text:
Owen Hibbert of Entertainment Buddha writes: "A Story About My Uncle is the debut title from Gone North Games published by indie machine Coffee Stain Studios. Yes, that would be the same studio responsible for the ridiculous and somewhat infamous game, Goat Simulator. They are also responsible for the excellent Sanctum series, so it's not all a joke. Their latest game focuses you the player, on a young boy's journey across the unknown to find his incredibly cool Uncle Fred. I find that I like to see more than the game itself when I start up any title, and so I always have to browse around the menu first. Normally, this becomes a perfect basis for deciding on whether the game is for me. Seeing how much depth a developer puts into the game's menus often shows its worth, so I was most pleased to see an 'unlockables' option. It seemed to feature various cheats, one of which; was called 'Goat Mode', which came as no surprise. There were others but I won't spoil them, all are unlocked by playing through and unlocking collectibles."
If anything at least this game has a peculiar title, and a game with a cheat called "Goat Mode" can't be bad.


text:
Republic of Korea Navy
|Republic of Korea Navy
대한민국 해군
Daehan Minguk Haegun
|November 11, 1945
|South Korea
Apx. 70,000 active duty personnel incl. 29,000 marines (2016)[1]
Apx. 170 ships
Apx. 70 aircraft
|Part of
|Republic of Korea Armed Forces
|Republic of Korea Navy HQ, Gyeryongdae complex
To the sea, to the world
(Korean: 바다로, 세계로; "Bada-ro Segye-ro")
|"Navy Anthem" (Korean: 해군가; "Haegunga")[2]
16 submarines
12 destroyers
13 frigates
16 corvettes
86 patrol craft
12 amphibious warfare ships
10 mine warfare ships
16 auxiliary ships
Korean War
Vietnam War
Global War on Terrorism
|President Moon Jae-In
|Minister of National Defense
|Minister Song Young-Moo
|Chief of Naval Operations
|Admiral Sim Seung-seob (33rd)
|Vice Admiral Sohn Won-yil (1st CNO)[3]
|Naval ensign
|Naval jack
The Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN; Korean: 대한민국 해군; Hanja: 大韓民國海軍; Revised Romanization: Daehan Minguk Haegun, literally "Republic of Korea sea military"), also known as the ROK Navy, is the naval warfare service branch of the South Korean armed forces, responsible for conducting naval operations and amphibious landing operations.[4] The ROK Navy includes the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, which is a quasi-autonomous organization.[5] Established in 1945, the ROK Navy is the oldest branch of the South Korean armed forces.
Since the end of the Korean War, the South Korean navy has concentrated its efforts to building naval forces to counteract the North Korean navy, which has littoral naval capabilities. As South Korea's economy grew, the ROK Navy was able to build larger and better equipped fleets to deter aggression, to protect national maritime rights and to support the nation's foreign policy.[6] As a part of its mission, the ROK Navy has engaged in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century.[7]
As of 2016, the ROK Navy has about 70,000 regular personnel including 29,000 Republic of Korea Marines. In addition, there are about 170 commissioned ships in service with the ROK Navy, including about 10 submarines, 110 surface combatants and patrol vessels, 10 amphibious warfare ships, 10 mine warfare ships, and 20 auxiliary ships (a total displacement of about 211,000 tonnes[8]). The naval aviation force consists of about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The ROK Marine Corps has about 500 tracked vehicles including self-propelled artillery.[9]
The ROK Navy aims to become a blue-water navy by 2020.[10][11][12]
- 1 Duties and objectives
- 2 History
- 3 Command and organization
- 3.1 Senior leadership
- 3.2 Organization
- 3.3 Location
- 3.4 Relationship with the U.S. Navy
- 4 Personnel
- 5 Naval engagements of the ROK Navy
- 6 Major international activities
- 7 Equipment
- 8 Future developments
- 9 Military ranks
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Duties and objectives[edit]
The main duties of the Navy shall be operations on the sea and landing operations, and the Navy shall be formed and equipped for that purpose and shall provide education and training necessary therefor.— Act on the Organization of National Armed Forces[13]
The objectives of the ROK Navy as maritime forces for the National Security are:
- Establishing autonomous naval forces to deter war
- Securing maritime superiority to win war
- Promoting national interests through protection of maritime activities
- Enhancing the national prestige through naval presence[14]
Korea has a long history of naval activity. In the late 4th century during the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo defeated Baekje, fielding amphibious forces of 40,000 men in the process. In the 9th century, Commissioner Chang Bogo of Unified Silla established a maritime base called Cheonghaejin on an island to foster trading with China and Japan, and to cope with pirates.
In 1380, naval forces of the Goryeo Dynasty defeated 500 invading Japanese pirate vessels by deploying shipboard guns, devised by Choi Museon.This is reportedly the first use of shipboard guns in naval history. In 1389 and 1419, Korean naval forces invaded Tsushima Island to suppress Japanese piracy. In the early years of the Joseon Dynasty, the naval force reached its peak of 50,000 personnel, in order to combat the ongoing piracy issue.[16]
During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), the Korean naval force commanded by Admiral Yi Sunsin, who later became the head of the Navy, cut off the invaders' naval lifeline and defeated the Japanese fleet, reversing the war in favor of Joseon.[17] Admiral Yi is also credited with the creation of the Turtle Ship.
By the end of 19th century, the Joseon Navy had no significant naval force[18] other than coastal defense fortresses. Although there was an attempt to modernize the navy by establishing a royal naval school, the Joseon Navy was brought to an end in 1895. In 1903, the government of the Korean Empire purchased its first modern war ship, the Yangmu.[19] Korean naval tradition was disrupted after Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910. During the Japanese occupation period, the Imperial Japanese Navy built a naval base - Chinkai Guard District in southern Korea (at present-day Jinhae).
Founding years and Korean War[edit]
Shortly after Korea was liberated from the Empire of Japan on August 15, 1945, Sohn Won-yil, a former merchant mariner and son of the independence activist Sohn Jung-do,[20] led the Maritime Affairs Association. The Association evolved into the Marine Defense Group on November 11, 1945 (later became Navy Foundation Day) and later became the Korean Coast Guard, which was formed in Jinhae. After the new Republic of Korea government was established on August 15, 1948, the Korean Coast Guard was formally renamed the Republic of Korea Navy, and Sohn became the first Chief of Naval Operations of the ROK Navy on September 5, 1948.[21] On April 15, 1949, the Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC) was founded in Jinhae. In October 1949, the ROK Navy purchased a 600-ton submarine chaser, the former USS PC-823 with funds raised among its personnel. She was renamed ROKS Baekdusan (PC 701) (PC-701 백두산, named after Baekdu Mountain), and became "the first significant warship of the newly independent nation".[22][23]
The Korean War started with the North Korean army's surprise attack on Sunday, June 25, 1950. The ROK Navy confronted threats from the North Korean navy: "Perhaps the most aggressive and effective, if smallest, member of the South Korean armed services during the first year of the Korean War was the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN). At the outset of the conflict, the 6,956-man ROKN, with [33][24] naval vessels of various types, was outnumbered by the 13,700 men and 110 naval vessels of the North Korean navy."[25] With its UN allies, dominated by U.S. forces, the ROK Navy was able to gain control in the seas surrounding the country. On July 27, 1953, the three-year-long war was brought to an end when an armistice agreement was signed. During the war, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Philippines, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States contributed naval vessels as UN allies; Denmark sent the hospital ship Jutlandia.[26]
The Commander-in-Chief Republic of Korea Fleet (CINCROKFLT), the highest operational command, was established in September 1953.
Starting in the 1950s, the ROK Navy built up its surface fleet mainly with older warships transferred from the United States Navy (USN). In May 1963, the ROK Navy acquired its first destroyer, ROKS Chungmu (DD 91 and later DD 911). Chungmu was the former USS Erben, a Fletcher-class destroyer. Starting from 1972, nine former USN Allen M. Sumner-class and Gearing-class destroyers were transferred and added to the ROK Fleet inventory.
During the Vietnam War, the ROK Navy dispatched a naval transport squadron called Baekgu, which was composed of three Landing Ship Tanks and two Landing Ship Mediums. The Republic of Korea Marine Corps sent into a combat brigade called Cheongnyong to Vietnam.
On January 19, 1967, ROKS Dangpo (PCEC 56), the former USS Marfa, was sunk by North Korean coastal artillery north of the demarcation line off the east coast of Korea[27] In June 1970, a navy broadcast vessel (ROKS I-2) was captured by North Korean patrol craft in the vicinity of Yeonpyeong Islands in the West Sea (Yellow Sea).[28]
In the 1970s, the ROK Navy, through the Park Chung-hee Administration's "Yulgok Plan" (an eight-year national defense plan "to build up self-reliant, national defense capability"[29]), began to build naval forces with indigenous technology; this initiated the ROK Navy effort to build a fleet of locally built ships. The first 2,000-ton frigate ROKS Ulsan (FF 951) was launched in 1980 and the first 1,000-ton corvette ROKS Pohang (PCC 756) was launched in 1982, both featuring indigenous technology. The ROK Navy continued to carry out other new shipbuilding projects such as minesweepers, logistic support ships and amphibious landing ships in the 1980s and 1990s.
In 1973, the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, once a separate branch of the armed forces, became a part of the Navy.
Since the 1990s, the ROK Navy has been steadily upgrading its naval forces. In 1995, Admiral An Pyong-tae, the Chief of Naval Operations, presented his plan for the future of the ROK Navy, which included building a blue-water navy.[30]
As a part of a plan to strengthen the surface combatant forces, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship of the Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer in 1996 to replace the former USN destroyers. For building up a submarine force, the ROK Navy purchased its first submarine (other than midget submarines), Chang Bogo (SS 061), from Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Germany in 1992. In order to replace its antiquated S-2 Tracker anti-submarine warfare airplanes, South Korea purchased a squadron of P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft. These were delivered to the ROK Navy starting in 1995.
The ROK Navy continues to put its efforts to build a blue-water navy. In 2001, then-President Kim Dae-jung announced a plan for building up the Strategic Mobile Fleet.[31]
In 2002, the lead ship (ROKS Chungmugong Yi Sunshin (DDH-975)) of the 5,500-ton Chungmugong Yi Sunshin class destroyer was launched.[32] In 2005, the 18,800-ton amphibious landing ship ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111) was launched. In 2006, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship (SS 072) of the 1,800-ton Sohn Won-yil class submarine, which was named after the first Chief of Naval Operations, equipped with an Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) system. In May 2007, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship (DDG 991) of the 11,000-ton Sejong the Great class destroyer, built around the American-made AEGIS combat system and the SPY-1D(v) multi-function phased array radar.
As a part of its mission, the ROK Navy participated in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century.[7]
On March 26, 2010, ROKS Cheonan, a Pohang class corvette was sunk by a North Korean torpedo, resulting in death of 46 sailors near Baengnyeong Island, in the vicinity of the Northern Limit Line (NLL).[33][34]
Command and organization[edit]
The Republic of Korea Navy includes the Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters, Republic of Korea Marine Corps, Republic of Korea Fleet Command, Naval Education and Training Command, Naval Logistics Command, and Naval Academy. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the highest-ranking officer of the ROK Navy.
Senior leadership[edit]
As of December 2016, the following people were in office:
- Chief of Naval Operations: Admiral Um Hyun-sung (based in Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters, Gyeryong)
- Commander Republic of Korea Fleet: Vice Admiral Jung Jin-sub (based in Republic of Korea Fleet Command, Busan)
- Commandant of the Republic of Korea Marine Corps: Lieutenant General Lee Sang-hoon (based in Headquarters Republic of Korea Marine Corps, Hwaseong)
The ROK Navy is led by the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). The Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters located within the Gyeryongdae complex, the tri-service headquarters in Gyeryong, includes the office of the Chief of Naval Operations and various agencies and staff functions. The CNO is a four-star admiral and a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The CNO oversees the administration of recruiting, organizing, training, equipping, supplying, and mobilizing the ROK Navy.[35]
Republic of Korea Fleet Command[edit]
Republic of Korea Fleet Command (formerly Commander-in-Chief Republic of Korea Fleet) is responsible for naval operations, and based at the Busan Naval Base. Commander Republic of Korea Fleet (COMROKFLT), a three-star admiral, also serves as Commander Naval Component Command (CNCC) of the ROK-US Combined Forces Command (CFC) in peacetime, and as the Deputy Commander Naval Component Command (DCNCC) in wartime. The Republic of Korea Fleet has three numbered fleets each assigned to the seas east, west, and south of South Korea:
- ROK FIRST Fleet Headquarters (base: Donghae)
- Naval Battle Group ONE
- ROK SECOND Fleet Headquarters (base: Pyeongtaek)
- Naval Battle Group TWO
- INCHEON Sea Area Defense Command (base: Incheon)
- ROK THIRD Fleet Headquarters (base: Mokpo)
- Naval Battle Group THREE
For various types of naval operations, the ROK Fleet has a submarine force, two surface flotillas, a naval aviation force, a special warfare (UDT/SEAL) forces, and units for combat readiness and meteorology/oceanography:
- Commander, Submarines[36]
- Component Flotilla FIVE
- Mine Squadron FIVE TWO
- Amphibious Squadron FIVE THREE
- Salvage Squadron FIVE FIVE
- Ship Salvage Unit (SSU)
- Mobile Construction Squadron FIVE NINE [37]
- Fleet Air Wing SIX
- Task Flotilla SEVEN
- Fleet Combat Training Group EIGHT[38]
- Naval Special Warfare Flotilla
- Naval Intelligence Group
Numbered fleets[edit]
The three numbered fleets, each led by a Rear Admiral (Upper Half), are responsible for protecting the green-water around South Korea: The First Fleet is for the eastern naval sector, the Second Fleet is for the western naval sector and the Third Fleet is for the southern naval sector including Jeju Island. Each fleet includes a Naval Battle Group,[39] which comprises squadrons of patrol forces composed of Gwanggaeto the Great class destroyers, Incheon class frigates, Ulsan class frigates, Pohang class corvettes, and Yoon Youngha class and Chamsuri class patrol vessels.
Mobile Flotilla[edit]
When taking command of the Navy in 1995, Admiral An Pyong-tae, then Chief of Naval Operations, proposed to build a blue-water navy for the Republic of Korea. In the year 2001, President Kim Dae-jung announced a plan for creating a task force called "Strategic Mobile Fleet" (전략기동함대; Jeollyak Gidong Hamdae), which will "protect national interests in the five oceans and contribute to world peace" .[31] As part of the plan, the ROK Navy established one task force, Commander Mobile Flotilla Seven on February 1, 2010, which evolved from the ASW Squadron 51 of the Element Flotilla Five. The Mobile Flotilla is composed of three Sejong the Great class AEGIS guided missile destroyers, and six Chungmugong Yi Sunshin class destroyers.[40] It is headquartered at Jeju Naval Base, Jeju-do.
The force is hoped to be able to defend South Korea against any North Korean aggression as well as being able to protect trade routes vital to the ROK. It is also designed to be able to suppress disputes or territorial spats using deterrence and if necessary force.[citation needed] In addition to combat operations the ships of the flotilla performs humanitarian operations: A Chungmugong Yi Sunshin class destroyer of the Mobile Flotilla is being deployed in response to piracy attacks in shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia.
Republic of Korea Marine Corps[edit]
The Naval Education and Training Command is one of the two major shore commands of the ROK Navy responsible for training. It is located in Jinhae. Its primary role is to conduct the initial orientation and basic training for new recruits of the Navy and the Korea Coast Guard. The Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) are under the Naval Education and Training Command.
The Naval Logistics Command is the other major shore command of the ROK Navy. It also operates the Naval Ship Yard located in Jinhae.[41]
The Republic of Korea Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational service academy located in Jinhae. It was established in 1946. Graduates are commissioned as Ensigns in the Navy or Second Lieutenants in the Marine Corps. The Naval Academy also hosts the Officer Candidate School, which provides training to become commissioned officers for civilian college graduates and candidates with military experience.[42]
The ROK Navy operates several naval bases in South Korea: Jinhae, Busan, Donghae, Pyeongtaek, Mokpo, Jeju-do, Incheon, Pohang. Naval air stations are in Pohang, Jinhae, and Mokpo. Jinhae has been the major port for the ROK Navy since the establishment of the Korean Coast Guard by hosting vital naval facilities including the Naval Shipyard. Busan has become another major naval base for the ROK Fleet since its Command Headquarters moved from Jinhae in 2007. Donghae, Pyeongtaek, and Mokpo hosts the command headquarters of the First, Second and the Third Fleet respectively. Incheon hosts a Defense Command under a one-star admiral responsible for littoral waters close to Seoul, the nation's capital. Pohang has a naval base for amphibious forces such as the 1st Marine Division located nearby. In February 2016, the ROK Navy completed a new naval base on the southern coast of Jeju-do for basing the Maritime Task Flotilla and a submarine squadron, in order to strengthen its control over the seas around the Korean Peninsula by deploying these forces.[43]
South Korea has a joint military partnership with the United States as outlined by the Mutual Defense Treaty signed in 1951. Commander U.S. Seventh Fleet (C7F) is designated as Commander Naval Component Command (CNCC) "for the defense of the Korean peninsula; in the event of hostilities, all friendly naval forces in the theater would fall under C7F control."[44]
Commander U.S. Naval Forces Korea (CNFK) is a shore command of the United States Navy that serves as the shore support agency for all U.S. Naval activity in South Korea (HQ located at Busan Naval Base[45]). Commander Fleet Activities Chinhae (CFAC) is a U.S. Naval installation in Jinhae.
The ROK Navy has about 70,000 personnel, including the 29,000 members of the ROK Marine Corps (as of 2014). Among these members, about 11 percent of them are commissioned officers and about 32 percent of them are petty officers (including warrant officers).[46]
Military service is mandatory for all South Korean men. In the ROK Navy, all members are volunteers, with enlisted sailors serving for 23-month periods, and enlisted Marines serving for 21-month periods; commissioned officer, warrant officer, and non-commissioned officer serving longer terms than those of enlisted men, or as career sailor, airmen, and Marines. In the year 2001, six female ensigns, who had become commissioned officers through the officer candidate school, were assigned to serve on surface ships of the ROK Navy, for the first time ever.[47]
Commissioned officers[edit]
There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer in the ROK Navy, including the Naval Academy, Officer Candidate School (OCS), and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). Officer Candidate School, located at the Naval Academy, Jinhae, provides training for candidates with current or prior enlisted experience in the military and civilian college graduates, which take majority in OCS.
Warrant officers[edit]
Following the traditions of the British Royal Navy the warrant officer rank in the South Korean armed forces falls in between that of non-commissioned and commissioned officers. In the ROK Navy, warrant officers are mostly former non-commissioned officers who had earned the rating of Wonsa (Master Chief Petty Officer) and who had been selected for and completed a warrant officer candidate program. Another route to becoming a naval warrant officer is to complete a naval aviation warrant officer candidate program. Warrant officers generally mess in the wardroom with commissioned officers.
Petty officers[edit]
Petty officers originate from a petty officer candidate program. In the ROK Navy, personnel with ranks of Hasa through Wonsa are considered petty officers (i.e. non-commissioned officers) while those at Sangsa and Wonsa are further referred to as "CPO" (chief petty officer) collectively. The "CPO"s have privileges such as separate dining and living areas.
There are the appointments of Juim Wonsa and Juim Sangsa equivalent to that of the U.S. Navy's command master chief petty officer (CMDCM). The positions are filled by senior Wonsa and Sangsa respectively and unlike their U.S. Navy counterparts, the ROK Navy Juim Wonsa and Juim Sangsa wear the same standard rate insignia of Wonsa or Sangsa and only wear a special identification badge. Every ROK Navy establishment and ship has either a Juim Wonsa or Juim Sangsa.
Since 2015, the Ministry of National Defense was considering a new rating of Seonim Wonsa (Senior Master Chief Petty Officer), which would be the highest enlisted rank, but the decision has not been finalized yet.
In the ROK Navy, enlisted sailors are referred to as "Subyeong" (수병; 水兵). Normally the enlisted sailors serve in the Navy for 23 months; after completing their military services as Byeongjang (i.e. Leading Seaman), most of them are transferred from active duty to the naval reserve.
ROK Navy uniforms were based on US Navy uniforms with some notable differences. Petty officers, not just chief petty officers, wear uniforms identical to that of a commissioned officer's uniform except with different insignia, and petty officers wear a peaked cap with a white cover and a gold chinstrap. Junior enlisted ratings wear dungaree trousers and chambray shirts as their work uniforms, on the dress uniform they wear sailor caps of the Japanese pattern (with ship or base name in Hangul).
- Battle of Haeju
- Gangneung Infiltration
- 1998 Sokcho submarine incident
- Battle of Yosu
- First Battle of Yeonpyeong
- Second Battle of Yeonpyeong
- Battle of Daecheong
- ROKS Cheonan sinking
Major international activities[edit]
The ROK Navy frequently participates in multinational exercises and international activities. Also it has engaged in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century.
- Pacific Reach: The ROK Navy has participated in the biannual submarine rescue exercise since 2000. In 2004, the ROK Navy hosted the exercise, which was the first multinational naval exercise the ROK Navy ever hosted.
- RIMPAC: The ROK Naval forces have participated in the biannual multilateral naval exercise since 1990.
- ROK-US combined amphibious landing exercise: The ROK Navy and ROKMC together with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct the exercise annually in Korea.
- ROKN-JMSDF SAREX: The ROK Navy and Japan Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) conducted the search and rescue exercise biannually since 1999.
- WP MCMEX/DIVEX: The mine warfare forces of the ROK Navy have participated in the Western Pacific Mine Counter Measure Exercise/Diving Exercise since 2004.
- Cruise Training: Since 1954, the ROK Navy has conducted the annual oceangoing training with the fourth year midshipmen (naval cadets) of the Naval Academy to provide on the job training before commissioning them and to foster relations with other navies around the world.
- Navy to Navy Talks: The ROK Navy holds regular naval conferences with its counterparts of Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and United States.[48]
- Cobra Gold: Together with the ROK Marines, ROKS Seonginbong (LST 685) had participated in Cobra Gold 2010.
Anti-piracy operations[edit]
Since March 2009, the ROK Navy has deployed the Cheonghae task group in response to piracy attacks in shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia. This task group is composed of a Chungmugong Yi Sunshin class destroyer and about 30 naval special warfare personnel. The group operates as part of the multinational task force, Combined Task Force 151 of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF).[49] The ROK Navy has dispatched five warships to the mission area under the name of Cheonghae task group. As of September 2010, ROKS Wang Geon (DDH 978) is carrying out the mission in the area. On January 21, 2011 South Korean naval commandos carried out Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden, an operation to rescue the crew of the hijacked MV Samho Jewelry and succeed in rescuing the crew and killing or capturing all of the pirates on board.[50]
International fleet review[edit]
In October 1998, the ROK Navy hosted its first international fleet review in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Korea and its armed forces off coast of Busan and Jinhae. 21 ships from 11 countries (Australia, Bangladesh, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States) participated in the fleet review as well as 34 ships and 15 aircraft from South Korea.[51][52] The ROK Navy hosted its second international fleet review off coast of Busan in October 2008 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the South Korean government. 22 ships from 11 countries (Australia, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States) participated in the fleet review as well as 33 ships and 27 aircraft from South Korea.[53][54]
The Cruise Training Unit – ROKS Kwaggaeto the Great (DDH 971), ROKS Jeju (FF 958) and ROKS Cheonji (AOE 57) participated in International Fleet Review 2002 commemorating the 50th anniversary of JMSDF in Tokyo Bay. The Cruise Training Fleet – ROKS Chungmugong Yi Sunshin (DDH 975) and ROKS Cheonji (AOE 57) - visited the United Kingdom in order to take part in the International Fleet Review for Trafalgar 200 in 2005. In April 2009, ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111) and ROKS Kang Gamchan (DDH 979) attended an international fleet review to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy in Qingdao. In August 2009, the Cruise Training Flotilla – ROKS Choi Young (DDH 981) and ROKS Daecheong (AOE 58) participated in the Indonesian International Fleet Review, which commemorates the 64th anniversary of Indonesian independence.
Ships and submarines[edit]
The ROK Navy employs the U.S. Navy-style letter based hull classification symbols to designate the types of its ships and hull numbers to uniquely identify its vessels (e.g. DDH 975). The names are that of the historical figures, provinces, cities, counties, peaks, lakes, islands, and birds. The Chief of Naval Operations selects the names of ships.[55]
There are four ship ratings. A first-rate ship (DDG, DDH, Sohn Won-yil class SS, LPH, MLS, AOE, and ASR) is commanded by a captain; a second-rate ship (FF, SS, PCC, LST, and ATS) by a commander; a third-rate ship (SSM, PKG, MSH, and MHC) by a lieutenant commander; and a fourth-rate craft (PKM and LSF) is commanded by a lieutenant or a warrant officer.
Major commissioned ships[edit]
The ROK Navy has about 160 commissioned ships in service including about 10 submarines, 110 surface combatants and patrol vessels, 10 amphibious warfare ships, 10 mine warfare ships, and 20 auxiliary ships (a total displacement of about 211,000 tonnes[8]) as of 2016.
The ship prefix for all the commissioned ROK Navy ship is ROKS (Republic of Korea Ship) when the names of ships are written in English.
|ROKN Classification
|Displacement - light
|# of ships commissioned
|Chang Bogo III class
|SS: Submarine
|3,705 tons
|KSS-III; 1 launched; 9 in class
|Sohn Won-yil class
|SS: Submarine
|1,860 tons
|KSS-II; 9 in class, 1 SSG[57]
|Chang Bogo class
|SS: Submarine
|1,400 tons
|Surface combatants (destroyers and frigates)
|Sejong the Great class
|DDG: Destroyer Guided-missile
|11,000 tons
|3 more planned as batch II[60]
|Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class
|DDH: Destroyer Helicopter
|5,520 tons
|DDH-II; To be followed by KDDX program[1]
|Gwanggaeto the Great class
|DDH: Destroyer Helicopter
|3,900 tons
|Daegu class
|FFG: Frigate Guided-missile
|3,592 tons
|FFX Batch-II 8 ships in class; Lead ship launched[62]
|Incheon class
|FFG: Frigate Guided-missile
|3,251 tons
|6 in class
|Ulsan class
|FF: Frigate
|2,350 tons
|To be replaced by Incheon and Daegu class
|Patrol vessels (corvettes and patrol craft)
|Pohang class
|PCC: Patrol Combat Corvette
|1,200 tons
|To be replaced by Incheon and Daegu class
|Yoon Youngha class
|PKG: Patrol Killer Guided-missile
|570 tons
|18 in class
|Chamsuri 211 class
|PKMR: Patrol Killer Medium Rocket
|210 tons
|PKX-B Batch-I; 16 more planned as Batch-I
|Chamsuri class
|PKM: Patrol Killer Medium
|250 tons
|To be replaced by PKX-B
|Amphibious warfare ships
|Dokdo class
|LPH: Landing Transport Helicopter[68]
|19,000 tons
|3 in class; 1 active, 1 launched, 1 planned
|Cheon Wang Bong-class LST
|LST: Landing Ship Tank
|7,140 tons
|LST-II; 4 in class; 1 launched[70]
|Gojunbong class
|LST: Landing Ship Tank
|4,300 tons
|Solgae 621 class
|LSF: Landing Ship Fast
|151 tons
|Assault hovercraft (Project 12061E Murena-E) transferred from Russia[71][72][73]
|Solgae 631 class
|LSF: Landing Ship Fast
|150 tons
|2 ordered;[74] Locally-built LCAC designated as LSF-II[75]
|Mine warfare ships
|Nampo class
|MLS: Minelayer Ship
|4,240 tons
|MLS-II; 4 in class, Lead ship launched[76]
|Wonsan class
|MLS: Minelayer Ship
|3,300 tons
|Yangyang class
|MSH: Minesweeper Hunter
|880 tons
|Ganggyeong class
|MHC: Minehunter Coastal
|512 tons
|Auxiliary ships
|Soyang class
|AOE: Fast Combat Support Ship
|23,000 tons
|AOE-II; Lead ship launched[78]
|Cheonji class
|AOE: Fast Combat Support Ship
|9,200 tons
|Tongyeong class
|ATS: Salvage and Rescue Ship
|4,700 tons
|ATS-II; 2 in class
|Cheonghaejin class
|ASR: Submarine Rescue Ship
|4,300 tons
|Singiwon class
|AGS: Surveying Ship
|Sinsegi class
|AGS: Surveying Ship
|Dadohae class
|ASL: Midget-submarine Tender
|Mulgae class
|LCU: Landing Craft Utility
|175 tons
|Littoral transport and logistics support
Ships under construction[edit]
- Sohn Won-yil class (SS; 9 in class: 7 commissioned; 2 launched)[85]
- Daegu class (FFG; FFX Batch-II; 8 in class: 1 commissioned; 7 under construction)[86]
- Chamsuri 211 class (PKX-B Batch-I; 1 commissioned; 15 planned)[87]
- Cheonwangbong class (LST-II; 4 in class: 3 commissioned; 1 launched)[88]
- Nampo class (MLS-II; 1 commissioned; 2 more planned)
- Dokdo class (LPH; 1 commissioned; 1 launched)
- Chang Bogo III class (SS; 3 under construction; 9 planned)[89]
The Air Wing Six is the unit of the ROK Navy that is responsible for all of its aircraft. The Air Wing's operational headquarters is located in Pohang, and its naval air stations are Pohang (K-3), Jinhae (K-10), and Mokpo (K-15). Air Wing Six has about 20 fixed-wing and 50 rotary-wing aircraft as of 2016.
|In operation
|Lockheed Martin P-3C Orion
|ASW/Maritime patrol aircraft
|Being upgraded[91]
Ex-USN P-3B modernized by KAI
|Reims-Cessna F406 Caravan II
|light utility aircraft
|Westland Lynx
|ASW helicopter
|Lynx Mk.99
Super Lynx Mk.99A
|AW159 Wildcat
|ASW helicopter
|Sikorsky Aircraft UH-60
|utility transport helicopter
|Built by KAL-ASD
|Bell Helicopter UH-1
|utility transport helicopter
|Aérospatiale Alouette III
|light utility helicopter
Future developments[edit]
- Korean Submarine (KSS) program
The KSS program was a three-phased project to build up the ROK Navy's submarine forces. Before the KSS program, the submarine fleet of the ROK Navy consisted of midget submarines, such as the Dolgorae-class submarine and SX 756 Dolphin class submarine, which had limited capabilities for inshore operations.
Through the first phase, KSS-I, the ROK Navy acquired nine 1,200-ton Chang Bogo-class submarines. For the second phase, KSS-II, the ROK Navy plans to acquire nine 1,800-ton Sohn Won-yil-class submarines with Air-Independent propulsion (AIP) system;[85] the lead ship of her class, the Sohn Won-yil (SS 072) was launched at a shipyard of Hyundai Heavy Industries on June 9, 2006. In June 2007, the ROK Navy launched its second 1,800-ton submarine named Jeong Ji, after a military general of the Goryeo Kingdom who defeated Japanese invaders. The Type 214 submarine is expected to play a key role in safeguarding the country's maritime interests as a part of the Navy's Mobile Flotilla. The third phase of the program, KSS-III is scheduled to begin in 2007 and to build the lead ship of her class in 2017. A total of nine 3,000-ton KSS-III submarines are expected to be built in South Korea with indigenous technologies (i.e. not going under license as the previous KSS-I and KSS-II submarines).[93]
The KSS-III submarines will also be able to fire submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). Prompted by North Korea's development of the KN-11 SLBM, a vertical launching pad will be installed on the submarines for a missile expected to be developed by 2020. Although the SLBM would be less accurate than cruise missiles, its velocity and destructive capability are significantly greater.[94] Chang Bogo-III submarines will have six vertical missile launch tubes that could house Hyunmoo-2B short-range ballistic missile with a range of 500 km (310 mi).[95]
- Korean Destroyer Experimental (KDX) program
Korean experimental destroyer program is a three-phased program to modernize the surface fleet by developing and constructing new destroyers for the ROK Navy with advanced combat systems and weaponry. The outcomes of this program include the Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyers, which are the first ROK destroyers to be armed with surface-to-air missiles; the Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin-class destroyers; and the powerful Sejong the Great-class destroyers, which are equipped with the sophisticated AEGIS combat system for air-defense and anti-missile operations. These new destroyers replaced antiquated destroyers that had been transferred from the U.S. Navy decades ago.
In October 2009, the ROK Navy announced plans to build and commission six destroyers of 5,600-ton empty displacement with the AEGIS system (the KDX-IIA destroyers) from 2019 to 2026 for beefing up the Maritime Task Flotilla.[96]
- Frigate Experimental (FFX)
The FFX project aims to replace the Ulsan class frigates and Donghae/Pohang class corvettes with new 2,300-ton frigates. The total number of the ships to be built is 20 to 24 by 2020 and the Incheon-class frigate (FFG-I) have been commissioned by 2016, and another fourteen commissioned by 2018.[97] These frigates will be armed with the American-made Phalanx CIWS system and the rolling airframe missile system, and they will each carry a Westland Lynx anti-submarine warfare helicopter.[98]
- Patrol Killer Experimental (PKX)
Through the PKX program, the ROK Navy plans to build a fleet of a next generation patrol craft with Cooperative Engagement Capability and enhanced weaponry such as 76 mm guns and the KSSM anti-ship missiles. There are two variations of Geomdoksuri class patrol craft: Geomdoksuri-A and Geomdoksuri-B. The Geomdoksuri-A will be a 570-ton patrol craft with anti-ship missiles; Geomdoksuri-B will be a 200-ton patrol craft serving as the platform design for the Geomdoksuri-A variation. It totals 18 Geomdoksuri-As and totals 24 Geomdoksuri-Bs are planned. All 17 Geomdoksuri-As are enter in service by 2014 and to replace the aging Chamsuri class patrol craft.
On 28 June 2007, the Yoon Young-ha (PKG 711), the lead ship of her class, was launched at the shipyard of Hanjin Heavy Industries in Busan. She was delivered to the South Korean navy on 17 December 2008.
- Landing Platform Experimental (LPX)
The LPX project was the ROK Navy's new amphibious landing ship project for which Hanjin Heavy Industries & Constructions Co. has provided the general design package. The ROK Navy's requirements for the new amphibious landing ships were to enhance Korea's current amphibious operation capability, both in terms of assault and military operations other than war (MOOTW) type operations.
On 12 July 2005, ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111), the lead ship of her class, was launched at the shipyard of Hanjin Heavy Industries in Busan. She was delivered to the South Korean navy in July, 2007. The first air cushion landing craft (ROKS LSF 631) of LSF-II project was delivered for ROKS Dokdo in April, 2007.
In October 2009, the ROKN revealed that it plans to commission a new 14,500-ton (full displacement 18,800 tons) LPX around 2018.[99]
- LST-II project
The ROK Navy plans to commission four Cheon Wang Bong-class LSTs of 4,500-ton empty displacement between 2014 and 2017.
- AOE-II Project
The ROKN plans to commission an uncertain number of 12,000-ton fast combat support ships (AOE) around 2017 to relieve the 9,000-ton Cheonji class ships.
- ATS-II project
Through ATS-II project, the ROKN will replace the two ex-USN Beaufort class ships with two locally built 3500-ton salvage and rescue ships.
- Training Ship Experimental (ATX)
The ROK Navy plans to commission a new 4,500-ton training ship (ATX) for midshipmen and officer candidates around 2015.[100]
- MLS-II Project
The ROKN plans to build and commission an uncertain number of minelayer ships similar to ROKS Wonsan (MLS 560).
- MSH Phase 2
The ROKN plans to build and commission an uncertain number of mine countermeasure ships similar to the Yangyang class.
- Light Aircraft Carriers
The ROKN believes it can deploy two light aircraft carriers by 2036. They will be used to keep up with rapid Chinese and Japanese naval developments, expand the country's blue-water capability, and assist international peacekeeping operations. There are no fixed requirements currently, but an interim feasibility study is exploring ways to use light carriers over the next two decades. They can equip the second Dokdo-class amphibious assault ships with a ski ramp to operate short take-off and vertical landing aircraft. The Navy could acquire STOVL jets from the U.S., U.K., or Spain and deploy the ship with a ski ramp by 2019. The ROKN could also build a ship similar to the Spanish ship Juan Carlos I (L61) by 2019. Between 2028 and 2036, the Navy plans to build two 30,000 ton-class light aircraft carriers. The carriers are believed to have similar specifications to the Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550) which carries around 30 aircraft.[101]
- Maritime patrol aircraft program phase II
The ROK Navy had acquired eight P-3C aircraft through the maritime patrol aircraft program phase I.[102] Eight more ex-USN P-3CK maritime patrol aircraft had been delivered to the ROK Navy by 2010 after undergoing extensive refurbishment and modernization. In May 2013 it was announced that the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) was commencing a 1 trillion won ($900 million) procurement program to acquire up to 20 new anti-submarine warfare aircraft to replace the existing fleet of 16 P-3Cs. While possible candidates include the C-295 MPA, P-8 Poseidon and the SC-130J Sea Hercules.,[103] DAPA is considering a plan to procure 12 to 20 ex-USN S-3 Vikings for the ROKN.[104]
In 2017, the Republic of Korea Navy canceled plans to purchase refurbished and upgraded Lockheed S-3 Viking aircraft for maritime patrol and anti-submarine duties, leaving offers by Airbus, Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Saab on the table.[105][106] In June 2018, South Korea and Boeing announced that the Boeing P-8 Poseidon had been selected as the replacement for the retiring P-3C Orions.j [1]
- Mine countermeasure helicopter program
The ROK Navy had planned to acquire new mine countermeasure helicopters by 2012 with a budget of 480 billion won. AgustaWestland EH-101, NHIndustries NH-90, and Sikorsky MH-60S were being considered as possible candidates for the acquisition program[107][108] before it decided to hold the project due to global financial crisis that hit the world in 2008.
Military ranks[edit]
In the ROK Navy, as in the rest of the ROK Armed Forces, ranks fall into one of four categories: commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned officer (petty officer), and enlisted, in decreasing order of authority. Commissioned officer ranks are subdivided into flag officers, senior officers (Lieutenant Commander through Captain), and junior officers (Ensign through Lieutenant). All three branches – the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force) of the ROK Armed Forces share the same names of ranks as written in Hangul.
NATO code
|OF(D) and student officer
| South Korea
|No equivalent
(원수; 元帥)
Fleet admiral
(대장; 大將)Admiral
(중장; 中將)
Vice admiral
(소장; 少將)
Rear admiral
(준장; 準將)
Flotilla admiral (Commodore)
(대령; 大領)
(중령; 中領)
(소령; 少領)
Lieutenant commander
(대위; 大尉)
(중위; 中尉)
Lieutenant (junior grade)
(소위; 少尉)
NATO code
| South Korea
|Master chief petty officer
|Senior chief petty officer
|Chief petty officer
|Petty officer 1st class
|Petty officer 2nd class
|Petty officer 3rd class
|Leading seaman
|Seaman apprentice
Warrant officers[edit]
|ROK Navy rank
|ROK Navy insignia
|Jun-wi (warrant officer)
(Warrant Officer)
See also[edit]
- Chief of Naval Operations (South Korea)
- Joseon Navy
- Naval history of Korea
- North Korean Navy
- Korea Coast Guard
- Yi Sunshin
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- ^ S. Korea Envisions Light Aircraft Carrier - Defensenews.com, 26 October 2013
- ^ "성능개량 예정 해상초계기 8대 도입" Archived 2007-10-28 at the Wayback Machine.. Republic of Korea Navy i-News. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
- ^ Kang Seung-woo (26 May 2013). "Korea to but 20 anti-sub aircraft". The Korea Times. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ "South Korea to pave way for further S-3 Viking sales". IHS Jane's 360. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
- ^ Perrett, Bradley; Kim, Minseok (16 March 2017). "S. Korea Eyeing P-8, Swordfish As S-3 Upgrade Dropped". Aviation Week. Melbourne, Australia and Seoul. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ^ Waldron, Greg (18 October 2017). "ADEX: Big MPAs hunt for Seoul maritime requirement". FlightGlobal. Seoul. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ^ "S. Korean Navy to Buy 4 Mine Sweeper Choppers by 2012". Korea Times. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
- ^ "정부, 軍대형수송기 해외상업구매키로"[permanent dead link]. YonhapNews. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of Korea Navy.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Settlement Documentaries for All Areas of Law
Why do a "day in the life" video about your client when there's so much more to their story?
At Heidi Hemmat Productions, we believe the most powerful and effective legal case presentation tells your client's "Life Story," — who they were before the accident or incident that forever changed their life, and who they are after.
Were they a good parent? A great provider? An upstanding member of their community? What were their goals, aspirations and dreams? Did they have a bright future? At Heidi Hemmat Productions, we use photos, home video and emotional interviews to paint the picture of their lives before the devastating accident or incident. Then we use photos, animation, medical records, even 9-1-1 calls to re-create the accident or incident, and finally –we gather "day in the life" elements to show the aftermath—essentially telling their LIFE STORY—not just one day in their life.
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Here is a short segment of a recent legal LIFE STORY that resulted in a large settlement.


text:
If you missed any of today's posts, here are some of my favorites!
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text:
Machines of Grace
United States
Last Known Status: Active
Latest Machines of Grace News
Below is our complete Machines of Grace news coverage, including columns and articles pertaining to the band. Some articles listed may be indirectly related, such as side projects of the band members, etc.
Jeff Plate Video Interview Available
Vater percussion has posted a video interview online with Trans Siberian Orchestra / Machines of Grace drummer Jeff Plate, in which he discusses his playing style, influences, history and more. You can view the video clip below.
Machines Of Grace Shares Memories Of Dio
Guitarist Matt Leff of Machines of Grace has issued the following statement about Ronnie James Dio, who passed away due to stomach cancer:
"In 1988 I was attending GIT in Hollywood and read that Dio was looking for a new guitar player. I never expected to get a call but sent in my demo anyway. A couple months later my phone rang and it was Wendy Dio telling me Ronnie had listened to my material and really liked it, they wanted to know if I'd go down and audition... I was like, 'YEAH!!' Out of the thousands of demo's they received, only a couple guys were brought in to audition and I was really nervous about playing with one of my all time musical idols. I mean, there I was, playing with Ronnie James Dio and his entire band! Not to mention Wendy Dio and some people from their label. Typing this out, I'm remembering how nerve racking it was, but what a fantastic experience it was playing with such a musical powerhouse.
"From the moment I arrived at the studio, Ronnie made me feel like I had known him my entire life. Just super friendly and any time I tell this story, I always mention that he was one of the nicest people I've ever met. I probably spent 3 or 4 hours playing Dio songs along with some of my own material, then we spent quite a bit of time sitting around the rehearsal room table talking. They all were really great and I'll never forget that day as long as I live. Thank you for being such a huge inspiration Ronnie!" More...
Machines Of Grace Issues Band Update
Machines Of Grace has issued the following update about the band's upcoming activity:
"Hi Everyone - Just a quick update on what's happening in the world of Machines of Grace! Our drummer Jeff is gearing up for the first Trans Siberian Orchestra Spring tour, so we're looking at hitting the road this summer and fall when his TSO schedule is less demanding. As news develops on this, we'll keep you all posted.
"In the interim, we've got some cool stuff going on. We've signed a distribution deal with Loudtrax in Canada, so shortly the MOG CD will be available at most retail stores throughout Canada. We've also signed a deal with SAOL/CMM in Germany which will allow for distribution of our CD throughout all of Europe and the UK. As these companies push our music out, there will be a whole new wave of interviews and reviews to watch for. We also have something REALLY big in the works with one of the world's major guitar magazines, but it's a little too early to spill the beans on this one. Once it becomes official we'll let you all know so you can check it out.
"Speaking of magazines, Machines of Grace is featured in the current issue of 22nd Century Rock magazine, which is North America's #1 independent rock magazine. 22nd Century Rock did an interview with our vocalist Zak Stevens and gave us a 2 page spread right in the front of their magazine, which is available on news stands all over the place! More...
Machines Of Grace Posts Live Footage
Machines of Grace has posted footage online of their performance at the House Of Blues in Cleveland on September 24th. The video clip can be viewed below.
Machines of Grace - The Moment
Machines of Grace | MySpace Video
Machines Of Grace Streaming New Tracks
Machines Of Grace has issued the following update about streaming new sample tracks online at their MySpace page:
"Hi Everyone -
"We just put up a couple new sample tracks ('This Time' and 'Between The Lines') from our debut CD 'Machines of Grace'. Check them out and let us know what you think.
"The CD has been getting really great reviews from all over the world, so if you haven't picked up a copy yet, get over to iTunes or www.machinesofgrace.net and grab one for yourself! Jeff is out on tour with the Trans Siberian Orchestra now, so we're on a bit of a hiatus until the holidays are over. We're working on a few things in the mean time and expect to announce some upcoming tour dates for early 2010 soon!
"Happy Halloween!"


text:
Wednesday, September 26, 2012
MAC Glamour Daze SNEAK PEEK: Photos & Swatches
6 comments:
ITs is looking nice,, i also suggest you ,,ReplyDelete
, Your lips, like the rest of your lips require defense against the sun's harsh ultraviolet rays. premature aging
Chinese Lip Balm
Interesting blog. Welcome to http://filmandotherstories.blogspot.se/.
:) Take care!
Hi, I just met your blog and I love, your photographs are beautiful! so I'm following you!, good luck in your projects and lots of kisses and hugs! I invite you to stop by my blog if you fancy following me!ReplyDelete
I would like to say that I like your blog :)
I do hope we will be able to get in touch.
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Follow me on GFC
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danica Stark
Nice make-up.ReplyDelete


text:
Freedom For My People
# I"m skipping this one, too. There are no real lyrics to speak of #
# and it"s not sung by U2 anyway. R&H is full of these ditties :) #
Silver And Gold
In the shit house a shotgun
Praying hands hold me down
Only the hunter was hunted
In this tin can town
Tin can town
No stars in the black night
Looks like the sky fell down
No sun in the daylight
Looks like it"s chained to the ground
Chained to the ground
The warden said
The exit is sold
If you want a way out
Silver and gold
Broken back to the ceiling
Broken nose to the floor
I scream at the silence, it"s crawling
It crawls under the door
There"s a rope around my neck
And there"s a trigger in your gun
Jesus say something
I am someone, I am someone
I am someone
Captain and kings


text:
Welcome to the Square Enix Forums.
General discussion forum for anything related to Square Enix that does not fit in any of the other sub forums.
Today, 12:15
This is a place to talk about all things not related to specific Square Enix games. Get to know the members of the community and engage in conversation about anything!
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Welcome to our newest member, markusuk1


text:
I originally wrote Pieces of Food, Slices of Life way back in 2001. I was writing with a lot more regularity back then and wanted to try my hand at writing something different than my usual fare. I also wanted to see if I could write something unique that included tidbits from all the seasons of the show. At the time, season nine hadn't aired yet so I didn't include something from that season. With this new revised version, I not only added a segment about season nine, but one for Fight the Future as well. I thought about adding something for I Want to Believe too, but ultimately decided against it because I felt it took place too far into the future to be included with the rest of the series.
Pieces of Food, Slices of Life


text:
UK Data Service series record for:
The 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) follows the lives of more than 17,000 people born in England, Scotland and Wales in a single week of 1970. Over the course of cohort members' lives, the BCS70 has has broadened from a strictly medical focus at birth to collect information on health, physical, educational and social development, and economic circumstances among other factors. The BCS70 is conducted by the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (CLS).
GN 33229 | 1970 British Cohort Study
GN 33396 | 1970 British Cohort Study: Special Licence Access
How can I find out about the datasets – variables, population, sample size etc.?
You can find links to the datasets in the DATA ACCESS section above. When you follow the link to a dataset you will be taken to its catalogue record which contains the following information:
What format are the data in and where can I download them from?
Most survey data may be downloaded as SPSS, Stata or tab-delimited files. There is a download button near the top right of each catalogue record. Most datasets can be downloaded after you login to your UK Data Service account. See our Access pages for more information about how to access data.
How do I get started with analysing survey data?
See our Use data pages for more advice about getting started with analyses. These pages contain advice and training; guides about datasets, topics and methods and software including SPSS and Stata; information about how others have used the data and how to cite datasets. See also our Events pages for courses and webinars about how to find, use and manage data.
What is the main objective of the BCS70?
The 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) began in 1970 when data were collected about the births and families of babies born in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in one particular week in 1970. The first survey, called the British Births Survey, was carried out by the National Birthday Trust Fund in association with the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and its aims were to look at the social and biological characteristics of the mother in relation to neonatal morbidity, and to compare the results with those of the 1958 National Child Development Study.
With each successive sweep, the scope of the enquiry has broadened from a strictly medical focus at birth, to encompass physical and educational development at the age of 5, physical, educational and social development at the ages of 10 and 16, and physical, educational, social and economic development at 26, 29, 34, 38 and 42 years.
How often are people interviewed for the survey and who is interviewed?
To date there have been eight attempts to gather follow-up information from the full cohort: in 1975 (when members were aged five years), 1980 (age 10), 1986 (age 16), 1996 (age 26), 1999-2000 (age 29-30), 2004-2005 (age 34-35), 2008-2009 (age 38-39) and 2012 (age 42). The five-year and 10-year surveys were carried out by the Department of Child Health, Bristol University, and the survey at these times was named the Child Health and Education Study (CHES). The 16-year survey was carried out by the International Centre for Child Studies and named Youthscan. There are also a number of other datasets (studies conducted on sub-samples of BCS70 respondents) associated with the main study - see DATA ACCESS section above.
Are the same questions asked in each wave?
The questionnaires used for each BCS70 sweep do not include a large number of repeated questions. This is because the BCS70 is a cohort study rather than a panel study and focuses on the progress of the cohort members (CMs) over their whole lifecourse. For each sweep, the information collected is relevant to the development of the cohort at that time point - the information collected when the CMs are five-years old is therefore different to that collected when the CMs are aged 29-30. Some topics are repeated, however. These generally relate to the CM's physical attributes, health status, employment status, family relationships, housing and education.
What is the most detailed regional level I can analyse the data at?
For End User Licence data, region is the most detailed geography. County data for the 1986, 1996 and 2000 sweeps are available via Special Licence.
What is the file and variable naming convention?
There are no obvious naming conventions.
When are future waves/sweeps likely to be made available?
See the CLS web page: BCS: Surveys and documentation for details of planned data collections.


text:
Does any one on this message board know how to reada S & P tear sheet. I could care less what the marketdoes today or next week. I put $38,000 into thiscompany five months ago and it is now worth $97,000.In five years I will be a millionare. Listen people you make your money in stock splits. QCOM has 160 mil shares outstanding. Even after the 4-1 split therewill only be 640 mil shares outstanding. Factor inthe explosive growth in wireless industries andQCOM'S dominace and you get a rags to riches storyfor all of us belivers. QCOM makes money andconsistantly increases income quarter by quarterand year by year. For all of you doomsday Y2K freaksout there get a second on the house, take the kidscollege fund and get into QCOM now. This rocket shipis departing without you.
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text:
MADISON, Wis. (AP) - Two lawyers nabbed in the nude found themselves on the other side of the courtroom.
David Burleson and Todd Buss pleaded no contest to disorderly conduct Monday in Dane County Circuit Court and were fined $200 and court costs.
The lawyers, both 40, were found in the laundry room of a downtown apartment building Oct. 11 after the University of Wisconsin's football victory over Ohio State.
According to police reports, the two were "extremely intoxicated" and loudly singing when officers arrived. Burleson and Buss tried to cover themselves with a skull cap and a mesh laundry bag, the police report said.
Published: Thu Nov 06, 2003 | Modified: Sat Aug 06, 2005 05:34 p.m.


text:
Keith's Transmission Service was established at it's present location by Keith Jacques in 1967. Since then Keith's has built an outstanding reputation in transmission repair. Over the years they have extended their service to include many other repairs.
Mr. Jacques motto "High quality and Trust you can rely on!" is still our creed. You can count on us to give you a straight and honest evaluation. You can count on us to use quality parts and to provide expert and timely repair.


text:
Alicia Lopez Floyd doesn't take motherhood for granted.
The oldest of four children, she practically raised her younger siblings under tough circumstances that included living in a '76 Oldsmobile after it ran out of gas near Abbeville.
Describing her childhood brings tears to her eyes. Listening brings tears to yours.
"Once we lived in a house that fell in on us," she said. "For a while, I slept in the high school press box."
And yet she graduated valedictorian and was student body president and a homecoming queen.
"My drug was school," she said. "I was addicted to changing my life."
Rising above it
Alicia eventually received a full scholarship to Erskine College, where she ran cross country, worked three jobs, double-majored in psychology and business and bought rental property.
"I had to fight the banks to lend me money, but I got it," she said. "That's when I found out I was an entrepreneur."
Determined to excel, she came to the Lowcountry to earn a master's in business administration from The Citadel. There she met Earl Walker, former dean of the business school.
Walker served as a father figure through the Citadel Mentors Association.
"Alicia came from a dreadful ... background and was determined to rise above it," Walker said. "She is all about determination and persistence."
Test before testimony
Meanwhile, Alicia met Tristan Floyd, they bought the fence company he worked for and formed Floyd Fence Co. (www.floydfence.com), which they run together from their home in North Charleston.
They recently received the Small Business of the Year Award. Alicia still plans to earn her Ph.D., but first things first.
Three weeks ago, their son, Ellis, was born, and Alicia, now 26, is determined to provide her child the kind of life she never knew.
"I believe it's about test before testimony," she said. "It's about hard work and finding something that makes life worth living. This really is a land of opportunity. Just because you were given tough circumstances, you can still go out and change things."
She is living proof.
Reach Ken Burger at kbur firstname.lastname@example.com or 937-5598.


text:
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Topic: Unamed Game: Looking for a little advice (Read 3327 times)
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Unamed Game: Looking for a little advice
Reply #15 on:
December 01, 2003, 08:44:28 AM »
Almost-empty post... add
Brokedown Palace
by Stephen Brust to contracycle's list, as long as you don't mind mixing some Magyar myth with your Slav.
Keith Senkowski
Posts: 725
On A Downward Spiral...
Unamed Game: Looking for a little advice
Reply #16 on:
December 01, 2003, 09:34:02 AM »
My own personal recomendation would be Poland by James A. Michener, the Polish Way by Adam Zamoyski, and the very useful site historicaltextarchive.com as great resources.
Quote from: Dumirik
My question would be: what has made you want to change the setting?.....Did you discover a problem with the setting? Is it simply because of the huge amounts of fantasy RPGs out there?
I think a part of it is my knee-jerk reaction to the vast number of "fantasy" RPGs out there. I didn't really find a direct problem with the setting.
Like I said the basic structure of the system doesn't tie into the setting but the other stuff, which I'll give you a for instance.
Since it is a setting where the characters are placed in the role of investigator in the vein of X-Files, Millenium, and Kolchak the Nightstalker I developed a horror mechanic which guages a character's reaction to a horrific situation. I also made a Corruption mechanic to measure a character's decent (or lack there of) into darkness with examples of how they can be changed. The magic system is all ritualistic type stuff as well as medium/psychic type stuff. All these mechanics are there to maintain the supernatural evil aspect of the setting.
Other things, like the skills, weapons, and even services, are detailed in such a way to make them a part of the setting as opposed to a list of stuff. I'll give an example:
Inns and taverns have become more and more common as travel between regions has increased. In Voria, inns and hostels can be found in all the major cities. In areas of high traffic smaller inns can be found in the outlying regions and at crossroads.
Most countries in Northern Polian and the Heartlands have fewer choices for inns as the population tends to be smaller. Taverns are much more common, offering villagers, merchants, and students places to eat and drink.
In the South inns are rare, but along the major trade routes caravasaries can be found. A caravansary is a single building surrounded by a large courtyard meant for housing caravans. The building often contains a store, a tavern, and occassionally other services.
In the Narrlachi Khanates a system of way stations, called Karams can be found. Each Karam is a fortified building that has a large stable and is only 25 miles away from the another Karam. A detachment of ten soldiers guard it as it is used by the khans as a communication network.
I've tried to infuse every part of the book with information about the setting to give a sense of gravity.
Conspiracy of Shadows: Revised Edition
Everything about the game, from the mechanics, to the artwork, to the layout just screams creepy, creepy, creepy at me. I love it.
~ Paul Tevis, Have Games, Will Travel
Kirk Mitchell
Posts: 268
Unamed Game: Looking for a little advice
Reply #17 on:
December 02, 2003, 02:04:54 AM »
This Corruption mechanic intrigues me. In an RPG that I am currently working on, I have been trying to work out a mechanic for the exact same type of descent into darkness. Mine is a point based affair, whenever a certain criteria is met, the character has the option of becoming momentarily very powerful, but much less human. Once all of the points are used up, the character is effectively dead. How does yours work?
So you don't actually attempt to enforce or promote using items as parts of the setting? I think that was made clear earlier in the thread but I'm afraid that your example doesn't really demonstrate the encorporation of items and skills into the setting using details. If you don't want to reveal too much about the game, that's ok, I'm just curious.
So, what do you intend to do? Will you transfer to a different setting? If you are seriously considering that, what kind of setting would you want to change to? Would it have any real effect on all that work, or would the new setting accomodate your previous rules (not the basic rules, but the rules that tie directly into the setting).
Teddy Bears Are Cool
: My art and design place on the internet tubes.
: A Game About Family
Keith Senkowski
Posts: 725
On A Downward Spiral...
Unamed Game: Looking for a little advice
Reply #18 on:
December 03, 2003, 11:59:00 AM »
Quote from: dumirik
How does yours work?
Each character starts with a Corruption Rank of 1. Whenever certain actions are taken, the character has the chance of gaining another rank. At a certain rank (I think 4, but I don't have it in front of me right now) the character begins to take in inhumane characteristics/mutations/powers. The characteristics/mutations/powers start small, but at the higher Corruption Ranks they get rather drastic.
I have been toying with the idea of creating some form of cultural benefit/negative to using items/skills, but I am afraid of getting too heavy handed with the rules. There is no class system in the game and character's gain new skills/stuff by actions in game, not through a point buy system or level system.
I think I am going to stick with the setting. I've invested a lot of time and effort creating and refining the it. I plan on creating a couple of other settings. The one I have been toying with for a while I like to call Spear of Destiny. WWII, Nazis, the occult, and special forces types. It is always fun killing Nazis.
Conspiracy of Shadows: Revised Edition
Everything about the game, from the mechanics, to the artwork, to the layout just screams creepy, creepy, creepy at me. I love it.
~ Paul Tevis, Have Games, Will Travel
Jake Norwood
Posts: 2261
Unamed Game: Looking for a little advice
Reply #19 on:
December 03, 2003, 04:52:39 PM »
1) I agree about the Nazi bit.
2) I'd add (as always) ANything written by Henryk Sienkiewicz, esp. Quo Vadis, the "Trilogy," and Krzyzacy ("The Teutonic Knights" in translation). These are the definitive Polish historical novels, and they touch on some of your topics very forcefully.
3) I haven't played any fantasy RPG other than TROS for more than a con session since writing it. If your mechanics support the kind of play you intend, then I'll play yours.
"Civilized men are more discourteous than savages because they know they can be impolite without having their skulls split, as a general thing." -R.E. Howard
The Tower of the Elephant
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Erica Ellyson
This native mississippian. Erica Ellyson, is one little hottie. After bouncing around colleges in the south she started modeling. Soon there afterwards, she scored a nice little shoot with penthouse and made pet of the month. Now she is here showing off her cooking skills.
We hope you enjoyed this Erica Ellyson article! Like us on Facebook!


text: Podiatrists have been prescribing compression socks for years to treat things like chronic edema, lymphedema, varicose veins, and to prevent deep venous thrombosis; but recently they have started showing up on perfectly healthy runners. Yes, sometimes compression socks are used to treat shin splints, but do they make you faster? Can you run longer in compression socks? Many runners and triathletes swear by wearing compression. They say that they feel faster and recover better. Do they really work? Is there any scientific evidence that they really work? Or is this just more running lore? In 2007, one study showed no increase in endurance or speed, but they were shown to stimulate blood flow, helping legs recover faster from a hard run. OK, so they help recovery, but can they make me faster? That early study didn't think so, but that's why we kept looking. Most theories about how compression socks improve running performance focus on the physiological and biomechanical support of the lower legs. It is assumed that compression socks may enhance venous return to the heart through a more efficient calf muscle pump, leading to increased endurance capacity. And there is the notion that because muscles are kept more compact, balance and proprioception are improved and muscle fatigue is minimized. Sounds reasonable, but again, what does the research show? It wasn't until 2009 that a German study clearly showed that they enhance performance during hard runs. And research done in South Africa and New Zealand both show that knee-highs also improve recovery by boosting blood flow in the extremities. In fact, even compression socks (not your Grandma's TED hose) have been shown to increase resting arterial circulation by 30% and 40% under physical strain. Many compression sock companies even tout that they have studies that shoe an increase in running efficiency by 5%, which can equate to taking 12 minutes off a four-hour marathon. Crazy? Maybe not? Yet they still aren't for everyone. One German study conducted on super-fit elite athletes (not most of us in the back of the pack) reported no performance payoffs from compression. According to the study, the socks work better when they're squeezing more performance out of non-elites (you and me). Lots more studies to come, but if donning some hot pink knee socks will take 12 minutes off my marathon time, bring them on!


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Ljubljana weather
Ljubljana lies in basin between the Alpine and Karst region. It is also influenced by the mediterranean streams, in summer this means nice hot weather, with July/August average temperatures of 25 degrees Celsius. In the winter the average temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius and as Ljubljana lies in a basin, the weather is influence by temperature inversion - and this means "wet".
- For average temperatures during the last years see:
Weather forecast for Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Popular 5-day forecast by Weather Underground


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The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement gone wrong.
Who doesn't want free trade, right? Over three years ago the US Trade Representative started with the best of intentions to negotiate a comprehensive "21st century" trade agreement with several Pacific countries. There are now 12 countries in the pending trade agreement, including: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, the United States, and Vietnam.
There are at least two major problems with the process used to negotiate the sweeping international agreement, These problems with the process have led to serious issues that may affect us in Hawaii and throughout the United States. First, the US and other nations have allowed over 600 multinational companies to provide "corporate advisers" to actually negotiate the text of the agreement. This ensures the large corporate shareholder's needs are considered first, over the needs of small business, labor, the environment, and the health and safety of the participating country citizens.
Second, a decision was made to keep the pending treaty secret, so not even our elected officials in Congress have full access to the agreement. Selected members of certain committees do have restricted access, while most members of Congress have no access, and the "corporate advisers" reportedly have full on-line access to manage the negotiations.
Click here to see why Doctors Without Borders opposes the TPP. The following quote from Senator Elizabeth Warren, dated June 21, 2013, summarizes the issue with the current secret negotiation process:
"I have heard the argument that transparency would undermine the Trade Representative's policy to complete the trade agreement because public opposition would be significant. In other words, if people knew what was going on, they would stop it. This argument is exactly backwards. If transparency would lead to widespread public opposition to a trade agreement, then that trade agreement should not be the policy of the United States."
The US Administration recently teamed with enough Republican Congressman to "Fast Track" this dangerous treaty.
It is estimated 40% of the world's Gross Domestic Product will be regulated by the TPP treaty. With something this large, and this many "corporate advisers" there have been leaks with sections of the treaty. Several of these leaks raise significant concerns among small and medium sized business owners, farmers, labor unions, and environmental advocates. As public awareness grows, so does public concern. There have been recent protests in numerous countries and throughout the US, including in Hawaii.
Only 5 of the 29 TPP chapters reportedly deal with trade. The remaining chapters include a smorgasbord of very attractive perks for large multinational corporations surrounding intellectual property, patents, monetary exchange, environmental, health and safety rules. As examples, the leaked chapter on Intellectual Property reveals large pharmaceutical companies have successfully included extensions to patents on brand name drugs to prohibit the introduction of lower costs generics. Some of the companies providing advice for the new international environmental rules include: Exxon-Mobil, Chevron, Halliburton, Monsanto and Dow Chemical.
One of the most troubling issues is the way disputes will be settled. The multinational corporations will be provided "Investor State" status, whereby they can bring a cause of action against a participating nation for restricting potential future profits. There will be international tribunals established to decide the case and award the damages. This international tribunal is patterned after the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and subsequent US treaties that have created controversy throughout the US and the other nations. See Senator Elizabeth Warren speak out in March, 2015 on the dangers of the TPP court "tribunals" that will preempt the United States courts if the TPP becomes law.
If this entire issue sounds absurd, it should. If we sit on the sidelines and let this treaty take its course, there could be significant consequences to our democracy. There is truly an opportunity to let your voice be heard. Please contact your elected representatives to ask they oppose the TPP, or thank them for their opposition.
Below are the officials from Hawaii we have elected to serve Hawaii at the Federal level. To date, all have voted against the Fast Track or Trade Promotion Authority, and all four have spoken out about the serious problems with the TPP. A simple e-mail or phone call to say thanks for voting against the TPP will go a long way to ensure Hawaii stands firm against the TPP in its present form. Following are quotes from all four of our Hawaii team in Washington, working hard to support our interests:
Sen Brian Shatz – August 2, 2015, Honolulu Star Advertiser – Foreign investors could use TPP to challenge U.S. laws, leaving American interests without access to U.S. courts.
Sen Mazie Horono – August 2, 2015, Honolulu Star Advertiser – The secrecy surrounding the trade agreement does not bode well for Hawaii, especially for our agricultural industry.
Rep Tulsi Gabbard – August 2, 2015, Honolulu Star Advertiser – Like other trade agreements,TPP will likely cause a massive loss of U.S. jobs – and at an unprecedented rate.
Rep Mark Takai.- August 2, 2015, Honolulu Star Advertiser – Strength abroad starts here at home: We shouldn't strengthen our foreign policy by weakening our domestic economy.


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The Road Wirer
It wasn't such a very long time ago that a passing reference to "wireless technology" generally meant cellular or satellite telephone (voice) service. Now "wireless" can evoke a host of complex and mind-numbing questions about equipment and services. I find it especially interesting that many of the cellular companies have changed their corporate names in such a manner to include or to add the word "wireless." (Bell South Cellular is now Bell South Wireless, AT&T Wireless, etc.)
In broad terms, the world of wireless can be divided, (at least for now, it will probably change next week...) into six classifications of service: Cellular, Fixed Wireless, PCS, Internet Telephony, Global Satellite and Advanced Messaging and Paging.
Some background definitions of the six classisfications follow and then I will start our look at Cellular systems.
- Cellular includes both Analog voice systems using the simple Circuit Switched Cellular (CSC) and the networks that have been built by overlaying the existing cell tower locations to create new platforms that can accomodate data transfer like Cellular Digital Packet Data, (CDPD) or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA).
- Fixed Wireless Systems that use narrow band radio transmission and a series of localized antenaes to reach wireless receivers/transceivers in certain local environments. These can be be as small as a warehouse or as large as a geographical region like San Franciso, in the case of the Ricochet system or Ardis in the east. Some wireless providers are also using existing fiber optic and TV coaxial cable to provide limited wireless service to some residential neighborhoods.
- Personal Communication Services, (PCS) using a variety of networks to provide e-mail, internet access and packaged content and telecommunication services to hand-held devices like Palm Tops.
- Internet Telephony providing both voice, data and fax services using Internet protocols (IP).
- Satellite service for both data and voice and
- Paging and advanced message delivery systems
Cellular: As of this date, nearly all urban and semi-rural areas within the continental USA have basic analog voice cellular service. It is, however still easy to find pockets of no-service in large sections of the back country in the western states. Like for instance, parked on the side of the road in Death Valley or Yosemite National Parks. Better go for a hike instead.
But, if you were lucky enough to have a cellular signal this is what happens: Basic analog cellular systems divides up a geographical area into small sections called cells. A cellular tower or cell site is built within each cell site. A cell site's coverage area is generally 1 mile to 20 miles in diameter. A central computer in the cellular provider's office monitors the weakness/strength of the radio signals coming from a cellular phone and can switch the signal from tower to tower as needed. The computer also switches the telephone call into the public telephone system. The Bell South Wireless website has a good explanation of this procedure at www.bscc.com. (Look at the wireless technology section.)
So the good news is that you have a good signal and are on a "one-rate" low cost national access plan. The bad news is that the cell tower your cellular phone is able to reach is not owned by the company under which you have the "one-rate" plan and so you are going to be lucky enough to pay "roam" charges of $1.00 to $3.00 per minute and the top speed you can reasonably expect to achieve is 9.6kbps. Pretty slow for surfing the web.
To meet the challenge of being able to be wireless and still send data at more reasonable speeds a number of telecommunication providers have begun to build new electronic platforms on top of existing cell tower locations. CDPD is supported by AT&T and several other national carriers. To access this network, one needs a special modem, (about $1000) and a CDPD service agreement (at around $65/mo). Through-put on this system, (when everything is working) is about 11.2kbps which is comparable to the performance seen with a 14.4 kbps modem on a public telephone landline. Sierra Wireless produces a product known as the Air Card, which is comprised of two Type II PCMCIA cards that allows access to both the switched circuit network and the CDPD networks.
Just to keep things interesting, there are a number of systems that use protocols that are not compatible with anything else. The GSM, (Global System for Mobile Communications) is used in Asia and Europe and has been introduced in the northeast. 3-G technology, (third generation cellular- broadband) is being hyped as capable of 28.8kbps level speeds. A claim that I find hard to believe...
The single biggest obstacle to purchasing a piece of equipment that can deliver true wireless capability at a reasonable speed and cost is still the lack of a consistent and reliable network. Although the Wireless providers are reluctant to use terms like roaming, they do have built-in fees for the transmission of data streams that use towers they they do not control. In this regard, I am very interested in a "new" type of wireless backbone that GTE Wireless will unveil in March. Known as the WIN-4 network, it may provide the first glimpse of a network that will provide digital/analog service to road adventurers.
And so the search goes on....
February 8, 1999