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Brief Season Assessment For North America
This is by no means a comprehensive look at how we fared this year, just one perspective based on a single graph.
One of the things that I pay closest attention to is depth: how many different skiers do we have performing at a particular level. The reason for this is that for relatively "small" skiing nations like ourselves, it can be pretty common for a single extraordinary skier to come along and provide excellent results for several years. This can make the program as a whole look pretty good, but if the success isn't "filtering down" it probably won't last.
In that vein, here's a graph of the proportion of skiers (with World Cup starts) achieving a top 30 result, broken down by gender and race type (sprint or distance):
I've included the size scale with the points to give you a sense of the "denominator": how many skiers we actually sent out there in a given season. As you can see, oftentimes is hasn't been very many at all.
The Canadian men have obviously been quite successful recently, but note that Len Valjas is really the only new development lately, in terms of scoring WC points. Also, it's interesting to me how the Canadian men seem to tend to have a larger number of athletes getting starts than the US, at least over the past 5 years or so.
The story with the Canadian women is pretty simple. There's the big bulge for the Beckie Scott & Co. era and then a pretty steep drop off. There was a sudden explosion in the number of women getting sprint start between 2008-2010 in the run-up to the Olympics. While that has dropped off considerably, the women they are starting are finally scoring some points (Crawford and Gaiazova, mainly). Their distance results have sort of bounced around.
As for the American men, the 90's saw a lot of years with only a few skiers getting starts (and hence the proportion bounces around quite a lot). Unsurprisingly, there was a huge increase in the number of starts prior to the 2002 Olympics, and then a somewhat deceptive jump in performance in the Olympic year. We did ski pretty well that year, but it was aided by some pretty sparsely attended pre-Olympic World Cups. (It would be interesting to do a version of this graph that looks only at races on European soil.)
That was basically the beginning of the Kris Freeman era in US men's distance skiing. Between then and 2008 there a steady decline in the proportion of skiers reaching the top 30, despite a fairly steady 5-10 athletes getting starts each year. Recently, things appear to have picked up somewhat, although this year is basically identical to the last.
With the departure of Torin Koos and Simi Hamilton taking a few seasons to get healthy and performing where he'd like, sprinting has also seen a decline over the last several years.
That leaves the obvious big bright spot, the US women. For much of this graph, the proportions bounce around very erratically, since we very often had only 2-3 women getting starts. Following a real low in 2007, with no American women scoring points we've seen several consecutive seasons of improvement, with a slight drop off this year. The improvement in the women's sprint events is only ~3 seasons old, but if anything it seems more promising.
Fredrik Karlsson
Hopefully there won't be any more posts like this for a long while. Fredrik Karlsson died recently, I guess in a snowmobile accident. I didn't know much about him, but I guess he was on Sweden's development team. As you might expect for someone on Sweden's development team, he hadn't quite made a huge splash in World Cup races, having never cracked the top 30 in a distance race, and he'd only done one WC sprint race.
But if you look at his results with FIS points, you can clearly see that while he was relatively old (~27) he had not "stalled out" in terms of improvement:
No major jumps in performance, just a very steady, consistent improvement. By last season, his median FIS point result in distance races was good enough to be one of the top 15 Swedish men:
|Median FIS Point
|Total Races
|HELLNER Marcus
|OLSSON Johan
|RICKARDSSON Daniel
|SOEDERGREN Anders
|JOHNSSON Jimmi
|AHRLIN Jerry
|FREDRIKSSON Mathias
|ERIKSSON Jens
|NELSON Lars
|HALFVARSSON Calle
|JONSSON Fredrik
|ANDREASSON Rikard
|BRINK Joergen
|KARLSSON Fredrik
|OTTOSSON Markus
Jenny Olsson
Unfortunately, we have a distinct theme for this week's posts. Jenny Olsson also passed away recently, apparently from breast cancer. She raced, quite successfully, for Sweden for much of the mid-00's:
These are just her WC level distance results (she didn't sprint much). As you can see, 2002-2003 was her best effort, but it's not clear to me that it was part of any particular trend, up or down. She finally got sick and stopped racing in 2005.
But for that one season, she was by far Sweden's best female skier:
|Median Result
|# of Races
|OLSSON Jenny
|EK Elin
|OLSSON Anna
|HANDLER Mariana
|ANDERSSON Lina
Inge Braten
In some very sad news, we learned recently that Inge Braten passed away rather suddenly. It is difficult (and probably slightly foolish) to try to quantify a coach's impact on skiing results, so let's consider this post a rememberance, rather than an analysis.
Perhaps most famously, Braten coached the Norwegian men during their "Golden Era":
(My records only go back to the 1991-1992 season.) Norway has certainly continued to enjoy success since then, but I will always remember that period as one of extraordinary depth, as indicated by the number of top thirty results per race.
His next two major coaching stints were much shorter, first with the Swedish men: Read more
Most Unimproved: Women's Sprinters
Last in the series of most improved/unimproved we finally turn to the women's sprinters:
Alena Prochazkova took a major tumble this season in sprints. She had been a fairly reliable presence in the semifinals until this season, when she appeared to often have trouble qualifying. Celine Brun-Lie also saw a major drop-off, but the much reduced number of races that she did this year makes me wonder if she possibly had some issues with illness or injury.
Anna Haag joins many of the Swedish men as having a sup-par sprinting season, but sprinting wasn't really her focus it seems, anyway. Laure Barthelemy did a lot "worse" this season, but the data is fairly clear that what really happened is that she had an unusually large cluster of excellent races last season, that were at least partly out of character for her. Most of her results this season seem generally in line with how she's fared in 2009 and 2010.
Let's consider the two Finns next, Roponen and Saarinen. There were also some injury issues here as well, but even so, note that both ladies have seen some declines for more than one season in a row now, so that doesn't necessarily explain all of it. Roponen in particular was a fairly solid sprinter several years ago and has just really struggled since. Saarinen was an arguably pretty dominant sprinter for two seasons there in 2009 and 2010, but now has seen two seasons in a row of faltering results.
Stefanie Boehler deserves a mention as well as someone who's had a few seasons in a row of troubles. She was never a really dominant sprinter, but things have gotten pretty bad the last two seasons.
Most of the other ladies here may seem like odd inclusions. Keep in mind that these "bottom twelve" were picked based on a blend of a few metrics (average result, best results, etc.) and I'm only graphing one of those. But their declines are certainly less stark.
Most Unimproved: Men's Sprint
Almost done with the series now, just the sprinters who struggled the most this season, starting with the men:
This list is notable for a few reasons, first because of the large number of big names on it. Usually there are at least of few people my metrics pick out that I don't really know, but I'm familiar with basically all of these guys.
Secondly, this highlights what a rough season the Swedish men had, particularly in sprints. Joensson, Hellner, Modin and Rickardsson all struggled considerably this year compared to last. In Joensson's case, he still had some decent races, but he simply wasn't as absurdly dominant as he was the last two seasons. Hellner, Modin and Rickardsson all saw pretty dramatic declines, though. I mean, Rickardsson didn't qualify for the heats once this year, Modin qualified but rarely advanced past the quarterfinals, and Hellner only qualified half the time.
Two Italians also make the list, Scola and Pasini. Scola's sprinting performances last year are looking like they may have been a bit of an aberration, although his results have been pretty erratic from year to year. Pasini just plain struggled to qualify at all.
John Kristian Dahl has seen a steady decline (while still occasionally popping good races) for 4-5 seasons in a row now. But while he still manages to advance to the semis or finals a few times each season, his bad races are just getting worse and worse.
The Finns, Nousiainen and Heikkinen don't do quite as many sprints each season as some of the specialists, so one might expect their results to be a bit more erratic. Northug's inclusion here is probably somewhat marginal, stemming from his struggles with injury and illness that prevented him from doing more sprints. I sort of doubt that his actual sprinting abilities declined all that much.
Most Improved: Women's Sprint
Moving right along to the most improved women's sprinter (at least, according to the metric laid out in this post).
Here's the collection:
As usual, you can click on it for a slightly larger version.
Once again, I think we're seeing that North America had a pretty across the board incredible year in sprinting, with Chandra Crawford making continued progress. The list of North Americans who had strong sprint races on the World Cup this year is quite long.
Van Der Graff, Kylloenen and Oestberg all have patterns that look roughly similar: young-ish skiers on a fairly steep improvement curve.
Kowalczyk sneaks in here with an increase in podiums basically (along with the usual smattering of "off" races), but it's hard to make out in the graph due to some over plotting of points. Despite a sudden lack of consistency from Ingemarsdotter, she qualified through to the semifinals considerably more often this season.
Gaia Vuerich, Anastasia Dotsenko and Alenka Cebasek are skiers I don't know much about, but they all appear to be fairly young. Given the women's field, young sprinters showing dramatic improvement from the 40's-50's down into the 20's-30's isn't all that uncommon. We'll see if they can stick around…


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The downtime scheduled for today has completed and we have migrated to a newer and better hard drive. The downtime totaled about 5 hours and 25 minutes.
Sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused.
-Eli L
The downtime scheduled for today has completed and we have migrated to a newer and better hard drive. The downtime totaled about 5 hours and 25 minutes.
Sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused.
-Eli L
This is an announcement that on January 15 at around 3PM PST VlexoFree will go down for scheduled maintenance to replace a hard drive.
The process can take up to 12 hours, but most likely if everything goes smoothly it will be down for only a few hours.
It is recommended that you manually make a full account backup and download the backup to your personal computer just to be safe in case any problems arise.
For instructions to make an account backup read this post: http://vlexofree.com/blog/2013/09/reminder-backup-your-account/
This is a short report about the recent server downtime. At about 02:50am (PST /PDT) on September 3rd the server went down due to, what I suspect is a hardware issue. The server was brought back online at about 08:50am leading to 6hrs of downtime.
I'm in the process of contacting the upstream provider to determine the source of the issue.
Sorry for any inconvenience this downtime has caused.
-Eli L
Today I upgraded our Apache (what's used to make your web pages be seen on the internet) version to the 2.4 series (was the 2.2 series before). With this upgrade should come performance improvements so you should see your web pages load a bit faster now. For an in depth look at what's new take a look at: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/current/new_features_2_4.html
An important note for all users who are running an RoR application, apache 2.4 is adding the index file name from the DirectoryIndex directive to the URI, so if rails is in production mode this shows up as a 404 error causing cpanel's/apache's redirect/rewrite to not work making your application not show up. To fix this you must add the following to your ".htaccess" file in your "/public_html" folder:
DirectoryIndex disabled
Other minor news is that PHP was also updated to the latest 5.4 minor version, which is not that exciting. The next major update should be updating PHP to version 5.5 but it was made available to cPanel only a few days ago so I'm going to give it some time to mature and fix any bugs that come up.
After getting reports today about WordPress installs getting hacked on the server I did some investigating and found that this may be a server wide hacking, meaning potentially all WordPress installs may have been defaced on the server.
The exploit was mostly likely caused by a vulnerability in Apache having to due with symlinks.
If you were effected by this, I have wrote the following article to help you: http://vlexofree.com/wiki/Exploit:_Hacked_by_badi
I have also recompiled apache/php with a patch to prevent the exploit (although the patch may cause issues of its own) and globally changed everyone's "wp-conf.php" to "600" permissions.
The exploit did not compromise your overall WordPress install or your passwords. The only changes made by the exploit are to the wordpress database in the following locations: the wordpress title, charset, and widgets. It only takes a few steps to fix, but it is a bit annoying to have to do it.
If anyone noticed (hopefully you didn't since the downtime was only about 5 minutes), the server was rebooted at around 12:30am PDT today.
First I'll start off with the bad news…. which is that the server's uptime has gone from 176 days of being continually online, back down to 0 days. Looking at the graph below it is a sad sight indeed. 🙁
But! With all good things comes consequences. Which leads me to the Good News!
The reboot was not pointless, but required so we could boot into an updated kernel that fixed multiple security issues, address several hundred bugs, and added numerous enhancements. Exciting, right?
I thought I would let everyone know that I have just replaced cPanel's old PHP configuration file with one designed for PHP 5.4. This should lead to some performance improvements for PHP scripts.
If you're having any issues with you scripts that weren't there before, be sure to post your issue in the VlexoFree Support Forum.
Note: My next project, once I have time, is to update to Apache 2.4 and resolve any issues that might cause.
The servers version of PHP has just been updated to 5.4.13 from the previous version of 5.3.22 we had before. This new version brings a bunch of changes to PHP.
If you would like more info about the changes, take a look at the Migrating from PHP 5.3.x to PHP 5.4.x page on PHP.net.
Here is the explanation for this weekend's downtime that you've all probably have noticed.
On September 29th at around 6am (GMT -8:00) the server went offline for what was supposed to be a simple hard drive replacement due to a few SMART errors showing hard drive wear. Unfortunately due to a miscommunication between me and the upstream provider, the contents of the old drive were not transfered over to the new drive. The time between that and October 1st the downtime was due to waiting for responses from upstream and hiring a 3rd party to transfer all the data to the new hard drive. At 3pm (GMT -8:00) on October 1st all the data was transfered successfully to the new hardrive and all problems were successfully resolved.
There was no dataloss due to the drive transfer and in all, there was about 57 hours of downtime.
In regard to emails sent to your VlexoFree hosted email accounts; if you had emails sent to you during the downtime you will most likely start to receive them within the day as the sending host retries their mail queue.
Sorry for the unacceptably long downtime caused by this and the inconveniences it may have caused you. Hopefully this will not happen again.
Eli L.
VlexoFree Owner, System Administrator
For the first time in a while the server has had some major downtime.
Basically at 7:30am PST the server's internet connection went offline and unfortunately I was asleep until about 10:30. So, when I woke up to see the server down I contacted upstream support and they replaced a faulty ethernet cable on the server.
About 3 hours downtime total; and I'm very sorry for any inconvenience.
-Eli L

subset: commoncrawl


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LITLLEHAMPTON Town Football missed the chance to go top of the County League Division 1 after they were held to a 3-3 draw at St.Francis Rangers last night.
The Golds fell behind twice in the contest but levelled on both occasions, before Joe Shelley struck 11 minutes from time to give them a 3-2 lead.
However, the home side netted through Tom Saunders a minute into stoppage time to ensure a share of the spoils.
Littlehampton remain second in the table after the draw, they trail league leaders Dorking Wanderers by a point, though, they do have a game in hand.
Golds boss Mark Bennett felt the draw was a fair result and said: "If I'm honest we probably did not deserve the victory.
"St.Francis were the better side in the first half and took the lead twice. We came back twice, though, which shows the great character that we have.
"Joe Shelley then put us ahead ten minutes from the end and we should have gone onto win.
"But we have struggled defensively all year and they got a late leveller.
"I still feel that there a number of twists and turns to come in the run-in."
Saunders fired the home side ahead on 12 minutes, before Dave Herbert levelled 23 minutes later.
St.Francis went ahead for a second time in the contest when Josh Perry netted on 53 minutes.
The Golds responded well, though, and George Landais made it 2-2 13 minutes later.
Joe Shelley thought he had secured all three points for Golds when he struck ten minutes from time.
However, Saunders denied Littlehampton the chance to go top with his second of the contest late on.
LITTLEHAMPTON: Morrish; Peters, Bates, Zydonik, Hand; Boswell, Shelley, Swain, Herbert; Gaskin, Landais. Subs: Packer (Boswell), Stone (Gaskin), Wiggans, McKay.


text:
Natural effect resin ledge. Makes a great basking platform. Best if secured into place in tank using silicon sealant to avoid insects / reptiles from getting behind it. 37×16.5×17.5cm
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A specialist reptile supplies company with a huge range of selected products to cater for all your needs. You can shop with us online or visit us at our Kidlington shop. We can supply you with reptile vivariums, livefoods, frozen foods, lighting, heating, hides and decorations to name a few!
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text:
Currently, I am having issues with my 'COMPAQ' Printer.
It's the U650 Series.
I have no idea what to do, and my grandson doesn't know much about Windows XP, only Windows 98.
When I try to print something. . . it doesn't print. I don't know very much about computers so please help me if you can. I will cooperate to the best of my ability. Thanks in advance . . . .


text: Who would have thought to take an old thrift shop sweater and turn it into a little girls dress? Ashley did exactly that to make a dress for one of her little wigglies. Such a great idea and one I would never have thought of. If you want to see the whole tutorial, as well as a whole lot more, go to her blog, Make It Love It.


text: Select an international website Zoover.at Zoover.be Zoover.ch Zoover.com Zoover.com.tr Zoover.com.ua Zoover.cz Zoover.de Zoover.dk Zoover.es Zoover.fr Zoover.gr Zoover.hu Zoover.it Zoover.lt Zoover.nl Zoover.no Zoover.pl Zoover.pt Zoover.ro Zoover.ru Zoover.se Home Destinations Accommodations Add review Add review Add photos Add videos Add new accommodation Add attraction Home Add review Norway Hordaland Etne Accommodations Etne Reviews (0) Photos & videos (4) Accommodations (1) Weather forecast Map Tips (0) Question and Answer (0) Appreciation 10.0 Culture 10.0 Surroundings 10.0 Atmosphere 10.0 Weather 3° / 8° 19 Oct 2018 Weather forecast and climate... 10 1 Review Find Hotel Deals From kr 600 Find the best deal Sort by Zoover recommends Rating Reviews Distance from centre 1 Accommodation Norway, Hordaland, Etne Location Radius: Select 2 km 10 km 20 km 50 km Country Norway Region Hordaland Destination Etne Search within results: 6 click Add review Campsite: Kyrping ** Etne, 13.4 km from center Norway Hordaland Etne Hotels Hotels in Bergen Hotels in Voss Hotels in Eidfjord Hotels in Stord Information about Etne Weather Etne Map Etne Photos Etne Videos Etne Question and Answer Etne Destinations nearby Stord Sand Fister Saudasjøen Vågå Rosendal Tau Are you looking for a well-reviewed accommodation for your holiday in Etne? Below you can find all accommodations in Etne. Etne scores a 10.0 out of 10, based on 1 reviews read more Are you looking for a good reviewed accommodation for your holiday in Etne? Below you can find all accommodations in Etne. You can find comments regarding 1 Campsite in Etne. Please use the filters on the left to find your ideal accommodation. Furthermore you can find 4 holiday photos regarding Etne on the Zoover website. - - - Less text


text: The Third Nordic Post-Keynesian Conference 22-23 May 2014 Finn Olesen Aalborg University – Department of Business and Management 1 A scientific revolution – how and why? Thomas Kuhn: a scientific revolution should be explained by the existence of anomalies → theoretical anomalies → empirical anomalies → conceptual anomalies 2 The 1930s The era of the Great Depression: mainstream under attack – time to change the macroeconomic understanding! 3 The 1930s Kuhn's theory can easily explain how and why we talk about The Keynesian Revolution: → lack of optimality: Yt is less than full employment → what is involuntary unemployment all about (theoretically, empirically and conceptually)? 4 The 1930s With Keynes's General Theory the scene was set for a revolution in economics Research (normal science activities) followed with inspiration from Keynes's macroeconomic model: 'the principle of effective demand' Still today we are using the 45o-diagram, the IS/LM model and the AD/AS model when we teach basic macroeconomics 5 1930s Economics did undergo many changes as a result of The General Theory (theoretical as well as methodological – as any Post Keynesian would tell you) Just to mention six important aspects 6 1930s Firstly, macroeconomists acknowledged the necessity of having focus on how the level of aggregated output was determined and how it could be manipulated e.g. by economic policy (focus on the processes of income determination by use of a macroeconomic model) 7 1930s Secondly, macroeconomists got a new view on the importance of aggregated demand Aggregated demand now came to play a much more active role in the economic analysis (at the same time within basic Keynesianism aggregate supply took over the more passive role that demand effects had hitherto played in the economic analysis) 8 1930s Thirdly, macroeconomists got a new view on how to conduct monetary policy Away with the classical view that monetary policy had to do with price stability and nothing else. From now on, fluctuations in aggregate production was very important and also a concern of bankers: monetary policy should be coordinated with other aspect of the general economic policy (especially fiscal policy) 9 1930s Fourthly, macroeconomists got a new view on how to conduct fiscal policy Away with the classical view on fiscal policy stating, that the budget should always be balanced. Potential crowding out effects were no longer that important if the economy functioned at a level less than full employment. Budget deficits (and a public debt) could be acceptable (functional fiscal policy) 10 1930s Fifthly, macroeconomists got a new view on international affairs – countries should operate internationally in coordination not in conflict with each other (the Bretton Woods System) 11 1930s Sixthly, macroeconomists began doing econometrics and thereby gave the politicians a vital instrument, that they could use when deciding what to do economic policy wise when they tried to minimise the fluctuations in aggregated demand and output 12 The 2010s 2008: from an international financial crisis to the present Great Recession of many countries: mainstream under attack once again – time to change the macroeconomic understanding??? 13 The 2010s mainstream under attack: 1. Bye-bye to the representative agent and rational expectations? 2. And what about financial matters? 3. And still DSGE modelling? 14 The 2010s Well: Yes, probably 2. Yes, it seems so 3. No, TINA governs 1. 15 The 2010s Yes, probably because: The assumption of rational expectations is: "a strong one, and one may wonder if it should be relaxed, especially when considering relatively short-run responses to disturbances, or the consequences of newly adopted policies that have not been followed in the past – both of which are precisely the types of situations which macroeconomic analysis frequently seeks to address" 16 2010s And furthermore: "the assumption that an economy's dynamics must necessarily correspond to an RE equilibrium may seem unjustifiably strong … It makes sense to assume that expectations should not be completely arbitrary, and have no relation to the kind of world in which the agents live; indeed, it is appealing to assume that people's beliefs should be rational, in the ordinary-language sense, though there is a large step from this to the RE hypothesis" 17 The 2010s And that is why: "We should like, therefore, to replace the RE hypothesis by some weaker restriction, that nonetheless implies a substantial degree of conformity between people's beliefs and reality – that implies, at the least, that people do not make obvious mistakes" 18 The 2010s And this is a view on rational expectations that is given by a mainstreamer: Michael Woodford (2013:304): Macroeconomic Analysis Without the Rational Expectations Hypothesis, Annual Review of Economics, 2013, Vol. 5, pp. 303-46 19 The 2020s Yes, it seems that financial aspects matters more than expected hitherto by mainstreamers As stated by e.g. Romer (2011:358): "The crisis of 2008-2009 has made it clear that nonWalrasian features of credit markets have important macroeconomic consequences. Disruptions in credit markets can cause large swings in economic activity, and creditmarket imperfections can have large effects on how other shocks affect the macroeconomy" 20 The 2010s An alternative to DSGE modelling? No, apparently TINA still rules the game: "While the problems of the field have hardly all been resolved, there are no longer such fundamental disagreements among leading macroeconomists about what kind of questions one might reasonably seek to answer or what kinds theoretical analyses or empirical studies should even be admitted as contributions to knowledge … [and this is done by using DSGE models] … there are really no longer alternative approaches to the resolution of macroeconomic issues".; Woodford (2008:2 & 13) 21 The 2010s However, some mainstreamers express themselves a little less fundamentalist (perhaps due to empirical facts of resent years): "First, despite the models' complications, there is a great deal they leave out. For example, until the resent crisis, the models' treatment of credit-market imperfections was generally minimal. Second, the microeconomic case for some important features of the models is questionable. Most notably, the models include assumptions that generate inertia in decision making … [which] … is mainly motivated not by microeconomic evidence, but by a desire to match macroeconomic facts"; Romer (2011:361) 22 The 2010s And actually, the DSGE modelling has been empirical falsified as: Although the DSGE models can cope with random exogenous events; events or shocks need not be random nor exogenous – often disturbances are endogenous in nature rather than exogenous Stiglitz (2012:32): "In most models, the disturbances to the tranquillity of the economy were exogenous, but historically – as now – the important shocks are endogenous" 23 The 2010s Macroeconomic patterns in real life are not only patterns of unique steady-states paths – real life phenomena is seldom ergodic DSGE try to include aspects of uncertainty; however, only of an epistemological nature – there is no room for an uncertainty that is ontological 24 The 2010s Of course, economic behaviour is dependent on expectations; however in real life, households and firms do not act economically based on perfect rational expectations. They make mistakes (stochastically but much more important also of a systematically kind). Likewise, of course, households and firms make decisions of an intertemporal kind; however, these intertemporal decisions are not characterised by perfect optimality, rather decisions are often (always) of a 2. best kind 25 The 2010s And methodologically, the 'hypothetical-deductive method' used by the DSGE modelling is not the most relevant method when you acknowledge that: "unlike atoms or cells, individuals are free and, so, unpredictable, because they learn and change their behavior; because institutions also change their behavior; and because a general uncertainty permeates individual behavior and economic analysis"; BresserPereira (2012:9) 26 The 2010s So apparently, it seems, the modern macroeconomic understanding is currently undergoing some revisions However, seen from a Post Keynesian perspective, it is more than questionable if these revisions would be sufficient to make mainstreamers to be able to perform a macroeconomic analysis that really, in a relevant way, copes with the essential concepts of: time, money, expectations & uncertainty. 27 The 2010s Unfortunately, it seems that mainstreamers are still bound to do analyses that are ergodic in nature The non-ergodic view on economics is regrettable only accepted by the Post Keynesian understanding, as nonmainstreamers have had no influence at all on the modern macroeconomic New Neoclassical Synthesis We might be right but hardly no one seems to listen 28 The 2010s No hope for the future then? Well, that depends on the students of economics today Perhaps we are able to tell them a story about the interplay between economic theory and the facts of real life that is interesting and convincing to them At least, we have to try. As we actually do at The University of Aalborg 29 The Making of a Revolution Thank you very much 30


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Pierre Pradervand spent close to 11 years in Africa in the fields of research , program administration, and communications. A Swiss sociologist, he was one of the first Western population specialists to oppose the narrow Malthusian approach to population control which was the hallmark of the '60s and early '70s , and to argue for a broader "development" approach -- a view not generally accepted. In 1975, with the backing of the Canadian International Research Center, he founded Famille et Developpement, a popular African development magazine. "F et D," as it came to be known, emerged as something of a journalistic phenomenon in the Third World. Highly respected for its integrity, this grassroots educational periodical became one of the best-selling international magazines in subsaharan Africa.m
He is now back in his native Switzerland and, as of 1981, will serve as a consultant to the Swiss Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the field of public education on Third World issues.m
The following exchange took place with Henrietta Buckmaster, editor of the Home Forum page.m
The first half appeared yesterday on this page.m
The Brandt Commission has stressed that in the 20 years ahead of us global issues will come to a head for mankind. One of the most important issues is learning how to respect each other -- everywhere. Is that too idealistic a statement?
Ultimately it has to be the basis of any dialogue between the North and South. Talking together is one of the most traditional of African virtues. It's based on mutual respect, and the basis of respect is love. It may be trite to speak in this way, but it doesn't alter the truth.
How is one going to say that in public? And can Africa face the enormous economic pressures, the investments, the power that the Western countries have in terms of money and technology and greed? How can "Northern" countries deal with people of other cultures as their genuine equals -- not technologically their equal, at this time, but equal on the basis of their shared humanity?
I think what is needed is a gigantic, unprecedented effort of mutual education. And this includes the Soviet countries, and North America, because in the last 20 years, technology and only technology has brought the peoples of the world into close contact, but on a terribly unequal basis. In Gambia, for example, it's been estimated that out of every $100 spent by tourists -- and tourism could have been a great resource -- $83 is returned to Europe. The airlines are operated by foreign companies, the hotels belong to foreign countries. So do the top personnel.Most of the food and drink comes from abroad. What prospers most is prostitution.
But for an educational effort to have any impact, people have to wantm to be educated. Do you think there exists in the West a real widespread desire to better understand other cultures and people?
Well, many people appear to be quite undisturbed by their ignorance. And this is one of the major obstacles to international understanding today -- our indifference and selfsatisfied egocentrism. We are not even interested in getting to know other cultures and people, let alone appreciate and love them.
What activates development?
Real development is not the result of material inputs but of mental attitudes. I just received a few days ago a remarkable letter from a European friend who has been totally integrated into the life of a West African village. He lives in a hut, eats local food, has adopted local customs, lives off agriculture -- I have yet to come across another such example of cultural integration. He is attempting to introduce new agricultural techniques with very modest help from a few friends at home. He was writing that the main development problem in his region was overcoming the mentalitym of dependency. Peasants have come to expect everything from the state or aid agencies. So, clearly, the main problem is a mental one -- getting people to realize and believe that they can change their destinies, whatever the difficulties. Unquestionably the greatest failure in the field of development in the past 20 years has been the almost total lack of active popular participation in decisionmaking. In such a context, whether a country is formally democratic or not makes little difference. The mechanics of material aid will fail as long as the nonmaterial aspects -- call them mental, spiritual, whatever -- are not given the overriding importance that belongs to them.
What form of aid do you feel is acceptable?
Do you know the proverb "Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach him to fish and you feed him for always"? Yet I am not really sure most Western or Soviet politicians are at all eager for that form of aid based on stimulating self-help! Yet this form of aid is the only one that can work in the long run, because it avoids the aggressive paternalism of traditional aid and can lead to authentic selfgovernment, which is the hallmark of real democracy.
To be a devil's advocate, some social historians believe we cannot shift the tide at this time -- that a catastrophe will come first be fore we can build a new society.
The philosophy of the crash is a deterministic version of history. I think that man has much more freedom to act than most people are ready to believe.
In what way?
By a quantum leap, a fundamental change in our sense of reality. The greatest challenge we have is not poverty on an unprecedented scale in the midst of plenty or massive famines or overpopulation or the possibility of a global catastrophe due to atomic warfare or ecological breakdown. The real danger is living with old thought patterns in a radically new world. Einstein was saying similar things in the early '50s, but people just shrugged and said he was feeling bad about the atomic bomb. Now we see more clearly how right he was.
Isn't all this a bit fuzzy?
Maybe it will become clearer if I give some examples. The "United States" or "Switzerland" -- I say this as a sociologist -- is basically a belief pattern organized around certain sets of ideas and accepted by a sufficient number of people to win general acceptance. These beliefs are based on ideas and values pertaining to law, education, social customs, the economy, and what is more generally called the American -- or Swiss -- way of life. "United States" is basically a mental concept -- an incredibly powerful one, but still a concept. A few centuries ago the very concepts of USA, or petroleum, or social class, Nazism, atomic energy, women's liberation, latrogenic diseases, stress were unheard of, "unthought." In a few decades or centuries, many of these concepts and others will have disappeared from human consciousness, and new ones will have taken their place. Yet in the name of such beliefs nations are ready to send soldiers all round the globe, we are ready to risk the annihilation of the world -- including ourselves -- in atomic warfare.
Why, if these concepts are simply organized beliefs, do they wield such power?
The only power they have is the power given to them by those who believe in them. Take any person whose life is entirely organized around a fairly narrow set of beliefs: a diehard patriot, a member of a sect or of a terrorist movement. When she or he loses "faith," her or his life is, from that day, entirely disorganized.
Talk some more about basic values or substance.
Take love, for instance. I think love is the only reality in the universe which is at the same time its own cause, means, and end. Whether we believe in love or not in no way affects love's power, per se. Love as substance gives usm power, not vice versa. It is because I have grappled so long with these problems of urgency in the development field that I dare say with utmost conviction that the most important -- and hence urgent -- problems of today are the problems of spiritual values, of this quantum jump of consciousness; of a society based on values of substance rather than on social beliefs.
Meanwhile, we have the priorities of food, water, work, for millions of desperate people!
I fully realize this must sound quasi-delirous, a sort of "metaphysical autism" to those who are deeply involved in getting urgent supplies to Cambodia or Somalia. But experience has shown me that we will never solve these problems of poverty, of urgency, until we have solved the much more fundamental problems of substance.
All this sounds very idealistic . . .
I've worked for 14 years in the field of development problems. For years I've seen children looking for food in my garbage can. In Dakar I lived next to a shantytown with one water tap and no public latrines for 2,500 people. So my idealism is the result of a very pragmatic sense of what needs to be done. That's why I dare to say with such conviction that the most important -- and urgent -- problems of today are the problems of a society based on new values of substance rather than on preconditioned beliefs.
I ask you sadly: Are hard-nosed realists in positions of power going to dismiss all this as wishful thinking?
Of course they will. But "realism" and "idealism" are also matters of definition. The hardnosed realists are really the world's most hopeless dreamers and represent the world's greatest danger, because they believe the solutions of yesterday are adequate to cope with the problems of today, and that the old ways of thinking can offer solutions to the problems of tomorrow.m As Tarzie Vitacci, dean of Asian journalists, once told me, "The future is pushing us from behind." Projecting the "past" into the "future" is useless. We need a new daring -- the courage to change our perceptions.


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Fine dining, alfresco or a-la-carte, Middlebrook caters to all tastes and requirements with exceptional service and quality from our award-winning chefs. The architecture, landscape, atmosphere, food and our superb wines all come together in a delightful celebration of the senses.
Middlebrook Restaurant
Middlebrook, the main restaurant, is located in the front of the complex, with a long, covered verandah framing the peaceful views. Fine dining in modern Australian style is prepared using fresh, local produce. The locally sourced produce embraces the EatLocal SA philosophy and practice, emphasizing regional, local, fresh and seasonal ingredients and products. More info on EatLocal SA can be found here:
More info on EatLocal SA can be found on their website
Cortile a-la-carte
The Cortile gallery restaurant is located at the rear of the bar / tasting area. Beautifully framed by the courtyard gardens and the artworks within, it offers a relaxed atmosphere with style and elegance to complement the a-la-carte menu.


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Some good snow tires for Infinity brand vehicles include the Michelin Pilot Alpin, Continental Extreme Winter Contact and General Altimax Altic, according to Consumer Search. Tires are relative to all makes and models; there are no tires made specifically for one car brand, so the tires listed here have been tested on many different makes.
The General Altimax Altic is a studded tire and has a starting price of just $55 a tire, as of August 2015. The Continental Extreme Winter Contact tire is claimed to have excellent traction on the snow and ice. Its composition is ideal for use on larger SUVs and trucks, according to Consumer Search.The Michelin Pilot Alpin is the most expensive on the list and is meant to be used as a performance winter tire. It costs $225.


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Every successful brand is copied to some extent and a brand's success can at times be measured by the number of counterfeits available in the market place. This is flattery with poison – counterfeits cause no cash loss to the company, but counterfeits are like a virus and if left unchecked will destroy your brand.
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text: I'm applying for graduate school now, and I've been looking over the test preparation materials. It doesn't seem that bad (really it looks to be pretty easy so far) but I wanted to get some different opinions on the exam, and how much I should study for it. I have quite a few exams and projects this semester, and I'd like to schedule my time properly. Thanks to all who can help!


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1. shinygarage.pl is an internet shop enabling you to purhase Shiny Garage products. The shop can be found under the following address: www.shinygarage.pl
2. shinygarage.pl is run by:
Liport Wojciech Liszega
Krasickiego 2a/73
81 385 Gdynia, Poland
NIP (VAT Reg No) 586-216-70-77
REGON (national official business register) 2205136111
Bank Account Number BZWBK 63 1090 2590 0000 0001 2171 7276
Liport has been added to the national official business register by the President of Gdynia under the following number: 71743/2009
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8. Every order comes with a receipt, or if you wish, an invoice. To get an invoice for your order, you have to provide company details, including your VAT Reg No (VAT registration number).
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1. Cookies are small text files saved and stored in the memory of any device used for browsing the Internet (PC's, notebooks, tablets, palmtops, cell phones). Servers connect with them every time you visit a website that uses cookies.
2. www.shinygarage.pl and all it's parts uses cookies only for statistical purposes.
3. You can control how your internet browser uses cookies by changing your browser settings. If you do not accept the use of cookies please leave this site. By using any part of this site you consent to the use of cookies.


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Resistance to dust, water, and shock
Well protected microSD card slot
Fully packed with features
Screen resolution on the Xcover is a disappointing
Well-crafted design with easy-to-use controls
'Hot on the rugged heels of the Motorola Barrage comes an equally durable phone for Verizon Wireless called the Samsung Convoy. '
'The 3G connection might feel a bit weak when you try to download music tracks from the V Cast Music Store.'
ReviewGist helps you find the best products to buy by making sense of online reviews.
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© 2018 ReviewGist.com. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Auto Site Visitor is a proxy website visitor.It visit website automatically from different country and different IP.
Auto Site Visitor first download proxy list from online server. So user do not need to collect and update regularly their proxy list. Also proxy visit do not change PC proxy settings so in the mean time user will be able to use internet with out any problem and from his own IP address.
.NET Framework 3.5 SP1


text:
- Home
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by Vicar Mark Preus
Tune: Wer Weiss Wie Nahe
When evil suddenly assails us,
And makes us question who Thou art,
Thy Word of mercy cannot fail us,
It shows to us a Father's heart,
Which breaks at every sinner's fall,
And longs to save and rescue all!
From where is all this sin and evil,
That robs the innocent of blood?
The prince of this world is the devil,
Who fights against our holy God;
Who works in faithless hearts his hate,
And wants us all to share his fate.
If we should judge by eyes and senses,
And so ignore our heart's true state;
We would not see our own offenses
Have added to the devil's hate;
Then hypocrites we all would be,
And only sin in others see.
Though Satan's triumph may seem certain,
As still he prowls his lies to roar,
He soon will meet the condemnation
That for the wicked is in store:
To Hell with all who mock God's name
By acts of wickedness and shame!
Lord Jesus, who hast suffered for me,
In whose blest flesh my sin was borne;
Thy heart, I know, cannot abhor me,
For Thou my shame and guilt hast worn,
To robe me with Thine innocence
And by Thy blood plead my defense!
Then come, Thou Judge and judge forever
My soul as clean as Thou art pure,
Come mighty God, my only Savior,
Plant in my heart what must endure:
Thy Word which must forever stay,
When this sad earth shall pass away.
Be with the poor and meek and lowly,
Who suffer from the devil's pow'r;
Turn sinners' hearts to trust Thee solely,
And wait on Thee in sorrow's hour;
That all may see through loss and pain,
Thy lovingkindness must remain!
All glory to our Father, Maker
Of all that is and is not seen,
And to the Son, of flesh Partaker
To buy us back from shame and sin;
All glory to the Spirit be -
One God now and eternally.
Vicar Mark Preus is presently serving as a campus ministry vicar at Trinity Lutheran Church in Norman, OK.
Created: April 21st, 2007


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Learners will read or listen to a story about two sisters, Marisol and Sofia, as they explore the Sun's role in the water cycle. Additionally, numerous extension resources are included in the accompanying educator guide, such as suggestions for... (View More) no-cost language arts activities, links to further science activities, a book walk cue chart to guide classroom discussion before, during, and after the story, a graphic organizer, and alignments to the National Science Education Standards (NSES) and the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). (View Less)
This is a hands-on lab activity about the water cycle, specifically evaporation and condensation. Using materials such as clay, ice and a lamp, learners will observe the relationship between temperature and condensation and temperature and... (View More) evaporation. They will then draw a diagram or a concept map of the water cycle. Background information, common preconceptions, a glossary and more is included. This activity is part of the Aquarius Hands-on Laboratory Activities. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $1 - $5 per group of students
In this activity, students build a basic understanding of how a sling psychrometer is used to determine relative humidity and learn how to read a chart to determine this relationship. In addition, the student will become familiar with the concept of... (View More) dew point. Materials need to conduct the investigation include two thermometers, a wooden dowel, wood screw, two washers, a section of plastic straw, and a hollow shoelace. The resource includes background information, teaching tips and questions to guide student discussion. This is chapter 11 of Meteorology: An Educator's Resource for Inquiry-Based Learning for Grades 5-9. The guide includes a discussion of learning science, the use of inquiry in the classroom, instructions for making simple weather instruments, and more than 20 weather investigations ranging from teacher-centered to guided and open inquiry investigations. (View Less)
Materials Cost: $5 - $10 per group of students


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The motion said that Chavez's computer and external hard drive had been accessed after he had been removed from his office in April of 2015, and that his iPhone data had not been preserved at all.
Court Motion Says Chain Of Custody Broken
Reynaldo Chavez's Attorney Says Evidence Could Be Worthless
The Albuquerque Police Department and the city didn't properly secure and preserve the computer, cell phone and external hard drive of its former records custodian, Reynaldo Chavez, and any information those devices hold is useless as evidence, Chavez's attorney is alleging in new court documents.
Chavez, who was fired from APD in August 2015, has alleged in a lawsuit against the city that his APD computer, cell phone and external hard drive could contain evidence that would show he was directed by his superiors to deny or delay public information requests from lawyers, the public and the news media.
And while the city has maintained for more than a year that it had secured and preserved that data, it didn't properly secure it, said a motion filed on Dec. 15 in Bernalillo County District Court by Chavez's lawyer, Tom Grover.
The motion, which seeks monetary damages from the city, said that Chavez's computer and external hard drive had been accessed after he had been removed from his office in April of 2015, and that his iPhone data had not been preserved at all.
City Attorney Jessica Hernandez did not respond to an email from ABQ Free Press Weekly seeking comment on Grover's motion.
The city provided Chavez copies of the computer and the external hard drive, but according to a forensic computer expert hired by Grover, a program called RESETFILETIME had been run on the computer hard drive six days before Chavez was removed from his office, and the external hard drive was accessed 17 days after he was moved out of the office. In addition, all of the data on Chavez's city-issued cell phone has been lost, the motion said.
The RESETFILETIME program is "capable of altering file system dates and times," Grover's motion said.
The computer expert, Thomas Blog, determined that the data on the hard drives had cell phone had not been properly preserved. "It is my conclusion based on my training and experience in digital forensics and computer forensics that Mr Chavez's computer and hard drive, external backup and cell phone were not appropriately preserved from a forensic and chain of custody standpoint," Blog's affidavit to the motion said. "And as a result data on the cell phone has been lost and data on the external hard drive may have been compromised."
Grover told ABQ Free Press Weekly that from a legal standpoint, any information on the hard drives is worthless as evidence because the chain of custody had been broken and the data might have been tampered with.
"The chain of custody is completely screwed up," Grover said, adding that if the same thing happened with evidence in a criminal case the evidence would not be allowed and the case "would be over."
When asked if he thought information might be missing from the hard drives, Grover replied, "Absolutely. For 16 months the city has been saying that it [the cell phone and two hard drives] is intact, and it's not intact. We are not going to know what we don't know."
Grover's motion asks that the city be ordered to pay him the $3,500 it cost to hire Blog, as well as attorneys fees and costs involved in taking the depositions of witnesses pertaining to the hard drives.
Chavez's lawsuit claims he was fired in retaliation for challenging orders from his superiors to delay and deny public information requests.
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You are here: Home > Business Directory
Llanrwst Business Directory
Choose a category from the list below:
List of Business Categories
- Nursing Homes and Childcare : Nursing homes, childcare and day nurseries.
- Garages and Motoring : Petrol stations, garages and motoring.
- Manufacturing and Engineering : Manufacturing and engineering companies.
- Design and Marketing : Printers, marketing, website and brochure design.
- Health : Health related services and shops. See the community directory for information about doctors and dentists.
- Building, Maintenance and Gardening Services : Services such as builders, plumbers, maintenance and gardening.
- Transport and Travel : Haulage, taxis, coaches and travel agents.
- Financial, Legal and Estate Agents : Services in Llanrwst including Solicitors, Insurance, Surveyors and Estate Agents.
- Services - Other : Other services.
Content is copyright Gwefan Llanrwst


text:
Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell will stand trial at Canterbury Magistrates' Court on Monday, 30th November 1998, at 10:00 a.m..
He is being tried on a charge of "indecent behaviour in a church" contrary to Section 2 of the Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860, (formerly part of the Brawling Act 1551).
Tatchell's trial will be the first court case involving the privileged legal status of the church since the Gay News blasphemy trial in 1977.
OutRage! is urging supporters to protest outside Canterbury Magistrates' Court, Broad Street, Canterbury, (opposite the Cathedral), from 9:15 a.m. on Monday, 30th November.
Donations to the Defence Fund should be made payable to "OutRage!" and sent to:
OutRage!, P.O. Box 17816, London. SW14 8WT
The trial follows OutRage!'s peaceful two-minute Easter Sunday protest in Canterbury Cathedral, which interrupted the sermon of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. George Carey. Tatchell walked into the pulpit and addressed the congregation, criticising Dr. Carey's support for discrimination against lesbian and gay people with regard to employment, the age of consent, fostering, and marriage.
Of the seven OutRage! protesters in the cathedral, only Tatchell was arrested and charged.
The OutRage! Easter Sunday protest interrupted Carey's political sermon: not the sacred parts of the Easter Service, such as prayers or communion. Tatchell's intervention was nonviolent, calm, and dignified. He did not touch or speak to the Archbishop. He uttered no insults, threats, abuse, or bad language, but merely stated the facts about Dr. Carey's on-the-record opposition to lesbian and gay human rights.
Britain's top civil liberties lawyer, Mike Mansfield, QC, has agreed to represent Tatchell. His solicitor, who has handled the case for the last six months, is the esteemed gay rights advocate, Angus Hamilton. Tatchell's defence will be "the right to free speech and peaceful protest". He will challenge the way the 1860 Act gives the church "privileged protection against protest".
Amnesty International is monitoring the case, following calls for Tatchell to be adopted as a "prisoner of conscience" if he is jailed.
The National Secular Society has launched an Appeal "deploring the prosecution of Peter Tatchell under the Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act" and calling for the 1860 Act to be repealed on the grounds that "it gives the church unique and sweeping powers to suppress dissent".
Many leading public figures have signed the NSS Appeal, including
Tony Benn, MP will appear as a character witness. Dr. Evan Harris, MP and the Bishop of Edinburgh and Primate of Scotland, the Rev. Richard Holloway, have written character references on Tatchell's behalf.
There have been only a handful of prosecutions for protest under the 1860 Act in the past 138 years. The Court has already intimated that it may sentence Tatchell to a term of imprisonment. The last time the 1860 Act was used against protesters was 1966. They were sentenced to two months' jail.
The prosecution claim that any form of protest in a church –no matter how peaceful and dignified– is "indecent" under the 1860 Act.
No Cathedral clergy or staff are appearing as prosecution witnesses.
"What is at stake in this trial is the right to free speech and peaceful protest", said David Allison of OutRage!. "The real scandal is not OutRage!'s peaceful protest in defence of human rights, but Dr. Carey's advocacy of discrimination against lesbians and gay men.
"The 1860 Act gives the church privileged immunity from protest. No other institution has these special, draconian powers to muzzle dissent. It should not be a crime to criticise an Archbishop in his cathedral."
More recently, Dr. Carey condemned legislation to equalise the age of consent for gay men; urged MP's to vote in favour of the discriminatory status quo; and encouraged the House of Lords to overturn the 5:2 Commons majority (336 to 129) in favour of equality.
"As President of the Children's Society –a Church of England charity– Dr. Carey actively discriminates against lesbian and gay people by enforcing the Children's Society's ban on homosexual foster parents. This policy results in young people –who could be cared for by loving, responsible gay couples– being left to suffer in the emotional coldness of local authority children's homes", said David Allison.
Despite calling in October for "compassion" for General Pinochet, Dr. Carey declines to show similar Christian compassion and forgiveness towards Tatchell. The National Secular Society wrote to Dr. Carey in October, urging that he call for the charge to be dropped, or that he at least ask the court to exercise clemency by not jailing Tatchell. Carey refused.
Canterbury Magistrates' Court has refused Tatchell permission to summons Dr. Carey as a witness, even though Tatchell satisfied all the legal requirements. The Court declined to give a reason for its refusal. At the same hearing –again without explanation– the Court refused Tatchell access to unused prosecution evidence which the prosecutor has admitted may undermine the case against Tatchell and could help his defence.
It has been suggested that this action by the Court may contravene: Article 14(3)(b) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR); Article 6(3) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; and Principle 21 of the Basic Principles on the Rôle of Lawyers, which states: "It is the duty of the competent authorities to ensure lawyers access to appropriate information, files and documents in their possession or control in sufficient time to enable lawyers to provide effective legal assistance to their clients. Such access should be provided at the earliest possible time."
Tatchell has been involved in over 1,000 direct action and civil disobedience protests during his 30 years of campaigning for lesbian and gay human rights. He has been convicted only once (following a peaceful protest in 1994 against Muslim fundamentalists who were advocating the murder of homosexuals): but that conviction was overturned on appeal.
We oppose religious privilege and support the right to peaceful protest. As well as deploring the prosecution of Peter Tatchell under the Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860, we strongly believe that a jail term is entirely inappropriate for a peaceful protest in defence of human rights.
We furthermore call for the repeal of the Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860: it gives the church unique and sweeping powers to suppress dissent. This is unacceptable in a modern democracy.
To add your voice to this appeal, cut and paste the above two paragraphs; add your name, address, and any official capacity in which you are signing; and email to: John Hunt, OutRage! London
Canterbury Magistrates' Court, Broad Street. CT1 2UE; Tel. 01304-21.86.00; Fax 01227-45.77.27
Canterbury Visitor Centre, 34 St. Margaret's Street; Tel. 01227-76.65.67.
Gay rights campaigners breached the Prime Minister's security net to stage a silent protest during the Memorial Service for the former editor of the Daily Mail, Sir David English, today, Thursday, 15th October, 1998.
The 12 noon service was held in St. Martin-in-the-Fields Church, Trafalgar Square, London, to pay homage to Sir David who died in June, aged 67. After a reading by the new Lord Rothermere, owner of the Dail Mail, five members of OutRage! walked to the front of the church and held up placards accusing the late Sir David of being a "gay baiter", "queer basher" and "homo hater".
The brief, dignified protest –to expose the truth about Sir David's homophobia– took place in front of VIPs and dignitaries: including Prime Minister Tony Blair, Leader of the Opposition William Hague, and former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who were sitting just eight feet away in the front pews.
After standing in front of the church altar in silence, the OutRage! protesters had their placards ripped from their hands by the priest and church stewards. One protester walked down the side aisle displaying his placard, whilst the others were being hustled out of a side door. There were no arrests.
OutRage! says the Daily Mail, under Sir David's 21-year editorship (1971-1992), "promoted prejudice, intolerance and discrimination against lesblans and gay men".
"Sir David encouraged news stories and editorials that stereotyped, vilified, misrepresented and demonised the homosexual community", said Ray Harvey-Amer of OutRage!.
"His coverage of AIDS and Section 28 was blatantly homophohic. He stirred up hatred against homosexuals and contributed to an atmosphere of intolerance that led to a massive increase in queer-bashing attacks and murders.
"Sir David and the Daily Mail have queer blood on their hands.
"This Memorial Service was a sham. It ignores the pain and suffering inflicted on lesbian and gay people by a man who was a shameless propagandist for homophobia.
"Sir David was a belligerent opponent of lesbian and gay human rights, arguing ferociously in support of discrimination against homosexuals.
"His editorship of the Daily Mail was a low-point in journalistic ethics. Objectivity, honesty and compassion towards lesbian and gay people were elbowed aside.
"Sir David will always be remembered by the gay community: as a promoter of bigotry and intolerance", said Harvey-Amer.
FURTHER INFORMATION: Peter Tatchell 020-74.03.17.90
PHOTOS OF PROTEST: Gordon Rainsford 07050-11.34.30
Rob Todd 0467-42.02.83
Accompanied by a photograph of Tony Blair kissing Sir David's daughter Nikki, 'The Times' printed the following partial list of the congregation. —
The Prime Minister and Mrs Blair were present at a service of thanksgiving for the life of Sir David English, Chairman of Associated Newspapers and Chairman of ITN, held yesterday at St Martin-in-the-Fields. The Rev Nicholas Holtam officiated, assisted by Canon John Oates, Rector of St Bride's, Fleet Street.
Viscount Rothermere, Chairman of the Daily Mail and General Trust read the lesson, Mrs Nikki Smith, daughter, read on behalf of Lady English, Violette Szabo's code-poem for the French Resistance by Mr. Leo Marks, Mrs Amanda Christmas, daughter, read Sleep Tight Dad by her brother Neil.
Mrs Ina Miller read Grandad, what are you? written by Mathew McGregor Smith and Duncan David Smith (grandsons). Mr. Neil English, son, and Miss Patricia Hodge paid tribute. Mr. Stewart Steven gave an address.
During the service Ms Sheila Southern, accompanied by the Don Lusher Big Band, sang You make me feel so young.
Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, FRS, and the Leader of HM Opposition attended. Among others present were:
Mr. Peter Smith (son-in-law), Ms Eva Smith, Ms Christine Stevens, Ms Nicola Saunders, Mr. Stephen Saunders, Mr. and Mrs Gordon Mainwood, Mr. Gregory Mainwood, Mr. Gordon McIntyre.
The Earl of Dalkeith, Viscountess Rothermere, Lord Baker of Dorking, CH, and Lady Baker, Lord and Lady Bell, Lord Borrie, QC, Lady Browne-Wilkinson, Lord St John of Fawsley, Lord Feldman, Lord and Lady Grade, Baroness Hooper, Lord Hunt of Wirral, Lord Hussey of North Bradley, Lord King of Wartnaby, Lady McGregor of Durris, Baroness Rawlings, Lord Rawlinson of Ewell, QC, Lord Shawcross, QC, and Lady Shawcross, Lord Sterling of Plaistow, Lord Tordoff, Lord and Lady Wakeham.
The Hon Alan Clark, MP, Mr. Michael Howard, QC, MP, and Mrs Howard, the Hon Vivian Baring, the Hon Jeremy Deedes (group managing director, The Telegraph Group), Mrs Sue Ryan (managing editor) and Ms Sarah Sands (deputy editor, also representing the Editor), the Hon Mrs E Hamilton, the Hon Mrs Camilla Yeates, Sir Gordon and Lady Brunton, Sir Brian Cubbon, Sir Michael Grylls, Sir Bernard Ingham, Sir Larry and Lady Lamb, Sir Nicholas Lloyd and Miss Eve Pollard, Sir Fergus Montgomery, Sir David and Lady Nicholas, Sir Gordon Reece, Sir Frank Rogers, Sir Patrick and Lady Sergeant, Sir Jocelyn Stevens, Sir Neil Thorne, Dame Susan Tinson, Mr. Keith McDowall and Baroness Dean of Thornton-le-Fylde, Prince Mohsin Ali Khan.
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Mr. Stephen Claypole, Miss Minty Clinch, Mr. Richard Compton Miller, Mr. Ron Copsey, Mr. Ian Coulter, Mr. Peter Cowburn, Mr. Jack Crossley, Mrs Rita Curran, Mr. A Davidson, Mr. James Davies, Mr. Nigel Davies, Mr. Reginald Davis, Mr. Victor Davis, Mr. Ossie Day, Ms Anne De Courcy, Mr. Nigel Dempster, Mr. and Mrs J Dickie, Mr. Denis Doble, Mr. Nick Donaldson, Mr. Peter Donnelly, the Rev Dick Drown, Councillor Andrew Edwards, Mr. Robert Edwards.
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Mr. Brian Hendry, Mr. Robert Hill, Mr. and Mrs Jonathan Holborow, Mr. and Mrs Harry Holcroft, Ms Eileen Holman, Mr. Keith Hopkins, Miss Barbara Hosking, Mrs Marjorie Houghton, Mr. G Howe, Mr. James Irving, Mr. Herbert Ivor, Mr. Ian Jackson, Mr. Martin Jackson, Mr. Brian James, Mr. and Mrs Derek Jameson, Mr. Paul James, Mr. Edward Jeffery, Mr. Harry Johnson, Mr. Michael Jones, Mr. Peter Jones, Mr. Richard Kay.
Dr. and Mrs Ken Kennedy, Mr. Kevin Kennedy, Ms Ann Kent, Mr. and Mrs Pat Kernon, Ms Gwen Kernon, Mr. John Kilday, Mr. John Koski, Mr. John Kreckovic, Mr. Herbert Kretzmer, Ms Jeanette Kuperman, Mr. Stuart Kuttner, Miss Patricia Latham, Dr. Robin Lawrence, Ms Alison Le Breton, Mr. Christopher Leake, Dr. Jeremy Lee-Potter and Mrs Lynda Lee-Potter, Dr. Alfred Lee, Mr. Michael Leese, Mr. and Mrs Colin Leggat, Miss Ann Leslie, Miss Angela Levin, Dr. Julian Lewis, MP, Mr. Martyn Lewis, Mr. David Lidington, MP, Ms Joan Littlewood.
Ms Christine Long, Mr. Graham Lovelace, Mr. and Mrs Angus Macpherson, Mrs Frances Marckus, Mr. and Mrs L Marks, Mr. Eric Marsh, Mr. George Marston, Mr. Bill Martin, Miss Angela Mason, Mr. G Maxwell-Petrie, Mr. Graham McBain, Mr. Trevor McDonald, Mr. John McDonnell, Mr. and Mrs Robin McGibbon, Mr. Peter McKay, Mr. and Mrs Gordon McKenzie, Mrs Boo McKnight, Mr. Rayne McKnight, Ms Angelina McLusky Smith, Ms Sue Merrit, Mr. Monty Meth, Mr. Lester Middlehurst, Mr. Christopher Mitchell, Mr. Kenneth Morgan, Mr. Nic Morrison, Mr. and Mrs Bill Mott, Mr. David Mounfield.
Mr. Freddie Mountain, Mr. and Mrs Graham Mulley, Mr. James Murray, Mr. Colin Myler, Mr. Michael Nelson, Mr. Gus Newell, Mr. Paul Newman, Mr. William Newman, Mr. Desmond Nichols, Ms Kay Nichols, Mr. Brian Nicholson, Mr. Chris Nicholson, Mr. J A G Nicoll, Mr. Bill Nutting, Mr. Bill O'Connell, Mr. Robin Oakley, Mr. Paul Palmer, Mr. Brian Park, Ms Sandra Parsons, Mr. Peter Paterson, Miss Sue Peart, Mrs Cathy Peters, Mr. Allan Petrie, Mr. and Mrs Laurie Pignon, Mr. Bob Phillis, Professor Robert Pinker, Mr. Nick Pollard, Commander Francis Ponsonby, Mr. Paul Potts, Mr. E Preston, Mr. Allan Prosser, Mr. Stewart Purvis.
Mr. Douglas Radcliffe, Mr. Ivan Radley, Mr. Jeffrey Rayner, Mrs Joan Read, Mr. and Mrs Chris Rees, Mr. Chris Rendel, Mr. and Mrs Alwyn Robinson, Mr. Frank Robson, Mr. Graeme Rossiter, Mr. J Royle, Mr. Adam Ruck, Mr. Piers Russell-Dobb, Mr. Bob Satchwell, Mr. R Schofield, Mr. Paul Scott, Mr. Brian Scovell, Mr. Lawrence Sear, Mr. James Sergeant, Mr. and Mrs Derek Shaw, Mr. Richard Shaw, Mr. Ned Sherrin, Mrs Louise Smale.
Mr. Ramsay Smith, Mr. and Mrs John Southgate, Ms June Southworth, Miss Emma St John-Smith, Mr. Robin Stafford, Mr. Geoffrey Staines, Mr. Derek Stark, Mr. David Staveley, Ms Jacqui Stephens, Mrs Stewart Steven, Mr. and Mrs Alan Stewart, Mr. Bert Stimpson, Ms June Stubbs, Mr. P Sutton, Miss Felicity Swan, Miss Sharon Tanod, Dr. Sally J Taylor, Mr. John Teal, Mr. John Teasdale, Miss Rita Thomas, Mr. Douglas Thompson, Ms Linda Thomson, Mrs Pauline Todhunter, Mr. and Mrs Richard Todd.
Mr. John Torode, Mr. Steve Torrington, Mr. Donald Trelford, Mr. W Tudor John, Mr. and Mrs Rodney Tyler, Mr. David Tytler, Mr. Shaun Usher, Mr. B Venables, Mr. Brian Vine, Mr. Brian Viner, Mr. David Wade, Mr. David Walker, Mr. Brian Walsh, Mr. Keith Waterhouse, Mr. Michael Watts, Ms Zelda West-Meads, Mr. Geoffrey Wheatcroft, Mr. John Whelan.
Mr. A J Whitfield, Mr. David Wigg, Professor Roger Williams, Charles Wilson, Ms Heather Wilson, Mr. John Winninton-Ingram, Rabbi Willlam Wolff, Mr. and Mrs John Womersley, Mr. George Woodhouse, Mr. Mark Woods, Mr. and Mrs Ian Wooldridge, Mr. David Wynne-Morgan, Mr. Michael Wynne-Parker, Mr. Eddie Young, Mr. Richard Young.
Mr. Chris Underwood (IOJ), Mr. John Le Neve Johnson (Press Club) with other members of the club, representatives of the Ockenden Adventure and Bournemouth University and many other friends and former colleagues.
An essay by gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell of OutRage! is featured in 'The Penguin Book of Twentieth Century Protest', ISBN = 0-67087052-8.
The new book is edited by Brian MacArthur, Associate Editor of 'The Times'.
It is described by its publisher, Penguin, as an anthology of some of the "most striking and effective" protest writing that "charts the vivid and impassioned debates that surrounded the great themes and events of the twentieth century".
MacArthur's book is launched next Monday, 12th October, at the Garrick Club in London.
Tatchell's essay, "Call Us Queer", is an exposition of queer politics that originally appeared in 'The Independent on Sunday' on 26-July-1992.
His contribution is sandwiched between essays by Ken Saro-Wiwa and Arthur M. Schlesinger. It is one of only four contributions in the book by gay writers — the others being André Gide, James Baldwin, and Peter Wildeblood.
The book features 200 essays by notable figures of twentieth century protest, such as Mahatma Gandhi, Che Guevara, Germain Greer, Nelson Mandela, Leon Trotsky, Simone de Beauvoir, Martin Luther King, Norman Mailer and Sylvia Pankhurst.


text:
Irvine (GNIS FID: 1177865) is a populated place located within the Township of Brokenstraw, a minor civil division (MCD) of Warren County.
The elevation of Irvine is 1,158 feet. Irvine appears on the Youngsville U.S. Geological Survey Map. Warren County is in the Eastern Time Zone (UTC -5 hours).
Warren County: Subdivisions (MCDs) | Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 1177865
BOUNDARY MAPS: Township of Brokenstraw | Warren County
Youngsville, PA
(2.7 miles WNW)
Starbrick, PA (3.4 miles E)
North Warren, PA (6.4 miles ENE)
Warren, PA (6.4 miles E)
Russell, PA (9.9 miles NE)
Clarendon, PA
(10 miles ESE)
Sugar Grove, PA (10.5 miles NNW)
Tidioute, PA (12.8 miles SSW)
Busti, NY (13.8 miles N)
Allegheny Springs, PA
(1.9 miles WSW)
Jackson Crossing, PA (2.7 miles E)
Jackson Run, PA (4.7 miles NNE)
South Warren, PA (5.1 miles E)
Pittsfield, PA (5.8 miles W)
Matthews Run, PA
(6 miles NW)
Venturetown, PA (6.1 miles ENE)
Althom, PA (6.3 miles SSW)
Hazeltine Corners, PA (6.4 miles ENE)


text:
Academic journal article The Hymn
Singing the Faith
Article excerpt
Singing the Faith London: Hymns Ancient and Modern on behalf of the Trustees of the Methodist Church, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84825-067-3. 840 hymns. $45.00.
"A little body of experimental and practical divinity - a distinct and full account of Scriptural Christianity" is how Methodist founder John Wesley described the first major hymnal of the Methodist Church.
Since the publication of A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the People Called Methodists in 1780, the British Methodist Church has produced a fine array of hymn collections in keeping with Wesley's standards. Singing the Faith (STF) is the most recent addition to this heritage, succeeding the 1983 publication Hymns and Psalms (HScP). The book's editors proclaim in its preface "Our history and experience bear witness to the power of music in worship. It speaks to the heart, mind, soul and will, allowing us to respond to God's grace and the glory of God's creating and redeeming love in Jesus Christ. Singing hymns in worship assists us in meeting with the living God and helps us to grow in faith, discipleship and fellowship" (vii).
The book's 840 hymns, liturgical settings, canticles, and psalms are divided into three sections: God's Eternal Goodness, God's Redeeming Work - The Promised Christ, and God's Enduring Purposes - The Gift and Work of the Holy Spirit. Of the book's seven indexes, one of the most valuable and extensive is the forty-page Index of Biblical Texts, found in the music edition. (The other editions are Words Only, Large-Print Words Only, and Electronic Words.)
Singing the Faith includes 212 hymnwriters, translators, and sources not included in HScP. The writers and composers represent a myriad of styles and national origins, including Guatemala, Latvia, South Africa, Spain, and Swaziland. …


text:
Boltzmann machine
|This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. (January 2013)
A Boltzmann machine is a type of stochastic recurrent neural network and Markov Random Field invented by Geoffrey Hinton and Terry Sejnowski in 1985. Boltzmann machines can be seen as the stochastic, generative counterpart of Hopfield nets. They were one of the first examples of a neural network capable of learning internal representations, and are able to represent and (given sufficient time) solve difficult combinatoric problems. They are theoretically intriguing because of the locality and Hebbian nature of their training algorithm, and because of their parallelism and the resemblance of their dynamics to simple physical processes. Due to a number of issues discussed below, Boltzmann machines with unconstrained connectivity have not proven useful for practical problems in machine learning or inference, but if the connectivity is properly constrained, the learning can be made efficient enough to be useful for practical problems[citation needed].
They are named after the Boltzmann distribution in statistical mechanics, which is used in their sampling function.
A Boltzmann machine, like a Hopfield network, is a network of units with an "energy" defined for the network. It also has binary units, but unlike Hopfield nets, Boltzmann machine units are stochastic. The global energy, , in a Boltzmann machine is identical in form to that of a Hopfield network:
- is the connection strength between unit and unit .
- is the state, , of unit .
- is the bias of unit in the global energy function. ( is the activation threshold for the unit.)
The connections in a Boltzmann machine have two restrictions:
- . (No unit has a connection with itself.)
- . (All connections are symmetric.)
Often the weights are represented in matrix form with a symmetric matrix , with zeros along the diagonal.
Probability of a unit's state
The difference in the global energy that results from a single unit being 0 (off) versus 1 (on), written , assuming a symmetric matrix of weights, is given by:
This can be expressed as the difference of energies of two states:
We then substitute the energy of each state with its relative probability according to the Boltzmann Factor (the property of a Boltzmann distribution that the energy of a state is proportional to the negative log probability of that state):
where is Boltzmann's constant and is absorbed into the artificial notion of temperature . We then rearrange terms and consider that the probabilities of the unit being on and off must sum to one:
We can now finally solve for , the probability that the -th unit is on.
where the scalar is referred to as the temperature of the system. This relation is the source of the logistic function found in probability expressions in variants of the Boltzmann machine.
Equilibrium state
The network is run by repeatedly choosing a unit and setting its state according to the above formula. After running for long enough at a certain temperature, the probability of a global state of the network will depend only upon that global state's energy, according to a Boltzmann distribution, and not on the initial state from which the process was started. This means that log-probabilities of global states become linear in their energies. This relationship is true when the machine is "at thermal equilibrium", meaning that the probability distribution of global states has converged. If we start running the network from a high temperature, and gradually decrease it until we reach a thermal equilibrium at a low temperature, we may converge to a distribution where the energy level fluctuates around the global minimum. This process is called simulated annealing.
If we want to train the network so that the chance it will converge to a global state is according to an external distribution that we have over these states, we need to set the weights so that the global states with the highest probabilities will get the lowest energies. This is done by the following training procedure.
The units in the Boltzmann Machine are divided into 'visible' units, V, and 'hidden' units, H. The visible units are those which receive information from the 'environment', i.e. our training set is a set of binary vectors over the set V. The distribution over the training set is denoted .
As is discussed above, the distribution over global states converges as the Boltzmann machine reaches thermal equilibrium. We denote this distribution, after we marginalize it over the hidden units, as .
Our goal is to approximate the "real" distribution using the which will be produced (eventually) by the machine. To measure how similar the two distributions are, we use the Kullback–Leibler divergence, :
where the sum is over all the possible states of . is a function of the weights, since they determine the energy of a state, and the energy determines , as promised by the Boltzmann distribution. Hence, we can use a gradient descent algorithm over , so a given weight, is changed by subtracting the partial derivative of with respect to the weight.
There are two phases to Boltzmann machine training, and we switch iteratively between them. One is the "positive" phase where the visible units' states are clamped to a particular binary state vector sampled from the training set (according to ). The other is the "negative" phase where the network is allowed to run freely, i.e. no units have their state determined by external data. Surprisingly enough, the gradient with respect to a given weight, , is given by the very simple equation (proved in Ackley et al.[1]):
- is the probability of units i and j both being on when the machine is at equilibrium on the positive phase.
- is the probability of units i and j both being on when the machine is at equilibrium on the negative phase.
- denotes the learning rate
This result follows from the fact that at thermal equilibrium the probability of any global state when the network is free-running is given by the Boltzmann distribution (hence the name "Boltzmann machine").
Remarkably, this learning rule is fairly biologically plausible because the only information needed to change the weights is provided by "local" information. That is, the connection (or synapse biologically speaking) does not need information about anything other than the two neurons it connects. This is far more biologically realistic than the information needed by a connection in many other neural network training algorithms, such as backpropagation.
The training of a Boltzmann machine does not use the EM algorithm, which is heavily used in machine learning. By minimizing the KL-divergence, it is equivalent to maximizing the log-likelihood of the data. Therefore, the training procedure performs gradient ascent on the log-likelihood of the observed data. This is in contrast to the EM algorithm, where the posterior distribution of the hidden nodes must be calculated before the maximization of the expected value of the complete data likelihood during the M-step.
Training the biases is similar, but uses only single node activity:
The Boltzmann machine would theoretically be a rather general computational medium. For instance, if trained on photographs, the machine would theoretically model the distribution of photographs, and could use that model to, for example, complete a partial photograph.
Unfortunately, there is a serious practical problem with the Boltzmann machine, namely that it seems to stop learning correctly when the machine is scaled up to anything larger than a trivial machine.[citation needed] This is due to a number of effects, the most important of which are:
- the time the machine must be run in order to collect equilibrium statistics grows exponentially with the machine's size, and with the magnitude of the connection strengths[citation needed]
- connection strengths are more plastic when the units being connected have activation probabilities intermediate between zero and one, leading to a so-called variance trap. The net effect is that noise causes the connection strengths to follow a random walk until the activities saturate.
Restricted Boltzmann machine
Although learning is impractical in general Boltzmann machines, it can be made quite efficient in an architecture called the "restricted Boltzmann machine" or "RBM" which does not allow intralayer connections between hidden units. After training one RBM, the activities of its hidden units can be treated as data for training a higher-level RBM. This method of stacking RBM's makes it possible to train many layers of hidden units efficiently and is one of the most common deep learning strategies. As each new layer is added the overall generative model gets better.
There is an extension to the restricted Boltzmann machine that affords using real valued data rather than binary data. Along with higher order Boltzmann machines, it is outlined here [1].
One example of a practical application of Restricted Boltzmann machines is the performance improvement of speech recognition software.[2]
|This section does not cite any sources. (November 2009)
The Boltzmann machine is a Monte Carlo version of the Hopfield network.
The idea of using annealed Ising models for inference is often thought to have been first described by:
- Geoffrey E. Hinton and Terrence J. Sejnowski, Analyzing Cooperative Computation. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual Congress of the Cognitive Science Society, Rochester, New York, May 1983.
- Geoffrey E. Hinton and Terrence J. Sejnowski, Optimal Perceptual Inference. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pages 448–453, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, D.C., June 1983.
However, it should be noted that these articles appeared after the seminal publication by John Hopfield, where the connection to physics and statistical mechanics was made in the first place, mentioning spin glasses:
- John J. Hopfield, Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 79 no. 8, pp. 2554–2558, April 1982.
The idea of applying the Ising model with annealed Gibbs sampling is also present in Douglas Hofstadter's Copycat project:
- Hofstadter, Douglas R., The Copycat Project: An Experiment in Nondeterminism and Creative Analogies. MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo No. 755, January 1984.
- Hofstadter, Douglas R., A Non-Deterministic Approach to Analogy, Involving the Ising Model of Ferromagnetism. In E. Caianiello, ed. The Physics of Cognitive Processes. Teaneck, New Jersey: World Scientific, 1987.
Similar ideas (with a change of sign in the energy function) are also found in Paul Smolensky's "Harmony Theory".
The explicit analogy drawn with statistical mechanics in the Boltzmann Machine formulation led to the use of terminology borrowed from physics (e.g., "energy" rather than "harmony"), which has become standard in the field. The widespread adoption of this terminology may have been encouraged by the fact that its use led to the importation of a variety of concepts and methods from statistical mechanics. However, there is no reason to think that the various proposals to use simulated annealing for inference described above were not independent. (Helmholtz made a similar analogy during the dawn of psychophysics.)
Ising models are now considered to be a special case of Markov random fields, which find widespread application in various fields, including linguistics, robotics, computer vision, and artificial intelligence.
See also
- Restricted Boltzmann machine
- Markov Random Field
- Ising Model
- Hopfield network
- Learning rule[3] that uses conditional "local" information can be derived from the reversed form of ,
- .
- ↑ Ackley, David H.; Hinton, Geoffrey E.; Sejnowski, Terrence J. (1985). "A Learning Algorithm for Boltzmann Machines" (PDF). Cognitive Science. 9 (1): 147–169. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0901_7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2011.
- ↑ "Context-Dependent Pre-trained Deep Neural Networks for Large Vocabulary Speech Recognition" (PDF). 2011.
- ↑ Liou, C.-Y.; Lin, S.-L. (1989). "The other variant Boltzmann machine" (PDF). International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. Washington, D.C., USA: IEEE. pp. 449–454. doi:10.1109/IJCNN.1989.118618.
Further reading
- Hinton, G. E.; Sejnowski, T. J. (1986). D. E. Rumelhart, J. L. McClelland, and the PDP Research Group, eds. "Learning and Relearning in Boltzmann Machines" (PDF). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Volume 1: Foundations. Cambridge: MIT Press: 282–317.
- Hinton, G. E. (2002). "Training Products of Experts by Minimizing Contrastive Divergence" (PDF). Neural Computation. 14 (8): 1771–1800. PMID 12180402. doi:10.1162/089976602760128018.
- Hinton, G. E.; Osindero, S.; Teh, Y. (2006). "A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets" (PDF). Neural Computation. 18 (7): 1527–1554. PMID 16764513. doi:10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527.
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