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Medically reviewed on Nov 20, 2017
Scientific Name(s): Cassia acutifolia Delile, syn. with Cassia senna L. Also includes references to C. angustifolia Vahl. Family: Fabaceae (beans)
Common Name(s): Senna
Senna is most commonly used as a laxative.
Senna leaves or pods have been used as a stimulant laxative at dosages of 0.6 to 2 g/day, with a daily dose of sennoside B from 20 to 30 mg. The brand Senokot is available in 8.6 and 17.2 mg tablets. A bitter tea can be made containing senna 0.5 to 2 g (ie, ½ to 1 teaspoon). Senna should not be used at higher doses or for extended periods of time.
Senna is contraindicated in patients with intestinal obstruction, ulcerative colitis, appendicitis, and Crohn disease. Senna is not recommended for children younger than 2 years of age.
Category C . Use with caution until more definitive information is known. Some data suggest endometrial stimulation and mutagenic and genotoxic effects with senna usage. Other sources suggest it is the laxative drug of choice in pregnancy.
Use of senna with drugs known to deplete potassium, such as diuretics, should be limited or avoided. Because senna may cause diarrhea, caution is warranted in patients receiving warfarin, because diarrhea can reduce the absorption of vitamin K and increase the risk of bleeding.
Adverse Reactions
Senna may cause diarrhea, loss of fluids, hypokalemia, and abdominal pain/cramping. The long-term use of senna has resulted in pigmentation of the colon, reversible finger clubbing, cachexia, and dependency on the laxative. Children, particularly those wearing diapers, may experience severe diaper rash, blister formation, and skin sloughing. Case reports indicate a possible association between long-term administration of senna and hepatotoxicity.
Various case reports of senna toxicity are available and include coma and neuropathy after ingestion of a senna-combination laxative, as well as hepatitis after long-term use of the plant.
C. acutifolia is native to Egypt and the Sudan while C. angustifolia is native to Somalia, the Middle East, and India. Plants known as wild sennas ( C. hebecarpa Fern. and C. marilandica L.) grow on moist banks and in woods in the eastern United States. This plant should not be confused with cassia, a common name for cinnamon. Senna is a low branching shrub, growing to about 1 m in height. It has a straight woody stem and yellow flowers. 1 The top parts are harvested, dried, and graded. Tinnevally senna is hand-collected, while Alexandria senna is harvested and graded mechanically. There are over 400 known species of Cassia . 1 , 2
Senna was first used medicinally by Arabian physicians in the 9th century A.D. 1 The plant derives its name from the Arabic sena and from the Hebrew word cassia , which means "peeled back," a reference to its peelable bark. It has long been used in traditional Arabic as well as European medicine, primarily as a cathartic. The leaves were brewed into a tea and administered as a strong laxative. Because it is often difficult to control the concentration of the active ingredients in the tea, an unpredictable effect may be obtained. Therefore, standardized commercial dosage forms have been developed, and these concentrates are available as liquids, powders, and nonprescription tablets in over-the-counter laxatives.
Senna contains anthraquinones, including dianthrone glycosides (1.5% to 3%), sennosides A and B (rhein dianthrones), and sennosides C and D (rhein aloe-emodin heterodianthrones). Numerous minor sennosides have been identified, and all appear to contribute to the laxative effect. The plant also contains free anthroquinones in small amounts including rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, and their glycosides. 3 , 4
Senna pods also contain the same rhein dianthrone glycosides as the leaves.
Carbohydrates in the plant include 2% polysaccharides and approximately 10% mucilage consisting of galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and galacturonic acid. 3 , 4 Other carbohydrates include mannose, fructose, glucose, pinitol, and sucrose. 3
Flavonols present include isorhamnetin and kaempferol. Glycosides 6-hydroxymusizin and tinnevellin are also found.
Other constituents in senna include chrysophanic acid, salicylic acid, saponin, resin, mannitol, sodium potassium tartrate, and trace amounts of volatile oil. 3 , 5
Uses and Pharmacology
Senna is a potent laxative. Its cathartic effects can be obtained from a tea prepared from 1 or 2 teaspoons of dried leaves or standardized commercial dosage forms. Senna's use in treating constipation is well documented. It is one of the most popular laxatives, especially in elderly patients. 6
Approximately 90% of sennosides are excreted in the feces as polymers. Only 3% to 6% of the metabolites of sennosides are excreted in urine. 7
An in vitro study using Caco-2 monolayers as a model of the human intestinal mucosal barrier suggests that sennosides A and B are transported in a concentration-dependent manner. Transport was higher in the secretory direction compared with the absorptive direction, suggesting the involvement of efflux pumps in the intestine. 8Laxative
Animal data
Senna has also been studied for long-term laxative treatment in rats. 9 Perivascular nerve stimulation caused a vasconstrictive effect on the mesenteric vascular bed. However, it is thought that myenteric neurons in the rat colon are not destroyed by sennosides, as had been previously suggested. 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 Anthraquinone purgatives in excess were said to have caused degeneration of neurons.
Sennosides exert their cathartic effect through alterations in colonic motility, which occurs indirectly by damage to the epithelial cells. They also change colonic absorption and secretion to cause fluid accumulation. Enhanced permeability is the result of disruption of the tight junctions between the colonic epithelial cells. 14
Metabolism of anthranoid laxatives 15 , 16 and sennosides 17 , 18 , 19 have been reported.Clinical data
Many reports are available discussing senna's role in constipation 20 , 21 ; its use in elderly patients, 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 psychiatric patients, 27 and spinal cord injury patients 28 ; and in pregnancy, in which it is the stimulant laxative of choice. 29 In cancer treatment protocols, senna has also been noted to reverse the constipating effects of narcotics, and may prevent constipation if given with the narcotic. 30 However, it may cause more adverse effects than other laxatives, primarily abdominal pain. 31 In terminally ill patients with cancer, it has also demonstrated efficacy in preventing constipation, which may not only be attributable to opioids but potentially due to administration of tricyclic antidepressants or phenothiazines, physical inactivity, deficient nutrition, and/or inadequate fluid intake. 32 Senna has also been studied in long-term constipation. 33 Castor oil was superior to senna for long-term constipation sufferers in another report. 34 In a study of children younger than 15 years of age with constipation, the efficacy and adverse effects of senna were compared with lactulose. Lactulose use resulted in patients passing more normal stools than on the corresponding day of the senna week. Additionally, senna was associated with more adverse effects with greater frequency compared with lactulose. 35
Patients who underwent reconstructive pelvic surgery were randomized to receive senna 8.6 mg/docusate 50 mg or placebo following the surgery. There was a significant difference in time to first bowel movement (3 ± 1.5 vs 4.05 ± 1.5 days; P < 0.002) for patients receiving senna and docusate compared with placebo. Additionally, significantly more patients receiving placebo required magnesium citrate ( P < 0.001). 36 Senna may influence intestinal transit time. 37 , 38 , 39 Its effectiveness as part of a cleansing regimen to evacuate the bowels in preparation for colonoscopies or barium enemas is documented. 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 Results from these studies include reduced ingestion of commercial Golytely solution and simethicone when given with senna 45 and more effective colon cleansing with senna in combination with polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution compared with the solution alone. 46 However, a study comparing the efficacy of PEG 2 L and senna syrup 120 mg with PEG 4 L found that the combination therapy was not as effective as the larger quantity of PEG, though it was better tolerated (ie, 38% could not finish the PEG 4 L compared with 6% receiving combination therapy). 53
A study of 345 patients undergoing colonoscopies assessed the efficacy of magnesium citrate combined with senna versus magnesium citrate alone. In patients receiving magnesium citrate only, 6.9% of the patients had to reschedule the colonoscopy due to inadequate bowel evacuation. In those patients receiving combination therapy, 4.4% required rescheduling ( P = 0.44). Adequate visualization during the colonoscopy occurred in 81.3% of patients receiving combination therapy compared with 67.5% receiving magnesium citrate alone ( P = 0.004). 51 When senna 180 mg was compared with 95 mL of sodium phosphate solution for bowel evacuation prior to colonoscopy, senna was not equivalent to sodium phosphate. However, senna was better accepted compared with sodium phosphate based on taste, and was associated with less nausea and vomiting. 54
Capsule endoscopies are useful for assessing obscure GI bleeding, suspected small-bowel Crohn disease, celiac disease, polyposis syndromes, and small-bowel tumor detection. Compared with standard preparation (ie, restriction to clear fluids, fasting, simethicone), the addition of purgatives, such as magnesium citrate and senna, did not improve completion rates or view quality and were associated with less patient acceptance. 55
Because sennosides are water-soluble polar molecules with a high molecular weight, they are not resorbed in the small intestine. Specifically, the beta-glycosidic bond provides protection against acid digestion and to alpha-glucosidase activity. Instead, they act as prodrugs as they pass through the small intestine. They are later converted in the large intestine by gut bacteria to the active metabolite, rheinanthrone, which increases colonic motility and fluid secretion. 1 , 7 , 56 , 57
Prostaglandins may also be involved in the laxative actions. 3 The kinetics of senna constituents rhein and aloe-emodin have been investigated in humans. 58Other uses
The senna constituents, aloe-emodin and beta-sitosterol, possess inhibitory activity against cancer cells in mice. 2 , 9
Senna did not have antidiabetic activity when tested in diabetic mice. 59
Senna extract was not found to be cytotoxic or mutagenic against strains of Escherichia coli . However, senna was able to induce single and double-strand breaks in plasmid DNA, suggesting senna may only be toxic to DNA in cell-free systems. 60
Senna leaves or pods have been used as a cathartic laxative at dosages of 0.6 to 2 g/day, with a daily dose of sennoside B from 20 to 30 mg. The brand Senokot is available in 8.6 and 17.2 mg tablets. 61 Effects usually occur within 8 to 12 hours of administration and may last up to 24 hours. 62 A bitter tea can be made containing 0.5 to 2 g (ie, ½ to 1 teaspoon) of senna. 2 Senna should not be used at higher doses or for extended periods of time. 63
Category C . The use of senna during pregnancy is controversial. Due to minimal absorption of senna glycosides by the intestines, a teratogenic effect would not be expected. However, prolonged use may cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances. 62
Some data suggest endometrial stimulation and mutagenic and genotoxic effects with senna usage. 64 , 65 Other sources suggest it is the laxative of choice during pregnancy. In a 2009 case-control epidemiological study, the use of senna was not associated with a higher risk of congenital abnormalities in the offspring of pregnant women with constipation. 62 However, until more definitive information is known, use with caution. 14
Use of senna with drugs known to deplete potassium levels, such as diuretics, should be limited or avoided. Patients may be at an increased risk of cardiac complications. 63 Because senna may cause diarrhea, caution is warranted in patients receiving warfarin, because diarrhea can reduce the absorption of vitamin K and increase the risk of bleeding. In a case report, a woman 45 years of age with an aortic valve taking warfarin presented with abdominal pain. She had been taking senna once to twice per week; however, she took "many" tablets (unspecified) to relieve 2 days of constipation when her abdominal pain started. She reported 3 watery stools and 3 bloody stools. At the time of admission, she was hypotensive, tachycardic, and had a distended abdomen. A computed tomography of the abdomen revealed hematomas in the pelvic, paracolic, and subhepatic regions. Her international normalized ratio (INR), which was therapeutic 25 days prior to admission, was 11.9. She was given vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and packed red cells, and her INR eventually returned to the target range. 66
Adverse Reactions
Senna may cause loss of fluids, hypokalemia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain and cramping. 14 Prolonged use may alter electrolytes and thereby increase the risk for cardiac complications. Patients with intestinal obstruction should avoid senna. 3
Long-term use of any laxative, in particular irritant laxatives such as senna, often results in laxative dependency syndrome, characterized by poor gastric motility in the absence of repeated laxative administration. Other reports of laxative abuse include laxative-induced diarrhea 67 , 68 and osteomalacia and arthropathy associated with prolonged use of the product. 69
The long-term use of anthroquinone glycosides has been associated with pigmentation of the colon (melanosis coli). Several cases of reversible finger clubbing (enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes) have been reported following long-term abuse of senna-containing laxatives. 70 , 71 , 72 One report described a woman who developed finger clubbing following ingestion of 4 to 40 Senokot tablets per day for approximately 15 years. 73 Clubbing reversed after the laxative was discontinued. The mechanism has been postulated to be related to either increased vascularity of the nail beds or a systemic metabolic abnormality secondary to long-term laxative ingestion. A case report describes a patient with anorexia nervosa using 50 to 100 tablets of senna daily for weight loss. She developed nephrocalcinosis, finger clubbing, and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Nephrocalcinosis was likely due to long-term ingestion of calcium (each senna tablet contained calcium 12.5 mg) in the presence of dehydration, resulting in low calcium excretion. This, in addition to a low body mass index, contributes to calcium phosphate retention. 74
Senna abuse has been associated with the development of cachexia and reduced serum globulin levels after long-term ingestion. 75
Case reports include occupational asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis from a factory worker exposed to senna-containing hair dyes 76 and asthma and allergy symptoms from workers in a bulk laxative manufacturing facility. 77 Another report describes urticaria, rhinoconjunctivitis, and wheezing occurring within 2 hours of an occupational exposure to airborne senna despite wearing a protective suit and respirator. 78
Senna may cause hepatotoxicity. This may be attributed to the exposure of the liver to high amounts of toxic metabolites of anthraquinone glycosides. 7
In a case report, a woman 42 years of age who boiled dried senna leaves and consumed 200 mL of the product each day for 2 years presented with a 5-day history of epigastric pain, vomiting, anorexia, fever, mildly elevated liver function tests, and iron deficiency anemia. She was diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis based on Doppler findings. Additionally, fluid loss and dehydration associated with long-term use of senna may have exerted negative effects on coagulation. 14
Another case report describes the development of subacute cholestatic hepatitis in a man 77 years of age who used senna 15 to 30 mg/day for 3 months. Discontinuation of the product resulted in a progressive decline in liver enzymes and bilirubin levels. 79
Children, particularly those wearing diapers, may experience severe diaper rash, blister formation, and skin sloughing. In a study of 88 exposures to senna, 33% displayed severe diaper rash, which was significantly worse for those wearing diapers ( P < 0.05). The presence of blisters and skin sloughing was also worse in children wearing diapers ( P < 0.05). Diarrhea occurred 5 to 6 hours after ingestion of senna, with skin lesion appearing 14 to 15 hours following ingestion. Thus, the dermatologic manifestations could be attributed to prolonged skin contact with stool or senna being present in later stools, causing an irritant effect on the skin. 80
Patients who are homozygous for the CYP2D6∗4 variant, and thus poor metabolizers for phase 1 hepatic detoxification reactions, may be at risk of hepatitis. The CYP2D6∗4 variant is common in approximately 10% of white people. 81
Concerns regarding the carcinogenicity of anthranoid laxatives have been raised. In a 2-year study, rats receiving senna dosages of 25, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day did not show any changes in several assessments, including hematology measures, tissue histology, and mortality ratio, when compared with the control rats. High doses of senna were associated with increases in water consumption, electrolyte changes, and increases in tubular basophilia and tubular pigment deposits in the kidneys. In fact, other animal data suggest that senna may have anticancer action. 56 , 82 , 83
An analysis of the literature from 2009 suggests: (1) senna is not associated with structural and/or functional changes in the enteric nerves, (2) long-term administration of senna is not associated with GI tumors or any other type in rats, (3) when dosed up to 300 mg/kg in rats for 2 years, senna was not carcinogenic, and (4) evidence does not show an increased risk of genotoxicity in patients treated with senna. 13
Risk assessment for senna's use during pregnancy has been addressed. 84 One review suggests senna to be the stimulant laxative of choice during pregnancy and lactation. 29 Uterine motility was not stimulated by sennosides in one report in pregnant ewes. 85 None of the breast-fed infants experienced abnormal stool consistency from their mothers' ingestion of senna laxatives. The constituent rhein, taken from milk samples, varied in concentration from 0 to 27 mg/mL, with between 89% and 94% of values no more than 10 mg/mL. 86 , 87 Nonstandardized laxatives are not recommended during pregnancy. 3
Toxicity studies separating toxic components of senna's anthraquinone derivatives have been performed. 88
Various case reports of senna toxicity are available and include coma and neuropathy after ingestion of a senna-combination laxative 89 and hepatitis after long- term use of the plant. 90
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75. Levine D, Goode AW, Wingate DL. Purgative abuse associated with reversible cachexia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and finger clubbing. Lancet . 1981;1(8226):919-920.
76. Helin T, Mäkinen-Kiljunen S. Occupational asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis caused by senna. Allergy . 1996;51(3):181-184.
77. Marks GB, Salome CM, Woolcock AJ. Asthma and allergy associated with occupational exposure to ispaghula and senna products in a pharmaceutical work force. Am Rev Respir Dis . 1991;144(5):1065-1069.
78. Wong CG, Jakubovic H, Betschel SD. Senna: drug hypersensitivity following occupational exposure: case report. Reactions . 2009;1(1240):37.
79. Sonmez A, Yilmaz MI, Mas R, et al. Subacute cholestatic hepatitis likely related to the use of senna for chronic constipation. Acta Gastroenterol Belg . 2005;68(3):385-387.
80. Spiller HA, Winter ML, Weber JA, Krenzelok EP, Anderson DL, Ryan ML. Skin breakdown and blisters from senna-containing laxatives in young children. Ann Pharmacother . 2003;37(5):636-639.
81. Seybold U, Landauer N, Hillebrand S, Goebel FD. Senna-induced hepatitis in a poor metabolizer. Ann Intern Med . 2004;141(8):650-651.
82. Borrelli F, Aviello G, Capasso R, Capasso F. Senna: a laxative devoid of carcinogenic effects. Arch Toxicol . 2006;80(12):873.
83. Mascolo N, Mereto E, Borrelli F, et al. Does senna extract promote growth of aberrant crypt foci and malignant tumors in rat colon? Dig Dis Sci . 1999;44(11):2226-2230.
84. Risk assessment for senna during pregnancy. Pharmacology . 1992;44(suppl 1):20-22.
85. Garcia-Villar R. Evaluation of the effects of sennosides on uterine motility in the pregnant ewe. Pharmacology . 1988;36(suppl 1):203-211.
86. Faber P, Strenge-Hesse A. Relevance of rhein excretion into breast milk. Pharmacology . 1988;36(suppl 1):212-220.
87. Faber P, Strenge-Hesse A. Senna-containing laxatives: excretion in the breast milk? [in German]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd . 1989;49(11):958-962.
88. Hietala P, Marvola M, Parviainen T, Lainonen H. Laxative potency and acute toxicity of some anthraquinone derivatives, senna extracts, and fractions of senna extracts. Pharmacol Toxicol . 1987;61(2):153-156.
89. Dobb GJ, Edis RH. Coma and neuropathy after ingestion of herbal laxative containing podophyllin. Med J Aust . 1984;140(8):495-496.
90. Beuers U, Spengler U, Pape GR. Hepatitis after chronic abuse of senna. Lancet . 1991;337(8737):372-373.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health
Further information
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Private lessons from our experienced PGA and LPGA professional teachers are available for adults and juniors throughout the year at Ironwood Golf Club.
Jan Kleiman Class A LPGA Teaching Professional
Jan returned to Indiana in 2012 after spending over 25 years in Florida teaching golf and playing competitive golf. The native of Rushville, IN moved to Florida in 1984 after graduating from Indiana University with a BS in Business Management. She played on the LPGA Tour for three years, competed in seven U.S. Women's Opens and won twice on the Future's Tour. She was also the low qualifier for the Legends Tour in 1996. In 1994 she began teaching at the Ben Sutton Golf School outside of Tampa. During sixteen years there, Jan taught golfers of all abilities that came to the school from all over the world. She was the Director of Instruction there her last two years. She also was a teaching professional with Advantage Golf Schools in Orlando. Jan gives private lessons, group lessons, playing lessons and clinics at Ironwood. Click Here for More Information
ADULT LESSONS: 45 minutes each
- $60: Single individual lesson
- $50: Per student for group of two
- $40: Per student for group of three
- $30: Per student for group of four
JUNIOR LESSONS: 30 minutes each
- $40: Single individual lesson
- $30: Per student for group of two
- $25: Per student for group of three
Click Here to Purchase Golf Lessons
Get Golf Ready
$104 five session program designed to inspire new or occasional golfers to play golf Get Golf Ready is designed to teach everything you'll need to play golf in just a few lessons. PGA and LPGA Professionals will show you that there are lots of ways to play by combining fun, friends and fitness. Each session will focus on the various golf skills you will use while playing. In addition to learning the basics, you will be guided onto the golf course to put your skills into action in a casual, friendly setting. What You Need to Bring Just yourself, a desire to have fun and perhaps a few friends to enjoy the great outdoors. Golf Clubs, balls and other equipment will be provided for your use. Click Here for More Information

subset: commoncrawl


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Tag Archives: software
December 30, 2010 How to download multi file on Megaupload, RapidShare, …
If you need to download many files on some host like MegaUpload, RapidShare, you could download JDownloader , it is a free tools and very useful.
You just copy all the links to download and paste to this program, then, it will automatic download and put capcha for you 🙂
If the file require password to extract, it also ask you to input, and extract automatic for you.
I think this software is useful, and you just relax and wait the JDownloader finish for you. Hehe. 🙂
Tags: software
- 2 comments
- Posted under Tips & Tricks


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Welcome to Scotland Family Counseling Center
We are a peaceful, professional counseling center that focuses on the health, wellness, and wholeness of all people through faith, hope, and healing.
In the video below, you'll meet our staff, who are widely trained to help you with a variety of counseling needs.
What People Say About Scotland Family Counseling Center
View testimonials about SFCC and what we're striving to do in our community.
Jim Morgan Speaking to The 2012 Silent Samaritan Society
The Good Samaritan is a story full of mercy. This message from Jim Morgan explains how The Silent Samaritan Society is such an important part of the services provided by Scotland Family Counseling Center.


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Monthly Archives: December 2016
18 Ingenious Hair Hacks for the Gym
Having your hair falling in your face while at the gym is terrible! Here are 18 easy hairstyles that keep your hair far from in your face.
- The bang braid is your solution to keep annoying mid-level bangs off your face
- Or master the princess-y waterfall braid.
- Minnie Mouse buns keeps hair from whipping around everywhere.
- A ballerina bun will stay through even the most vigorous workout because spin pins.
- Braiding the underside of your bun/ponytail will keep loose strands from falling out during your workout.
- Or the topside if you have more issues with side pieces/bangs falling out.
- If you've got long hair, a knotted ponytail is an easy variation on a boring pony.
- A knotted ponytail works for shorter hair, too.
- A top knot can be done at a stoplight on your way to the gym.
- If you've got extra thick/long hair, boxer braid each side of your head and pull the remaining strands in a bun.
- A tiered ponytail will keep everything in its right place.
- Use yarn to tie your hair into a bun.
- There's always the old sock bun standby.
- Use an Upzing Clip to create a super easy updo after your workout.
- A double braid is great for keeping hair secure during a swim.
- Spray leave-in conditioner or smooth some Moroccan/coconut oil into your hair before you go swimming.
- Use an old spice container as an emergency hair kit with pins, small hairspray, and anything else you might need.
- If you don't want to wash your hair, sweat and build-up can be removed with baking soda.
Gymnastic dreams: Training for Gold Leads to Healthier Kids
Gymnastics has helped create many gold medal citizens and helps gymnasts excel later in life.
Many kids are already doing gymnastics as they learn to control their bodies and maneuver the world. Babies learning to walk often find themselves doing somersaults by accident, taking these accidental gymnastics to a higher level takes training and practice. The sport itself is perfect for any kid because they learn and succeed at their own pace feeling accomplished with every new move they learn. In gymnastics, no one sits on the bench while the best get to play. Gymnastics is the process of teaching one's self to be in complete control of their body and as the training continues, muscles develop along with discipline, poise and self confidence. Many celebrities and star athletes started with gymnastics such as Sasha Cohen (the olympic skater), Hillary Swank (the Oscar and Golden Globe winning actress) and Tony Jaa (the martial arts movie actor). Training at home is a great alternative to paying for a professional coach while the child is honing in the basics. Making a practice room with carpet or couch cushions as padding is an easy way to allow child to learn handstands, cartwheels, and many other basics at home. Gymnastics is a training tool for your child's mind and body that will stay with them the rest of their life.


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Popular Now
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01803 865913
+44 1803 865913
Series: Flora of Bhutan Volume: 3/2
By: Henry J Noltie(Author)
437 pages, 8 plates with colour photos; 65 b/w line drawings
Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh
This part of the Flora of Bhutan is devoted to the single family Gramineae (also known as Poaceae). The grasses form the second largest family in the Flora of Bhutan being smaller than Orchidaceae (132 genera, 577 species) and slightly larger than Compositae (127 genera, 372 species). A total of 126 genera and 389 native and introduced species are treated here, of which 112 genera and 324 species have so far been recorded in Bhutan itself In addition to the interest arising from its size and diversity, Gramineae is also the most important family occurring in Bhutan in terms of its usefulness to man. The delimitation and arrangement of tribes and genera used here largely follow those of Clayton & Renvoize (1986).
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Contact Mindy Laubenthal or Adrianne Magill for help with scheduling your class reunion via phone or email at 515-395-3525 email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com
Class of 1978 Reunion Plans
Link to register for 1978 reunion
Hosted by: BGHS 78'ers Org Committee
When: Friday, August 3rd and Saturday, August 4th
Location: Algona, IA
Friday @ Emerald's Fine Food & Libations Restaurant - 6 PM
Saturday @ Bishop Garrigan - Tour of Facilities - 11 AM
Saturday @ Algona CC - Golf - Anytime
*Golf carts reserved with advance notice. All are welcome to socialize
at the club during the day.
Saturday Mass @ St. Cecelia Church - 4:30 PM
*Reserved seating up front courtesy of Deacon Bill Black
Saturday @ Algona CC - The Thul Shed Restaurant - Social Hour - 5:30 PM
We hope to see all 1978 alumni join us for this awesome weekend!
Class of 1963 Reunion Plans
July 14, 2018
Algona Country Club
1PM - Festivities begin
5:30PM - Dinner
Contact: Henry Bonnstetter at 712-424-3436 for more details.
Class of 1968 50th Reunion
Saturday, August 11, 2018
River Road Golf Course, 2316 River Road, Algona - 515-295-7351
Golf Saturday morning at River Road Golf Club, beginning at 9AM. Do not need tee times, can
just show up. Cost for 9 holes is a $15 green fee and $10 cart rental.
Tour Bishop Garrigan High School at 3PM. There have been a lot of changes. Just meet at the
front main entrance, 1224 N McCoy St, Algona.
Social hour at River Road Golf Club 4:30-6PM. Cash Bar.
Dinner to follow at 6PM. Cash Bar.
Must RSVP along with $20 per person to attend. Send money to: Marge Zeimet, 315 N Main St.
Algona, IA 50511
There are blocked rooms under BGHS at AmericInn and Brookstone Lodge & Suites, Algona.
Reservations must be made 30 days in advance of reunion.
Any questions, contact Marge Zeimet, 319-640-8120 or Pat Scobba, 515-320-3056.


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* The BSE index
falls 0.66 percent while the 50-share NSE index is down 0.56 percent heading to their first weekly fall after five weeks of straight gains. * Shares in Infosys Ltd
drops 5.5 percent after disappointing investors with weaker-than-expected margins and took a conservative view on its full-year earnings.
* Fears of high inflation data due on Monday is also leading to trimming of positions in financials ahead of the weekend.
* ICICI Bank
falls 1.3 percent, while Housing Development Finance Corporation is down 1 percent. * However, HDFC Bank
, gains 1 percent after meeting forecasts with a 30 percent year-on-year rise in second quarter profit.


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A proposed liquor store at the corner of Franklin and West Boylston Street must obtain approval from Police Chief Dennis Minnich before the Planning Board will issue a site plan approval.
At the Planning Board�s public hearing last week, engineer John Grenier presented the proposed site plan, answering questions about the parking lot, drainage plans and encroachment onto neighboring properties.
CAF Real Estate Development LLC, which is managed by Charles Faucher of Jefferson, is proposing to build a single story, 6,300 square foot liquor store on the corner, with entrances on both West Boylston and Franklin Streets.
Ali Korasani, a traffic engineer hired to study the traffic impact of a potential store, said he estimated that the store would see about 31 trips (cars that enter and exit) per hour during the busiest times, which should be between 5 and 7 p.m. Rush hour for that intersection is considered to be 4 and 6 p.m.
�Under the existing conditions, the intersection operates very well,� Korasani said. �Projecting into the future, the level of service is expected to stay the same, although the delays may increase.�
Planning Board member Vinnie Vignaly disagreed with Korasani�s findings.
�There�s a store just down the road, and there are more than 15 people coming in and out each hour,� Vignaly said. �Could you sit there on a Friday night and count the cars at Meola�s?�
�That still wouldn�t be a true number � there are many other factors involved,� Korasani said.
The Planning Board also expressed concerns about people cutting through the liquor store parking lot to avoid the back up at the intersection. Grenier suggested revising the Franklin Street entrance as a way of discouraging cut throughs.
Abutters Lori and Dan Caravahlo expressed several concerns to the plans.
�Trash and debris are going to happen,� Lori Caravahlo said. �The traffic is understated � it gets backed up all the way to our house.�
Dan Caravahlo said he was hoping a fence could be installed to protect his property from debris and light that would be produced at the site.
�We were hoping for a fence all the way around,� he said. �A fence stops kids from cutting through, and keeps the snow off our property.�
Dan Caravahlo also expressed concern regarding the drainage plan.
�It�s almost designed to bring the water onto my property,� he said.
Planning Board chairman Mark Frieden said that the design was actually intended to keep all the water run-off from the liquor store property out of the Caravahlo�s property.
Frienden also asked if a sidewalk could be built abutting the property.
Planning Board member Karen Par� moved to continue the public hearing until June 12. Ultimately, the board said traffic and safety concerns needed to be addressed.
�You have to convince the police that what you want is reasonable,� she said.
Grenier was advised that, in order to close the hearing on June 12 and for the board to approve the plans, all questions must be answered in advance and no changes can be made.
�If there are any changes, you will have to submit revised plans, and then the board will have to vote then,� he said.


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Find out how TEAM Mentor could improve the security of your organisation's applications.
TEAM Mentor™, our Secure Coding Knowledge Base, is the industry's most comprehensive repository of secure coding and security remediation guidance.
- Develop applications which are more robust, consistent and secure
- Make it easier for developers to build applications in a compliant way
- Reduce the number of security vulnerabilities that make it into finished applications
- Reduce cost of rework
- Ensure latest standards are applied
- Enshrine your standards into development


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Earlier this month, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office ("USPTO") issued updated guidance to its examining corps concerning subject matter eligibility rejections and responses under 35 U.S.C. § 101. The 2016 Guidance, available here, instructs examiners to articulate detailed explanations and provides various examples of eligible and non-eligible life science claims. The 2016 Guidance follows 2014's Interim Guidance and 2015's Updated Guidance and is intended to further refine examiners' consideration of subject matter eligibility issues under § 101.
Those operating in life sciences industries may find the 2016 Guidance of particular interest, as it supplements the twenty-seven examples set forth in the 2014 Interim Guidance and 2015 Updated Guidance with six new examples for determining subject matter eligibility in the life sciences area. The examples include patent eligible and ineligible claims concerning: vaccines; diagnostics and treatments using a hypothetical disease; hypothetical nature-based products including mixtures; screening for gene alterations; and others.
The 2014 Interim Guidance and 2015 Updated Guidance directed examiners to follow a two-part analysis based on Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank, 573 U.S. __ (2014): (1) is the claim directed to a law of nature, a natural phenomenon, or an abstract idea; and, if so, (2) is any element, or are a combination of elements, in the claim sufficient to ensure that the claim amounts to significantly more than the judicial exception?
The 2016 Guidance are intended to clarify how examiners should evaluate these two steps. For example, when the first step indicates that "the claim recites a law of nature or natural phenomenon, the rejection should identify the law of nature or natural phenomenon as it is recited (i.e., set forth or described) in the claim and explain using a reasoned rationale why it is considered a law of nature or natural phenomenon." In contrast, when the first step indicates that "the claim recites an abstract idea, the rejection should identify the abstract idea as it is recited (i.e., set forth or described) in the claim, and explain why it corresponds to a concept that the courts have identified as an abstract idea." (The 2016 Guidance is accompanied by a list of relevant court decisions.) The 2016 Guidance also provides direction for use when the first step indicates that the claim is directed to a product of nature.
With respect to the second step of the analysis, the 2016 Guidance includes instruction concerning the consideration of the combination of additional elements in the claim ("particularly critical"), notes that whether "claim limitations are well-understood, routine, conventional activities" should not require a prior art search "because lack of novelty…does not necessarily" supply an answer, and provides commentary concerning "claim limitations that recite a generic computer component performing generic computer functions at a high level of generality."
The 2016 Guidance also addresses consideration of an applicant's claim amendment and/or argument in response to a subject matter eligibility rejection.
The 2016 Guidance are one of the more recent data points populating the subject matter eligibility landscape. David Kappos, former Director of the USPTO, recently called for abolition of § 101 at the Federal Circuit Judicial Conference. Several recent district court decisions have declined to grant fee awards after asserted claims were found invalid for lack of patentable subject matter. See, e.g., YYZ LLC v. Pegasystems Inc., D. Del. Case No. 1-13-cv-00581 (May 2, 2016 Order); Clarilogic, Inc. v. FormFree Holdings Corporation et al,, S.D. Cal. Case No. 3-15-cv-00041 (Apr. 27, 2016 Order). And, in March, Sequenom, Inc. filed a Petition for Writ of Certiorari asking the Supreme Court to review the Federal Circuit's ruling in Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc. (finding ineligible claims in the medical diagnostics field directed to detecting fetal abnormalities using paternally-inherited DNA). We anticipate that the subject matter eligibility landscape will continue to evolve as these and other data points are considered by practitioners, the courts, the USPTO, and others.


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LITTLE ROCK — The newly formed board of directors of the Arkansas Health Insurance Marketplace held its first meeting Tuesday and took care of organizational matters such as choosing a website address and deciding on stipends for members.
The 11-member board will supervise the operations of the marketplace, an exchange where people and small businesses will be able to shop for insurance plans that suit their needs. Marketplaces are required in every state under the federal Affordable Care Act.
The board voted Tuesday to choose "arhim.arkansas.gov" as the address of its website. The site will be set up by the state Bureau of Legislative Research, which is temporarily serving as the board's staff until the board hires a permanent staff.
The board also voted to set stipends for members at $100 per day that they attend a meeting or do other board-related work, plus reimbursement for board-related expenses. Act 1500 of this year, which created the marketplace and the board, permits stipends of up to $100.
Cynthia Crone, director of the state Insurance Department's Health Benefits Exchange Partnership Division, who was attending the meeting in place of state Insurance Commissioner Jay Bradford, a member of the board, said she was not sure whether the federal government would cover the cost of the stipends.
"'Stipends' as defined in federal documents kind of relate to training grants and trainees and academic study, so we'll need to explore the stipend eligibility," she said.
Crone said the next date to apply for federal funding to set up the marketplace is Nov. 15. The state can apply for "pre-award funding" to cover the board's start-up costs, she said.
"It's a risk to the state, because it's not awarded until it's awarded," Crone said, but she said the funding likely would be awarded.
The board will be subject to the state Freedom of Information Act. Board member Annabelle Imber Tuck, a former state Supreme Court justice who also serves on the Federally Facilitated Exchange Partnership Planning Steering Committee, said she wanted to be sure she was not "crossing the line" by exchanging one-on-one communications with Crone regarding the state-federal exchange partnership.
Crone said after the meeting she did not think communications between her and Tuck about the partnership — which Arkansas chose to pursue instead of creating a state-run exchange — would constitute a violation of the open meetings provisions of the Freedom of Information Act.
"Our business would be of the other board," she said.
Senate President Pro Tem Michael Lamoureux, R-Russellville, presided over the first meeting in the absence of an elected chairman. The board voted to name Dillard's executive Sherrill Wise as temporary chairman until the panel is ready to elect a full slate of officers.
Several state legislators were spectators at Tuesday's meeting. Lamoureux said after the meeting that he did not expect the board to need much more legislative hand-holding.
"I think we've got some really qualified people. We'll get them organized and get them together and get out of their way and hopefully let them do good work," he said.


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Be Realistic
Don't promise what you can't deliver! Be realistic about how long it will take to make your product(s) and give yourselves plenty of time to do this.
Hold Regular Production Meetings
Gathering all the production team together on a regular basis is a good way to make sure that any issues / problems that arise are ironed out and that everyone knows what their role is.


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NASHVILLE, Tenn. (PRWEB) December 07, 2017
Dr. Dan Hatef, a plastic surgeon specializing in aesthetic surgery with a focus on rhinoplasty, is now located in Midtown, the heart of Nashville, TN. Dr. Hatef is now conveniently located to cater to patients both in Nashville and its surrounding areas.
As a plastic surgeon in "Music City," Dr. Hatef has patients in the music industry who are seeking to improve their appearance by reshaping their nose, face or body. "The primary concern for musicians and vocal artists undergoing cosmetic surgery (such as rhinoplasty) is that their voice not be altered in any way," says Dr. Hatef, "In my hands no one has had a bad outcome with their ability to sing and project."
While there are many different forms of plastic surgeries and many different reasons for choosing to undergo a procedure, a rhinoplasty is one of the most versatile and functional surgeries. A rhinoplasty, or "nose job," is a procedure for correcting and reconstructing the form of the nose. Because the nose is responsible for both breathing and smell, it is an important functional organ. Though some patients choose a rhinoplasty for aesthetic reasons, many opt for a rhinoplasty due to exhaustion, snoring, apnea, malaise, weakness and more.
Dr. Dan Hatef is a board certified, double fellowship trained plastic surgeon with over 11 years of advanced training in aesthetic plastic surgery. He received his training at UT Southwestern in Dallas and Baylor in Houston; both internationally renowned centers for rhinoplasty. Dr. Hatef has chosen to focus his extensive skills on aesthetic surgery of the nose, face and body. If you are considering plastic surgery as a way to reshape or redefine while retaining a naturally beautiful look, contact Dr. Hatef's Nashville office at 615.986.6053 to schedule a consultation today.


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Growth Management Planning Council (GMPC)
The Growth Management Planning Council (GMPC) is a formal body, currently consisting of elected officials from King County, Seattle, Bellevue, other cities and towns in King County, special purpose districts, and the Port of Seattle.
Realization of a countywide vision involves collaboration, trade-offs and difficult choices about the appropriate level of growth, its location, the type of growth to be encouraged, public spending, governance decisions, environmental protection, and the quality of life in King County. Through the GMPC, jurisdictions within King County are working together to plan for economic and population growth in King County.
The GMPC developed and adopted the Countywide Planning Policies, providing a countywide vision and serving as a framework for each jurisdiction to develop its own comprehensive plan, which must be consistent with the overall vision for the future of King County.
Performance, Strategy and Budget
Printable GMPC materials are available in PDF format. To view or download PDFs, free software from Adobe is required. For assistance, see helpful hints.
To request information in alternate formats for people with disabilities, call 206-296-6600 or TTY Relay: 711.
Related Content:
See archived meeting information for agendas and reports from previous years.


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Healthy Supplements - Vitamin pills & Lose Weight Supplements
5-HTP is a supplement that can be used to enhance your mood, your appetite control and even your energy levels. It can also help combat anxiety which is one of the biggest problems people face today. Imagine if you could treat anxiety or even if you just wanted to have more control over your appetite with a natural 1 pill a day solution. Well that is what 5-HTP supplement is. By only taking 1 of the 5-HTP capsules per day you can enjoy all of the many benefits that come from taking 5-HTP.
Not only does 5-HTP help with weight loss and anxiety, it can also help those that have trouble sleeping and enhance your focus levels and memory. By taking the supplement either in the morning or evening you will enjoy a relaxing, energizing and uninterrupted sleep at any time of the day or night and you will feel a noticeable difference in your level of focus when it is needed. Most of our customers report a noticeable improvement with their memory also.
Q. Are you having trouble focusing on a daily basis?
A. 5-HTP supplement will help balance and enhance your mood by naturally increasing your serotonin levels.
Q. Do you feel tired and sluggish quite often?
A. Increased levels of serotonin not only enhance mood but can help with focus levels and even memory.
Q. Are you having trouble sleeping?
A. Whether you take the 5-HTP supplement in the morning or evening, the will reduce your stress and anxiety levels leading you to being able to enjoy a more relaxed, uninterrupted sleep at any time of the day.
Purchase any 5HTP product with confidence, knowing that it's backed with no risk, no hassle 60-day money back guarantee.
If you want to take advantage of our Special Savings by ordering multiple containers you can still try the product absolutely RISK-FREE for 67 days!
This guarantee includes all 5HTP products.
Lose weight and get that beach body you always wanted!


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Cashmerette Patterns Concord T-Shirt
Sizes US 12 - 28, separate cup sizings for C-H Fully customisable and designed for curves, the Concord is a classic knit t-shirt. Design your perfect tee by choosing from multiple hems, necklines and sleeve options. Whether you layer them over jeans or pair them with floral skirts, you'll want a closet of Concords! NB: We can post a single pattern, sometimes two, within Australia in an untracked envelope for $5. For this option please call us on (08) 7324 5883 during business hours.


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Home in Las Vegas
Looking for great homes in the West Coast? And in particular you wanted a Las Vegas homes? Las Vegas is a very nice city to live in. I can't say anything about the weather, sure it's great compared here in the East Coast DUH! If I could I would move there, For Sure! Oh yeah, maybe in time...
It is really a booming State, with all that Casinos left and right? It would be really a nice and a good investment to buy homes in Las Vegas cause you wouldn't know what's happening in the next few years. Right? You can even buy a brand new home with zero money down and get paid all closing costs, free appliances, free granite counter tops, free oversized lots, free oversized garages... Call us to get the best incentives. Isn't that GREAT?
And to top that, I have came across a website that's really specialize in Las Vegas Homes. Millionsaver.com - At this site you can search Homes. May it be a New Home, Resale Homes, Highrise Condos, and some Rentals. They also do cities besides Las Vegas like Henderson, Boulder City, Mesquite, Pahrump, North Las Vegas and Mount Charleston.
Everything and anything about Las Vegas homes is here!


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Please select a state for your search.
Updated 8:40 AMOct. 19
Information posted is an estimate.
Your personal experience may vary.
See All Dates & Times
The Early Parenting Class is provided free to individuals who have attended either a Lamaze or Labor & Birth Class at Allen Hospital. This class is designed to provide information about the newborn. Postpartum issues for mom, hospital policies, car seat safety and other infant safety issues will also be covered.
Your support person is welcome to attend (no additional charge).
For more information or if questions, please call 319-226-2229, ext. 1.
You can also email email@example.com with any questions.


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- LED: 12pcs
- Camera Apparatus: CMOS Camera
- System: PAL / CCIR, NTSC / EIA
- Validity Pixel: PAL: 628 x 582, NTSC: 510 x 492
- Picture Area: PAL: 5.78 x 4.19mm, NTSC: 4.69 x 3.45mm
- Horizontal Definition: 380 Line
- Scan Frequency: PAL/CCIR: 50Hz, NTSC/EIA: 60Hz
- Minimum Illumination: 3LUX
- Sensitivity: +18DB-AGL ON-OFF
- Voltage: DC+12V
- Current: 200mA
- Power Consumption: <=640mW
- It can control the outside & inside omnidirectional pan/tilt and horizontal pan/tilt and three motor zoom lens or two motors zoom automatic lens
- Control pan/tilt voltage 220V-12V
- Control camera voltage 12V
- Day and night remote control CMOS camera with 12 LED
- It can control the outside & inside omnidirectional pan/tilt and horizontal pan/tilt and three motor zoom lens or two motors zoom automatic lens
- Control pan/tilt voltage 220V-12V
- Control camera voltage 12V
- Day and night remote control CMOS camera with 12 LED
Security Camera
- Security is an essential part of any store, shops, or place that needs to be monitored. If it is not monitored, anything could happen, so you must go ahead and take the precaution to prevent it from happening or be able to do something when it does occur. For example, if you own a shop and it gets robbed, it is horrible to not being able to do anything about it. If you have the surveillance tapes that you have recorded, you can use that as evidence and show the police who may be able to get the man. As you can see, surveillance is important
- A security camera monitor allows a viewer to see the video feed from a security camera. It is not the most important decision to make in a home security system, but there are some bits of advice that should be followed.
- Security camera monitors should match the resolution of the security camera sending the video feed. Having a security camera monitor with a higher resolution than a security camera is a waste of money, and a security camera monitor that has a lower resolution than a security camera will not be able to take advantage of the camera's capabilities. A security camera monitor should also be in color if the security camera's feed is in color
- The size of the security camera monitor also matters. Multiple video feeds require a larger size security camera monitor, while a single video feed only needs a small monitor, around nine inches.
- Finally, figure out what kind of monitor can handle the extended use. Televisions, for instance are poor security camera monitors. Computer monitors are designed for extended use, with flat-screen LCD monitor being the best, due to the lack of heat it produces
Security Camera Work
- Basically, a camera set into position with the help of what is known as a video transmitter running to a receiver allows the view from a security camera in a specific place or aimed in a certain direction, such as in a parking lot or door entrance. The security camera whether it is wireless or not, then makes it possible for the surveillance of anyone or anything through sending visual signals through the lenses back to a security monitor which is connected directly to the system
- In some cases security cameras are remotely operated, while others rely on the actual surveillance of a person sitting in front of the security monitor at all times in a separate area. Another form of security camera, simply records the surveillance and it can be viewed at another point and time. Security cameras all have to have power of some kind in order to work however
- Additionally security cameras work on frequencies as well as range. Different concepts are taken into consideration when a security camera is installed. Therefore, there are many security cameras on the market today. Some are better than others, while some security cameras are basic and simple, to those security cameras that are very complex
- One of the worst materials a security camera would have to go through would be metal, these types of security cameras are high frequency cameras and are very expensive. Most wireless cameras are limited to four different frequencies while others that must have hidden video lines such as in ceilings or walls can have additional frequencies. The range of reception on security cameras vary. Security cameras provide the initial perception that the issue is safety, while the second of course is protection, from theft or vandalism of property. The security cameras come in many different designs as well as types. Some security cameras help assist authorities when trying to apprehend suspects in crimes or other acts of violence, or vandalism
- You want to have a good reception especially if the security camera that is in use, is the type that simply records surveillance. As opposed to a security camera that has a person monitoring at all times. In this case you want good reception as well but it doesn't have to be nearly as clear. Security cameras can be as small as a button on a shirt, while others can be the size of an average camcorder. The size of a security camera varies as well
- Price doesn't necessarily mean better, depending on what the security camera will be used for. If the camera is going to be for personal use then one that isn't that expensive will probably do what you need it for. Security cameras are made to work for the security of people, places, and things of value, as well as keeping places safe and protected. In some cases security cameras are used to give people the peace of mind of feeling safer than they normally would without one
Package Included:
- 1 x 12 LED 360 Degree DOME Color Camera
- 1 x Multifunction Control Pan/tilt
If the order has not been shipped; please contact DinoDirect Live Support for order cancellation.You will get your refund within 24 hours.
If the order has already been shipped; you may return the item to us postmarked within 30 calendar days of delivery. Before that, please contact our Live Support to inform that.
In that case we will refund you the payment excluding actual shipping fees already incurred.
If the item is defective, please contact DinoDirect Live Support and send an email to us at email@example.com attached an image or video file clearly showing the defect of the product. And we will give you a response within 24 hours whether we will resend the item or refund the payment to you for compensation.
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• Please contact Live Chat or click here to learn more return policy.
- What is the Difference Between C & CS Mount lenses?
The physical difference is that the back of a CS mount lens is 5mm closer to the chip than a C mount lens. You can always use a C mount lens on a CS mount camera by using a 5mm spacer ring (many cameras now have C/CS selectable adjustment screws or rings). You can never use a CS mount lens on an older style C mount camera. Cost wise the CS mount lens is much less expensive since it uses fewer glass elements. Quality of image is the same. C mounts are becoming less and less popular and are generally only used on the more telephoto focal lengths such as 25, 50 and 75mm, and bigger zooms.
- Can I use any type of CCTV security camera outside?
Not really. Some bullet cameras, Vandal proof Dome camera and most Infrared cameras are designed for outside use with waterproof cases, but if you need lenses of different focal lengths and especially if you need auto-iris lenses (which are best for outside because of varying light conditions) then mini-cams won't be satisfactory. Normally, box cameras are used outside but need to be mounted inside a special outside housing. These housings are rainproof and can also contain a heater unit for really cold climates and/or a fan for hot climates. Mini-dome CCTV security cameras, most Dome camera and some hidden camera meant for inside use only, should not be used outside.
- What is the vari-focal lens or zoom lens?
A Vari-focal is a lens that is designed to meet the most challenging jobs by giving the installer the flexibility to adjust between different focal lengths using only one lens. When the situation calls for an odd focal length lens or you are not sure of the correct focal length required for the installation, using a Vari-focal lens is the perfect choice.


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Kelly Ripa Admits to Using Botox
August 28, 2012 in Celebrity Plastic Surgery by Lisa Stanfield | Leave a Comment
After years of wondering how Kelly Ripa manages to get younger and perkier with age, the morning show host has finally admitted to what Makemeheal.com has long suspected: Botox is the secret to her eternal youthfulness.
41-year-old working mother of three Kelly Ripa gets up early for her morning talk show host duties and probably has a busy day even after she gets off work. Yet, she manages to look awake and refreshed throughout the day. In the past, Kelly has said she is open to plastic surgery. Now it seems that she has finally revealed why.
In a candid interview with In Touch magazine, Kelly admits that Botox injections are part of her beauty regimen (See Make Me Heal's story on Kelly Ripa's plastic surgery).
"I work out every day. I don't overeat. I try to drink water, but I prefer wine, and when all else fails, I get Botox injected right here, right into my forehead as much as possible!"
Kelly also admits that she knows she needs a touch-up and some time for injectable filler recovery when her kids can see she's mad at them.
"It's when my kids start asking me if I'm mad at them, and I say, "Why do you think I'm mad at you?" They say it's because I'm frowning. I go, "Oh no! I am? I'll be right back!"
Kelly's decision to open up about Botox is refreshing and she looks great.
Read the complete plastic surgery profile of Kelly Ripa on Plasticopedia, the largest online celebrity plastic surgery encyclopedia.
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Tags: botox, Forehead, Injectable Filler, injections, Kelly Ripa, plastic surgery


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When building your own kitchen cabinets, begin by measuring the desired space for the cabinets and creating a scale blueprint either with an online building plan or graph paper. Gather supplies before construction and have a list of the exact dimensions of each wood piece needed to create the design.
Choose a wood that suits your budget and desired look. For example, if you are painting or staining the cabinets, use a less expensive wood. If you desire a particular type of wood grain, density or color, go to a local store or warehouse that sells cabinets and compare the construction and looks of various types of wood. After purchasing the wood, finalize the cabinet blueprints and include a door framing design. Make any necessary changes to the layout to optimize the space.
Some lumber supply stores or home improvement centers cut wood to specific dimensions for a fee and guarantee accurate cuts. If cutting the wood at home, use a framing square to outline the cuts, and check the measurements twice before cutting the wood. Ensure the edges of each cut are square, and label each cut and the connecting sides with a pencil to make assembly easier.
When gluing cabinets together, start by gluing the bottom to the sides and then glue the top and shelves. Glue the back piece last. If using pipe clamps, attach them with something to protect the wood from pressure damage. Keep measuring the completed pieces after construction to ensure dimensions are accurate and pieces are level. After bonding each cabinet and checking the measurements, use finishing nails to secure the shape.


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Saturday, January 30, 2016
Saturday, January 16, 2016
New Work to ring in the new Year
Hello, everyone. Hope your new year is going well so far. Here are a few new pieces I've done. Didn't get a chance to do much drawing today, ended up having to go to work on afternoons. Have a little down time now so I'm uploading some new pieces. Hope you enjoy!
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We have just cooked up our initial pages of our site — Chef Training Classes — which is a website all about training options for aspiring chefs.
If you are interested in either changing careers or just advancing in your current one, we hope our culinary education site can help you find the classes or degree program to get your career cooking on high heat.
Please feel free to send us your comments and/or school recommendations. Thanks.


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'The Cutting Season' By Attica Locke. Harper, 400 pages, $25.99
Attica Locke illustrates the changing face of racism and classism in her superb second novel. The inventive plot of "The Cutting Season" is matched by complex, believable characters, some of whom are motivated by the need to have full lives while others have succumbed to greed. Everywhere they turn, their past and present intersect.
The Louisiana antebellum plantation Belle Vie has thrived for more than a century because of two families. Caren Gray's great-great grandfather was a slave who, along with his family and fellow slaves, worked the land and took care of the plantation's "big house." Now Caren manages Belle Vie where the largely African-American staff caters the many weddings and parties on the premises and performs full-dress re-enactments about plantation life for tourists and schoolchildren.
On the other side are the Clancys, whose distant relative obtained Belle Vie shortly after the Civil War. Now Raymond Clancy owns the plantation, which receives a stipend as a historical landmark from the state. At the same time, this artificial look at the past may be impinged by a corporation that has been buying up the surrounding land and hiring illegal laborers instead of local workers.
Caren is pulled into a murder investigation when the body of a female migrant worker, employed by the adjacent sugar cane farm, is found in one of Belle Vie's old slave cabins.
Locke gracefully chronicles the history of the South, the legacy of slavery and shift in the cultural paradigm. Caren continues her family's connection with Belle Vie, and, by extension, her presence there makes her feel closer to her late mother. The irony that Caren believes Belle Vie is a safe place to raise her 9-year-old daughter is not lost on this African American woman where her ancestors were slaves. Nor can Caren ignore the fact that she has to force herself to come near the restored slave quarters, or forget what the presence of these buildings represent.
As she did in her first novel, the award-winning "Black Water Rising," Locke deftly juggles several plot threads for an insightful look at society.
Oline H. Cogdill can be reached at email@example.com


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I recently had an epiphany, as I have been thinking a lot lately about the drivers of customer satisfaction and how these drivers affect customer loyalty. My conclusion is that not all factors are the same. Some factors are penalty factors, some are reward factors, and some are a combination of both. A penalty factor is a factor in which customer satisfaction needs to exceed a minimum level of competency to meet the expectation that the customer has. If it doesn't, you are penalized.
For a golf facility, condition of golf cars likely would be a penalty factor. The customer expects the golf car to be clean and to provide transportation for 18 holes. As long as the golf car meets this expectation, the facility will avoid any penalty. The point where this expectation is met is the breaking point for this penalty factor. Any improved satisfaction above and beyond this point on the factor of condition of golf cars will not translate to any tangible benefit of having a more loyal customer.
Other factors may be reward factors, where if the customer is delighted the facility will realize a significant reward in customer loyalty. On reward factors, the point where the customer is delighted is the breaking point on these reward factors. If satisfaction is above and beyond that point, it will translate into significantly higher customer loyalty. As satisfaction drops below that point, it will not result in any tangible decrease in customer loyalty.
Some factors may actually be a combination of both penalty & reward factors. For instance condition of greens may be both a penalty factor and a reward factor. The facility may need to achieve a minimum level of performance on condition of greens, so that they don't realize a penalty in terms of customer loyalty. But if that facility delights the customer in satisfaction on condition of greens, they may realize a substansial reward of improved customer loyalty.
In between the breaking points of penalty and reward on the factor of condition of greens may in fact be a dead area, meaning increased satisfaction in between these breaking points will not translate to any significant improvement in customer loyalty.
By understanding what factors are penalty factors, what are reward factors, what factors are a combination of both and where these crucial breaking points are, you will be able to invest wisely to maximize your ROI of enhanced customer loyalty.
Incidentally, I came across an interesting article related to penalty and reward factors in the McKinsey Quarterly on "Maintaining the Customer Experience."


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It's been a month and then some since SimCity was launched, bringing players the immeasurable joy of broken servers, missing features and general unplayability. Whilst receiving glowing pre-release reviews, SimCity was undeniably a wreck.
How does the game hold up now, after a barrage of post-launch patching?
Been hesitant on this one with all the issues after launch. Seems like there are still flaws but a good game none the less underneath.


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The power of touch
Hands-on connections from birth to infant massage
For babies, the nine months of pregnancy may feel like one long, loving embrace. It's not surprising, then, that studies support the benefits of skin-to-skin contact for mothers and babies from the moment of birth, throughout infancy and beyond.
Expectant mothers can enjoy these benefits by including immediate skin-to-skin contact with their babies as part of their birth plan.
"Even for babies born by cesarean section, skin-to-skin time right after delivery can be a wonderful, strong start for both mother and baby," said obstetrician Susan Crowe, MD, director of outpatient breastfeeding medicine services at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital.
When the health of mom and baby allows, postponing the normal protocol of bathing, weighing and testing the baby can clear the way for shared skin-to-skin time.
"During this time, babies experience nine instinctive stages: birth cry, relaxation, awakening, activity, resting, 'crawling' (a shifting movement toward the breast), familiarization, suckling and sleep," said Crowe, who's also a clinical assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Stanford University School of Medicine. "For a mother who desires to breastfeed, supporting skin-to-skin time is one way we can help her reach that goal."
Depending on each mother's birth plan and medical needs, skin-to-skin time with baby offers benefits, whether her baby is born vaginally or by cesarean section, whether it happens in the first hour or when mom is medically ready, and whether or not she is breastfeeding. Skin-to-skin time in the first hour helps regulate babies' temperature, heart rate and breathing, and helps them cry less. It also increases mothers' relaxation hormones.
A 2012 study published in the journal Neonatology showed that 95 percent of mothers who spent skin-to-skin time were breastfeeding exclusively 48 hours after delivery, and 90 percent were still breastfeeding exclusively six weeks later.
Babies and mothers with special medical needs also benefit from being skin-to-skin when it becomes medically possible. Until that time—and later as well—the mother's partner can provide skin-to-skin time with baby, which can help keep the baby warm and provide bonding time.
As babies grow, infant massage provides a natural next step to continue this bond and its benefits. "Infant massage is always about bonding, loving and respect," said Maureen McCaffrey, a certified infant massage instructor at Packard Children's. "We start by asking permission and then listen for the baby's cues to see if they're engaging or disengaging. Babies communicate with us from the moment they're born through body language, sound and behavior."
In her classroom, McCaffrey sets up a nurturing environment that's an easy, safe and relaxing example to parents. "The environment is very important. Parents can begin to feel the benefits just by setting up a quiet space where massage will take place."
McCaffrey teaches a variety of infant massage techniques tailored to the unique needs of babies and families and focuses on the shared benefits for both mother and baby. In just a sampling of its benefits, infant massage:
From the first cuddle to the lasting bond, babies and parents can benefit enormously from learning their "first language"—touch—creating a strong start toward a lifetime of nurturing affection and good health


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I dunno if Pirate101 has any Decemberist nods in the world of Valencia, but they'd be missing a bet if they didn't. I haven't even seen any orange trees. But then I just got here.
So, level 16, and I'm in the third world already. Still feeling just a little overwhelmed in some fights, and that's a good thing. I have never actually LOST a fight, though, and they may not be such a good thing, but probably is. What I would like to be able to say is that I have never been boarded by an enemy, but unfortunately, that happens all too often. I've been trying to keep my nautical level up, but it's a chore, and I feel lucky to have gotten it up to level 10.
I spent a lot of time finishing up in the Tierra Primata skyway before heading to Valencia. It's really a good idea to work on the subquests, if only because they occasionally reward training points. I have a lot of companions. My need for training points is strong.
Oh yeah, about companion training — John Lifeglen over at Through the Eyes of a Sorcerer clued me in on a neat trick. If you outlevel a companion too much, then each training point will count for more and level faster. So the trick is to only use a training point on a companion when that one point will pop it to the next level. Using several training points to bring a companion to its next level is a total waste unless you have, like, just one companion.
Finally did get a privateer (healer) companion from the Admiral's Pack, so that was a good thing. He was eligible for immediate promotion when I unpacked him, and that cost 1700 gold, same as the ninja pig, so I guess that's going to be standard for companions from codes, I guess. Subodai went through his first promotion, which required a lot of farming on the Tierra Primata Skyway, but it was all good because I was watching Hulu. I've seen his second promotion around; he gets a really nice red silk shirt.
Question I've had is, if I could narrow my crew down to the three companions, who would be the best? When you're soloing or in a group, you bring from one to three companions into battle. Now, you can only choose your battle companions in epic battles. Most of the time, it's a weighted random and only your first mate is guaranteed to be at your side.
The most important factor for a companion is damage, I think. If stuff dies fast, nothing else is much of a worry. Second would have to be mobility. My character, a swashbuckler, is VERY mobile, which means I can be anywhere on the battlefield very quickly. If my companion isn't backing me up, though, I'm just out there taking all the hits by myself. Third consideration is health. If my companion dies too fast, it's not doing damage and it's also not taking hits for me. A companion death is a minor annoyance. My death is vastly more serious.
So, here's the roster.
Handsome Dan, privateer. Medium damage, high health, low mobility.
Fa Lung, swashbuckler. High damage, low health, medium mobility.
Bonnie Anne, musketeer. Medium damage, medium health, medium mobility. Pretty much the same stats as the monkey musketeer, but she has the edge on abilities after her promotion. Since she is a ranged fighter, you'd think her mobility as defined by the squares of battlefield she can attack would give her high mobility, but in practice, it's currently just not enough. Still, she has an AE and the monkey does not (though he has the greater range), so she gets the nod.
Old Scratch, witchdoctor. Low damage, low health, medium mobility. I wanted Old Scratch from the very beginning for one thing and one thing only: his ability to summon a Skeletal Pirate. This puts more hit points, more companions, and more damage-per-turn on the field. Old Scratch's nukes do make a difference, too, but by themselves would not make me choose him over another swashbuckler or buccaneer.
In fact, you won't find a buccaneer in my favorite four, the crew most likely to accompany me into battle. This is because I have SO MANY buccaneers that I almost have at least one in a battle, whether or not I choose them. So I am weighting things toward my non-bucc crew.
Doesn't mean I don't value them — I do, and they are often decisive forces on the battlefield, especially after a promotion. It's just I don't feel any particular need to choose one over the other.
Ya know, I just noticed that, dressed like a clockwork, I look so much like my pirate flag that it's amazing. Maybe that's why the clockworks let me traipse around the edges of Valencia so freely with such a flimsy disguise. I don't even goose-step when I walk. What's up with that?
Still, clockwork armada soldiers, killer Christmas gift. Now to convince KI to MAKE them.
Not a lot of impressions of Valencia, as I said. Of course, they reference the Spanish Armada that blockaded Britain way back when, but it's closer to the French resistance vs the invading Third Reich — including the goose-stepping clockworks straight out of Triumph of the Will.
So, a little bit of anachronism there, I guess.
Clockwork armada soldiers are frequently musketeers, which means they have high effective mobility but, thankfully, rather low damage. Best thing, I've found, is to keep them engaged lobbing salvos with my ranged fighters while I sneak around the battlefield, picking them off.
Worked so far.


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- "Get Out" (R)
A horror thriller that stars British actor Daniel Kaluuya as an African-American who visits his white girlfriend's secluded family estate to meet her parents for the first time. He's then shocked to discover there's a much more sinister reason for the invitation.
The mom's a psychiatrist who "innocently" offers to hypnotize him to help him stop smoking, but the few black people he meets have no sense of their own culture and it soon becomes obvious to him that they're struggling under some kind of mind control.
Allison Williams from "Girls" plays his girlfriend, and her malevolent parents are played by Bradley Whitford and Catherine Keener.
The movie's written and directed by Jordan Peele from "Key & Peele".
This is his first time directing, and it's sort of a blend of "The Stepford Wives" and the classic Sidney Poitier drama "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner".
- "Collide" (PG-13)
After a heist goes bad, Nicolas Hoult is on the run and trying to save his girlfriend from the threats of a mob boss played by Anthony Hopkins.
Felicity Jones from "Rogue One" is his girlfriend, and Ben Kingsley is also in it as a shady drug dealer Nicolas turns to for help.
- "Rock Dog" (PG)
An animated movie starring Luke Wilson as a dog who discovers music for the first time and leaves his remote mountain home to become a rock star.
J.K. Simmons is his disapproving father, Eddie Izzard is his musical mentor, and Lewis Black is a wolf trying to take down a bunch of sheep the dogs are guarding.