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Research in MAY. Police Use of Force, Tasers and Other Less-Lethal Weapons.
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1 MAY U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice 2011 Research in B r i e f Police Use of Force, Tasers and Other Less-Lethal Weapons
2 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC Eric H. Holder, Jr. Attorney General Laurie O. Robinson Assistant Attorney General John H. Laub Director, National Institute of Justice This and other publications and products of the National Institute of Justice can be found at: National Institute of Justice Office of Justice Programs Innovation Partnerships Safer Neighborhoods
3 May 2011 Police Use of Force, Tasers and Other Less-Lethal Weapons Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official positions or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This Research in Brief is based primarily on A Multi-Method Evaluation of Police Use of Force Outcomes, final report to the National Institute of Justice, July 2010, NCJ , available online at pdffiles1/nij/grants/ pdf. This research was supported by grant number 2005 IJ CX 0056 from the National Institute of Justice. NCJ
4 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y About this report This study looked at injuries that occur to law enforcement officers and citizens during use-of-force events. Most applications of force are minimal, with officers using their hands, arms or bodies to push or pull against a suspect to gain control. Officers are also trained to use various other force techniques and weapons to overcome resistance. These include less-lethal weapons such as pepper spray, batons or conducted energy devices (CEDs) such as Tasers. They can also use firearms to defend themselves or others against threats of death or serious bodily injuries. What did the researchers find? This study found that when officers used force, injury rates to citizens ranged from 17 to 64 percent, depending on the agency, while officer injury rates ranged from 10 to 20 percent. Most injuries involve minor bruises, strains and abrasions. The study s most significant finding is that, while results were not uniform across all agencies, the use of pepper spray and CEDs can significantly reduce injuries to suspects and the use of CEDs can decrease injuries to officers. The researchers assert that all injuries must be taken seriously. When police in a democracy use force and injury results, concern about police abuse arises, lawsuits often follow and the reputation of the police is threatened. Injuries also cost money in medical bills for indigent suspects, workers compensation claims for injured officers or damages paid out in legal settlements or judgments. What were the study s limitations? In many cases, agencysupplied injury data did not allow for a detailed analysis of the nature or seriousness of the injuries reported. ii
5 P o l I C E U S E o F F o R C E Geoffrey P. Alpert, Michael R. Smith, Robert J. Kaminski, Lorie A. Fridell, John MacDonald, and Bruce Kubu police use of Force, tasers and other Less-Lethal Weapons About the Authors Geoffrey P. Alpert, Ph.D., is professor of criminology and criminal justice at the University of South Carolina. Michael R. Smith, J.D., Ph.D., is professor of political science and dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Georgia Southern University. Robert J. Kaminski, Ph.D., is associate professor of criminology and criminal justice at the University of South Carolina. Lorie A. Fridell, Ph.D., is associate professor of criminology at the University of South Florida. John MacDonald is associate professor of criminology at the University of Pennsylvania. Bruce Kubu is senior research associate at the Police Executive Research Forum. introduction Police weaponry has come full circle. During the middle of the 19th century, police officers in New York and Boston relied on less-lethal weapons, mostly wooden clubs. By late in the century, police departments began issuing firearms to officers in response to better armed criminals. Although firearms are still standard issue, law enforcement agencies are again stressing the use of less-lethal weapons rather than firearms. 1 The Fourth Amendment forbids unreasonable searches and seizures, and various other legal and policy controls govern how and when officers can use force. Most agencies tightly control the use of force and supervisors or internal affairs units routinely review serious incidents. New technologies have added to the concerns about the use of force by law enforcement. New technologies raise questions During the past 20 years, new technologies have emerged that offer the promise of more effective control over resistive suspects with fewer or less serious injuries. Pepper spray was among the first of these newer less-lethal weapons to achieve widespread adoption by police forces, and more recently, conducted energy devices (CEDs) such as the Taser have become popular. Taser use has increased in recent years. More than 15,000 law enforcement and military agencies use them. Tasers have caused controversy (as did pepper spray) and have been associated with in-custody deaths and allegations of overuse and intentional abuse. Organizations such as Amnesty International and the American Civil Liberties Union have questioned whether Tasers can be used safely, and what role their use plays in injuries and in-custody deaths. 1
6 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y Several studies found that when agencies adopted the use of pepper spray, they subsequently had large declines in assaults on officers and declines in officer and suspect injury rates, and associated injuries were usually minor. Pepper spray provides a way to reduce injuries. CEDs such as Tasers produce 50,000 volts of electricity. The electricity stuns and temporarily disables people by causing involuntary muscle contractions. This makes people easier to arrest or subdue. When CEDs cause involuntary muscle contractions, the contractions cause people to fall. Some people have experienced serious head injuries or bone breaks from the falls, and at least six deaths have occurred because of head injuries suffered during falls following CED exposure. More than 200 Americans have died after being shocked by Tasers. Some were normal, healthy adults; others were chemically dependent or had heart disease or mental illness. 2 Tasers use compressed nitrogen to fire two barbed probes (which are sometimes called darts) at suspects. Electricity travels along thin wires attached to the probes. (A new wireless Taser is also on the market.) Darts may cause puncture wounds or burns. A puncture wound to the eye could cause blindness. 3 Despite the dangers, most CED shocks produce no serious injuries. A study by Wake Forest University researchers found that 99.7 percent of people who were shocked by CEDs suffered no injuries or minor injuries only. A small number suffered significant and potentially lethal injuries. This NIJ-sponsored study included six police departments and evaluated the results of 962 real world CED uses. Skin punctures from CED probes were common, accounting for 83 percent of mild injuries. 4 Policymakers and law enforcement officials want to know whether Tasers are safe and effective, and how (if at all) they should be used to match police use-of-force choices with levels of suspect resistance. This study indicates that CED use actually decreases the likelihood of suspect injury. previous research on use of force and injuries The controversy around Taser use is not unique. Law enforcement agencies found themselves in similar circumstances with pepper spray in the 1990s. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International questioned the safety and misuse of pepper spray as its use spread rapidly in American law enforcement agencies. NIJ 2
7 P o l I C E U S E o F F o R C E funded various studies on the safety and effectiveness of pepper spray. 5 Some studies have focused on officer injury. Several found that about 10 percent of officers were injured when force was used. 6 However, two studies of major police departments found officer injury rates of 38 and 25 percent. 7 The agencies with lower rates allowed officers to use pepper spray, while the two with higher rates did not. A few researchers have looked at how various approaches to force affect officer injury rates. 8 Overall, the empirical evidence shows that getting close to suspects to use hands-on tactics increases the likelihood of officer injuries. Research also shows that suspects have a higher likelihood of injury when officers use canines, bodily force or impact weapons such as batons. Alternatives to bodily force and impact weapons are found in other less-lethal weapons such as pepper spray and CEDs. Previous studies on pepper spray and CEDs Pepper spray. Law enforcement agencies rapidly adopted pepper spray in the late 1980s and early 1990s as an alternative to traditional chemical agents such as tear gas, but its use sparked controversy. Notably, the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California asserted that pepper spray was causing in-custody deaths. NIJ studies on the link between pepper spray and in-custody deaths found that the deaths were largely a result of positional asphyxia, pre-existing health conditions or were drug related. 9 Several studies found that when agencies adopted the use of pepper spray, they subsequently had large declines in assaults on officers and declines in officer and suspect injury rates, and associated injuries were usually minor. 10 Pepper spray provides a way to reduce injuries. CEDs. Many law enforcement agencies noted that injury rates for officers and suspects declined after they introduced CEDs. 11 Medical research, including controlled animal trials and controlled human trials, has produced various insights. Some animal studies were conducted to learn if CED 3
8 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y use could result in ventricular fibrillation. Several studies showed that standard shocks that lasted five to 15 seconds did not induce ventricular fibrillation of the heart. Higher discharges, 15 to 20 times the standard, or those of longer duration two 40- second exposures induced fibrillation or increased heart rhythm in some pigs. In addition, longer exposures led to ventricular fibrillation-induced death in three pigs. 12 Controlled studies involving healthy human subjects (often law enforcement trainees) found that subjects experienced significant increases in heart rates following exposure, but none experienced ventricular fibrillation. 13 NiJ study and recommendations NIJ gathered an expert panel of medical professionals to study in-custody deaths related to CEDs. In its report, the panel said that while CED use is not risk free, there is no clear medical evidence that shows a high risk of serious injury or death from the direct effects of CEDs. Field experience with CED use shows that exposure is usually safe. Therefore, law enforcement agencies need not avoid using CEDs provided they are used in line with accepted national guidelines. 14 A preliminary review of deaths following CED exposure found that many are associated with continuous or repeated shocks. There may be circumstances in which repeated or continuous exposure is required, but law enforcement officers should be aware that the associated risks are unknown. Therefore, caution is urged in using multiple activations. 15 The seeming safety margins of CED use on normal healthy adults may not be applicable to small children, those with diseased hearts, the elderly, those who are pregnant and other at-risk people. The use of CEDs against these populations (when recognized) should be avoided, but may be necessary if conditions exclude other reasonable choices. 16 A suspect s underlying medical conditions may be responsible for behavior that leads law enforcement officers to subdue him or her. Sometimes this includes CED use. Abnormal mental status in a combative or resistive subject, sometimes called 4
9 P o l I C E U S E o F F o R C E excited delirium, may be associated with a risk for sudden death. This should be treated as a medical emergency. 17 the national survey The Police Executive Research Forum conducted a survey of state, county and municipal law enforcement agencies to learn more about less-lethal technologies and related policies and training. More than 500 agencies participated. Most agencies have a useof-force continuum that is covered in training, where officers learn to use suitable force levels depending on circumstances. For example, an officer might start by using verbal commands when dealing with a suspect. Then an officer might move to soft empty-hand tactics (such as pushing) when faced with lack of cooperation or mild resistance. The continuum covers various circumstances up to the use of firearms. The survey included various levels of resistance and asked agencies to describe what force they allow in each. Most agencies allow only soft tactics against a subject who refuses, without physical force, to comply with commands. Just under half allow officers to use chemical weapons at that point. However, if the subject tensed and pulled when an officer tried to handcuff him or her, most agencies would allow chemical agents and hard empty-hand tactics, such as punching. Many also allow for CED use at this point but about 40 percent do not. Almost three-fourths allow CED use if the suspect flees, and almost all allow it when the subject assumes a boxer s stance. Most agencies do not allow baton use until the subject threatens the officer by assuming the boxer s stance. Three-fourths of the surveyed agencies that use CEDs issued them between 2004 and Most are using Tasers. In most agencies, officers receive four or six hours of training, and 63.7 percent of agencies require that officers experience activation (i.e., get shocked) during training. Most agencies do not allow CED use against a subject who nonviolently refuses to comply with commands. However, six in 10 allow for CED use against a subject who tenses and pulls when the officer tries to handcuff him or her. Agencies usually The seeming safety margins of CED use on normal healthy adults may not be applicable to small children, those with diseased hearts, the elderly, those who are pregnant and other at-risk people. The use of CEDs against these populations (when recognized) should be avoided but may be necessary if conditions exclude other reasonable choices. 5
10 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y place the CED with chemical agents in their force continuum, meaning that their use is typically approved in the same circumstances in which pepper spray use is allowed. CEDs are usually lower on the continuum than impact weapons. One facet of the controversy surrounding CED use concerns vulnerable populations and circumstances that pose potentially heightened risk to the subject. For only one circumstance when a subject is near flammable substances do most agencies (69.6 percent) ban CED use. Some 31 percent forbid CED use against clearly pregnant women, 25.9 percent against drivers of moving vehicles, 23.3 percent against handcuffed suspects, 23.2 percent against people in elevated areas and 10 percent against the elderly. However, many agencies, while not forbidding use in these circumstances, do restrict CED use except in necessary, special circumstances. Analysis of information from specific law enforcement agencies Looking at the experiences of specific agencies can yield important information that might otherwise be lost in larger analyses. The researchers used various statistical techniques to identify factors that increase or decrease the odds of injury to officers and suspects alike. Richland County Sheriff s Department. The Richland County Sheriff s Department (RCSD) includes about 475 sworn officers who serve the unincorporated portions of Richland County, S.C. Deputies carry Glock.40 caliber pistols, collapsible metal batons and pepper spray. Increasingly, they also carry the model X-26 Taser. The agency started phasing in Taser use in late During data collection, about 60 percent of deputies carried Tasers. Researchers coded 467 useof-force reports covering the period from January 2005 to July Of the 49 separate injuries recorded for officers (three officers had more than one injury), 46 involved bruises, abrasions or cuts. The department recorded 92 6
11 P o l I C E U S E o F F o R C E suspect injuries; 69 of those were bruises, abrasions or cuts. Most of the remaining suspect injuries were dog bites, but three involved broken bones or internal injuries. Further analysis of the data included identifying how various factors increased or decreased the risk of injury to officers or suspects. The use of soft empty-hand techniques by an officer, active aggression by a suspect and suspect use of deadly force all increased the risk for deputies. Soft empty-hand control was the most frequent force level used by deputies, occurring in 59 percent of all use-offorce incidents. These techniques increased the odds of officer injury by 160 percent. Thus, deputies were at greatest risk for injury when using the least force possible. Two variables significantly decreased the risk for suspects. Pepper spray use decreased the odds of suspect injury by almost 70 percent, and a deputy aiming a gun at a suspect reduced injury odds by more than 80 percent (because the act of pointing a gun alone often effectively ends the suspect s resistance). However, the use of a canine posed, by far, the greatest injury risk to suspects, increasing injury odds by almost 40 fold. Suspects who displayed active aggression toward deputies were also more likely to suffer injuries. CED use had no effect on the likelihood of injury; this is inconsistent with the experiences of other agencies, suggesting that not every agency s experience with the Taser will be the same. Miami-Dade Police Department. The department has about 3,000 officers, is the largest law enforcement agency in the Southeast and is one of the largest departments that has never issued pepper spray to its officers. 18 The researchers examined 762 use-of-force incidents involving a lone officer and a lone suspect that occurred between January 2002 and May About 70 percent of the officers carried Tasers by May Officers were substantially less likely to be injured than suspects, with 16.6 percent (124) of officers injured and 56.3 percent (414) of suspects injured. Most injuries were minor, but 73 suspects (17 percent) 7
12 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y suffered serious injuries. Minor injuries included bruises, sprains and lacerations. Major injuries included bites, punctures, broken bones, internal injuries and gunshot wounds. The department does not issue pepper spray to its line officers, and there were few incidents involving guns or batons. Analysis of the incidents found that the use of both soft-hand tactics and hard-hand tactics by officers more than doubled the odds of officer injury. Conversely, CED use was associated with a 68-percent reduction in the odds of officer injury. As for suspects, hands-on tactics increased the odds of injury, the use of canines greatly increased the odds and CED use substantially decreased the odds. Seattle Police Department. The Seattle Police Department has about 1,200 sworn officers. The agency started using Tasers in December Other less-lethal weapons include pepper spray, batons and shotgun beanbag rounds. The department recorded 676 use-offorce incidents between Dec. 1, 2005, and Oct. 7, Suspects suffered injuries in 64 percent of the incidents, while officers suffered injuries in 20 percent of the incidents. Officers used hands-on tactics in 76 percent of the incidents. The next most frequent type of force officers used was the Taser (36 percent), followed by pepper spray (8 percent). Suspects were impaired by alcohol, drugs or mental illness in 76 percent of the incidents. Just over half (52 percent) of the suspects were nonwhite, and 95 percent were male. Analysis of the data revealed that Taser use was associated with a 48-percent decrease in the odds of suspect injury but did not affect officer injury. The use of unarmed tactics by officers increased the odds of officer injury 258 percent. The odds of officer injury increased significantly when suspects resisted using physical force or the use or threat of use of a weapon. Although results were not uniform across the agencies, the analysis shows that the use of pepper spray and CEDs can have a significant and positive injury-reduction effect. Interestingly, nonwhite suspects were less likely to be injured than whites in both 8
13 P o l I C E U S E o F F o R C E agencies (Miami and Seattle) where suspects race was available as a variable for analysis. Another important finding concerns the use of canines. While canines were used rarely, their use substantially increased the risk of injury to suspects in two of the agencies. Combined agency analysis and its limitations The researchers also conducted a combined analysis of use-of-force data from 12 large local law enforcement agencies. 19 The full report gives a detailed description of the information available and the limits of the data. Most agencies, for example, had details about demographic characteristics of suspects, but only four had officer demographic information. Moreover, the Miami-Dade Police Department did not use pepper spray while San Antonio did not use CEDs. Despite the limitations, the study s use of a large sample, representing more than 25,000 use-of-force incidents, allowed the researchers to use statistical techniques in an effort to learn which variables are likely to affect injury rates to officers and suspects. The use of physical force (hands, feet, fists) by officers increased the odds of injury to officers and suspects alike. However, pepper spray and CED use decreased the likelihood of suspect injury by 65 and 70 percent respectively. Officer injuries were unaffected by CED use, while the odds of officer injury increased about 21 percent with pepper spray use. The researchers noted the 12-agency analysis yielded puzzling results about the relationship between pepper spray use and officer injury rates. Those results are inconsistent with the single agency analysis. More research may explain the differences. Longitudinal analysis The researchers reviewed use-of-force information from police departments in Austin, Texas, and Orlando, Fla., to learn how introducing CEDs affected injury rates. This quasi-experimental approach tracked injuries before and after CED introduction. The Orlando data include 4,222 incidents covering 1998 to CED use began in February The Austin data includes 6,596 incidents from 2002 to However, CED use was 9
14 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y phased in beginning in 2003 and was not completed until June A large drop in injury rates for suspects and officers alike occurred in both cities following CED introduction. In both cities, Taser adoption was associated with a statistically significant drop in average monthly injuries to suspects. In Orlando, the suspect injury rate dropped by more than 50 percent compared to the pre-taser injury rate. In Austin, suspect injury rates were 30 percent lower after full-scale Taser deployment. In Orlando, the decline in officer injury rates were even greater than for suspects; the average monthly rate dropped by 60 percent after Taser adoption. In Austin, officer injuries dropped by 25 percent. Interviews with officers and suspects Researchers conducted interviews with 219 officers from South Carolina s Richland County Sheriff s Department, 35 from the Columbia Police Department (CPD), and 35 suspects involved in use-offorce situations to supplement and add a qualitative context to their quantitative analyses. Generally, they tried to contact officers and suspects within 48 hours of receiving a use-of-force report. Interviews were voluntary, and some officers and suspects declined to participate. In nine out of 105 use-offorce incidents, Richland County Sheriff s Department officers reported that a Taser did not work properly or did not have the desired effect. In addition, researchers received reports of multiple Taser hits on a suspect and multiple uses of the Taser in drive stun mode (when the Taser is pressed against a suspect rather than firing darts) to control suspects (or, based on the suspects reports, as punishment). These reports indicate that some officers are using Tasers multiple times during an encounter. Nine percent of the officers reported injuries, almost all of which were scrapes, cuts or bruises suffered while struggling with resistant suspects. Officers also reported that 26 suspects (12 percent) were injured. Most suspect injuries were cuts or abrasions, but there were also two dog bites, and one suspect was shot in the arm after firing at officers. 10
15 P o l I C E U S E o F F o R C E In 22 cases, researchers interviewed both the officers and suspects involved in an incident. Most suspects said officers used excessive or unnecessary force to subdue them. Some suspects said officers used Tasers quickly, and several said the officers enjoyed watching them endure the pain. Some suspects said officers kneed them in the back and kicked or punched them after they were in handcuffs. Some also said officers used Tasers on them after they were handcuffed. Suspects often tell a different story than the officers who arrest them. In almost all cases, suspects said officers used excessive force and that they were not resisting arrest. The officers, for their part, said they used minimal force to control suspects, and did not mention using force after a suspect was under control. Officers reported that the force used was necessary and reasonable. In a typical account, a suspect said he was unaware there was a warrant out for his arrest, and when police confronted him, he did not resist. He said the officers pushed me to the ground and put the cuffs on they didn t have to do that to me. He said that all the officers had to do was tell him to quit acting up. He complained that officers should just have told him to calm down instead of pushing him to the ground. By contrast, they said the suspect ran away when confronted, so they tackled him. These kinds of contradictions were common; suspects said they did not resist, and officers provided justification for the force levels they used. In other cases, suspects and officers offered radically different versions of events. For example, in one case, an officer said he saw several traffic violations and the suspects sped off and stopped, with one suspect running away. The officers said the driver then tried to exit the vehicle from the passenger s side holding a shotgun. One officer pointed his weapon at the suspect, who then dropped the shotgun. The suspect failed to mention the shotgun to researchers and only complained that officers put the handcuffs on too tightly and slammed him around in the back of the transport vehicle. Unlike the Richland County Sheriff s Department, the 11
16 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y Columbia Police Department did not use Tasers. The officers described 35 use-of-force incidents. Three officers reported that pepper spray was ineffective. In all three cases, the suspects were either drunk or high on drugs. One case, in particular, highlighted the potential advantages of the Taser over pepper spray in some circumstances. In that case, a 6 7, 370-pound man wanted for domestic violence charged an officer with a metal object in his hand. The officer used pepper spray, but it had no effect. The suspect then retreated to the apartment kitchen and grabbed a knife. The officers pointed their guns at him and ordered him to drop the knife, but he refused. He cut and stabbed himself with the knife while the officers waited for another agency to arrive that was equipped with a Taser. The suspect cut himself more than 100 times before the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division arrived and used a Taser on him. The Taser had an instant effect, and officers were then able to handcuff the suspect. Most injuries in both agencies occurred when officers and suspects struggled on the ground. The differences between the agencies were striking. RCSD equips most of its deputies with Tasers. The deputies collectively reported fewer injuries to themselves and suspects from ground fighting than did CPD officers. CPD did not issue Tasers, and 31 percent of its officers reported getting cuts, scrapes and bruises from wrestling with suspects on the ground. The prevalence of ground fighting injuries among RCSD officers (less than nine percent) was lower, as were injuries to suspects caused by contact with the ground. Some of the injuries could have been prevented had officers used Tasers instead of hands-on tactics. Implications for policy, training and future research Because of the controversial nature and widespread use of CEDs, the researchers explored their use in detail and made recommendations, based on the findings, for whether and how CEDs should fit into the range of less-lethal force alternatives available to law enforcement officers. 12
17 P o l I C E U S E o F F o R C E Factors affecting injuries Physical force The findings clearly show the use of physical force and hands-on control increase the risk of injury to officers and suspects. In Richland County, S.C., soft empty-hand control significantly increased the odds of injury to officers, while hard empty-hand tactics increased the risk of injury to suspects. In Miami- Dade, both types of force increased the risk of injury to both officers and suspects. In Seattle, use of force increased injury risk to officers but not to suspects, while the overall analysis (of 12 agencies) showed increased injury risk to suspects and especially to officers associated with physical force. This increased risk was large. When controlling for the use of CEDs and pepper spray in the overall analysis, using force increased the injury odds to officers by more than 300 percent and to suspects by more than 50 percent. Suspect resistance Increasing levels of suspect resistance were associated with an increased risk of injury to officers and suspects. The increased injury risk was especially acute for officers. In Richland County, active aggression and threats of deadly force increased the odds of officer injury by more than 100 percent. The odds of suspect injury were unchanged in Seattle with increased resistance levels. These findings suggest that officers, rather than suspects, face the most increased injury risk when suspects resist more vigorously. Pepper spray The findings suggest that, at least for suspects, pepper spray use reduces the likelihood of injury. In Richland County, pepper spray use reduced the odds of suspect injury by 70 percent but did not affect officer injuries. In Seattle, pepper spray use had no effect on injury rates for officers or suspects. However, the overall analysis (of 12 agencies) showed that pepper spray use reduced the likelihood of injury to suspects by 70 percent, which was even more than the decline noted with CEDs (see below). For officers, pepper spray use increased the likelihood of injury by 21 to 39 percent. This finding 13
18 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y was unexpected, and more research may help to explain how officers choose to use pepper spray versus CEDs. CEDs Except for in Richland County where its effects were insignificant, CED use substantially decreased the likelihood of suspect injury. In Miami-Dade, the odds of a suspect being injured were almost 90 percent lower when a CED was used than when it was not. Similarly, the odds of suspect injury went down by almost 50 percent when CEDs were used in Seattle. The larger analysis of 12 agencies and more than 24,000 use-offorce cases showed the odds of suspect injury decreased by almost 60 percent when a CED was used. In Richland County, Seattle, and in the larger analysis, Taser use had no effect on officer injuries, while in Miami-Dade, officer injuries were less likely when a Taser was used. Controlling for other types of force and resistance, CED use significantly reduced the likelihood of injuries. CED adoption by the Orlando and Austin police departments reduced injuries to suspects and officers over time. Demographic characteristics Apart from officer force and suspect resistance, few other factors influenced injury outcomes. In Miami- Dade, male suspects were twice as likely to be injured as females. The same held true for the 12-agency analysis. In that larger analysis, the presence of a male suspect slightly increased injury risk to officers. In Seattle, female officers were more than twice as likely to be injured as male officers. placement of pepper spray and CeDs on a linear use-of-force continuum People rarely die after being pepper sprayed or shocked with a Taser. However, if injury reduction is the primary goal, agencies that allow use of these less-lethal weapons are clearly at an advantage. Both weapons prevent or minimize the physical struggles that are likely to injure officers and suspects alike. Although both cause pain, they reduce injuries, and according to current medical research, death or serious harm associated with their 14
19 P o l I C E U S E o F F o R C E use is rare. In that sense, both are safe and similarly effective at reducing injuries. Both should be allowed as possible responses to defensive or higher levels of suspect resistance. This recommendation is supported by the findings and is now followed by most agencies that responded to the national survey. policy and training issues related to CeDs CEDs were used far more often (four to five times more often) than pepper spray among agencies that equipped officers with CEDs and were sometimes used at rates that exceeded emptyhand control. Unlike pepper spray, CEDs do not require decontamination and do not carry the risk of accidental blow back that often occurs with pepper spray use. However, they do entail the removal of prongs and the potential for an unintended shock to an officer. Even with these concerns, they are rapidly overtaking other force alternatives. Although the injury findings suggest that substituting CEDs for physical control tactics may be useful, their ease of use and popularity among officers raise the specter of overuse. The possible overuse of CEDs has several dimensions. CEDs can be used inappropriately at low levels of suspect resistance. Law enforcement executives can manage this problem with policies, training, monitoring and accountability systems that provide clear guidance (and consequences) to officers regarding when and under what circumstances CEDs should be used, or when they should not be used. Besides setting the resistance threshold appropriately, good policies and training would require that officers evaluate the age, size, gender, apparent physical capabilities and health concerns of a suspect. In addition, policies and training should prohibit CED use in the presence of flammable liquids or in circumstances where falling would pose unreasonable risks to the suspect (in elevated areas, adjacent to traffic, etc.). Policies and training should address the use of CEDs on suspects who are controlled (e.g., handcuffed or otherwise restrained) and should either prohibit such use outright or limit them to clearly defined, aggravated circumstances. 15
20 R E S E A R C H I N B R I E F / M A y In addition to being used too often, CEDs can be used too much. Deaths associated with CED use often involve multiple Taser activations (more than one Taser at a time) or multiple five-second cycles from a single Taser. CED policies should require officers to assess continued resistance after each standard cycle and should limit use to no more than three standard cycles. Following CED deployment, the suspect should be carefully observed for signs of distress and should be medically evaluated at the earliest opportunity. Directions for future research CEDs can be used too much and too often. A critical research question focuses on the possibility of officers becoming too reliant on CEDs. During interviews with officers and trainers, the researchers heard comments that hinted at a lazy cop syndrome. Some officers may turn to a CED too early in an encounter and may relying on a CED rather than rely on the officer s conflict resolution skills or even necessary hands-on applications. Research should explore how officers who have CEDs perceive threats, compared to officers who do not have them. In addition, it is important to determine when, during an encounter, an officer deploys the CED. Another important CEDrelated research project would be a case study of in-custody deaths involving CED use and a matched sample of in-custody deaths when no CED use occurred. Advocacy groups argue that CEDs can cause or contribute to suspect deaths. The subjects in CED experimental settings have all been healthy people in relatively good physical condition who are not under the influence of alcohol or drugs. There is no ethical way to expose overweight suspects who have been fighting or using drugs to the effects of CEDs, so an examination of cases where similar subjects lived and died may shed some light on the reasons for the deaths. Law enforcement officials typically argue that most if not all the subjects who died when shocked by a CED would have died if the officers had controlled and arrested them in a more traditional hands-on fight. At this point, the argument is rhetorical and research is needed to understand the differences and similarities in cases where suspects died 16
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TIDEZ T-SHIRTShort sleeve graphic t-shirt
Details https://www.animal.co.uk/outlet-boys-clothing/tidez_t-shirt-CL8SN615.html
Item# CL8SN615
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Animal Boys' Tidez T-Shirt - Product Code CL8SN615
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Orphanage in Hua Hin
Questions for the residents, services, suppliers, shops and businesses, get quick answers from the people that live here. The Hua Hin Business Directory has listings of local shops and services.
SPONSORS: Expat Hua Hin : Siam Old Teak
SPONSORS: Expat Hua Hin : Siam Old Teak
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4 posts • Page 1 of 1
Orphanage in Hua Hin
Hi can anyone advise re orphanages in Hua Hin...let me explain.....I have been asked a question from a new expat who will be moving here. She is interested to know if there are any orphanages she can volunteer to help out? I thought I saw one in one of the side streets on my journey in to MArket Village but cannot remember the name. I can always go have another look. It might be somewhere up the Soi where Big K or the Electric shop (?) is. Anybody have any idea re voluntary work. Would be glad to hear. Thks.
Re: Orphanage in Hua Hin
There are the orphanages in the little boxs (Give a little help and Make a difference) near the top of each page. I've also seen a sign along Soi 88 pointing towards St Christophers Childrens Home.
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Re: Orphanage in Hua Hin
Important enquire about a work permit even for un paid volunteer work.
Is Bangkok a place or a nasty injury.......Eric Morcombe.
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Re: Orphanage in Hua Hin
Thanks Corinne for sharing your experience. I also intend to volunteer this year so I appreciate your feedback regarding Phuket Sunshine. Blessings to you.
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Insensitive and Selfish
Why is that, there are some people in this world who are so insensitive and so selfish, they would say they were the most affected while they were the one who started it. We just want a fair game but they choose to be unfair, now I hope that the decision will be realized then so the person who is really involved why there were some commotions in that field will be sanctioned enough of what he did. We will not stop until he would learn his lesson because if we won't pursue what we have started against that person, there are many or even more who will be the next victim of his lies. I am just so thankful that my friend is so persistent to push this through; at least I have someone for me to relate to.


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Gentleman's Corner: Larenz Tate Talks 'House of Lies,' Working With Nia Long and Music Video Directing
VIBE Vixen: Tell us about the show House of Lies.
Larenz Tate: House of Lies is one of those shows, that I watch and I'm just blown away by what they're able to get away with on a premium network. It's an incredible show, its funny, its sophisticated, it has this cool, sexy, classy world about it. Don Cheadle, who is incredible, and what's funny is he and I never talked about me joining the cast or jumping on season 2 before; I just told him, "I love your show; I love the fact that you're back doing television." It's something that people wouldn't expect coming from him. You would assume that he's this very serious actor that doesn't have a funny bone in his body but its quite the opposite, he's extremely funny, super smart and I think this show, fits a side of Don that people don't know.
Explain your character in the show.
He [Cheadle] and his crew [the pod] are all about beating the rich fat cats at their own game, and it's interesting because my character, Malcolm, is polar opposite of Don's character, Marty. We're brothers but we don't get along; we've always had sibling rivalry. My character is all about occupying Wall St. He's about the movement, the revolution, protesting, about speaking up for the common individual who doesn't have a voice; one of those guys who considers himself as a mover and shaker in the community. That there makes a complete conflict with [Marty], but it goes a lot deeper. We have a lot of history. You'll see that as the character grows on the show.
What's the reception been like since joining the cast?
A lot of people have just been happy to see my face surface. People are intrigued by the fact that I've joined the cast with Nia Long. We bring a different demographic, a different audience to the show, and the response has been been positive. When my character was introduced, I was doing live streaming via Twitter and Facebook, and there was a lot of support.
So how has it been working with Nia again?
My relationship with Nia is an incredible. We're even closer now then when we were doing Love Jones. Working with her is extremely easy. We spend more time laughing at ourselves and enjoying the fact that people want to see more of us together. We want to do more films together, and I think that it's long overdue. Obviously we want people to watch House of Lies but we also want to find the best project to do as far as film, and it's probably going to be in the same world as Love Jones.
That's exciting. Will there be any romance between you two on House of Lies?
[Laughs] Ya'll just gotta watch it and see. I'm not at liberty to talk about all the episodes. Tune in to see what happens.
Photo Credit: Cliff Lipson/SHOWTIME


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How a Montreal heiress shaped New York's skyline
The Seagram Building is known as one of the world's great architectural masterpieces.
And it came to be, in part, because of the vision of a young woman from Montreal.
Phyllis Lambert is the founder of the Canadian Centre for Architecture, a philanthropist, and a member of Montreal's storied Bronfman family.
In the 1950's, her father Samuel Bronfman, head of the Seagram company, decided to move the company's headquarters from Montreal to New York City.
Bronfman wanted to a make statement with a new skyscraper on Park Avenue.
He sent some initial drawings to his daughter Phyllis.
What happened next not only set Phyllis Lambert on the path to adopting architecture as a career, it also led to one of the most iconic and innovative buildings of the twentieth century: the Seagram Building, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
Phyllis Lambert has now chronicled that story in her handsome new book Building Seagram (Yale).
Listen to Jeanette Kelly's interview with Phyllis Lambert:
Pictured: Philip Johnson, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Phyllis Lambert in front of an image of the model for the Seagram building, New York, 1955.
Photo courtesy Fonds Phyllis Lambert, Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal.
Categories: Books, architecture
Air Times
|Radio One
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Admission/Further Studies
If I am in a study programme, do I need to apply again every semester?
If you are a student at MF this semester and want to continue the same programme of study, you do not have to reapply. Fill out your education plan on StudentWeb and sign up for the exam during the semester registration period (August/January). If you wish to change study programmes, contact a student advisor. Students that are admitted to individual courses have the right to study with unlimited duration, unless you fail to pay the semester fee two semesters in a row. Then you must apply for admission within the applicable deadlines. A paper invoice will not be sent; you must go in to Payment in StudentWeb and generate your invoice.
Can I apply for leave from my studies?
If you wish to take a break in your studies, please apply for a leave. Leave of absence can be granted for up to two semesters without special reasons. If you are away for more than two semesters without a legitimate cause, you lose the right to study at MF and must apply for admission again. Please contact the study administration when you want to start studying again.
Semester Fee
All current full-time and single subject students must generate an invoice every semester on StudentWeb under Payment.
All necessary payment dates will then appear on the page and will be available for you when logged on to the StudentWeb.
The semester fee includes a SiO-fee, together with a voluntary gift to the MF Students Help Fund (40 NOK) and Students and Academics International Assistance Fund (SAIH, 10 NOK) that you can remove if you wish. Part time studies have separate fees.
I have asked for a paper invoice for the paying of the semester fee and have lost the invoice, what do I do?
You have two options. Either you can go into StudentWeb and select "Payment" on the menu to the left. Write down account numbers, amount and KID-number. You can also order a printed copy the same time you generate the invoice for the semester, or you can contact the Student Reception and have a new invoice sent to you.
What are the different items included in the semester fee?
SiO Fee - A fee that all students in Oslo pay. All students must be a member of the welfare organization. If you study at several locations you only pay the fee once. You must present a receipt from the other institution to us.
Deductible - Consists of two parts:
A part that finances the Student Democracy and various welfare measures in the learning environment (contribution to the Welfare Council, basement cafe, newspaper subscription, gymnasium, exercise room, etc.)
Both parts of the amount are obligatory.
In addition there is a voluntary amount to the MF Student Aid Fund: Every student pays 40 NOK. The money forms a fund, which is given every year to a good cause. The cause is determined by a general student meeting at MF. The same applies to 10 NOK to Students and Academics International Assistance Fund, which is also voluntary.
I have stopped, and withdrawn from studies, or I pay SiO fees to two places. Can I have the money refunded?
Yes, send an email to the student reception before the registration deadline of September 1/February 1, with a message about your situation and account number: email@example.com
What is StudentWeb?
StudentWeb is a net application where students sign up for exams, sign up for seminar groups, change address, get an overview over their grades, etc. StudentWeb can be found by using the link on MFs website.
Is there a user manual for StudentWeb?
The user manual for StudentWeb is found on the PCs in the learning resource center on the 2nd floor. The online version is /2014/11.08/603600/semesterregistrering_engelsk_-_20140811_162326_8.html"> here.
Where do I find the PIN code for logging in to StudentWeb?
The PIN code is found in the upper right hand corner of the invoice sent to you before the start of the semester. If you have lost the code, you can have a new one sent to you. If you have previously registered your email address on StudentWeb, you can log in with your date of birth and personal number, and click on the button "Send Pin". Or you can contact student reception on the 3rd floor at MF.
I have paid the semester fee, but it is not updated on StudentWeb. What is wrong?
It takes two work days from when the invoice is paid before it is registered. If it has been more than two days, the cause can be that you did not use the KID-number that was given on the invoice when you paid it. Then it will take a little bit longer before the payment is registered, and you have to be patient.
How do I get a receipt for semester registration?
We refer you to the Student ID app, available for all smartphones and other similar devices.
Do I have to register on StudentWeb or can I do it in another way?
Semester registration must be done on StudentWeb. If that for some reason does not work, contact the student reception on the 3rd floor at email@example.com
Do I need an email address?
You will get an email address from MF. Email is our preferred way to contact you for individual inquiries and to give information to student groups. Lectures may be cancelled, classes may be moved etc.
Do I have to use the email address I was given by MF?
Emails to your MF-address may be automatically forwarded to your private email address if you register for this on the StudentWeb. Forwarding works after you have activated your account.
Student Card/Library Card/Sports Card
Where do I get a student card?
After completing the semester registration, and paying the semester fee, go to the 2nd floor (library). There will be special opening hours the first two weeks (see notice on the door). We take your picture and you get the card immediately. Please note that payment must be registered the day before you pick up the card. The card can be used as a library card at the library the next day. Get your student card as soon as possible.
What do I need to bring when I pick up the card?
You must have identification with you (driver's license, bank card, or passport). A picture will be taken there, so you do not need to have that with you. Remember that your payment must be registered the day before you pick up the card.
Sports Card
Using the gym and the training room in MFs basement is free of charge. You can also join SiO Athletica's gyms.
The Student ID app (Semester Card)
The student ID app functions as a ID for students in services related to the Student Welfare Organization (SiO) and collective transport companies (i.e.NSB and Ruter).
The student ID app is valid when you have paid the semester fee and registered in the StudentWeb. The student ID app is available both in English and in Norwegian. If you do not have a smartphone, or do not want to use the app, email email@example.com to get a paper version of the student ID.
The new version includes:
- a new login solution
- barcode for scanning of valid student ID
- now also available for Windows Phones
The new version of the Student ID app can be downloaded from App Store (iOS), Google Play (Android) or Windows Store.
a) Downloading the app for the first time
Download the app from your app store.
b) If you are already using the Digital Student ID
Important: The old version of the app will be shut down during the autumn. If you are using the app today, but do not download the new version, you will lose your Digital Student ID.
Notification about downloading the new version
-If you are connected to the internet you will, a week after release, be notified that your user is no longer valid: "Sorry. Your user is no longer approved. Please log on again." When you try to log on, a web page with a link to the app store to download the new version of the app, will appear.
-If you update the information in the app, or if you log out and then log on again, you will be asked to download the new version of the app.
-If you are not connected to the internet, do not update the information in the app or do not log out, you will not receive any notification about downloading the new version.
How to log on to the student ID for the first time?
1) Open the app (requires internet access)
2) Choose your institution
3) Log on with your username and password (given to you from your institution)
4) Read the declaration of consent and accept (The app can only be used if you give your acceptance)
5) Read the terms and conditions and approve (The app can only be used if you approve the terms and conditions)
If you have paid the semester fee and you have completed the registration, this information will be shown in a yellow box at the bottom of the page. The semester receipt is saved in the app itself. This means that the app, after logging on and registering your payment of the semester fee, can be used without any internet connection.
Questions about the Student ID app
Q: How do I log into the app?
A: Use the same username and password you use in other systems (Canvas, StudentWeb, computers etc.).
Q: When can I start using the app?
A: As soon as you've paid your semester fee and registered in StudentWeb. It may take 3-5 days until your payment is registered.
Q: Do I still need a student ID (access card)?
A: Yes. The use of a physical student card depends on the institution. At many institutions, a card is needed for access to buildings and borrowing books at the library.
Q: How do I use the app to prove I have the right to student discounts at public transport services?
Q: During ticket inspections, show your valid ticket and the digital student ID app. The app will show you're an active student at your institution.
Q: Why is there no photo of me in the app?
A: If you haven't obtained a student ID (access card) with a photo of you, there won't be a photo in the app either. You will receive more information about where and when you can get your student ID at the beginning of the term.
Q: I have a photo student ID, but there's still no photo of me in the app. Who should I contact?
A: Please contact the institution you belong to for help.
Q: Is the student ID app valid if there's no photo of me?
A: If there's no photo of you in the student ID app, you need to show another kind of ID as well. The app will still prove that you're an active student.
Q: I need help. Who should I contact?
A: Please see your institution's webpages.
Q: I'm getting an error message. What does this mean?
A: Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com.
Q: What kind of personal information will the app collect?
A: The app will collect the following information: name, photo, date of birth, student number, institution, and whether you're a valid student (if you've paid the semester fee and registered for the term).
Q: Where will this information be saved?
A: This information will be saved in the phone only.
Q: The transition from one semester to another and the duration of the semester card
If I am a student only for the spring semester, when will the app no longer show my semester card?
A: The semester card for the autumn semester will be shown from the 1st of January until the 31st of August.
Q: If I am a student only for the autumn semester, when will the app no longer show my semester card?
A: The semester card for the autumn semester will be shown from the 1st of August until the 31st of January.
Q: If I have registered and paid for both the autumn and the spring semester, when will the semester card change in the app?
A: A valid semester card for the autumn semester will be shown every time you update the app between the 1st of August and the 31st of December. As soon as you update the app after 00:00 the 1st of January, the semester card for the spring semester will be shown in the app.
Q: If I have registered and paid for both the spring and the autumn and semester, when will the semester card change in the app?
A: A valid semester card for the spring semester will be shown every time you update the app between the 1st of January and the 31st of Juli. As soon as you update the app after 00:00 the 1st of August, the semester card for the autumn semester will be shown in the app.
Exam/Portfolio Assessment
See the exam pages.
Information about portfolio assessment i TEOL1811
Education Plan
All students (except single course students) have an individual education plan. This is usually identical with the programme plan for your study programme, though some programmes will have more room for choosing courses than others. You can also deviate from the study programme to a certain extent, but only in accordance with set regulations and in dialogue with your student advisor. This includes part-time studies and extension of the study period.
The individual education plan in Studentweb is a way for you to plan your studies ahead and for you to communicate this to the administration, but also a way for the administration to communicate with you. The plan is completed one semester at a time, and you can always change your mind about future semesters until the registration deadlines February 1st/September 1st.
Student PC
Where do I get the password for the student PCs?
The password to the PCs and Canvas (same password!) can be picked up in study reception on the 3rd floor. Remember to activate your account and confirm that you agree with the IT rules at MF.
Can I change my password? How?
The password can be changed by logging in to a PC. Go in to students' intranet and pick "password" from the menu to the left.
I get an error message when I log in to the students intranet - do I need a new password?
To log in to the intranet, you must have activated your account and waited 30 minutes. Other than that, your password should work if you have not changed it yourself earlier. Check capital and lowercase letters, and the difference between the letter O and the number 0 (zero). If you have forgotten it, you can always retrieve the password, as described above.
How do I log into the wireless network with a laptop?
A printout of "directions" is found hanging outside the reading hall. If you have problems you can get help from IT-support in the library.
How do I use the computers or printing at MF?
For some basic information about how to use computers or Microsoft Word, you can have a look at these PowerPoint slides from our computer course for international students.
We refer our international students to Lånekassen's pages.
What degrees can I obtain at MF?
MF awards degrees in Bachelor of Theology, Bachelor of Culture and Society, Master of Theology, Master of Religion, Society and Global Issues, Master of History of Religions, Master of Christianity, Master of Diaconia, Professional study of Theology, and PhD. For study directions and what the degree contains see MF's regulations.
If I fulfill all the criteria and already have more than enough credits, can MF print out a certificate right away?
You must apply to be awarded a degree, and any external exams that are a part of the degree must be certified with us. Since today you can decide which subjects will be a part of the degree, we need to have a message from you with what you want - at least the type of degree you want (BA in Culture - and social sciences or in theology, etc.) We print out certificates four times a year (15.3., 15.6., 15.9., 15.12.) and you can apply whenever you would like. Processing times, however, vary and we recommend that you apply with plenty of time.
What is Canvas?
Canvas is the electronic learning platform that MF uses. This is being actively used in teaching, and it is important that our students are familiar with Canvas and its features.
Where do I find my password for Canvas?
At the student reception on the 3rd floor. You can also order a new print out by phone or email to firstname.lastname@example.com
If you need a transcript printed out you can send an email to . Enter the address you would like it sent to, and you will receive it in the mail after a few days. Alternatively, you can pick it up personally at the student reception.
Lost and Found
Where do I find left behind things?
You can check with reception on the 1st floor. They do not store all the left behind things there. Everything that does not have a name on it and does not have a lot of value is kept in the basement. There are some shelves which contain a wide variety of things, and it is worth taking a look down there if you cannot find something, like your notes for a lecture. Things that are lost are kept on the 2nd floor for a while before they end up in the Lost and Found room in the basement.
Facilities of the MF building
Parking: Up to 5 parking spaces for handicap vehicles can be found by the main entrance, along the wall. It is possible to apply for a permanent parking place one semester at a time if you have a communal parking pass.
Entrance: Two entrances to the building. The main entrance (towards the music college) has automatic door openers. A new wheelchair ramp will be built at the main entrance with the planned repairing of the exterior access. The B-entrance (towards the States Work Environment Institute, Stami) leads to the Bi-elevator. Students that use a wheelchair , can receive a key card to the bi-entrance by appointment.
Elevator: There are two elevators in the building. The area in the main elevator is 110x160 cm. The opening width of the door is 91 cm. BI-elevator: area is 112x189 cm, and the opening width is 90 cm. Both the elevators are adapted with tactile and low buttons together with Braille on the floor buttons both on the inside and the outside.
Doors: The door to the library has automatic door openers. In connection with the rehabilitation further automatic doors will be installed. All the doors fulfill the required opening width, and there are not any high thresholds in the building.
Handicap-toilet: The building has two HC-toilets that can be reached by the elevator - a completely new, separate HC-toilet is located in the basement, available for students and visitors. In addition one of the toilets on the 4th floor was upgraded and extended for students with specific needs.
Classrooms: All rooms can be accessed by the elevator or ramp. There is a loop system in the largest and most used auditorium (aud. 1). The plan is to get this in auditorium 2 and 3.
- Resting Room: A resting room, located in the basement. Reservation is done at the main reception on the 1st floor.
Microsoft Office software
All our students can now use Microsoft Office for free on their private PCs and on Mac. More information here.


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Wow, Christmas is in 3 Days! Hard to believe the year went by so quickly. We're enjoying our holiday time with all of our family, including our middle son and daughter-in-law who are in from South Korea. This year is especially nice because they're expecting. That'll be grandbaby number 4 for me!
It's been a chaotic month filled with fun that started with my annual brunch for some local reader and author friends, including, Toni Blake, Jules Bennet, Jessica Lemmon, John Lemmon, & Macy Beckett.
After that I had my annual kiddie party with my grandsons, great nieces and a few kids from family friends. And a few days later I had a baby shower for my lovely daughter-in-law and son. Great fun!
On Christmas Eve we'll host both sides of the family for dinner and gifts. It's been a tradition to have it at our house for many years and I love being the hostess.
But even with all that going on, I still wanted to do a special #ThankfulThursday for all the amazing readers who visit with me on Facebook.
It makes sense to give a prize pack of some of the books from my local author friends who visited during my holiday brunch. Since we gave away the books from John Lemmon, Jessica Lemmon, and Macy Beckett earlier in the week, how about
Christmas in Destiny by Toni Blake, Caught Up In You by Jules Bennett, and ARC's of Under Pressure & Hard Justice from me for Thankful Thursday?
*These books don't release until 2017*
#ThankfulThursday is easy! One name is randomly drawn from the LIKEs on my FB page and that person gets the featured goodies. Fun, right!?
Make sure to check back on my FB wall – https://www.facebook.com/lorifoster – around 8:00pm EST tonight – 12/22/16 – to see if your name is posted!
If it is, you'll need to get your mailing address to me within one day.
Deadline to send your address is 8pm 12/23/16!
And come back next Thursday for another #ThankfulThursday giveaway!
Happy reading to all,
Lori Foster


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I don't recall ever mentioning news articles in my blog, but a recent event changes my style. All over the news this morning was the killing of two NYPD Auxiliary Police Officers in Greenwich Village. Some guy, supposedly angry over a friend's job termination at a restaurant, visited the restaurant and killed the bartender. When he was followed by the two auxiliary policeman, he turned around and killed them too.
I recall one time in high school, perhaps in the junior or senior year, I took Criminal Laws and the class had a visit from the local auxiliary police force. At that presentation, I learned that the auxiliary police are just unarmed volunteers. They even have to pay for their own uniforms. They may be trained in basic self-defense but mostly serve as eyes and ears for the regular force. The theory is that having a police presence, even unarmed, can deter crimes. They get to drive police cruisers and I don't know what else they get out of it, but they can certainly get killed in the line of duty, just like what happened yesterday. I love doing volunteer work, but I must say the auxiliary police must be volunteering in the extreme.
R.I.P., NYC Auxiliary Police Officers Eugene Marshalik and Nicholas Todd Pekearo.