by people. She went missing in 1937. Cowboy philosopher Will Rogers, alone and with U.S. Vice President John Nance Garner and with aviator Wiley Post (who had patch over one eye). King Edward VIII of Great Britain, abdicating the throne for "the woman I love." People at the German-American Bund Nazi sympathizing gathering including the subduing of objectors on stage, in Madison Square Garden, New York. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, returning from meeting with Adolf Hitler in Munich in 1938. View of Adolf Hitler. German tanks on parade in World War II. an array of artillery guns on display. Railway guns being fired in WW2.


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Bring the beauty of nature into your home with a Root Timberline Scented Pillar. Capturing the bold spirit of the great outdoors, Root's best-selling Timberline pillar candles add a scenic style to any decor. Root Timberline scented pillars are adorned with an artistic canopy of treelike branches on top, combined with the smooth weathered bark on the candle body. Root Candles' Scented Timberline Pillars have an all-natural cotton wick and burn an impressive 17 hours per inch. Timberline pillars are available in 14 everyday trending designer colors and 4 seasonal colors. Every Root Timberline Pillar is 3 inches in diameter, and are available in three heights; 3", 6", and 9". Made in USA.
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allan kingdom Lines (hand-numbered 180g blue vinyl LP, £18.75)
Allan Kingdom burst onto peoples radar back in 2015 when Kanye West enlisted him to sing the hook on his stand alone single "All Day," earning the co-sign or all co-signs! A unique young artist, taking a refreshing stance to the hip-hop genre in 2017, Allans sound is one that draws from early Kanye and Kid Cudi. Kingdoms debut album Lines follows on from his acclaimed 2016 mixtape Northern Lights and sees Allan at the top of his game. Despite the strong features list: Denzel Curry, Kevin Abstract, Cadenza and more. Lines feels like Allans project, showcasing his versatility and melodic talents. Omerta Inc will be bringing Allan Kingdoms Lines to vinyl for the very first time. Limited to 500 copies pressed onto baby blue vinyl. Each copy is individually hand-numbered in gold pen and come housed in a high quality matte finish sleeve with original artwork. TRACKLIST: 1. Perfection 2. Don't Push Me 3. Vibes (ft Cadenza) 4. Lines (ft Ramriddiz) 5. Down For Me 6. Know About It 7. Interlude 8. Feeling Nostalgic 9. The Fusion (ft Denzel Curry) 10. Questions 11. Fuck My Enemies (ft Kevin Abstract) 12. Astounded (ft Finding Novyon) 13. Leaders 14. Relax (ft Drelli)
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New Music: Dame Dash Feat. Jim Jones & Smoke DZA 'Don't Get Scared'
"Dipshits" wasn't the only bomb that the Harlem crew had instore for today. Shortly after the Cam'ron x Juelz Santana x A-Trak video impacted the internets, Dame Dash unleashed a new track from himself, Jim Jones and Smoke DZA. Over a Frenchie-produced instrumental, the boys talk tough about what they're really about.
Listen to the song below.


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Process of Foregoing Life-Sustaining Treatment: A Survey Among Scandinavian Intensivists
Hynninen, M.
Klepstad, P.
Petersson, J.
Skram, U.
Tallgren, M.
Bibliographic Citation
Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2008 September; 52(8): 1081-1085
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Foregoing Life-Sustaining Procedures: Survey and Analysis of Kentuckians' Opinions High, Dallas M. (1988-06)