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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Current Events' started by jhu, Aug 18, 2004.
no more future for alpha
Hopefully this will be good news for Apple's Xserve and Raid. Although they are going to continue to sell then untill 2006 and support them till 2011.
You really have to wonder who's still using these things....I remember using DEC Alphas way back when....damn, the Alphas replaced the VAX And ran VMS. OK, I was going to say this was not that big a deal, but wow, now that I think of it, its the end of an age....
I remember back in 92 at JPL walking down a hallway and seeing a DEC Vector Analyzer (or something like that) used to specifically process arrays of numbers. It was all hardware and had been replaced by a single computer using software. Oh, and the thing was the size of a medium sized cabinet They were giving it to anyone who'd move it for them.
Long live DEC! DEC is dead...
Alpha still lives...
But its called IA-64
actually, they live on in athlon and p4. i'm not sure what parts of the alpha design might be lurking in the itanium though.
The design of the IA-64 is based of alpha.
i wouldn't say it's based on alpha since intel acquired the alpha portion of dec 3 years ago whereas itanium has been in development for much longer than that. of course, intel won't really say what parts of any processor is influenced by alpha.


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subset: commoncrawl


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NWSB Insider and Washington State Cougars blogger Britton Ransford weighs in today with a fun little piece he was assigned. The top 5 most memorable WSU Cougars football moments he can remember in his lifetime. Big plays and stifling defense highlighted the 2003 Holiday Bowl. Who forgets the 1997 Ryan Leaf Apple Cup, or 2007 at UW Alex Brink's last game?
The 5 Reasons the Oregon Ducks will beat the Badgers in the Rose Bowl
NWSportsBeat.com Oregon sports blogger Matthew Martz tells us his reasons and projections for why the 2012 Rose Bowl will be won by the Oregon Ducks football team. A little LaMichael James, Kenjon Barner and De'Anthony Thomas, plus the fact that the Ducks outran the Badgers by nearly 800 yards on the year for starters.
Oregon's Ryan Clanton talks about the Ducks & The 2012 Rose Bowl
NWSportsBeat.com Oregon sports blogger Matthew Martz sat down with Oregon Ducks offensive lineman Ryan Clanton this week for a quick chat about the team, the preperation, Chip Kelly, and the scouting report for the Ducks vs. Wisconsin Badgers 2012 Rose Bowl game in Pasadena California. Clanton, along with freshman center Hroniss Grasu have only allowed 10 sacks in 2011.
Top 5 Reasons for Ducks Fans to travel to the 2012 Rose Bowl
It's time for the 2012 Rose Bowl between the Oregon Ducks and the Wisconsin Badgers. The matchup in the Rose Bowl – a game between two top-10 teams and each of which was mentioned in preseason national title talk – is highly thought of. Power vs. Speed. Should be a classic. LaMichael James vs. Montee Ball for all the roses.


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Sunday, 11 February 2007
Next R*n - No. 880 - Ratchet's r*n of romance
Hare: Ratchet
On on: Isandula Road, Gawler - on left 6.05 km from North Motton Road turn-off
Hash cash: $8
Bring: Hat, mug and joke
This r*n has a romantic theme, being close to St Valentine's day, and Ratchet and Knicker's fourth wedding anniversary. Dress-up to theme.
3 comments:
- Ratchet said...
Here are some notes about next Sunday's r*n.
Ratchet's Ravine
The r*n starts from what would be, if it had a number, number 605 Isandula Road, being 6.05 km from the turn off from the North Motton Road. Follow Isandula Road and start measuring from the first bridge. From this bridge, Isandula Road climbs for 2 km before levelling off. At the 2 km mark you will pass the driveways to two residences on the left, these being numbers 585 and 595. A further 100 metres on is an unmarked turn to the left. Take this road to its end, maybe 300 m, and find a parking spot without boxing Ratchet's car in if it is there.
The r*n starts on a pleasant gentle descent down a country lane, which finally peters out into trackless scrub. Trail will pass through a short section of rough scrub before descending into rain forest, dropping more and more steeply into Ratchet's Ravine. Don't despair; the descent is not too long and is generally easy. The descent will end at a river where survivors may have a drink and / or swim. For those not wanting to get wet, the river bed is dry gravel with easily crossed narrow water channels, but there are also some occasional deep pools for falling into.
On the other side, trail climbs very steeply but is surprisingly easy and short. (Whoops, now that I have announced it, it won't be a surprise!) Trail then joins gently undulating bush tracks which take survivors past magnificent views down into the ravine, rushing rapids, dry-foot creek crossings, a pleasant piss stop, Tasmania's only waterless waterfall and some engineering marvels, eventually delivering them back onto Isandula Road about 1.5 km from the start.
Here Ratchet will be waiting, if his car has not been boxed in, to deliver the drivers back to their cars. The remainder can choose whether to wait for the cars, or to bash the boring bitumen back to the start.
On On,
- 6 February 2007 at 1:19 pm
- Dini said...
Wet Cherubs anyone?
- 6 February 2007 at 11:08 pm
- Anonymous said...
It's good to see that hares are now pre-writing their own Trashes. It's Chunder's run soon.
Speed Hump
- 7 February 2007 at 1:45 pm


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|Kolkata (Calcutta)
|"The City of Joy"
Kolkata (Calcutta)
in West Bengal and India
|West Bengal
|Calcutta †
|Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya
• Density
• Metro
|5,138,208[1] (2010)
• 27,462 /km2 (71,126 /sq mi)
• 15,644,040[2]
|Official languages
|Bengali, English
|Time zone
• Elevation
|185 km2 (71 sq mi)
• 9 m (30 ft)
† The Kolkata urban agglomeration also includes portions of North 24 Parganas , South 24 Parganas, Howrah and Hooghly districts.
Kolkata (help·info) (Bengali: কলকাতা; IPA: [ˈkolkat̪a]), formerly Calcutta (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly.[3] When referred to as Calcutta, it usually includes the suburbs, and thus its population exceeds 15 million,[4] making it India's third-largest metropolitan area and urban agglomeration as well as the world's 8th largest agglomeration.[5]
Kolkata served as the capital of India during the British Raj until 1911. Once the centre of modern education, industry, science, culture and politics in India, since 1954, Kolkata has witnessed intense political violence, clashes and economic stagnation. Since the year 2000, economic rejuvenation has spurred on the city's growth. Like other metropolitan cities in India, Kolkata continues to struggle with the problems of urbanisation: poverty, pollution and traffic congestion.
Kolkata is noted for its revolutionary history, ranging from the Indian struggle for independence to the leftist and trade union movements.
The name Kolkata and the anglicised name Calcutta have their roots in Kalikata, the name of one of the three villages (Kalikata, Sutanuti, Govindapur) in the area before the arrival of the British.[6] "Kalikata", in turn, is believed to be a version of Kalikshetra (কালীক্ষেত্র, "Land of [the goddess] Kali"). Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila ("flat area").[7] Again, the name may have its origin in the indigenous term for a natural canal, Khal, followed by Katta (which may mean dug).[8] Another theory is that the place used to specialize in quicklime (kalicun) and coir rope (kátá) and hence the place was called Kalikátá.[9]
While the city's name was always pronounced "Kolkata" or "Kolikata" in the local Bengali language, its official English name was changed from "Calcutta" to "Kolkata" in 2001, reflecting the Bengali pronunciation. Some view this as a move to erase the legacy of British rule.[10] This change has not always been reflected by overseas media, but news sources like the BBC have opted to call Bombay Mumbai[11] and Calcutta Kolkata.[12]
The discovery of the nearby Chandraketugarh,[13] an archaeological site, provides evidence that the area has been inhabited for over two millennia.[14] The city's documented history, however, begins with the arrival of the English East India Company in 1690, when the Company was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock, an administrator with the Company was traditionally credited as the founder of this city.[7] However some academics have recently challenged the view that Charnock was the founder of the city, and in response to a public interest litigation the High Court ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a specific founder.[15]
At that time Kolkata, under direct rule of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah, comprised three villages Kalikata, Govindapur and Sutanuti. The British in the late 17th century wanted to build a fort near Govindapur in order to consolidate their power over other foreign powers—namely the Dutch, the Portuguese, and the French. In 1702, the British completed the construction of old Fort William,[16] which was used to station its troops and as a regional base. Calcutta was declared a Presidency City, and later became the headquarters of the Bengal Presidency.[17] Faced with frequent skirmishes with French forces, in 1756 the British began to upgrade their fortifications. When protests against the militarisation by the Nawab of Bengal Siraj-Ud-Daulah went unheeded he attacked and captured Fort William, leading to the infamous Black Hole of Calcutta incident.[18] A force of Company sepoys and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year.[18] Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772, and starting in 1864 during the summer months, the capital was temporarily shifted to the hill station of Shimla.[19] In the early 19th century the marshes surrounding the city were drained and the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. Richard Wellesley, the Governor General between 1797–1805, was largely responsible for the growth of the city and its public architecture which led to the description of Calcutta as "The City of Palaces".[20] The city was a centre of the British East India Company's opium trade during the 18th and 19th century; locally produced opium was sold via auctions in Kolkata by a company called J. Thomas & Company Private Ltd. (which is still in existence at Kolkata and are at present, the largest auctioneers of tea in the world) , to be shipped to China.[21]
By the early 19th century, Kolkata was split into two distinct areas—one British (known as the White Town), the other Indian (known as Black Town).[22] The city underwent rapid industrial growth from the 1850s, especially in the textile and jute sectors; this caused a massive investment in infrastructure projects like railroads and telegraph by British government. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new Babu class of urbane Indians — whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, read newspapers, were Anglophiles, and usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.[23] Throughout the nineteenth century, a socio-cultural reform, often referred to as the Bengal Renaissance resulted in the general uplifting of the people. In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee organised a national conference — the first of its kind in nineteenth century India.[7] Gradually Calcutta became a centre of the Indian independence movement, especially revolutionary organisations. The 1905 Partition of Bengal on communal grounds resulted in widespread public agitation and the boycott of British goods (Swadeshi movement).[24] These activities, along with the administratively disadvantageous location of Calcutta in the eastern fringes of India, prompted the British to move the capital to New Delhi in 1911.[25]
The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese during World War II,[26] the first occasion being 20 December 1942,[27] and the last being 24 December 1944.[28] During the War, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943, caused by a combination of military, administrative and natural factors.[29] In 1946, demands for the creation of a Muslim state led to large-scale communal violence resulting in the deaths of over 4,000 people.[30][31][32] The partition of India also created intense violence and a shift in demographics — large numbers of Muslims left for East Pakistan, while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city.[33] Over the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist-Maoist movement — the Naxalites — damaged much of the city's infrastructure, leading to an economic stagnation.[34] In 1971, war between India and Pakistan led to the mass influx of thousands of refugees into Kolkata resulting in a massive strain on its infrastructure.[35] In the mid-1980s, Bombay, now Mumbai, overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. Kolkata has been a strong base of Indian communism as West Bengal has been ruled by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))-dominated Left Front for 32 years now — the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government.[36][37] The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Since 2000, Information Technology (IT) services have revitalized the city's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing a growth in the manufacturing sector.[38]
Kolkata is located in eastern India at 22°33′N 88°20′E / 22.55°N 88.333°E in the Ganges Delta at an elevation ranging between 1.5 m (5 ft) to 9 m (30 ft).[39] It is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. Much of the city was originally a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accommodate the city's burgeoning population.[40] The remaining wetland, known as East Calcutta Wetlands has been designated a "wetland of international importance" under the Ramsar Convention.[41]
Like the most of the Indo-Gangetic plains, the predominant soil type is alluvial. Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, various grades of sand and gravel underlie the city. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds, the lower one at depths between 250 m (820 ft) and 650 m (2,133 ft) and the upper one ranging between 10 m (33 ft) and 40 m (131 ft) in thickness.[42] According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-III, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes)[43] while the wind and cyclone zoning is "very high damage risk", according to UNDP report.[43]
Kolkata city is ranked as Gamma World City.It is the cultural capital of India as well. Kolkata city, under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), has an area of 185 km2 (71 sq mi).[44] The Kolkata urban agglomeration (Kolkata Metropolitan Area), however, is spread over 1,750 km2 (676 sq mi),[44] and comprises 157 postal areas, as of 2006.[45] The urban agglomeration is formally administered by several local governments including 38 local municipalities. The urban agglomeration comprises 72 cities and 527 towns and villages.[44] The suburban areas of Kolkata metropolitan district incorporates parts of the districts North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Nadia.
The east-to-west dimension of the city is narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east, a span of barely 5 km (3.1 mi)–6 km (3.7 mi).[46] The north-south expansion is roughly divided into North, Central and South Kolkata. North Kolkata locality is the oldest part of the city, with 19th century architecture and narrow alleyways. South Kolkata grew mostly after independence of India and consists of posh localities such as Ballygunge, Alipore, New Alipore. The Salt Lake City (Bidhannagar) area to the northeast of the city is a planned section of Kolkata. Rajarhat, also called New Town, is a planned township being developed on the north-eastern fringes of the city.
Central Kolkata houses the central business district around the B. B. D. Bagh area. The government secretariat, General Post Office, High Court, Lalbazar Police HQs and several other government and private offices are located here. The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city where several sporting events and public meetings are held. Several companies have set up their offices around the area south of Park Street which has become a secondary central business district.
Kolkata has a tropical wet-and-dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 19 °C (66.2 °F) to 30 °C (86.0 °F).[47] Summers are hot and humid with temperatures in the low 30's and during dry spells the maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) during May and June.[47] Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9 °C – 11 °C (54 °F – 57 °F) between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F) and the lowest is 5 °C (41.0 °F).[47] On an average, May is the hottest month with daily temperatures ranging from a low of 27 °C (80.6 °F) to a maximum of 37 °C (98.6 °F), while January the coldest month has temperatures varying from a low of 12 °C (53.6 °F) to a maximum of 23 °C (73.4 °F). Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm or hailstorms and heavy rains with ice sleets lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal baisakhi (কালবৈশাখী, Nor'westers).[48]
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon[49] lash the city between June and September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm (62 in). The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August—306 mm (12 in). The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine per annum, with the maximum sunlight occurring in March.[50] Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata, and the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) level is high when compared to other major cities of India, leading to regular smog and haze.[51][52] Severe air pollution in the city has caused rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments such as lung cancer.[53]
Kolkata is the main business, commercial and financial hub of eastern India and the northeastern states. It is home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange — India's second-largest bourse.[54] It is also a major commercial and military port, and the only city in the region to have an international airport. Once India's leading city and Capital, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the years following India's independence due to the prevalent unstabilised political condition and rise in trade-unionism.[55] Between the 1960s to the mid 1990s, flight of capital was enormous as many large factories were closed or downsized and businesses relocated.[55] The lack of capital and resources coupled with a worldwide glut in demand in the city's traditional industries (e.g. jute) added to the depressed state of the city's economy.[56] The liberalisation of the Indian economy in the 1990s has resulted in the improvement of the city's fortunes. Until recently, flexible production had always been the norm in Kolkata, and the informal sector has comprised more than 40% of the labour force.[57] For example, roadside hawkers generated business worth Rs. 8,772 crore (around 2 billion U.S. dollars) in 2005.[58] State and federal government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. The city has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, along with other blue-collar and knowledge workers. Kolkata's economic revival was led largely by IT services, with the IT sector growing at 70% yearly — twice that of the national average.[38] In recent years there has been a surge of investments in the housing infrastructure sector with several new projects coming up in the city.[59] Kolkata is home to many industrial units operated by large Indian corporations with products ranging from electronics to jute. Some notable companies headquartered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, India Government Mint, Kolkata, Exide Industries, Hindustan Motors, Britannia Industries, Bata India, Birla Corporation, CESC Limited, Coal India Limited, Damodar Valley Corporation,Amconics International Ltd. United Bank of India, UCO Bank and Allahabad Bank. Recently, various events like adoption of "Look East" policy by the government of India, opening of the Nathu La Pass in Sikkim as a border trade-route with China and immense interest in the South East Asian countries to enter the Indian market and invest have put Kolkata in an advantageous position.[60][61]
The civic administration of Kolkata is executed by several government agencies, and consists of overlapping structural divisions. At least five administrative definitions of the city are available; listed in ascending order of area, those are:
Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC)- The governance of the city proper—the area within which KMC has a directly-elected council of 141 ward councillors who elect a council Chairman and an executiive Mayor. The Mayor, in turn chooses a Deputy Mayor and not more than 10 elected councillors to form the Mayor-in-Council which works like a cabinet. In addition, there is a Municipal Accounts Committee (MAC)of five to seven elected councillors, other than the MiC, chosen through proportional representation, to act like a public accounts committee (PAC), usually headed by the Leader of Opposition. The MiC was introduced in 1980 and the system has been replicated in other Municipalities and Panchayats as Mayor/ Chairperson-in-council during 1981-1991. No other state in India has introduced a system of political executive in local government.
The main functions of the KMC are water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid wastes management, streets and public places, street lighting, and building regulation. Fire services are handled by a state agency- Kolkata Fire Brigade. Similarly, for the river port services, there is a Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government.[62]
Other authorities: the Collector of the Kolkata District, the Kolkata Police, the Collector/District Magistrate (DM) of South 24 Parganas District, and the Superintendent of Police (SP) of South 24 Parganas District.[63] As of 2008, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))-led Left Front holds the power in KMC. The city also has an apolitical titular post, that of the Sheriff of Kolkata.
As the capital of the state and the seat of the Government of West Bengal, Kolkata houses not only the offices of the local governing agencies, but also the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, the state Secretariat (Writers' Building) and the Calcutta High Court. Kolkata also has lower courts; the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The Kolkata Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, comes under the West Bengal Home Ministry. The city elects three representatives to the Lok Sabha (India's lower house) and 21 representatives to the state Legislative Assembly.[64]
The KMC supplies potable water to the city, sourced from the River Hooghly. The water is purified and treated at Palta water pumping station located in North 24 Parganas. Almost all of Kolkata's daily refuse of 2500 tonnes is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa to the east of the town. Agriculture on this dumping ground is encouraged for natural recycling of garbage and sewer water.[65] Parts of the city still lack sewage facilities leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.[50] Electricity is supplied by the privately operated Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (CESC) to the city region, and by the West Bengal State Electricity Board in the suburbs. Frequent interruption of power supply was a problem until the mid 1990s; however the situation has since improved immensely with seldom power cuts occurring presently. The city has 20 fire stations (under West Bengal Fire Service) that attend to 7,500 fire and rescue calls on average per year.[66]
State-owned BSNL and private enterprises like Vodafone, Airtel, Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata DoCoMo, Tata Indicom, Virgin Mobile and MTS India are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city. Cellular coverage is extensive with both GSM and CDMA services being available. Broadband internet penetration has steadily increased with BSNL, Tata Indicom, Sify, Airtel, Reliance and Alliance being the leading service providers.
Bengali language newspapers like Anandabazar Patrika, Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Dainik Statesman and Ganashakti are widely circulated. Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Kolkata include the Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express, The Statesman, The Telegraph and Asian Age. Some major periodicals are Desh, Sananda, Unish Kuri, Kindle, Anandalok and Anandamela. Being the biggest trading market in Eastern India, Kolkata has a substantial readership of many financial dailies including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard.[67] Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu, Punjabi and Chinese are also read by a minority. All India Radio (AIR), the state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several AM radio stations in the city. Kolkata has 12 local FM radio stations, including two from AIR. The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides two free terrestrial channels, while four MSO provide a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English and other regional channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include STAR Ananda, Tara Newz, Kolkata TV, 24 Ghanta and Channel 10.
Public transport is provided by the Kolkata suburban railway, the Kolkata Metro, trams and buses. The suburban network is extensive and extends into the distant suburbs. The Kolkata Metro, run by the Indian Railways, is the oldest underground system in India.[68] It runs parallel to the River Hooghly and spans the north-south length of the city covering a distance of 22.3 km. Buses are the preferred mode of transport and are run by both government agencies and private operators. Kolkata is India's only city to have a tram network, operated by Calcutta Tramways Company.[69] The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city. Water-logging due to heavy rains during the monsoon sometimes interrupts the public transport.[70][71]
Hired forms of mechanised transport include the yellow metered taxis, while auto rickshaws ply in specific routes. Almost all the taxis in Kolkata are Ambassadors. This is unlike most other cities where Tata Indicas or Fiats are more common. In some areas of the city, cycle rickshaws and hand-pulled rickshaws are also patronised by the public for short distances. Private owned vehicles are less in number and usage compared to other major cities due to the abundance in both variety and number of public vehicles.[72] However, the city witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles; 2002 data showed an increase of 44% over a period of seven years.[73] The road space (matched with population density) in the city is only 6%, compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai, creating major traffic problems.[74] Kolkata Metro Railway and a number of new roads and flyovers have decongested the traffic to some extent.
Kolkata has two major long distance railway stations at Howrah Station and Sealdah. A third station named Kolkata has been launched in early 2006.[75] The city is the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways — Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway.[76]
The city's sole airport, the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum to the north of the city, operates both domestic and international flights. Kolkata is also a major riverport in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata docks and the Haldia docks.[77] There are passenger service to Port Blair in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to various ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Also there are ferry services connecting Kolkata with its twin city of Howrah.
|Kolkata population
|Source: Census of India[78]
Residents of Kolkata are called Calcuttans. As of 2001, Kolkata city had a population of 4,580,544, while the urban agglomeration had a population of 13,216,546. Current estimates for 2009 project the city's population to be 5,080,519.[4] The sex ratio is 928 females per 1000 males[79] – which is lower than the national average, because many working males come from rural areas, where they leave behind their families. Kolkata's literacy rate of 81%[80] exceeds the all-India average of 80%.[81] Kolkata Municipal Corporation area has registered a growth rate of 4.1%, which is the lowest among the million-plus cities in India.[82]
Bengalis comprise the majority of Kolkata's population (55%), with Marwaris and Bihari communities forming a large portion of the minorities (20%).[83] Some of Kolkata's minor communities include Chinese, Tamils, Nepalis, Oriyas, Telugus, Assamese, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Tibetans, Maharashtrians, Punjabis and Parsis. Major languages spoken in Kolkata are Bengali, Hindi, Urdu, English.
According to the census, 70% of the population in Kolkata is Hindu, 28% Muslim, 1% Christian and 1% Jains. Other minorities such as Sikhs, Buddhist, Jews and Zoroastrian constitute the rest of the city's population.[84] 1.5 million people, who constitute about a third of the city's population, live in 2,011 registered and 3,500 unregistered (occupied by squatters) slums.[85]
Kolkata reported 67.6% of total Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes registered in 35 Indian mega cities in 2004.[86] Kolkata police district registered 10,757 IPC cases in 2004, which was 10th highest in the country.[87] The crime rate in the city was 71 per 100,000 against the national rate of 167.7 in 2006, which is the lowest among all the mega cities in India.[88] Kolkata's Sonagachi area, with more than 10,000 sex workers,[89] is one of Asia's largest red-light districts.
Kolkata has long been known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage. As the former capital of India, Kolkata was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought. Kolkatans tend to have a special appreciation for art and literature; its tradition of welcoming new talent has made it a "city of furious creative energy".[90] For these reasons, Kolkata has often been dubbed as the "cultural capital of India".
A characteristic feature of Kolkata is the para or neighbourhoods having a strong sense of community. Typically, every para has its own community club with a clubroom and often, a playing field. People here habitually indulge in adda or leisurely chat, and these adda sessions are often a form of freestyle intellectual conversation.[91] The city has a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures to propaganda.
Kolkata has many buildings adorned with Gothic, Baroque, Roman, Oriental and Indo-Islamic (including Mughal) motifs. Several major buildings of the Colonial period are well maintained and have been declared "heritage structures", while others are in various stages of decay. Established in 1814, the Indian Museum is the oldest museum in Asia and houses vast collection of Indian natural history and Indian art.[92] The Victoria Memorial, one of the major tourist attractions in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is India's leading public library. Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions.
The city has a tradition of dramas in the form of jatra (a kind of folk-theatre), theatres and Group Theatres. Mainstream Hindi films are popular, as are films from the Bengali cinema industry, dubbed "Tollywood". Tollygunj in Kolkata is the location of Bengali movie studios. Its long tradition of filmmaking includes acclaimed directors such as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha and Ritwik Ghatak to contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen and Rituparno Ghosh.
Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and macher jhol (fish curry),[93] with rasagolla,sandesh and mishti doi (sweet yoghurt) as dessert. Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes various hilsa preparations (a favorite among Bengalis). Street foods such as beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton, or egg stuffing), phuchka (deep fried crêpe with tamarind and lentil sauce) and Indian Chinese cuisine from China Town in the eastern parts of the city are quite popular.[94][95]
Bengali women commonly wear the shaŗi as per tradition and global/western outfits. Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance.
Durga Puja is the most important and the most glamourous event in Kolkata.[96] It usually takes place in the month of October, although it can also fall in September or November, depending on the traditional calendar. Other notable festivals include Jagaddhatri Puja, Diwali, Eid, Holi, Christmas, poila boishak (new year), Saraswati puja, Rath Yatra and Poush parbon (harvest festival). Some of the cultural festivals are Kolkata Book Fair, Dover Lane music festival, Kolkata Film Festival and National Theatre Festival.
In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Bengali literature was modernized in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. The rich literary tradition set by these authors has been carried forward in the works of Jibanananda Das, Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay, Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay and Sunil Gangopadhyay among others.
The city is also noted for its appreciation of Rabindrasangeet and Indian classical music as well as Bengali folk music such as baul. From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence of new genres of music, including fusions of Baul and Jazz by several Bangla bands, as well as the emergence of what has been called Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism) by artists like Kabir Suman, Nachiketa and bands like Chandrabindoo, Cactus.
Kolkata's schools are either run by the state government or by private (many of which are religious) organisations. Schools mainly use Bengali or English as the medium of instruction, though Hindi and Urdu are also used. The schools are affiliated with the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) and the A-Level (British Curriculum). Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in a 2 year junior college (also known as a pre-university) or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education, ICSE or CBSE. Students usually choose from one of three streams — liberal arts, commerce, or science, though vocational streams are also available. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programmes.
Kolkata houses nine universities and numerous colleges affiliated to them or to other universities located outside. The University of Calcutta (founded in 1857) has more than 200 affiliated colleges.[97] Bengal Engineering & Science University and Jadavpur University are notable engineering universities. Calcutta Medical College is the first institution teaching modern medicine in Asia.[98] Other notable institutions are Presidency College, St. Xavier's College, Bethune College (the first women's college in India) and Scottish Church College. Some institutions of national importance are the Asiatic Society, Bose Institute, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Indian Institute of Management, the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, the West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, the Marine Engineering and Research Institute, the Rabindra Bharati University, the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, and the National Institute of Fashion Technology.
Association football (sometimes referred to as 'soccer'), cricket and field hockey are popular sports in the city. Kolkata, a major centre of football activity in India and home of top national football clubs such as Mohun Bagan AC, Mohammedan Sporting Club and East Bengal, is known as Mecca of Indian Football.[99] Calcutta Football League, which started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia. Mohun Bagan AC, one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only club to be entitled 'National Club of India'. Kolkata is also home to Kolkata Knight Riders IPL cricket team franchise.
As in the rest of India, cricket is extremely popular and is played throughout the city in its grounds and streets. Tournaments, especially those involving outdoor games like cricket, football, and badminton or indoor games like carrom are regularly organized on an inter-locality or inter-club basis. The maidan area hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes. Notable sports stars from Kolkata include former Indian national cricket captain Sourav Ganguly and Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes. Former football stars include Olympic medalist Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P.K. Banerjee, and Subrata Bhattacharya.
The city is known for its large stadia. The Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cricket stadiums in the world.[100] Salt Lake Stadium (also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan)—a multi-use stadium—is the world's third largest capacity football stadium.[101][102] Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[103] Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club (the first golf club in the world outside Britain),[104] Tollygunge Club and Fort William. The Royal Calcutta Turf Club (RCTC) holds regular equestrian races and polo matches. The Calcutta Polo Club is now considered as the oldest polo club of the world.[105] The Calcutta South Club is the venue for some national and international tennis tournaments. From 2005, Sunfeast Open, a Tier-III tournament of Women's Tennis Association Tour, takes place in Netaji Indoor Stadium. The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts regular rowing races and training. Although it is a minor sport, Kolkata is considered the "capital" of rugby union in India. The city also gives its name to the name of the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the Calcutta Cup, which is of Indian workmanship.
|Sister City
|Long Beach
|United States of America
|This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Kolkata (Bengali:কলকাতা) [1] (formerly Calcutta) is the capital of West Bengal and the second largest city in India (after Mumbai). If Bangalore is the Seattle of India, than Kolkata is the sub-contintent's New York. It is an 'in your face' city that shocks and charms the unsuspecting visitor. Abject poverty mix inexplicably with crumbling British Raj-era gems, sprawling gardens and historical colleges. Long known as the cultural capital of India, Kolkata continues to spawn generations of poets, writers, film producers and Nobel Prize winners. If your trip only allows for a visit of one or two of India's metropolitan cities, than definitely consider placing Kolkata on your itinerary. Love it or hate it, you definitely won't forget the city on the Hooghly.
Kolkata's history is intimately related to the British East India Company, which first arrived in 1690, and to British India, of which Calcutta became the capital of in 1772. Job Charnock was widely known as the founder of Calcutta (Sutanuti, Govindapur & Calcutta) but in recent years a number of Indian historians have disputed this claim, arguing that Calcutta occupies the site of an older Indian city, centered around the ancient Kali temple at Kalighat. This claim has been accepted by the Kolkata High Court. The Court has dismissed the name of Job Charnock as the founder of the city and 24 th August as its date of birth. The historic Judgement was based upon an high level Expert Commitee findings. It has been proved that Kolkata had an highly civilized society for centuries before the Europeans first came here.
Whatever its origins, Calcutta flowered as the capital of British India during the nineteenth century, the heyday of the Raj. Calcutta University, the first modern Indian university was founded here in 1857. Calcutta became the center of Indian arts and literature, and the national movement for independence got its start here. However, with the transfer of the capital to Delhi in 1911, the pains of the partition of Bengal in 1947, and a violent and bloody Maoist movement (the Naxalite movement) in the 1970s, Calcutta has become synonymous with urban decay and poverty ("New York is deteriorating into New Calcutta," opined an editorial in The New York Times on Dec. 25th, 1988).
Kolkata is the main business, commercial and financial hub of eastern India. Kolkata witnessed an economic decline from the late sixties till the late nineties. The city's economic fortunes turned the tide as the economic liberalization in India during the early nineties reached Kolkata during late nineties. Kolkata is a multicultural, cosmopolitan city. Apart from the diversity of India, the cultures represented are that of the Europeans (Including Germans, Armenians, and others), and other Asians (Including Chinese, Sinhalese, and Tibetans).
Since 1977, a "Left Front" coalition of communist and Marxist parties has continuously ruled the state. This is reflected in street names and memorials in the city. For example there are streets like Lenin Sarani, Ho Chi Minh Sarani, etc.. The Left Front regained control of the Municipal Corporation of Kolkata from the Trinamul Congress in the 2005 civic elections.
Although the Govt claims that Kolkata is fast developing into a modern infotech city with various private sector companies setting up shop here, it seems the city is stuck somewhere in the 70's. The landscape of the city is also fast changing with flyovers, gardens and several new commercial establishments. Kolkata city itself has expanded into its suburbs, with the Greater Kolkata stretching from Kalyani (in Nadia District) in North to Diamond Harbour in South (in the South 24 Parganas District).
The city's fortunes have looked up since the early nineties, coinciding with the liberalization of the Indian economy. Its economy has been amongst the fastest growing in the country. The New Metro city is characterised by popular spots like Inox Multiplexes, Nandan, Tantra, Barista Coffee Shops, Sourav's Pavilion and Science City.
Kolkata is home to many industrial units, of large Indian corporations, whose product range is varied and includes - engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches and wagons.
Several industrial estates like Taratolla, Kalyani, Uluberia, Dankuni, Kasba, Howrah are spread throughout the urban agglomeration. A huge leather complex has come up at Bantolla. An export processing zone has been set up in Falta. Specialized setups like the country's first Toy Park, and a Gem and Jewellery Park have also been established.
Kolkata is also starting to become a major hub for the IT (Information Technology) industry. With the formation of New Town at Rajarhat and extension of Salt Lake's Sector-V, Kolkata is rapidly turning into a pro-IT town. More and more businesses are coming to Kolkata to set up their offices.
Kolkata is in the eastern part of India at 22°82′ N 88°20′ E. It has spread linearly along the banks of the river Hooghly.
The Kolkata Municipal Corporation has an area of 185 square kilometres. The city proper today can be roughly divided into two sections along Mother Teresa Sarani (Park Street). North of Park Street is the more congested part of the city. South of Park Street is the slightly better planned section of the city.
The old Central Business District (CBD) is where the seat of the West Bengal Government is located, along with many other government offices. Several banks have their corporate (Allahabad Bank, United Bank of India, UCO Bank) or regional headquarters (Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India, Bank of India, Central Bank of India amongst many others) around the B. B. D. Bagh area. Many of Kolkata's older business groups have their main offices here. The area is a mix of multi-storeyed office blocks and colonial buildings.
The newer CBD is around the south of Park Street, Camac Street and AJC Bose Road. Several high-rise office blocks including some of Kolkata's tallest commercial buildings - like the Chatterjee International Centre, Tata Centre, Everest House, Industry House, CGO Building - are located here. An even-newer CBD is now being set up in the Rajarhat (Newtown) area, lying between Salt Lake and the Airport.
Maidan (open field) is situated between the river Ganges and J.L.Nehru Road (or Chowringhee). It is said to be the lungs of Kolkata. The lush green meadow also houses Victoria Memorial, Eden Gardens, and several sporting clubs. Kolkatans simply love to stroll in the Maidan.
In an effort to relieve congestion in the main city, many government offices have shifted to high-rise office buildings lining Bidhan Nagar's (Salt Lake) Central Park.
The residential buildings are mainly lowrise and comprise of older colonial buildings and numerous new four storied apartment blocks. Ten to twelve storied apartment blocks have come up in large numbers in south Kolkata. The city has relaxed its rules on high-rise construction recently and twenty storied buildings are becoming more common. The tallest residential towers of eastern India - the four thirty-five-storey towers of South City are under construction on Prince Anwar Shah Road.
Heavy construction activity along the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass is changing the face of the city. Luxury hotels, a convention centre, speciality hospitals, condominium complexes, malls and multiplexes are coming up at a rapid pace.
The city's expansion in the eastern side is spearheaded by the construction of a large new city called New Town adjacent to the well planned Bidhan Nagar. Located in Rajarhat, it is one of the largest planned urban developments in India.
The neglected western side of the urban agglomeration has got a boost recently with the signing of an agreement with Chiputra, an Indonesian company to build the Kolkata West International City (KWIC). Another huge new township is in the proposal state in Dankuni.
Slums and dilapidated structures exist in many pockets of the city proper and house over 25% of the city's population (Census 2001). Slum redevelopment schemes have helped improve living conditions by a small extent but there is huge scope for improvement in this area. Efforts to shift slum dwellers to newer developments have often met with resistance and failure because many of the slums are in prime areas of the city and the slum dwellers who are integrated in the social structure of the neighbourhood do not want to shift.
Opposition to the setting up of the Nano factory at Shingur, 50 Kms. away from Kolkata, where the Tata's plan to build the cheapest car in the world, threatens to take away a lot of the investments due to come to the state.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport [2] (IATA: CCU) connects Kolkata with South East Asia and receives some flights from Europe but is surprisingly small for a city of this size and hasn't been refurbished since the 1950s, although it is expected to be updated by 2011. The domestic terminal, on the other hand, is among the best in India. It is undergoing a major face-lift and expansion to cope with the expanding bulk of air traffic and new airline companies popping up almost every month.
Take a prepaid taxi from the airport to the city. It is about 20 km from the city. Expect to pay about Rs. 150-250 depending on your destination. There is a new rail link connecting the airport to the Circular Rail station in Dum Dum, however very few trains actually operate on the line at present.
There are two major railway stations in Kolkata - Howrah (not in Kolkata actually, it's in the adjoining city Howrah) and Sealdah. A new terminus station called 'Kolkata' has also started functioning since 2005, but presently it accommodates very few trains. Directly facing Howrah are ferries (Rs. 4) that can get you to the other side of the river either Babu Ghat or Fairlie Place from where you can arrange onward transportation with anything from taxis to public buses to human rickshaws. With the traffic situation this might actually save you time as well as money.
The Foreign Ticket Office is on Fairlie Place (with the main GPO on your left, take the next left - the office is a few minutes walk on the left) - very helpful and efficient service.
Kolkata is well connected by rail to almost all the big stations in India and also serves as the gateway to the North Eastern India. If you are coming to Kolkata by trains using Sealdah station, you may prefer taking a pre-paid taxi to enter the city. The pre-paid taxi stand is just outside the station's main entrance. The counter is under a tin shade. Pre-paid taxis are reliable and will save you money and also the bargaining hassle. However beware of touts who would claim themselves to be running pre-paid taxis. Always collect the receipt from the counter first. The receipt has two parts - one part is for your reference and the other part you will need to handover to the taxi driver only after you reach your desired destination. The Taxi driver will get his payment by submitting or producing this other part to the Pre-paid Taxi counter.
You can find many cabs on the roads or you can always hire one from the numerous taxi stands strewn across the major cities. There are pre paid taxis also available at major railway stations and airports. You can also hire luxury vehicles from certain travel agencies.
To/from Bangladesh There are numerous bus options between Kolkata and Bangladesh. The most common way is the regular comfortable a/c buses from Dhaka to Kolkata via the Haridaspur / Benapole border post. Private bus companies Shohagh [3], Green Line [4],Shyamoli [5] and others operate daily bus services on this route. Govt. buses run under the label of the state owned West Bengal Surface Transport Service Corporation (WBSTSC) and the Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation [6] (BRTC). WBSTSC and BRTC both operate buses from Kolkata every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday at 5:30AM and 8:30AM, and 12:30PM while from Dhaka they leave on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 7:00AM and 7:30AM. The normal journey time is around 12 hours with a one-way fare of Rs550 or BDT600-800, roughly $8-12. If you're only headed to Haridaspur the fare is Rs86 (2.5 hours). The Shyamoli Paribahan ticket office is at 6/1 Marquis St (parallel to and one block south of Sudder Street, and just west of Mirza Ghalib St, next door to DHL), 2252 0693. Beware that several travel agencies around this area also sell tickets for these buses, but at very inflated prices. At the border it's best to change money on the Indian side, but count it carefully and double-check the math on their calculator. On the Bangladesh side you can catch a flat-bed cycle-rickshaw for Tk5 for the 2km trip to the bus stand for onward travel - or you can walk, but expect the hopeful rickshaw-wallahs to follow you at least half way.
To/from Eastern India via Bangladesh Bus travel to some points in Eastern India are faster via Bangladesh (please note that visas may be required for entry into Bangladesh as well as for re-entry into India). If you're heading to points in Eastern India (Tripura for example) beyond Bangladesh -- then there is a regular bus service between Dhaka and Agartala, capital of India's Tripura state. Two BRTC buses leave daily from Dhaka and connect with the Tripura Road Transport Corporation vehicles, running six days a week with a roundtrip fare of BDT600 ($10). There is only one halt at Ashuganj in Bangladesh during the journey. Call +880 2 8360241 for schedule. Other entry points to North-Eastern India through Bangladesh are Hili, Chilahati / Haldibari and Banglaband border posts through Northern Bangladesh and Tamabil / Dawki border post for a route between Shillong (Meghalaya) and Sylhet in North-Eastern Bangladesh, and some others with lesser known routes from north-eastern Indian regions. Although scheduled bus-services to Shillong/Meghalaya from Kolkata through Dhaka may not be offered at present -- it is still possible to get to those points via land routes going through Sylhet and then on to Tamabil/Dawki border outposts. Enquire at the Bus Service Counters for details.
Esplanade Bus Station is the Kolkata's main station for inter-state and inter-city buses.
The river Hooghly that runs through the west of the city offered one of the first reasons to the foundation of the British commercial settlement. The river continues to offer one of the less crowded but slow traffic medium. There are several points (popularly called Ghats and jetties) on the bank of the river from where you can board several regular routes of ferry services. Ferries can be fairly large launches to small improvised motorized boats. They are extremely safe though. Even if you don't get any exotic manual boats like you get in Varanasi, the river transport of the city lets you go to several old spots near the bank in a hassle-free manner with an additional dash of the view of decadent river front of the city.
Kolkata just wouldn't look the same without the plethora of yellow ambassador taxis [7] that ply on its roads. They're easily available and relatively cheap, and will usually use their meters. The meters are, however, outdated.
The fare is 2 times plus Rs 2 the reading if the meter is inside, and 4 times the reading if the meter is outside. However, it is almost impossible now to find any meters outside. All Taxi meters are digital ones which are placed inside the cab. The Meter starts from Rs. 10, which means Rs. 22 actually. There is a "green taxi" which is red coloured (!) and charges the same. In case you are confused always ask to see the chart that the driver is supposed to carry with him. Expect to pay a bit more if you are going to the outskirts of the city or traveling at night. How much more that depends on your bargaining skills, but it should be at most Rs. 10-20 on top of the taxi meter. Unlike other metro cities in India, there is no 50%-100% surcharge for late night hires (10PM-11PM onwards).
If you are lucky enough you can catch an air-conditioned cab, but those are very few in number. Presently one may find 'Orix' or 'Megacabs' taxis on call. These are air-conditioned taxis and the fare about INR 15-20 per km travelled. The telephone numbers to call (once you are in Kolkata, of course) for these taxis are Orix - 44222222 and Megacabs - 41414141.
Metro Railway, Kolkata [8] was the first underground rail in India, yet it still has only a single route connecting the north and south of the city, from Dumdum to Garia Bazar. It is the cleanest, most reliable, least crowded and most efficient of all the transportation Kolkata has to offer. Trains run every 10-15 minutes and at Rs 4-8 it's very economical. At present work is on for extension of the Metro line from its southern tip - Garia Bazar, which will go further south till Garia. There is also a East-West line, the work of which is going on full swing. It will connect Salt lake to Howrah station. The two lines will meet at Central station.
Stops include Esplanade (for Chowringhee), Park Street, Maidan (for Victoria Memorial and Planetarium), Rabindra Sadan Nandan movie theater, Academy of fine arts, and other famous galleries, Kalighat for world famous Kali temple, and "Girish Park" for Jorashako Thakur bari, the residence of Rabindranath Tegore and other Tegore giants.
Calcutta Tramways [9] is the only tram service in all of India, and the oldest surviving electric tram network of Asia. Though decommissioned in some part of the city, electric trams are still one of the means of traveling between places within the city. They move slow on the laid tracks in traffic jammed streets, but they are environment friendly (no emission). Check their site for routes and schedules.
The electrified suburban rail network of the SER and the ER is extensive and includes the Circular Rail.
The city has an extensive bus network (possibly the most exhaustive in the whole of India), and this is the cheapest, though not always the most comfortable means of transport. Among the buses that ply the city streets, the deluxe buses run by CSTC (Calcutta State Transport Corporation), CTC (Calcutta Tramways Company) and WBSTC (West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation) are probably the better option. A/C buses are also available to select destinations from near the airport.
Shared auto-rickshaws are available from different points. They travel in fixed routes and the fare is fixed. They are supposed to take four persons, three in the back seat and one sharing the driver's seat!
Long the world's only major metropolis where human-pulled rickshaws were still a major form of transport, a complete ban was supposed to be imposed in November 2006 - but with 35,000 union members who are unlikely to disappear overnight it was not implemented.
Privately owned rental car places are available throughout the city. Rates depend on the make, model, size and comfort level of the car. Agreements are flexible, for example, cars can be rented even for couple of hours at an hourly rate. Most rental cars are accompanied with a driver from the rental agency. Here are contacts of a few rental car agents:
Being in Bengal, the native language of the people of Kolkata is Bengali. However, most educated people speak Hindi and English as well, and many others such as shopkeepers and taxi drivers would be able to communicate in broken English at the very least.
Kolkata is a huge city, so all individual listings should be moved to the appropriate district articles, and this section should contain a brief overview. Please help to move listings if you are familiar with this city.
The city sprawls along the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, a tributary of the Ganges, which divides it from Howrah on the western bank. For travelers, the most relevant parts of Kolkata are south of the Howrah Bridge in the areas around BBD Bagh and Chowringhee.
South of BBD Bagh is the huge, lush, green, open parkland known as Maidan. Continuing south from here you will find
The Northern part of Kolkata houses the old buildings belonging to the Zamindars (Landlords), other rich Bengalis who used to trade with the British. It preserves the cultural heritage of Kolkata. The building structures give an impression of the royal people who stayed there. River Ganga is the hot spot for the development of the North along with Kolkata. It is generally crowded and has some interesting markets including the famous Posta, Burrabazar whole sale markets, College Street Book market where you can trace many out of print books with a little patience. While in College Street a visit to the College St Coffee House is a must. Also around the area are the Calcutta Medical College, the Presidency college and Calcutta University.
North of BBD Bagh you will find the
Further along you will find
Southern Kolkata is less congested and more modern. You will find more apartment blocks, more green spaces and more affluent homes.
See a variety of preserved specimens that you wouldn't see in the US museums. It is the largest and oldest museum of India. Located near Esplanade it is one of the most important landmark.
Volunteering is a real option here with several options.
Kolkata is a huge city, so all individual listings should be moved to the appropriate district articles, and this section should contain a brief overview. Please help to move listings if you are familiar with this city.
Kolkata is an important trading center for handicrafts produced in Eastern India. Bankura horses, saris from Shantiniketan, and leather goods top the list of Kolkata specialities. It is also famous for its rasgollas and a tin or two as a gift for the folks back home. New Market is probably the most famous place to go shopping but there are bargains everywhere.
Maidan Market for all sport items at cheap price Chandni Market is famous for all small electronical items/gadgets & old reusable electronical products New Market for all kinds of Clothing,Toys,Collectible Shopping needs. Treasure Island is like a muti-storeyed market mainly fulfilling needs of Clothing demands & various other make-up & cosmetic items
(See district pages for restaurant listings.)
Kolkata was famous for having the best restaurants long before Indians in other cities learned to eat out. Many of the restaurants that line the streets in the Esplanade area have been around for more than a hundred years (unfortunately, many also show their age!). Flury's [22], on Park Street, was once considered the best English bakery in all of Asia and you can almost imagine Joe Stilwell and Lord Mountbatten arguing over who had command over the allied forces in Burma while enjoying tea, scones, and clotted cream!
But the joy of food in Kolkata is in its Indian foods. Nizam's, in New Market, is credited with the invention of the famous Kati Kebab roll and still serves up the best of the best. Street vendors selling egg rolls/chicken rolls abound and their freshly prepared kati rolls are safe to eat and enjoy. Mughali Paratha (a paratha stuffed with minced meat) is a Calcutta speciality and can be found in various 'cabins' off Chowringhee Road. 'Chops', a sort of deep fried ball stuffed with beet and veggies is another peculiarity that you won't find anywhere else in the world. Puchkas, the Calcutta version of paani-puri, is available on the streets but be wary of the water!
Bengali sweets are famous all over India. Rasagolla (cheese balls dipped in a sugary syrup), Pantua - a fried variant of the same, Rosomalai- the same cheeseballs dipped in creamy sweetened milk, Mishti Doi (sweet yogurt), Sandesh (several variations available). Try some shops like K.C. Das, Jugal's, Bhim Nag, Nakur Nandy, Sen Mahasoy, Ganguram and not to forget Mithai. These are cheap and should be eaten fresh.
Kolkata is also the home of Indian Chinese food (now making inroads in far-off New York!). Chinese restaurants are everywhere so try the Indian variant of hot and sour soup and the famous Indian chinese dish of chilli chicken.
Bengali food is centered around fish. Macher jhol, literally fish in curry gravy, is a watery fish curry available everywhere and goes well with rice, but Bengalis everywhere swear by the hilsa fish (a variant of shad). Hilsa, lightly marinaded in mustard and steamed is up there with the best fish dishes in the world.
"Oh! Calcutta!" on the fourth Floor of Forum Mall, Elgin Road, serves authentic Bengali food. The specialities are the boneless Hilsa Fish fillet, steamed in a bannana leaf and served with a Mustard Gravy. Many expats, yuppies and affluent Kolkattans frequent this restaurant. The food is great, though bordering on the expensive, and portions usually small. Makes for an interesting evening out, accompanied by the incessant Bengali chatter, so characteristic of Kolkatta.
While it can be difficult to find a restaurant serving authentic Bengali food, today Kolkata has of as many 10 Bengali restaurants. One of the most authentic is Kewpies, situated behind Netaji Bhavan at 2 Elgin Lane. Here, food is served on terra cotta plates with banana leaves. There's also "Aaheli" at Peerless Inn, or the more reasonably priced "Suruchi" at 89 Elliot Road. There is a wide choice of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes with an emphasis on local fish. Thalis (platters) are also available. Still, being invited back to a local's place for a home-cooked meal is the best way to sample Bengali cooking!
6 Ballygunge Place is stituated in South Kolkata and also offers an assortment of Bengali dishes. Bhjohori Maana has 6 outlets across the city. In South Kolkata, the Hindisthan Road outlet (Gariahat) is the best. Taroparbon is situated in Hindusthan Park, and has a large menu.
Kastur and Rahhuni are eateries, both offering Bangladeshi food and are situated off Free School Street, near Park Street.
Suruchi is an old eatery, which serves only lunch in simple surroundings, and is run by the destitute women of 'The All Bengal Women's Union' at Elliot Road, off Free School Street.
For individual hotel listings, please see the the various district pages.
Kolkata has long had a concentration of budget backpacker hotels in the Sudder Street area and many of these are colonial era gems, albeit decaying ones. Budget hotels can also be found around the station in Howrah. Sudder Street is more centrally located but both are well connected by public transport.
There are numerous luxurious and big budget 5 star & 4 star hotels around town. Such as ITC Sonar (near Science city), The Oberoi Grand (Chowringhee), Taj Bengal (Belvedere Road, Alipur), Hyatt Regency (off EM Bypass), The Kenilworth (Russel St), Hotel Hindustan Internation (AJC Bose Rd), The Park (Park St).
British-era clubs such as Tollygunge Club, Calcutta Club (AJC Bose Rd), Saturday Club (Theatre Rd), Bengal Club (Russel St) have lavish rooms for rent. However, they only accept bookings through members. Tollygunge Club is the ideal place to chill out. Drink chilled draft beer, lie in the outdoor jacuzzi and dine in style at the Belvedere.
Kolkata is a huge city, so all individual listings should be moved to the appropriate district articles, and this section should contain a brief overview. Please help to move listings if you are familiar with this city.
there are scores of interenet cafes that have sprung up in every nook and corner of the city. just look for them and you will find them.charges vary at around ~Rs.15 to 25 per hour.
Cell phone coverage in the city is excellent. There are many service providers offering a wide variety of plans. Among them are Vodafone [28], Reliance [29], and Tata Indicom [30]. It might be a good idea to buy a cell phone and use one of those prepaid plans to get yourself connected while you are in the city.
Kolkata is reasonably safe, and in general the people are more friendly and helpful than in many of India's other large cities. One noted problem is the drug dealers around Sudder Street. However, as the dealers obviously do not want to draw undue attention to their activity, they are generally not persistent and rarely a threat.
EC72,Sector 1, Salt Lake City, Kolkata-700064, West Bengal, India [31]
|This is a usable article. It has information for getting in as well as some complete entries for restaurants and hotels. An adventurous person could use this article, but please plunge forward and help it grow!
Categories: Usable articles | HasDocent


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Sep 29 2010
Switzerland's fourth language (not English)
There's a piece in today's New York Times about Switzerland's fourth official-ish language, Romansh. It is worth a read, if only to sigh at the fact of Switzerland's unexceptionality in this case when it comes to the promotion of minority culture. No one expects Switzerland, especially after the minaret ban, to be a paragon of multiculturalism, but Switzerland really is exceptional in its multilingualism and notable absence of a nationalism rooted in language. Compared with the lingual situation in, for example, Belgium (where the language divide threatens to split the country in two) or Canada (secessionist Quebec), Switzerland is something of a remarkable case. Visitors sometimes assume that French-speaking Switzerland is like France and German-speaking Switzerland is like Germany. But Switzerland is its own country, with its own culture, despite (because of?) its various languages.
By law, German, French, and Italian have official, equal status in the Swiss Confederation. Romansh, though officially recognized, is not quite up there in status. For business, at least on a national level, Romansh is non-existent. Swisscom technicalsupport offers four options, in order: German, French, Italian, and English.
A direct descendant of Latin, Romansh has been preserved for centuries from outside forces by the isolation of remote Alpine mountaintops and valleys—not unlike Switzerland itself. But now, as the article details, the language is dying, and the pressures are unremarkable: capitalism and homogenization. We saw Romansh street signs when we visited Vals, in Graubunden. The strange thing, though, is that the tongue displacing Romansh is itself a dialect: Swiss-German. And the people who speak Romansh are seen as provincial, according to the article. But as cosmopolitan as Zurich is, and as international Geneva is, Switzerland is provincial—it's isolationism (and neutrality, for good or for evil) are what make it Switzerland.
All of this is to say that I hope Switzerland realizes what it has before it is too late. French and Italian are not going anywhere as minority languages, but national votes in recent years to make unemployment insurance less generous and to not join the European Union have split down language lines. A country with a a working model of multilingualism and language diversity gives hope—but not if one of the languages disappears even while the government attempts to promote it.


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Imran refuses to accept Ayaz Sadiq as NA speaker
Speaking in the NA, Khan said what Sadiq remarked was not at all impartial and it didn't suit stature of a speaker.
The NA speaker on Monday had dismissed all references seeking disqualification of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, and sent similar references against two leaders of the PTI including Imran Khan to the election commission.
Sadiq said the speaker office was neither a court nor an investigation agency. "The speaker takes a decision based on documentary evidence attached with a reference. Available documentary evidence [in references against the PTI leaders] is enough and raises a question of disqualification," he added.
During the NA speech, Khan said the speaker's prestige was affected after his move. In Britain two million people took to the streets and democracy didn't derail, said Khan.
The PTI chairman insisted that Panama Papers inquiry must be held. "Let the inquiry begin, PM Sharif may turn out to be innocent," he uttered.
"We are asking for Panama Papers probe and PM is 'cutting ribbons'." said Imran Khan while referring to PM inaugurating different uplift projects and overlooking opposition clamors for probe into Panama Papers.
He underlined that there would be no inquiry against him if he stopped speaking against government corruption.
He said holding elections doesn't mere bring democracy in the country. "It's institutions that strengthen democracy."
The PTI lawmakers staged a walk-out from the House soon after Khan ended his speech.


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Simple Photography Website Design | Secrets Of A Picture-Perfect Website Every Photographer Should Know
Simple Photography Website Design | Let's face it, the homepage of your website is usually the first thing that your potential clients see and you want to make sure you are doing everything you can to make them stick around longer. How your website is laid out, what colors, fonts and images you use (or don't use) can be the difference between success (low bounce and exit rates, high conversion) and failure (high abandonment, low sales).
Simple Photography Website Design | Website Design – www.medianovak.com
Whether you're a professional photographer or just an amateur trying to show off your work, creating a photography website opens a lot of area for creative expression. Using themes in a photography website design can help to tie images together and convey the central message. However, with all the options and technical language out there, it can be difficult to know what the kind of website is right for you. We made a list of 6 crucial secrets to effective portfolio websites. Does your photography portfolio website hit each of these points? If not, why not?
Be Yourself | Simple Photography Website Design
Your portfolio has to appeal to your target demographic, whether it is a couple looking for a wedding photographer, or a marketing agency looking for a commercial shoot. If your portfolio conveys the wrong image, you won't get any of the clients you want. Don't copy someone else's website design just because you think it looks great. It's vital that your portfolio website shows off who you are and what you do: by designing a unique website you'll help make sure that it comes to mind when people are searching for your services.
RELATED: Website Conversion Tips | Your Digital Storefront Is Not On Facebook! Portfolio Design Tips That Convert Website Visitors To Customers
Make Yourself Available | Simple Photography Website Design
If your website doesn't make it clear how visitors can reach you, they won't try very hard to find out. Dedicate space on your homepage to telling people how they can contact you. The easiest way is to include your contact details on every page in your website — including your portfolio. Include something small and subtle at the bottom of every page that doesn't take attention away from the images, but is there when a client decides to pick up the phone.
Keep It Quick | Simple Photography Website Design
The average person waits less than three seconds for a page to load before abandoning the website altogether. Choosing a suitable hosting package that enables fast loading speeds is critical for the success of your website. The solution is to get a fast and optimized web server for photography websites, avoiding Flash and other fluffy effects. Don't upload high resolution 10MP images if your website only displays them at 800×600, and remember, use .JPG for your images.
Create Fresh Content | Simple Photography Website Design
Users are used to seeing new content each and every time they visit a website. We've grown out of seeing the same old stuff on every visit. Google also loves fresh content, so a powerful way to boost the search ranking of your website is to keep it up-to-date through a blog. Always keep your posts relevant and related to what it is you do, because that's why people are looking at your website in the first place. Try not to upload in batches, throwing a handful of images up every couple months. Instead, try to keep a consistent, yet loose, schedule.
RELATED: Online Photography Portfolio Design | 6 Ways To Make Your Photography Website Stand Out From The Crowd
Show Off | Simple Photography Website Design
Although you may have a large collection of images you want to share in your portfolio, try to limit your selection to the stronger pieces. Too many images in your portfolio can increase load times, and provide the visitor with too many options. Your portfolio website is like a living CV: the content on it should be up-to-date and make it clear to people what you can do. It's a vehicle for showcasing your professionalism and talents, so make sure that you show off new projects and skills as soon as they're ready for the world to see.
Simple Photography Website Design | Website Design – www.medianovak.com
Get Recommended | Simple Photography Website Design
Why should anyone just take your word for how great you are? Direct quotes from your clients act as reviews of your services and can be published on your site. If shopping on Amazon has taught us anything it's that people love to know what other people think. Getting testimonials from satisfied clients is a great way to show some 'proof' that you can deliver on what your portfolio promises. You can get testimonials from emails the clients write you, thank you notes or you can simply ask them! Most clients are happy to do this for you.


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We were very impressed with the level of service and professionalism. Stacey was prompt in answering both emails and telephone calls, flexible with meeting times, and very patient with answering all of our questions. We were very happy with the whole process and so relieved not to have the stress of dealing with this on our own. Carers in our situation certainly don't need any extra stress. I highly recommend Newcastle Financial Planning services. Read More
Dustin took over my business some years ago and I have never ceased to be impressed with his service and attention to detail. Dustin has managed the rear combination of the service of a medium sized office operation with the expertise and research facilities of a much larger organisation while keeping his fee structure in an affordable range. Read More
We have had a few meetings with Daniel Brown over the last 18 months. Our initial contact was when Adam wanted to re-commence his soccer career after a 13 year retirement. Read More


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Instead of having a physical presence at E3 this year, Nintendo decided to get all futuristic on us and broadcast a live look at what it has in store for us this year. During the livestreamed Nintendo Direct event, the big N dropped some deets about the future of Mario and friends. Nintendo gave us a first look at the next installment in its popular racing franchise, Mario Kart, announcing that Mario Kart 8 will be available on the Wii U in Spring 2014.
Mario Kart 8 looks like its predecessors, both graphics and game play wise. Of course, the Wii U shots look smoother and brighter than the Wii version, and still hold true to Nintendo's quite cartoony character design and style. There are some gameplay additions, with carts turning into hovercraft like vehicles and a 3D world that goes upside down, inside out and all over the place. Air gliding, underwater racing and driving up vertical walls are all now normal occurrences while shooting a red turtle shell at that dude in the first place slot.
Mamma mia! Check out the E3 trailer below.


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Please join us on April 7 as the Nyack College School of Music showcases its gifted students, alumni and faculty in concert at David Geffen Hall at Lincoln Center. You'll be uplifted and inspired by this one-of-a-kind event.
Nyack's School of Music performances are a tradition that span more than seven decades. In addition to their regional travels in North America, international tours have included performances in Paris, Poland, Korea, Hong Kong, Germany, Moscow and Puerto Rico. The more than 100-voice group has also performed at Alice Tully Hall, Avery Fisher Hall, Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall.
The April 7 performance will feature program conductors including Nyack School of Music faculty, Dr. Sue Talley (assistant dean of Nyack's New York City School of Music), Prof. Joel Jameson, Dr. Elizabeth Swanson, Prof. Darryl Jordan, Prof. Willana Mack and Ms. Stephanie Fisher. Ms. Fisher is an accomplished conductor and composer, who made Nyack College her school of choice to earn her music degree. One of her original works will be performed at the April 7 concert.
Dr. Victoria Bond, acclaimed conductor and composer, performing a new commissioned work will be another program highlight. Her compositions have been praised by The New York Times as "powerful, stylistically varied and technically demanding," and her conducting has been called "impassioned" by The Wall Street Journal.
Nyack College President Dr. Michael G. Scales says, "Not only will the audience be fascinated by our gifted music students, but this opportunity to perform on the stage of a world famous cultural arts center is an experience of a lifetime for many of these young men and women."
Advance Ticket Purchases Recommended
Orchestra: $25 | First Tier: $20 | Second Tier: $15 | Third Tier: $10
Purchase your tickets today!
Online: lincolncenter.org
Phone: 212.721.6500
In Person: David Geffen Hall Box Office


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2. Cleveland fan with a knife stuck in the back of my LeBron Jersey.(in the interest of full disclosure - I really don't care that he chose to live in a city that he wanted to live in and to work for a company that he wanted to work for...can't he decide those things? I just think it'd be a funny costume)
3. A hot dog with a hole in the middle. You see...it's a play on words. It's a hollowed out weener...like holloweenie...never mind. I'm not doing this one. This is stupid. I hate this!
3 (for reals yo). Eduardo Saverin with a knife stuck in the back of his suit jacket.You see what I did there?


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There are already mains left-right front-back pan positions and lfe level controls in the surround pan effect, but what about changing the mains level from this effect as well?
Sometimes I'd like to be able to send audio just to the lfe and not the mains, and ultimately control mains / lfe balance with an event parameter and layer effect curves.
Alternatively, you could add additional volume effect property options for each speaker output. Either way works for me. Or both.
thanks again
- jcobb asked 11 years ago
cheers, thanks. whichever way is fine by me.
The 'FMOD Designer Feature Schedule' sticky is the best place to attach feature requests.
[Note: I've compiled your suggestions and added them to the above thread already].
- templar answered 11 years ago
We originally just tried to simplify it because of all the lines you would end up with on the screen (ie 8 lines for 7.1). 3 lines for x/y and lfe is a bit easer to navigate.
Do the level settings in the event properties not do what you want? You can set all speaker levels to -inf and just leave the lfe at 0db for example.
The most common case is for adding some low frequency sfx on layers in an event. The sound definitions that go to lfe are not intended to go to mains and visa-versa. I'd like to make one event that has all speaker levels at full and the details of the mix controlled in the layers.
Just a mains level in the surround pan effect would suffice to make this possible.
on a related note:
I am told by knowledgeable sources that proper use of the .1 channel for sound effects is to not just send the main mix with a low frequency roll-off to the sub, but to make a great-sounding full-range mains mix that is accompanied by a unique, but optional, lfe-only track. In fact, the lfe track may or may not even be heard, depending on the speaker config and downmix settings of the playback system. I take this to mean that if there is an lfe, I don't want to play the bottom scraps of the mains mix, I want to make it special.
we can look at doing something like the overall level, or just do speaker levels as a seperate effect.
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The first thing I noticed about Sinecraft was that it was pleasantly blocky. The original Minecraft textures are fairly blocky themselves, but this was a new kind of blockiness, a smooth, bordered blockiness that would probably have a martini on Wednesdays.
Cobblestone looks awesome in this texture pack. In fact, the whole thing has a sort of muted Lego appeal, which I enjoyed immensely.
Read more and get the download…


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- Details
DetailsExtra large ABD pad with all four edges sealed to prevent lint residue and leaking. Features soft nonwoven outer layer for patient comfort and fluff filler for absorbency.
- Specifications
Additional Information
Manufacturer Kendall Healthcare Unit of Measure (UOM) Case Other Options Bulk Pack Dimensions 12" x 16" Dimensions Detail 12" x 16" Condition Incontinence


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Sometime in the early '90s, a guy named Dan Whitney abandoned his government name and became Larry the Cable Guy, becoming rich and famous for saying a couple catchphrases in a funny voice. It's a phenomenon I like to remind myself about whilst writing dozens of original jokes a day and only getting recognized by the cop who pulled me over two months ago and isn't happy to have done so again.
"That $200 for speeding, and $500 for being a dumb shit who doesn't learn his fucking lesson."
As it turns out, Whitney did some stand up as himself. After watching his set, I can safely say that typecasting himself as a wacky hillbilly was an improvement. From the start, Dan was clearly no fan of narratives, choosing the rapid-fire one-liner route. That would be fine, except his one-liners were terrible, even for early-90s standup standards:
"I was watching America's Most Wanted, and suddenly my Dad got up, turned the channel, shaved his beard off."
Because his dad was on the show, GEDDIT? That's a semi-decent set-up, but with no follow-up whatsoever. Unless you count constant mumbling and vamping as a punchline. The audience seems to, as they laughed heartily the entire time. Though that might have been because they'd long surpassed the club's five-drink minimum.
"Ah'm gunnin' fer the 'every drop o' alcohol in the joint' maximum."
It never gets better. At one point he throws out, "I was down in Florida with Mom and her lesbian lover Frida." That's the joke. She's a mom, but she has a girlfriend. The crowd, naturally, laughs along merrily, because they're just as bad as he is. At least this time he includes a follow-up joke … kind of. "Nah, I'm kidding, she's got a lot of partners." And I'll bet they're all women too, right? Cuz that's just ZANY.
The stupidity never, ever ends. He went fishing and caught a Cuban. His friend played Monopoly and put up crack houses. A girl picks him up at a bar and he told her "put me down." His cab driver was named Bahb. His dad called him fatso and made oinky noises at him. This line, verbatim: "I went to a Jehovah's Witness funeral the other day. I didn't want to go but they came to my door."
At one point, he mentions his friend joined a Jewish gang that caters other gangs' fights. Because Jewish people cater apparently? Either I completely missed that stereotype, or Whitney was literally inventing new ones as he went along. Talk about lazy writing — you could say just about anything with that approach. "I ran into an old Chinese woman and she did the craziest thing: a backflip!"
Later, he jokes that he broke his ankle while playing Nintendo basketball. In the hands of a decent comic, that could be a damn funny premise. Dan's version? "I broke my ankle in three places playing basketball, o ho Nintendo. And uh, that really stinks." That's all. That "o ho" was designed to let his adoring public know that a killer punchline was on the way. It lied. Which really stinks.
Besides, only a first-generation X-Box could ever hope to break bones like that.
Also, it's not just his words that suck. True, on their own, they're are less funny than puppies abandoned under a bridge. But his delivery makes it thrice as bad. He laughs at his own jokes, umms and ahhs like a kid desperately lying his way out of a punishment, grasps the microphone stand like it'll explode if he lets go, and spends half his set delivering dumbass filler lines like "yeah, so that was weird" and "you know, it's just kinda, you know" and "anyway," all of which are universal codes for "that sucked, moving on."
Watching this video was the longest seven minutes of my life. My sincere hope is that you click on it and make it the longest seven minutes of yours as well.


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Applications for financial aid are available beginning January 1, 2016 for the following academic year at www.fafsa.ed.gov. Students who complete their online application and submit all required documents by the July 1 priority deadline increase their potential to receive the maximum aid available from each of the financial aid programs.
The following is a list of information you will need to complete the 2016-2017 FAFSA:
Effective April 24, 2017: Due to the suspension of the Internal Revenue Service Data Retrieval Tool (IRS DRT,) the U.S. Department of Education, Federal Student Aid, has advised institutions to begin accepting signed paper copies of 2015 federal income tax returns for verification purposes.
The FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) is a free application; you do not have to pay a fee to complete it. If you need assistance completing your FAFSA please visit http://studentaid.ed.gov/students/publications/completing_fafsa/index.html or contact the Educational Opportunity Center (EOC) to schedule an appointment (401) 455-6028.
Avoid Processing Delays of Your Application: Read these frequently asked questions to assist you in completing your FAFSA
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