text:
This paper discusses the design goals and the first developments of Proto-Plasm, a novel computational environment to produce libraries of executable, combinable and customizable computer models of natural and synthetic biosystems, aiming to provide a supporting framework for predictive understanding of structure and behaviour through multiscale geometric modelling and multiphysics simulations. Admittedly, the Proto-Plasm platform is still in its infancy. Its computational framework—language, model library, integrated development environment and parallel engine—intends to provide patient-specific computational modelling and simulation of organs and biosystem, exploiting novel functionalities resulting from the symbolic combination of parametrized models of parts at various scales. Proto-Plasm may define the model equations, but it is currently focused on the symbolic description of model geometry and on the parallel support of simulations. Conversely, CellML and SBML could be viewed as defining the behavioural functions (the model equations) to be used within a Proto-Plasm program. Here we exemplify the basic functionalities of Proto-Plasm, by constructing a schematic heart model. We also discuss multiscale issues with reference to the geometric and physical modelling of neuromuscular junctions.
1. Introduction
The physiome of an individual or a species is the description of its functional behaviour. Nowadays, the term 'physiome' also refers to models of human physiology based on mathematical methods and computational techniques, traversing several disciplines (physics, chemistry, biology and bioengineering, medicine, informatics) and diverse spatial and temporal scales (from subcellular to holistic, from nanoseconds to tens of years). The Physiome Project (Higgins et al. 2001) was the first worldwide effort to provide a computational framework for understanding human physiology. It aimed to develop integrative models at all levels of biological organization from genes up, via gene regulatory networks, protein pathways, integrative cell functions and structure–function relations for tissues and whole organs. The VPH (virtual physiological human) is a European initiative (Clapworthy et al. 2007) intending to provide a unifying architecture for the integration and cooperation of multiscale physiome models. It is largely recognized that evolving physiome activities will increasingly influence medicine and biomedical research, with an ever increasing demand for specific and robust computational platforms.
Field modelling and simulation dominate computational science and engineering. The standard engineering process requires repeated iterations of shape design, simulation, evaluation and feedback. Advances in computer technology, computational science and simulation methods have made such iterations more efficient and accurate, raising the productivity and shortening the time to market. But the iterative process itself has not changed significantly; it involves a pipelined sequence of modelling tasks, computational steps and representation conversions, such as meshing.
Computer simulation entered biology more recently, to help in understanding the basic mechanisms that underlie life on a hierarchy of scales, from proteins to cells to tissues, organs and systems (see Zhang et al. 2005a; Cheng et al. 2007). Here, geometry plays a primary role in determining the behaviour of living components and their interactions within living assemblies, at all scales. Moreover, their geometric configuration cannot be considered as given a priori; in general, it has to be computed concurrently, taking into account chemical, electrical and mechanical interactions. These novel application domains are characterized by a huge size of computer models. In particular, novel bioengineering approaches to the challenging VPH project require a strict integration of terascale geometric data, multiphysics simulation, concurrency-based adaptive behaviour and multiscale functional specialization. The massive data size is due to several factors. First of all, simulations require cellular decompositions, instead of more compact boundary representations. This fact alone accounts for one order of magnitude increase in model size. Also, the common factoring of repeated substructures, exploited to a great extent by large-scale hierarchical models in computer graphics, cannot be benefited from when dealing with large deformations, thus producing an increase of several orders of magnitude in the model size. Finally, consider the sheer number and complexity of components: there are thousands of atoms in a protein, several thousand proteins in a cell, and so on.
Consequently, computational modelling of human biosystems has to face great challenges. Our vision is that description languages are not sufficient, and that totally new progressive and adaptive methods for terascale geometric modelling are needed, combined with novel adaptive methods for multiphysics and multiscale simulation, working on parallel and distributed supercomputers. Both symbolic and hierarchical characterizations of the various components should be allowed for, as well as shape reconstruction from high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other volume imaging techniques. The ambitious goals of symbolic-driven computational bioscience and real-time interaction with terascale data are not achievable without a computational format capable of combining the geometric and physical representations and algorithms. Our proposal is based on a novel algebraic topological approach to field modelling (DiCarlo et al. 2007; Milicchio et al. 2008), in which the field problem is formulated directly in terms of a decomposition of its domain into cells of codimension zero, i.e. full dimensional.
It is to be remarked that the computation of complex geometric and solid models is commonly regarded as hard to parallelize. More than a hundred papers could be cited which consider parallel rendering and visualization of both volume and surface geometric models. On the contrary, very few previous attempts to parallel shape generation are to be found in the literature. The paucity of parallel approaches to geometric modelling is due to the extreme complexity of boundary data structures currently used in solid modelling and their lack of implicit space indexing.
Instead, we use a twin representation of geometry and topology, combining binary space partition (BSP) trees (Naylor 1990; Naylor et al. 1990), which store no topological information, with a complete representation of the stepwise-generated mesh topology (Bajaj & Pascucci 1996) associated with the Hasse diagram of the polytopal complex (Ziegler 1995). Our design choice allows the model generation to be split into fragments to be distributed to computational nodes for progressive detailing. An algorithm for parallel, progressive Boolean operations is given in Paoluzzi et al. (2004); several graphics and modelling techniques are integrated into the same format in Scorzelli et al. (in press).
Another significant difference between our approach and more conventional ones is that we focus on solid mesh decomposition, instead of boundary representation. This choice provides us with both a so-called 'embarrassingly parallel' native decomposition of the simulation domain, and a native support for simulations that does not require intermediate domain re-meshing.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces our parallel computational environment, putting Proto-Plasm into perspective with respect to the existing data languages for integrative biology. The main features of our computational platform are summarized in §3, and illustrated through some simple examples in §4. Section 5 provides a brief discussion of the multiscale modelling of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Section 6 presents a few concluding remarks.
2. The computational environment
The Proto-Plasm computational framework will be composed of (i) a specialized generative language, (ii) libraries of parametrizable parts and models, (iii) an IDE (integrated development environment) providing the user with a set of programming and visualization tools, and (iv) a parallel engine able to make use of the available hardware resources.
(a) Proto-Plasm features
The computational framework is a specialized and high-performance extension of the geometric language Plasm (Paoluzzi et al. 1995; Paoluzzi 2003), strongly inspired by the functional language FL (Backus et al. 1990). It is currently being embedded in the programming language Erlang (see Armstrong 2007a,b) for parallel and concurrent execution. Erlang—originally developed by Ericsson for soft real-time support of network switches—seems to fit very well with multicore CPUs and symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) architectures. FL was designed to be a successor to Backus' earlier FP programming language (Backus 1978), capable of providing specific support for what Backus termed function-level programming and treating programs as mathematical objects. In the FL style of programming, a program is built from simpler programs, combined by program-forming operations called functionals.
Plasm extends FL with a geometric type (hierarchical polyhedral complex) and with native geometric operations, including extraction of skeletons of any dimension, Boolean union, intersection and difference, Cartesian product, and Minkowski sum of polyhedral complexes. The language supports parametric geometry by mapping the curvilinear coordinate functions of embedded manifolds—curves, surfaces, solids and higher dimensional objects—from a simplicial decomposition of the domain of a chart. Implicit representations (by which geometrical objects are defined as level sets of a field) are being added to the geometric kernel using the Ganith libraries (Bajaj 1990), an algebraic toolkit for manipulating polynomials and power series of arbitrary degree. Last but not least, the language is dimension independent by design and geometric validity is syntactically guaranteed.
A Proto-Plasm script is written using only the following three programming constructs: (i) the application of a function to its input parameters, providing the output value, (ii) the composition of two or more functions, producing the pipelined execution of their reversed sequence, and (iii) the construction of a vector function, allowing for the parallel execution of its component functions. A Proto-Plasm script contains a set of definitions and one or more expressions. A caching of values to be computed is associated to the expression graph, where already evaluated subexpressions are connected via symbol and value sharing. The traversal of the reachable subgraph of the functional environment is activated whenever a new value is being evaluated or an existing symbol is redefined. The value generating process is made easier by the fact that the language is purely functional—no state nor side effects.
Proto-Plasm will support progressive computations, where each operation works by reading a stream of incremental refinements of its operands and produces from the very beginning a coarse approximation of the final result. The function-level programming style couples very well with the dataflow diagrams and visual languages, where a computation is visualized as a directed graph of data flowing between boxes representing either single operations or whole programs. As far as parallelization is concerned, we aim at (i) decomposing the computation into a set of maximally independent tasks, each of which is to be executed on a single processor, while balancing the load between the available processors, (ii) mapping different language constructs into the best corresponding parallel paradigms (e.g. function composition→streaming, construction→multithread shared memory, application→message passing of both argument and result), and (iii) capitalizing on the actual computational environment, in particular the streaming architecture of the cell/B.E. (Cell Broadband Engine) processor and the programmable graphics processing units (GPUs) of the last generation.
(i) An example of progressive refinement
A simple example of Plasm programming is given in listing 1. If the cylndr value is generated as a stream of refinements, then the result is also progressively generated. The affine maps (rotations) R:〈2,3〉:(pi/2) and R:〈1,3〉:(pi/2) have tensor type, and the partial function C:+:mycube is a curried Boolean point-set union.1 The progressive generation of the geometric value produced by the evaluation of the script is shown in figure 1a. The dataflow diagram of the script is given in figure 1b.
Note, from the difference block in figure 1, that the Boolean operations are n-ary. In the Proto-Plasm dataflow model, a builder is a process with no inputs and one output stream; a transformer is a process with one input stream and one output stream; a combiner is a process with n input streams and one output stream; a driver is a process with one input stream and no output stream.
(b) Proto-Plasm versus existing standards
Information standards are strongly needed, in order that models may be shared, evaluated and possibly developed cooperatively. In particular, standard representations enable multiple tools to be used without the need to rewrite them for each tool, and models to be published in a form that other researchers can also use in a different software environment. They also ensure the survival of models beyond the lifetime of the software used to create them (Kitano 2002).
The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) is a computer-readable format for representing models of biochemical reaction networks (Hucka et al. 2004). SBML is applicable, for example, to metabolic networks, cell-signalling pathways and regulatory networks. The development of this data language (currently arrived at level 2, v. 3) was motivated by the need of a common representation format, enabling the exchange of models between different software tools.
CellML (Lloyd et al. 2004; Hunter 2006; Nickerson et al. 2006) is an open standard based on XML, developed by the Bioengineering Institute of the University of Auckland. The purpose of CellML is to store and exchange the computer-based mathematical models of aspects and subsystems of the Physiome, possibly developed with different software tools. A CellML model consists of a number of components; each component contains a number of variables, which must be declared by placing a variable element inside the component. CellML allows for encapsulation and containment between components and enables the reuse of components from pre-existing models in a new one, inducing accelerated model building. The CellML project is closely related to FieldML (Hunter et al. 2006), another XML-based language. These two data languages intend to provide a vocabulary for describing the biological information at resolutions ranging from the subcellular to the organism level.
Proto-Plasm differs from the above data languages in the following two essential ways: first, Proto-Plasm is Turing complete, and hence apt to compute; second, while they work at value level, Proto-Plasm operates at function level (Backus et al. 1990)—making easier an automatic distribution of tasks in a concurrent environment. CellML is a data language, used to code the equations of a model. Cooper et al. (2006) give CellML a functional semantics, by translating it into Scheme, with translation between CellML and Scheme performed by Haskell programs. Cooper & McKeever (2007) provide a functional and referentially transparent semantics for CellML using Haskell. But no geometry description of a biomedical domain may be given by CellML, nor by its translations. Conversely, Proto-Plasm may define the model equations, but is focused on the symbolic description of model geometry and on the parallel support of simulations. Anyway, Proto-Plasm has no chance of success unless it will be interfaced with SBML and with CellML.
3. Basic Proto-Plasm components
The Proto-Plasm platform can be briefly described as 'Plasm+Erlang+Hasse matrices+A-patches', the sum standing for (i) a very high-level functional geometric language, embedded within (ii) a concurrent and distributed computational environment, using (iii) standard sparse matrices as a novel representation of the topology and geometry of the computational domain, plus (iv) piecewise cubic algebraic interpolants on C1-continuous algebraic patches, needed to map biomedical images to geometric models. In 3a–f, we briefly introduce such basic components of the platform.
(a) Language basics
The design language Plasm is a geometry-oriented extension of a subset of FL, a functional language developed at IBM Almaden (Backus et al. 1990). Along the lines of his Turing Award lecture (Backus 1978), with FL Backus introduced a computational algebra in which programs are easily combined, so that new programs are obtained in a simple and elegant way. Constructed along the same lines, Plasm is extensible by design: any graphics primitive can be natively defined within Plasm and novel geometric operations can easily be added to it (Paoluzzi 2003).
(i) Primitive objects
The primitive objects of Plasm are: characters, numbers, truth values and polyhedral complexes. A polyhedron is a quasi-disjoint union of polytopes, i.e. of bounded convex sets. A polyhedral complex is a quasi-disjoint collection of polyhedra.
(ii) Expressions
Expressions are either primitive objects, functions, applications or sequences. According to FL semantics, an arbitrary Plasm script can be written using the following three basic programming constructs.
The application f:x of a function f to the actual value x of its input parameter (an element of the domain of f) yields an output value in the codomain of f.
The composition of two or more functions produces the pipelined evaluation of their reversed sequence: (f∼g):x=f:(g:x) (figure 2).
The construction of a vector function [f,g,h] allows for the parallel evaluation of the component functions: [f,g,h]:x=〈f:x, g:x, h:x〉 (figure 3).
(b) Basic data structures
BSP is a method for recursively subdividing a space into convex sets by hyperplanes, i.e. by affine sets of codimension 1. This subdivision gives a representation of the scene via a data structure known as BSP tree (Fuchs et al. 1980), i.e. a binary tree with partitioning hyperplanes on non-leaf nodes and with either In or Out labels on leaf nodes. A solid cell of the space partition is labelled In and an empty cell is labelled Out. A node of a BSP tree represents the convex set generated by the intersection of all the subspaces on the unique path from the node to the root. The convex set of a node equals the quasi-disjoint union of the convex sets associated with its child nodes. BSP trees are largely used in graphics, gaming and robotics. Progressive BSP trees, supporting progressive Boolean operations (Paoluzzi et al. 2004), are introduced in Proto-Plasm.
A cell complex K is a collection of cells, i.e. of compacts subsets of d, the d-dimensional Euclidean space, such that (i) if c∈K, then every face of c is in K; (ii) the intersection of any two cells is either empty or a face of both. A d-polytope is a solid, convex and bounded subset of d. A polytopal d-complex is a cell complex of d-polytopes and their k-faces (0≤k≤d). A complete representation of a d-mesh is given by the Hasse graph of the cover relation of cells, whose nodes are the members of the complex K, partially ordered by containment, and where there is an arc from node x to node y if and only if (i) x⊂y, and (ii) there is no z such that x⊂z⊂y. Hasse graphs are currently used in the prototype language kernel as a complete representation of the topology of cell complexes, which is not handled efficiently by BSP trees.
DiCarlo et al. (2007, in press) have recently shown that the (co)chain complex associated with a cell decomposition of the computational domain—i.e. with a mesh, as is commonly called in computational science and engineering—can be represented by a block bidiagonal matrix that we call the Hasse matrix, whose blocks correspond to the adjacency matrices of coboundary operators , with Ck the linear space of k-cochains associated with k-cells (0≤k≤d). Since the boundary operators ∂p(p≥1) are well represented by incidence matrices and the coboundary operators δp−1 by their transposes, we may represent the p-families of homomorphisms ∂p, δp−1(p≥1) by a block-structured matrix. Let K be a d-complex and (K) its Hasse graph. The Hasse matrix H(K) will have the block structure shown in figure 4.
Its transpose H(K)T represents the dual complex K*, whose Hasse graph (K*) is isomorphic to (K), with , where the boundary and coboundary operators are swapped by duality. Topology-preserving mesh refinements, produced by the action of Euler operators on K (Mantyla 1988), can be reduced to multilinear transformations of H(K).
(c) Algebraic representation of the computational domain
The Hasse representation of (co)chain complexes is being ported to Proto-Plasm, with the aim of simplifying and making algebraic the interface between domain representation and field computations, within an adaptive multigrid approach to simulation. Contrary to what might appear at first sight, the present approach does not imply higher theoretical complexity, since the number of non-zero elements in the Hasse matrix H(K) is essentially the same as the number of adjacency pointers in a typical graph-based representation of the cell complex K.
The (co)chain-complex formalism and the Hasse-matrix representation generalize in a natural and straightforward way to physical modelling. Chains assign measures to cells, measures that may be tuned to represent the physical properties of interest (mass, charge, conductivity, stiffness and so on). Cochains, on the other side, may be used to represent all physical quantities associated to cells via integration with respect to a measure. The coboundary operator stays behind the basic structural laws (balance and compatibility) involving physically meaningful cochains. So, a proper use of the Hasse matrix has the potential to bring geometric and physical modelling within a unified computational framework. In this respect, we wish to remark that the same data structures and algorithms—namely, linear algebra with sparse matrices—may be used for both solid modelling and physics-based simulations. From our vantage point, boundary representations and finite-element meshes appear as two different aspects of the same Hasse representation.
This approach shows promise of being a significant progress towards the close integration of geometry representations and physics-based simulation, i.e. in concurrent modelling of shape and behaviour. It should also be noted that chain complexes are a standard tool for representing and analysing topological properties of arbitrary cellular spaces. It follows that this algebraic representation may codify general models, without restrictions on orientability, (co)dimension, manifoldness, connectivity, homology and so on.
(d) Piecewise-continuous algebraic patches
A-patches are smooth algebraic surface patch families (Bajaj et al. 1995), defined using a fixed degree trivariate polynomial within a compact polyhedral domain—also called the patch scaffold. Simple A-patches use a tetrahedron, or a cube, or a triangular prism scaffold. Prism A-patches (Bajaj & Xu 2001; Bajaj et al. 2002) are low-degree finite elements of algebraic surfaces, with dual implicit and rational parametric representations. Bajaj & Xu (2001) consider a matched triangulation pair —also called a fat triangulation—with attached normals at each vertex, providing a piecewise linearization of the inner and outer boundary surfaces of a shell-like domain. The fat triangulation is used to reconstruct a smooth fat surface, whose bounding surfaces approximate 0 and 1, respectively. Additional intermediate surfaces, interpolating between the two boundary surfaces, may also be generated.
Matched pairs of surface triangulations can be obtained via several methods, including close isocontours of volume data and point clouds. Even a single triangulation suffices, if endowed with a set of normals, attached to either the vertices, the edges or the faces of . These modelling techniques may contribute greatly to the generation of multiscale detailed meshes, driven by structural data from high-resolution tomography. Owing to the large size of these data, also mesh coarsening through surface and volumetric simplification methods is an important capability. In fact, the effectiveness of adaptive computational techniques rests on fast and robust low-level mesh primitives, including Boolean operators, for both refinement and coarsening.
Bajaj et al. (2008) have recently introduced a simple and robust method to trace the intersection curves between triangular or quadrilateral prismatic A-patches, while refining the support triangulation where needed. Their prototype implementation provides for the computation of Boolean operations between proteins (figure 5), offering a simple way of estimating the docking quality of very complex shapes. Further work is required to optimize the prototype software.
(e) Concurrent and distributed computation
The C kernel of the Plasm language—named XGE (eXtreme Geometric Environment)—was recently rewritten and optimized to a large extent, in order to support very large-scale applications, such as sensor fusion for monitoring critical infrastructures (Assogna et al. 2008). This work has produced the Plasm v. 6.2, able to deal with meshes of approximately 200 K 3-cells in a single processing node. We are currently developing a prototype implementation, embedding the XGE geometric library into the Erlang language for concurrent computing (Armstrong 2007a,b).
Erlang is an (open source and multiplatform) concurrent functional programming language and runtime system, characterized by strict evaluation, single assignment and dynamic typing. It is purely functional, without mutable state (induced by multiple assignment), easy to understand and to debug. Type checking is performed at run-time. Erlang follows the model of computation that uses 'actors' as universal primitives of concurrent computing: data structures, functions, semaphores, ports, demons, processes, contexts and databases are all but special cases of actors, whose behaviour can be described by message passing.
Erlang was developed by Ericsson to support distributed, fault-tolerant, soft real-time, non-stop applications. Even hot swapping of programs is supported, so that code can be changed without stopping a system. The Erlang language seems to fit very well with multicore CPUs and SMP architectures, since processes belong to the programming language, and not to the operating system. The language has several useful features (Armstrong 2007a,b) for concurrent computation: (i) creating and destroying processes is very fast, (ii) sending messages between processes is very fast, (iii) processes behave in the same way on all operating systems, (iv) a very large numbers of processes may coexist—up to hundreds of thousands, (v) processes share no memory and are completely independent, and (vi) processes interact only through message passing.
In particular, the Erlang-based Proto-Plasm prototype translates each generating function of geometric values—hence, both the associated symbol and the tuple of formal parameters—into an Erlang process that encapsulates the chain complex and its properties within the local store, and which natively interacts via message passing.
Owing to the concurrent environment provided by the Erlang run-time system, Proto-Plasm computations will be able to scale over diverse high-performance hardware, with processors very different in type and number. Compiling a generative expression into a dataflow graph of threads is well suited to SMP machines, whereas space decomposition fits well with clusters and grids. The parallelism of Proto-Plasm modelling is based on (i) the concurrency of processes in a dataflow network fed by a continuous stream of shape refinements, (ii) the generation of model segments to be evaluated in parallel as a queue of independent jobs, and (iii) the geometric data structures of its kernel, based on BSP trees and sparse matrices.
(f) Dataflow approach to modelling and simulation
From the very beginning of a simulation, Proto-Plasm will be able to produce a meshed approximation of the model generated by a symbolic expression, to be locally improved while new refinement cells traverse the computational pipeline. This framework, centred on the Hasse representation of the computational domain, unifies several finite formulations (Milicchio et al. 2008) and supports local refinement and coarsening (Scorzelli et al. in press).
Generative modelling matches well with the dataflow model of computation, which relies on a graph representation of programs, alternative to von Neumann's stored-program, one-word-at-a-time execution model. In Proto-Plasm, each operation is computed progressively by reading a stream of incremental refinements of the operands. Each refinement of the input is mapped instantly to a refinement of the output, producing a result as a stream of progressive refinements. The computation of models results in a tree of pipelined processes that make continuous progress concurrently, until the desired precision is obtained. Progressive refinements may be implemented as dataflow processing (Bajaj et al. 2006a,b; Scorzelli et al. in press) on state-of-the-art streaming hardware, such as the GPUs or the cell/B.E. processor (see Gschwind et al. 2006; Williams et al. 2006).
4. Simple programming examples
In this section, a toy problem in geometric programming is dealt with, in order to attest to the outstanding expressive power of a function-level programming style as opposed to a value-level approach. The powerfulness of Plasm stems from its two main features: (i) it is dimension independent, i.e. it treats uniformly geometrical objects of any dimension and (ii) it has native expressions for transfinite interpolation and approximation of n-manifolds (curves, surfaces, solids and higher dimensional manifolds). The term 'transfinite' alludes to interpolation/approximation in infinite-dimensional function spaces, as opposed to finite-dimensional point spaces.
(a) How to generate a schematic heart model
Before giving the few lines of Plasm needed to produce a schematic—but parametrized—heart model, we introduce the MAP embedding operator.
(i) The embedding operator
The MAP operator is the constructor of curved parametric geometries. Its semantics is MAP:mapping:domain, where , with d≥1 the dimension of the embedded manifolds. The mapping parameter is a sequence 〈x1, x2, …, xn〉 of Cartesian coordinate functions,in the embedding Euclidean point space .
(ii) A schematic heart model
A toy heart model is generated by two curves (listing 2), denoted as profile and section, depending on one and two real parameters, respectively. Their signatures arewhere 3 is the space of triples of coordinate functions, namely 〈x1, x2, x3〉. The profile is defined as a cubic Hermite curve with endpoints p0=(0, 0, −h/2) and p1=(0, 0, h/2), and tangent vectors t0=(h, 0, h) at p0 and t1=(h, 0, 0) at p1. The section curve is an ellipse with semiaxes a, b in the x3=0 plane, centred at the origin. The code given in listing 2 generates a family of ∞3 solid manifolds parametrized by three positive real numbers .
The profileproduct operator has signature
It generates the bivariate map of a surface in 3, from the univariate maps of two planar curves in 3, denoted prof and sect, lying in the x2=0 and x3=0 planes, respectively. In short, two curves and produce a surface S, to be thought of as generated by an f1-scaling plus an f3-translation of the section curve g:
The surface2 mapping is produced by dilating surface1 by the scaling factor 1.3. The volume mapping is produced by a linear transfinite Bézier interpolation of the two surface mappings.
(iii) Meshing curves, surfaces and solids
The entire solid mesh is generated by simply giving a profile and a section curve, that map to cell decompositions of the intervals [0,1], [0,2π], respectively. The portions shown in figures 6 and 7 are produced by applying the same mappings to suitable subintervals. Note that the asterisk is overloaded, denoting different products (function product, multiplication of real numbers and Cartesian product of point sets) depending on the type of its arguments.
In listing 3 the univariate profile:3 mapping is evaluated on the interval [0,0,6] subdivided into n=24 1-cells, the mapping section:〈2.5,2〉 is evaluated on the interval [0,2π] subdivided into m=72 1-cells. The two resulting piecewise-linear approximations are presented in figure 6a.
In listing 4 the bivariate maps surface1 and surface2 are evaluated on the rectangle [0,0,6]×[0,2π] subdivided into n×m=24×72 2-cells. The two resulting piecewise-bilinear approximations are shown in figure 6b.
In listing 5 the trivariate volume mapping is evaluated on the parallelepiped [0,0,6]×[0,2π]×[0,1] subdivided into n×m×p=24×72×3 3-cells. The resulting piecewise-trilinear approximation is shown in figure 6c.
(b) Generating patient-specific heart models
Bajaj & Goswami (2008) explore a solution to the problem of constructing good finite-element and boundary-element models of the human heart from high-resolution computer tomography (CT) imaging data. In fact, the quality of patient data, even if acquired with state-of-the-art CT hardware, is not sufficient to produce satisfactorily meshed models of the anatomy and to perform further simulation for diagnostic purposes. Imaging is therefore only the initial step of a complex computational pipeline, needed to generate a robust and spatially realistic mesh model of a patient's heart (figure 8).
Rough imaging data are first put through an image processing pipeline to enhance their quality. An initial model is extracted and passed through a geometry processing, where the model is curated to remove topological anomalies, then segmented into anatomically meaningful subunits, using a symbolic template of anatomical parts, and finally meshed.
5. Application to complex subcellular systems
Initial applications of Proto-Plasm computational environment will mostly focus on biosystems of the living molecular cell. This modelling effort requires capturing chemical, electric and mechanical phenomena such as flexible protein–protein or flexible protein–RNA interactions in their local organelle domain—e.g. ribosomes decoding mRNA and synthesizing proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum—or self-organization and aggregation of macromolecular structures within the crowded cytosol of the cell. This section is devoted to an important modelling problem in this category, where physical information is going to be attached to an adaptive, full-dimensional decomposition of the computational domain. Giving pre-eminence to the cells of highest dimension allows one to generate the geometry and to simulate the physics simultaneously. Such a formulation removes artificial constraints on the shape of discrete elements and unifies the commonly unrelated finite methods into a single computational framework (see §3c).
(a) Neuromuscular junctions
NMJs are the points of communication between neurons and muscle fibres, transferring electrochemical signals from the neuron to the muscle and ultimately inducing the contraction of myofibrils. Figure 9 depicts a typical NMJ, featuring a relatively smooth presynaptic (neuron side) membrane and a more convoluted postsynaptic (muscle side) surface consisting of postjunctional folds and crests. Synaptic transmission is triggered by the arrival of an action potential (electric signal) to the presynaptic neuron. This action potential then triggers the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft via fusion of ACh-bearing vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. Once released, ACh diffuses throughout the intercellular space, where it interacts with two biomolecules of primary importance: the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) ion channel and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the biomolecular 'off switch' for synaptic transmission via ACh hydrolysis.
(b) Multiscale modelling of the neuromuscular junction
Previous computational work in this area has either considered the molecular components of the NMJ in isolation or has used highly simplified models of the NMJ with only gross molecular information. Unlike previous published work, we aim to integrate biological length scales from molecular structure to synaptic morphology, and thereby permit the study of molecular mechanisms of anticholinergic agent action while including the broader context of the NMJ system (Zhang et al. 2005a; Cheng et al. 2007). The result will be a Proto-Plasm package implementing adaptive methods to solve the differential equations of continuum diffusion and electrostatics on geometries reconstructed from X-ray crystallography and NMJ morphological data from serial section high-voltage electron tomography of thick sections. This software might be used to examine the impact of a variety of biological and chemical nerve agents on the synaptic transmission for several different muscle types.
(c) Structural modelling of neuromuscular junctions
The first step in this modelling activity is the collection of structural data for the NMJ and its biomolecular components. Given the electron microscope (three-dimensional EM) tomographic data on both fast- and slow-twitch rat soleus NMJs, the morphologies of the synapse (figures 9 and 10) are segmented and meshed (Bajaj et al. 2003; Zhang et al. 2005a). The location and orientation of catalytic subunits AChE within multimers in the synaptic cleft, and the location of AChR molecules on the postsynaptic membrane are approximated from pharmacological and experimental data (Zhang et al. 2005a; Cheng et al. 2007). All membrane data are segmented from tomographic three-dimensional EM data, and finite-element meshes are constructed using the methods of Bajaj et al. (2003), Bajaj & Yu (2005) and Zhang et al. (2005b). In particular, these meshes are constructed using a combination of volumetric surface feature extraction and contouring methods to discretize the space between the biomolecular surfaces and the coarse mesh obtained from the tomographic data. The second goal of this meshing is to provide a decompositive geometric description of the domain to serve as a template for placement of the more accurate biomolecular structural information. Detailed biomolecular finite-element meshes of AChE and AChR molecules are constructed by Bajaj & Yu (2005), Zhang et al. (2006), and Bajaj (2007) from cryo-electron microscopy data deposited in the Protein Data Bank or the European Molecular Biology Database. The molecular models of AChR are unioned into the finite-element membrane model and the AchE enzymes are unioned into the volumetric three-dimensional finite-element domain, by placement at a certain distance from the basal lamina which is intermediate in the synaptic cleft. The new algorithm for Boolean operations given in Bajaj et al. (2008) shall be used for this purpose. Novel progressive and adaptive refinement of the computational domain will be allowed after code optimization and integration in the new Proto-Plasm engine. A (co)chain-based formulation of the diffusion problem at different time and space scales is currently under study.
6. Conclusion
To stay with the applications to subcellular systems—which we privilege as the first arena where to put Proto-Plasm to the test—the computational methodology proposed in this paper may be extended to a wide variety of other systems where the key biomolecular components can be enumerated and approximate biological structural data are available.
However, our approach is by no means confined to the molecular/cell scale. Highly challenging problems, relevant to the VPH project, emerge on all scales. Our groups are active also at supracellular scales, and we plan to import such expertise into Proto-Plasm libraries. In particular, several mesoscale modelling issues have been dealt with in cardiovascular biomechanics by Nardinocchi et al. (2005), Nardinocchi & Teresi (2007), Tringelová et al. (2007) and Cherubini et al. (2008) and in bone remodelling by DiCarlo et al. (2005, 2006) and Bajaj et al. (2006a,b).
The computational environment provided by Proto-Plasm seems especially fit for exploring the fascinating realm of the growth and remodelling of living tissues, at scales ranging from molecular to cellular to organ scale. Adopting a top-down approach, the continuum formalism developed by DiCarlo & Quiligotti (2002) and DiCarlo (2005) makes it possible to test quantitatively the predictions of coarse, but coherent and workable, models against macroscopic physiological data, often largely available. When properly tuned, these models would offer a well-structured target to bottom-up efforts to bridge the gap between molecular machinery and physiological function.
We acknowledge our debt to the visionary work of J. Backus and the FL group at IBM Almaden (A. Aiken, J. H. Williams, E. L. Wimmer and others). We would also credit F. Bernardini, V. Ferrucci, S. Goswami, V. Pascucci, M. Vicentino, G. Xu and Z. Yu who contributed to the Proto-Plasm project in the past years, as well as the current developers: A. Gillette, G. Scorzelli, S. Portuesi, J. Rivera, N. Lei, F. Milicchio and W. Zhao. The anonymous reviewers are heartily thanked for their remarks, which greatly helped us improve our paper. C.B. gratefully acknowledges research support from NSF grant CNS-0540033, and NIH contracts P20-RR020647, R01-GM074258, R01-GM07308 and R01-EB004873. A.D.C. gratefully acknowledges support from his own department (DiS) and from MiUR (the Italian Ministry of University and Research) through the project 'Mathematical Models for Materials Science'. A.P. thanks IBM for the support provided through a Shared University Research grant.
One contribution of 12 to a Theme Issue 'The virtual physiological human: building a framework for computational biomedicine I'.
↵Given a function f : X×Y→Z, currying it gives the function Curry f : X→{Y→Z} such that (Curry f)(x): .
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
- Copyright © 2008 The Royal Society


text:
Ishqbaaz 8th October 2016 Written Episode Update
Ishqbaaz 8th October 2016 Written Episode, Written Update on TellyUpdates.com
Mr. Chabbra says we are going to LA day after tomorrow, shall we keep Roka before leaving. Tej asks Priyanka. He says if Priyanka is happy with it, we don't have any objection. Shivaye gets Gayatri's call. She says you did not forget me, its time to settle scores. He asks how dare you call me. She says you did not see my courage, I got to know you are finding me madly, so thought to call you and ask your welfare. He says your courage will be proved costly Gayatri, I will find you from wherever you are hiding.
Some time before, Shivaye asks Anika what was she thinking, you don't even think, I got embarrassed. She says Soumya told and I felt. He says I should have not listened to you, what would be Dev thinking. Anika says I know, but I was not wrong, it was half true. He asks her to stop it.
Priyanka tells Soumya that you are thinking like Soumya. Soumya asks what, how will I think then. Priyanka says think like a love angel, go and talk to him, I will go and see Anika. Soumya sees Reyaan and leaves. She bumps into Rudra. Rudra says I was finding you and smiles. She hides behind Rudra. He gets puzzled and asks what are you doing, Sumo, come out, what happened, listen to me, what are you seeing there. Soumya sees Reyaan gone and goes ahead. Rudra holds her hand and music plays….. She looks at him. He asks what happened, anyways, I need to talk imp to you, listen…. Sumo…. She says yes…
Dev says its big house….. where to go… Priyanka comes in the way and they smile seeing each other. Dev says I m sorry, I think I forgot the way. She says hall way, go straight and take a right. He says thanks, I m Dev. They shake hands. Priyanka says her name and gets shy. Rudra says I decided I will listen to love angel, we will not fight and our friendship starts, but there is a condition, you won't clean my room, you won't call me cry baby, but now we are friends and there should be no secrets, I know you know something about Rumi, tell me come on. She says actually Rumi…. Reyaan comes to them and says Soumya….. She gets tensed. Reyaan asks what are you doing here. Rudra asks you know each other. Reyaan says yes. Soumya says we were dating each other six months before, he is my ex BF. Rudra gets shocked.
Tej asks Shivaye where is Dev. Dev says I m here and walks downstairs along with Priyanka. Everyone smile seeing them. Tej says you met Priyanka, now I understand this was Shivaye's plan to make you both meet away from family. Anika asks Shivaye why is he afraid that things spoiled, they are praising you. He asks her to keep quiet. Mr. Chabbra asks Dev what to do next when you met Priyanka. Dev says I want to meet her again, I want that we know each other well. Anika asks Shivaye to see…. Shivaye looks at her. He gets a call and goes.
Gayatri says Mr. Shivaye Singh Oberoi. He says Gayatri… She says so you did not forget, I have to settle scores, its time. He asks how dare you call me. She says you did not see my courage, I got to know you are finding me madly, so thought to call you and ask your welfare. He says this courage will be proved costly for you, I will find you wherever you are hiding. He ends call and goes back. Tej asks Shivaye all well. Shivaye says ya. Jhanvi says children liked each other, but I feel we should give them more time.
Mr. Chabbra says we are going back to LA day after tomorrow, if you all don't have objection, shall we keep Roka before leaving. Tej asks Priyanka. She smiles. Tej says if Priyanka is happy, we don't have any objection, we will talk on phone. Mr. Chabbra says we will leave. Mrs. Chabbra asks for Reyaan. Reyaan comes. She asks where were you. He says I had to make a call and sees Soumya. Dev says see you late Shivaye and forwards hand. Shivaye is lost. Om says Shivaye… Shivaye says you are leaving, and shakes hands. Chabbras leave. Anika says Billu ji I told you…. Shivaye walks off. Anika looks on. Om asks Anika what happened to Shivaye. She says there should be lights like traffic lights to know Shivaye's mood, alteast we can know his mood. Om says I can see his mood is off, whats the problem, he looks worried since that phone call came.
Shivaye talks to police and says you gave bail to Gayatri and now she called me and threatened me indirectly, don't trap me in technicalities, I have to do something. He calls Khanna and asks him to trace calls that came in last one hour and track my phone. Om and Rudra come to him. Om asks Shivaye is everything okay. Shivaye says ya I m fine. Om says please don't lie, there is something, you took Dev inside room and then when he was leaving, your focus was somewhere else. Rudra says Priyanka and everyone like the guy, even then you are worried.
Om says Shivaye you are not alone, you have both of us, you don't need to face everything alone, one faces things alone when he has no brothers. Shivaye says you know younger brothers bear burden when they don't have elder brother, but you both have me, there is nothing I can't handle, so relax. Om asks sure. Shivaye says yes, how to say now, anyways I also liked the guy.
Anika says I also liked Dev, see how Priyanka is smiling. She jokes on Dev and Priyanka. Jhanvi calls Priyanka and she goes. Anika says Soumya, Priyanka is so happy. Soumya says yes, I m glad that Dev is not like his brother. Anika asks did you ask Reyaan why he did this. Soumya says no, I lost much in life, and it does not matter why I lost it, he dumped me and matter ended there. Anika asks her to see in her eyes, new story does not end till first one ends, you have to kick him out and move on. Soumya says I will try, Aai taught me not to touch wound, it hurts more, we should focus on Priyanka's future, not my past.
Tej says family and guy is good, they want to do Roka before they go, tell me Priyanka, we will do what you say, shall we say yes for Roka. Priyanka nods and hugs him. Shakti says I think Pinky reached Siddhivinayak, we went there to pray that Priyanka says yes for this alliance.
Dadi says thank God, that such good proposal came home. Shakti says Pinky asked you to get Dev's kundli before doing anything. Dadi says yes, we will get it. Shakti says its strange, last year we did not know Mrs. Chabbra has a son named Dev, and now he is becoming our son in law. Shivaye asks what do you mean. Shakti reminds Pinky went LA last year and met Mrs. Chabbra in jagrata, then she had just Reyaan with her, and she did not say anything about Dev, infact Pinky felt Mrs. Chabbra had just one son Reyaan. Jhanvi says maybe she mentioned, we all know Pinky's memory, she would have forgot.
Rudra says it means Roka is tomorrow. Om says you are here, talk is happening infront of you. Rudra says its big problem. Shivaye asks what problem. Rudra says I have to eat sweets tomorrow, and to compensate that, I have to do diet today, Bhaiya make Tofu. Shivaye agrees. Dev and Priyanka talk over phone and he asks her can we go out for dinner. She says yes. He says I can talk to your mum if you say. She says no, I will talk to mom and ends call. She goes to Shivaye. Rudra sings Meri Pyari beheniya… Om says I m surprised you remember old song lyrics. Rudra says I prepared it for Shivaye's marriage.
Om asks Rudra did he prepare this sister son for brother's marriage. Rudra says leave it, focus, Priyanka is so brave, she told Papa that she likes Dev, its surprise and another thing, Reyaan is Sumo's ex BF. Om says that's okay, whats there to be surprised. Rudra says I did not like him, I felt he did not treat her well. Om asks why did you get worried, he was Soumya's ex BF, not yours, what do you have to do with this, you don't like Soumya. Rudra says you don't know, Soumya and I have become friends. Om says that's great, but there is personal space even in friendship, she would have told you if she wants, why are you doing guess work.
Shivaye says some people's speciality is to do guess work and taunts Anika. Anika says why are you still saying about it, there were two guys, mistake happened, Soumya told about Reyaan, I felt she is saying about Dev, things spoiled, but I made it right. Rudra says it was not your mistake, it was Soumya's mistake. Shivaye recalls Gayatri's mistake. Rudra says Soumya would have said tall or short, they both did not look brothers. Shivaye recalls Shakti's words. Rudra tells Priyanka about Dev becoming joru Ka ghulam and then he would be called Devdas. Anika smiles and sees Shivaye worried. She says your china paneer is made Billu ji… He says yes…. She asks is everything fine. He says ya and leaves. Anika worries.
Priyanka says Shivaye did not do right, Anika Dev had no other way, he was saying truth, Shivaye should have heard him, he did not listen to Dev. Anika says calm down, wash your face, then we will sit and talk. Priyanka cries and goes. Anika gets thinking.
Update Credit to: Amena

subset: commoncrawl


text:
How to hack a wi-fi network
How to Hack – Ethical Hacking
Feb 20. 2011
From where i can get Backtrack. and is it workable on Window, or i have to have Linux too.
Feb 22. 2011
google it..
we will be putting the link soon:)
Feb 23. 2011
i got Backtrack4
but it's .iso
plz tell what to do next.
May 26. 2011
if you have backtrack 4 (which i use) you must first burn it using any kind of burning program (perferably Alcohol 120%) after burning it restart the computer… it will automatically boot you into backtrack 4 before it going into any menu you must enter the command (startx) then hit enter… from there backtack will continue to load and you will be in backtrack… what you do from there is all on you…. goodluck!
I don't think you need it
Nov 09. 2013
Kattyjung, you need an app called poweriso or daemon tools. You can search for them
Feb 24. 2011
how it works can i do it from win 7?
Feb 24. 2011
backtrack works with linux..
u need it to hack a wifi.. once hacked, it can be accessed from windows 7..
May 06. 2011
thanks for sharing this useful information the way of explaination is too good
May 24. 2011
I want to learn ethical hacking, but unable to found any such institute or any book to start with.
can you please guide me the right and authentic way.
Aug 07. 2011
I use the wi-if in college and our college has blocked majority of sites and even restricted the downloading.can you tell me how to bypass and gain access to the blocked websites and also carry out the downloads with my IP not being detected.i used few tunnelling softwares but they worked only till certain extent.
Aug 17. 2011
Very Nice Posting ……………..
nasheet omar
Sep 02. 2011
i suppose above u r breaking wep encryption……does it break wap encryption…..it is used more
Jan 04. 2012
how to hack wi – fi for a mobile??
Jul 11. 2012
I ll Try with these steps … hope this hacking tips works … thanks for the post.
Dec 16. 2012
I feel stupid asking this, but isn thr a easier way explain onto how I can hack a wiFi connection. My internet service is pretty expensive and I cnt seem too keep all my programs up too date. Its a disaster!
Jan 04. 2013
Is there any other easy way to hack or crack a wi5 password using windows 7 itself?
and without using any extra applications……….
Ck Tang
Feb 21. 2013
Actually… how to use kismet??? Do i need to dl it???
Nov 10. 2013
its not very cool its very big proces sis there is any softawre which can crack password
Dec 01. 2013
How can I do that with my cellphone?
I have Nokia 5800!!!


text:
Family Secure Television Commercial
Family Secure Television Commercial
1:01 minutes
Produced by Family Secure
Family Secure television commercial that explains what the service provides and what issues exist around child identity theft. Learn more about Family Secure.
What is Family Secure?
Family Secure was created by ConsumerInfo.com, Inc., an Experian company. Family Secure is a comprehensive monitoring system developed in response to the growing problem of child identity theft. Fraudsters know the average consumer does not check their own credit report on a regular basis, let alone their child's, so it gives them plenty of time to exploit the child's information without the parent's knowledge. Family Secure was developed to help parents fight back against child identity theft.
What exactly does Family Secure do for me and my family?
- Family Secure checks the parents and children's personal information against the Experian credit report database to see if there is a credit report associated with the parent or the child
- It monitors the parents and the children's credit reports, not just for key changes but also for any suspicious activity
It provides email alert notification, allowing the parents to take appropriate action
- It offers the parent unlimited access to their own credit report so the parent can keep a watchful eye on any unwarranted activity
- Family Secure allows you to extend benefits to your spouse or one adult family member or friend at no additional cost
- Family Secure is backed by our team of Fraud Resolution representatives and our exclusive $2,000,000 guarantee, reimbursing you for certain expenses incurred should you or your enrolled children become victims of identity theft as a Family Secure member.


text:
Communication is absolutely critical for businesses. It's more than a press release, email blast or a phone call. It is being able to know what your customers want, produce the right products at the right time, listen to your customers and more.
On Tuesday, Sept, 9th 2008 from 8:30 AM – 11:30 AM at the The Graduate Center/CUNY: 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016 attend Innovation & Communication: The Roundtables Breakfast.
You'll learn:
- How do you innovate communications?
- What does innovation mean to communications professionals?
- What environment is required for innovation?
- What are examples and case studies from companies who are known for their innovation?
- How do you measure and monitor innovation?
- How does the communications function collaborate and integrate with product development and design functions?
- How do you use social media to help innovate the communications function?
Instead of the typical keynotes, panels, and presentations, we will have a unique interactive format that maximizes knowledge sharing, collaboration and high level networking around topics of mutual interest related to innovation. Attendees will participate in 5 separate thirty minute moderated roundtable sessions throughout the breakfast. You will interact with 5 different groups of leaders and discuss 5 different topics related to innovation. Roundtables will be assigned on a first come first serve basis.
Full registration details
Deirdre Bigley, Vice President, Marketing, IBM Software, Americas
Jeff Dahncke, Director, Public Relations, The Pepsi Bottling Group
Saswato Das, Director Global Media Relations, Global Communications, SAP AG
Paul Dunay, Global Director, Integrated Marketing, BearingPoint
Andrew Fox, Senior Manager, Global Communications, AMD
Steve Giannetti, Vice President and Group Publisher, National Geographic Magazine
Dave Gray, Founder and Chairman, XPLANE
Larry Harris, President, Ansible
Melissa Keklak, Public Relations Manager, Casio America Inc.
Elizabeth Linder, Communications, YouTube
Jessica Luterman Naeve, Managing Director, De Silva + Philips, LLC
Rishi Malhotra, Vice President, Multi-Platform Marketing, Home Box Office, Inc.
Heather Malkin Nesle, Director, Community and Philanthropic Services, HSBC Bank USA, N.A.
Heather Oldani, Director Communications, McDonald's U.S. Communications
Linda Recupero, EVP, Public Affairs, HSBC Bank, USA, N.A.
Angelique Shelton, General Manager, Wikia Inc., Wikia.com
Latest posts by Ramon Ray (see all)
- Why I Hired a Sales Coach & Why You Should, Too - October 11, 2018
- The Advantages of Opening a Merchant Account. A Global Perspective. - October 4, 2018
- Talk Triggers. Get New Customers with Word of Mouth Marketing? New Book by Jay Baer and Daniel Lemin - September 24, 2018


text:
Owners Bundle
For independent owners interested in membership and drug information.
Learn More
Full and spousal memberships
For licensed, practicing pharmacists.
Learn More
New practitioner membership
For pharmacists in their first four years of full-time practice.
Learn More
Hospital membership
For pharmacists who work full-time in a hospital.
Learn More
Supporting membership
Uniquely created for pharmacists who meet specific age, disability or licensing criteria.
Learn More
Student membership
Great value for students registered in any pharmacy program.
Learn More
Technician memberships
A unique membership for pharmacy technicians and technician students.
Learn More
Assistant membership
Specifically for the pharmacy assistant.
Learn More


text:
Is OSM Guilty of Groupthink?
What the heck is Groupthink?
Coined by now-deceased psychologist and researcher Irving Janis, Ph.D., "groupthink," was first written in a 1972 examination of foreign policy disasters and fiascos. He studied high-level policy-making groups that had a high-degree of cohesiveness and need for affiliation (think "inner-circle") as opposed to groups (such as the U.S. Congress) that consist of opposing factions.
Symptoms of groupthink can include:
- Direct pressures on dissenters -
- members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group's views
- Does voicing a contrarian opinion isolate someone as a non-team player? Do healthy debates divide or foster better relationships? Are individuals able to respectfully disagree or must consensus rule the day?
- Collective rationalization -
- members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions
- Are discussions frequently held which debate the assumptions underlying conclusions? When is the last time a risk assessment of unlikely outcomes was discussed? When was the last "what if" meeting you participated in held?
- Self-censorship -
- doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed
- When was the last non-unanimous vote on your Board? Have you withheld a question in discussion which might be viewed as opposing the CEO's/Chair's expressed view?
- Illusion of unanimity-
- the majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous
- Does your internal process require documented votes by individuals? In the past year how many votes either opposed or abstained due to disagreement with majority?
Are OSM Assets Protected with Sound Internal Controls?
It takes so long to get OSM to release the minutes of their board meetings and then when they finally do, they make freshman mistakes. Like this first item on the August 29, 2011 minutes.
I. Approval of previous meeting's minutes Dianne brings the motion to approve the minutes from the June 21st board meeting. Jacques seconds. The motion passes by unanimous consent.
Of course, that is the EXACT same approval - even down to the minutes from June 21st - that appeared in the July 18, 2011 board minutes! You would think in three months they might have proofed it just a tad bit better.
Attendance by Altansukh Tumenjargal has not improved any. Counting the August meeting as one meeting even though it continued on another day which he also missed gives him an attendance record now of 12.5% (1 out of the last 8 board meetings). And Akarawuth Tamrareang has missed 4 of the eight board meetings. That is a 50% attendance record.
What happened to Open Source Matters, Inc. and transparency for board minutes and financial reports in the past 12+ months?
On December 4, 2009, Ryan Ozimek, then Secretary of OSM, Inc. posted this blog in which he promised that the minutes of the OSM board meetings would be published in a reasonable time frame. In fact, he stated: "Our meeting minutes have been recorded internally, and more often than not, sent to the board members for approval shortly after the completion of board meetings." which would imply at least publication during the month following the meeting. Unfortunately the publications of OSM minutes has been very inconsistent with the current state as of today having minutes only available through the July, 2011 board meeting. This kind of delay makes it impossible to have a somewhat current discussion with OSM board members on any decisions that might have been made in the past month. The current board secretary frequently refers to the OSM bylaws when someone pushes the issue of why the minutes are not published in a more timely fashion:


text:
siX' extern
ezStats - Support
ezStats - BFBC2 Leaderboard v1.21 (english)
» Hallo Gast [
Letzter Beitrag
Erster ungelesener Beitrag
An Freund senden
Thema zu Favoriten hinzufügen
ezStats - BFBC2 Leaderboard v1.21 (english)
Vorheriges Thema
Nächstes Thema
Dabei seit: 25.09.2005
Beiträge: 3.938
ezStats programmer
Nick BFBC2:
Nick BF3:
ezStats - BFBC2 Leaderboard v1.21 (english)
Most of you knows
. The stats-page of Dominik "1ApRiL" Herbst is probably the best page, if you want to take a look to your BFBC2-stats.
But many of you are playing together with friends or are in a clan, and want to have a leaderboard at the own (clan-)homepage. Now, you have
Include ezStats to your clanpage or run it standing alone. Compare your and your mates' stats and rummage in depth in the data.
Features / contained functions
Installation and administration with a GUI
Option to include ezStats in a excisting homepage, or running it standalone (contains HTML- and CSS-code)
Detailpages for every player; by request forwarding to BFBCS
Ten different color combinations choosable
Easyliy modifiable because of using of templates and CSS
Many options for the leaderboard-overview: Selection of tables, average and total values, last update, aso.
Data-access over BFBCS´s-API; if a player isn´t registered so far, this will be done automatically
Fully sortable stats-tables
Automatic check for new versions
Three different sizes of modifiable signatures for each player
Players can update on the leaderboard their statistics themselves
The weapons-, vehicle- and gadget-statistics of the players can be compared.
Guests can check their statistics, without being registered at the leaderboard
Leaderboard usable for PC, PS3 and XBox360
Manuals for including ezStats in many Content Management Systeme available:
- Message boards (like phpBB, wBB, vBulletin, SMF)
- Webspell
- Wordpress
- Joomla
- PHP-Nuke
- e107
- Ilch
- Clansphere
- PHP Fusion
- Easy Clanpage
Multilingual because of speechfiles; available so far:
- english
- german
- italian (translation:
Italian Army Force
- french (translation:
Les CmG Clan
- czech (translation:
Well Armed Team
- dutch (translation:
Lion Pack
- russian (translation:
MK Clan
Download and Demo
You can download ezStats here
Leaderboard - standalone version
Leaderboard - included in clanpage of SIX BIT UNDER
Leaderboard - included in wBB-forum
ezStats Showcase
Webserver with PHP5-support and cURL & JSON enabled
A SQL-database
Unpack the zipfile and copy the folder to your webspace; f.e. to
Run the installer (
) and follow the instructions.
To every step I wrote helping hints. If they aren´t understandable enough, please inform me.
Delete the install-folder after completing the installation, then open the adminpanel, add players and update stats then.
You can configure ezStats in the adminpanel too. If you want to change the look of ezStats, you can edit the file "stylesheets/userdefined.css".
Further informations...
To update your playerstats you can use the update-function in the adminpanel, or directly by calling this page:
If you won´t to do this manually, you can use a
A guide how to include ezStats into your clanpage you will find here: "Adminpanel -> Manuals to include ezStats to your CMS ".
Troubleshooting: If you have problems with installing or running ezStats, you will find
a FAQ. Otherwise I will give support in this thread.
"Ein Sturmsoldat muss mit fliegender Fahne aus allen Rohren feuernd mit lautem Hurra sein Team mitreissend in feindliche Squads und Flaggen rennen und dort Menschen für ihre Meinung bestrafen"
Dabei seit: 25.09.2005
Beiträge: 3.938
ezStats programmer
Nick BFBC2:
Nick BF3:
A new version is available:
If you update ezStats from older versions you can ignore the file "config.php" when uploading the content of the zip-file.
Then you haven´t to enter your SQL-data and other, as well as the design-changes.
The installation itself is needed, due to changes in the SQL-tables.
Don´t forget to delete the install-folder and update of the stats after installation!
If ezStats is displayed defective, it is recommended to delete the file "stylesheets/userdefined.css".
For questions about ezStats and modifying the appearance, I like to help you in the
support forums
(no registration required).
Download and demo
You can download ezStats here
Leaderboard - standalone version
Leaderboard - included in clanpage of SIX BIT UNDER
ezStats Showcase
Changelog v1.20 to v1.21
The M151-Jeep will be shown now
Clansphere 2010.x is fully supported now (Thx to -DTR- Sgt. Elias)
Small bugfixes
Changelog v1.12 to v1.20
ezStats supports now the Specact-DLC and the Vietnam-Addon
Changelog v1.11 to v1.12
New languagefiles: Russian (from mkden of
MK Clan
Small Bufix: Under some circumstances, the leaderboard wasn't sorted correct by rank. It's fixed now.
Changelog v1.10 to v1.11
Little Bugfix: The lightbox of the player-comparisation-function has now always the correct height. So far, the last entry of the list was sometimes outside the lightbox.
To update, just replace the file "templates/compare_head.html"
Changelog v1.04 to v1.10
New Feature: Comparison Menu
The weapons-, vehicle- and gadget-statistics of the players can now be compared. Who makes the most Headshots with the GOL, who has the Carl Gustav in continuous use, who is the medic of the nation? The overview is just one click away!
New CMS-Plugins: Joomla and Easy Clanpage
Added plugin and manual to include ezStats to "Easy Clanpage".
In addition to the existing plugin for Joomla, two new plugins have been created, one each for v1.5 and v1.6 (Beta). These new plug-ins do not require Sourcerer anymore, and work much better with all browsers. It is recommended of use one the new plugins instead of the old one.
Known limitations:
The "comparison menu" and the input field for the "gueststats" do not work in the CMS "Clansphere". Reason is a protection against TPL-injection in the CMS.
Due to a bug of Joomla 1.5 in combination with jQuery, the "comparison menu" and the "gueststats" does not work in Chrome or Opera. Firefox and Internet Explorer works properly.
The inclusion of ezStats using AJAX (eg forums) is working correctly unfortunately only with Firefox.
Changelog v1.03 to v1.04
New vehicle added: CAV
New stationary gun added: VADS, XM307
Changelog v1.02 zu v1.03
The M1 Garand has been added. Since the last patch the stats of this gun will be recorded.
Added plugin and manual to include ezStats to "PHP Fusion (7)".
Changelog v1.01 zu v1.02
Except for PC gamers, the leaderboard now also be used for the Playstation 3 and XBox 360. The platform can be selected during the installation.
Changelog v1.0 zu v1.01
Some misspellings in the french language package corrected
Players will now be displayed correctly, even when they use a backslash in the name or clan tag
Changelog v0.51 to v1.0
New Feature: Themes
Now you can choose between ten different color combinations.
Due to the amount of changes it is recommended, to upload and overwrite the file "stylesheets / userdefined.css". If you want to customize the look of ezStats the way you want, you can modify this file.
New Feature: Manual Update
In the leaderboard overview you find a button for each player, with which you can update the data of the player.
New Feature: Gueststats
Visitors of your page which are not registered in the leaderboard, can now retrieve their stats. You can show the inputfield above or below the leaderboard, but you can also hide it.
New Feature: Ace / GoldSquad
At the leaderboard overview, you can show two new columns: First, the percentage of rounds completed as the best player. Second, the percentage of rounds completed in the best squad.
New Feature: Last online
On the details page of each player is shown, when and on which server he played at last (including link to server-status page).
If you add a player to the leaderboard, and inadvertently append a space character, should not prevent the updating of the stats anymore.
New CMS-plugin:
Added plugin and manual to include ezStats to "PHPKIT 1.6.1".
The addition of players with special characters should now work reliably.
Changelog v0.50 to v0.51
General: Now you can also add players that have these special characters in names:
Detailpage: Due a change of the BFBCS.com API, the playtime of the RPG-7 was not correct. This is now fixed.
Changelog v0.41 to v0.50
New Feature: Signatures
For each player on the leaderboard, signatures were created in three different sizes. The player can see them at his detailpage and copy the HTML and BB code for forums.
The signatures are modifiable in the admin panel. You can customize the background image, the font-type, -color and -size, and the background gradient color and transparency (for contrast enhancement of the text).
New languagefile:
-> Dutch (from compa of
Lion Pack
New CMS-plugins:
Added plugins and manuals to include ezStats to "Simple Machines Forum" and "Clansphere".
SMF has been tested in version 1.1.11. Clansphere in version 2009.0.3.2. If you're using another version, and they do not work with the plugin, please write this to me.
- When you added a player and then changed any settings, these player was shown on the leaderboard without a name. This is fixed now.
- The link to bfbcs.com is now correct, even if you set a clantag or if you change a playername.
Changelog v0.40 to v0.41
New Features:
Iconsize: At the adminpanel, you can choose the size of the rank-icons at the leaderboard-overview now. Choose from 16px (as before), 24px, 32px and 64px.
Clantag and playernames: At the adminpanel, you can set your clantag. It will be used as prefix of each player at the leaderboard-overview. In addition, any name can be edited individually. E.g. to align his nickname to that which is used at the clanpage.
New languagefiles:
-> French (from chris095,
Les CmG Clan
-> Czech (from Pac!enT,
Well Armed Team
New CMS-plugins:
Added plugins and manuals to include ezStats to Wordpress and PHPKIT.
Wordpress has been tested in version 2.92. PHPKIT in version 1.64 and 1.65. If you're using another version, and they do not work with the plugin, please write this to me.
Changelog v0.30 to v0.40
Revised detailpage
The detailpage of each player was extended. New added are the statistics of gadgets and pins. For weapons, vehicles, gadgets and pins are now tooltips available. Also stars and dogtags were added.
At the leaderboard overview is the column dogtags now available
Im Adminpanel wurde in der Rubrik "Spielerstatistiken aktualisieren" eine Übersicht hinzugefügt und eine Liste mit dem optimalen Updateintervall
Some bugfixes
Hint: If you have edited the file "stylesheets/userdefined.css", please make these changes also:
#ezDetail .lcol { width: 270px; }
#ezDetail .rcol { width: 530px; }
Changelog v0.24 to v0.30
Big Design-Update!
The look has been changed from installation, administration, the standalone version and the detailed view of ezStats.
Due to the extensive changes, it is recommended for an upgrade, upload all the CSS files, except the "userdefined.css. Even if you've changed the design of ezStats.
Then please make any design changes to the "userdefined.css. So your own settings do not get lost in future updates of ezStats.
Improved "Operation mode settings" Menu
In the admin panel the user interface has been simplified considerably in order to integrate ezStats into your CMS. In addition, the plug-ins for the CMS have been revised.
It is therefore recommended to follow the instructions in the admin panel and download the plugin files again, even if older versions ezStats were integrated to your CMS.
The update mechanism has been optimized
So far a list of over 100 people was a risk that the update script terminates without errors.
Now the data of up to 50 players will be updated at once and a time stamp is stored for each player updated. The players whose last update back longer, are preferred for the next update.
I have tested the script with a list of 200 players. With so many players, the link must be clicked four times, to ensure that all data is up to date.
Changelog v0.23 to v0.24
Edit design: There is now a new stylesheet, the file "userdefined.css". It is recommended to edit ezStats design there. With future updates of ezStats your changes don´t get lost.
New feature: Italian language files! Many thanks pietrotc from
Italian Army Force
for translation!
New feature: New versions of ezStats will now be shown on leaderboard-overview
New feature: Summary of values at leaderboard-overview. Activate this at "Adminpanel->Common Settings".
New feature: Date of the last data equalization with BFBCS.com at leaderboard-overview. Activate this at "Adminpanel->Common Settings".
Changelog v0.22 to v0.23
Installation: Script won´t forget language-choice, if CHMOD-test failed
Overview: The row with average values won´t appear, if it´s disabled at adminpanel
Adminpanel: Manual to include ezStats in a topic at various message boards
The integration of ezStats in message boards, PHPNuke, Joomla und e107 works now with IE8 as well as with FF. -> IE7 has probs with the detailpage
Various tweaks at stylesheets for higher compatibility with browsers and CMS
Changelog v0.21 to v0.22
Detailview: M60 will be shown now
Update: Warning "Undefined index: players ..." doesn`t appear anymore
Update: Players containing "+" in name will be shown correctly now
: You can now include ezStats in following CMS: Webspell, Joomla, PHP-Nuke, DZCP, e107, Ilch
You find manuals here: Adminpanel-> "Manual to include ezStats to your CMS"
Changelog v0.20 to v0.21
Installation: DB-tables are created with engine "MyISAM". This prevents problems with Windows-rootservers.
Update: Script is optimized; with a huge list of players the update runs faster.
Adminpanel: New option: Open links in a new or the same window
Leaderboard: "Elo-Points" available for overview-table
Leaderboard: If no player has been added after installation, the warning "Division by zero" doesn´t appear anymore
Detailseite: Click onto the rankicon opens players BFBCS-page
"Ein Sturmsoldat muss mit fliegender Fahne aus allen Rohren feuernd mit lautem Hurra sein Team mitreissend in feindliche Squads und Flaggen rennen und dort Menschen für ihre Meinung bestrafen"
Gehe zu:
Bitte wählen:
siX' extern
-- Lobby
-- Off Topic
-- Marktplatz
-- ezStats - Support
-- Game News
-- Game Media
-- Hardware News
-- Event News
-- Helpdesk
---- Coding
siX' community
-- Externe Lobby für ArmA2 und Arma3 des Jägerbataillon 533
-- Multimedia des Jägerbataillons 533
siX' extern
ezStats - Support
ezStats - BFBC2 Leaderboard v1.21 (english)


text:
With more than 16 years of professional writing and editing experience in her arsenal, Dawn knows how to create content that engages audiences and meets client goals. Her writing specialties are personal finance, family topics, higher education, careers, and the content marketing industry. Dawn's writing plan of attack is two-fold: A no-nonsense approach to clean, accurate copy; and, when appropriate, a creative spin and reader-friendly tone that doesn't take itself too seriously. Of course, her skill set is as serious as they come.
Her career began in the traditional print journalism way, in which she honed "old school" reporting skills while earning her Master of Arts in Journalism and Mass Communications from New York University. From there, she went on to become a print magazine editor, juggling heds and decks, pull quotes and sidebars. Along the way, she's added social media savvy, SEO expertise, and blogging know-how to the mix. Dawn can help you with corporate editorial services and ghost writing, too.
In short, Dawn has morphed into a content creation machine, with publishing credits including Family Circle, Parents, WomansDay.com, CreditCards.com, CreditCardGuide.com, University Business, Amex OPENForum, NewsCred, Chief Content Officer magazine, ContentMarketingInstitute.com, and many more.
No matter the medium, Dawn understands the value and power of content from both a writer's and editor's perspective. And deadlines fear her.
Dawn is also…
- a staunch supporter of the Oxford comma
- a kickboxing addict
- a member of the American Society of Journalists and Authors (ASJA)
- and a happily married mom of two boys


text:
Master's degrees are scholastic programs that are available in person, online, or through distance learning programs from many institutions of higher learning. Earning this advanced degree may allow students to gain greater understanding and increased work experience in their field of interest.
Students of finance learn about all aspects of money management. The field includes business investments and banking, personal money management, and accounting. Students may keep their education general, or may choose to specialize early on in areas like personal financial planning or business accounting.
Students who like to learn about culture-specific cuisine and entertainment might enjoy attending school in Congo DRC (Zaire), as food and music are two of the country's most popular pastimes. Hundreds of different ethnicities call the country home, and French is the most common of the 242 spoken languages.
Online Master in Finance in Congo, DR
European Master ** issued by the European Federation of Schools (FEDE) - an association governed by Swiss law (CCS.art 60-79). The European Masters is a European diploma validated by the IACBE (International Assembly for Collegiate Business Education) is an American accreditation body. [+]


text:
Team Clarke is proud to deliver knowledgeable, professional real estate services in North and West Vancouver. We have a proven track record of success and an earned reputation for integrity, honesty and the highest caliber of real estate service available. We specialize in selling real estate on Vancouver's North Shore which lies between the ocean and mountains and is just minutes to downtown across the famous Lions Gate Bridge. Vancouver is considered one of the best cities to live in the world and we couldn't agree more.
Team Clarke is comprised of 4 licensed realtors and 2 assistants who consistently rank as North Vancouver's Top Selling Real Estate Team.* We have been voted as the North Shore's Favourite Realtor by the North Shore News' Reader's Choice Awards and as one of the Best Real Estate Companies by the Outlook's Best of the North Shore Awards. Team Clarke has also been a finalist in the North Vancouver Chamber of Commerce's Business Excellence Awards for "Best Business".
Team Clarke has an office at RE/Max Crest Realty in Edgemont Village that is open 7 days a week.
Whether you are a first time home buyer or experienced at buying properties, our buyer's agents are specialists trained to help you when buying a house in North and West Vancouver. Our listing agents are experts in their field and can give you a honest and educated complimentary market evaluation of your home. If you are thinking about selling your home, would like advice on repairs or renovations, preparing your home for sale, or simply have a real estate question, please call us, we'd love to talk to you.
Real Estate isn't just our business, it's our life. We love what we do and it shows. Get Team Clarke working for you today!


text:
Happy Holidays Gluten Free Greensboro! 'Tis the season- that it, the season for hectic schedules, holiday parties and dining out. The holidays can wreak havoc on any diet, but for allergen- sensitive individuals this time of year can be a nightmare. There is no 'cheating' in celiac disease, so I find the best way to safely navigate the holidays- especially if this is your first holiday living a Gluten-free lifestyle- it to be prepared.
Greensboro does have a variety of restaurants with Gluten-free menu options. OSI Restaurant partners- the parent Company to Outback Steakhouse and Carrabbas Italian Grill have made an excellent commitment to providing a large variety of delicious and gluten-free options, including deserts. Ask your hostess for a Gluten-free menu- there is no dusty black "allergy" binder to sift through as in some restaurants, an experience I have often found frustrating, and frankly, a little degrading. Most friends and family members are more than happy to select a restaurant from a list that is willing to accommodate your needs.
Miss Chinese food? PF Changs at the Shoppes on Friendly has a good variety of options and presents food in a discrete, yet very safe manner. Want Pasta? Olive Garden now provides a GF menu that includes penne pasta as an option. Many local Restaurateurs are more than happy to accommodate GF needs, even if it isn't advertised prominently on their menu. I recommend calling ahead- usually between 2 and 4pm is the best time to reach a knowledgeable individual, oftentimes the owner is even available, and can help to arrange a safe and delicious dining experience. If a restaurant isn't willing to accommodate my needs- I do not give them my patronage, but this has rarely been my experience with the Greensboro Restaurant scene.
In addition to dining out- there are many options for sweet treats, breads, and the like in Greensboro. Lindy's Bakery, if you have yet to try it, is an absolute must. The sweets are as delicious as Lindy is knowledgeable, and she is always trying new recipes! Cheesecakes by Alex, one of my favorites on Elm street, makes a delicious GF cheesecake, using almond as a substitute for the traditional graham cracker crust. He does need a few days notice to prepare your special treat, but I have never been disappointed in the quality or presentation of his art. If you are going to a family gathering or work function and aren't sure there will be GF options available, the best bet is to discuss the menu with your host and, if nothing else, offer to bring an item or two. Most individuals in the general public have no idea what Gluten is, more less how to avoid it, and they do not resent your input. Nothing is more embarrassing that hosting an event and having nothing to offer one of your guests!
Happy eating!
The All-Inclusive Information Source for Living Gluten Free in Greensboro, NC.
Health Resources, Restaurant Reviews, Grocery Reviews & More
Wednesday, December 1, 2010
Gluten Free Dining Out
2 comments:
- n8 said...
You can get Lindy's delivered with TakeoutTriad.net
They also deliver for PF Changs who also has a glutten free menu!
- April 15, 2011 at 1:54 PM
- HC said...
Support Phoenix! They are an independent and have a glutten free menu including firecracker shrimp.
- May 24, 2012 at 2:37 PM
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
The Corona coffee table makes a handsome addition to any interior setting. Available in the gorgeous finishes of Honey Oak, Java, Natural, Teak and Cherry, the Corona coffee table is able to coordinate with a multitude of Night & Day futon frames. This flawless Corona coffee table offers functionality and style that you and your family will appreciate.
You can complete your living area with the Corona coffee tables companion end table and one of Night & Days premium quality futon frames. The quality of the Corona coffee table is evidence by the one year limited manufacturers warranty. Order your Corona coffee table today and take advantage of our free shipping offer!
Corona Coffee Table includes a five year warranty against manufacturer's defects.


text:
DIMDIMA Site
Play & Win
Activities & Craft
Story Time
Science Lab
Discussion Forum
Smart Kids
Fun Zone
Book Buzz
My Page
Picture Gallery
Teachers Talk
Parents Talk
Dimdima in Print
Poetry Corner
Declared the Whitbread Children's Book of the Year for 1999.The third book in the Harry Potter series is as readable as the first two. J.K.Rowling has every ingredient that makes a book engrossing; characters we can relate to; characters we can hate; events that turn suddenly funny, suddenly terrifying; narration that does not preach or judge; an unpredictable climax that leaves us feeling both drained and happy, as if we've just got off a giant roller-coaster. Can we ask for more?
Harry is now thirteen, and has entered the third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Though a celebrity in school for his skills in Quidditch, and for the adventures that seem to come his way, Harry has to pretend that he goes to a school for incurable criminal boys, to everybody who comes home. For, the Dursleys, his guardians, hate anything to do with magic, and wish to retain their 'respectability' in society.
The third year promises to be exciting, right away, as everybody is talking about an escaped mass-murderer. The dreaded Dementors, the guards of the wizarding prison, Azkaban, are everywhere, even on the train to Hogwarts, looking for him. This year, Harry and his friends would be able to visit Hogsmeade, a wizarding village, for the first time. There are the Quidditch tournaments to look forward to, and a new teacher to teach Defence against the Dark Arts.
But nothing seems to work out the expected way. The Dementors have a terrible effect on Harry, much to the scorn of Malfoy and gang. Harry soon learns that the escaped convict Sirius Black was the one who betrayed his parents to the dark wizard Voldemort, and that he was at Hogwarts to get Harry now. The result, no Hogsmeade weekends for him, as a security measure. To top it all, his friends Ron and Hermione are fighting all the time about Crookshanks, Hermione's new pet cat who seems to have it in for Ron's old mouse, Scabbers.
The three friends break a few school rules from time to time, but find themselves deeper and deeper in trouble. On one such secret jaunts a shaggy black dog that seems to be a friend of Crookshanks drags Ron off, and Harry and Hermione follow it through some secret underground passages. Then, face to face with the escaped convict himself, Harry hears for the first time how his parents were betrayed, and how they were killed, and how he himself was saved miraculously.
The book is packed with action, and amidst the daily routine of classes and homework, matches and rivalry, the events race on, faster than the Hogwarts Express. How did Hermione manage to attend so many classes? What happened to Sirius Black? Was he captured? What about Ron's mouse? Did it escape from Crookshanks? Why does Professor Lupin, the new teacher of Defence against the Dark Arts have to leave school? Did Buckbeak, the hippogriff, Hagrid's pet, (part eagle, part horse) escape execution? Does the Divination Professor's prediction that one of Voldemort's trusted servants would rejoin him shortly, come true? All these questions, and more, are answered satisfactorily. Harry acquires a Godfather and guardian he can love. We also have the thrill of seeing him win the Quidditch cup for his house.
The third book is more complex in structure as it brings together the past and the present. It gives us a deeper understanding of why Harry is so special, and prepares us for his future exploits. The climax is deeply magical, and totally unpredictable.
The Prisoner of Azkaban will goad the reader to find the next book in the series.
Suitable read for 12 years and above.


text:
Please take special note of the pocket fail! I'm still laughing at myself. I guess that's what I get for sewing at 2AM!
The funniest part was not noticing for 2 days,,,until my daughter in law was marvelling at my ability to make pockets (trust me,,she's easy to impress when it comes to sewing LOLOL). I reached into the pocket to show her,,only to realize I'd sewn the velcro through the pocket,,,as well as to the front of the bag.
At least I didn't sew it to the Echino! (Isn't it gorgeous?)


text: OK, this is probably pretty darn easy. I have a desktop background by peterjsucy.com. In it it has places for docks and also for my drives to be located along a semi-circle. Everytime I place my drives in these positions it works fine until I restart. Why do my drives go back to straight up and down everytime I restart? (Panther 10.3.2)


text:
The appeal of stop motion animation is undeniable. It has been around for well over a century, appearing in films, TV shows, commercials and online video. Despite amazing advances in CG, stop motion is by no means a lost art. It's fun, artful, engaging and unique, giving life to the inanimate objects you never expected to see chasing each other across your desk. Great for social marketing campaigns, stop motion really brings your products and ideas to life!
The final videos can be optimized for sharing on various platforms including Instagram, Vine and Facebook.
•Acquisition of materials and any featured products
•Set construction
•Prop & character fabrication
•Planning for sound design
•Animation executed & captured with a DSLR and a computer
•Can shoot on sets and/or with green screen bg
•Begin production and acquisition of music & SFX
•Editing the animation
•Adding in additional elements including text
•Recording and mixing SFX & vocalizations
•Finalizing music & overall sound design
•Transmission of deliverables
**Number of revisions based on contract
If you're interested in breathing life into your next marketing campaign get in touch! email@example.com


text:
Atom Retro uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Read the Privacy Policy.
You currently have no items in your bag
The Affrey FARAH Retro Mod Knitted Polo Shirt (LG)
Sorry, this item is currently unavailable. Sign up below and we will notify you when it becomes available.
Brand: FARAH
The Affrey Mens Retro Knit Polo Shirt by Farah is a simple yet sophisticated Mod Clothing classic. A classic Retro knit polo shirt with a fantastic marl texture. The Affrey Mens Knitted Polo Shirt by Farah.
The Affrey Mens Retro Light Grey Marl Wool Mix Knitted Polo Shirt by Farah. 3 button placket, fine gauge knit and with classic Sixties Mod fold over polo collar. Finished with Farah contrast embroidered motif to chest. Short sleeve. The Affrey Polo Shirt is a style that goes great with both smart and casual attire. The Affrey Mens Mod Knit Polo Top by Farah.
FARAH 'THE AFFREY' MENS RETRO SIXTIES MOD MERINO KNIT POLO SHIRT. Brand: Farah
Colour: Light Grey.
Composition: 55% Polyamide, 30% Wool, 15% Acrylic.
Care: Hand wash cold. Please refer to full instructions on garment care label.
SKU: F4GF4035 The Affery Farah Vintage Polo Shirt. Farah 'The Affrey' Mens Retro Sixties Mod Knitted Polo Shirt (Light Grey Marl).
Approximate sizing as follows:
Small - 36" - 38"
Medium - 38" - 40"
Large - 40" - 42"
Extra Large - 42" - 44"
Extra Extra Large - 44" - 46"
Product ID: 15385
UK Standard: 2 - 4 working days – £3.50 or FREE* if you spend over £75.00
UK Express: 1 working day (Monday - Friday) to most UK addresses - £4.95. Order before 3pm Monday - Thursday for Next Day Delivery.
UK Saturday/Sunday delivery: Order by 3pm on Friday for delivery on Saturday/Sunday - £12.00 (Select from Saturday or Sunday Delivery at the checkout. Sunday Delivery is only available to selected postcodes).
EU Delivery - from £10.00 depending on weight of the order or FREE* if you spend over £150.00
Delivery typically between 3 - 20 working days depending on destination.
Non-EU Delivery - from £10.00 depending on weight of the order or FREE* if you spend over £250.00
Delivery typically between 7 - 25 working days depending on destination.
More info on International and UK delivery times
* Terms and conditions apply
If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, simply return the items to us in their original condition and packaging within 30 days of receipt and we will issue a full refund (excluding original delivery charge), or exchange the item for a different size / colour, if preferred. You are responsible for returning items to us.
Items marked with a + symbol in the title cannot be returned.
Please click here for our full returns policy.
Light Grey
Not got an account? Sign Me Up!
Please login below to add this product to your wishlist. Not got an account? Sign Me Up!
Lost Password? Grab a new one.
Need Help?


text:
171 Cedar Arts Center
171 Cedar StreetCorning, NY 14830
171 Cedar Street
Corning, NY 14830
Free Yoga April 2012
Apr 21 1pm - 3pm
Apr 21 1pm - 3pm
Free Yoga April 2012
Are you in tune with your inner self?
Find your center at one of the free yoga classes happeneing at 171 during the month of April. All classes will take place in the Bruce House Ballroom with instructor Venkat Sompalli.
9:00-11:00am, Saturday, April 14
1:00-3:00pm, Saturday, April 21
9:00-11:00am, Saturday, April 28
Pre-registration is required.
Call (607) 936-4647 to register today!
LocationBruce House Ballroom
171 Cedar Street
Corning, NY 14830


text:
Bruins Rise To No. 1 on the Eve of Stanford Tournament
Oct. 16, 2008
On the eve of the Stanford Intercollegiate, the UCLA women's golf team rose to the top of the NGCA/GolfWorld Coaches Poll. This weekend, the top-ranked Bruins will play in the Stanford event, Fri., Oct. 17 through Sun., Oct. 19.
The 16-team field includes five teams ranked in the Top 10 of the coaches poll and 11 of the Top 25. Second-ranked USC, the defending NCAA team champion, was the previous No.1 team before finishing six strokes behind the Bruins at the Mason Rudolph Championship, a tournament the Bruins won on Sept. 28.
'As the No.1 team, we need to put our best effort into this event to maintain our momentum,' said Head Coach Carrie Forsyth. 'Stanford is always an exciting event for our team. This year it is especially important because the Pac-10 Championship will be held there.'
Surprisingly, the Bruins have never won this event. Their best recent finish was second in 2005.
This season UCLA has won its first two starts, the Topy Cup in Japan and the Mason Rudolph event in Tennessee last month. The Bruins won by 14 shots over Tulsa in Japan before beating USC in Tennessee.
The Bruins also have produced a pair of individual champions in each appearance. In Japan, sophomore Glory Yang won her first collegiate event in a sudden-victory playoff. Last month's winner was junior Sydnee Michaels, who also was voted national player of the week for her score of 205 (-11). Entering the Stanford tournament, Michaels was ranked 10th nationally and Yang 13th by GolfStat.
Senior Tiffany Joh, sophomore Maria Jose Uribe and freshman Stephanie Kono complete the Bruins' fivesome for the Stanford tournament.
Joh and Uribe returned last weekend from Adelaide, Australia after participating in the Women's World Amateur Team Championship. Playing for the United States, Joh helped the Stars and Stripes finish third. Uribe played for her native Colombia, which placed 14th out of 48 teams.
Kono, an AJGA All-American, was ranked 38th nationally after recording a pair of Top 20 results in her first two collegiate events.
UCLA also will send two individuals to Stanford -- senior Ryann O'Toole and freshman Brianna Do.
For more information, click here.
Football: Inside Pac-12 FootballTue 10/23 | 6:00pm PTLive
Wed 10/24 | 6:00pm PTLive
Airing on:
- Pac-12 Network
- Pac-12 Mountain
- Pac-12 Washington
Thu 10/25 | 2:00pm PTLive
Airing on:
- Pac-12 Network
- Pac-12 Los Angeles
- Pac-12 Mountain