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Answers I Really Want to Know: What Are The Brokers Telling Us?
By Ryan Krueger Nov 09, 2007 2:15 pm
Are we sure that Goldman Sachs really danced between all those raindrops that hit every other broker?
- What if this chart below is breaking out and yet has the highest short interest I've seen in my career? What if it might also happen to be the instrument most poised to benefit from a risk unwind trade? Would you have a yen, and a Yen?
Click here to enlarge.
- How does Toddo always have so many great questions for himself? I'm already fatigued.
- Why is this even a debate? Debate is actually a pipe dream at this point, his notion is so lonely that I often wonder if we in the U.S. realize we are competing for businesses that can increasingly open with any address? When recently updating my Kaizen vs. Complacency notes, I had to consider not if our headwinds have grown, but by how much?
- Comparing the BTU output for each, we're way out of bounds on Natural Gas price versus Crude Oil price compared to each other. Perhaps you'll recall when that stuff mattered. You know, fundamentals. Which one is going to flinch?
- With Pepe's logo, I wonder now more than ever how does that beautiful mind always have exactly five things swimming in it every day?
- Are we sure that Goldman Sachs (GS) really danced between all those raindrops that hit every other broker? Do they still have the smartest guys in every room? Noticing that many of their former chiefs now run other country's finances around the world, could this be our most important export? Could one of them be teaching a new capitalist how to use a strong currency to buy cheap dollar based assets as I type this?
- After a monster run of out-performance in the U.S. of Small-Cap over Large, I'd take a long look at which one just slipped into a provocative new red dress (now down on the year), as of this week, on a year-to-date basis. Below is the past 4+ years…
Click here to enlarge.
- Small is… ahem… getting smaller. As my favorite current TV personality, Leon (from Curb), would ask: "You mean I should flip his... ?"
Click here to enlarge.
The chart above is from this summer through yesterday.
- Sovereign wealth investment funds have piled up to more than $2 trln according to Merrill Lynch, and are already investing more money than every hedge fund in existence according to Morgan Stanley. Are these other numbers coming out of the brokers more important, longer term, to handicap the direction of equities than the numbers everyone is staring at right now on those brokers' books instead?
- With the Consumer Discretion Sector solidly in second place behind Financials as the worst year-to-date performers (-9% and -18% respectively) shouldn't somebody tell the consumers still willing to wait in line for Eagles season tickets, currently a 4,000-year wait?
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- Clarissa Stevenson
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1 LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA ONE HUNDRED EIGHTIETH REPORT ON ARTICLE 20(3) OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA AND THE RIGHT TO SILENCE MAY 2002 No:6(3) (76) /2002 LC (LS) May 9, 2002 Dear Shri Arun Jaitley ji, I am sending herewith the 180 th report on Article 20 (3) of the Constitution of India and the right to Silence of a person accused. 2. The Law Commission had taken up the above said subject, suo motu, in view of some developments in U.K. and other countries diluting the right to silence of the accused at the stage of interrogation and in criminal trial proceedings. In India, the right against self-incrimination is incorporated in clause (3) of article 20 of the Constitution. Further, after
2 2 Maneka Gandhi V Union Of India, (1978 (1) SCC 248), Article 21 of the Constitution of India requires a fair, just and equitable procedure to be followed in criminal cases. In the present Report, an analysis and a comparative study of right to silence is made based on recently decided English and European Court cases and the position currently obtaining in various countries like U.S.A., Australia, Canada, U.K. and China. Our recommendation is to emphasize that no change in the law relating to right to silence of the accused is necessary. The right is protected by Articles 20 (3) and 21 of the Constitution and sections 161 (2), 313 (3) and 315 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, If the changes made in U.K. or those proposed in Australia are introduced in India, such changes will be ultra vires of Articles 20 (3) and 21 of the Constitution of India. Our recommendation, therefore, is that no dilution of the existing right to silence need be made nor can be made. With regards Yours sincerely, Shri Arun Jaitley, Hon ble Minister of Law, Justice & Co. Affairs, Shastri Bhawan, New Delhi. (Justice M.Jagannadha Rao) Report on Article 20(3) of the Constitution of India and the Right to Silence..throughout the web of English criminal law, one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner s guilt (per Viscount Sankey). (Woolmington vs. DPP, 1935 AC 462 at 481)
3 3 The right to silence is a principle of common law and it means that normally courts or tribunals of fact should not be invited or encouraged to conclude, by parties or prosecutors, that a suspect or an accused is guilty merely because he has refused to respond to questions put to him by the police or by the Court. The origins of right to silence may not be exactly clear but the right goes back to the middle ages in England. During the 16 th century, the English Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission developed the practice of compelling suspects to take an oath known as the ex-officio oath and, the accused had to answer questions, without even a formal charge, put by the judge and the prosecutor. If a person refused to take oath, he could be tortured. These Star Chambers and Commissions were later abolished. The right to silence is based on the principle nemo debet prodere ipsum, the privilege against self-incrimination. Wigmore regarded the principle of silence as having crept into the common law almost by accident in the mid-seventeenth century following the collapse of the political courts of Star Chamber and Commissions. Once the right was established, the right of the accused was extended to witnesses and to allegations of crime and to civil litigation. Wood and Crawford have argued that the device can be attributed to the widespread hostility aroused by compulsory testimony upon oath. They maintain that the right emerged in England as a basic democratic right established by public agitation long before it became the subject of judicial consideration. The second theory, offered by Maguire and Levy, traces the privilege against self-
4 4 incrimination to the English common law criminal procedure in the middle ages. Both Levy and Maguire agree with Wigmore that the right was extended later to witnesses in a criminal case and to allegations of crime made in civil proceedings. Mc Nair has a third view that the above authors have put the cart before the horse. The privilege originated in Roman Common Law, applying first to witnesses and to allegations of crime in civil proceedings before it was extended to the accused in criminal law. The Criminal Law Revision Committee (UK) said in 1972 in its 11 th Report that the principle did not emerge until the 19 th century. (see The Right to Silence: A Review of the Current Debate) (1990) Vol. 53 Mod L Rev p. 709). The 16 th and 17 th centuries show that the privilege against selfincrimination was closely related to the medieval version, which was involved in the protection against religious intolerance. In England, prerogative courts such as the Star Chamber and the High Commission and ecclesiastical courts used the oath ex-officio. In this procedure, any person on the street could be picked up, asked to take oath and answer questions for finding out if they were in disagreement on questions of theology with the Crown. The Privy Council on a motion from the House of Commons asked Coke and Chief Justice Popham when the oath could properly be administered. They replied, No Man. shall be examined upon secret thoughts of his Heart, or of his secret opinion : (see An Oath before an Ecclesiastical Judge ex-officio, 12 Coke s Rep 26 (3 rd Ed, 1727). The Long Parliament abolished the Star Chamber and High Commissions and forbade ecclesiastical courts to use the oath ex-officio. (see Origins of the Privilege against Self-incrimination : by R.H. Helmhotz 65. New York
5 5 Univ. Law Rev 962 (1990); Michael R.T. Mc Nair, The Early Development of the Privilege against self-incrimination : 10 Oxford J. of Legal Studies, 66 (1990); Eben Moglen, Taking the Fiflt: Reconsidering the origins of the Constitutional Privilege against Self Incrimination 92, Mich L. Rev (1994). (quoted at pp by Prof. Akhil Reed Amar in his The Constitution and Criminal Procedure, First Principles 1999, Yale University Press). The right to silence has various facets. One is that the burden is on the State or rather the prosecution to prove that the accused is guilty. Another is that an accused is presumed to be innocent till he is proved to be guilty. A third is the right of the accused against self incrimination, namely, the right to be silent and that he cannot be compelled to incriminate himself. There are also exceptions to the rule. An accused can be compelled to submit to investigation by allowing his photographs taken, voice recorded, his blood sample tested, his hair or other bodily material used for DNA testing etc. Some of the aspects relating to right to silence came to be included in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Art thereof reads: 11.1 Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 to which India is a party states in Art. 9.1 that none shall be deprived of his
6 6 liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law; Art. 9.2 states that any one who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any charges against him. Art refers to the right to be produced in a Court promptly and for a trial. Art. 14(3)(g) refers to various minimum guarantees and states that everyone has a right: Art. 14(3)(g): Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms states in Art. 6(1) that every person charged has a right to a fair trial and Art. 6(2) thereof states: Art. 6(2) Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law. In India, the right against self incrimination is incorporated in clause (3) of Art. 20 and after Maneka Gandhi s case: (1978 (1) SCC 248), Art. 21 requires a fair, just and equitable procedure to be followed in criminal cases. It is initially necessary to bear in mind the difference between burden of proving an issue (known as the legal or persuasive burden of proof), a burden which never shifts and the burden of adducing credible evidence (known as evidential burden), which can go on shifting during the trial. Several modern statutes, while maintaining the burden of proving a pleading or charge, alter the evidential burden. For example, in a civil case, a
7 7 plaintiff may have to prove that the defendant, having borrowed money, is indebted to him but under Sec. 118 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, the initial evidential burden is shifted to the defendant if he had executed a negotiable instrument in favour of the plaintiff. This method of shifting evidential burden has been resorted to in criminal cases too particularly where an accused is found in possession of certain property which the law declares it illegal to possess, such as drugs or stolen property etc. It is perfectly open to a legislature to shift the evidential burden. For example, under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 the evidential burden is shifted to an accused person from whom unaccounted monies or properties disproportionate to his known sources of income are recovered. Under the Excise and Customs laws, and laws relating to smuggling, such evidential burden is initially imposed on the accused in certain circumstances, where the accused may be having special knowledge about facts such as where contraband property is recovered from. Such provisions have been challenged as violative of the principle against self incrimination but have been upheld in as much as there is no shift in the burden of proof on the charge which lies on the State or the prosecution. However, in recent times, the basic principle that the prosecution has to prove the charge of guilt against the accused beyond reasonable doubt is being diluted by the legislature in several statutes. This is contrary to basic rights concerning liberty. Glanville Williams, one of the greatest jurists on criminal law has stated as follows:
8 8 Where it is said that a defendant to a criminal charge is presumed to be innocent, what is really meant is that the burden of proving his guilt is upon the prosecution Unhappily, Parliament regards the principle with indifference one might almost say, with contempt. The Statute Book contains many offences in which the burden of proving his innocence is cast on the accused.the sad thing is that there has never been any reason or expediency for these departures from the cherished principle; it has been done through carelessness and lack of subtleties. (see Glanville Williams, The Proof of Guilt (1963, 3 rd Ed., Stevans pp ). It is in the above background and in the light of the constitutional provisions in our Constitution that we propose to consider whether any changes in the right to silence is necessary and whether, even if made, whether such changes will be valid. We shall refer to certain recent developments in other countries. U.K. Initially in England, the law-makers were confronted with problems of terrorism in Northern Ireland. In order to combat the said problem, the Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order, 1988 was amended permitting inferences to be drawn from the silence of an accused where the accused had a duty to speak. Later on, similar changes were carried out in the English law by enacting sections 34 to 37 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, These provisions permit proper inferences to be drawn from
9 9 the silence of the suspect during interrogation or of the accused at the trial. The Court can comment on the silence in its summing up to the jury. The jury can take the silence into consideration. In a case arising from Northern Ireland, under the Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order, 1988 the matter initially came up before the House of Lords in Murray vs. DPP (1993 Cr. App. Rep. 151). There, the statute enabled the Judge to taken silence into account. In N. Ireland the matters would not go before the jury, unlike the provisions in the English Act of Lord Mustill observed that though the statute in Ireland enabled proper inference to be drawn in case of silence of the accused, it was first necessary that a prima facie case is made out against the accused. Only then the new provisions could be resorted to for the purpose of drawing conclusions about the guilt of the accused. The Court has to make a common sense approach. He made it clear that no finding of guilt could be arrived at merely based on the silence of the accused. On appeal, the European Court in Murray vs. United Kingdom (1996) 22 EHRR 29, held that the encroachments into the right to silence made in Ireland by the Irish law of 1988 did not violate the right to a fair trial nor the presumption of innocence mentioned in Article 6 of the European Convention. It was further held that the trial Judge could not draw an adverse inference merely on account of the silence of the accused and that the guilt of the accused must be prima-facie established by the prosecution. An additional condition was laid down that the new provisions could not be resorted to unless it was proved that the accused was given an opportunity to
10 10 call for an attorney at the time when he was interrogated by the Police or at the time of trial. This was a mandatory rule. After the judgment above referred to, which arose from the Irish law, the English Parliament, which had in the meantime introduced similar provisions in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, 1994, as applicable to England and Wales, amended the said Act by the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act, 1999 by introducing provisions requiring the suspect or accused to be informed of his right to call an attorney. Sub-section 2(A) was introduced in 1999 in Section 34 and that section deals with pre-trial silence. Sub-section (2A) provides an opportunity to call a lawyer and reads as follows: Section 34(2A). Where the accused was at an authorized place of detention at the time of the failure, sub-sections (1) and (2) above do not apply if he had not been allowed an opportunity to consult a solicitor prior to being questioned, charged or informed as mentioned in sub-section (1) above. A similar provision was introduced in Sec.36 by way of Sub-section (4A). Section 36 deals with failure of the accused to account for objects, substances, and marks. Sub-section (3A) was introduced in Section 35. That section deals with right to silence at the trial. Similarly in Sec.37 which deals with the presence of the accused at the scene of offence, sub-sec.(3a) was introduced. All these new Sub-sections require that the accused must be informed that he has a right to the presence of an attorney whenever he is
11 11 questioned. If he had not been so informed, the fact that he remained silent, could not be taken into consideration. If therefore, no presumption can be raised on account of the silence of the accused unless a prima-facie case of guilt has been established by the prosecution, it is difficult to see, and several jurists have also stated similarly, that there is no extra advantage in permitting the judge to rely on the silence of the accused. Further, while the amendment to the English law has made a provision for raising proper inferences, the European Court in Murray Vs. UK has reduced its rigour by limiting the use of the silence for the limited purpose of an assurance or corroboration and that too, provided the accused was informed of his right to have a lawyer by his side at the time of the questioning. But, according to the House of Lords and the European Court, silence of the accused enters into the decision-making process before arriving at a finding that the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. One may ask the question as to in how many cases Police Officers in India are strictly following the rules laid down by the Supreme Court in D.K.Basu s case? In a pending public interest litigation in the Supreme Court, it was reported by the amicus very recently that, according to the information received from various States, it was clear that D.K.Basu guidelines are not being followed in most of the States. Can anybody assure that in India, the Police invariably would inform a person in detention that he has a right to call a lawyer at the time of his interrogation? Even if we introduce a rule to that effect and even if the Police record in their diary that
12 12 such an opportunity was given, one cannot say how much credence can be given to such a noting in India. Even in England, it was stated that, if the signature of the accused was not obtained in the diary after recording that he was informed of his right to call an attorney, that would amount to a breach of section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, One other thing to be noted is that Article 6(1) of the European Convention only speaks of a right to a fair trial and Art. 6(2) to a presumption of innocence. There is no reference to a right against self incrimination, as contained in Article 20(3) of our Constitution or as contained in the Fifth Amendment of the American Constitution. In Murray vs. UK, the European Court no doubt observed that if the silence of the accused was taken into account, after a prima facie case was established and the accused was informed of his right to call for an attorney, the provision as to fair trial in Art. 6(1) would not be violated. We shall next refer to the recent decision of the European Court in Condron vs. The United Kingdom rendered on 2 nd May, The case directly arose under the English Act of The Court relied upon the judgment in Murray s case already referred to and stated that the right to silence was not absolute but at the same time a prima facie case must be made out and the safeguards mentioned in that judgment namely, giving an opportunity to the accused or suspect, to call for a lawyer, must be followed. Condron s case was one where the accused persons exercised their right to call for a lawyer and as the lawyer advised them to remain silent during interrogation by the police, they remained silent and when cross-examined at the trial (a procedure which does not obtain in India), they said that they
13 13 remained silent because of the advice of the lawyer. The Court then stated as follows:..the Court would observe at this juncture that the applicants were subjected to cross examination on the content of their solicitor s advice can not be said to raise an issue of fairness under Art. 6 of the Convention. They were under no compulsion to disclose the advice given, other than the indirect compulsion to avoid the reason for their silence remaining at the level of a mere explanation. The applicants chose to make the content of their solicitor s advice a live issue as part of their defence. For that reason, they cannot complain that the scheme of sec. 34 of the 1994 Act is such as to override the confidentiality of their discussions with their solicitor. The above observations of the European Court lead to this. If the accused remains silent, they run the risk of an adverse inference. But if they seek legal advice and state that their lawyer advised them to remain silent, the Court would then say that there was a fair trial and that they had waived their privilege of confidentiality. They would be prejudiced either way. We may further notice that in Condron s case, the solicitor was also examined at the trial as to the advice he had given. This is clear from what the Court observed later: They (accused) testified that they acted on the strength of the advice of their solicitor who had grave doubts about their fitness to cope with police questioning.their solicitor confirmed this in his testimony in the voir dire proceedings.then admittedly the trial Judge drew the jury s attention to this explanation. However he did so in terms which left the jury at liberty to draw an adverse inference notwithstanding that it may have been satisfied as to the plausibility of the explanation.
14 14 It is to be observed that the Court of Appeal found in terms of the trial Judge s direction deficient in this respect In the Court s opinion, as a matter of fairness, the jury should have been directed that it could only draw an adverse inference if satisfied that the applicant s silence at the police interview could only sensibly be attributed to their having no answer or none that would stand up to cross examination..as the applicants have pointed out, it is impossible to ascertain what weight, if any, was given to the applicant s silence (by the jury). In its John Murray judgment, the Court noted that the trier of fact in that case was an experienced Judge who was obliged to explain the reasons for his decision to draw inferences and the weight attached to them. Moreover, the exercise of the Judges discretion to do so was subject to review by the appellate courts.however, these safeguards were absent in this case. It was even more compelling to ensure that the jury was properly advised on how to address the issue of the applicants silence. It is true that the Judge was under no obligation to leave the jury with the option of drawing an adverse inference from their silence, and left with the option, the jury had option to do so or not to do so. It is equally true that the burden of proof lay with the prosecution to prove the applicants guilt beyond reasonable doubt and that the jury was informed that the applicants silence could not on its own prove guilt However, notwithstanding the presence of these safeguards the Court considers that the Judge s omission to restrict the jury s discretion must be seen as incompatible with the exercise of their right to silence at the police station. The Court observed further
15 15 the Court of appeal had no means of ascertaining whether or not the applicants silence played a significant role in the jury s decision to convict The Court observed that sec. 34 of the English Act as introduced in 1994 gave the discretion only to the jury and inasmuch as the Judge did not give the discretion to the jury, the conviction was liable to be set aside. The Court further observed: Any other conclusion would be at variance with the fundamental importance of the right to silence, a right which, as observed earlier lies at the heart of the notion of a fair procedure guaranteed by Art. 6. We have set out passages from the judgment of the European Court in Condron s case which arose out of the UK law as amended in 1994, in sufficient detail, only to show the ramifications into which the English law has been thrown after the 1994 amendments. Let us, therefore, consider the new problems the English Courts are presently facing after the 1994 changes in the law relating to the right to silence. Presently in most cases, the accused would say, upon being questioned, that his lawyer had asked him to remain silent. Questions have arisen as to whether the lawyer has advised the accused to remain silent because the lawyer felt that the accused might not be able to withstand the hard questioning by the police or the clever or complicated questions of an able prosecutor. Questions have also arisen as to whether the lawyer knew about the guilt of the accused and felt that the accused should stand by his constitutional right. Yet another question that has arisen is whether the lawyer of the accused can be cross-examined, as done in Condron s case to
16 16 reveal the details of the advise and whether that would or would not violate the basic principle of confidentiality between a lawyer and his client. We shall refer to some more problems faced by English Courts after the changes of For example, the present law requires the court to draw a proper inference against the accused who has remained silent when questioned by the Police or by the Court. There are no guidelines as to what type of inference should be drawn in different situations or facts. Further, even after 1994, it is accepted that silence alone cannot be treated as evidence against the accused unless a prima facie case is made out first. Opinion about prima facie case can always differ. For example, an accused may want to remain silent as he does not recognise the authority of the person questioning his innocence. Jesus might have opted to remain silent as he did not accept the authority of Pontius Pilot to question his innocence. (see Mathew 27: 11-14; Luke: 22: 2-5) (quoted by Rosemarry Pattenden on Inference from Silence 1995 Cr.L. Rev. p 602). An accused may have been silent if he felt that the prosecution case was weak. He may have remained silent because his lawyer had asked him to remain silent. It is again not clear what Lord Mustill in the House of Lords or later the European Court meant in stating that a prima facie case must first be established by the prosecution before any inference is drawn from the silence of the accused (see Murray vs. DPP (1993) Cr. App. Rep. 151 (H L.) and (1996) 22 EHRR 29). In the same judgment in the House of Lords, Lord Slynn used the words clear prima facie case and Kelley J in R vs. Murphy (NICA Unrep ), used the words strong prima facie case. It is again not clear whether the inference that may be drawn by the court
17 17 against an accused should relate to the specific facts or whether it could be a general inference about the guilt of the accused. But, Lord Mustill said that sec. 35 could apply to one issue and may not apply to other issues. It is not clear how this can be done in practice. In England, an accused may, in fact, rely on sec. 1(f)(ii) of the Criminal Evidence Act, 1898 and contend that he does not want to testify because of the risk of cross examination. What would happen to that right is not clear. For example, in R vs. Barkley (NICR, Nov. 27, 1992) the accused refused to say anything because he feared that the co-accused may threaten him if he pointed out that the coaccused was the really guilty person. Could it then be said that even in these circumstances, it was a fit case, to draw an inference against the accused, because he remained silent? Silence can always be consistent with innocence the accused might remain silent because of shock, confusion, embarrassment, a desire to protect another person or to avoid reprisals, or in order to conceal some other improper conduct of some other person or it may be his personal trait to generally be silent or he may be having a low I.Q. or there may be a problem of language or literacy; there may be drug dependency; he may not have understood the caution administered by the police; he may not have realised that certain facts known to him would prove his innocence; or as already stated, he may have remained silent because of a bona fide advice by a lawyer. An accused cannot be punished because of a wrong advice of a lawyer. In England it is also curious that except sec. 35 the other provisions, namely sec. 34, 36 and 37 even apply to children and those mentally ill or handicapped. What is to happen to the right to seek legal advise as permitted under sec. 58 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, 1984?
18 18 These questions have still not been answered satisfactorily. Supposing an accused, when questioned at the trial, answers I do not know or it is not true, can an inference be drawn against him on the ground that the above words amounted to silence? If not, is there any difference between his verbal denial and his silence? As already stated, initially the encroachment into the right to silence started with the Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order, 1988 during times when terrorist activities started on a big scale in Ireland. The Law Revision Committee had earlier felt in 1972 that such an encroachment was necessary in the law relating to silence, in the case of suspected terrorists, serious crimes of armed robbery and in regard to businessmen suspected of sophisticated offences of serious fraud (see 11 th Report on Evidence (1972) by the Criminal Law Revision Committee (Cmnd. 4991, para 21 (v) and 30) and Report of Fraud Trials Committee 1986 (para 2.32). A law which was proposed to tackle terrorism in Ireland, came to be accepted in England in 1994 and applied to all cases of crimes where an accused would choose to remain silent. In England, it has been lamented that the Government had brought the 1994 changes on the basis of the 11 th Report of 1972 of the Criminal Law Review Committee even though two other Royal Commissions had recommended that the right to silence could not be encroached upon. (see Report of the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (Cmnd. 8092, 1981) paras 4.47 and 4.53 and the Report of the Royal Commission on Criminal Justice, Ch.IV, paras (ibid, 1995 Crl. L. Rev. p. 4).
19 19 As to when a Court can say that a prima facie case has been proved and as to when a Court can say it has sufficient evidence of the accused having been advised of his right to call an attorney, these matters are capable of becoming serious issues in Indian courts. If the accused and the lawyers are also to be cross examined in India, as to what advise was given, there would be more confusion. It, therefore, appears obvious not to go by the changes of 1994 made in the English law. Otherwise, there will be more litigation, more uncertainty and more arguments for the defence and perhaps more acquittals in India. In fact, in Condron s case, the European Court has referred to several judgments of the Court of appeal in England between 1994 and 2000 and the said judgments reveal that the English law has become more uncertain after There are also several articles written by leading jurists published in the Criminal Law Review (UK) and other journals right from 1994 referring to the adverse consequences and serious problems that have crept into English law on account of these new changes. Australia: In New South Wales, though the prosecution is expressly prohibited from commenting to the jury on the fact that the defendant did not give evidence, the judge and any party (other than the prosecution) may comment to the jury if the defendant does not adduce evidence. However, there are restrictions in the nature of comments which are permitted. Any suggestion that the defendant did so because of a belief of guilt is prohibited.
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By 2018 EPOS will become a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) and thus a legal entity. The ERIC legal framework will provide EPOS with a legal personality and extensive legal capacity recognised in all EU Member States and the flexibility to adapt to the specific requirements of each infrastructure.
EPOS will meet statutes and other commitments necessary for the legal establishment of the ERIC. The ERIC-mandated elements are central to the success of EPOS: a General Assembly (GA) of members will be the organization's governing body. The current Board of Governmental Representatives (BGR) will transform into the GA once the ERIC will be operational. An Executive Director, supported by its Coordination Office (ECO), will be directly responsible to the GA for all aspects of the EPOS activities. A Services Coordination Board (SCB) representing all the TCS and the ICS will inform and advice the Executive Director in formulating and executing the EPOS Annual Work Programme.
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"Shadow and Bone" by Leigh Bardugo
This book had been sitting on my shelf for so long. Despite hearing so much good about it from several people, I just didn't know what to expect, so I stayed away from it. Now I'm glad I finally picked it up and could kick myself for letting it sit there for so long.
First of all, the characters are amazing. I think I'm in love with all of them, even the antagonist. He really confused me and I'm still not 100% sure whether to hate him, or love him, or just be a fangirl of his powers.
Speaking of which, the powers. The whole magic system was entirely new to me, and as I don't read fantasy regularly, complex magic systems usually confuse me and put me off books. But this one was well thought out, and properly explained through show instead of too much tell. I really liked the idea of the elements playing a big part, but also that everyone can still have their own "thing" apart from that.
Going into this book, I also thought I wouldn't enjoy the setting at all (it's set in a fantasy version of Russia, I think), but that was luckily not the case. The setting is merely background noise (except that it's cold, but it could be cold anywhere in the world), and the Russian words might as well be just made-up words from a fantasy realm.
I think "Shadow and Bone" was a great start back into fantasy, and it's definitely on the PRO side of the list of whether I will read more fantasy this year or not.
4 out of 5 Stars, because it was really good and interesting, but not mind blowing.
Meine Bewertung: 4/5
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text:
I'm passing this along as I always thought that it would be great if we knew BEFORE the election who were going to be the main names after the election. I don't necessarily agree with some of the names given as examples, but the process sounds terrific.
It's going to be an ugly campaign. We all know it and we're ready for it, but it's going to the ugliest and nastiest and dirtiest campaign in history.
If Romney takes this advice, it will send a clear message to the Republican establishment that conservatives aren't going to do business as usual any more. It would shake the establishment and pull together conservative voters. With a move like this Romney could pull together the conservative vote.
Here is a little something else this would do… It would shake the Obama campaign to its core.
As soon as the 1,144 delegates are in hand, put this into motion. Rather than a leisurely march toward a VP nominee or a surprise VP announcement like we got in 2008, vet the possible VPs NOW, and stand ready to announce the running mate in a nationally televised press conference the day after the delegates are in hand.
Make the VP choice… Allen West.
Having Congressman West in the VP slot makes him a TRIPLE THREAT and a VP who WILL redefine the role. Triple threat? As the Vice President he would attend to the regular duties and be a heartbeat away from the presidency. A Vice President West would also act as a second Secretary of State in difficult diplomatic negotiations. AND… a Vice President West would work in concert with the Secretary of Defense to realign our military and redefine its role.
Triple threat!
Oh, but this is just the START of the strategy!!!
As soon as the nominee has introduced West as the running mate…THE NOMINEE WOULD THEN INTRODUCE HIS SECRETARY OF STATE NOMINEE… John Bolton.
As a former Ambassador to the United Nations there is nobody with a better handle on the world's issues or more familiar with the players. John Bolton is tough, straight forward, and not likely to appease ANYONE.
Now, you have the nominees on stage, the VP choice and the Secretary of State nominee… Let's not stop there.
Next to walk onto the stage… Sarah Palin, Nominee for Secretary of Energy.
Palin's directive… Set us on the path toward energy independence in 10 years. Can you think of a better choice? Anyone more invested in that goal? Anyone who is more knowledgeable or adept? I can't.
Can you feel the ground starting to shake?
Next out of the wings and onto the stage… The nominee for Secretary of Defense.
Enter… General David Petraeus.
As great as he was fighting a PC war… Imagine what he'll be like once he and West have pressed the reset button on our rules of engagement. In Petraeus we will have a Secretary of Defense whose mission will be to win.
Oh! We're not done yet… Next up…
The nominee for Attorney General… Pam Bondi. Bondi is a no nonsense fighter who has taken on the current administration over Obamacare and WILL clean out the corruption rampant in that office today.
Okay, where are we? Who is now standing on the stage? The nominee… Allen West… John Bolton… Sarah Palin… General Petreaus and Pam Bondi.
How about a Secretary of the Treasury? We would need someone who has worked for YEARS in the tax field who understands the overwhelming burden of tax codes and who has, for years fought to restructure those codes.
Welcome Michele Bachmann to the stage… The nominee for Secretary of the Treasury.
By now, fissures should be opening in the ground, rumbling coming from the sky, and the faint odor of brimstone should be in the air.
We will need someone new… someone with new ideas to head up the Fed.
Please welcome Ron Paul. Yes, I realize this, under Paul, will be a temporary position; somehow, I doubt Ron Paul wants to make a career of running the Fed.
Secretary of the Interior? Governor Bobby Jindal… COME ON DOWN!!!!!
And finally…We need someone to head up the Department of Homeland Security. We must have someone who understands the issues we face. Someone who has worked in federal law enforcement. Someone who won't take any crap from anybody. Please… a round of applause for… Sheriff Joe Arpaio.
Feel free to substitute names… substitute your own choices. The picks are only a part of the whole picture. The impact is as important as the names.
Were the GOP nominee to do this… call a press conference and make such an announcement… It would be unprecedented. Never before has a presidential nominee entered the full on campaign with a fully assembled team.
Can you even IMAGINE the shock-and-awe wave that would be sent through the Obama campaign were the GOP nominee to do this?
Think about it. From the word GO it would be unlike any previous presidential campaign.
Instead of simply nominee Romney against Obama we would have also Congressman Allen West vs Joe Biden… John Bolton vs Hillary Clinton… Sarah Palin vs Stephen Chu… General Petreaus vs Leon Panetta… Pam Bondi vs Eric Holder… Michele Bachmann vs Tim Geitner… Ron Paul vs Ben Bernake… Bobby Jindal vs Ken Salazar and Sheriff Joe Arpaio vs Janet Napolitano!
Let that sink in…
All campaigning at once, there would be no way out for Obama as each and every key player on his team would be revealed and held to account from the word GO. It would be a full frontal assault and Obama would have no place to hide.
By adopting such a proposal, Obama would be forced into a pot of boiling water or into the fire. If he tried to rid himself of baggage he would be running from his own record and that of the very people he's been standing behind for political expediency. If he stays with them, he would be forced to defend them. Boiling water or a raging fire… his choice!
It's bold, brash and completely against the establishment's business as usual strategy. It's earth shaking.
An entire assembled team of key cabinet positions. Each one a pitbull on a T-Bone… hammering their liberal counterparts on every issue, every day, from Day 1 until November 6th, 2012.
We have to play the cards we're dealt with the GOP nominee, but tell me THIS strategy wouldn't go a LONG way toward bringing the conservative voters together. Tell me this strategy wouldn't pull in and appeal to independents.
As voters, using THIS strategy, we would be voting for the whole team rather than just the standard, business-as-usual Presidential two-person ticket.
Feel free to insert your own cabinet choices


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Skip to comments.China rounds up, beats mourners for deposed leader Zhao: witnesses
Posted on 01/27/2005 1:31:34 PM PST by .cnI redruM
BEIJING (AFP) - China has detained dozens of people, some of whom have been severely beaten, for trying to mark the death of former leader Zhao Ziyang, witnesses said.
The allegations came as the government intensified security to prevent mourners attending Saturday's funeral in Beijing for Zhao, the former Communist Party secretary general purged for opposing the 1989 military crackdown on the Tiananmen democracy movement.
At least three people, including a woman in her 70s, were punched and manhandled by police officers outside the government offices which receive complaints in the Chinese capital, witnesses said.
They were among some 60 people who pinned white paper flowers to their clothes, a traditional Chinese symbol of mourning, said a bystander who took pictures of the beatings and posted them on overseas websites.
"A man from Henan province was beaten badly. His left eyeball looked like it was beaten out of its socket and he had a one inch cut to his right eye," said the man who requested anonymity.
"An elderly woman from Shandong province was beaten to a point where she couldn't move and a man from Hunan province was also beaten," he said.
Police shouted at the petitioners that Zhao, who spent nearly 16 years under house arrest until his death last week, was a "political criminal," the witness said.
"They said: 'Why are you commemorating him? You're clearly opposing the government. But the petitioners said 'We think differently. We think he's a good person."
Also last week, an estimated 80 to 90 petitioners were rounded up near Zhao's traditional courtyard home in Beijing for trying to get inside to pay respects and express condolences to his family, petitioners said.
"In our petitioners' hostel, all 10 people who went were detained and held from from 9 am to 11 pm," said Bai Shuhua, one of the 10.
"In the police station, they said 'You don't seek leaders who are alive, but insist on seeking dead leaders. How can the dead help you?" Bai said.
One of the petitioners, Liu Hongbo, was punched twice as he yelled "Zhao didn't do anything wrong," Bai said.
Zhao, prime minister and head of the Communist Party for much of the 1980s, died on January 17 at the age of 85.
The authorities fear his death and funeral on Saturday will be a rallying point for dissidents, petitioners and people dissatisfied with the government.
Zhao was purged for opposing the military crackdown on the 1989 Tiananmen Square pro-democracy protests in which hundreds, if not thousands, were killed.
China announced last week it would not hold memorial services for Zhao but only a "farewell activity for the body," which is effectively a funeral.
In China it is common practice for bodies to be cremated rather than buried.
But family members and the government have been in dispute over the official assessment of Zhao, the guest list and where his ashes should be placed.
These issues have yet to be resolved, a family friend told AFP, despite agreement on the date for the funeral.
"The official assessment is still under discussion," said the friend, who asked not to be identified.
Asked which government officials might attend to pay their respects, the friend said: "It is still unclear."
Diplomatic sources told AFP last week that Premier Wen Jiabao paid a secret visit to the man, who used to be his boss, two weeks before he died but there was no word on whether he would attend the funeral.
Wen was famously pictured standing next to Zhao on Tiananmen Square in the last photograph before he was purged and placed under house arrest.
The government labels Zhao a former official who made a "grave mistake" in his handling of the Tiananmen protests, while acknowledging his contributions towards economic reforms in the 1980s.
Zhao's family strongly objects to the words "grave mistake" being included in an official assessment of his legacy.
Such an assessment is normally agreed with the family before the funeral. A negative assessment could jeopardise the careers of the deceased's offspring within the party or the government, although most of Zhao's five children are in private business.
Now that's how to write government propaganda! I admire someone who can cram that much BS into one sentence. lol!
This reads like one of Hitlery Rodham-Stalins most cherished dreams. I bet she salivates hearing of such unbridled, ruthless government power.
Where are the pictures at?
I doubt we want to renew the arms race, and try to outspend the Chinese, do we?
It's not the arms race that I am against, it is the economics of the race that interests me. We overspent them, driving their economy to the ground, which lead to the Soviet's collapse. I don't see us using the same tactic against the Chinese.
And yes, there the Chinese are acting like there is an arms race on. I just don't see how we could outspend them, when Congress is complaining about spending another 80 billion in Iraq. And our national deficit just keeps growing, without any cuts in spending.
It nice to know that Chinese govt is still up to old tricks
Why we doing business with China govt???
"We will encourage reform in other governments by making clear that success in our relations will require the decent treatment of their own people." --President George Bush
Well, he said it. Here is where the rubber meets the road. I wonder if the Chinese Communists' brutality will be held against them by this administration.
Because it's profitable. That's basically it.
But isn't China nice and peaceful? This must be a lie about our friends in China!
Could it be that the cadres are making the same mistake with
Zhao that they made with Hu Yaobang?
"I doubt we want to renew the arms race, and try to outspend the Chinese, do we?"
No, the point is that the USA should not be enriching China so it may become a more potent adversary than it already is.
"At least three people, including a woman in her 70s, were punched and manhandled by police officers outside the government offices which receive complaints in the Chinese capital, witnesses said."
Freaking heroes.
"Why we doing business with China govt???"
*Anything* in the PRC is the Chinese Government. There is an illusion of private business - but those businesses can be seized at will by the Party. Their laws are little more than window dressing becuase, as we see here, their laws do not apply to the government. Just to the governed.
Wanna free China? Send guns.
Hu says China is peaceful.
Is there any way you can post those pictures on here? As you might have guessed I can't open the site over here.
See the other thread
And, I think the photos have made the wires now. I saw one in Taipei Times
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
The Benedict Leadership Award
The Benedict Leadership Award is an annual award given to a Catholic or group of Catholics whose achievements reflect the heroic leadership of Saint Benedict. Candidates for The Benedict Leadership Award will include those who:
- Build enduring greatness in their organization or community;
- Lead others to their own success; and
- Utilize the principles of their faith in their leadership role.
Other Events
The Institute hosts numerous symposiums and guest lectures for the Belmont Abbey student body on a variety of leadership topics. The purpose of this is to provide great examples of leadership for the students and to allow the students to interact with great catholic leaders.


text: I just have to post this message I received from a moderator in another forum. She sends me a private message and says: the title= Your membership here is in jeopardy! Inside the body she writes, Say "thank you" on occasion or be suspended If you are so inconsiderate that you can't post a "thank you" on occasion to those in this forum, then you will suspended and/or banned. We are not seeking people to go crazy (meaning to post excessively), we simply desire you to show some reasonable appreciation for the efforts of those people who make your surfing life easier. LOL!! Just had to share that one-- this gave me my laugh for the year.


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Watch out, Aaron Craft, the "T" word has been dropped on you.
Craft, whose last-second shot enabled a Buckeyes victory against Iowa State on Sunday, has been known more for his lockdown defense than his workmanlike offensive prowess. But that may have changed on Sunday with his beautiful arcing 3-pointer which took Ohio State to the Sweet 16.
The dramatic performance has so affected observers that a Tim Tebow comparison has hit the media.
"If he's not one of your favorite players, then you don't like college basketball," Arizona coach Sean Miller said Monday, according to the Tucson Citizen. "He has that Tim Tebow quality.
"Tebow, at Florida, it wasn't just his performance on the field, but who he was as a person, the leadership that he provided, the competitive spirit he embodied. It seemed to spread through Florida's football team, and Aaron Craft does the same thing for Ohio State basketball."
Miller's comments certainly won't help Craft among his detractors.
Still, the comparison is apt in a lot of ways. Like the Jets quarterback, Craft doesn't seem to fit the parameters of his position. He's not that quick, doesn't score a lot of points. But he performs in the clutch, steps up in big moments, and displays leadership qualities.
Like Tebow, Craft is also accumulating a mass of people who dislike him, and who might accuse the media of overhyping the Buckeye, whose pesky defense makes him very easy for opponents to hate.
There are also a lot of questions about Craft's ability to play at the next level.
But don't expect that to slow down the hype machine, particularly if Ohio State makes it to the Final Four. For better or worse, the world might have found its next Tebow.
MIAMI: A person familiar with the situation says senior center Reggie Johnson had a minor surgical procedure in one of his knees yesterday and will not play in this weekend's East Regional games.
The person says the 6-foot-10 Johnson, who averages 6.7 points and 4.8 rebounds, did not accompany the Hurricanes to Washington last night but is expected to be able to play in the Final Four if Miami advances.
— With AP


text:
Digital Photos Hide Data -- and Cyberstalkers Can Find It, Expert Warns
A picture's worth a thousand words -- especially for cyberstalkers.
Social networking and smartphones go hand in hand for the web savvy. But few people realize they may be giving away more than they plan to when they post even the most innocuous photos from their Blackberry phones or Apple iPhones.
Most smartphones encode a GPS stamp called a geotag into digital photos they capture, a tag that reveals the exact location a photo was taken by embedding longitude and latitude coordinates. Share that picture on Twitter or Facebook and anyone can instantly discern where you are, warned Ben Jackson, a security analyst and co-founder of the website ICanStalkU.com.
"We take that data, look at the publicly available photos and then map it to an address -- so we can then tell a person was at a certain location when they posted that photo," Jackson told FoxNews.com.
ICanStalkU.com aims to monitor social-network users on Twitter and let them know when they're giving away their exact locations, and it covers people all over the country and around the world. In just over three months ICanStalkU.com has managed to track 50,000 different photos using geotags.
The information can be very helpful when users are trying to sort through old vacation photos, but it also offers criminals an even faster way to hunt for victims online.
"Unfortunately, when people are instantly publishing these photos online it can then provide breadcrumbs to where they were and where they might hang out," Jackson said, adding that tracking someone via geotags is quite simple. "It's easy enough that I can probably teach a grade schooler to do it."
We decided to put Jackson's tracking skills to the test. Heading to a random side street in New Bedford, Mass., I took a quick snapshot and posted the photo online, linking it to my Twitter page. Within 15 minutes Jackson was driving down the street to say hello.
"We start analyzing for patterns. We can start telling where your house is, where you may work, what your favorite haunts may be, a coffee shop, restaurant, a place that you like to go to like a club of some sort," Jackson pointed out. "We can then piece those together and say, 'hey, look at that. Every Friday night they like to go to this bar over on Main Street.'"
People with more nefarious intentions can use that and other data to swipe identities, stalk victims and scout locations. Last Fall, three men were nabbed on burglary charges in Nashua, N.H., after police say they used information gleaned online to help swipe more than $100,000 worth of stolen goods.
Nashua Police Lieutenant Jeffrey Bukunt said he expects that the number of criminals using the web to commit crimes will increase.
"It's something they can do from the comfort of their own home. They no longer have to go out on the street to necessarily case a residence to commit a burglary," Bukunt told FoxNews.com.
Luckily, this functionality is easy to disable on most phones if you don't want it to remain active: The ICanStalkU.com website has details on how to disable geotagging.


text:
Ear mites can be treated by cleaning the ear with a bland, safe oil that does not irritate the sensitive skin of a dog's ear. Flushing the ear with oil washes out some mites and suffocates those that remain.
Safe oils include mineral oil, olive oil and almond oil. For greater effectiveness, soak crushed fresh garlic in the oil overnight. All of the garlic must be removed prior to using the oil. This treatment should be used every day for a month. If the mite infestation persists for over a month or a secondary infection develops, the dog should be seen by a veterinarian.


text:
Microsoft Azure Fundamentals
Microsoft Azure Fundamentals
This course provides the underlying knowledge required by all individuals who will be evaluating Microsoft Azure, regardless of whether they are an administrator, developer, or database administrator. This course also provides the pre-requisite knowledge for students wishing to attend course 20532C Developing Microsoft Azure Solutions, or course 20533C Implementing Microsoft Azure Infrastructure Solutions.
During this course, students will be introduced to the principles of cloud computing and will become familiar how these principles have been implemented in Microsoft Azure. In addition, this course will take students through the process of implementing the core Azure infrastructure, consisting of virtual networks and storage. With this foundation, students will learn how to create the most common Azure services, including Azure virtual machines (VMs), Web Apps, and SQL Databases. The course will conclude by describing features of Azure Active Directory (Azure AD) and methods of integrating it with on-premises Active Directory.
After completing this course, students will be able to:
• Describe cloud computing, Azure, and Azure subscriptions.
• Describe and create Azure Web Apps.
• Create and configure VMs in Microsoft Azure.
• Create an Azure virtual network.
• Describe Azure storage.
• Describe and deploy databases in Azure.
• Describe Azure AD.
Module 1: Getting Started with Microsoft Azure
This module introduces students to cloud services and the various Azure services. It describes how to use the Azure portal to access and manage Azure services, and to manage Azure subscription and billing.
•What is cloud computing?
•What is Azure?
•Managing Azure
•Subscription management, support, and billing
Lab : Using the Azure portals
•Customizing the Azure portal interface
•Viewing billing, usage, and quotas data
After completing this module, students will be able to:
•Describe cloud computing.
•Describe Azure.
•Manage Azure.
•Describe subscription management, support, and billing.
Module 2: Microsoft Azure management tools
This module explains Azure PowerShell and its use in managing Azure subscriptions. It also describes the Azure Software Development Kit (SDK) and the Azure cross-platform command-line interface, and explains their benefits and uses.
•What is Azure PowerShell
•The Azure SDK and the Azure CLI
Lab : Using Microsoft Azure management tools
•Using the Azure PowerShell modules
•Use the Azure CLI
After completing this module, students will be able to:
•Describe Azure PowerShell.
•Describe the Azure SDK and the Azure CLI.
Module 3: Virtual machines in Microsoft Azure
This module explains how to use Azure to deploy virtual machines. It also explains the highly available and scalable configuration of Azure virtual machines, and the management of virtual machine disks by using Azure.
•Creating and configuring VMs
•Configure disks
Lab : Creating a VM in Azure
•Create a VM from the Azure Portal by using an Azure Marketplace image
•Verify the functionality of the VM
•Configure storage of a VM
After completing this module, students will be able to:
•Create and configure VMs.
•Configure disks.
Module 4: Web Apps and cloud services
This module explains how to create, configure, and monitor Web apps by using Azure. It also describes the creation and deployment of Cloud Services on Azure.
•Creating and configuring web apps
•Deploying and monitoring web apps
•Creating and deploying PaaS cloud services
Lab : Web Apps and cloud services
•Creating and configuring a WordPress web app
•Create a cloud service
After completing this module, students will be able to:
•Create and configure web apps.
•Deploy and monitor web apps.
•Create and deploy PaaS cloud services.
Module 5: Creating and configuring virtual networks
This module explains Azure virtual networks and how to create them. It also covers variety of virtual network components, focusing in particular on Azure load balancers.
•Getting started with virtual networks
•Creating a virtual network
•Getting started with Azure Load Balancers
Lab : Create a virtual network
•Creating a virtual network
•Verifying virtual network functionality
After completing this module, students will be able to:
•Explain virtual networks.
•Create a virtual network.
•Describe Azure Load Balancers.
Module 6: Cloud storage
This module explains the use of cloud storage and its benefits. It also explains how to create, manage, and configure cloud storage in Azure.
•Understanding cloud storage
•Create and manage storage
Lab : Configure Azure Storage
•Create an Azure Storage account
•Create and manage blobs
After completing this module, students will be able to:
•Understand cloud storage.
•Create and manage storage.
Module 7: Microsoft Azure databases
This module explains the options available for storing relational data in Azure. It also explains how to use Microsoft Azure SQL Database to create, configure, and manage SQL databases in Azure.
•Understanding options for relational database deployment
•Creating and connecting to Azure SQL databases
Lab : Creating a SQL Database in Azure
•Create a new Azure SQL database in Azure and configure SQL Server firewall rules
•Manage content of an Azure SQL database by using SQL Server Management Studio
After completing this module, students will be able to:
•Understand relational database deployment options.
•Create and connect to Azure SQL Databases.
Module 8: Creating and managing Azure AD
This module explains how to use Azure AD and Azure Multi-Factor Authentication to enhance security. It explains how to create users, domains, and tenants in Azure AD, and how to use Multi-Factor Authentication and single sign-on (SSO).
•Overview of Azure AD
•Manage Azure AD authentication
Lab : Create users in Azure Active Directory tenants
•Create users in Azure AD
•Create a new Azure AD Tenant and a custom DNS domain
After completing this module, students will be able to:
•Describe Azure AD.
•Manage Azure AD authentication
In addition to their professional experience, students who attend this training should already have the following technical knowledge:
• Understanding of websites.
• A basic understanding of virtualization.
• A basic understanding of Active Directory concepts, including domains, users, and domain controllers.
• A basic understanding of database concepts including tables and simple queries.
This course is intended for IT professionals who have a limited knowledge of cloud technologies and want to learn more about Microsoft Azure.
The audience will include:
• Individuals who want to evaluate the deployment, configuration, and administration of services and virtual machines using Microsoft Azure.
• Developers who want to evaluate the creation of Microsoft Azure solutions.
• Windows Server administrators who want to evaluate the migration of on-premises Active Directory roles and services to the cloud.
• IT professionals who want to evaluate the use of Microsoft Azure to host web sites and mobile app back-end services.
• Database administrators who want to evaluate the use of Microsoft Azure to host Microsoft SQL Server databases.


text:
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