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Please, let's all discuss these and act on them where appropriate, or disagree or offer a different suggestion, as appropriate.
1 - I like "The Gurus of Gaming" that shows up after Armchair Arcade on top of browser windows. Good job thinking of that. The only criticism I can possibly make against the top logo banner as it is now with the logo and the arcade controls image is that it's perhaps a bit too long from top to bottom, but I'm not sure if that's adjustable. I'd like to see it about 15% shorter top-down, as right now it takes up a bit too much real estate for optimal reading purposes in my opinion.
2a - I love the current Armchair Arcade logo that Seb did, but I really think before soft launch one of us should do it over from scratch. I want everything "invented" by us, those here now. Seb generously gave it to us for all perpetuity, but as we move into other ventures, we're better off doing everything in-house as it were. I would love to take some time to do it, but doubt I'll have the time. Perhaps Elizabeth can do it? The only requirement would be to have it as an infinitely scalable vector image.
2b - Is Elizabeth working on any graphics, Matt? You had mentioned she was dabbling with some stuff, but I'm not sure what the current status is or where we'd be able to use them. I love the idea of making the new AA as visually interesting as possible.
3 - I think under the Armchair Arcade logo - or preferably incorporated into the new one - we really must have our sub-heading of "Videogames and Computers". That's the only way to really stress what we encompass.
4 - Go to "Administer" and "categories": http://armchairarcade.com/neo/admin/taxonomy and "add term" and start adding terms you think should be included that are not already there. We can schedule a few days in the coming weeks to weed out the bad ones or decide on a structure we prefer. Of course we can always add at a later date, but planning ahead will make things easier.
5 - I went through the site and tweaked a few things here and there. Nothing major. I'm not skilled enough to do much more, but then much more doesn't need doing. Great work, Matt.
6 - We need to decide what to do with our online store that sells shirts and mugs and what-not. It's a sales failure, but that could be due to lack of new stuff at Armchair Arcade. I'd love to see us re-vamp the product line and use new images in new ways. I personally think we should keep it going, but I'd be all for leaving it simply linked back at the old site. By the way, DreamAuthentics was interested in giving their customers a free merchandise voucher for our store, they liked the products so much. So there's probably SOME value there.
7 - We need to decide which advertisements to continue with, if any. Google Ads, since inception, has brought in well over $100. The RGT Light Gun ad has brought in over $50. PlayFirst is worthless and should be discontinued. In any case, like the online store, the relationships need some tweaking regardless.
8 - We need to implement the current game offerings on Neo, or put on new ones. The only requirement is that it's free for us, little to no advertisement-driven, and MUST retain a high score (it's what keeps people coming back). I was surprised at how much the games have meant to people and it's part of what got us the "Best Site of 2005" award from PC Magazine.
9 - We need to retain some of our existing links in some form. We have several key relationships that I feel we need to maintain with reciprocal links, like with Grrlgamer, AtariAge, ClassicGaming, Digital Press, etc. They always give us good press/referalls and we need to maintain that going forward. We can definitely cull quite a bit out though.
10 - System Matrix - I don't care about this right now. My book is another six to eigth months away from completion. When I get closer, we'll figure out how to create a full-featured museum quality showcase for US-based systems.
11 - I will follow this with a suggested timeline.
Hmm...I somehow missed this post and only saw the last one. Not sure what's up with that.
These all sound like good suggestions. I'm pretty sure Elizabeth can come up with some different designs, logos, and such. We've both been busy lately, but maybe this weekend would be a good time to contemplate some new design strategies.
Well, this weekend is booked solid with family commitments due to the holiday for us, but I will absolutely be checking in whenever possible and will work on whatever I have to. I'd really like to hear other opinions too, particularly on the timeline. Hopefully it's not just you and me trying to accomplish stuff on that... I'll shoot you an e-mail, Matt, anyway, in a few minutes to Gmail...
Bill Loguidice - Armchair Arcade Co-Founder and Editor
www.billandchristina.com (includes Videogame and Computer Collection)
www.mythcore.com (creative development company)
I say drop the store in it's current state. Even though I put energy in creating pixellated images for it it just doesn't work.
We should try to come up with something different.
Well, I'm not saying "no" of course or disagreeing with that comment as I'm not thrilled with the store either and it has generated zero revenue, but it seems a bit drastic to drop it in whole. Can you elaborate a bit more, Mark? I think at the very least since we can create any designs on any products and tweak the entire look and feel of the store, surely it might be more beneficial to try and get the thing up to a more professional level than just canning it entirely. We really need to keep SOME sources of revenue, particularly since we're not sticking with the one area that's been profitable to this point, the Google Ads. Frankly I'd like to stick with the Google Ads, but I just don't see how it would work with our current Website (it would drop the professionalism and there's no good place to stick it).
Right now, we can only generate revenue from Dream Authentics, which would take forever since they only sell expensive home arcade machines (and is relatively recent and has not yet paid out), and the RGT light gun, which has only paid out once (with two or three $5 adds since the last payout - we get paid out every $50) and also presently only works on PS2 and Xbox, limiting things as next gen systems start to hog the spot-light (though I'm sure they'll be adding new product to address that, though again the technology is only as valid as long as there are light gun games to support it!).
Obviously a BIG source of revenue will be doing a POD of our articles and selling that as a B&W "book"/magazine. Once that takes off, then I think we'll be in a much better position to drop the turkeys. Thoughts, though, Mark? Do you think the store can be salvaged?
Bill Loguidice - Armchair Arcade Co-Founder and Editor
www.billandchristina.com (includes Videogame and Computer Collection)
www.mythcore.com (creative development company)
The store as it is right now is dead. We've obviously created something that isn't attracting attention whatsoever. I myself am one of it's few customers ;)
We need revenues coming in. But I think we should consider totally re-doing our store. Thinking up a concept with the staff and then filling it with art/anything that we will create in the future.
I say dump all not successfull / not appreciated things when we redo AA!
The ONLY two counterpoints I can make to your statements, Mark, which I agree with for the most part are that we've only had one minor issue since the store was implemented with traffic down (AA is a ghost town as we speak) AND we've had two separate serious interest events. Those two events were the last guy who did our cover (the Space Invaders thing) and the President of Dream Authentics, who wanted to give a gift certificate to our store to each of their new customers. So to me, there's SOME potential there, so to me the FIRST answer is not to totally eliminate it, but to genuinely try to design GOOD products on there. We should also limit the selection just a bit. I have a good feeling about Armchair Arcade Neo (2.0, whatever) and I think a store is a great idea if we can work it through.
Anyone else have any thoughts or am I being foolish?
Bill Loguidice - Armchair Arcade Co-Founder and Editor
www.billandchristina.com (includes Videogame and Computer Collection)
www.mythcore.com (creative development company)
You've got a sound point there. Looking at the store from that perspective makes my judgement on the store a whole lot milder.
You are right. We can make something out of the store still, especially when we have more traffic.
Bill, I wanted to shout "AMEN" when I read your post. I'm someone who loves buying t-shirts to support a good cause. These usually end up being my favorite shirts! I love my GNU T-shirt (with the GNU license printed on the back), my Bit Torrent t-shirt (it's really stylish)...Probably my favorite is a black t-shirt with the phrase LOAD"*",8,1 on it. I also have two game shirts, a Pac-Man ghost shirt I got from Target and a "Galaga Rehab" shirt I got from Hot Topic. They're all very high quality shirts that are comfortable to wear, and look great.
I took a peek at the shirts available at the AA store and just shook my head. For one thing, there are too darn many. It'd be much better to have one or maybe two really good designs than all those other ones. I love Mark's icons, but would I want them on a shirt? I can't see it.
Compare: Bit Torrent Shirt. The ad is nice, but study how the design actually looks good, even if you didn't know what BT was. As far as I'm concerned, we need shirts of that quality if we want to make this a hot-topic item. Also compare the Firefox shirt.
My suggestions:
1. Cut way back on the options. At most, two t-s and a polo. Why? Well, for one, having only a few improves their noticeability.
2. small logo on front (probably on pocket side), and nice, larger logo on back.
3. Drop cafe press. It may cost more to do this right, but if we're not willing to make an investment in these products, can we honestly ask our readers to?
I'll see if I can get Elizabeth interested in this, but will also try to open it up a bit and see if I can find some professional artists willing to chip in. I just met the new media professor from the art department a few days ago, and she seems like someone who might turn out to be a valuable connection (although, sadly, she doesn't seem interested in gaming.)
If the store as it currently exists isn't bringing in any money, I say drop it now. Let's redo it and then launch it as part of Neo, making it clear that it's a total redesign and worth checking out.
Again, we have full control over the look of the store and all the products in it. By all means, let's have at it. Either e-mail or IM me for the user names and passwords if you can't get them from the current AA Website...
Bill Loguidice - Armchair Arcade Co-Founder and Editor
www.billandchristina.com (includes Videogame and Computer Collection)
www.mythcore.com (creative development company)
Store Administration for the two stores (Go to www.spreadshirt.com and login as one of these two)
shop 1 (static - we sell fixed products) : armchairarcade.spreadshirt.com /shop number 2507
shop 2 (designer - customers design their own) : armchairdesign.spreadshirt.com /shop number 3091
the login for the fixed product shop:
USER NAME - email@example.com
The login for the DESIGN shop - armchairadmin
The password for the DESIGN shop - loguidice01
Google Ads:
Login: email@example.com
Password: Nu-Wavex
(this is active on all of my applicable Websites)
Bill Loguidice - Armchair Arcade Co-Founder and Editor
www.billandchristina.com (includes Videogame and Computer Collection)
www.mythcore.com (creative development company)


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Vigilant Yemeni snipers in light-green camouflage and polished black army boots carrying machineguns block the gates to the US Embassy.
The massive concrete and iron diplomatic compound is officially closed for a US government "security review." But inside, there's a bustle of activity. Members of a US Marine contingent lift weights and jump rope to stay fit; others oil and shine their M-16s. Green Berets and CIA operatives plot their next move.
Today this bunkered embassy is just one frontier outpost in a new phase of America's "war on terror."
From Afghanistan to former Soviet Georgia and the Philippines, US forces are training local armies to take on Islamic insurgencies. But recent successes - and failures - here in Yemen exemplify the challenges of collaborating in key terrorist hot spots around the world.
The fallout in Yemen following the Nov. 3 Hellfire missile strike, in which six Al Qaeda members were killed in a missile launched from a CIA-operated unmanned drone, is a case in point. The Yemeni government and US targets there have faced subsequent reprisal attacks.
The US contingent is trying to train backward local "special forces" to perform difficult "hit and snatch" operations against suspected Al Qaeda cells operating in the desert areas. On top of the military challenges are domestic and international political obstacles.
In this case, the local forces are led by the president's inexperienced son, and botched one attempt to capture the key Al Qaeda leader - Qaed Senyan al-Harithi - who was later killed in the US strike.
A larger challenge: The US has to be careful not to make the ruling regime look as if it's cooperating too much with America, because that could create domestic unrest that might topple the government.
Just a week ago, Yemeni officials publicly acknowledged that they had cooperated in the Nov. 3 Hellfire missile attack. There have also been reports - although Yemeni officials won't publicly comment - that the top Al Qaeda suspect arrested last Thursday, Abdul Rahim Al-Nashiri, was picked up at an airport in Yemen and quietly turned over to the US.
"Yemen has to contend with US pressure to eliminate the considerable Al Qaeda presence in its territory," says Bernard Haykel, a Yemen expert at New York University. "But it also has to deal with a population that is broadly sympathetic to Osama bin Laden's political aims."
This week, former Yemeni Prime Minister Abdelkerim al-Iriyani confirmed during a US visit that Al Qaeda members killed in the Hellfire missile attack were not only guilty of participating in the attack on the Cole, which killed 17 Americans, but also were planning "sabotage operations against oil and economically strategic facilities" in Yemen.
It is this kind of activity, where the terrorists turn on the host government, trying to drive a wedge between the people and the government, that has Yemen most worried. That, experts say, is what pushed Yemeni officials to cooperate more fully with the US last fall.
In August, two Al Qaeda members blew themselves up in an attempt to kill Yemeni officials. After that, Yemen agreed to allow US military and CIA teams in the country to train Yemen's special forces.
"Al Qaeda has clearly declared war on the Yemeni government, and on President Saleh himself," says Dr. Haykel. "It became very clear what the president had to do - he had to align himself with the US."
But, Haykel goes on to say, the result will likely lead to more terrorist attacks against the oil industry in Yemen, the country's main source of income.
"Al Qaeda has done this by attacking the French oil tanker [in October]," he says. "They will strike where it harms the most - at the shipping and oil industry."
Originally, about 100 US Special Forces soldiers were in Yemen. Now, about two dozen remain. In nearby Djibouti there are another 800 Special Forces, plus the CIA unit that operates the Predator drones used in the recent missile attack.
But training the Yemeni forces has not been easy. Although nearly every male above 13 years of age owns an AK47, Yemen isn't known for its military prowess. Ahmed Saleh, the special forces leader and son of President Saleh, has apparently been groomed by his father in the same vein as Saddam Hussein's sons.
Ahmed was first made a member of parliament, where he was ineffective, then sent to a military academy in Jordan, where he flunked out, according to a former US government official with broad experience in the region.
But Ahmed had met Jordan's King Abdullah and was impressed with his special forces' capabilities. When he returned home, the former US official says, Ahmed asked his father to give him his own special forces unit. His father gave him the unit but not money or equipment.
"Everybody called it the hollow brigade," says the former official.
After US troops spent some time and money training the Yemeni unit, they sent it on a mission to capture Mr. al-Harithi, who was being sheltered in the Marib region. But al-Harithi and his followers were able to ward off the Yemeni forces, and killed 18 of them in the process.
A Western diplomat says that happened because of the way the Yemeni special forces handled the operation - including the use of jet that broke the sound barrier over the village just as the operation began. Al-Harithi and his comrades got away.
So when the CIA and US Special Forces received intelligence on where al-Harithi was located earlier this month, they decided to do the job themselves, according to the Western diplomat.
But that incident - and the fact that the US publicized its success - has put Yemen's government and the two dozen or so US soldiers remaining in Yemen, at heightened risk of reprisals.
"The US rush to announce the Nov. 3 strike, apparently without informing the Yemen government in advance, was not well calculated," says Charles Dunbar, a professor of international relations at Simmons College in Boston and US Ambassador to Yemen during the Gulf War. "The economic situation in Yemen is grim, and it will not be hard for those opposed to the cooperation to inflame the sentiments of people whose pocketbooks are empty."
Yemen is bracing for more terrorist attacks. In fact, a senior Yemeni official's home was hit by a grenade last Tuesday, causing serious damage, but no deaths.
"I was very optimistic when the US first said they would help Yemen build its security forces and coast guard," says Yemeni Brig. Gen. Yahya al-Mutawakel. But "the result is not satisfactory. We have not yet made the Americans understand that they are here to help us fight for ourselves."

subset: commoncrawl


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text: Advanced Search Board of Selectmen Minutes Printer-Friendly Version Note: All agendas, minutes, and notices provided on this web site are for informational purposes only. Official copies and any attachments referenced are available at the Town Hall. Folders Containing Additional Pages:NameDescription2018 Selectmen's Minutes 2007-2014 Selectmen's Minutes 2017 Selectmen's Minutes 2016 Selectmen's Minutes 2015 Selectmen's Minutes Web Pages and Documents:Web PageSize10-10-18229K10-01-18233K09-24-18291K09-10-1836K Town of Essex, MassachusettsWebsite Disclaimer Virtual Towns & Schools Website


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April is the official National Comedy Month and what better way to shake off the cold and dreary winter blues than with a month full of activities and ideas focused on laughter. The holiday was founded in 1976 by author and comedian Larry Wilde, who advocated extensively for how laughter can have therapeutic value, which can improve one's quality of life.
"Since April is often bleak and grim and taxes are due on the 15th, it can be one of the most stressful times of the year," says Wilde. "Besides, it's the only month that begins with All Fool's Day – a day which has sanctioned frivolity and pranks ever since the 1500's."
So how can you celebrate the month dedicated to laughter and comedy? There are several ways to do so, and not all of them include a comedy club. Start the month off small and get a group of friends and family together for a game night. Play games that foster teamwork and laughter, such as Scattegories or Charades. If you are playing with a more mature crowd break out the Cards Against Humanity and let the fun ensue!
Another night you could bring back some of your favorite classic comedies, be it stand up or movies, and curl up on your couch with some popcorn to revisit old laughs. It might be an old Monty Python movie or it might be your favorite stand up special. You would be surprised how your favorites can go unwatched when life gets busy, but taking time to get reacquainted with them can bring you happiness.
Finally, the most obvious of options for National Comedy Month is to go to a comedy show. There is nothing quite like going with friends and loved ones to a comedy club, sitting back, and enjoying live comedy. If you've never been than you truly have never experienced stand up like it should be. What is funny viewed on TV is so much richer and hilarious when you are there in the crowd. If you've never been to a live stand up show, this is the perfect month to try it out for the first time!
However you celebrate, try to take some time this month to enjoy happiness and laughter. It will brighten your spring and your life as well.


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* Data on China's factories, U.S. jobs boost global equities U.S. Treasuries lower a day before monthly U.S. payrolls report
* U.S. crude helped by data, Brent falls on demand fears after Sandy
* Euro surrenders gains after Greek court ruling on pension reform
NEW YORK, Nov 1 (Reuters) - Global stocks gained on Thursday on an improving U.S. jobs picture and data that showed China's economy regaining some traction, while U.S. crude futures were supported by the economic news and potential storm-related supply disruptions. Widespread power outages and navigational hazards caused by Hurricane Sandy continued to threaten fuel and crude oil deliveries around New York City, including the harbor delivery point on which New York Mercantile Exchange fuel futures contracts are based. Payrolls processor ADP reported that private employers added jobs in October at the fastest pace in eight months, a sign of modest healing in the U.S. labor market. Other data showed a sharp improvement in consumer confidence even as the ADP reading did not change the view that the jobs market still faces a long slog back to health. A drop in new claims for jobless benefits last week helped lift sentiment ahead of nonfarm payrolls due o n F riday, and there were mixed signals about the health of U.S. manufacturing. Still, there was renewed optimism about China, the world's growth engine, after official and private-sector factory surveys marked gains. China's official Purchasing Managers Index for October showed rising factory activity for the first time since July. ``There is a general trend of things getting more positive, which should help stocks and the economy at large going forward,'' said Bruce McCain, chief investment strategist at Key Private Bank in Cleveland. U.S. stocks advanced in a broad rally, with the three major gauges of activity on Wall Street rising more than 1 percent. The benchmark S&P 500 scored its best day in seven weeks. The Dow Jones industrial average closed up 136.16 points, or 1.04 percent, at 13,232.62. The Standard & Poor's 500 Index rose 15.43 points, or 1.09 percent, at 1,427.59. The Nasdaq Composite Index added 42.83 points, or 1.44 percent, at 3,020.06. In Europe, the FTSE Eurofirst index of top European shares closed up 1.2 percent at 1,109.99. The pick-up in Chinese activity increased the appetite for European automakers, with the one sector index up 1.74 percent and BMW up 3 percent. MSCI's all-country world equity index gained 0.8 percent to 331.85. U.S. Treasuries prices fell on news of the Chinese PMI manufacturing surveys, while China's central bank also conducted its largest-ever net fund injection this week. The central bank's move signaled its intention to keep money market conditions relatively loose and support lending to the real economy before a once-in-a-decade political transition, starting on Nov. 8 at the 18th Party Congress. ``The main reason Treasuries were down is that the Chinese central bank continues to inject record levels of liquidity into the market and the China PMI was better than expected,'' said Steven Van Order, fixed-income strategist at Calvert Investment Management in Bethesda, Maryland. The benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury note was down 8/32 in price to yield 1.7207 percent. The euro surrendered gains against the dollar after a Greek court ruled the country's pension reform demanded by foreign lenders may be unconstitutional, stoking worries about Athens' ability to implement austerity measures needed to secure aid.
The euro was down 0.15 percent at $1.2939. U.S. crude inventories fell 2.05 million barrels, instead of the expected build of 1.5 million barrels, the U.S. Energy Information Administration said in its weekly report, which was delayed a day because of Sandy. ``We saw that draw on crude and that helped put a bid in the market. I think the market found some support earlier from the employment number that had come out and the consumer confidence numbers,'' said Gene McGillian, analyst at Tradition Energy in Stamford, Connecticut. The destruction wrought by the storm affected millions of people across the eastern United States and could dampen fuel demand just as the world's largest economy was showing signs of recovery, analysts said. U.S. December crude rose 85 cents to settle at $87.09 a barrel. In London, the Brent crude contract for December fell 53 cents to settle at $108.17 a barrel.


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3 Cups Cooked Rice (I use white, but other varieties work too)
1/4 Cup Oil (I use olive oil)
1 Cup Milk
2 T Onion Flakes
1 Package Frozen Spinach (rectangular frozen chopped spinach)
1 lb Grated chese + some saved for top of dish
4 eggs, separated
Mix all ingredients except egs. Separate eggs and put yolks in with the mixture, and put whites in a separate bowl. Beat egg whites until fluffy. Fold into the rest of the mixture. Put in 13" x 9" pan, and sprinkle with cheese on top. Bake for 35 minutes (or less) in a 350 degree oven.
This recipe is a great source of Folic Acid, which is especially important for younger women's diets. Folic acid prevents birth defects like spina bifida.


text:
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DIY Project: TV Framing From a Budget Hotel in Berlin
If you're a constant traveler (and you're not doing the hostel thing everyone's so crazy about), you might take notice to some pretty nifty ideas hotels have to offer these days. Take this budget hotel in Berlin, for example. To make up for a small space, they've built little mini boxes around the room for architectural interest and extra storage, but also incorporated it around a flat screen TV to help streamline the look. Now let's see how you would pull off a similar style, eh?
First, we imagine you'll need some flat cables, unless you want HDMI and power cables ruining your floating LCD look. No worries, we've covered that subject to death over here.
Now what else? Ah yes - the framing. Wooden framing is a fairly simple process - just measure, cut, and glue. We suggest using the lightest wood you can find to avoid any potential danger to your LCD screen (but not particle wood - duh). Just be sure to cut those angles precisely and take those measurements twice to ensure a very snug and fit box.
Luckily, since it's only the TV that will be floating around, you don't have to worry about speaker wire going all over the place too much. But if you do, be sure to check out Flatwire or Wiremold Raceways. They'll definitely help you create that cohesive look that will have all your technophile friends complementing on your serious mad skillz.
(Via Contemporist)


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Election '96 will be remembered for the deluge of public opinion polls that confidently predicted President Clinton's reelection. It will also be remembered for some polls that grossly exaggerated the margin of his final victory.
On election eve, various pollsters said Mr. Clinton was leading by as little as seven points, or as much as 18. His final margin over Bob Dole was 8.4 percent.
For months, Mr. Dole was dogged by consistent prognostications of his defeat. He waved them off contemptuously, saying he did not believe in polls.
A late survey by The New York Times and CBS proved to be one of the most inaccurate. It gave Clinton 53 percent (he actually got 49.2 percent) and Dole just 35 percent (he ended with 40.8 percent).
One of the most accurate polls was Gallup/CNN/USA Today. It gave Clinton 48 and Dole 40 - both within a point or so of their final vote.
Pollsters also forecast the Republicans maintaining a lock on the Senate, where they picked up at least one seat. The only contests in which they were on shaky ground were those for the House, which some said might go Democratic. The GOP majority handily retained control of the 435-seat chamber, although with a thinner margin than it commanded in the 104th Congress.
This doesn't mean that polls are without flaws. Relying on a faulty election-day exit poll, the television networks projected that Sen. Bob Smith (R) of New Hampshire had lost his reelection bid. Senator Smith actually won.
Still, many experts say the findings of this year's public opinion surveys reaffirm that what began as an inexact art early in this century has been refined to a science. Some call polls an indispensable tool of electioneering and a permanent fixture on the political landscape.
"Polling is absolutely essential," says Christopher Arterton, dean of the Graduate School of Political Management at George Washington University in Washington. "From the president on down to state representative, most political candidates are relying on polling."
Voter surveys not only tell candidates where they stand in their campaigns, but also how to tailor their messages to public concerns. Polls also identify the groups of voters that are susceptible to particular messages, says Mr. Arterton. In addition, he contends, polls serve the public good by stressing to public officials the stands the majorities of their constituencies expect them to take on crucial issues.
The downside, he says, is that polls may have helped depress voter turnout to its lowest level - 49 percent - of any modern presidential election. With Clinton shown consistently ahead of Dole since April, "many people may have decided that the election was so boring that they decided not to vote."
Al Richman, an opinion survey analyst at the US Information Agency, says that while polls have become accurate, the way questions are formulated and other factors can produce different findings by different polls on the same subject.


text: Le 14.08.2006 19:47, Laurent Riffard a écrit :> Le 14.08.2006 18:50, Andrew Morton a écrit :>> On Mon, 14 Aug 2006 16:38:47 +0200>> Laurent Riffard <email@example.com> wrote:>>>>> Le 13.08.2006 10:24, Andrew Morton a __crit :>>>> ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/2.6.18-rc4/2.6.18-rc4-mm1/>>> Hello,>>>>>> This morning, while trying to suspend to disk, my box started to loop >>> displaying the following message:>>> eth0: trigger_send() called with the transmitter busy.>>>>>> Here is the scenario. I booted 2.6.18-rc4-mm1 with this command line:>>> root=/dev/vglinux1/lvroot video=vesafb:ywrap,mtrr splash=silent resume=/dev/hdb7 email@example.com/,@192.168.0.1/00:0E:9B:91:ED:72 init 1>>>>>> Then I issued:>>> # echo 6 > /proc/sys/kernel/printk>>> # echo disk > /sys/power/state>> ne2k isn't <ahem> the most actively-maintained driver.>>>> But most (I think all) net drivers have problems during suspend when>> netconsole is active. Does disabling netconsole help?> > Yes it does. > >> Did this operation work OK in earlier kernels, with netconsole enabled?> > It's the first time I see such a message. I can't speak for 2.6.18-rc3-mm2 > because it could not suspend at all (did hang right after > "echo disk > /sys/power/state"), but it worked in earlier kernels.> > I'll try with plain 2.6.18-rc4.Same problem with 2.6.18-rc4. I'll try earlier -rc kernel tomorrow.-- laurent-To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" inthe body of a message to email@example.com majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.htmlPlease read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/


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All group packages are completely customizable and can accomodate all your needs. We work with all different sizes of groups helping build teams and strong leaders within your organization.
The 23rd Annual Camp Highland Golf Classic will be held on Monday, August 27th at The Golf Club of Georgia. Please join us in raising funds for our high-adventure Christian camp that is committed to leading others into a growing relationship with Jesus Christ.
Invest your summer with us using high adventure to lead kids into a growing relationship with Jesus Christ!
What should you expect on staff with us for a summer at Camp Highland? Expect to laugh, cry, paint your face, be on a mission, be challenged, be encouraged, to experience two months of living in great Christian community, and to fall in love with Jesus like never before.


text: Scrap my car in Gloucester - find out your used car value Sell your car in Gloucester and the surrounding areas today with CarTakeBack. We buy both scrap and used cars. Find out how much we'll pay you for your car by entering your registration and postcode. The price will show instantly on screen and it'll be guaranteed for seven days. You'll be shown the options for having your car collected, or you can choose to deliver your car to CarTakeBack without the need for an appointment by bringing along your reference number. CarTakeBack has a branch in the centre of the city of Gloucester, which is perfect if you are looking to sell your car in the city, and easy to get to if you're in Churchdown, Innsworth, Stroud, Stonehouse, Highnam, Newent and the surrounding areas of the city. We make it quick and easy to sell your car by searching for the best price in your area for you. We'll sort the DVLA paperwork out to let them know you've sold the car, and if it's ready to be scrapped, we'll recycle it on site to the highest standard. We collect cars from Gloucester and surrounding areas Simply get an instant quote then choose a collection date that suits you Drop your car off at CarTakeBack - Gloucester 91 Ryecroft Street, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, GL1 4NBEnvironmental permit 48217 Call 0330 066 95 76 No appointment necessary when you get an instant quote, just bring your reference number Opening hours and map Mon Tues Weds Thurs Fri Sat Sun 09:00 09:00 09:00 09:00 09:00 09:00 - 15:30 15:30 15:30 15:30 15:30 12:00 - Need directions or a bigger map? Simply get an instant quote (Other location?) Why Choose CarTakeBack? Best price in an instant more Official paperwork sorted more Car collection more Drop your car off locally more Responsible car recycling more Our customers love us more


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MCST 1000 - Intro to Motorcycle Technology
4 Credits
4.00 Credits
Pre-requisite(s): Program Admission
NOTE: Students enrolled in this course are required to complete the entry level occupational work ethics course during the same term.
This course serves as an introduction to the program and the field of professional motorcycle service. Topics include: work facility safety and cleanliness, safety devices, environmental safety, fire prevention, personal safety, as well as the operation, construction, design, testing, maintenance, and repair of motorcycle and ATV systems and components.


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Volume 6, Issue 6, January 1996
Remarks on the Lexicographical treatment of metaformsAuthor Willam FrawleySource: Lexikos 6, pp 1 –13 (1996)More Less
This paper examines the way dictionaries descriptionbe meta forms, items that refer to the linguistic system itself (e.g., pronouns and indexicals). The paper first shows the inconsistent grammatical classification of metaforms, which are usually and incorrectly categorized as adverbs, conjunctions, prepOSitions, or interjections. It is then argued that metaforms should be classified in their currently known grammatical categories: discourse marker (now), focus particle (even, like), quotative (like), and so on. Discussion then turns to the definitions of meta forms, with illustration of their incorrect or misleading semantic characterization and suggestions for capturing their denotations consistently. This examination of the lexicography of metaforms is ultimately a case study in how dictionary making might be informed by judicious use of current grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic theory.
Bilingual dictionaries and communicative equivalence for a multilingual societySource: Lexikos 6, pp 14 –31 (1996)More Less
In a multilingual society dictionaries play an important role in assisting to achieve communicative success between the speakers of the different languages. Speakers in a multilingual society often employ a bilingual dictionary as the only instrument to meet their lexicographic needs. This implies that a bilingual dictionary becomes a poly functional instrument, presenting more information than just translation equivalents. This article focuses on the contents and the presentation of bilingual dictionaries. To achieve the optimal transfer of information for South African bilingual dictionaries, some general problems are identified and discussed. With the emphasis on the user perspective, metalexicographical criteria are used to investigate problems regarding the access structure and the addressing procedures in Afrikaans dictionaries. Suggestions are made to expand the outer access structure and to employ innovative methods, including the use of inserted inner texts, to improve the inner access structure. Changes in the addressing procedures to make provision for the more frequent use of'nonlemmatic addressing procedures are also suggested.
A translation dictionary of phrasal verbs: an ongoing projectAuthor Mohamed Helmy HelielSource: Lexikos 6, pp 32 –43 (1996)More Less
The paper centres on a plan for an English-Arabic phrasal verb dictionary for Arab trainee translators. Such a dictionary answers a pressing need. It is not a bilingual dictionary but a translation one. This requires special lexicographical treatment as regards selection of headwords, structure of phrasal verbs, literal and figurative usage, definitions, synonyms, illustrative examples, relatedness of meaning, order of senses, collocations and discriminated equivalents.
Dictionaries and Orthography in Modern AfricaAuthor M. Lynne MurphySource: Lexikos 6, pp 44 –70 (1996)More Less
This paper considers the issues and options in creating orthographies for languages without alphabetic traditions. In particular, it looks at issues that face linguists and anthropologists in creating such orthographies for preliminary descriptionptive work on a language. It is often the case that these orthographies by linguistic outsiders later serve as the bases for literacy-aimed orthographies. Thus, the lexicographer is constrained not only to present the language accurately, but to not undermine indigenous literacy projects for that language. This paper looks at the particular case of devising an orthography for Beng. a Southern Mande language of Cote d'Ivoire, in order to illustrate the problems inherent in alphabetising an unfamiliar language.
Ancestor Non-worship in MampruliAuthor Tony NadenSource: Lexikos 6, pp 71 –103 (1996)More Less
This paper first draws attention to the necessity of careful choice of tenninology in ological discUSSions of the areas of culture often tenned 'traditional religion', especially in the of terms like 'worship', There follows a discussion of some of the methodological difficulties in this area, with the suggestion that a lexicological approach to the vocabulary used by members of the society studied may make a useful contribution to understanding here. The second part presents tabulated lexical data from the Western Oti / Volta languages which illustrates the problems and possibUities discussed.
Die inkortingsneller moet en die woordeboekAuthor A.F. PrinslooSource: Lexikos 6, pp 104 –115 (1996)More Less
The Morphological Reduction Trigger Moet and the Dictionary. The Afrikaans auxiliary verb moet (""must"") can, within certain contexts, act as a trigger for the morphological reduction of a compound main verb of the sentence without changing the semantic content of that sentence (a condition, in fact, for all morpholOgical reduction). The circumstances under which this occurs are examined, and lexicographical evidence and implications are discussed.
Using leamer Corpora for L2 lexicography: information on collocational errors for EFL learnersAuthor Yukio TonoSource: Lexikos 6, pp 116 –132 (1996)More Less
In this paper, we descriptionbe an on-going project of the corpus of EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners in Japan and its application for pedagogical dictionary compilation. We especially focus on the learners' errors in verb collocation patterns and descriptionbe how the leamer's dictionary can benefit from the learners' error information based upon the learner corpora.
Textual condensation in printed dictionaries. a theoretical draftAuthor Herbert Ernst WiegandSource: Lexikos 6, pp 133 –158 (1996)More Less
This article presents an excerpt from a theory of lexicographic texts which deals particularly with dictionary articles. Almost all characteristics of dictionary articles considered as typically lexicographic may be regarded as results of textual condensation processes. A theory of textual condensation in lexicography thus makes it possible to analyse the lexicographic textual condensation from a uniform perspective; it allows us to calculate exactly the degree of textual condensation, it contributes to the construction of a scientific predicate user-friendlier as, and gives us insights which will make the formulation of dictionary articles more teachable. The theory consists of two parts: a partial theory of inner and a partial theory of outer textual condensation. The first part explains in which way textual condensation may be understood as a process leading from a full text (a text shOwing complete cohesion and explicit syntax) to a condensed article text (with addressing as syntax substitute and dependence on a inetatext). With respect to a monosemous lemma sign, the textual condensation process goes through only one stage, to be exemplified here. With respect to a polysemous lemma Sign, there is a second stage, including shifts to the left. Certain article types with certain microstructures such as the annexed microstructures may go through a third stage of textual condensation, accompanied by shifts to the right. The second part of the theory deals with the condensation processes which regard the carriers of the guiding element and which, inter alia, lead to reference articles and lemma clusters. Finally, attention is drawn to a different form of textual condensation regarding the proportion of printed characters in relation to the total printed matter.
Die WAT en etimologie: Word die kringloop voltooi?Author Willem BothaSource: Lexikos 6, pp 159 –170 (1996)More Less
The WAT and etymology: Will the cycle be completed? Afrikaans historical lexicography is a neglected discipline and to a large extent metalexicographers hold the overall-descriptionptive Afrikaans dictionary, Die Woordeboek van die Ajri1cJumse Taal, responsible for this state of affairs. The WAT, however, descriptionbes itself as a synchronic dictionary aimed at descriptionbing the present usage of Afrikaans. Limited etymological information is included. Ironically it was the ideal of the first editor of the WAT that it should contain concise etymological infonnation on the whole of the Afrikaans lexicon. This task however, proved to be welJ beyond his reach and future editors did not believe a historical descriptionption of Afrikaans to be the aim of the synchronic WAT. Practical proposals are made for the satisfactory presentation of etymological infonnation on the Afrikaans lexicon.
Leksikografiese behoeftevervullingSource: Lexikos 6, pp 171 –183 (1996)More Less
Meeting Lexicographic Needs. A multilingual and multicultural South Africa has its own lexicographic needs and the fulfilment of these needs demands thorough planning and the employment of a sound and effective organisational theory. This paper focuses on a few priorities to meet the South African lexicographic needs. The contents of a dictionary as well as the presentation of the infonnation should be directed at a well-defined target user. Not only the linguistic needs of this target user but also his research skills should have an influence on the planning and compilation of any specific dictionary. Using a metalexicographic model this paper discusses different aspects of interest in determining priorities for the fulfilment of lexicographic needs. Lexicographers have to be familiar with components like dictionary use, dictionary criticism, the history of dictionaries and a general theory of lexicography. The importance of planning and a sound training is emphasised. Training should not only be aimed at lexicographers but also at dictionary users. It is easier to achieve the meeting of lexicographic needs in an environment where a well-established dictionary culture exists.
Lexical CultureSource: Lexikos 6, pp 184 –198 (1996)More Less
The paper focuses on the mutual relations between linguistics and lexicograph Against the background of etymology and comparative-historical linguistic studies and using , words 'lexical' and 'culture' as examples, an attempt is made to demonstrate the relevance of morphology, grammar and semantics to the descriptionption of vocabulary and its lexicographic codification. Issues of intra lingual variety and interlingual diversity can now also be addressed Within the theoretical framework of contrastive textology, supported by computer-aided parallel text corpus analysis. However, lexicography is not entirely dependent on the results of linguistic research; it needs to move on and develop its own theoretical base. Recent progress in four fields of dictionary research has indeed contributed to an international upsurge of 'lexical culture'.


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"The Americans simply did not know what was happening at Pearl Harbor. Now they're seeing this disaster unfold before their eyes, in unrelenting television coverage. They just did not comprehend Pearl Harbor in the same way."
I got a little tired of this comment from Russians in the weeks after Sept. 11. As a Russian speaker, I was on some radio talk shows broadcast from Moscow. I was overwhelmed by the sympathy I heard, and impressed by the sophisticated commentary of the Russian experts. In their comments about Pearl Harbor, however, they were wrong. I have firm evidence to the contrary.
In December 1941, Aileen Gibson Arnaudo, my mother-in-law, was working for the Atlantic and Pacific Bell Telephone Co. in San Francisco as a long-distance operator. Aileen was a native of the city, a glamorous Scot with long legs and soft brown hair. Like most girls who had just started with Ma Bell, she got the short end of the stick. She worked broken shifts: 7 a.m. to 11 a.m., then 7 p.m. to 11 p.m. - the busiest times for long distance.
On Sunday, Dec. 7, she was seated on her stool in front of the long-distance switchboard, earphones on and cord in hand. All of a sudden, every light on the board lit up - red, white, and green - across an area as big as a house wall.
"Not a single light was dark," said Aileen. Although no one knew what was happening, the lady supervisors stayed calm, saying only, "Girls, we must man the phones. Try to keep up."
After a while, one of the men who worked upstairs came down and said quietly that bombs had fallen on Pearl Harbor. "We all heard it," said Aileen, "and we all kept working, connecting calls as fast as we could."
Everybody was calling everybody. Many were businesses, trying to phone Honolulu; others were from the Army and Navy bases at the Presidio and Treasure Island. A lot were sailors and soldiers, calling their girls.
"Operator, give me a break," they'd say. "I don't have any money."
"Neither do I," the reply would come. "I work for the phone company."
The supervisors, who were fierce about extraneous chat with the customers, were pulling their hair out - but some of the servicemen got a break. Other customers, however, were not so much fun. "I got cussed at a lot that day," said Aileen, "when I couldn't get a line."
She worked from 7 a.m. to midnight that day, and the pace never let up. A couple of the girls fainted off their stools, and cots had to be set up. But nobody panicked. The worst moment, said Aileen, was when the big steel gates were rolled down over the windows to secure the building. If the attack should come to San Francisco, the telephone exchange had to be protected. She recalled thinking, "What is happening to this world?"
At midnight, Aileen walked up the hill to California and Pierce, where the cable car was still running. The elderly cable grip recognized her as a frequent rider from the phone company. "I bet you were busy today," he said. She was back on her stool at 7 the next morning, and worked every day for a week.
Aileen later married Charlie Arnaudo, a good-looking Italian who was building submarines at Mare Island. They raised three children, one of whom I had the good fortune to marry. Although Charlie died 20 years ago, Aileen is still hale, and lives in the Bay Area. Looking back on the Pearl Harbor days, she says, "That was a great time, but how the heck did we stay on those stools so long?"
I don't know how widespread the view is that I heard from my Russian colleagues - that somehow Americans felt Pearl Harbor less acutely than they do the attacks on New York and Washington. It just isn't so.
As we feel it now, we felt it then. Just ask a long-distance operator. And with Veterans Day approaching on Nov. 11, two months to the day from the horrendous attacks, Aileen is certain about what the future will bring: "Everybody pulled together then, and we will again."
Rose Gottemoeller is a senior associate of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. During the Clinton administration, she was assistant secretary for nonproliferation and national security at the Department of Energy.


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Director Bong Joon-ho Discusses His "Snowpiercer" Inspirations, Goals
"Snowpiercer" takes a different track than your usual science fiction — appropriately, since its story is set exclusively on a train — and that's just was acclaimed South Korean filmmaker Bong Joon-ho wanted for his first stab at a Hollywood-style movie.
Based on the French graphic novel "Le Transperceneige" by Jacques Lob, Benjamin Legrand and Jean-Marc Rochette, the film is set in a post-cataclysmic future in which attempts to circumvent global warming went awry, plunging the world into a new Ice Age. Nearly two decades later, the last surviving members of humanity have been living aboard a hermitically sealed perpetual motion locomotive that spends each year circling the globe, with each car containing a separate social strata — until the disenfranchised, downtrodden, abused rabble forced to occupy the very rear decide to overthrow their oppressors and make their way to the head of the train.
Screenwriter Kelly Masterson Goes Full Throttle with Chris Evans in "Snowpiercer"
Along with a fresh, one-of-a-kind premise rife with action, intrigue and social commentary, Director Bong Korea — widely considered the most exciting and original filmmaker to emerge from South Korea after such visionary films as "The Host" and "Mother" — assembled a stellar cast that includes Chris Evans as the freedom fighter struggling with his leadership role and a dark past, Jamie Bell as his impetuous second in command, Tilda Swinton as an imperious, sadistic bureaucrat, John Hurt as the wise heart and soul of the revolution, Octavia Spencer as a mother desperate to learn the fate of her stolen child, Korean actors Song Kang-ho and Go Ah-sung as a tech-savvy father and daughter both addicted to a mind-numbing drug, and Ed Harris as the enigmatic inventor of the train itself.
"He is such a great visionary," says "Snowpiercer" screenwriter Kelly Masterson (Killing Kennedy), who collaborated with Bong on the script. "He has such wonderful images. He tells stories in pictures and he describes those images to me; I tell stories in words and narrative and character arcs. We had different vocabularies and learned to needed to talk to each other, and that was very challenging but ultimately very rewarding — I know that he made me a better writer." Masterson still marvels at Bong's visual inventiveness praising his rich detailed action sequences. "Some of those fight scenes, they're ballets, they're stories, they're little one-act plays within a movie that are told completely without words."
Spinoff Online: Tell me about the discovery of the source material, the graphic novel, and what it sparked in you to build it out into this very unique film?
Bong Joon-ho: Actually, the original French graphic novel has a great political/social comment in the background, but the very first thing I was fascinated by is the train, the moving train, and a lot of people inside that. The physical limitations or conventions excited me — the thought of shooting a two-hour movie all inside of a moving train was really thrilling. The other aspect was the last remaining survivors: Instead of helping each other inside that environment, they're fighting each other. It felt very human and an interesting aspect to tackle. And you can only tell this type of story on a train — a train movie, it has its own sort of visual excitement about it. Personally, I always loved very dark and very narrow, long, cinematic space. For example, the sewer in "The Host," the tunnel in "Memories of Murder," but this is a train. All narrow and very long space — it makes me crazy! [Laughs] So when I first discovered the comic book and the story, I decided immediately to make this into a film.
RELATED: Lob, Legrand & Rochette's "Snowpiercer" Arrives in America
The train contains a great microcosm of different social strata, obviously. What were the ideas and the things that you wanted to really communicate through this science fiction premise?
When you think of sci-fi, there's of course the spectacle, or you see things that you don't really see in real life, whether it's like a very special weapon or it all takes place in the future. It shows us things that we don't see in everyday life. It takes place in the future, but it's actually an opportunity to talk about us today, sort of like a mirror of how we live our life now; that's kind of the essence. With this film, the survivors on a moving train, it sounds like sort of a far, distant kind of an idea. But it's really just a way of talking about how we live and just the collision of humans in a small space, and the class struggles that arise from it. It's a very universal concept. From the audience's point of view, if I was on the train, which section would I be in? You could think like that.
This project had a bigger budget than you've worked with in the past. What are the pros and the cons of all those toys at your disposal?
I hate big budget movies! [Laughs] I'm going to make small, smaller, smaller budget but more deep and very detailed movies. That's my test. But everything is very relative. It's strange, but for me, personally, this is a huge budget movie — also, this is the biggest budget movie ever made in South Korea. But, for example, Chris Evans on a TV talk show said, "Oh, now, I'm doing movie called 'Snowpiercer.' It's a very small, but unique, movie." He said it like that! So this movie is kind of like a dual, two different identities. I love small budget movie, like a mother.
Chris is the actor who's the through-line for everybody to follow in the film — he's become both a great leading man and a great character actor. Tell me about having him be the center of your story, working with him to bring your protagonist Curtis to life.
With Chris, I felt that he was appropriate for this character, and right. Of course, there's the Captain America movies, which were great, but in between those Marvel movies, he also did a lot of smaller, independent movies where he plays darker and more sensitive characters, like Danny Boyle's "Sunshine," a movie called "Puncture." Chris is appropriate for Curtis in that, on the one hand, he plays like a muscular hero type, but he also has a darker, sensitive side. Chris did a lot of preparation for the role, like the long monologue that he has where he talks about his dark past, 17 years ago on a train — that was a really key scene for him, and he really prepped a lot and had many discussions with me. During the shooting, in my place in Prague, we were watching together that famous, long dialogue sequence of Steven Spielberg's "Jaws," when the shark attacks. We saw it together. I said, "I'm just going to shoot you. It's a closeup. You don't see the flashback. You don't intercut. It's just going to be just your face."
Were you surprised with how smoothly everything went with such an international cast and crew?
In terms of the cast, I feel really lucky — there's so many actors in this movie — that there weren't any accidents or problems with fights. It was quite a harmonious set. And just so many numbers of great actors, Chris Evans, Tilda Swinton, Ed Harris, John Hurt, Octavia Spencer, Jamie Bell, Luke Pasqualino, Alison Pill, Vlad Ivanov, the Romanian actor, [Laughs] It's crazy. I just feel really lucky.
When it came to visualizing the world — both the environment and how you were going to shoot it — what were some of your influences, either from cinema or from art or architecture, etc.?
Since it's a train movie, I saw a lot of the old classics. Like John Frankenheimer's "The Train," and I also saw the Japanese comic book, "Galaxy Express 999." But in fact, it didn't really help. This movie is a very unique and different type of a train movie, so I also rode a real train in Korea. I'd ride the subways and look out the window and see movement, just those physical things. That actually, ended up being more helpful.
In terms of the characters, [they're] totally different from the graphic novel. Everything comes from the train — the structure of the train, which character is in what part of the train. Gilliam is at the end of the train. Wilford is in the front of the train. Curtis is trying to get to the front. Nam is trying to go outside. Everything that sort of happened was sort of constructed from the physicality of the train and what needed to happen.
How did you push yourself on this movie? What was the creative challenge that you had to rise too?
Inside, I always had this sort of kind of cheesy slogan. [Laughs] I wanted to make the ultimate train movie, that other directors wouldn't dare to want to make a movie about a train. Just to show everything you can on a train. Very childish! [Laughs] The end-all, be-all. That's why I pushed myself to get through it.
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Research and IPM
Phenology Model Database
California Red Scale
Scientific name: Aonidiella aurantii
Phenology models predict timing of events in an organism's development. For many organisms which cannot internally regulate their own temperature, development is dependent on temperatures to which they are exposed in the environment.Information in this database comes from published articles. It may be used in conjunction with field monitoring and a degree-day calculator.
Note: Before using a model that was not field tested in your location, you should test the model for one or more seasons under your conditions to verify that it will work for you.
Model 1 of 3
Yu, D. S., and R. F. Luck. 1988. Temperature-dependent size and development of California red scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) and its effect on host availability for the ectoparasitoid, Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Environ. Entomol. 17: 154-161.
Location of study: Riverside, California (laboratory & field studies)
Developmental thresholds
Degree-day accumulations required for each stage of development
Model 2 of 3
Bimboni, H. G. 1970. The relation of variation in temperature to the rate of development of immature stages of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), on citrus. Masters thesis, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside.
Location of study: Riverside, California (laboratory studies)
Developmental thresholds
Method of calculation: Max-min (UC IPM recommends Single Sine)
Degree-day accumulations required for each stage of development
Model 3 of 3
Grout, T. G., W. J. DuToit, J. H. Hofmeyr, and G. I. Richards. 1989. California red scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) phenology on citrus in South Africa. J. Econ. Entomol. 82: 793-798.
Location of study: South Africa (field studies)
Developmental thresholds
Degree-day accumulations required for each stage of development


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How it Works: Valves
Regulating The Flow Of Gases
The valves regulate the flow of gases into and out of the combustion chamber. Their main operation is to open and close the ports (gas inlets and outlets) when required. To do this, they must make a completely gas-tight seal in the ports when these are closed, while offering no opposition to the flow of gases when the ports are open. They must also operate with the least friction possible, and this means they should have the simplest possible mechanism to operate them. The four-stroke
has been in production for nearly a century, and in that time the poppet valve and its mechanical operation have evolved as being the best all-round system.
The only serious contender was the sleeve-valve arrangement, used on cars until the mid-1930s. Its main advantage was its silent operation and freedom from wear. It was superseded by the poppet valve system due to the sleeve-valve system's heavy oil consumption and high initial cost. Four main types of valve have been developed for use in the
internal combustion engine
, the other two being the slide valve and the rotary valve - both of which are now completely obsolete.
A selection of poppet valves showing various degrees of wear. The exhaust valves wear more as they are subjected to very high temperatures. In extreme cases, the valve may actually burn away.
Valve assembly showing poppet valve with return spring, retainer and securing split collet.
Side Valve or L-Head. The design became obsolete during the 1950s due to its low efficiency and restricted compression ratio.
The T-Head, another side valve design, had an even shorter career than the L-Head above. As shown, the T-Head had the inlet and exhaust valves on opposite sides of the cylinder.
The F-Head lost favour in the 1970s. It lasted longer than the L-Head and T-Head because it had an overhead inlet valve , however it still had the drawback of a side exhaust valve.
Shown left is a OHV valve train with cam, cam follower, push-rod and individual ball-mounted rocker boats. On the right is an OHV valve train with the valves being operated by the more common method of a shaft located rocker.
Overhead cam-valve operation with the cams operating directly on the valve buckets.
On some designs with overhead camshafts the cams do not bear directly on the valves but through finger-type half-rockers.
Poppet Valves
The universally-used poppet valve is mushroom shaped, with a long stem. At one end is the head, which forms a gas-tight seal against its seating in the
cylinder head
. At the other end is a groove which is used to locate the securing collets. Poppet valves are made from steel. The exhaust valves have manganese, silicon, nickel and chromium additives to enable them to withstand the higher temperatures to which they are subjected.
These temperatures can be as high as 650C when the
is running at high speed, which can cause the valves to become red hot. The inlet valves are not subjected to the flame of the exhaust gases passing them, and are also cooled to an extent by the charge of petrol/air mix sweeping over their heads during the induction stroke. After a period of use, the heads of the inlet valves usually have a black appearance, while the exhaust valves are a whitish-grey colour.
An inlet valve is usually larger in diameter than its exhaust counterpart because the induction of the combustion mixture is slightly less forceful than the rapid outflow of the exhaust stroke gases. The faces of the valves are ground at an angle to match their seatings - usually 45, but sometimes 30.
The wedge action resulting from this grinding helps ensure a better seal than would be the case of a flat fitting valve and seating. The valve seating is usually narrower than the mating face of the valve, reducing the chances of carbon particles becoming trapped between the valve and its seating. This also offers a slight overlap to guarantee a perfect seal.
The valve face, in addition to being slightly wider than its seating, also has an extra thickness above the angled part. This is arranged to eliminate any chance of a 'sharp' edge forming round the seating, which would become excessively hot (especially in the case of the exhaust valve), resulting in possible pre-ignition and premature failure caused by breakage at the perimeter of the head.
In the case of the heavily-stressed exhaust valve, the angle between the valve-head and its seating may be over-ground by half-a-degree or even less. This gap allows for expansion of the valve under optimum operating conditions. It also takes into account the possibility of the head 'dishing' very slightly at extreme
speeds when the combination of heat and the hammering effect reaches a peak.
Before mass production techniques were used, each valve was hand-mated to its seating with grinding paste to ensure that the valve-head fitted perfectly. With mass-produced parts, it has been found that the valve movement due to spring operation causes a form of self-seating to occur.
Under correct operation, these sealing properties can last for as long as 160,000 km (100,000 miles) or more. Heat dispersal is a major problem, especially with the exhaust valves. Some heat is lost through the stem, where it is absorbed through the valve gear in the
cylinder head
, while another loss takes place through the valve seating into the
cylinder head
In highly specialized
s, the exhaust valve has a hollow stem partially filled with sodium, which has a melting point of 98 C. At running temperatures, the sodium melts and splashes between the ends of the valve to dissipate the heat. But this is an expensive arrangement and is reserved for competition or test
where cost is not a major consideration. Valve seatings are pressed into the
cylinder head
to become an integral part of the head. The seating is harder than the valve itself because it is rather easier to renew a worn valve than it is to renew the valve seating.
Wear at the valve seating and valve can result from a number of factors. If the valve clearances are incorrectly adjusted and the valve does not fully close, the flame will find its way past the exhaust valve and burn the perimeter fairly quickly. This will result in the valve becoming charred, its sealing properties will be marred, and the rate of wear will increase rapidly until the point is reached where the cylinder is not sealed and the power output from that cylinder falls drastically.
The seating can also become severely damaged and, if the wear process is allowed to continue, it is possible for the combustion chamber itself to become damaged. An excessively weak, or lean, mixture caused by an air leak or by incorrect carburettor adjustment can result in a 'dry' flame during the combustion process, which will also tend to cause valve burning.
Worn valve guides or ruptured seals on the valve-stems may allow oil to dribble down the guides and gradually build up carbon deposits at the end of the stem, thus affecting the sealing properties and eventually resulting in burning of one form or another. A light degree of burning, or pitting, can be overcome by carefully grinding-in the valve and its seating. More advanced damage to the seating can be overcome by re-cutting the angle and fitting a replacement valve.
It is also possible to fit replacement seats in some cases. None of these defects is likely to arise in the normal course of events and valve defects are invariably the result of age, neglect of routine maintenance and, rarely, bad luck. Early warning of valve failure is invariably apparent in the shape of misfiring at high speeds. Confirmation of valve wear or failure can be easily obtained by a compression test on each cylinder. Worn valves are a major source of low compression.
Valve Positions
The positions of the valves depend on the design of the
combustion chamber. There are five possible positions:
Side valve, L-head. This has both valves at one side of the cylinder, heads uppermost, with their stems approximately parallel to the axis of the cylinder. To accommodate the valves in this position, the combustion chamber is extended sideways from the top of the cylinder forming a shape similar to an upside down letter 'L'. Though popular at one time, this design is now obsolete due to its low efficiency and restricted compression ratio (about 7:1).
Side valve, T-head. This is similar to the L-head, except that the inlet and exhaust valves are fitted at opposite sides of the cylinder.
Vertical overhead valve. This design has both valves fitted over the top of the cylinder with their stems nearly vertical and parallel to each other, usually in a single row.
Overhead inlet and side exhaust, or F-head. This design has the inlet valve in the same position as (3), that is, vertically overhead. The exhaust valve is in the same position as in (1), that is, on the side of the cylinder.
Inclined overhead valve. In this design, both valves are fitted over the top of the
cylinder head
, but in two rows inclined at an angle to each other.
Valve Operation
The valves are moved to, and held in, their closed positions by their springs. They are opened by cams (pear-shaped discs) which are carried on one or more camshafts. These are driven by a chain, belt, or gearing from the crankshaft. The cams do not usually act directly upon the valves to operate them, since their rotary movement would put a side force upon the valve stem. To prevent this side force, cam followers are placed between the cams and valves. These cam followers are:
, which rest upon the cams and are guided to move in a straight line. These take the form of a hard metal cup.
Rockers or levers, which rock upon fixed pivots.
The diameter of the cam follower is at least the same as the width of the cam, and sometimes greater. This is to spread the rubbing-surface load. There is a basic gap between the base of the cam follower and the cam itself to ensure that the valve can close fully, and also to allow some lubrication between the cam and cam follower from the oil mist that is present in the camshaft area. The load spreading is also aided by the cam follower being slightly offset in relation to the cam, or by the cam itself being ground slightly off-centre. The F-head, discontinued in the 1970s, even with its overhead inlet valve still had the drawback of a side exhaust valve.
If the cams are placed close to the ends of the valves, no additional mechanism may be needed, but in so-called overhead valve engines this is obviously impossible. In many engines, it is considered preferable to place the camshaft reasonably near the crankcase, to enable a short and simple driving gear to be used. In such cases the motion of the
is transferred to the valves through push rods and overhead rockers.
In overhead camshaft engines, the camshaft is sited over the top of the
cylinder head
. This means that, with the valves functioning inside the combustion chambers, the entry and exit of the gases involved during the engine's cycle is aided. Greater efficiency results from this, combined with the more-or-less direct action occurring on the valves.
Valve Rockers
In some overhead-cam designs, the cams bear directly on to the valves. In others, the effort is applied through rockers, for example in push-rod overhead-valve engines. Direct application is the ideal situation from an efficiency point of view, but layout complications often result in a compromise, and the rocker is usually the compromise. With the push-rod overhead-valve
, the movements of the cams on the camshaft are transmitted to the
cylinder head
through slender rods made from solid steel, or tubes made from steel or light alloy with pressed-on hardened ends.
The lower end of the rod is usually rounded to fit into the matching hollow in the cam follower. The top end is usually cupped to receive a ball-ended adjuster in the rocker arm. Oil is fed through the rocker to provide a form of oil cushion between the top of the push rod and the adjuster point. This slows down the rate of wear and gives a silencing effect. The oil then falls down the push rod housing to help lubricate the cam follower area.
In-line engines have their rockers supported in the middle of the
cylinder head
, either on a rocker shaft running the length of the
cylinder head
, or less commonly on individual ball mountings. In either case, the principle is the same, the push rod forcing one end of the rocker upwards so that the other end pushes downwards to open the valve. The rockers are mounted on a rocker-shaft, and are either steel forgings or steel pressings. They are pressure-lubricated from a drilling in the shaft and are equipped with replaceable bushes, often of a honeycomb pattern, to allow an adequate supply of oil between the rocker and shaft.
A drilling through the rocker itself carries oil to the push-rod end and the surplus oil falls, by gravity, back to the engine's sump through the camshaft area or through the timing case to lubricate the timing chain. The oil mist in the rocker-box offers a degree of lubrication to the valve stems and, to an extent, between the valve stem top and its matching rocker-pad.
The rocker-pad, on the valve side of the rocker, is usually curved slightly as it has a slight rubbing effect as it presses down on the valve stem, and is case-hardened to resist the hammering effect involved in valve operation. To ensure that the gap needed between the cam follower and cam is correctly maintained, the distance between the rocker-pad and valve stem, with the valve fully closed, is used.
Although the rockers are a sliding fit on the rocker-shaft, a tendency for them to move along the shaft is checked by the use of spacers or light springs or both. Those push-rod engines with no rocker shaft have their rockers in the form of 'boats' mounted on a ball sited on top of a short support. The action is the same as in the more common rocker-shaft arrangement, but the slightly more complicated rocker shaft is dispensed with and lubrication relies on oil mist in the rocker box. Clearances are effected through a nut in the middle of the rocker.
Drive Types
The push-rod
is, theoretically, a fairly crude design because of the complicated linkage between the camshaft and the valves, which includes a comparatively large number of wear-points. At one time, the push-rods were susceptible to 'bowing' after a period but this tendency has been, for all practical purposes, eliminated by the decrease in push-rod length arising from short-stroke engines.
Wear is remarkably low and the mechanical efficiency of the system is high. It is likely that the push-rod
evolved from the old side-valve unit when it became possible to use the same camshaft and cylinder block arrangement in the more efficient overhead-valve layout.
There can be little doubt that the single OHC arrangement is more efficient and cheaper to make, but it is only when a completely new
, which does not rely on any components from previous designs, is introduced that the overhead-camshaft takes over from the push-rod pattern. With single OHC engines, the camshaft may operate either directly on the valves or. less directly, through half-rockers of the finger type, or it may operate two rows of rockers. The trend is towards the first arrangement, which has the merit of simplicity and cheapness of construction.
Valve Guides
In any form of valve-train drive, a degree of side thrust is unavoidable - even when the valves are vertically mounted in the
cylinder head
with the cams bearing directly on them. In this case, the single OHC layout, the rotary movement of the cam changes to a reciprocating direction as the valve moves up and down. With the rocker arrangement, the rocker-pad is moving in an arc and, in both cases, there is inevitably a rubbing action with an associated amount of side thrust on the valve stem.
To counteract this effect, the valve is held as rigidly as possible in a guide. The guide was once, universally, a separate cast-iron cylinder pressed into the
cylinder head
so that its end did not protrude into the combustion chamber. Some guides had a flange incorporated which butted against the
cylinder head
top while others were of a plain design pressed into place to a carefully predetermined limit.
The valve is a close fit inside the guide and the part of the stem protruding above the guide in the rocker box is lubricated by the oil mist present. To prevent oil finding its way down between the valve stem and guide, oil seals are fitted on the valve stem. The seals may take the form of tight fitting synthetic-rubber rings or shrouds. There is a tendency to move away from the separate valve-guide to a hole drilled in the head in which the valves fit. This system trims the cost of
Valve Guide Wear
Some wear is inevitable, no matter which type of arrangement is adopted, and the valve stem tends to become a progressively looser fit in its guide. An air leak is the result of wear as far as the inlet valves are concerned and this will affect the carburetion balance of the
. Such an air leak cannot be 'tuned-out' by adjustment at the carburettor. There is also the probability of oil finding its way into the combustion chambers, with consequent fouling of the spark-plug points and valves, in addition to a build-up of carbon in the combustion chambers themselves.
With separate valve guides, the cure is the fitting of new valves and guides. When the alternative arrangement is used, the valve guides have to be drilled out to a predetermined oversize diameter and appropriate valves fitted. Oil contamination is also inevitable if the oil seals rupture. The valve train arrangements on all four-stroke reciprocating engines end at the valve springs, whose main function is to close the valves fully and hold them closed during the appropriate periods of the operating cycle. The retention of the closed period is assisted by the action of the
, but it is the spring that is essential.
Valve Springs
Spring design has to balance the weight of the valve-operating mechanism to return all the components involved to a fully at-rest position for the next sequence of the cycle. The energy needed to accomplish the reverse effect of the positive opening drive is less than the energy needed to open the valve because the valve drive gear is not under pressure but it is, nevertheless, essential that the status-quo of the valve train is restored instantly.
The coil spring layout for valve closing is virtually universal because of its compact shape. A more efficient arrangement is the hairpin spring but this layout demands a considerable amount of space and is found only on highly specialized engines.
Valve springs are fitted under compression and are held in place with one end resting on the
cylinder head
. The other is usually retained by a circular plate covering the diameter of the spring at its top. In the valve stem is a groove into which fit a pair of tapered steel collets to lock the plate and, therefore, the spring. The compression of the spring holds the collets firmly in place and they can be removed only when the spring tension is relieved.
Alternatives to the split collets include a disc with a slot cut in it and a retaining plate with a figure-of-eight elongated hole whose smaller half locks the spring in place and larger half allows the plate to be slid to one side to clear the valve stem for spring removal.
A disadvantage of any type of spring is its tendency to return to its at-rest position through a period of over-reaction. The principle is most easily illustrated by wedging a steel ruler at one end and flicking the other end downwards. For a short time, the ruler will vibrate up and down before coming to rest and exactly the same happens in the car's suspension system if a shock-absorber fails when the car will bounce up and down a number of times.
With the valve spring, this bouncing effect can literally result in the valve, especially at high speeds, bouncing on its seating and completely upsetting the engine's power output. It is also possible for the spring to break under conditions of excessive bounce with the remote possibility of the valve falling inside the cylinder. To overcome the perils of bouncing, coil springs may be wound so that their adjacent coils almost touch when the valve is fully opened. If bounce does occur, the touching of the coils will 'kill' the bouncing tendency with only a fleeting loss of power from the
. Another solution to the problem is to wind the spring in a progressive fashion, with the coils nearer the
cylinder head
being closer than those at the top of the valve stem.
This breaks up the spring's bounce period. Yet another arrangement is to fit double or even triple springs one inside the other. The : differing rates of surge in the springs will help to cancel out : any tendency for surge to build up to the point of valve bounce. The life of valve springs is impossible to determine and r there are many cases of the original springs giving excellent service for 160,000 km and more. It is always possible for a valve spring to break and such a condition will usually . make itself felt in the form of misfiring. With double-springs, it is even less likely for breakage to occur but it is not always so easy to see such a defect when the inner spring breaks.
A compression test of each cylinder may reveal a defective spring, but a much more definite method is to use an electronic
-analysis machine or, for the home mechanic, a vacuum gauge. The low cost of springs makes it worthwhile renewing the entire set when the
cylinder head
is removed for a top overhaul and it may be worthwhile checking to see if d stronger springs are approved by the car's makers to offer e higher engine speeds.
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