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Part of the Genesis Self-sustainability Program
The Genesis Conference Facility is housed in the Marburg Youth Center. The spacious training room is made available to other organizations as part of the Genesis self-sustainability program.. The professional facility has been used by national corporate organizations, international teaching teams, as well local NPO's and businesses. Their support has indirectly made a difference to the community outreach projects falling under the Genesis Youth Center's banner.
The venue is ideal for staff meetings, training workshops, formal conferences, breakfast, tea and lunch functions. The large conference room can seat people 100 cinema style and 40 comfortably seated in the classroom style. The room is fitted with carpeting, air conditioning, block out curtains, projector, and a sound system..


text: When I found my board on a boot fair, I immediately fell in love with its beautiful carving and the lovely seeds. It is the Kalah version, one of the most popular Mancala games for kids: two rows of 6 small pits. It will motivate your school-aged kids to count and think strategically, encourage them to conduct thought experiments, counting tokens and comparing tactics in their heads, before they move a game piece. Grown ups will love it for its high degree of tactical play but watch out it is incredibly addicting for those who need to feel a sense of accomplishment! Mancala offers a nice parallel to real life, forecasting moves and considering consequences can have a real impact on your everyday decisions.

subset: commoncrawl


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In September, a new private high school operated by Project Opportunity opened its doors in Santa Rosa at 1500 Farmer's Lane.
The Next Generation Learning (NGL) Academy is challenging the norms of traditional high school learning concepts and environments while striving to give students a more individualized education to help prepare them for today's ever-changing post-secondary world.
One of the hallmarks of this school, which as an eventual capacity of 250 students, is that it does not use traditional classrooms.
Designed by Quattrocchi Kwok Architects (QKA) and built by GCCI, Inc., the 6,000 square foot campus involved the complete renovation of a former AAA office building in the Bennett Valley area.
QKA was retained because of its reputation for delivering adaptable and forward-thinking 21st century learning environments. The architect was awarded the contract in 2016 and reconstruction of the facility started in June 2017 on a fast-track to complete the project in time for the fall semester.
The school's goal is to give students flexible, personal and engaging options for secondary learning not based on a lecture format and content memorization, but rather fosters the skills and interests of each individual through various types of learning methods, including student-driven exploration.
Instructors are referred to as mentors, and class sizes are very small, never exceeding a 12 to 1 ratio.
QKA created a variety of interconnected learning spaces that are able to facilitate different activities and student preferences. Seminar and conference rooms of various sizes accommodate activities requiring more privacy and focus.
Technology and flexible furniture are used to support changing needs and growth related to student capacity, curriculum and programs.
According to NGL Director Karen Kenkel, "We were delighted to work with a Santa Rosa-based QKA to design a campus exactly suited to our education needs and philosophy. From our 'smart' spaces and cutting-edge learning technology and our café for collaborative learning, to our reading room for quiet reflection and our Makerspace for creative modeling and applied problem-solving, our campus will be ideally suited to support multiple student growth paths."
Next Generation Learning Academy
Owner/Developer: Project Opportunity
Contractor: GCCI, Inc.
Architect: Quattrocchi Kwok Architects
Cost: $1+ Million
Financing: Private Philanthropist


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Welcome to Our Office!
We proudly provide quality medical and surgical eye care to the communities of Bellflower and South Pasadena, CA. Our featured services are Cataract Surgery and treatments of other eye related conditions.
Care Philosophy
"I like to think that I practice people-oriented medicine. During each exam, I spend a considerable amount of time just listening to the concerns of my patients, helping them to understand why I've recommended a treatment or procedure, and explaining what it will do for them."
-Dr. Mitchell Latter


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20+ Halloween Snacks That Look So Wrong But Taste So Right
No Halloween house party is complete without some spooky and tasty Halloween treats. They don't have to be sweet, either – there will be plenty of candy to steal from your kids for months to come. So if you're looking for ideas for sweet or savory Halloween snacks, this is the post for you!
If you already know some tasty Halloween recipes, we'd love to see them added to this list. And vote for your favorites so we know which one's the tastiest!
#1 Red Velvet Heart Cake
Awesome!!! I want your heart in a silver tray!!! wuahahaha
#2 Raspberry Jello Worms On A Bed Of Chocolate Doughnut Crumbs
#3 Dexter's Bloodslide Lollipops
#4 Snake Cake
I wouldn't be able to eat it. Not because it's a snake but because I would be like : "Poor snake, I can't cut it." It's too realistic.
#5 Guacamole Puking Pumpkin
I "might" be able to eat that - I'd just put some on a dish and walk away from the "scene"...................... :)
#6 Witch's Finger Cookies
Those look like my neighbors fingers I think im gonna go check on her right now heheh
#7 Cannibal's Hot Dogs
Had to examine the photo for a while...thought it was some other sausage.
#8 Maggot Cupcakes
Gross! I can't even look at these! No way could I eat one. Good job!
#9 Zombie Brain Jello Shots
#10 Graveyard Chocolate Mouse
#11 Carved Skull Watermelons
#12 Hot Dog Mummies
#13 Ghost Meringues
#14 Poop Cookies
#15 Finger Cakes
Severe in-grown at the foot, I cant eat this i think lols.. but very artistic
#16 Human Ribs
#17 Poisonous Dipped Apples
#18 Skull Shaped Breakfast Egg
I had something similar like this mold It never came out right .. Quite disappointing ..
#19 Living Dead Cupcakes
#20 Skin Cake
Popular on Bored Panda
What do you think ?
This is so ... bloody awesome, I'm speechless. The creativity combined with the craftsmanship is breathtaking. Bet they taste good too!
This is so ... bloody awesome, I'm speechless. The creativity combined with the craftsmanship is breathtaking. Bet they taste good too!


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Chances are Tarlin won't be eating a lot of manufactured food while sticking to the pyramid. If she did, she might want to talk to Chef Stephanie about what's really in her food. Chow visits with the Canadian research chef about the biggest secrets in food manufacturing. Such as, you're probably not allergic to MSG, great frozen meals are real and expensive, Trader Joe's and Whole Foods really do have higher standards, and you have no idea what's going on with your orange juice.
Chef Steph doesn't share the secrets to finding the perfect watermelon, but David Feela does. In his Small Farmer's Journal piece, republished by Utne Reader, Feela retells the story of a chance grocery store meeting with a librarian that leads to learning the secrets of watermelon. Try to remember them in six months.
Julia Child could probably pick a melon. The New York Times reviews the latest book about Child, "As Always, Julia". The book's a collection of letters between Child and her food-loving friend Avis DeVoto. The two met in 1950 when DeVoto's husband complained of dull paring knives in a Harper's piece, and Child responded by sending him a French knife. Mrs. DeVoto sent Child a thank-you note, which began a two-year correspondence before they met in person. "'It doesn't seem at all possible that less than two weeks ago you were all of you but words on paper,' Child writes afterward. 'It did not then seem that love on paper would not blossom into love in the flesh, and it certainly did with an all-embracing bang.'" This collection of the correspondence chronicles the publication of Child's "The Art of French Cooking".
Subscribe now to get the latest news delivered right to your inbox.


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1 bx cake mix, devils food..mix as directed
1 pkg regular sized nutterbutter cookies
1 pkg mini nutterbutter cookies
1 can(s) chocolate frosting
1 c creamy peanut butter
8 Tbsp butter room temperature
2 c powdered sugar
3-4 Tbsp heavy cream..you can use milk also..until frosting is thinned a little
2 tsp pure vanilla
1Take 12 NutterButter cookies and cut them in half.Line cupcake tins with cupcake papers and drop a half a cookie in the bottom of each. 2Mix cake mix according to directions on the box. 3Chop approx 12 cookies coarsely and mix them in the cake mix. 4Fill the cupcake tins and bake aprrox 15-18 min. 5Prepare Frosting
Cream togather peanut butter and butter. Add vanilla. Slowly add powdered sugar. Add cream or milk to thin the frosting as desirsed. 6Frost cupcake ..leave a well in the center the place a dab of chocolate frosting and place a mini NutterButter on top.


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Happy Birthday to Dr. Seuss! His birthday is today-- March 2nd. Today I have some great quotes for scrapbooking life lessons a fun Dr. Seuss color combo for you to try! Let's look at the quotes first.
This is just soooo true! One of the many lessons I try to teach my kids. The next quote is along the same lines…
We are in the thick of daily home work battles – so this quote hits close to home…
In honor of Dr Suess's birthday here is a fun color combination I came up with that is perfect for your next card or scrapbook page!
What is your favorite Dr. Seuss quote or book? Feel free to share in the comment section below. . If you've never left a comment before all you have to do is to click on the title of the post, scroll to the bottom of the page and enter your comment in the comment box. Sometimes comments may take a little while to appear.
Sale-A-Bration is here! Shopaholics unite! For every $50 you spend, you'll get a FREE Sale-A-Bration product! Visit my online store to start shopping.
Shop for Stampin' Up! supplies 24/7!
Sale-A-Bration is here!
Jan 22 – March 22!


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Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Russell Fielding is an assistant professor in the Environmental Studies program at the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. He earned a bachelor's degree at the University of Florida, a master's degree at the University of Montana, and a Ph.D. at Louisiana State University. He also participated in the Canada-US Fulbright Program, spending a year researching and teaching with the Institute of Island Studies at the University of Prince Edward Island.
As for research, Fielding is interested, broadly, in questions of subsistence, cultural tradition, and resource conservation. He has two active research projects. Since 2005 he has been involved in a study of artisanal whaling traditions throughout the Atlantic, with field sites in the Faroe Islands, Newfoundland, and the islands of St. Vincent and St. Lucia in the Caribbean. He hopes to expand this project soon to include whaling off the coast of West Africa and among the islands of the South Pacific. The current focus of this research involves the presence of environmental contaminants in the marine mammal tissue and the associated potential for human health risks when these food products are consumed.
His second project began in 2013 and involves the study of waste-to-energy facilities and their application to small island environments. Based primarily in the Caribbean, this project investigates the ecological and economic implications of burning trash to make electricity and/or to desalinate seawater. Field sites include St. Barthélemy in the French West Indies and St. Croix in the US Virgin Islands. The project will soon expand to include Bermuda and Jamaica.


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Achieve calm, clear and corrected skin with the MÁDARA Balancing Toner, a gentle yet effective treatment that works to minimise the appearance of pores whilst regulating excess oil production. Enriched with refreshing Northern Raspberry and Cucumber extracts, it balances natural pH levels and soothes dry patches. Skin feels softened, smoother and perfectly prepped for further treatments.
Certified Organic. Not tested on animals. Suitable for vegans.


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2 Tier Floral Cake (1159)
Pink velvet with lemon cream cheese and chocolate cake with vanilla buttercream and chocolate buttercream make up this 2 tier floral cake with sugar flowers. Ivory fondant with cutouts in purple, hot pink, lime and silver decorate thet top tier and the bottom tier includes a hot pink swirl pattern. The cake was inspired by our sweet 16 Hexagon cake.


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The committee met to discuss the arrangements for Missy Jenkins visit and the Jordan Documentary presentation. Cookies and tea are arranged for the Jenkins event. We will check with Seth and Matt to see if Nov. 11th is a good date. Thura will confirm that the attendants to Cultural Enrichment Series events will receive HR 128 credit for the time spent.
The Diversity Committee has collaborated with Safe Haven and allotted shelf space for selections from the collection on immigration.
Planning for the 50th anniversary continued. The committee will help construct a traveling exhibit time line to commemorate important dates desegregation of UT. "Foot prints through history" The committee discussed how to intergrate technology into the display. Perhaps produce cell phone accessible sound files by number code and create an online version for the library to keep up.
The committee discussed having a visual/hearing impaired workshop in January.


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Shameful politics: The predictable gun control voteEDITORIAL
April 19. 2013 4:50AM
On Wednesday's Senate defeat of multiple gun-control proposals, President Obama angrily denounced those who voted them down, calling the result "a pretty shameful day for Washington."
No, the vote results were not shameful. They were expected by everyone, including the President, who helped to ensure the outcome by engaging in genuinely shameful behavior for months.
After the Newtown horror, there was a real opportunity to bring people together to pass meaningful laws that would reduce the chances of a similar event occurring. Obama was uninterested in doing that. He saw one opportunity only: Bury the Republican Party and the National Rifle Association beside the Newtown victims.
This is the campaign he began in November. Without the slightest hint of shame, he led an entirely emotional appeal to pass legislation - any legislation - that would increase federal restrictions on firearms, regardless of the restrictions' effectiveness. He brought forth surviving Sandy Hook Elementary School students and their grieving parents. As with his health care crusade, it mattered little what the legislation actually did. What mattered was political victory.
That is why the public and most legislators, as has happened so often during Obama's presidency, were kept in the dark about the details of the bills while people with emotionally wrenching stories were put on display by the administration and its allies. The Toomey-Manchin background-check amendment, rushed to a vote, would not have prevented Newtown or Aurora or Tucson.
This is no way to govern. This is no way to lead. But it is the Obama way.
Sen. John Cornyn, R-Texas, put it well when he responded to the President's melodramatic outburst by saying, "The President could have taken the high road, could have said, 'Ok now that we have been unsuccessful in these measures, let's move on to an area where we know there is consensus, and that has to do with the mental health element in so many of these mass gun tragedies, but instead, he chose to take the low road. And I agree with him, it was a truly shameful day."
Crime, law and justice Politics Public Safety Social issues Editorial


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In September, Tom Cruise stepped into a car with Conan O'Brien and, with his characteristic exuberance, exclaimed that he was ready to sing karaoke or talk comedy.
O'Brien waved away those ideas.
"My thing, Tom, is take it back to basics," he said before describing his plan: "Two guys, just driving."
What followed was an 11-minute video that began as cringe-comedy performance art, with Cruise bored and baffled, and O'Brien, quietly driving, as a hostile, frighteningly intense version of himself.
Then the narrative turned into a kind of thriller as the hero, Cruise, in his best comic role since "Tropic Thunder," slowly realized that he was trapped with a maniac and needed to take desperate measures. It was the funniest bit on late night I'd seen all year.
Among the scrum of late-night hosts, O'Brien is not earning the highest ratings or generating the most talk. But his show has become more distinctive than ever, doubling down on comedy for comedy's sake.
Now that New York magazine has called Jimmy Kimmel the new Walter Cronkite, and Jimmy Fallon and Stephen Colbert are pursuing viral moments with games or political diatribes, O'Brien suddenly seems like not only the sole host in the time slot truly desperate to make you laugh but also the most willing to take artistic risks.
Maybe he really is just going back to basics.
It's easy to take O'Brien's gift for refined silliness for granted, given that he has been doing the job for almost 25 years. But O'Brien earnestly embraces his status as the eminence grise of late night. When his sidekick, Andy Richter, ad-libbed a line a few weeks ago that referenced Jack Benny, O'Brien laughed, adding, "Could you send everyone a letter telling them who that is?"
In his first years on TBS, O'Brien still seemed haunted by losing "The Tonight Show," but his series now has the pleasing eccentricity of someone who doesn't care about ratings or expectations.
In the past two weeks, he has brought on weirdo characters such as Butterscotch, part of a long tradition of creepy clowns, and a guy doing a Dracula impression who can't stop making bad puns ("I don't want to sound like your mummy but ..."), a bit that spun out unexpectedly into a story of addiction that led this bad joker to attend the Lestat Institute for Word Therapy. The fake institute, with serious-looking people in white lab coats, evoked Albert Brooks' classic sendups of the conventions of comedy.
Although some jokes are connected to the calendar, such as the clown for Halloween, many are evergreen. A punch line about the daily goings-on in Washington can draw easy laughs from like-minded viewers, but they won't age well. Generally speaking, O'Brien aims for jokes that depend less on the news cycle than do his competitors.
This even extends to how O'Brien handles politics. Although he does an ordinary joke or two about President Donald Trump every night, he also produced one of the most truly daring episodes of political comedy this year, with a September show shot entirely in Israel and the Palestinian territories, one of his many episode-long forays into other cities. O'Brien floated in the Dead Sea, engaged in some terrible haggling with street vendors and delivered a minute-long history of the area that covered thousands of years.
The increasing politicization of late-night comedy has been a boon for ratings — and has helped certain hosts find their voices — but it seemingly has come at a cost.
Comedy doesn't need to serve a political end to be important.


text: Thin composition on toy piano With tin keys made of old cans. Impressions on tom-toms of toadstools, Hesitant - tentative - apologetic. Blunderings against faded newspapers Like rub-dub on ancient washboard. Blues beginning, progressive and cool On galvanized roofs that cover garbage. And then a faster tempo: Debussy in a bucket with a rusty rim. Now Japan, Saipan, bamboo ratta-tatta, Syncopation on discarded window shade. Polytonality of a rainy afternoon.


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Piotr Romanowski Intercultural issues in the era of globalization
- Muriel West
- 3 years ago
- Views:
1 27 Piotr Romanowski Intercultural issues in the era of globalization Naukowe pod redakcją naukową Sambora Gruczy Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Komunikacji Specjalistycznej i Interkulturowej Uniwersytet Warszawski
2 Naukowe 27 Komitet Redakcyjny prof. Sambor Grucza (przewodniczący) dr Justyna Alnajjar, dr Anna Borowska, dr Monika Płużyczka Rada Naukowa prof. Tomasz Czarnecki (przewodniczący), prof. Silvia Bonacchi, prof. Adam Elbanowski, dr hab. Krzysztof Fordoński, prof. Elżbieta Jamrozik, prof. Ludmiła Łucewicz, dr hab. Magdalena Olpińska-Szkiełko, prof. Małgorzata Semczuk-Jurska, dr hab. Małgorzata Świderska, dr hab. Paweł Szerszeń, prof. Anna Tylusińska-Kowalska, prof. Ewa Wolnicz-Pawłowska, dr hab. Bernadetta Wójtowicz-Huber Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Komunikacji Specjalistycznej i Interkulturowej Uniwersytet Warszawski Warszawa 2014
3 Piotr Romanowski (ed.) Intercultural issues in the era of globalization Wydawnictwo Naukowe Instytutu Komunikacji Specjalistycznej i Interkulturowej Uniwersytet Warszawski Warszawa 2014
4 Komitet redakcyjny prof. Sambor Grucza, dr Justyna Alnajjar, dr Anna Borowska, dr Monika Płużyczka Skład i redakcja techniczna mgr Agnieszka Kaleta Projekt okładki BMA Studio Założyciel serii prof. dr hab. Sambor Grucza ISSN ISBN Wydanie pierwsze Redakcja nie ponosi odpowiedzialności za zawartość merytoryczną oraz stronę językową publikacji. Publikacja Intercultural issues in the era of globalization jest dostępna na licencji Creative Commons. Uznanie autorstwa-użycie niekomercyjne-bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska. Pewne prawa zastrzeżone na rzecz autora. Zezwala się na wykorzystanie publikacji zgodnie z licencją pod warunkiem zachowania niniejszej informacji licencyjnej oraz wskazania autora jako właściciela praw do tekstu. Treść licencji jest dostępna na stronie: Adres redakcji Naukowe Instytut Komunikacji Specjalistycznej i Interkulturowej ul. Szturmowa 4, Warszawa tel. (+48 22) /
5 Table of Contents Preface...6 Developing Intercultural Awareness an Ongoing Challenge in Foreign Language Teaching Paola Baccin, Elisabetta Pavan...8 Plurilingual Education for Pluricultural Encounters Filomena Capucho Classroom Strategies of Turkish EFL Teachers in Managing Cultural Diversity Servet Çelik Developing Learners' Intercultural Awareness through the Use of Projects Marek Derenowski Plugged-In: Notes on Lingua Franca, Cross-cultural Communication, and Communicative Competence in the Era of Virtual Connections Patricia Friedrich Intercultural Awareness and its Integration to Young Learner Classes: Prospective Teachers Views Esim Gürsoy Is the Concept of a Foreign Language Classroom Defined Locally or Globally? Grażyna Kiliańska-Przybyło Developing Pragmatic Competence of EFL Learners: Selected Theoretical and Practical Assumptions Hadrian Lankiewicz, Anna Szczepaniak-Kozak, Emilia Wąsikiewicz-Firlej Intercultural Issues Raised in Selected EFL Course Books: Early English Education in Poland Werona Król-Gierat The Role of Enculturative/ Acculturative Factors and of Informal Education in Shaping Intercultural Communication Patterns within the Romanian Village Adrian Lesenciuc Towards an Experience-Driven Approach to Teaching Intercultural Communication Jan Van Maele, Katrien Mertens The Use of Computer-Based Techniques in Developing EFL Learners Intercultural Competence Mariusz Marczak Developing Negotiation Skills as Part of Intercultural Communicative Competence Ardith J. Meier
6 Learning and Assessment Language Portfolios in Higher Education the Intercultural Example of INTERMAR Ángel L. Miguel Martín Getting to Know the Ropes. Reflections on Situation, Task and Activity in a Plurilingual Comprehension Course for Maritime Purposes Katja Pelsmaekers, Ludwina Van Son Selected Aspects of Assessing Intercultural Competence in L2 Instruction Tomasz Róg Educating FL Teachers for the Role of Intercultural Mediators Challenges and Options Teresa Siek-Piskozub The Importance of Student Teachers Self-Awareness and Intercultural Education in Pre-Service Teacher Training Marta Vinnaine Vekony The Role of Intercultural Communication in Ukrainian Higher Technical Establishments Nataliya Vovchasta
7 Preface The present volume covers a wide range of intercultural issues pertaining to the challenges, hopes and problems of the globalized world. The interdisciplinary and truly international debate is made possible thanks to the contributions delivered by prominent scholars from Belgium, Brazil, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, the United States and Poland. The contributors who are all academic teachers at renowned European and American universities investigate language teaching, linguistics, literature and cultural studies. All the articles in this volume refer to the concept of intercultural communication, without which the daily understanding of messages across different cultures and social groups would be impossible, not to mention the fact that most of us exist in pluringual or multilingual societies where communication is continually encoded, transmitted and finally interpreted. Major concepts and challenges of intercultural communication are defined and discussed from the theoretical viewpoint by Elisabetta Pavan and Paola Baccin, Jan Van Maele and Katrien Mertens. Managing cultural diversity successfully through the application of selected classroom strategies is examined by Servet Celik, who in his paper pronounces the need for multicultural education. Correspondingly, Tomasz Róg stipulates numerous techniques used in the process of assessing intercultural communicative competence whereas Marek Derenowski proposes school projects as a tool used in the development of intercultural awareness. A more applied approach is chosen by Ardith J. Meier proposing the development of negotiation skills as part of intercultural communicative competence. The need to educate FL teachers for the role of intercultural mediators is voiced by Teresa Siek-Piskozub, who concludes her article with a framework for training intercultural foreign language pre-service and in-service teachers. Marta Vinnaine Vekony stresses in her article the importance of student teachers self-awareness while Esim Gürsoy postulates an innovative approach as to how intercultural awareness can be integrated to the young learner classes. Patricia Friedrich and Mariusz Marczak investigate the application of new technologies and their impact on the development of intercultural communicative competence. Werona Król-Gierat offers an analysis of the content of selected EFL coursebooks where she attempts to trace the presence of intercultural issues. Grażyna Kiliańska-Przybyło shares the results of research related to the concept of a foreign language classroom conducted among Polish and Turkish students of English. In a like manner, Nataliya Vovchasta looks at the types of educational activities, which are aimed at the development of intercultural communication and applied in Ukrainian institutions of higher education. The significance of pragmatic competence is brought to the attention of the reader in Hadrian Lankiewicz, Anna Szczepaniak-Kozak and Emilia Wąsikiewicz-Firlej s debate of the interplay between culture, context and meaning in the classroom. Adrian Lesenciuc s contribution offers an interesting insight into the contemporary multiculturalism of Romania and the many communication patterns existing in this country. Last but not least, Filomena Capucho, Katja Pelsmaekers, Ludwina Van Son and Ángel L. Miguel Martín remind the reader of linguistic diversity in contemporary European societies and the necessity 6
8 to develop pluringual abilities of their citizens. By debating on the benefits of the Intermar Project and the Redinter Consortium, they all articulate the major premise of current European language education policy. The publication of this volume was made possible through the support of Professor Sambor Grucza, the Head of the Institute of Specialised and Intercultural Communication at the Faculty of Applied Linguistics of the University of Warsaw. The editor also wishes to express his deep gratitude to all the members of Studia Naukowe Editorial Board. Piotr Romanowski 7
9 Developing Intercultural Awareness an Ongoing Challenge in Foreign Language Teaching PAOLA BACCIN University of Sao Paulo, Brazil ELISABETTA PAVAN Ca Foscari University of Venice, Italy Introduction The purpose of this paper is not to outline a specific curriculum or methodology for use in the foreign language classroom, rather this paper will describe an attitude teachers and learners should adopt. A framework will be provided for understanding the cognitive patterns related to the shift from communicative competence to intercultural communicative competence. The teaching of culture is arousing great interest among foreign language teachers, nonetheless the problems most language teachers must face, such as uncertainty about which cultural aspects to teach and how to use and adapt authentic materials to integrate course books, may lead to unexpected difficulties. However, even though it is widely acknowledged that to be competent speakers in a language it is necessary to know and understand the main issues about the culture which has moulded it, in most course books, lessons concentrate on linguistic structures and forms, putting aside cultural elements: it is not unusual among teachers to do on their own. Corbett (2003) highlights that the integration of culture in the language classroom has been gaining ground in the last three decades, nonetheless it still has a marginal part. 1. National Culture, a possible unit of study It is a fact that the Portuguese language exists and that there are non-portuguese languages. There is an Italian language and there are non-italian languages, a set to which Portuguese belongs. We cannot study Portuguese as a historical language because this would mean including all the aspects (diatopic, diachronic, diastratic, and diaphasic) of this maxiset. In the cultural sphere we can make an analogy between the historical language and the culture of a nation. In the scope of linguistics, we speak of functional languages (Coseriu, 1980). In other words, Italian cannot be taught as a historical language, but a part of the Italian language can be taught from in its synchronic, syntopic, synstratic or symphasic aspects. A historical language is a language constituted historically as an ideal unit and identified as such by both its native speakers and speakers of other languages, usually through an adjective of their own : Portuguese language, Italian language [ ] (Coseriu, 1980: 110). It is a system that includes countless inter-related sub-sets that overlap at many different levels. Language, like culture, cannot be studied in its totality. We must isolate elements into smaller sets, known as functional languages. For methodological 8
10 purposes, one or another sub-set (one or more functional languages) must be chosen for analysis of its linguistic features. A functional language belongs to a cultural group that consists of a given number of persons who share a system of habits, beliefs, values, rules and knowledge. If we describe culture as a system of communication shared by the members of many different social groups, this communication system is a functional language. When a group is isolated according to the criterion of nationality, it has a corresponding historical language. This macro-group is comprised of infinite groups communicating with one another through functional languages that are part of this historical language. There is the Portuguese language of Brazil and there are the Brazilian people, such as there is the Italian language and there are the Italians. The two sets can only be studied when considered as an intersection of numerous sub-sets characterized as macro-sets through distinctive functional traits. We cannot approach the culture of a nation in itself, but only its manifestations in a synchronic (when?), syntopic (where?), synstratic (with whom?) or symphasic (in what situation?) context, or in a diachronic, diatopic, diastratic or diaphasic context. To understand this choice of approach, one might consider a cultural manifestation such as music, which can be studied over time, in which case music is studied from a diachronic perspective. An approach could be simultaneously syntopic and diachronic, in which case one would be studying Italian music over time but in the perspective of only one region (i.e. Neapolitan music over a period of time). Or one could consider the numerous regional musical festivals and events of today, which means studying it from both a diatopic (throughout the regions) and synchronic perspective simultaneously. The choice of approach allows the researcher to decide whether Italian music is the music produced in Italy or the music produced in the Italian language. In the same manner, one can decide whether Italian gastronomy is to be considered the combination of all of the Italian regional gastronomic cultures or if it consists of the elements that, hyperonimically isolated, are present in the gastronomic culture of all of Italy and that have managed to become icons of this gastronomic culture, since they circulate throughout the entire peninsula. This means that the teacher has many paths by which to approach Culture (with the capital letter) but our main aim in this essay is to emphasize that cultural awareness can be obtained as a process, so one of the tasks of the foreign language teacher is also approaching the culture (in lowercase). Mainly in this case, the teacher role is to separate and organized pedagogically cultural information (relating to everyday aspects) according to the parameter settings described above. 2. The role of culture in the process of teaching and learning a foreign language The concept of linguistic competence was first introduced by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s. In the 1960s it was believed that at lower levels of study, the teaching of a foreign language should focus solely on form, structure and vocabulary. Only after these elements had been learned would it be possible to introduce cultural aspects. In the 1970s the sociolinguist Dell Hymes introduced the concept of communicative 9
11 competence and, in the 1980s Canale and Swain brought this concept into the sphere of foreign languages. They argued that communicative competence consisted at least of grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence and strategic competence. Widdowson's (1978) work on discourse led Canale to refine the concept of communicative competence, which went on to encompass the component of discursive competence. In the late 1980s, Jan Ate van Ek moved yet farther ahead and theorized the existence of six components of communicative competence, which are: linguistic competence, sociolinguistic competence, discursive competence, strategic competence, sociocultural competence and social competence. In 1993 the Brazilian linguist José Carlos Paes de Almeida Filho stated that learning another language means learning the language of the other. But just who is this other? Our ancestors? The conquerors? Foreigners? The barbarians? In any event, the author maintains that the teaching-learning process calls for a gradual deforeignization of the language of the other. In other words, to the extent that as students progress in their learning, so they proceed to appropriate the new language. It then gradually ceases to be a foreign language and becomes a part of each student's identity. Learning, therefore, depends on the level of identification and of tolerance toward the target culture (not only each student's tolerance, but that of the teacher too). Communicative approaches call for activities in self-knowledge, which consist of interaction regarding ideological topics and conflicts and require that emotional factors be respected and that empathy with the target cultures be encouraged. However many manuals, described by their authors as communicative, still relegate culture to a mere annex at the end of each unit in the course. 3. Which competencies for teachers and learners Despite the inroads made in recent decades, there are still some people who maintain that high-level linguistic competence (or proficiency) is sufficient for a person to communicate adequately and thus avoid problems in communication. In other words, they consider that linguistic competence can be equated with communicative competence. In fact, a speaker who masters the phonetic and morphosyntactic rules and who has a good knowledge of the vocabulary of a foreign language has a good chance of being successful when communicating with another speaker of this language. High-level linguistic competence, however, can lead the listener to the mistaken conclusion that there is full implicit agreement between the two speakers as to the meaning of different types of expressions, and that both share the same information about the world and acknowledge some kind of (inter)-cultural awareness. As stated above, in the Seventies the focus in language education shifted, and language was no longer considered an independent and unitary system but rather a form of social activity: attention shifted from what language is to what language does (Wilkins, 1976). As well as cultural arguments, clearly identified by culture with a capital C in the formalistic approach and in the structural methods of the 1950s, whose orientation was more structural and linguistic, teachers began to consider what Lado (1957) 10
12 defines as ways of a people. They refer to culturally connoted behaviours, sometimes treated in an anecdotic way (Brooks 1964, Norstrand, 1974), in order to develop students cultural competence. The many of the difficulties teachers sometimes face when integrating culture into language education stem from a past where culture was related to a static vision, one whose elements were clearly defined, and which featured concrete and objective facts that could be taught and learned as useful information. Students are and were told about countries and peoples, about others lives, history and famous people, and cultural knowledge was seen mainly as facts and artefacts, as Literature, Art, Architecture, Music. This kind of approach may turn out to be highly problematic since, in the future, most language teachers and learners will be operating in a multicultural setting, so their communication will be intercultural, and what they need is intercultural competence. Consequently, the focus of the teaching and learning process must consider cross-cultural factual knowledge about one s own and other s cultures, but it must also contemplate a practice concerned with the development of all the sociocultural / intercultural skills necessary to understand non-linguistic cultural communication in new or unfamiliar situations (Pavan, 2010). A factual knowledge that is not cross-cultural may turn to be far from linguistic and communicative aspects and might omit elements fundamental to the intercultural awareness development, such as the value systems, beliefs, attitudes, variations inside a community, the consideration of the individual as a representative of his/her uniqueness inside a community, the way language and culture contribute to the creation of meanings. The term cross-cultural is descriptive and may be related to factual knowledge; it refers to the various elements we can recognise in different cultures, it has no ethical implications. The term intercultural, on the other hand, refers to the changes affecting two people interacting, with tolerance and respect for their interlocutor. It implies the application of different values to specific situations, and it has ethical implications, because it refers to concrete problems. Culture teaching may also take advantage from a new perspective regarding native speakers teachers. After the widely accepted adoption of the Communicative Approach, foreign language teaching seemed to rely on the native speaker as a model, a standard to imitate to achieve high level linguistic competence. Nonetheless the foreign language learner is not to be considered a monolingual who must add a foreign language to his/her mother tongue, neither can s/he go back in time and be a native speaker of the foreign language s/he is learning. Byram, Nichols and Stevens (2001) affirm that such a model might be useful with regard to linguistic/grammatical competence and, according to Byram (2001), linguistic and grammatical competence are part of the process of teaching a foreign language, nonetheless reflections on the nature of interactions between native speakers of a language and foreign speakers of that language, or between foreign speakers of a language which is serving them as a lingua franca, has led to the recognition that it is neither appropriate nor desirable for learners to model themselves on native speakers with respect to learning about, and understanding, another culture. 11
13 Byram (1997) suggested that being an intercultural speaker implies being able to engage with complexity and multiple identities, thus avoiding the stereotyping which accompanies perceiving someone through a single identity. It is based on perceiving the interlocutor as an individual whose qualities are to be discovered, rather than as a representative of an externally attributed identity. According to Kramsch (1998) this implies a language learner who acts as a mediator between two cultures, interprets and understands other perspectives, as well as questioning what is (and isn t) taken for granted in his/her own society. Byram (2001) affirms that the intercultural speaker is someone who has an ability to interact with others, to accept other perspectives and perceptions of the world, to mediate between different perspectives to be conscious of their evaluations of difference (Byram and Zarate, 1997; Kramsch, 1998). Where the otherness which learners meet is that of a society with a different language, they clearly need both linguistic competence and intercultural competence; furthermore, as our societies are multicultural, we can state that intercultural competence is necessary whether a different language is present or not. According to Sercu (2005), foreign language education is, by definition, intercultural, hence training students for successful interactions in a multicultural setting has thrown light on the close relationship between language and culture (Risager, 2007). 4. The elements of the teaching environment Most people agree that four elements interweave in teaching and learning : the teacher, the student, the context (the place where the learning takes place) and the object (of the learning). Teachers and students may or may not share the same native language, and the context may be the native country of either one or the other, of neither or of both. In addition, the object might be the teacher's native language or his/her second language, or a foreign language that s/he has learned and now teaches professionally. The situation of teaching can be considered mono-cultural only when a native language is being taught and the class is homogeneous. In this case, we have all four elements sharing the same language and the same culture. In addition, the object of study is this same language and this same culture. When a foreign or a second language is being taught, the teacher and his/her students may share the same native language and the context may be the country of both, but the object must always be a foreign language and a foreign culture. The teaching-learning situation of a foreign language always implies contact between cultures because at least one of the four elements does not belong to the language or to the culture of the others. In the teaching-learning process, besides the target culture, a number of other factors are in play, including the co-cultures of each student, the intersection of co-cultures of all the students in the class, the teacher's co-cultures, the school's co-cultures, the students' co-cultures (or styles) of learning, and the teacher's co-cultures of teaching. The success of this process depends on the harmonization of all these cultures in close contact. 12
14 5. The aim of language education Language education must include the culture of the target community (Hinkel, 1999; Lange and Paige, 2003; Byram et al., 1994), since according to the definition of a plurilingual approach given in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) (Council of Europe 2001:4) linguistic competence and fluency are not enough for an effective communicative competence. The intercultural dimension of language education and intercultural competence has been widely researched by, among others, Byram and Flemming (1998), Byram (1997), and Byram and Zarate (1997). The CEFR (Council of Europe 2001:5) states that the aim of language education is no longer to achieve mastery of one or more languages, each taken in isolation, with the ideal native speaker as the ultimate model. Instead, the aim is to develop a linguistic repertory, in which all linguistic abilities have a place and students are given the opportunity to develop a plurilingual competence, through the knowledge of different languages. Further on (Council of Europe 2001:6) plurilingualism is defined in the context of pluriculturalism: language is not only a major aspect of culture, but also a means of access to cultural manifestations. Nonetheless, as argued above, culture is often neglected in language curricula and foreign language teachers are less concerned about how to meet the cultural knowledge needs of learners so tend to concentrating on meeting their linguistic needs and the four languages skills: reading, writing, speaking and listening. However other skills are equally important for success, even in a situation where cooperation and understanding and linguistic skills are already high; both sociopragmatic competence and intercultural awareness are also crucial, as linguistic fluency alone is not enough to ensure effective and efficient communication: it is but one skill of the many required for intercultural communicative competence. Intercultural communicative competence widens the concept of communicative competence to include intercultural competence, where inter- may refer to the changes affecting the speakers interacting and to the new knowledge derived from this; and to the learning of certain cultural elements, or values, and the re-evaluation of existing ones. This process implies both an awareness of self and of the other. The term intercultural competence may be used to describe the ability to work across cultures with awareness and understanding of cultures at a general level, and it includes communication and a wider knowledge of the world. In the CEFR (2001:23) intercultural competence is listed at the sixth language acquisition level (Mastery), nonetheless our experience as teachers leads us to suggest that this kind of competence could and should be taught from the outset, since it is a fundamental element of active citizenship. Students must be offered a frame of reference in terms of culture specific and culture general knowledge, and of insights into the way in which culture affects their own language and communication. Subsequently the teacher will help them in gradually changing their cultural competence in intercultural competence. Language education must face the challenge of teaching intercultural awareness alongside the 13
15 other skills and of developing a wider and more general competence which allows learners to use any language(s) as a lingua franca, in a multicultural context. Appropriateness and effectiveness of communicative actions and of speech acts, such as politeness strategies, requesting, greetings, apologizing and so on, are culturally bound. The same action, not only the same words, can have different meanings in different cultures and the intention and the force of the act are often different as well. For example, in Italian culture, accepting an offer immediately may be considered impolite, so it is better to refuse at least twice before accepting and, depending on the situation, the refusal may be strong in terms of vehemence. In most north European cultures it is the opposite. However any representation of the target culture must be carefully constructed: sometimes folkloristic stereotypes may correspond to the traditional way a people see themselves and, as such, can be used, but in order to develop sociocultural knowledge and intercultural skills it is much more productive to develop Knowledge, awareness and understanding of the relation (similarities and distinctive differences) between the world of origin and the world of the target community [ ] intercultural awareness includes an awareness of regional and social diversity in both worlds. It is also enriched by awareness of a wider range of cultures than those carried by the learner s L1 and L2. This wider awareness helps to place both in context. In addition to objective knowledge, intercultural awareness covers an awareness of how each community appears from the perspective of the other, often in the form of national stereotypes. (Council of Europe 2001:103). As is the case for language teaching, a culture can be taught implicitly or explicitly. We can refer to socio-cultural rules (ways of doing or acting in given situations of intercultural communication) or encourage the students to observe first themselves and then their co-citizens, and, finally, analyse elements of the target culture and make a comparison. In the teaching-learning environment, such elements are in school books and in materials prepared by the teacher, in authentic materials and in inputs presented in the classroom and inputs the learners will encounter autonomously in their individual study. 6. Foreign language education: enculturation and acculturation The foreign language classroom is where each learner s culture and the target culture meet, and where the teacher is both an individual and a representative of the target language and culture, and may even also share the learners culture. Von Humboldt affirmed that learning to express oneself in words other than one s own is to acquire a new standpoint in our world-view; the individual who decides to learn a new language will enter unfamiliar territory, come into contact with new realities, values, attitudes and risk acting in a wrong way. The teacher helps the learners to successfully interact with strangers, but, since in the past native and target language used to correspond to distinct nationalities, speakers used to attribute a specific cultural identity to their interlocutors. This meant to rely on one specific linguistic code, paying little or no attention to the 14
16 sociolinguistic and pragmatic components of communicative competence, taking for granted the correspondence language vs culture. But using a language in a multicultural context implies the fact that any language could be a lingua franca and that there might not be such a correspondence as national language national culture (Pavan, 2011). Today the foreign language education context has changed, and the role of teachers, cultural contents and representations must all be reassessed: Cortazzi and Jin (1999: 201) state that the portrayal of cultural variation is important; otherwise learners will be led to see only a unified, monolithic culture. Both inter- and intracultural variation need to be represented. Teachers and teacher trainers must be aware of the issues concerning intercultural communication studies and research, and acknowledge the fact that intercultural awareness should be considered a basic skill alongside the four language skills, especially since teaching environment is increasingly multicultural. Intercultural awareness should be considered a skill to be developed in an ongoing process, and not a fixed objective to be taken into account on its own: language education refers to culture as a cluster of rapidly changing dynamic elements, but it also refers to the different behaviour of people who, thanks to their enculturation, are able to critically assess the cultural norms of a situation, and who, consequently, may act differently whithin their own culture. The assumptions of a culture-centred, or monocultural, awareness refer to enculturation, a process in which the mother tongue is the cultural element preserving, perpetuating and developing people s traditions. Mother tongue competence is essential to enculturation and mastery of a language is a condition to be an effective member of a culture and society. Teaching a non-native language implies assisting acculturation, not enculturation. This leads the learner from a native culture centred perspective, to awareness of their own culture and then on to intercultural awareness, a process through which it is possible to provide and acquire the multiple perspectives necessary to understand and interpret reality that, as we have stated, is multicultural. Such a process implies the ability to decentre and the willingness to consider and understand others points of view which, beyond the acquisition of second and foreign languages, will lead to a dynamic approach to culture. This aspect is described in Byram (1989) and Kramsch (1993), who affirm that in order to develop their intercultural competence, learners must have an understanding of their own culture as a starting point, then gradually decentre from their own culture. Teachers must deliberately involve students in this process, helping them developing strategies and skills useful to the decentring process thanks to which they would develop knowledge and skills useful to understand and interpret new experiences. According to the Council of Europe (2001), the objective is plurilingualism: the foreign language acquisition process will allow the students to acquire a new vision of the world, making them autonomous and flexible toward their own linguistic and conceptual system through which they were encultured. 15
17 Teachers working with second language learners must consider the learners linguistic, cultural, social, working, academic, etc., needs as well as their language proficiency; they must foster the development of their students intercultural awareness and encourage them to interact with others, not to be afraid of making errors, either linguistic or cultural, since they are part of the learning process and, above all, necessary for learners to raise their own awareness and heighten understanding. 7. Intercultural awareness: a fundamental skill within communicative competence As stated at the beginning of this essay, the cultural component is sometimes still treated separately from language, it is added to the curriculum, in a hierarchy where language comes first, creating what Kramsch (1993:8) defines a dichotomy of language and culture. According to the Literature, being an intercultural speaker implies developing a solid intercultural awareness; and we can foresee that foreign language teaching practices will shift from description to modelling, so as to design a process of competence building. Intercultural awareness is a skill that has to be developed within an ongoing process, it is not a fixed objective to be considered separately, apart, on its own, and the process we suggest is that of observation, analysis and comparison; the activities proposed give practical examples of how such a process might be carried out in class. First of all the learner s own awareness of language and culture must be raised, teaching him/her to analyse the various elements and finally guiding him/her towards a comparison that is not biased, where different points of view can be recognised, mediated and, eventually, accepted. Last but not least this process also seeks to affect learners: to increase their knowledge of themselves, their communicative and interactive skills, to heighten their awareness and encourage acquisition of other languages and knowledge of other cultures. Cultural awareness must not be a separate teaching objective, it must be developed in all teaching and learning processes: we suggest teachers should present as many different aspects and examples as they can of intercultural situations, paying attention both to the verbal and to the nonverbal elements of communication which can influence, and sometimes even damage both communication and the teacher-learner relation. With our activities we mean to present and fulfil an active participation, where interaction and confrontation lead to a personal insight, avoiding a static representation of culture, that of facts and artefacts, and paying special attention to values and beliefs, social conventions and expectations. We tried to present solid basis and reasons for actively developing intercultural awareness, which entails a shift from description (usually linked to cross-cultural studies), to modelling, in order to design a process of competence building (Balboni, 2006; Pavan, 2010). Descriptions can be memorised, they are isolated and discrete content elements, and can be used when the right situation appears and they lead to 16
18 factual knowledge. According to Bloom (1956), who identified three learning domains, the cognitive, the affective and the psychomotor domain, the cognitive domain is a process which begins with the acquisition of facts (knowledge); secondly the facts are understood (comprehension), thirdly they can be applied to new situations (application). Knowledge is then organized and patterns recognized (analysis), as a consequence it can be used to create new ideas (synthesis) and at last the learner can discriminate among models and can assess (evaluation) the relative merits and validity of information or ideas. Fink (2003) proposed a taxonomy of significant learning that involves aspects of both the cognitive and affective domains and emphasized the fact that learning involves changes in the learner. According to Fink, foundational knowledge refers to understanding and remembering information, basic facts, ideas and perspectives: in addition to being able to recall information and ideas, the learner also needs to be able to apply his/her knowledge or skills to new situations. At the beginning of this essay we described a static vision of culture, which can be problematic both because the interest in cultural aspects relates to arts and artefacts and it may be far from linguistic and communicative aspects, and for its lack of the fundamental aspects necessary to the development of intercultural awareness, such as values, variations inside a community, the acknowledgment of role of the individual as a representative and an active agent of personal and unique aspects inside a culture, the way in which language and culture contribute to the development of significative meaning. In an anecdotic and formalistic approach learners cannot acquire competencies they can use to understand and interact with people from different cultures, since what they have learned, far from being static, changes quickly and often, depending on place, setting, context and participants. Furthermore, according to Atkinson et al. (1993) learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from practice. Training for intercultural awareness means creating and nurturing the conditions in which both the knowledge of classic Cultural aspects and the acknowledgement and understanding of different ways of life may lead to to the development of intercultural communicative competence, a skill to be developed in a life-long ongoing process. Anecdotic (cross-cultural) narration may be a means to reach a new knowledge referred to the social consequences diverse behaviours may have in different cultures, nonetheless it must be integrated with an adequate cultural and intercultural awareness. 8. Pedagogical strategies and techniques for teaching culture Foreign language teachers who want to include cultural reflection in their courses have various materials at their disposal from textbooks to authentic materials which can be didacticised and used at any time during a teaching unit. It is important to keep in mind that cultural reflection cannot be considered as merely an appendix to a course. Rather, it should be present in every activity, including when we present, reflect or practice linguistic elements. Here are three examples of activities which are contextualized in an Italian as a Foreign Language course for Brazilians, in Brazil, 17
19 and the teacher may be Brazilian or Italian. The activities are: Brazil: land of the Samba and Italy: land of the Tarantella ; Forewarned is forearmed and I describe myself, you draw me. The pedagogical game Brazil: land of the Samba and Italy: land of the Tarantella (Il Brasile della samba e l'italia della tarantella O Brasil do samba e a Itália da tarantella) (Baccin, 2007) comprehends two sets of goals: the first refers to culture, and aims to stimulate discussion about stereotypes of Italians and Brazilians. The second is strictly linguistic, since the discussion involves choosing between subjunctive (present, past, past perfect or imperfect) or indicative tenses. For the role play, the teacher divides the students into two groups. The first group are the Brazilians and the second, the Italians. The teacher explains that each group should make up sentences using structures like: penso che, ritengo che, credo che 1 + past or present subjunctive to talk about the most common stereotypes of the other group i.e. of Italians and Brazilians. Thus, the first group will make up sentences like: penso che gli italiani ballino la tarantella in tutte le feste di compleanno (I think that the Italians always dance the Tarantella at birthday parties). And the second group will make up sentences like: penso che i brasiliani ballino la samba per strada mentre vanno a lavorare (I think that Brazilians dance the Samba in the road on their way to work). The teacher may write the sentences or the concepts on the board and may even suggest some sentences. Then, each group discusses and refutes the hypotheses that the other group has made about them. Now the indicative, not the subjunctive, should be used: non tutti i brasiliani ballano la samba e soprattutto non si balla per strada quando non è Carnevale (Not all Brazilians dance the Samba, furthermore they only dance in the streets at Carnival). Then the teacher asks the students to rewrite the sentences previously written using the past subjunctive or past perfect: credevo che i tutti i brasiliani ballassero la samba, ma mi hanno detto (ho capito; invece si sa che) questo non è vero, anzi ci sono dei brasiliani che non ballano la samba (I thought that all Brazilians danced the Samba, but I was told this is not true, that there are Brazilians who cannot dance the Samba). At the end they discuss the stereotypes that have emerged during the activity and to what extent certain thoughts can interfere in intercultural communication and how the Italian language student can prevent stereotypes from becoming prejudice or being interpreted as racist in intercultural communication. The teacher concludes that all these stereotypes belong only to the Brazilian students culture, including the stereotypes imputed to Brazilians. Just like the previous one, the second activity called Forewarned is forearmed (Uomo avvisato mezzo salvato quem avisa amigo é) has two goals. The first aims to raise awareness of the students own cultural models. The second, relates to linguistic goals and aims to practice the formal imperative. The teacher separates the class into small groups or pairs, according to the number of students, and asks each group to prepare a booklet with advice in the imperative mode (do's and don'ts) for Italians who visit Brazil. Each group is given a different profile of visitors, such as: a group of businessmen who come to the country to visit a national company; a group of teenage exchange students; a group of Catholic priests who come for a religious meeting; a 1 I think, I believe, I assume. 18
20 group of football fans who have come to learn more about Brazilian football, etc. Each group presents its booklet to the other(s) and they discuss the relevance, and justification, or otherwise, of such warnings. The teacher then suggests that the students should look for Internet sites which warn foreign tourists who come to Brazil. Finding out how the foreigners see our culture usually triggers discussion which often casts doubt on some of the warnings given. The last activity was drawn from the didactization of texts published by the projects Kidlink kidproj-italian Io mi descrivo, tu mi disegni and Eu Me Descrevo, Tu Me Desenhas (I Describe Myself, You Draw Me) 3, in which students from several countries describe themselves and talk about their own behaviour, interests and traditions. By comparing the texts of Brazilian s students with the ones written by Italians we notice changes not only in the lexis and in the sentence structure, but also in the choices about what to describe, what adjectives to use and what to talk about. By using the same contents in both languages, as provided in the site above, would supply different models and help the students to build his/her cultural awareness. The positive outcomes of this activity lead us to advise teachers to replace the descriptions included in the textbooks for authentic texts available in blogs, social forums, or personal websites. Conclusion The challenge we have presented is highly dynamic, since practices that are in the learner s culture can be modified and adapted to deal with different situations, they can be created and adjusted depending on various elements and on different interactions. Such practices define the cultural context in which interlocutors communicate, structure and understand their own world. This approach does not come up to a static vision of culture, dealing with facts and artefacts, it refers to actions and to the ability to understand and apply one s knowledge to new situations. To fully understand a culture, a way of living, one must master its linguistic aspects but also its values and attitudes. We can affirm that cultural competence does not only refer to the knowledge of culturally related aspects, but also to the acquaintance with, to getting in touch with a specific culture, generating behaviours which will allow interaction and communication to satisfy the speakers expectations. Teachers should consider the different practices which can be found in diverse cultures, the various interaction processes and the mastery of the different hints which can be inferred in a situation. The aim of the process is to understand what is going on in order to act properly, according to the situation. The act of communication, which underlies the possession of communicative abilities and willingness to interact, must be considered as the ability to negotiate messages and meanings in an intercultural perspective and to generate appropriate behaviours. The process we have described, whose main issue is to increase language 2 Available at: (Accessed April 1, 2013). 3 Available at: (Accessed April 1, 2013). 19
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text:
* Brig. Gen. Richard B. Myers, deputy chief of Staff, Plans, Headquarters Tactical Air Command at Langley Air Force Base, is one of seven outstanding Kansas State University alumni recently honored as 1990 Alumni Fellows.
Myers earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Kansas State University in 1965 and a master's degree in business administration from Auburn University in 1977.
He completed Air Command and Staff College in 1977 and the Army War College in 1981.
His military decorations and awards include the Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, and Air Medal with 18 oak leaf clusters.He assumed the rank of brigadier general in 1989.
The Alumni Fellows program, sponsored by the Deans' Council, the President's Office and the Kansas State Alumni Association, recognizes alumni who have distinguished themselves in their careers.Since 1983, the program has brought successful alumni back to the campus to meet with students and faculty and share their expertise both in the classroom and informally.
* Pvt. George C. Brooks has completed basic training at Fort Leonard Wood, Mo. He is the son of Steven I. and Suellen M. Brooks of Hampton. The private is a 1989 graduate of Kecoughtan High School.
* Pfc. Raymond B. Sims recently completed basic training at Fort Jackson, S.C. Sims, son of Selanda and Charles E. Sims, of Hampton, is a 1983 graduate of Bethel High School.
* Army Pvt. Ruth R. Richmond has arrived for duty in West Germany. Richmond is a patient administration specialist with the 97th General Hospital. She is the daughter of Ruby B. Richmond of Hampton. The private is a 1989 graduate of Bethel High School.
* Staff Sgt. Wayne Sedgwick has graduated from an advanced noncommissioned officer course. Sedgwick is a unit supply supervisor with the 191st Ordnance Battalion, Mannheim, West Germany. He is the son of Estelle Hopson of Hampton. The sergeant is a 1967 graduate of Phenix High School.
* Army Pvt. Sherrie L. Collins has arrived for duty in West Germany. Collins is an administrative specialist with the 66th Military Police Company. She is a daughter of Yvonne M. and Hobart P. Collins of Hampton. The private is a 1987 graduate of Bethel High School.
* Airman Edward L. Lee has been promoted in the U.S. Air Force to the rank of senior airman. Lee is a security specialist with the 380th Security Police Squadron at Plattsburgh Air Force Base, N.Y. He is the son of Edward O. Lee of Hampton and the grandson of Mr. and Mrs Raymond Whitaker of Newport News. The airman is a 1984 graduate of Warwick High School.
* Pvt. 1st Class Dwhan V. Harrell has completed a metal worker course at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Harrell, son of Linda D. Harrell of Hampton and Robert L. Harrell of Newport News, is a 1989 graduate of Ferguson High School, Newport News.
* C. Cary Jones, son of Mr. and Mrs. Curle Jones of Hampton, has been appointed director of the U.S. Army Engineering and Housing Support Center (EHSC). Jones assumed his new duties in February 1990. The center is an agency of over 600 civilian and military engineers, scientists, housing experts and environmentalists who support the Army worldwide.
A graduate of Hampton High School, the Virginia Military Institute, and George Washington University, Jones is a registered professional engineer.
Jones has been a member of the government's Senior Executive Service since 1984, and has 34 years of government service. Much of his career has been devoted to facilities engineering support for the army.
Before accepting the directorship of EHSC, Jones was Deputy Chief of Staff, Engineer for U.S. Army, Europe, located in Heidelberg, West Germany.