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Dust vs. Respirable Dust
There's a difference between the dust you can see when polishing a concrete floor and respirable dust you can't see with the naked eye. The concrete dust you can see contains the larger particles of sand and process materials, and these materials contain crystalline silica churned up during the polishing process. Contained within that visible dust is potentially also respirable dust – which is dust that's been pulverized down to less than 10 microns across, which is 100 times smaller than a single grain of ordinary beach sand. That's the stuff you don't want to breathe and that's what's being regulated by the new OSHA rules.
What's Covered Under the New Rules
There are two basic types of silica: amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous, also called "free-flowing," has a glassy non-uniform structure and is not regulated under this new standard. Crystalline, on the other hand, is a hard mineral where the silicon and oxygen molecules are held together in a uniform, lattice-like pattern. The problem occurs when the bonds holding the crystalline silica together are broken through grinding, sawing, pulverizing, cutting, sand blasting and jackhammering of everything from concrete and CMU to mortar and grout, sand, terrazzo and natural stone, and respirable crystalline silica dust is formed.
How Much Is Too Much?
OSHA has set the permissible exposure level of respirable crystalline silica dust at 50 micro grams per cubic meter (ug/m3) of air averaged over an 8-hour day. How much is that? Visualize a U.S. penny and imagine a pile of dust that would just cover Abraham Lincoln's forehead. That's the average amount of respirable dust to which an employee is allowed to be exposed during an average workday.
So, uhhh... What do I do?
Since the new respirable dust standards will apply to most people in the construction industry, OSHA has created Table 1, which lists 18 common tasks with a corresponding tool they feel is the best way to control dust in that situation. That takes the guess work out of a contractor's job by saying, in effect, here's your task and here's your tool for controlling dust. And if you use those controls as listed on Table 1, you are exempted from the requirement to conduct air monitoring for that task, as well as being required to achieve the PEL of 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air (ug/m3) over an eight-hour day. However, you must implement those controls the way OSHA specifies, and it is important to note that these controls could require the use of respiratory protection. If you wanted to find out more about the new rules, Table 1 should be the first place you go.
For further study
PROSOCO has gathered some great resources to make sure you are up to speed on the new standards including Hilarie's full presentation as well as some awesome FAQs, useful links, and helpful resources for small businesses. Download them here.


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Conference Call with Desiree, Chris, Drew and Brooks!
If you had any remaining questions about what really went on this season of "The Bachelorette", I think this post will answer ALL of them for you. Desiree, Chris, Drew and Brooks all took part in a conference call with reporters on Tuesday. Here is the full transcript and my questions are in purple. First up was Desiree and Chris, followed by Drew, and then lastly Brooks. Happy reading!
Question: I was wondering, you know, we found a little bit of your conversation, Desiree with Chris, about what happened when Brooks left at the end of the episode. But I was wondering can you guys talk a little bit about the conversations that you had afterwards to kind of clear up what had happened there so that the two of you could move forward.
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, I mean, I did expect for him during the proposal, everything that had happened with Brooks and I needed that, you know, I needed him to know that in order to move forward and be honest.
Since the, like, since the proposal I guess I've – I don't know we haven't needed to rehash anything more. He pretty much knows all the details and, you know, that didn't bother him.
Chris Siegfried: Yes, we've – we've really been focusing on or relationship now. And, you know, that's not something that everybody gets to see and, you know, I was glad that she was honest with me and that's kind of where we wanted to start our relationship. And, you know, that's where we're going now.
Jennifer Matarese: So, I was wondering if, Desiree, you plan to take Chris's last name?
Desiree Hartsock: I do, definitely. I'm very traditional in that sense. So, I will be a Siegfried.
Chris Siegfried: Hey.
Jennifer Matarese: Also, if you have a favorite memory of your time together on "The Bachelorette?"
Desiree Hartsock: Oh, that's really good. You know, there's so many unique memories and also so many great times with Chris that, oh my gosh, I can't even pinpoint just one. I mean, obviously the proposal, of course.
Was there – I think that what also was nice for me was to see his hometown and to, you know, be on the baseball field with him. To be honest that was a really great moment because I – I could see my future what it would look like with him.
Jennifer Matarese: Same for you, Chris?
Chris Siegfried: I, yes, I really enjoyed seeing her out there on the baseball field playing catch with her and watching her swing a bat. I was very impressed and I think I expressed that quite a bit on the show that (everyone) (inaudible), yes.
Jennifer Matarese: Thank you, guys. Congratulations again.
Question: So, Desiree, this questions for you, viewers have been wondering why you never told Chris that you had already eliminated Drew until the very last minute. Because it seemed to suggest you weren't confident Chris was the one for you or you were kind of looking to keep open the option that Brooks might come back.
I mean, was that something where the producers wouldn't let you tell him that Drew was gone or what was going on there?
Desiree Hartsock: No, actually, I mean, I just didn't want to put that added pressure on to him. I never had any kind of hopes for Brooks to come back. That had, you know, that ship had sailed.
So, I was just focused on my relationship with Chris. And, you know, I wanted it to be the right moment and the right time to really express everything to him.
Yes, and I didn't want to put that added pressure if he knew that he was the only one meeting my family or the only one that was still left. So, I think it worked out nicely when he found out.
Question: Hi, guys, so we're wondering what has been the hardest thing about your relationship since the show wrapped besides the distance and – and the media attention?
Desiree Hartsock: The hardest thing? You know, to be honest I would say the hardest thing is just not being – like while we were in hiding, was just not being able to do normal couple things. You know, go get a cup of coffee or just share my day with him, you know.
Chris Siegfried: Yes, we want – we want to get back to exactly how we were before and just, you know, out in the public and enjoying ourselves and grabbing breakfast and coffee like she said and going on hikes, so.
Desiree Hartsock: The hardest part was just being away and not being able to have that normalcy.
Question: Des, we see you describing California as your home. What made you decide to move to (South) and so quickly as well?
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, I mean, I have always loved California and that's mainly because I haven't had any roots anywhere with my family. I've always been away from them and I think that I haven't really, you know, I thought about living in other areas but I haven't met someone that I wanted to spend my life with.
And I think once you find that you just, you know, you – you compromise and you make it work. So, I want – I wanted to move to be with Chris. And I think so quickly is because at first I was going to wait until the end of the year but we – we – after waiting for three months I mean, we realized that we missed each other too much and we just need to, you know, start out life together as soon as possible.
Question: I was going to ask you if – what a – the cat is out of the bag and we know that you're together, what dates nights are like now that you're not climbing mountains or on boats in Antigua? What is a perfect date night going to look like now?
Desiree Hartsock: You know what? We actually have our first date planned and that's just a (inaudible) that's just to explore Seattle and, you know, to take a walk, grab some breakfast. And, you know, we don't need the mountains and the – the helicopters. We just need a good conversation and time together. What do you think?
Chris Siegfried: Yes, yes, that's what, you know. We've kind of drawn out our date in Seattle, our first date. So, we're – we're both very excited to have that experience here shortly. Yes.
Question: Going back to kind of like the last (inaudible). Desiree, this is kind of for you, what do you plan to do when you get to Seattle as far as your career if you're, you know, obviously moving from California? So You have any plans as far as what you'd like to do?
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, I mean, my entire, you know, dreams since – for many, many years is to design my own bridal gown collection. So, I mean, I can design anywhere I want to be and I can be creative. So, that's what I plan to do work on a jewelry line and a, you know, bridal line.
And just allow that time to really, you know, do what I love.
Question: Do you think you'll design your own wedding gown?
Desiree Hartsock: Definitely, yes, I will definitely design my own wedding gown.
Question: This is a question for Chris. Can you describe to us what was going through your mind when she stopped you right before you got down and proposed to her?
Chris Siegfried: Yes, let's see, well, I was getting down on one knee to propose and she so kindly brought me back up. So, I was – at first, you know, wondering what it was that she had to tell me right at that instance.
You know, when I first walked up to her and saw her and saw her smile and – and she gave me a kiss. I know that, you know, the next few minutes were only going to be positive. So, I was just open to hearing what – whatever she had to say and I was a little nervous but, you know, in the end it actually ended up being great.
Question: So, I have a question, you know, I –- I don't know if this has to do with the editing or not but, you know, when Brooks left, as you said, you know, this is the end for me. You said you wanted to leave.
And I think some of us are just wondering how you went from that dark place, you know, to getting engaged just a couple days later. Can you – can you talk us through that a little?
Desiree Hartsock: Of course I mean, anybody can, you know, relate that in a heartbreak or in a break up or any type of rejection, the first thing you want to do is just be alone and you want to curl up in your bed and kind of, you know, eat a tub of ice cream. And I didn't have the opportunity to do that so I – I don't know it's – it's a normal kind of thing to be hurt after a rejection.
But the way I got past it is, you know, the feelings that come during this experience they're very accelerated, just because I do get to know these guys pretty quickly. I think that also is what helped me get past it pretty quickly is because I can't make someone love me and so I wasn't going to dwell on that but really take time to see the other relationships that I formed.
And, yes, I was actually able to really just look beyond Brooks leaving and to see the good, you know, that was going to come from it.
Question: And Chris, why do you opted not to watch Brooks' goodbye in full?
Chris Siegfried: You know, that was something Des and I decided early on that, you know, the one nice thing or however you will take it for Des and I is that we've been able to build something very strong since the proposal. And we decided early on that it was just best for her and I to do just, you know, for me to watch the parts that we shared together in all the episodes.
And it really isn't that hard for me to, you know, turn the T.V. after her and I – our date. So…
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, we weren't going to let, you know, what had happened in the past really define what our future is going to be.
Chris Siegfried: Yes, there's no – there's no real reason to bring up old feelings like that. Especially, like she said, she was able to move on and at such an accelerated atmosphere.
Question: Hi, guys, quick question of Chris, Des' not been – been through this before with – with the scrutiny that comes – comes with being on this show. How has it been for you so far if you can maybe talk about that?
Chris Siegfried: You know, I – I've only had nothing but kind remarks. People have been very, very nice. But their words and their positive support and it – it's been nice. It's been nice to have that following.
So, you know, going forward, we – I'm – I'm planning on dealing with it just the same way I would deal with anything else. I'm going to, you know, I'm planning on focusing on our relationship and just supporting her and her supporting me.
And if people want to reach out and say hi, hope you guys are doing well, then that's great, you know, there will be naysayers and that just is what it is that's part of the – the nature of this. But, you know, we're both confident in what we have.
Question: What I wanted to ask I actually have interviewed Sean and Catherine before and Catherine wanted you to win the whole time Chris because you were from Seattle.
Chris Siegfried: Go Seattle.
Question: She actually said – and well, she tweeted last night Seattle for the win. So, now that you guys are going to be living in Seattle any chance you'll go on a double date with Sean and Catherine?
Chris Siegfried: You know, that is a very good question.
Desiree Hartsock: I mean…
Chris Siegfried: Well, yes, Catherine and Sean don't live in Seattle.
Desiree Hartsock: But, I mean, they live in the neighborhood.
Chris Siegfried: That'd be, you know, it'd be…
Desiree Hartsock: I mean, it'd be interesting because, you know…
Chris Siegfried: definitely an experience we – we all share together.
Desiree Hartsock: I do – I do like them both and we, you know, I do speak to both of them. So, that would be a possibility.
Question: That's really cool thanks. And Catherine said she wants to have you at her wedding. She told me that.
Chris Siegfried: Aw.
Desiree Hartsock: Aw, thanks.
Question: I picked Chris, Des, I must say it, several weeks ago.
Desiree Hartsock: I'm glad.
Chris Siegfried: Hey. (Inaudible).
Question: And my question for you is what do you think your relationship will be with your bother (Nate)?
Desiree Hartsock: Are you talking to me?
Question: Has Chris spent much – yes, has Chris spent much time with him?
Desiree Hartsock: No, they haven't been able to, you know, spend much time but the time that he – my brother was able to meet Chris he really took a liking to him and has nothing but kind words to say. I think my brother can see all that Chris is and what Chris means to me and I think that's all that matters.
Question: Great, I do have another question, you guys will be – you've been in so many fantastic places where would you possibly honeymoon?
Chris Siegfried: Good question. Where should we go? You know, we did like a lot of the places that we visited.
Desiree Hartsock: I loved Spain.
Chris Siegfried: Yes, we both – we both really liked Spain. So we could both see ourselves going back to Spain possibly.
Desiree Hartsock: And you can never go wrong with like an island.
Chris Siegfried: Yes, so most likely something – something warm.
Question: Well, I not – actually have you guys set a wedding date yet?
Desiree Hartsock: You know, we have discussed it and we would love to get married next summer. We don't have an exact date but we're definitely planning it.
Chris Siegfried: Yes, it's in the making.
Question: And a follow-up question for both of you what is your – the best love advice you can give?
Desiree Hartsock: Love advice.
Chris Siegfried: To keep an open mind and…
Desiree Hartsock: An open heart.
Chris Siegfried: An open heart, yes.
Desiree Hartsock: Also I think its really trying to see through the others eyes and not being, you know, allowing yourself to be selfless and I think that's when you can, you know, have a balance in give in take and I think that's what, you know, keeps a good foundation. I'm sorry?
Question: I was just wondering, you – you had said on the – after the rose I believe it was two weeks in Antigua-Barbuda and I was just wondering what was the time frame in terms of Brooks left and when you (inaudible) go on your next date?
Desiree Hartsock: Well, Brooks – well, Brooks left and then the rose (inaudible) was the following day.
Question: OK. And then – and then…
Desiree Hartsock: It's actually exactly how you thought.
Question: OK. OK. And (inaudible) one more question, what would you – if your brother didn't like Chris would you have listened to him or would you have just ignored?
Desiree Hartsock: To be honest, I would have just taken his advice and his opinion but followed my own.
Question: Big fan of the show. And I was just wondering so I know we're talking about your brother and (inaudible) annoying but if there's any – if you – how did you come to the decision that you are going to let Chris meet your brother when it changed so much on the last season on "The Bachelor"? And a lot of people were really nervous to have Chris meet him so I was wondering how you – how you went about like coming to that conclusion. Obviously he means a lot to you but I was just wondering why.
Desiree Hartsock: He does and I do appreciate his opinion. I think it was definitely different with Sean because it was Sean specific it wasn't just like any guy in general. And so when I met with my brother in LA I wanted to have that meeting in order to see if I even wanted him to be involved. And when he was so supportive of me, you know, being the Bachelorette and making my own decision I knew that he would support me no matter what. So I knew that he, yes, and, you know, Chris is such a great guy I knew that my brother would find nothing wrong with him.
Question: Hey guys, so you two are about take a huge step together we were wondering what makes you the most nervous about moving in together?
Chris Siegfried: Good question.
Desiree Hartsock: Most nervous.
Chris Siegfried: Well, she has a tendency to use my toothbrush.
Desiree Hartsock: No, I do not. He just made that up. I'm actually, I don't have any nerves.
Chris Siegfried: Yes, this is – we both feel very confident and comfortable with this decision.
Desiree Hartsock: Yes.
Chris Siegfried: And we're both very excited.
Desiree Hartsock: I think it's just the next step in our relationship and it can only get better.
Question: Hi guys, does you have any advice for Juan Pablo and could you talk about how he was on the show?
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, Juan Pablo is a very sincere like great guy, and I think he's a good choice for a Bachelor. Any advice? I would just tell him to stay open and to really follow his heart and, you know, honestly take time out to reflect on his own feelings so that he doesn't, you know, get caught up with too much just that, you know, it's a lot of emotions to deal with. So I hope that he can stay grounded and really find the love of his life because he does deserve it.
Question: So Jimmy Kimmel airs (inaudible) video last video about Des settling for her second choice in picking you Chris after Brooks left the show and while – while it kind of seems like that was the case Chris you seem generally OK with that and a lot of viewers are surprised at how, you know, at ease you are and how comfortable you seem about the situation. Could you talk about that a little bit and Desiree could you share your own thoughts on that?
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, oh do you want to go first?
Chris Siegfried: Sure. You know, I was – was confident the entire time in the relationship that Des and I were building, you know, and a lot of that stuff doesn't air but that's OK, and I just knew that going forward each and every day seeing Des was something that I could see in my future forever and so, you know, when Brooks ultimately decided to leave, that, you know, while – while that did play a little bit of a factor it didn't really didn't affect my decision making process. I still knew that at the end of the day I wanted to be with Des and that's what I was focused on.
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, and I mean – I mean, Chris was never a second choice. I mean, there was still two weeks left even when Brooks left like he – I didn't even have a date with him and those last two weeks if you talked to anyone like those are the most vital because it's not just about quality is it's really about picturing a life together and making sure it's going to fit.
So regardless of Brooks leaving or not and what was shown at my emotions and how strongly I felt, I still don't know how it would have ended up, because Chris and always had a strong connection from the very first time we ever, you know, talked and I think it's going to be nice for everyone to go back and watch that progress because that was definitely a natural progression.
Question: Chris, I really want to ask you about your poetry. When did this start, when did you become such an epic poet and why did you decide to share all them with us?
Chris Siegfried: You know, poetry was something that I came across back in 2009 actually during baseball. It was just an avenue for me to kind of get down on paper what I was feeling and, you know, the emotional highs and lows that baseball and being away from your family and relationships really brought.
So I started it back then, and coming on to the show, I – you know, I've since – I've done it since. But coming on to the show – the show really caters to, you know, it created a side, if you do have a creative side it really does cater to that.
Because you have the time to reflect and, you know, if you do want to express those motions however you feel whether it's through poetry or through songwriting like Zak you are able to do that. And so, you know, it was something that just came natural for me to want to express to Des and it's, you know, it's something we still share every once in a while, it's not like every day like it's shown on the show.
Or once a week like it's on the show but it is definitely a big part of our relationship because it's just another form of, I guess our love communication if you will.
Question: What's –who's your favorite poet?
Chris Siegfried: I'd have to think about that. I'm really good at writing it. No.
Desiree Hartsock: My favorite poet is Chris Siegfried.
Chris Siegfried: There you have it.
Question: I was wondering are – does – you said that you're definitely design your own wedding gown, I was wondering if you had an idea of what that might – what it might look like or if you can have – you know, creative idea as regarding that?
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, I mean, my design style for bridal is a little bit more nontraditional though I do like the more vintage style that, you know, that the (inaudible) gown with either beading or lace, and kind of just romantic and subtle but still, you know, very elegant.
Question: OK, and one other question, would you attend Sean and Catherine's wedding?
Desiree Hartsock: Yes, if we were invited we definitely – we would definitely go.
Question: I just had another question I was wondering a lot of, you know, Bachelor and Bachelorette cast mates they get like offered like a lot more cheesy work and stuff afterwards and I know like (JP) and (Ashley) did like a follow-up show. I was wondering if you guys would ever be interested in doing like a newlywed style reality show of, you know, showing your life now in reality in Seattle.
Desiree Hartsock: I mean, honestly, I don't think either one of us have a desire to pursue television. You know, we both want to get to what we love to do with work and focus in our own relationship outside of TV. But, you know, we're still open to certain things if it caters to our career goals or, you know, and possibly a wedding, we still have (inaudible) to think about that but that's the only type of TV things.
Chris Siegfried: We're considering.
Desiree Hartsock: Yes.
Chris Siegfried: At this point.
Question: Desiree a question for you. Some viewers are wondering why you would bother giving (inaudible) at the Rose ceremony if you were just going to kind of turn around and dump him, what seemed to be the very next morning when you two met up for your final date. Could you explain that decision and do you almost regret offering (inaudible) that rose since he was probably feeling great about his chances after that?
Desiree Hartsock: Sure, I mean, as you could see the rose ceremony happened the day after so I didn't have much time to really collect my thoughts. And so that rose ceremony I – I – I – there was no other option then to really give them both the rose and then take the time that day to really sort out my thoughts and so that's why, you know, when I did reflect on each relationship the day that I, you know, the date I had with (Drew) I already – I knew, but I don't think I could see a future so.
Jennifer Matarese: I was wondering what your family's reaction was since they had met Desiree when they found out that, you know, you wouldn't be bringing her back again?
Drew Kenney: You know, when they meet Desiree, they fell in love just as much as I did. So there was a lot of – a lot of disappointment but, you know, their support never wavered. And – and they just wanted me to be happy when it was all said and done.
And, you know, they thought that– that – that ending up with Desiree was – was what I wanted and they – they supported that. But, you know, when it didn't happen that way they hurt just as much as I did, but, you know, at the end it – when it was all said and done it was all about my happiness and so they – they – they didn't care the outcome as long as I came out of it, you know, in good shape.
Question: Hey man, if you were in Chris's shoes and Des had picked you, and you saw what happened with Brooks would you have stayed with her?
Drew Kenney: I would, you know, I'm sure that they had plenty of conversations that allowed her to explain herself and – and – and, you know, their connection was different than mine, you know. Like she said she tried to take every relationship differently.
You know, it – it was a quick turn around and for her to go from such heartbreak to such elation in – in – in that engagement but I'm sure they had plenty of time to talk it over and – and they seem like they're really happy so, you know, I'm happy for them.
Question: You had a lot of good questions for Des during the act of the final rose. One thing we didn't see you ask was why she bothered to give you a rose at the rose ceremony if she was going just going turn around and send you home what seemed to be the very next morning when you two met up for your final date.
Did you ever talk to her about that and what were your own thoughts on that whole thing? Did that almost make it hurt more in a way?
Drew Kenney: No, that's – that's a very good question. Actually that was, you know, as my list of questions that was on it. And (inaudible) short and I didn't get the opportunity to ask it, but you're absolutely right.
That did confuse me I didn't understand why, I was handed a rose and then turned around the next day (inaudible). (Inaudible) to talk to her about that. Once – once – once I (inaudible) I didn't, you know, get to (inaudible) so, you know, unfortunately I didn't get an answer for that question, but it did – it did – it did raise my eyebrow a little bit as far as what happened in the way of (inaudible).
Especially when she (inaudible) handed out the roses, you know, she had – she made this (inaudible) accept these unless you're prepared to move forward. Then so of course in accepting the rose I've, you know, there was trust there in knowing that this is what she truly wanted for me was for me to move forward. When in all actuality that wasn't the case.
Question: Hi, Drew. I was just wondering when do you – when Des broke up with you, I thought you took it really well. You were very gracious. But was there any part of you that was kind of feeling angry?
Drew Kenney: No, you know, I didn't have any anger towards her at all. I understood that, you know, she was going through something very difficult and if – if she didn't feel like she had that connection with me then I wasn't going to sit there and try and convince her otherwise.
I think that, you know, this was something that she need to figure out on her own and even though I was so that – that in what I wanted that doesn't necessarily mean, you know, that was there for her as well. So, I wasn't angry at all. I –I – I understood what was going on and it's just kind of how it – how it goes.
Question: Good, good. We were wondering do you think Juan Pablo will make a good Bachelor even though sincere he seemed a little bit girl crazy last night? Why or why not?
Drew Kenney: You know, I think Juan Pablo is a great guy. I know him really well and I got to know him in the house and, you know, I've talked to him post show and everything and he's – he's wonderful. And he loves his daughter and he's a family man and he's definitely oriented in that direction.
He is – I – I – I firmly believe that he is thinking about a future and he's thinking about family. So, will he make a good Bachelor in that sense yes. Yes, I think that he will take it seriously.
I think that he will, you know, look at each one of his, you know, possible girlfriends, fiancé's and with – with great – and he'll handle it with great care. I thin k–- I think that he will take it very seriously.
Question: We didn't get to spend a lot of time a lot of time getting to know him so I what's something we ought to know about him. That, you know, the cameras didn't catch or that you discovered through your friendship with him.
Drew Kenney: He's – he's very genuine, he really is and he's honest and he's sincere and, you know, the kind – the camera got his personality they got – they got he's a pretty smooth guy. They got his – his – his sense of humor but it – - what they didn't see was that, you know, behind all that he actually is a guy that cares a lot.
And I think that the audience will be able to see that during his statements. He – he does care and – and ultimately I think he wants what's best for him and his daughter.
Question: Absolutely and do you have a specific memory in mind or a habit that you saw of his?
Drew Kenney: No, I just – I remember him talking to his daughter everyday whether it be through Skype or through like text messages or something like that. I just remember him constantly being around producers and – and asking to be able to talk to his daughter.
Yes, he was constantly showing us in the houses pictures and – and – and telling stories and doing all these things and, you know, it was very clear how important she was to him.
Question: Drew, hey, we spoke with Chirs Harrison earlier and he had said that you would have made a very good Bachelor. Were – were you ever thinking about possibly being in "The Bachelor"? Were you ever in the running? And then I have a follow-up right after that.
Drew Kenney: You know, I – don't know if I was ever in the running. They keep that stuff pretty close to the vest. So, I – if – if – if I was being considered or, you know, if – if any of that was – was happening I wasn't really informed.
But, you know, as far as being the Bachelor, what that meant to me was the opportunity to – to find the person I believe I'm meant to be with more than anything else. You know, going through this whole process what, you know, a little bit of a – a little bit of an elite thing for me.
I really came – I really came to realize that there are – the qualities that I'm looking for and I'm ready to find them and I'm ready to settle down and start a family and – and – and start my future.
Question: And my follow-up is what do you have in store now? Do you – or is there something that you're working in now? Is there somebody that you're seeing now?
Drew Kenney: No. I – I haven't – I haven't began seeing anybody. You know, this whole process and (inaudible) eventually making it as far as I did, they kind of put me in this, I don't know if it was self-imposed lockdown or, you – you know, if it was making sure I didn't give anything away.
But, you know, I haven't begun talking to anybody yet. And, you know, my next – is continue with my life. And, you know, the most important thing for me has always been relationships in my life.
So, staying close to my family, staying close with my friends and – and taking care of those things are – are most important to me.
Question: Hi, Drew. I was wondering how hard was it to see Chris and Desiree together at the after the Final Rose Ceremony? Did you, I mean, was that – was that difficult for you to see them together and engaged and happy? Or had you already moved on at that point?
Drew Kenney: Hi, Ashley. Well, to be completely honest Ashley, I haven't seen the others things that I have seen there on stage. When I – when I walked off stage I went – I went back to my dressing room and started to change and I had a live feed straight into what was going on on stage.
So, but, you know, I did get to watch the others and I did – I did get to see how it ended. And, you know, I'm happy for them. I'm absolutely – I look at them and I see, you know, I – I see the outcome that she should have had.
And, you know, she – she – I have nothing but – but, you know, good thoughts and good hopes for them and for the future.
Question: Drew, you're such a good person it really comes through so I just wanted to tell you that first. Also, I wanted to ask you have such great style where does you style since come from?
Drew Kenney: You know, I've – thank you very much. I have been – it's myself, I've been working in the fashion industry for a while. And I've been kind of modeling and acting (inaudible). So, I just (inaudible) a few things along the way and then, you know, just kind of pieced it together.
There wasn't I think they, you know, in particular that, you know, anywhere in particular that I got it from I just kind of, you know, by being involved in the fashion industry you – you – you kind of see it and, you know, I took great pride in – in how I look. So, I wanted to – so I didn't want to deviate from that at all.
Question: Well, it worked. And then a follow-up question to what you just said then is so are you interested in remaining in front of the cameras and if you were ever asked to be a Bachelor again would you want to be?
Drew Kenney: Interested in remaining in front of the cameras I don't know. Right now it's I just – I want to focus on the relationships in my life and my family and my friends and that kind of stuff.
It's hard being the Bachelor. I think they made a great choice in Juan Pablo. He is – he's a great guy and, you know, it will be an exciting season to watch and I'm really pulling of for him. I really hope that he finds – finds the girl that he wants and – and – and it ends happily and in an engagement.
Question: I just had a quick question, again about "The Bachelor", so last season we saw (Ari) show up to like mentor Sean, to like teach him how to kiss, to give him advice. And, you know, this season and "The Bachelorette" we saw Desiree's girls show up.
Would you be interested in appearing in the next season and maybe, you know, helping Juan like check out all his contestants, see who's, you know, good for him and stuff?
Drew Kenney: Sure. You know, Juan could probably give me pointers to be completely honest. But, you know, as far as being involved in the future in the show and all that, you know, it was such a great experience.
And I've made so many good friends throughout the process that, you know, if they – if they called me and asked me if I wanted to be involved in showing up or – or – or whatever, you know, I would definitely be – be paying attention. I would listen – I would listen for sure.
As far as me giving pointers or – or anything like that to Juan, he doesn't need it. He will be just fine.
Jennifer Matarese: Hi, Brooks.
Brooks Forester: Hello, how are you?
Jennifer Matarese: Hi, great. How are you?
Brooks Forester: I'm good. I was on the line earlier but I just sat there and no one was on.
Jennifer Matarese: Well, you're here now and we can all hear you. So, I was wondering if you were still confident in your decision, especially after, you know, meeting with Desiree on the After Final Rose last night?
Brooks Forester: Yes, I – I know made the right decision and that was about being honest with Desiree and with myself. And that conversation and the breakup, as difficult as it was and as bad as it hurt, you know, I – I just don't know how I can live without being honest.
So, I look back and say I know that's the right decision and I knew that was the right decision going into that conversation with her.
Jennifer Matarese: And were you surprised when she was engaged to Chris?
Brooks Forester: Not entirely. I was – I had time to consider all the options of what might possibly be the outcome. So, not entirely but, you know, I – I'm excited for them I wish them the best. And, you know, as I said last night it was apparent that Desiree had those feelings for Chris and I – I know had those feelings for her.
No, I love Chris I think he is a genuine – he's a genuine person and very great guy. So, I think Desiree, you know, got what she deserves a great guy. So, I couldn't be happier for him.
Question: Good, so there was a report that came out recently that you regretted leaving Des almost immediately after you took off. I guess was that actually eh case and if so when did you stop feeling that regret? And was there ever a moment in between when you did consider coming back?
Brooks Forester: I'm sorry, could you repeat the question? You cut out a little bit?
Question: Oh, no problem. I just said that there was a report that came out recently that you regretted leaving Des immediately after you took off. I wanted to know if that was actually the case and if so when did you stop feeling regret? And was there ever a moment in between that when you did consider coming back?
Brooks Forester: No, that was never – never an option and never – never my feelings after making that decision. I've – I felt like I make the right decision going into that. I didn't have a moment where I felt I should go back and – and rehash things out with Desiree.
You know, was there – was there immediate things that I missed about here and was I sad to see that relationship come to a close? Yes, I think after the conversation and my interview with the producers I was beyond sad. You know, sad to see that relationship end.
Question: OK, sure, and spoilers has circulated all season claiming you were the last man standing and got engaged to Desiree. How was it dealing with that all season and when you talked to Des last night it came across like you actually hadn't known she ended up with Chris? So, is that really what happened because a lot of viewers are surprised that you didn't know how it ended.
Brooks Forester: Yes, I – I honestly did not know how it ended. I was – I didn't – I still haven't seen the show. I still haven't seen what happens. So, you know, I was held in sequester yesterday while the show aired, then knowing that I didn't know the ending.
Question: OK and what about the spoilers did you – were you aware…
Brooks Forester: Yes, the last two months have been – have been difficult there, you know, everybody assumes that we're together and has a conversations with me and I don't like eluding to anything, you know, I have to play a very fine line and, you know, say oh just watch the season and, you know, I hope the best for, you know, Des and myself and everyone involved. And that's just not a comfortable line to tow, so I'm glad that that's over, I'm really glad to see the end of this shooting come to an end.
Question: So, if you had known how into you Desiree was would it have changed your decision?
Brooks Forester: You know, I thought about that, and, you know, at the time I was – the first time I knew that she loved me was when she told me on the dock. That was the first time I had heard it from her, the viewers were able to see that she had those feelings prior – prior to myself so in the moment, you know, I had asked her (inaudible) sooner.
And that was a comment referring back to conversation that we had where, you know, I had told Desiree that I would promise to wear my heart on my sleeve and to put her first before everything including the show and should I say something that the producers and our editors don't enjoy well – or feel that its revealing then they can cut that out.
And I'll allow them to do their job as editors and producers and I will do everything I can to make this as real and as genuine as possible. And try to be as communicative as possible.
So I, you know, in long about way the answer is no, I – it's about my emotional process and me figuring out how I feel, (inaudible) Desiree deserves to be in love with someone that is equally in love with her. So she was at that point great, now I need to get there. And I just wasn't there yet.
Question: Hey, good – so I think what a lot of people liked about – I mean, if there's anything to like about that sort of dramatic breakup scene was that you were honest about how weird this whole process is and that you're expected to fall in love so quickly, and get engaged that quickly.
So can you talk about like how difficult it was to decipher your true feelings from the entire sort of (inaudible) around you with the dramatic dates and all that stuff.
Brooks Forester: Yes, it takes a moment to justify in your brain all the (inaudible) that are going on, the fact that she is dating 25 other guys is something that may be used – warm me up to that idea when you are coming on the show. And knowing that that's the premise of the show, however actually being on the show with the guys while feelings develop is entirely a different story. And it can be difficult to fall in love with the moment. Does that make sense?
Question: Yes.
Brooks Forester: So, you – the moment and the – I mean, the dates are so grand and amazing and you only see her in those moments, it is difficult to really decipher exactly how you feel. Are you falling in love with her or are you falling in love with that moment?
And so, for me, I really wanted a window to the outside world per say this – I see this relationship working after this whole journey together and that's what I was most concerned with. I wanted to make sure that those words, you know, I love you are genuine and sincere and that I can fully back that up. Six months, a year from now, instead of just in that moment.
Question: Props for you giving that. And then you said earlier that you were not entirely surprised that she was with Chris but like – really don't you think it's kind of weird she got engaged after having that intense, you know, break up with you?
Like she said to you, you know, that you asked her what she was going to do next and she said she didn't know because she had envisioned her future with you, so that must've taken you somewhat by surprise, no?
Brooks Forester: Yes, because to say there was no surprise at all would be a stretch. I don't know what her process was. You know, I wasn't there to see what exactly it is that she was realizing and going into that conversation I was hoping she was somewhat conflicted.
So, you know, maybe she's really conflicted between Drew, Chris, and myself and my bowing out will make this decision easier for her. So I guess in retrospect I am a little surprised, but not entirely, but I don't know what she was going through prior to that moment and having me gone if that created clarity for her or more confusion, either or.
I'm just not sure. That's a really hard question (inaudible). I don't know. (inaudible) those are the conclusions that I came to. She could've been thinking anything and she didn't communicate that to me.
Question: Hi, Brooks. Based on producing and editing, it really came across that you were the frontrunner early on. Did you ever feel like you were the frontrunner and that this was kind of yours to lose?
Brooks: In the beginning, I had the first date–I had the first date so early on I had more time than any of the other guys, so I knew that I was in a situation that was going to be difficult because my next time with her to rekindle the connection that we established on the first date was going to be longer than anybody else.
So I did feel that I had–as you say–the position of a frontrunner early on due to my position in the dates. I don't think after others had their dates that I was any further along than either of them. I think once everybody started to get their time that we were all put onto even playing field to some degree.
Question: And then a follow up. What are you doing right now with our life? What's going on?
Brooks Forester: Oh, I've been working on a couple different projects. I work at Fit Marketing. I work as a – in sales. I do (inaudible) audits for new customers and then I have a little company that we've been working on two years. I call it a project because its, you know, its still in its infancy and we basically help recycle old shoes and help (inaudible) to raise money to provide new shoes for those who don't have them.
Question: And are you dating anybody right now?
Brooks Forester: No, I'm not.
Question: Hey, Brooks. Since you're not dating anyone right now, would you consider, you know, (inaudible) The Bachelor or were you disappointed that you weren't picked to be the next Bachelor?
Brooks Forester: You know, after watching Desiree firsthand and the process that she went through, emotionally taxing, there was some discussion early on and when they had asked me initially my response was no.
We had multiple conversations about it and they said, "We think we're going in a different direction anyway," so that there wasn't much to consider for me in that arena so that decision was pretty easy.
Question: Hi, Brooks. You touched on this a little bit, but this is obviously a very unusual situation. I mean, Des was dating other guys and there was this kind of pressure of the cameras and everything.
Do you think that if you had met her in a bar or something or through friends and had a relationship off screen that it could have developed more naturally?
Brooks Forester: Well, Desiree had been there before so I felt like she had an understanding as how to be herself early on. I think I was the one doing the learning there so I don't think that the situation would change things entirely.
I think the outcome would have been the same just based on who we are as individuals and what it is that she's looking for and what I'm looking for. You know, and like I said before, I just – after putting everything into that relationship and it–the pieces started to not come together–you know that was really emotional for me to really put my heart out there and to really try to make that relationship work and then to just not feel that click that I felt like I needed and have felt before.
This isn't the first time I've been in love and, you know, I've felt that before so I know how to recognize it and I just didn't feel that in the relationship so I don't think it would change the outcome.
Question: OK. When did you definitely decide to leave? Had you decided before you went to speak to your mom and your sister or was it after speaking to them it gave you clarity?
Brooks Forester: My family acted as my first sounding board in Salt Lake, when we had our first date, and I think they had asked me some of the hard questions that I wasn't asking myself at that point and so it gave me some time to kind of identify what I was already feeling and so (inaudible) and talking to my sister and my mother–it was just a way for me to be more confident in the decision that I had made.
I had made the decision to go and talk to Desiree I just didn't want to regret it later on so since my family was such a good sounding board the first time, I figured, Hey I'll go talk to them again and see their thoughts on this decision. It was really just a (inaudible) that I was doing the right thing and I had worked out my emotions and was looking at things in a healthy, you know, with a healthier perspective.
Question: So what I was wondering, you know, obviously you said you haven't seen Desiree in a couple months at this point so last time you would have seen her she was, you know, sitting on the dock crying, the next time you see her she's like happily engaged to someone else. Are you happy for her and for Chris?
Brooks Forester: Yes, as I said before I mean, they seem looking for love and they found that and Desiree and Chris both are amazing individuals in the fact that they found that they're comfortable with each other and comfortable with their decisions that they've made and feel like they can back up the words I love you to each other and commit to that relationship is something to be celebrated and I am extremely happy for them.
You know, the phrase is often thrown around, you know, he or she deserves to be loved, you know, I think the less that people who don't deserve to be loved would be a lot shorter. You know, so the fact that they've found it is – is awesome everyone deserves that.
Question: Great. And if they invited you to their wedding, would you go?
Brooks Forester: That's a really good question. (Inaudible) putting me on the spot (inaudible) can't tell I'm blushing. I – I don't think so. Out of respect for – for Chris and for Desiree that would just feel like it would be awkward.
I my self would – would go if they were entirely comfortable, but that's – that's a weird circumstance.
Question: Juan Pablo was one of the fan favorites that we barely got to know so we're wondering what's something we don't know about him was he known for something amongst the guys in the house while you were filming?
Brooks Forester: Yes, I think Juan Pablo is known as the kind of the neutral guy in the house, he is kind of Switzerland (inaudible) or Sweden if you will, he would –yes, was always in kind of a neutral – neutral position and if there was a conversation or debate or something Juan Pablo usually took the neutral position and maybe that's something that you don't know. I'm trying to think what else…
Question: Is there like a funny behind the scenes memory that you have or…
Brooks Forester: I think that'd be a question for (Michael). (Michael)'s got (inaudible) he remembers every little detail, I myself I, you know, (inaudible) Pablo weren't the closest in the house, I didn't spend a ton of time with Juan Pablo and I'm a bad one to ask on that. I – I …
Question: So, you know, Des obviously insisted she was in love with but do you think she was really in love with you or just thought she was? If she was able to fall in love and get engaged to Chris only a couple of days later.
Brooks Forester: Yes, I think there's some possibility that she as well may have felt some pressure to express exactly how she felt about me and maybe after this situation realized that, you know, those feelings were there. But that doesn't take away from the relationship that she was developing with Chris and was able to see that a little bit more clear after having put that away and say OK, I've come to the conclusion that that's not going to happen.
That would be tough. You know, a tough decision and tough thing to move on from so quickly because, you know, I was cautious and in using those words I love you because I knew what that meant. And – and I think it's very – those should be heavy words I – for someone who maybe you don't – if you don't know if they – they are going to reciprocate those feelings that can be a heavy three words for the receiver of those words.
So I just wanted to make sure when I, you know, when I vocalize those three words that they were going to be received well and – and she would, you know, be comfortable with hearing that. I don't know if that answers your question, I realize I – I – I babble sometimes.
Question: No, that's OK. I guess that's a good segue into my next question. Based upon your breakup conversation with Des a lot of viewers along with Chris Harrison have said they think you do a very poor job of articulating your feelings to the point where they're wondering if that's actually a personality trait of yours rather than just a conversation you simply struggled with because of the circumstances on the show.
I just want to get your response to that, like would you say your struggle to express yourself on the show isn't really representative of how you talk to through personal issues in everyday life?
Brooks Forester: I think emotions are difficult to articulate. Period. And I mean to say what I – what I feel. And I don't think that that's always the case. I think at times people say what it is they think people want them to say or say what sounds good, and it is yes, it can be difficult and (inaudible) your emotion and then putting that into words all the time.
So yes, if that is the rumor about Brooks Forester that I have a hard time articulating my emotions then sure and I'm OK with that. You know, had – had my – had my conversation with Desiree on the beach been, you know, mapped out and articulated.
And presented like a politician, I don't think it would be taken very, you know, as sincere. So I guess that just eliminates all the other options, the process of elimination I guess it must be characteristic of mine.
Hugs, Kisses, & Roses,
Jennifer Matarese

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Explaining the difference between codecs and containers is relatively simple, but hard part is attempting to understand each format. The lines start to get blurred when you realize that most common codecs aren't exclusive, and can make use of multiple compression technologies in order to get the job done. The blurred line becomes nearly invisible when you start to talk about formats like MPEG-4 which could be classified as a bit of a container and a bit of a codec, but that's a rather complicated classification that's best left for another time.
So, how do you teach yourself the difference between dozens of codec and container options? Don't. There is only a handful of technologies that are used for online video, and the bulk of your effort will be spent understanding how these work, as well as understanding the trade-offs you're faced with when deciding on what to use.
You could spend weeks studying technologies that are only used for a relatively small number of applications, so instead we're going to focus our attention on what technologies you'll use for most of your video encoding and playback needs.
What Is a Codec?
A codec – or coder/decoder – is an encoding tool that processes video and stores it in a stream of bytes. Codecs use algorithms to effectively shrink the size of the audio or video file, and then decompress it when needed. There are dozens of different types of codecs, and each uses a different technology in order to encode and shrink your video file for the intended application.
Depending on the codec, this encoding occurs in one of two ways: lossy or a lossless compression How Does File Compression Work? How Does File Compression Work? File compression is at the core of how the modern web works, one could argue, because it allows us to share files that would otherwise take too long to transfer. But how does it work? Read More .
Lossy Compression
When looking for manageable file sizes, lossy compression is the most viable method available. While you certainly lose quality in audio, video, or both, the compression is a necessary evil (currently) in a world dominated by the need to share and store what would otherwise amount to impractical file sizes. Your average Blu-ray, for example, can exceed 40 gigabytes, and that sort of storage space would not only be expensive, but it'd make digital downloads and purchases inconvenient, if not an outright waste of time. The key when using lossy compression is to settle on the highest quality compression format for your intended use, so that you walk the fine line between loss of quality, and file size.
Lossless Compression
Lossless compression works much like a ZIP or RAR file in that after compressing and decompressing, the file is essentially the same. Through use of smart algorithms, the file doesn't lose much quality, but it's not an efficient way to store large files because there isn't much compression that actually takes place. In addition, online transmission of large video files uses far too much bandwidth (although H.265 encoding may change that) to make it a viable compression option.
Unless you work in the film industry, or in video editing, it's unlikely you'll ever share video files in a lossless format (if even then). To put it into perspective, even a 4k television doesn't contain the resolution needed to display a film shot on a modern camera and delivered without some sort of compression. In fact, it's not even close (yet). While 4k video is beautiful 8 Eye-Popping Ultra HD Videos To Watch On Your New 4K TV [Stuff to Watch] 8 Eye-Popping Ultra HD Videos To Watch On Your New 4K TV [Stuff to Watch] We've trawled high and low and found some eye-popping 4K videos that take full advantage of the ridiculous number of pixels at your disposal, for free. Read More , it's not even close to the size of an uncompressed video format.
While a Blu-ray film is less than 50 gigabytes (if it has to fit on one disc), the first downloadable 4k movie (available to consumers – trailer below) is a whopping 160 gigabytes! Completely uncompressed 1080p video is a mind-boggling 410 gigabytes per hour, and that doesn't include the audio file, which could add an additional 7 gigabytes per hour depending on how it was recorded. All-in-all, these files are all but useless for a consumer market with current technology.
It's also important to note that codecs aren't just for compression of audio Audio File Formats Explained in Simple Terms Audio File Formats Explained in Simple Terms Read More and video files. Once a file has been encoded using a specific codec, that same codec must be used to decode the file in order for it to play on your device. Not using the correct codec is what leads to the majority of device compatibility or playback issues. This issue is becoming less common as modern containers often include the required audio and video codecs needed to play the file.
Popular Codecs
DivX is a commercially sold codec, while XviD is an open source utility meant to function as an alternative to its commercial cousin. Both codecs can decode the output of the other, as they are both built on the implementation of MPEG-4. While still widely used, its often strictly for video encoding and in conjunction with one of the more popular packs mentioned below.
MPEG-4 is the most common streaming format and it consists of many parts, of which only MPEG-4 Part II is used for video coding. MPEG-4 Part II calls on video encoders such as DivX or XviD in order to encode the video, while audio is typically carried in MP3 format. Modern updates to MPEG-4 are now using H.264 as well.
This is the most popular choice for high definition material. H.264 is also a relative Swiss Army knife of the codec world as it can utilize both lossy and lossless compression depending on the settings you choose when encoding, such as frame rate, quality, and target file size. H.264 relies on x264 for encoded video (as well as others, such as DivX or XviD), and audio is often encoded using AAC or MP3 audio codecs depending on the size and quality you're targeting.
H.264 is touted as 1.5 to 2 times as efficient as basic MPEG-4 compression, which leads to smaller file sizes and seamless playback on more devices. That said, H.264 is now included in the MPEG-4 codec (part 10, known as AVC), so it could become a moot point in the near future as the codecs become less reliant on a single encoding technology, and instead take on the role of a codec pack which includes multiple encoding methods in a single package.
What is a Container?
A container exists solely for the purpose of bundling all of the audio, video, and codec files into one organized package. In addition, the container often contains chapter information for DVD or Blu-ray movies, metadata, subtitles, and/or additional audio files such as different spoken languages. The typical container runs like an executable (.exe) file on Windows. It uses a .bat file to tell the operating system that there are executable commands that need to be run together in order to achieve the intended result.
Popular Containers
Flash Video (.flv, .swf)
Macromedia originally created Flash before they were ultimately acquired by Adobe in 2005. Flash is an aging container that is being phased out due to limitations in the technology, creating what Steve Jobs used to refer to as "buggy" file handling. This led to a very public omission from iOS devices for Adobe and it appears that this was the beginning of the end for the format. As HTML5 standardization takes hold Get Started With HTML5 Get Started With HTML5 You've heard of HTML5. Everybody is using it. It's being heralded as the savior of the Internet, allowing people to create rich, engaging web pages without resorting to using Flash and Shockwave. Read More , we should see less Flash videos online, and the container is most likely going to disappear with it.
MKV is a rapidly growing format that was designed to be future-proof. The container itself supports almost any audio or video format which makes it adaptable, efficient, and highly regarded as one of the best – if not the best – ways to store audio and video files. In addition, it even supports multiple audio, video and subtitle files even if they are encoded in different formats. Due to the options the container offers, as well as its handling of error recovery (which allows you to play back corrupted files), it has quickly become one of the best containers currently available.
MP4 is the recommended format for uploading video to the web Everything You Need To Know About Uploading Videos To YouTube Everything You Need To Know About Uploading Videos To YouTube Currently, there are three ways to upload videos to YouTube. Here's an in-depth look at how to use your computer, phone, or games console. Read More , and services such as Vimeo and YouTube have it listed as their preferred format. The MP4 container utilizes MPEG-4 encoding, or H.264, as well as AAC or AC3 for audio. It's widely supported on most consumer devices, and the most common container used for online video. You really can't go wrong with MP4.
The bottom line is, a container is a (mostly) useless bit of information when referring to video. Telling someone to send you an MP4 file doesn't give away any useful bits of information without understanding how the video and audio itself were encoded. The container is just that, a place to store the audio, video and the codecs needed to decode them for playback.
So, ultimately if you're looking for advice on what to use, H.264 is quickly becoming the standard codec, while either mp4 or MKV are worthy containers. MP4 might get the edge here because it is better supported in consumer devices, and is the standard for most large streaming video sites. Ultimately, the choice is yours, and as long as the video can be decoded and played on the other end, there really aren't a lot of bad choices you can make in terms of what to use.
I'd love to hear what you use and for which application you're using it for. What are your go-to video compression codecs, settings, and containers The Best Settings & Formats for Capturing Videos for YouTube The Best Settings & Formats for Capturing Videos for YouTube Read More ? Let us know in the comments below.
Photo credit: compression tool Via Shutterstock, Tunnel of Images, Media, Photographs via Shutterstock, Amazing Nature by Dr. Wendy Longo (modified), Adobe Media Encoder CS4 by Kebman, Youtube by Esther Vargas all via Flickr
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I have the Debian Linux operating system installed and a popular tool for video editing on such a system is Kdenlive, another alternative is Blender in the video-editing mode. I prefer the former one in the terms of usability but the second one seems to be more stable.
Kdenlive can render its project into an images sequence, audio only, lossless video, 4K video, DVD standard video, Flash and generic videos in WebM, MP4 and MPEG-2 formats.
Blender may be a more powerful solution, as it can execute Python scripts but I'm not proficient with the software at all, so I cannot tell.
The two technologies that I have worked with are the MKV container and the FFmpeg program. I used the MKVtoolnix software to join several files of the MTS format into a single file of the MKV format and the software have accomplished the task without decompressing and rendering the videos. Then, I used the FFmpeg command to cut a part out of this file, again without decompressing and rendering.
This tutorial is handy, especially if you have no experience like I do. Thank you, the authors of the article, for creating this content, I wish you good luck!
Lossless Compression
"Through use of smart algorithms, the file doesn't lose much quality"
Last time I checked there was NO quality lost, a 1 to 1 clone (after decompression).
Where does DNxHD fit in this discussion. It is the preferred codec for editing in ProTools. ProTools states that the .h264 is okay but results in variable performance.
It would be helpful to everyone if you made it clear that MKV is the winner for containers. As it does everything the others can do, plus more... And its growing in popularity across the board... etc etc.
1080i and 1080p HDTV uncompressed
8 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 24fps = 95 MB/s, or 334 GB/hr.
10 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 24fps = 127 MB/s, or 445 GB/hr.
8 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 25fps = 99 MB/s, or 348 GB/hr.
10 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 25fps = 132 MB/s, or 463 GB/hr.
8 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 29.97fps = 119 MB/s, or 417 GB/hr.
10 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 29.97fps = 158 MB/s, or 556 GB/hr.
1080i and 1080p HDTV RGB (4:4:4) uncompressed
10 bit @ 1280 x 720p @ 60fps = 211 MB/s, or 742 GB/hr.
10 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 24fps = 190 MB/s, or 667 GB/hr.
10 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 50i = 198 MB/s, or 695 GB/hr.
10 bit @ 1920 x 1080 @ 60i = 237 MB/s, or 834 GB/hr.
Bryan, many digital cameras produce AVI and MOV files, how do they fit into this taxonomy?
Bryan, many digital cameras produce AVI and MOV files, how do they fit into this taxonomy?
@Andrea: Looking at that comment again, I'm not sure why I thought you were a Mac user. Probably because I'm a Mac user, and by default I assume everyone else is as well. :P
Anyway, Handbrake works for Windows as well (which is something I didn't know until just now)... https://handbrake.fr/downloads.php
@Andrea: Sounds like you're a Mac user, so I hope you have Handbrake (https://handbrake.fr/). From there, I would encode in .h264 and then use the MKV container. You can tweak the sound and video settings from inside here until you get a file size/quality you can live with. These will play on a PC as well, but you're probably better off using VLC for the MKV file as most Windows programs struggle with it.
One more thing. There's no need to break these into chunks. As long as you're using a program that handles MKV (like the open source VLC), playback will be seamless.
Hi Bryan
Thanks for the feedback and tips - and yes I am an out and proud PC user!
I've not come across handbrake before so shall have a play around with this. I have Media Encoder already so shall also see how this measures up.
Also, re the issue of breaking into chunks, it is good to know that the larger files can be handled by the VLCs of the world. However, another reason I have for segmenting files was that I could then name these logically and thus be able to navigate to specific scenes if desired. I guess I am coming at this from the old chapter marker mindset for DVDs. Is there anyway to place markers in .h264 files? I am guessing not as it seems to be a bit of an outdated function from my limited research.
Thanks again,
Fantastic - thanks again Bryan.
Hi Bryan
Thanks for a really helpful, practical article.
I had been scouring the internet to find what is the best way of editing and archiving home movies now that DVDs are on the way out.
To date, I always edited home movies in Premiere and authored to DVD in Encore, but am looking to change for two reasons: Firstly, Adobe did away with Encore and DVD authoring in its most recent iteration; and secondly, my video is shot in HD therefore converting to DVD was losing quality.
It would appear from what you've written that either MKV or MP4 should replace the DVD container and that I should use H264 as the codec in either or these. I can then play these from file on my PC (I don't intend to upload). Presumably I would need to break these up into chunks of an appropriate size (assuming multiple small files play better than one large file). Does this sound sensible to you? Do you have any feedback on my proposed method?
Thanks in advance,
I haven't seen the BBC program, but I'm definitely going to have to watch it.
As an Apple user myself, the problems you mentioned about proprietary codecs and containers is rather frustrating. The MOV file is rather useless anymore, but Apple seems rather stuck on forcing us to use it unless we're uploading directly to YouTube.
Interesting to see that BBC "Click" just made a whole program from Barcelona using just mobile devices. Apparently it was a nightmare - not so much the filming, but the editing. Predictably, the Windows system beat its way through all the codecs and containers the different manufacturers' phones generated, Whereas the iPad just refused point blank to work with any file not made with an iPhone.
Sadly, this stunt was done in response to Apple making a complete film using just iPhone, iPad and Macbook products as the only devices they make. There is no need for the likes of Panasonic, Sony or Samsung to use consumer phone devices to make a film. They all have huge real camera divisions. Also the range of video edit software available for Windows and Linux is immense.
It always strikes me as odd that Apple is touted as the "creative" users' choice when in fact it is completely hamstrung. Apple gets round the huge problems of codec types by locking down to one that "just works".
@Kevin: You're absolutely correct, there is a difference between decimation/downsampling and compression, but in this case, we're talking about raw video that is compressed and shrunk down into smaller sizes post-prodution, and not while filming under a reduced quality (downsampled) for the sake of smaller file sizes. I realize both occur, but for the sake of brevity and general understanding, it's important not to get into all of them when it wasn't necessary for the sake of the piece. he point was that modern cameras are able to shoot in much higher resolution than the current television technology can display. It has actually been like this for years. For example, re-releasing old movies in HD didn't require anything other than transferring the movie from 35mm (there are no megapixels in film, but it would be the approximate equivalent of 20 megapixels if there were) film into Blu-ray format. Of course, that's an EXTREME oversimplification, but you get the idea. Cameras are typically much better at any given time than the devices needed to display what they shoot.
As far as the numbers, I'm not sure what you're getting at. They don't seem to make sense because you listed them without any context. For example, the 1080p number is probably causing a lot of the confusion, as I said that it can be up to 410 gigabytes per hour (uncompressed). Blu-ray, also in 1080p, utilizes compression to shrink the film down to under 50 gigabytes (or more depending on if newer triple or quadruple layer formats ever become popular). The confusion stems from a lack of context; if I'm understanding you correctly.
Additionally, to address the last part, 4k movies - such as the one mentioned - still rely on compression (meaning - the video isn't "full" size/resolution). That said, the file size of the video mentioned is irrelevant, because it's compressed. In other words, it's like saying that it can't be a Blu-ray unless it's shorter (run time) than normal, because it's not 50GB, the max size of a double layer Blu-ray disc.
You wrote: "To put it into perspective, even a 4k television doesn't contain the resolution needed to display a film shot on a modern camera and delivered without some sort of compression." I think you are confusing file compression with downsampling to reduce the resolution. When you compress a video using one of the codecs here mentioned, you are not reducing the resolution, just the file size.
These figured don't make sense:
Blu-ray < 50 gigabytes
4k = 160 gigabytes
1080p 410 gigabytes per hour
4k is 4000p, so given that resolution and that the video file size goes by the square of the resolution, the largest uncompressed size should be 4k, then Blu-ray, then 1080p. Now maybe that 4k movie was really short duration (but then you should have mentioned that). Anyway, given the 4k is about 4 times the resolution of 1080p and file size goes by the square of the resolution, you would expect the 4k to be 16 times the size of 1080p.
mtjoseph: Great question! Both are definitely "next" in terms of what's to come, but neither have a whole lot of support at the moment. While we'll definitely see more of them, I wanted to focus on formats that are currently popular and widely used.
Good introductory article. Why no discussion of H.265 and VP9 codecs as these are considered next gen replacements?
@astral_cyborg: Thanks! I'm glad you enjoyed it.
@7Gs : WMV is a proprietary Windows format, and I didn't included it because it can't play natively on anything but a Windows computer. It's possible to play them with Mac and Linux machines, but both require additional steps or software programs.
Honestly, most believe that it's nearing the end of its usable life as better container formats come out that are both multi-device compatible, and highly customizable (a major gripe against WMV/ASF).
@jimvandamme: What software do you use to burn the disks? Maybe I can help you further by offering up some suggested settings.
Very nice article and easily understandable. Thanks for the information
What about WMV? On many video sites I know, there are more wmv files than mp4 files.
I've been cutting a lot of home movies, from 8 & 16 mm film, VHS video, up to 720P video. I use OpenShot, KDenLive or Avidemux (on Linux) and upload to YouTube, Vimeo, or Google Picasa/Photos; and burn to DVD and send to relatives and friends in England and mainland Europe. Needless to say, I'm always confused on what format to use so everyone can watch them with acceptable quality and decent file size. You haven't answered all my questions...but it's a start.
Do you mean playback, or creating them? For playback, VLC is easily the best option for playback due to the amount of formats it can handle.
Great info: BTW: Which is the best all in one tool to deal with all this business of codecs and containers ?


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The BTC Market Emotion Index – Is the Market About To Smile!?
A Game of Coins
Post turmoil where various outlets including social media, forums and media were burning up with posts and headlines of "we're going under", we have seen a relatively quiet time within the cryptosphere of late.
From a short term view point, instead of creating TA that lays the law of what the RSI , MACD and Elliott wave is indicating, we can cut it down and distil it into three simple categories showing Market emotion.
1) Sad
2) Indifferent
3) Happy
We're in the indifferent phase currently, however, we have just passed a critical point of resistance. With BTCUSD pushing past $9,000 and breaking out of the bear market trend line set by the recent volatility , the Market emotion is clearly starting to present itself as taking a breather, had a little food and is getting back to normal. No more hangry bear!
Of course, time will tell as to whether or not the bear has been put back in its cage and the next bull unleashed, however, there is an air of positivity and we may just see the market about to smile.
All eyes on 10K BTCUSD and which direction we proceed from there.
Game of Coins
Game of Coins has been created for anyone who wishes to share their no BS filter findings and trade solid insights and knowledge. We are a group of cryptocurrency and Blockchain enthusiasts awe-inspired by the cryptosphere.
Please join Game of Coins on Slack and Twitter.
Together we can bring clarity to the sensational world of crypto, and push out the BS.
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Maximum Mobility – Easy Portability – Increase Productivity – High Adaptability
Jewels® Mobile ERP and inventory management application is known as Jewels® Mini is designed to solve the challenges that keep Jewellery manufacturers tied to their desks. Jewels Infosystems mobile technology extends manufacturing ERP functionality beyond the desk to mobile devices located anywhere in the world and process complete information via smart phones, PDAs, and tablets, available whenever and wherever you need it.
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Visit the link to get Jewels® Mini from Google Play Store or Scan the below QR Code to get the app .


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The Week February 25th - March 1st
Video - Panta Rei Danseteater 'Lullaby'
Norwegian dance company Panta Rei Danseteater, late last year, conducted a little experiment whereby three dance makers created two pieces with the same name based on the same idea, featuring three male dancers and two musicians, to see what the outcome was.
June 2nd, 2016watch now
Greetings dear readers and welcome to the latest roundup of the week in culture. Only another 45 of these to go and then it'll be Christmas all over again.
Will It Or Won't It
Last week we brought you the tale of The Brewhouse in Taunton, a theatre, that was being closed down because it had completely run out of money and every organisation that could have supported the venue apparently hated them with a vengeance (allegedly).
Over the last seven days a few things have emerged. First of all the final blog post from the theatre, posted on their website, was taken down by dark forces who are, as yet, unknown. The former CEO of the theatre, Robert Miles, took to Facebook, as you do, to make his case and revealed a few interesting snippets.
One particularly interesting snippet was the fact that ACE withdrew funding (because of the aforementioned and completely alleged hatred) but then gave them two grants, one of which was a £450,000 "Sustain" award.
"Sustain" was a programme started by ACE to help organisations who were suffering serious financial difficulties, unless they were not actually suffering serious financial difficulties then they would just give you the money anyway, but that's another story.
Since ACE was one of several organisations that caused the Brewhouse to suffer serious financial difficulties in the first place giving them "Sustain" money is kinda taking the pi... (snip Ed!)
Adding further fuel to the fire we give you Taunton Deane Borough Council who have decided not to cut the £152,000 grant to the theatre despite the fact it has closed down. Currently this entire debacle is turning into a farce of epic proportions and we might just be losing interest.
The plan is, apparently, to have the venue stage community driven productions of "Spiderman The Musical" or something. Mr Miles however remains unimpressed;
"They can tell us until they are blue in the face that we should be making money but with 352 seats - you can't - it's as simple as that," he said."
[ Source: The BBC ]
[ Source: Facebook (no, really!) ]
Pique Review
In a fit of pique the BBC has decided to move the completely awful "Review" show from BBC2 every week to BBC4 once a month. The "show" which involves
pompous, self righteous know it alls arty folk yapping about some show or other they have been forced to watch was apparently not attracting much of audience. Colour us surprised about that little factoid!
Despite the fact the BBC is not supposed to care about ratings, or programme quality apparently, they have moved it to the channel where bad shows go to get cancelled. The BBC declined to respond to questions about why they don't just put the arts on TV instead of people yapping about them.
The Daily Fail
When they close the book on us, history will reflect that this was the day we referenced an article in the Daily Mail. As this is unfamiliar territory for us we're not sure if we need to get shots or something?
Anyway, The Fail reports that new BBC Director General Tony Hall has handed one of the top jobs at the TV channel to one of his friends from his old job at the Royal Opera House (he's actually still there, it's a whole limbo crossover thing right now).
The new Managing Director of BBC Finance is one Anne Bulford who will receive a salary of just £395,000 for her, for want of a better word, efforts. The post was not advertised for general applications.
"Lord Hall, chief executive of the Royal Opera House, formally takes up his BBC post in April. Before joining Channel 4 in 2005, Miss Bulford spent three years with the Royal Opera House as director of finance and business affairs. Lord Hall knows her from their time together at the Royal Opera House and also from his time as deputy chairman at Channel 4."
Perhaps more interesting is the appointment of James Purnell, a former Labour Culture Minister, to some technology job or other with a salary of £295,000.
None of this looks like cronyism, favouritism or corruption at all, no siree, nothing to see here, move along, thanks!
Short-Termism, Which is not a Real Word!
The Guardian reports that some survey or other has revealed that, thanks to less funding, the theatre world will suffer and less folk will make the transition into radio, television, film and working behind the counter at their local McDonalds.
"The research, which drew on detailed surveys completed by 26 English theatres, was undertaken by playwright Fin Kennedy and Helen Campbell Pickford, a doctoral candidate at Oxford University.
The report provides testimony showing the "research-and-development" side of theatre is being particularly hard hit after the cuts, as organisations hunker down to protect core work on their main stages."
Why we needed research to confirm this is not at all clear. Culture Minister (and complete buffoon) Ed Vaizey was unimpressed, muttering something about none of this being the fault of anybody who is currently in government before wondering off and getting run over by a herd of stampeding giraffes (we can only hope).
Oil Slick
Finally this week we have the tale of the RSC being set upon by the RSC. The first RSC is the Royal Shakespeare Company and the second one is the Reclaim Shakespeare Company (geddit?)
The latter is upset by the sponsorship the RSC is receiving from BP so they can buy new ruffs or something.
"The move follows last year's campaign against BP's involvement with the RSC, which saw performances of five productions in Stratford and London disrupted during the World Shakespeare Festival. The sponsorship also saw the RSC's playwright in residence Mark Ravenhill and actor Mark Rylance publicly questioning the appropriateness of the deal."
Apparently the other RSC doesn't think that a company that accidentally kills its employees and spills hundreds of millions of gallons of oil into the ocean is an appropriate financial supporter of a theatre company that recreates plays about murder, infidelity, incest and who knows what else.
Have a nice weekend.


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Words that end in bgn
Found 10 words that end in bgn. Browse our Scrabble Word Finder, Words With Friends cheat dictionary, and WordHub word solver to find words that end with bgn. Or use our Unscramble word solver to find your best possible play! Related: Words that start with bgn, Words containing bgn
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- I am not afraid of challenges life, but afraid to keep staying in comfort zone unconsciously.
- I am 22 years old, I like to stay with friends, but not afraid to be alone, to be alone, it's just the time to examine mys own errors.
- Academic performance of 84.28 points. (GPA: 3.594/4.0)
Weian Chen
- New Taipei City, Taiwan


text:
Public Opening Reception Friday, May 2, 2014, from 6:00—8:00pm Members-only artist talk by Will Brown at 6:00pmFWM, 1214 Arch Street, First Floor
Also Opening on Friday, May 2, 2014 FWM, 1214 Arch Street, Second Floor Abelardo Morell: Pictures in Three Museums Members-only artist talk by Abelardo Morell at 5:30pm
The New Temporary Contemporary, 1222 Arch Street Exhibitions of work by Philadelphia Photographers David Graham and Ray K. Metzker
The New Temporary Contemporary's Video Screening RoomLectures and videos by these Photographers and additional artists
The Fabric Workshop and Museum (FWM) presents three exhibitions of work by Philadelphia Photographers: Will Brown, David Graham, and Ray K. Metzker. Public opening reception Friday, May 2, 2014 from 6:00 to 8:00pm.
Philadelphia photographer Will Brown's work stands within a long tradition of street photography as discrete, momentary records of a time, independent of implied narrative. This exhibition series continues at The New Temporary Contemporary, 1222 Arch Street, with photographs by masters of American photography David Graham—a photographer in love with the world around him who uses the medium to visually embrace what he sees—and Ray K. Metzker, a virtuoso who has pursued his chosen medium making extraordinary photographs for the better part of six decades. Graham is known for a photographic body of work that chronicles colorful, surreal, and bizarre aspects of the American landscape and culture, while incorporating popular photography genres, such as family portraits and vacation photos. Metzker is known for his experimentation with black-and-white photography, especially his cityscape and landscape photographic series, and his use of composites and multiple exposures.
Also opening that evening is Abelardo Morell: Pictures in Three Museums, featuring images taken at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and The Barnes Foundation.


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Percina cymatotaenia
|Scope: Global
Language: English
|Scientific Name:
|Percina cymatotaenia (Gilbert & Meek, 1887)
Common Name(s):
Etheostoma cymatotaenia Gilbert & Meek, 1887
|Red List Category & Criteria:
|Vulnerable B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) ver 3.1
|Year Published:
|Date Assessed:
|Smith, K. & Darwall, W.R.T.
|Hammerson, G.A. & Ormes, M.
This species is downlisted from its previous assessment of EN (in 1996). Data from 1969 and 1980 suggested that the population was in slow decline at that time. However, over the past several decades (through 2002) the abundance and distribution of the species have increased in some areas, while some populations have declined. Overall, the current population trend appears to be relatively stable. The species is currently listed as Vulnerable because extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 sq km, area of occupancy is less than 2,000 sq km, number of locations may not exceed 10, and habitat quality is subject to ongoing degradation.
|Previously published Red List assessments:
|Range Description:
|This darter has a localized distribution in the Osage and Gasconade river drainages in northern Ozarks of south-central Missouri; it is widely distributed in the Gasconade River system and in the Niangua River (Pflieger 1997, Page and Burr 2011). Present range includes six streams: Big Piney River, Gasconade River, Roubidoux Creek, Osage Fork, Whetstone Creek, and Niangua River. See Burr and Page (1993) for a spot map and list of localities.
|Countries occurrence:
Native:United States
|Additional data:
|Range Map:
|Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.
|Pflieger (1997) mapped about 29 collection sites for the period 1945–1995, plus several additional historical locations that probably do not support extant populations; recent collections represent several distinct occurrences in six streams.
Based on a rough average number of fish seined per 100 linear feet of stream in habitat known to be occupied by bluestripe darters (4.08), and on total miles of stream known to be inhabited by the species (240 mi) (Pflieger 1984), a population estimate of over 50,000 fish can be calculated. However, it is not clear whether total miles of inhabited stream includes only habitat known to be occupied, or also includes some stretches of intervening inappropriate habitat. If the latter, the population could be considerably smaller, but probably still numbers over 10,000.
It is now rare but may have been more common before 1900 (Pflieger 1997).
Pflieger (1984) indicated that his sampling experience in 1969 and 1980 suggested that the population was in slow decline.
Sampling over the past several decades (through 2002) indicated that abundance and distribution have increased in some areas, whereas the upper Osage Fork population showed decline over time, and the Woods Fork and upper Big Piney River populations showed depressed numbers (Winston and Tilley 2003). Overall, trend was relatively stable.
|Current Population Trend:
|Additional data:
|Habitat and Ecology:
|Habitat includes quiet pools and backwaters of small to medium rivers with sandy bottoms and abundant cover (submerged vegetation or deposits of sticks, leaves, or other organic debris); also submerged vegetation over mud and occasionally in emergent vegetation along sand or gravel bars; this is a midwater species (Page and Burr 1991, 2011). Water depths of 25–140 cm and currents often too slight to measure are characteristic. Associated submerged plants include Justicia, Ranunculus, Myriophyllum, Potamogeton, and Heteranthera (Pflieger 1984). Spawning occurs apparently over gravel riffles.
|Movement patterns:
|Not a Migrant
|Use and Trade:
|This species is not utilized.
|Major Threat(s):
Threatened by habitat alteration from continued urban expansion and conversion of forest to pasture (Pflieger 1984).
This species occupies stream systems that are for the most part continuous and free of substantial movement barriers such as large dams (D. Novinger, Missouri Department of Conservation).
|Conservation Actions:
Define real barriers to dispersal and determine number of distinct populations. Evaluate fragility. Determine what factors drove species out of headwater streams.
Protection of Gasconade River system from impoundment or degradation of hydrology and water quality would probably secure the continued existence of this species. Enforcement of state water quality standards is essential. Increasing the stringency of such standards may be necessary. Other protection needs include education of landowners, encouragement of conservation practices, and leasing of easements along reaches of stream with prime habitat (Pflieger 1984).
|NatureServe. 2013. Percina cymatotaenia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T16588A19034397. . Downloaded on 15 October 2018.
|To make use of this information, please check the <Terms of Use>.
|If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided


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ราคาดังกล่าวรวมภาษีมูค่าเพิ่ม 7% เรียบร้อยแล้ว
Like Arduino Megas IO, but bothered with the conflict of I/O pins when using shields with the Mega board during a project? Find it hard to take good advantage of the mega I/O pins? Try the Mega I/O multi-expansion shield to help solving the problem.
Arduino Mega I/O multi-expansion shield means that you can plug 4 different shields at same time. All I/O pins of the Mega board are expanded so that you can plug 4 shields at most, and worry not any more about the I/O conflict. Whatsmore, it makes your project clean & tidy with the cables be arranged in order . Expand your project idea with Mega I/O multi-expansion shield!
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