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The Determinants of Household Recycling: A Material Specific Analysis of Recycling Program Features and Unit Pricing
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1 The Determinants of Household Recycling: A Material Specific Analysis of Recycling Program Features and Unit Pricing Robin R. Jenkins, Salvador A. Martinez, Karen Palmer, and Michael J. Podolsky April 2000 Discussion Paper REV Resources for the Future 1616 P Street, NW Washington, D.C Telephone: Fax: Internet: Resources for the Future. All rights reserved. No portion of this paper may be reproduced without permission of the authors. Discussion papers are research materials circulated by their authors for purposes of information and discussion. They have not undergone formal peer review or the editorial treatment accorded RFF books and other publications.
2 The Determinants of Household Recycling: A Material Specific Analysis of Recycling Program Features and Unit Pricing Robin R. Jenkins, Salvador A. Martinez, Karen Palmer, and Michael J. Podolsky Abstract This paper examines the impact of two popular solid waste programs on the percent recycled of several different materials found in the residential solid waste stream. We examine a unique, national, household-level data set containing information on the percent recycled of five different materials: glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum, newspaper, and yard waste. We find that access to curbside recycling has a significant and substantial positive effect on the percentage recycled of all five materials and that the level of this effect varies across different materials. The length of the recycling program s life has a significant and positive effect on two of the five materials and a mandatory recycling requirement does not affect any materials. The level of the unit price has an insignificant effect on all five materials. Key Words: Solid Waste, Recycling, Unit Pricing, Incentives JEL Classification Numbers: Q28, H31 ii
3 Contents Introduction... 1 Literature Review... 3 Conceptual Framework... 6 Data Description... 7 Model Specification Results Recycling Program Features Unit Pricing Policy Variables Socio-economic factors Conclusion and Policy Implications References iii
4 The Determinants of Household Recycling: A Material Specific Analysis of Recycling Program Features and Unit Pricing Robin R. Jenkins, Salvador A. Martinez, Karen Palmer, and Michael J. Podolsky 1 Introduction The past 15 years have been a time of dramatic change for solid waste management. Beginning in the mid-1980s, with stricter EPA requirements for landfill construction on the horizon, landfill tipping fees increased dramatically and there was a widespread impression that landfill space was growing scarce and that a landfill crisis was inevitable. 2 Two clear national trends in solid waste management emerged during this period. Both were the result of local efforts to reduce the quantities of waste being landfilled. The most pervasive was the introduction of residential curbside recycling programs. In 1988, there were approximately 1,000 such programs in the US; in 1992, there were almost 5,000; by 1996 the number reached almost 9,000 (Goldstein, 1997). A second, less pervasive but still impressive, trend during this period was the introduction of volume-based pricing, or unit pricing, of solid waste disposal services wherein households are charged for garbage collection according to the number of containers they set out. Prior to the late 1980s there were perhaps a few dozen such programs (Skumatz, 1994). By 1996, there were over 3,800 programs, encompassing close to 10 percent of the US population (Miranda et al., 1998). Though the nature of a curbside recycling program is quite different from a unit pricing program, both theoretically provide incentives for a redirection of waste quantities from disposal sites to recycling centers. A curbside program reduces a household s cost of recycling by making recycling more convenient and less time consuming. A unit pricing program charges households by the container for waste collection. 3 This increases a household s cost of discarding additional waste relative to its cost of recycling; i.e., not recycling leads to higher fees for waste collection services. 1 Robin R. Jenkins, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy and Reinvention; Salvador A. Martinez, University of Florida and Resources for the Future; Karen Palmer, Resources for the Future; Michael J. Podolsky, Case Western Reserve University, School of Law. Please note that any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Environmental Protection Agency. The authors wish to thank Margaret Walls, Anna Alberini, Jeff Krautkramer, and Thomas Kinnaman for helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of this paper. We especially wish to thank Professor James Abert of Georgetown University for sharing his unique recycling data set with us. 2 Most of the increase in tipping fees occurred during the middle and late 1980s. In 1985 the national average tipping fee in the US was approximately $11.20 per ton; in 1990, it was approximately $ As of 1997, it remained close to $ (All values are in 1997$.) (US EPA, 1997). 3 Without unit pricing, most communities finance waste disposal via general tax revenues or flat fees. From the perspective of households, this places a marginal price of zero on waste disposal. This causes them to dispose 1
5 While both programs change a household s economic assessment of recycling, unit pricing is a market-based environmental policy whereas curbside recycling is not. This suggests possible differences in the outcomes of the two programs. Furthermore, unlike a curbside recycling program, unit pricing only gives an indirect incentive to recycle while its direct incentive is to reduce waste quantities. Another desirable outcome of unit pricing besides recycling is that households may adjust their purchasing habits to generate less solid waste. Thus, the two programs might very well have different effects on household recycling effort. Not only might they have different effects on aggregate household recycling effort, economic principles suggest that the programs will have different impacts on different recyclable materials (Jenkins, 1993). One suggestion is that volume-based unit pricing will give households an incentive to recycle bulky items that take up lots of garbage container space such as plastic milk jugs. On the other hand, because unit pricing affects recycling indirectly, rather than causing significant increases in recycling, it might encourage households to avoid generating bulky wastes in the first place. Households might alter their consumption bundles so that there is less trash to discard. A curbside recycling program also might disproportionately affect certain materials. Curbside recycling reduces a specific set of costs which are more important for some materials than others. Compared to a household recycling without a local recycling program, a household with a curbside program will have a much easier time recycling materials that are difficult to transport, like glass bottles, which are bulky and can break. Policy makers would benefit from a better understanding of the impact of the two programs and their features on different recyclable materials. To the municipalities that collect them, different recyclable materials have different costs of recycling as well as different values on the open market. Understanding which program features lead to greater recycling of high valued materials could improve the cost-effectiveness of a community s efforts to promote recycling. In other cases, in response to state objectives for aggregate recycling percentages, municipalities sometimes achieve very high recycling effort directed at a few materials and in order to get their aggregate percentage higher, must encourage households to recycle alternative materials. Understanding how to promote these alternative materials would be beneficial. This study uses a large household-level data set to examine the impact of these two popular solid waste programs and their features on the percent recycled of several different materials found in the municipal solid waste stream. Many recent studies have examined the separate or combined impacts of these two popular programs on aggregate recycling. 4 However, none analyzes a data set with the multitude of desirable characteristics that ours presents. We examine a national, household level data set containing information on the percent recycled of five different materials: glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum, newspaper, and yard waste. of more than the socially efficient amount of waste. A unit pricing program imposes a non-zero marginal price on waste disposal that can potentially correct this problem. 4 Please see Kinnaman and Fullerton (forthcoming) for a survey of this literature. 2
6 All communities in the data set offer curbside recycling of at least one of the five materials; although most offer it only for a subset of the five. However, the data set contains detailed information on the attributes of recycling options for all five specific materials. For example, the data indicate whether each material is collected at all through a local program and if so whether it is collected curbside or at a local drop-off facility. The data also indicate whether recycling the material is mandatory or voluntary, and so on. The data set contains rich household level socio-economic information. We augment the household-level data with community-level information on the prices charged for disposal under the unit-pricing program. Literature Review This paper makes two contributions to the existing economics literature on recycling. First it adds to the research on the effectiveness of curbside recycling and unit pricing at encouraging households to recycle. Several papers study various aspects of these programs, sometimes with unit pricing and curbside recycling operating together and sometimes with one program operating in isolation (Kinnaman and Fullerton, 1998; Nestor and Podolsky, 1998; Callan and Thomas, 1997; Fullerton and Kinnaman, 1996; Hong et al., 1993). However, ours is the first that analyzes data that is both national in scope and rests on a household-level unit of analysis. 5 Thus, this study is able to overcome many of the limitations that characterize previous studies. Second, this paper extends previous research by investigating whether and how the impact of these two popular programs differs for different recyclable materials. The few existing material-specific studies have lacked the rich amount of information about both recycling and unit pricing programs contained in our data set (Saltzman et al., 1993; Reschovsky and Stone, 1994). We also examine the effect of household socio-economic characteristics on recycling effort directed at different materials. The only nationwide study of the determinants of recycling that we were able to locate is Kinnaman and Fullerton (1998). Using community-level data on aggregate recycling quantities and correcting for endogenous local policy choices, they find that a unit pricing program has an insignificant effect on recycling while a curbside recycling program has a positive significant effect. Other studies of the determinants of recycling are regional. For example, Van Houtven and Morris (1999) examine household-level data for Marietta, Georgia. They estimate the effectiveness of two types of unit pricing programs, a subscription can program and a bag program, first on the household s decision to participate in recycling and second on recycling quantities. They get mixed results. Both types of unit pricing programs significantly increase the probability of a household recycling. However, neither significantly affects the aggregate quantity recycled. This study included only an indicator variable for the presence of unit pricing and not the actual unit price. Unlike this study and the others that analyze aggregate recycling, we will analyze a national, household-level data set and investigate 5 Several econometric studies analyze the impacts on recycling effort of one or both of these two popular programs by examining household-level data; in particular, Nestor and Podolsky (1998), Fullerton and Kinnaman (1996) and Hong et al. (1993). However, the data for all three of these studies are for a single region where curbside recycling and unit pricing co-exist. Several other studies are national in scope but rely on community-level data (Kinnaman and Fullerton (1998), Miranda et al. (1994) and U.S. EPA (1990)). (The latter two use the case study method of analysis.) 3
7 the significance of curbside recycling and the actual level of the unit price as well as various attributes of these programs. Two papers examine the determinants of recycling specific materials. Both are regional. Reschovsky and Stone (1994) investigates the impact of unit pricing and curbside recycling on six recyclable materials -- glass, plastic, cardboard, food/yard waste, metal cans and newspaper. They find that the presence of a unit pricing program, separate from mandatory recycling or curbside collection, has a significant positive effect on only one material food/yard waste. Because of insufficient relevant observations, they are not able to examine the significance of a curbside program operating in isolation. They do find that a mandatory curbside program and a combined curbside and unit pricing program are significant for the limited number of materials with sufficient data to permit reaching conclusions. The limitations of their data also restrict them to looking for differences in the impact of policy on only two materials glass and newspaper. They find little difference. We will analyze the programs impacts on five materials glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum, newspaper, and yard waste. A second material-specific study examines differences in the impact of socio-economic variables on the quantities of different materials households choose to recycle. Saltzman et al. (1993) analyzes the determinants of quantities recycled for newspaper and glass. Their primary finding is that the effect of changes in income on recycling differs across materials. Increases in income can lead to greater consumption and thus more waste available to be recycled and, at the same time, decreases in the amount of time devoted to recycling. Saltzman et al. suggest that for those materials for which substitutes are available the negative effect of a higher opportunity cost of time outweighs the positive impact from increased consumption. For example, they find income to have a significant positive effect on the quantity of newspaper recycled where there are no substitutes. On the other hand, income has a significant negative effect on the quantity of glass recycled since non-glass substitute containers are widely available. 6 Table 1 summarizes the existing econometric literature that studies the effects of unit pricing and curbside recycling on household recycling effort. The first column identifies the study authors and year, the second column describes the dependent variable, the third and fourth columns describe the independent policy variables and finally, the fifth and sixth columns identify whether the data were national or regional and household-level or community-level. In the remaining sections of this paper, we outline a conceptual framework, describe the data, present an empirical model, describe the results and discuss their relevance to policy. 6 An alternative explanation for the finding that higher incomes are associated with less glass recycling is simply that households switch from recycling to disposing of glass. 4
8 Table 1. Econometric Studies of the Impact Of Unit Pricing and Curbside Recycling Programs On Recycling Effort Author(s) (year) Van Houtven and Morris (1999) Hong and Adams (1999) Sterner and Bartelings (1999) Kinnaman and Fullerton (1998) Nestor and Podolsky (1998) Callan and Thomas (1997) Dependent Variable Aggregate or Material Specific Recycling Quantities Aggregate (quantity is weight, not volume) Independent Policy Variables Unit Price No, but dummy for presence of each of two types of unit pricing program Recycling Program Attributes a National or Regional No Regional Marietta, Georgia Aggregate Yes No Regional Portland, Oregon By Material (community proportion, not quantity recycled) No Yes Regional Southwest Sweden Data Aggregate Yes Yes National No Aggregate Yes No Regional Marietta, Georgia Aggregate (percent of total waste stream recycled) No, but dummy for presence of unit pricing program Yes Regional Massachusetts Yes Yes No Yes No Household Level a Two frequently studied recycling program attributes are whether it is curbside or drop-off and whether it is voluntary or mandatory. 5
9 Table 1. Econometric Studies of the Impact Of Unit Pricing and Curbside Recycling Programs On Recycling Effort (Continued) Author(s) (year) Rechovsky and Stone (1994) Hong et al. (1993) Saltzman et al. (1993) Dependent Variable Aggregate or Material Specific Recycling Quantities By Material (proportion, not quantity, recycled) Aggregate (recycling participation yes/no) Independent Policy Variables Unit Price No, but dummy for presence of unit pricing program Recycling Program Attributes a National or Regional Yes Regional upstate NY Yes No Regional Portland By Material No Yes Regional PA and NJ Data Yes Yes No Household Level Conceptual Framework A number of papers have developed conceptual frameworks to study the impact of unit pricing (Fullerton and Kinnaman, 1995; Morris and Holthausen, 1994; Jenkins, 1993). Others, including Podolsky and Spiegel (1998) and Kinnaman and Fullerton (1995), describe the substitution possibilities between waste disposal and recycling as part of household waste management. These papers develop models in which households maximize utility subject to a budget that is constrained by a unit price for waste collection. The models are the basis for solid waste disposal and recycling demand equations. On the right hand sides of these equations are three categories of exogenous variables: characteristics of the goods whose consumption generates waste; descriptions of the local waste management system; and socio-economic factors. The first category includes the price of consumption good i (P i ) and the amount of waste generated per unit of good i (β i ) where (i = 1... n). The second category a Two frequently studied recycling program attributes are whether it is curbside or drop-off and whether it is voluntary or mandatory. 6
10 consists of the price per unit of waste disposal (P W ) and a vector of recycling program features (RP) including whether the collection occurs at the curb or at a drop-off facility, the length of life of a recycling program, and so on. 7 The third category is comprised of socio-economic characteristics (SE) such as household size, income and education. Specifically, D and R are the optimal levels of household disposal and recycling, D = ƒ (β 1,, β n, P 1,, P n, P W, RP, SE) (1) R j = γ j (β 1,, β n, P 1,, P n, P W, RP, SE) (2) R = Σ R j. (3) Unlike waste disposal, each recycled material, j, has unique characteristics that could affect the relationship between recycling and the exogenous variables. These characteristics include the ease with which a material can be recycled, its bulkiness or the availability of substitutes for the material. Thus, each material (R j ) has a unique recycling demand equation as specified in (2). Consistent with (2), we analyze material-specific recycling behavior for each of five materials. However, since we do not have data on recycling quantities, we actually estimate the effects of the exogenous variables on the intensity of recycling for each material. Data Description The primary data source is a recycling survey mailed by Equifax, Inc. in 1992 a year of increasing popularity for unit pricing and soaring popularity for curbside recycling. 8 The survey was mailed to 4,600 households residing in 20 US metropolitan areas (please see Table 2 for a list of the 20). 9 Sixty-five percent of questionnaires, 2,984, were returned. Households responded to questions about recycling participation, recycling program characteristics, household characteristics, and attitudes. Equifax supplemented the survey with its own data on age, income, education and other characteristics for each household. 7 The price per unit of waste disposal charged to households is usually a volume-based price. For example, households in communities employing a bag/sticker purchase official program bags or stickers, which they affix to garbage bags of the mandated size. Alternatively, households in communities using a subscription can program specify a level of waste disposal per period of time in advance and are charged according to this level. 8 During 1992, the number of curbside recycling programs in the US increased by 10 percent, from just under 4,000 to 5,404 (Steuteville and Goldstein, 1993). 9 These 4600 households were selected using a stratified sampling method from Equifax s 250,000 member Home Testing Institute Panel. For this panel of homes, Equifax has extensive data on socio-economic household characteristics such as income and education. The 4600 households were selected to provide a mix of ages and household income levels representative of the population at large of the included metropolitan statistical areas. 7
11 From the Equifax data set, we selected only households that reported their communities had an ongoing recycling program (N=1939). We then appended unit pricing data from three sources. The first is a 1997 report (Miranda and LaPalme, 1997) that identifies which US communities had a unit pricing program for solid waste collection in The second is an EPA survey (1993), which collected information regarding the actual unit prices charged in 1992 by many of the unit pricing communities that were then in existence. For those communities not included in the EPA survey, we conducted our own telephone survey of community solid waste officials to solicit information on unit prices and other characteristics of the unit pricing program. Table 2. Metropolitan Statistical Areas Sampled Boston/Hartford Corridor Detroit New York Metro (New Jersey side) Philadelphia Minneapolis/St. Paul Atlanta San Francisco Phoenix Houston Tampa New York City Metro (New York and Connecticut) Portland Camden, New Jersey Chicago Seattle St. Louis Los Angeles Dallas-Fort Worth Miami Denver Following our telephone survey, we eliminated 123 additional observations for various reasons. The most common is that we were unable to contact a knowledgeable respondent. Other reasons include, for example, that the community had multiple trash haulers and thus multiple solid waste user fees. In these cases, we lacked information to connect a particular household to one or the other of the possible fees. In addition, we deleted several observations due to missing values. Finally, to eliminate any potential bias that would result from respondents, particularly non recycling respondents, failing to report the existence of a neighborhood drop-off recycling program, we retained only those households that reported curbside collection of at least one of the five materials. Our final data set consists of 1,049 observations. 8
12 Of the final 1,049, 116 are households facing a positive unit price for solid waste collection. Table 3 identifies the metropolitan areas that contain communities with unit pricing programs and the number of respondents residing in each. The majority of these respondents live in western states. Of the 116 households, 104 live in communities with subscription programs where households subscribe to collection of a pre-specified number of containers. Households can change that number but must incur transaction costs to do so. The remaining 12 households live in communities with Table 3. Unit Pricing Programs MSA Number of Observations Program Type Los Angeles 1 Subscription San Francisco 20 Subscription Chicago 10 Bag/Tag/Sticker Detroit 1 Bag/Tag/Sticker Minneapolis/St. Paul 2 Subscription Portland 46 Subscription Philadelphia 2 Bag/Tag/Sticker Seattle 34 Subscription bag/tag/sticker programs where households place their garbage in specially marked plastic bags, or place specially marked tags or stickers on regular garbage containers, and pay a price for the specially marked items that includes the cost of collection. In these communities, households can more easily alter the number of containers discarded. We define the marginal price of solid waste collection as the price of the second container of waste. The reason is that households virtually always generate some solid waste, so paying for collection of the first container is difficult to avoid. Not paying for the second container is more likely and can be achieved by increased recycling. 10 Households in communities with no unit pricing face a zero marginal price for solid waste collection. Table 4 gives the mean values and standard deviations of the independent variables used in our ordered probit analysis. The first row gives the mean marginal price of solid waste collection, $1.91 per 32-gallons, faced by the 116 households in communities with unit pricing programs. This marginal price applies to all five of the different materials, except for the two communities that have a different price structure for yard waste. Thus, the second row of Table 4 gives the mean marginal price of yard waste collection. Note that while the variables are different, the mean values are almost the same 11 as are the standard deviations of 86 cents. 10 Perhaps less easily, households also can avoid paying for the second container by generating less garbage in the first place. 11 The solid waste and yard waste price variables in the probit equations are in dollars per gallon (instead of per 32-gallons). The difference in the sample mean values of the two variables begins at the fifth significant digit. 9
13 Table 4. Mean Values of Independent Variables Variable Mean Value (N=1049 unless otherwise noted) Policy Variables 1. Marginal price of solid waste $1.91 b $0.86b collection ($ per 32-gallons) a 2. Marginal price of yard waste collection ($ per 32-gallons) a $1.90 b $0.86 b 3. Indicator variable for curbside collection of newspaper 4. Indicator variable for curbside collection of glass bottles 5. Indicator variable for curbside collection of aluminum 6. Indicator variable for curbside collection of plastic bottles 7. Indicator variable for curbside collection of yard waste 8. Number of materials collected curbside 9. Indicator variable for drop-off collection of newspaper 10. Indicator variable for drop-off collection of glass bottles 11. Indicator variable for drop-off collection of aluminum 12. Indicator variable for drop-off collection of plastic bottles 13. Indicator variable for drop-off collection of yard waste 14. Indicator variable for a mandatory recycling program 15. Indicator variable for a recycling program that was between one and two years old.916 c.278c.886 c.318 c.853 c.355 c.775 c.417 c.528 c.500 c c.229 c.071 c.256 c.104 c.305 c.127 c.333 c.057 c.232 c Standard Deviation (N=1049 unless otherwise noted) a In the probit equations, this variable is in dollars per gallon. b Mean is for the 116 households living in communities with unit pricing programs. c Mean is for the observations included in each different material s probit analysis: N=1,042 for the newspaper equation; N=1,033 for the glass bottles equation; N=1,012 for the aluminum equation; N=1,014 for the plastic bottles equation; N=963 for the yard waste equation. 10
14 Table 4. Mean Values of Independent Variables (Continued) Variable 16. Indicator variable for a recycling program that was older than two years Socio-Economic Variables 17. Population density (thousands of Mean Value (N=1049 unless otherwise noted) persons per square mile) 18. Indicator variable for household income between $10,000 and $14, Indicator variable for household income between $15,000 and $24, Indicator variable for household income between $25,000 and $34, Indicator variable for household income between $35,000 and $49, Indicator variable for household income between $50,000 and $74, Indicator variable for household income of $75,000 or higher 24. Household size Age of household head Indicator variable for a detached house 27. Indicator variable for home ownership 28. Indicator variable for highest level of education is high school graduate 29. Indicator variable for highest level of education is college graduate 30. Indicator variable for highest level of education is beyond college Standard Deviation (N=1049 unless otherwise noted) As mentioned, all of the observations in our data set represent households with curbside recycling of at least one material. However, the number and type of materials collected by a curbside recycling program vary. Table 4 gives the proportions of households that live in communities with curbside recycling programs that collect each of the five different materials. The highest proportion is of households in communities that collect newspapers at the curb, over 90 percent. The lowest proportion is of households in communities that collect yard waste at the curb, approximately 50 percent. These proportions are also the means of the five variables that indicate the presence of curbside recycling for each material. Overall, of the five materials in this study, the mean number eligible to be picked up by a community s curbside recycling program is
15 The percent of households whose only option for recycling a material is at a drop-off center is much lower than the percent with curbside collection. Approximately 5 percent of households have only drop-off recycling for newspapers and yard waste; approximately 7 percent for glass bottles; 10 percent for aluminum and 13 percent for plastic bottles. Thirty-five percent of respondents report that participation in their recycling program is mandatory. Recall that all respondents have curbside collection of at least one material. We assume that the mandatory requirement applied to all of the materials collected at the curb. As expected, many of the recycling programs represented by our data set are new. Twenty-five percent of respondents indicated that their recycling program was under a year old and 41 percent indicated it was between one and two years old. Thirty-three percent indicated it was older than two years. The data set includes one socio-economic variable that describes the communities where respondents reside population density. These data are from the 1990 census. We collected information for the specific community when possible and for the county otherwise. Table 4 gives the mean population density: 5,820 persons per square mile with a rather high standard deviation of 5,923. The data set also includes a series of dummy variables that indicate the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) where each household is located. This variable is used in the regressions to control for unobserved regional effects such as weather and cultural differences. The data set includes information from Equifax for five socio-economic characteristics of respondents households with sample statistics reported in Table 4. The first is household income. Table 4 gives the percentage of respondents living in households within each of six different income ranges. (In the table these percentages appear as the means of the six variables that indicate the household s income category.) A high proportion is from upper income categories. The second household characteristic is household size with a sample average of 2.7 persons per household. The third is the average age of the female and male heads of the household. The sample average is 48. The fourth is whether the respondent lives in a detached house. Seventy-three percent do. The fifth is whether the respondent and/or another household member own(s) the house. Seventy-nine percent do. Finally, the sixth is the level of education of the most educated household member. As expected, given the income distribution, there is a high proportion of respondents in the high education categories. As mentioned, the survey asked respondents about recycling participation. Specifically, respondents were asked what proportion of the following materials they recycled through all available recycling programs: steel sided cans, glass bottles, plastic bottles, newspaper, magazines, aluminum, other plastics, yard waste and other. As noted already, we chose to study five of these materials. Thus, we define a dependent variable for each of the five. The survey asked whether recycling percentages fell into one of seven possible categories: 0 to 10 percent; 11 to 25 percent; 26 to 50 percent; 51 to 74 percent; 75 to 84 percent; 85 to 95 percent or over 95 percent. We aggregate the data into three categories of proportion of the material recycled 0 to 10 percent, 11 to 95 percent, and over 95 percent. Table 5 gives the percent of respondents falling into the three categories for each of the five materials. Except for yard waste, the majority of respondents recycled over 95 percent of each material. Table 5 also gives the number of respondents falling into each category and the number of missing observations for each of the five probit equations. 12
16 Table 5. Proportions of Materials Recycled Material Percentage and Number of Respondents Recycling 0 to 10 Percent Newspaper 8.8 % 92 Glass bottles 11.3 % 117 Aluminum 15.0 % 152 Plastic bottles 17.8 % 180 Yard waste 43.3 % 417 Percentage and Number of Respondents Recycling 11 to 95 Percent 16.6 % % % % % 220 Percentage and Number of Respondents Recycling Over 95 Percent 74.6 % % % % % 326 Total 100 % 1, % 1, % 1, % 1, % Number Missing Model Specification The model that we estimate seeks to identify which policy and socio-economic factors influence the level of recycling effort households expend on each recyclable material. 12 We use a latent regression model for ordered data as the framework for estimation. As noted above, for each material type, we define three ordered categories: category 0 for 0 to10 percent recycled, category 1 for 11 to 95 percent recycled and category 2 for over 95 percent recycled. For each material type, j, we consider the relationship y * ji ' j = β x + ε i ji where y* is unobserved level of recycling effort (percentage of material j recycled) and i is an index of households. The vector x i contains the marginal price, recycling program attributes, and socioeconomic features for each household. β is a vector of coefficients to be estimated by maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) in an ordered probit model. Assuming ε ji is distributed standard normal, the probability that we observe household i in category k, where k=0,1 or 2, for material j is given by 12 Ideally we would account for potential systematic differences between households that received the questionnaire and returned it and those that didn t return it. However, the data required for such an analysis were not available. 13
17 Pr Pr Pr ( y = 0) ji ( y = 1) ji = Φ β j x ji ; = Φ µ β j x ji Φ β j x ( ) y = 2 = 1 Φ µ β x where Φ is the standard normal cdf. 13 ji j ji ji ; Results The intensity of household recycling activities by material is modeled as a function of several socioeconomic variables and several policy variables representing the characteristics of the recycling program and the unit pricing program. These variables are described in Section 4. The regression for each material was estimated using the same set of independent variables, except that the values for the curbside and drop-off indicator variables varied across materials depending on the type of collection available for the specific material. In addition, the marginal disposal price was different for yard waste. The diverse nature of the communities and households represented in our data set led us to question the appropriateness of the standard assumption that all of the disturbance terms in the underlying model have a common variance. In particular, we suspected that the disturbance terms surrounding the propensity to recycle could be a function of the presence of curbside recycling and the length of time that the recycling program had been in existence. We hypothesize that the regression disturbance terms are likely to be different across households that have curbside recycling for the relevant material and those that do not. By eliminating the need to transport recyclables to drop-off points at varying distances from the household, curbside recycling tends to even out the time required to recycle across households. Likewise, we expect households with greater potential experience with recycling to have different disturbance terms than those with less experience with recycling. Greater experience with recycling allows households to develop a recycling habit, which will lead to less variation in the error terms. Using these variables as determinants in a multiplicative model of heteroskedasticity of the form ε ji = exp( γz i ) where the z vector includes the three potential contributors to heteroskedasticity, we tested the ordered probit model for each material for the presence of heteroskedasticity. 14 We found that for two materials, glass and plastic bottles, we could reject the null hypothesis of homoskedasticity, and therefore, we report the results of the heteroskedasticity-corrected model for those two materials. 13 See Greene (1993) p. 672 for more information. 14 There are three potential contributors because the amount of time a recycling program has been in place is represented by two categorical indicator variables (see Section 3). 14
18 The results of this analysis are presented in two forms. First, the results of the econometric estimation of the ordered probit regression for each material are presented in Table 6. Table 6. Econometrics Results for Ordered Probit Model Newspaper Variable Name Constant *** (.4354) Policy Variables Glass Bottles *** (.3798) Aluminum ** (.4037) Plastic Bottles *** (.4131) Yard Waste *** (.3791) Drop-off.4420 (.2767).9489*** (.2492).5149** (.2239) *** (.2270).6387*** (.1954) Curbside.6586*** (.2493) *** (.2805) *** (.2172) *** (.2516).7856*** (.1124) Mandatory and Curbside.1125 (.1187) (.0683).1198 (.1070).1486 (.1028).0637 (.1228) Total Materials Curbside.0821* (.0442) (.0390) (.0539) (.0501).0517 (.0388) Recycling Program is between 1 and 2 years old.3521*** (.1115).1205 (.0893).0742 (.1029).2121** (.1056).1788* (.1078) Recycling Program is over 2 years old.3121** (.1213).1086 (.1007).1158 (.1140).0736 (.1119).2819** (.1188) Disposal Price (4.2400).0850 (2.1136) (3.4457).4924 (3.1474) (3.0377) Number of observations Log Likelihood Chi squared statistic *** *** *** *** *** MSA controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Heteroskedasticity corrected No Yes No Yes No 15
19 Table 6. Econometrics Results for Ordered Probit Model (Continued) Variable Name Newspaper Glass Bottles Aluminum Plastic Bottles Yard Waste Socio-Economic Variables Population Density.0011 (.0104) Household Income between.5913** $10,000 and $14,999 (.2442) Household Income between.2722 $15,000 and $24,999 (.2074) Household Income between.3775* $25,000 and $34,999 (.2156) Household Income between.4932** $35,000 and $49,999 (.2127) Household Income between.6411*** $50,000 and $74,999 (.2216) Household Income over.7300*** $75,000 (.2520) Household size.0166 (.0379) Age of hh head.0113*** (.0035) Single family (.1205) Owner occupied.1169 (.1252) Highest education level is.7014*** high school graduate (.1939) Highest education level is.7827*** college graduate (.2171) Highest education level is.7698*** beyond college (.2247).0003 (.0069).3070* (.1744) (.1305).0147 (.1299) (.1278).0745 (.1365).0500 (.1500).0567** (.0257).0033 (.0022).0588 (.0725).2343** (.0928).3370** (.1385).3316** (.1499).3785** (.1596) (.0091).5681** (.2424) (.2042).0165 (.2086).0446 (.1974).0339 (.2063).0784 (.2295).0017 (.0322).0058* (.0032).0995 (.1086).2202* (.1187).6316*** (.1863).6535*** (.2062).5770*** (.2117) (.0089).7427*** (.2215).1148 (.1774).3644** (.1800).2647 (.1743).2881 (.1858).3072 (.2044).0479 (.0313).0062** (.0031).2599** (.1071).1967* (.1188).0879 (.1681).0746 (.1814).1884 (.1933) *** (.0106) (.2533) (.2157) (.2224) (.2180) (.2237) (.2451).0603* (.0332).0074** (.0033).4105*** (.1095).2093 (.1275) (.2128) (.2335) (.2362) Standard error reported in ( ). * = significant at 90% level of confidence ** = significant at 95% level of confidence *** = significant at 99% level of confidence 16
20 These results indicate which variables have a statistically significant effect and the direction of that effect on the propensity to recycle different materials. However, because of the non-linear estimation procedure employed, the regression results do not provide a good indicator of the magnitude of the effect. To determine magnitudes, we use the estimated probit model coefficients to calculate the marginal effects of different independent variables on the probability that a typical household will fall into each of three levels of recycling intensity: 0 to 10 percent of the material recycled, 11 to 95 percent recycled or over 95 percent recycled. 15 For the significant policy variables, these marginal effects are reported in Table 7. The next three sub-sections of the paper discuss the results for three categories of independent variables respectively: recycling program policy variables, unit pricing program policy variables and socio-economic variables. In addition to the independent variables discussed below, all of the regressions include MSA indicator variables that were found as a group to be statistically significant determinants of recycling intensity for each material. 16 Recycling Program Features This analysis identifies several features of recycling programs that have a significant effect on intensity of household recycling effort. Two features that are almost always significant are availability of local drop-off recycling and existence of curbside recycling. Increasing the number of total materials included in the curbside recycling program has a positive effect on recycling effort for newspaper only. Length of program life is also an important determinant of the intensity of recycling effort for newspaper and yard waste. The effects of individual program features are discussed in greater detail in the following paragraphs. 15 The equation that predicts the probability that an observation will fall into each of the three categories is nonlinear in the independent variables. Therefore, the equation that defines the marginal effects of each independent variable on that probability is a function of all of the independent variables. The marginal effect of each significant continuous independent variable is calculated using the average value for all of the independent variables except where noted in Table 7. The marginal effect of each significant discrete independent variable is calculated by solving the probability equation once with that variable set to one and all other independent variables set at their sample mean values (except where noted), again with that variable set to zero and other values unchanged and then taking the difference between the two solutions. 16 We used a likelihood ratio test of the joint significance of the MSA indicator variables. We find that they are significant as a group at the 99% level for all materials except plastic bottles. For plastic bottles, the MSA dummies are significant at the 95% level. 17
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text: Bride and Groom in Somerset From hen and stag dos, to health and beauty, personal trainers, honeymoons and the like, find everything the average bride and groom in the Somerset area might need below. Just scroll down and click on a listing you find interesting, or use the dropdowns to refine your search further. Filter results Health & BeautyHen & StagHoneymoonRings & Jewellery Sort results Our Favourites Distance Rating A-Z Jay Chapman The team at Jay Chapman offer an array of services using high quality products. Their calm and professional approach sets the tone for your big day. From hair styling, makeup to nails and grooming the team will have you feeling your very best… Pampered Hair Feel like the belle of the ball on your special day, with the experienced makeover services of Pampered Hair… Tracy Pallari This award-winning Hair and Makeup Artist is passionate about creating the perfect style for your wedding day… Bridal Hair by Helen This Somerset-based bridal hair stylist specialises in contemporary updos for brides and their party, enhancing your natural beauty for your special day… Lisa Caldognetto The talented Lisa Caldognetto creates illuminating bridal looks using quality, luxury products. Her professionalism and energy will keep you calm before your big day… Rachael Ann Bird Working from her inspiring town studio in Frome, Somerset, Rachael Ann Bird creates stunning classic and contemporary jewellery, and specialises in one-of-a-kind bespoke designs to complement individual style preferences West Country Games Fresh air, Somerset cider, hilarious West Country-themed fun and games - what else could you conceivably want from your Hen and Stag experience? Handily located a few miles south of Bristol, West Country Games have it all OneLife Bristol-based OneLife offers fun and friendly mobile personal training sessions with a qualified instructor, also formulating in-depth individual nutritional plans to help brides get into the best possible shape for their wedding day Hen TV Capture hilarious clips and make a music video during your girly weekend in Hen TV's fabulous Bristol video-production studio! An excellent addition to a night out, when booked via The Wedding Secret, the Hen goes for free! By Annabella Professional makeup artist specialising in creating a natural, flawless look to ensure you feel beautiful and confident in your own skin… John Titcombe Based in Bristol, John Titcombe Fine Jewellers handcraft one-of-a-kind engagement rings, wedding rings and associated bridal jewellery to meet individual requirements, providing a fully informative, friendly and fun experience for prospective brides and grooms to treasure Bristol Stag and Hen Bristol Stag and Hen is a specialist stag and hen event organisers based in the city centre of Bristol. They can travel to venues of your choice in the South West offering a wide range of activities for you to choose from - from tame to risqué ... Diana Porter Working from an inspirational studio situated behind her boutique on Bristol's Park Street, this award-winning jewellery designer's specialism lies in hand-etching individual images and personalised messages onto her range of exquisite engagement and wedding rings The Crafty Hen If you want a Hen Party everyone will still be able to remember the next day, The Crafty Hen organises tailored workshops for such gatherings throughout the South West and across the UK, offering a great opportunity to learn how to fashion lovely, unique handmade items The Carter Company Offering scenic honeymoons throughout Europe, Ireland and the UK, this family business has two and a half decades of experience... ProTom Fitness Feel like you may be lacking the motivation to get yourself into shape for your wedding celebrations? Highly experienced and qualified, Bristol-based fitness specialist Tom Lakos devises fantastic weightloss and wellbeing regimes Kuoni Established over 100 years ago, Kuoni offer tailor-made luxury honeymoons and award-winning overseas wedding planning services, with a key philosophy of providing exciting, innovative and luxurious experiences across the world Marie Miller At her Willsbridge studio, Marie Miller produces her stunning range of bespoke tailor-made contemporary jewellery and accessories, all handcrafted from the finest sterling silver and precious gemstones to designs which sensitively complement individual wedding themes Frontlinestyle This state-of-the-art hair salon and beauty spa in central Bath presents the perfect luxurious location for relaxing Hen parties as well as offering a bespoke make-up and hairstyling service for the bridal entourage on the wedding day Alterego Based in Bristol's buzzing Whiteladies Road, Alterego offers its free mobile bar service for weddings, plus cocktail-making classes and other activities for Hen nights and ale and cider tasting sessions for Stags, with a diversity of packages, ranging from free to prepaid bars with reduced pricing for guests Jody Cory Overlooking the historic Roman Baths and Abbey in the heart of Bath, Jody Cory produces stunning bespoke items, together with his attractive range of designer wedding jewellery, all backed up by a comprehensive restoration and repair service for your family heirlooms Showgirl Academy Based between Bristol and Bath, The Showgirl Academy is a dynamic and energetic young professional dance company presenting fun-filled classes embracing an eclectic range of different modern and popular dance-styles Philip James Philip James specialises in the design and creation of bespoke wedding rings, together with beautiful jewellery of supreme quality, all skilfully handmade from the finest precious metals and gems in his goldsmith's studio conveniently situated right in the centre of Bath LR Fitness Conveniently situated close to the centre of Bath, LR Fitness can offer bespoke training sessions and carefully-balanced nutritional plans, ensuring brides-to-be will both look and feel their absolute best come their wedding day Jax-Glam Beauty Based in Bristol, make-up and pamper party specialist Jackie travels to weddings and hen parties all over Bristol. The experienced artist can visit your hotel or home and offers competitively priced makeup and nail treatments, eyelash treatment, facials and more… A Bite of Delight Operating from Warminster, A Bite of Delight is a cake company providing bespoke bakes to suit your tastes, using the finest ingredients and natural flavours to create top-quality traditional tiered wedding cakes, cupcakes and favours. Star baker Melanie has been whisking and icing for over six years now Elle Hitchens Makeup Artist Based in Bristol and able to cover all of the southwest, Elle Hitchens is a MAC trained makeup artist with over 10 years' experience. Armed with a kit containing brands the likes of Chanel, Dior, and Lancome, Elle prides herself on her expertise as well as being a calming presence on your big day… Beauty By Emily Faith Based near Bristol, professional, personable and affordable wedding beauty consultant and make-up artist Emily Faith offers bespoke cosmetic services for the bride, bridesmaids, flowergirls, and for the mother of the bride Drive-Tech Ltd. Operating at the Castle Combe Circuit in Wiltshire, Drivetech offers a Hen or Stag experience like no other. With 350 metres of track and a fleet of 200cc karts which can go over 30mph, some of the best offroad driving in the country, and skid control fun to be had too, you can all enjoy a fantastic day out! Insight Activities Explore your wild side with Insight Activities. Try your hand at a variety of outdoor pursuits, from archery to axe throwing and crossbow shooting to bush-craft… Leah Toomey Leah Toomey is a very experienced makeup artist and stylist who will create a beautiful look for your perfect day… Desire Hair Desire Hair is run by Kirsty McCorkell, a professional freelance stylist with seven years of experience. Based in Gloucestershire but willing to travel further afield, Kirsty will bring her talented hair styling to your home or your venue. She can also create fantastic bridesmaid and mother of the bride hairstyles The Event Studios Based in Devon and the Southwest, Jai and her team create flawless hair and makeup catered to every brides taste and personal style… Charlotte Tillyer This specialist hair and makeup artist offers a professional and expert service to give you a look that complements your natural colouring and features... The Flower Hive Looking at doing something a little different for your hen party? Give Eva a call and get crafty making your very own paper flower crowns… Changing Faces Changing Faces offers a luxury hair and beauty service for weddings and events, transforming you and your bridal party for your big day… Trish Rawlins Trish Rawlins, a professional and friendly freelance make-up artist from Swindon, specialises in bridal party preparation for weddings throughout the Bristol area, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Somerset and Berkshire Andrew Edwards Personal Travel Consultant Based in Gloucester, this hardworking travel coordinator plans Holidays, Honeymoons and even Hen and Stag events across the globe, drawing on his passion for travel and on the extensive international money-saving contacts his independent parent company Hays Travel have developed over the years DoubleDutch Hair and Makeup Master hair and makeup artist Cornelius over 25 years experience. He is renowned for his calm and accommodating approach... Be Lush With over 20 years experience with hair and make-up, Be Lush can guarantee you'll be the princess in your fairy tale wedding… Sticky Endings Based in Oxford but able to travel all over the UK, Sticky Endings provides Murder Mystery evenings that will make your stag or hen do truly stand out from the rest! Their professional actors will come to your home or venue and place you and your friends right in the middle of a tailor-made plot… Ione Makeup Artist Based in Cornwall, Ione is a cruelty-free hair, makeup, and nail artist whose aim in her work is to show her clients that quality beauty products don't need to be tested on animals. She specialises in creating natural looks that highlight each bride's natural beauty… Bottle Bazaar The quirky and unique Bottle Bazaar offers a service like no other! This unusual company is based in Kent, but delivers across the country... Orchard Makeup Sally Orchard is based in Cornwall but is willing to travel across the country to make sure you look your absolute best. She works with known branded makeup and offers airbrushing services at no extra cost… Contact Business I agree for my details to be sent to this business - please review privacy policy Autofill enquiry forms from now on (optional) - please review cookie policy Send Enquiry We will send your details directly to this business so they can respond to your questions with details of their services. ×

subset: commoncrawl


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We're told to get a staple 8 hours a night to be 'all we can be' right.
Well, I'm starting to feel like I don't actually know what that feels like any more. This is getting ridiculous, to the point of funny. But not your average kind of funny. Nooooo. You know that really tired kind of funny, where you're still super awake at 3am because you've passed the point of no sleep return, and everything seems really hysterical?…Yeah that kind of funny.
The kind of funny where you start laughing at Ashton Kutcher films…bad right?
I started trying to stay up later and get up earlier, so I would be tired enough to sleep, but nope, that doesn't work. I took sleeping drugs. Apparently my body has the will to overcome them too.
I used natural herbal remedies. And hot teas. Nothing.
At this point feel free to jump in with any 'old wives tales' that will help. I'm willing to give it a shot 😉
I'm looking at adding this to my wardrobe in the near future!
The thing is, I know pretty much why I can't sleep. I just don't know how to 'fix' it. You see, I have this mind that has a mind of it's own. When my head hits the pillow, it clicks into overdrive and starts telling me all about everything it thinks I need to know. It might start out with something that happened earlier, what I need to get done the next day, and end up drifting to faraway places and imagining things that could be. It creates adventures, writes stories, paints pictures and dreams, all while I lay there wide awake watching the time tick over.
Before I know it, it is somewhere in the very small hours of the morning and the possibility of getting nearly enough sleep is beyond reach. Again.
Next thing I know, after a few hours of broken z's Chili is leaving for work, the dogs are relentlessly wanting to play and just BE AWAKE, and there goes the slender chance of sleeping in too. There is just no way of ignoring this when it wants you to get up to play!
So be it. Start the day with strong coffee and a to do list and soldier on. I need to get some of this…
I guess it just comes down to being able to relax a little, something I am not much good at at the moment. There's just too much going around in my head. That, along with a changed eating and exercise routine and many other things, is leaving me just a LITTLE wound up right now. Some days I feel like I need to just step out of my body and shake myself loose.
Either way, I guess it could always be worse. It's more a mental thing than physical, and I have an feeling it might get a little better soon. Patience has just never been my strong suit. I want what I want. And I'm okay with that.
So, let's go out on a more positive note…


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Quoted from the Straits Times of Singapore - Wednesday, April 2 2008
Some quotes on Mahathir about Badawi:
"Even his own state (Penang) was captured by the opposition. Never before did we have a Prime Minister from an "enemy" state. Is he not ashamed?"
"I know the candidate list did not come from the chief ministers. They brought the list to Sultan Abdullah Shah, and the list is taken to the office next door. It is inspected there (bu the so-called Fourth Floor Advisers) before being sent back to Sultan Abdullah."
"I admit I was a reason why the BN lost. I cannot support a leader who is not good for the country and party. I couldn't support all candidates but I said they should pick good people."
Mahathir no longer supports Najib for Prime Minister
Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad yesterday said he no longer supported Deputy Premier Najib Razak for prime minister.
At a raucousevent attended by more than 1,500 Umno members, he said: "Previously, I said Najib but I have changed my mind."
Tun Dr. Mahathir had called on his succesor, Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi, to resign and hand over power to Datuk Seri Najib the day after the ruling Barisan Nasional suffered unprecedented losses in the March 8 polls.
But the Deputy Premier himself quickly pledged loyalty to Datuk Seri Abdullah.
Last week, it is understood that the Prime Minister announced to Umno's governing council that Datuk Seri Najib would be his running mate at the UMNO election in December.
But while he withdrew his endorsement of Datuk Seri Najib, Tun Dr. Mahathir stopped short of saying which candidate he preferred.
The most credible challenge to Datuk Seri Abdullah could come from Kelantan prince Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah who has said he will take on the Prime Minister in the party polls.
But observers believe that Tun Dr Mahathir has moved a step closer to Tengku Razaleigh or Umno Vice President Muhyiddin Yassin as his choice for the top job.
And his support can be influential.
Despite the baggage that the 82 year old still carries from his own years as Prime Minister, his attacks on his successor over the last two years have caused Datuk Seri Abdullah serious damage.
The former premier, who launched his attacks against Datuk Seri Abdullah two years ago, has again become one of his harshest critics.
Indeed, it was Tun Dr. Mahathir who led the charge at yesterday's boisterous event held to analyse the electoral losses.
He urged the crowd, mostly Umno grassroots members to speak up to ensure an open contest for party president, who has traditionally also been Malaysia's prime minister.
The participants subsequently turned the event into an angry tirade against Datuk Seri Abdullah and his son-in-law Khairi Jamaluddin.
In fact, the event had the air of an opposition rally - except that it was Umno members expressing their disgust with their top leadership.
Shouts of "Hidup Mahathir" punctuated the noisy event, and calls for the Prime Minister's resignation were met with cheers.
Umno governing council member Mohd Khir Toyo, who defended the leadership by saying that a change of leaders would not help if the policies remained the same, was heckled.
An Umno Youth branch leader set off cires of "traitor" when he called for the return of opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim to the party. He was forcibly removed from the hall by two men.
There was standing room only inside the hall, and hundreds more crowded around a big screen outside.
Such anger at the grassroots is one of the many fires that the Prime Minister is struggling to put out, and his determination to stay in power is stirring up harsh criticism.
"I call on him to resign. Anyone else would have done so already but he is shameless. We must be brave to reject leaders who bring disaster to the party," Tun Dr Mahathir said.
His son Mukhriz Mahathir also spoke at the event, sayting that it was the leadership of Datuk Seri Abdullah which was dragging down UMNO. Datuk Mukhriz, an Umno Youth exco member is a newly elected MP.
Urging party leaders to shake off their fear of speaking up, he said: "I appeal to you, stand by me, for us to find a solution"
Friday, April 4, 2008
DPM Najib loses Tun Dr Mahathir's endorsement
Posted by The Silent Majority at 2:16 AM
Labels: 2008 elections, Abdullah Badawi, Badawi Resignation, BN, Najib Tun Razak, Tun Mahathir, Umno
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TALLAHASSEE, Fla. - Florida's highest court is being asked to rule on whether the state's ban on gay marriage is constitutional.
A majority of judges with the state's 2nd District of Appeal on Wednesday asked the Florida Supreme Court to settle the question due to "great public importance."
The ruling is connected to a divorce case involving a same-sex couple who had been married in Massachusetts. Their petition to dissolve their marriage was rejected by a Florida judge who noted that state law does not recognize gay marriage.
Voters approved the ban in 2008.
But judges in four Florida counties -- Palm Beach, Monroe, Miami-Dade and Broward -- have overturned the ban. Last week, a federal judge also overturned the ban. No marriage licenses have been issued so far.
Copyright 2014 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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KARE Organization KARE Organization
Here's a sample of our volunteer opportunities:VIEW AS
Mission Statement
The Foundation's mission is to increase epilepsy awareness in their community, support parents whose children have just been diagnosed, and aid efforts towards finding a cure. KARE provides scholarships, financial support, and other forms of aid to children with epilepsy and their families. We also grant wishes of children, teens and adults with epilespy.
KARE Organization is an epilespy non-profit that is based in Hamilton, NJ. We acheive our mission but getting the community involved by putting together donation drives and getting the word out about epilespy and how important it is. We are also trying to break the stigma that is attached to epilespy and have those that have it not feel alone. We also grant wishes on another non-profit site for the epilepsy community. We pay for medication for those that could not afford it, we offer grants for seizure alert devices and collect items for Welcome Bags for kids inpatient at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia.


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I have to admit, I have fallen head over heels with the couple behind this next affair. They are total perfection...she is gorgeous in that timeless beauty kind of way and he is as dreamy as they come. Their style is BEYOND pretty, with a sweet handmade touch that will definitely give you butterflies.
photography by Sarah Neal Photography
Are you in love yet? I literally just grabbed my husband and planted a big one right on his lips. Here are a few words from the bride about her gorgeous, gorgeous day...
We wanted a wedding that was simple, affordable, and yet had meaning behind everything we chose to do. Living in Tucson, AZ but originally from Southeast Alaska, we decided to have our wedding in the mountain town of Flagstaff. The venue was a huge log cabin built in British Columbia, disassembled and brought to Arizona to be rebuilt on location. We had our 80 closest friends and family join us for a destination weekend of fun and celebration of being together, and mostly everyone dressed vintage!
photography by Sarah Neal Photography
We have so many more absolutely stunning images from this wedding coming up in just a bit!


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Need help choosing a range hood?
Check out the articles below to learn everything you'll need to find the right one.
Health Benefits of Owning a Rangehood
An infographic showing the increased health benefits from having a rangehood in your kitchen.
Ordering Information
Everything you need to know about ordering from our website.
Frequently Asked Questions – A Buyer's Guide
This brief FAQ will quickly answer any general questions you have about selecting your range hood.
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Electric Vs Gas Cooktops – How to Size your Range Hood
A comprehensive look at choosing the right size of range hood based on the cooktop in your kitchen.
How much does it cost to install my Range Hood?
A quick look at some of the cost factors to consider when installing your new kitchen Range Hood.
How to Plan for a Wood Range Hood.
This article goes over a few of the things to keep in mind when you're planning on a wood range hood in your kitchen.
Range Hood Duct Sizing Guide
A few guidelines to help you determine the size of duct to use when installing your range hood.
Instructional Videos
Found a hood that works for you? Great! Take a look at our many videos that cover out-of-the-box inspection, installation, and tips on how to maintain your range hood for years to come.
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Diagrams of proper mounting height for Range Hood installation
Venting Requirements
Diagrams of proper venting for Range Hood installation
Have a question we didn't cover? Feel free to call or send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.com, we'll be happy to help!


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Welcome to Silver Birch!
Do you have any ideas for this page? Why not let your Teacher know!
Have you seen the Kids' Zone? Play games and visit some cool websites. You can vote for your favourites.
Year 5 pupils will be offered the opportunity to travel to Thorpe Woodlands in Thetford Forest to take part in a three day residential adventure programme.
The trip will take place from Wednesday 29th March to Friday 31st March.
Click on the link below to find out more!


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A comparative study of rural Virginia farm and non farm household labor supply
Mwachofi, Ari K.
MetadataShow full item record
This study compares rural Virginia two-adult farm and non-farm household labor supply on two levels: (1) labor market participation and (2) variations in labor supply to the market and to the home. The study develops three models: a selection model, a wage rate model, and a labor supply model. Estimation is performed with data collected from rural Virginia by the Virginia Agricultural Statistical Service in 1989 and by North American Research in 1990.
The estimates of the selection equations indicate significant differences in the effects of human capital and unearned income on labor market and wage employment participation of rural Virginia farm and non-farm households.
- Doctoral Dissertations [13293]


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Facebook advertising is an awesome marketing investment for small business exposure… but only if it's done the right way. Too often companies throw together social media ads that spam rather than engage. And that's why conversions are low. So in order to gain the results you want with your Facebook efforts, the right strategies have to be implemented.
These 3 Facebook advertising hacks will help take your social media marketing to the next level - and bring in the right customers!
1 - Unique Image
When it comes to your ad, you definitely want to use an image that gets the viewer's attention. The image should be out of the ordinary. It's important for marketers to note that people go on Facebook for entertainment purposes, not to be advertised to. So you want an image that stands out and provides something of interest.
The goal is to get people to want to stop scrolling through their newsfeed and really look at your ad. So if you're a dentist, avoid showing a smiling family or couple for your ad. Go beyond what's expected and done by other dentists in the field. Here's an awesome example:
2 - Use New Ad Formats
Whenever Facebook comes out with a new ad format, use it early and use it often. These tend to do really well, especially in the beginning. People are usually intrigued by Facebook's new ad formats because they're different. So instead of waiting to see how they do, utilize them from the get go and test the formats out yourself. That tends to have better results.
Also, if you wait until a new format has already been tested, your ad can get stale and it might not get the performance that it would have if you originally used the format right away. One of our favorite examples of this is Facebook's carousel ads.
3 - Landing Pages
Have a landing page that reflects your Facebook ad and essentially matches it to a tee. This is super beneficial for several reasons. To begin, when a customer clicks on a Facebook ad, they don't want to have to sift through any information to find what the ad covered. Landing pages avoid this because they're very targeted and to the point. They avoid what people dread - bombarded with abundant information on stuff they don't care about.
Landing pages encourage the visitor to convert more than a generic website page does due to the specific message crafted on it. They're easier to navigate, pinpoint the exact service or product mentioned in the ad, and have super clear CTAs (call to action). If you still aren't convinced, check out why landing pages convert way more traffic than websites.
If you have any questions on how to get started with your Facebook ads or optimize them for killer results, contact our team or comment below!