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» Geology of Glacier National Park And the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana (p7)
Geology of Glacier National Park And the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana (p7)
STRATIGRAPHY (continued)
Exposures of Paleozoic strata are confined almost entirely to areas in the eastern part of the mountains of the Flathead region. The rocks in these areas consist of marine deposits of Cambrian, Devonian, and Carboniferous age that are northward extensions of units described and named by C. F. Deiss (1933, 1943b, p. 1129-1136, 1943a, p. 216-231). His nomenclature for Paleozoic strata in and west of the Saypo quadrangle is applicable in a general way to those of the Flathead region. Lateral changes appear to exist, but more intensive paleontologic and stratigraphic work are required before these can be evaluated. In any case, they could not be adequately shown on small scale maps such as accompany the present report. Most of the names of Paleozoic formations used by Deiss are his own. The problems of correlation between these formations and those that have long been recognized farther south in Montana await further investigation.
Deiss recognized formations of Middle and Late Cambrian age in and near the Silvertip quadrangle and nine formations of similar age and character in the southern part of the Saypo quadrangle. Although the Cambrian rocks are shown undifferentiated on plate 2 of the present report, such data as were obtained as to the different formations are summarized below. It would be difficult to show the individual formations on a map of the scale of plate 2 even if sufficient data were obtained to permit their identification.
Deiss (1933) named several subdivisions of the Devonian rocks which he regarded as members of the Jefferson limestone, but in his later papers on the Saypo quadrangle, he spoke only of two units of Late Devonian age for which available data were insufficient on which to base formal names.
L. L. Sloss and W. M. Laird (1945, 1946, 1947) speak of three Devonian units. Both their reports and those of Deiss that deal with Saypo quadrangle indicate that such names as Three Forks shale and Jefferson limestone, so familiar farther south, are not at present applicable in the part of Montana under discussion. The present studies have added some facts as to exposures beyond those they covered, but the studies have otherwise contributed little to the data on the Paleozoic rocks assembled by Deiss and by Sloss and Laird.
Paleozoic strata south of the Flathead region
[Adapted from C. F. Deiss (1933-1943a, b)]
Southwestern Saypo quadrangleCentral Saypo quadranglePentagon Mountain in Silvertip quadrangle in unsurveyed Secs. 18, 13, 14, 23, 24, T. 25 N., Rs. 11 and 12W.Spotted Bear Mountain in Silvertip quadrangle Secs. 23, 25, T. 25 N., R. 15 W.
MississippianHannan limestone: Basal limestone breccia overlain by gray limestone and alternating units of shaly-bedded argillaceous limestone which grades upward into hard tan-gray and pale-gray crystalline fossiliferous limestone: contains much pale-gray chert in nodules and beds as much as 7 in. thick. Upper 200 ft consists of white-gray finely crystalline thin- and thick-bedded dolomite. 1,370 ft thick.Hannan limestone: Basal limestone breccia overlain by 400 ft of black and tan brittle limestone. Medial 600-700 ft light-gray fossiliferous cherty crystalline limestone. Upper 300 ft buff and light-gray dense thin- and thick-bedded finely crystalline dolomite which weathers white-gray. 1,460-1,500 ft thick,Hannan limestone: Upper part of formation absent. Rooney member rather coarse-grained and thick-bedded gray limestone, 550 ft thick. Dean Lake member, blue-gray, gray, and black limestone with chert. 60 ft thick. Saypo member, chocolate and gray limestone, shaly at top and bottom. 141 ft thick. Silvertip member, breccia-conglomerate composed of gray argillaceous limestone 40 ft thick. Total exposed 791 ft.Hannan limestone: Upper part of formation absent. Rooney member, chocolate and gray thin, bedded argillaceous limestone with coarse-gained white thick- and thin-bedded limestone at base. 177 ft thick. Saypo member, gray, white, and pink limestone interbedded with buff and red calcareous sandstone with chocolate limestone below. 220 ft thick. Silvertip member, gray-white breccia conglomerate. 23 ft thick. Total exposed 420 ft.
DevonianDolomitic limestone and shale overlain by tan-gray fine- to medium-gained fossiliferous limestone. Alternate units of drab-brown petroliferous arenaceous thick-bedded dolomite and light-gray hard finely crystalline thick- and thin-bedded limestone. All more or less petroliferous and argillaceous. 980 ft thick.Dolomitic limestone and shale overlain by tan-gray fine- to medium-gained fossiliferous limestone. Alternate units of drab-brown, petroliferous, arenaceous thick-bedded dolomite and light-gray hard finely crystalline thick- and thin-bedded limestone. All more or less petroliferous and argillaceous. 1,000 ft thick.Spotted Bear member, thin-bedded limestone at top and bottom. Massive tan and brown limestone in main part. A little shaly. 282 ft thick. Lone Butte member, drab-brown petroliferous limestone at top. Red-chocolate and brown petroliferous limestone, locally shaly. Thickness 220 ft. Coopers Lake member, thick- and thin-bedded chocolate, tan and gray limestone. 263 ft thick. Total thickness 844 ft.Spotted Bear member, gray thin-bedded partly argillaceous limestone at top and bottom. Thicker bedded gray, tan, and pink limestone in middle part. Thickness 287 ft. Lone Butte member, massive chocolate and blue-gray limestone with clay bands and nodules. 185 ft thick. Coopers Lake member, gray and tan limestone partly siliceous. 298 ft thick. Glen Creek member, dull red shale. 40 ft thick. White Ridge member, tan-gray limestone flecked with pink. 50 ft thick. Total thickness 860 ft.
Upper CambrianDevils Glen dolomite: White-gray to pale-buff-gray finely crystalline thick- and thin-bedded dolomite. Mottled salmon pink and coarse gained in upper part of formation. Weathers white gray and forms shear cliffs. 198-250 ft thick,Devils Glen dolomite: White-gray to pale-buff-gray finely crystalline thick- and thin-bedded dolomite. Mottled salmon pink and coarse gained in upper part of formation. Weathers white gray, and forms shear cliffs. 200-260 ft thick.Devils Glen dolomite: Thick-bedded buff siliceous dolomite with a bed of sandy dolomite below and one of red-pink calcareous argillaceous sandstone at base. 43 ft thick.Devils Glen formation: Thick-bedded white and cream-gray massive dolomite. 460 ft thick.
Middle CambrianSwitchback shale: Green and gray soft shale; locally calcareous and arenaceous; interbedded with flaggy-bedded magnesian limestone which weathers rusty tan. 75-125 ft thick.Switchback shale: Green and gray soft shale; locally calcareous and arenaceous; interbedded with flaggy magnesian limestone which weathers rusty tan. Contains youngest known Middle Cambrian trilobites and others which belong to basal upper Cambrian (Cedaris) fauna. 125-175 ft (?) thick.Switchback formation (type locality): Mostly thick- and thin-bedded cream-gray massive argillaceous limestone with green-gray shale and shaly limestone at base. 106 ft thick.Switchback formation: Brown calcareous and shaly sandstone underlain by cream-gray limestone. 70 ft thick.
Steamboat limestone: Pale-gray and tan fine-grained thick- and thin-bedded limestone overlain by interbedded tan-gray irregularly bedded fossiliferous limestone and green fissile shale. Shale in units 2-8 ft thick separated by much thicker units of limestone. 275 ft thick.Steamboat limestone: Pale-gray and tan fine-grained thick- and thin-bedded limestone overlain by interbedded tan-gray irregularly bedded fossiliferous limestone and green fissile shale. Shale in units 2-8 ft thick separated by much thicker units of limestone. Base of formation not exposed. 275 ft thickGordon Mountain formation (type locality): Chocolate, tan, and gray mostly thick-bedded limestone, argillaceous near top and with clay and shale at several horizons. 216 ft thick.Gordon Mountain formation: Buff brown argillaceous limestone. 368 ft thick.
Pentagon shale: Buff-gray platy calcareous thick-bedded fossiliferous shale, which grades upward into thin- and thick-bedded limestone. 0-290 ft thick.Absent.Pentagon formation (type locality): Gray, tan, and chocolate limestone; mostly platy and argillaceous. Some shale. 290 ft thick.Pentagon formation and Pagoda foration: Mostly obscured by soil and glacial drift. Interval represents 296 ft of beds.
Pagoda limestone: Green fissile shale interbedded with thin-bedded limestone; overlain by cream and chocolate-gray finely crystalline limestone; thin-bedded In lower and upper parts, and oolitic and thick-bedded in middle part. 200 ft thick.Pagoda limestone: Green fissile shale interbedded with thin-bedded limestone; overlain by cream and chocolate-gray finely crystalline limestone; thin-bedded in lower and upper parts, and oolitic and thick-bedded in middle part. Exposed thickness not known.Pagoda formation: Massive thin and thick-bedded limestone at top with some black fissile shale, followed below by gray to black calcareous shale with thin limestone beds and, near base, limestone conglomerate with red green and gray pebbles. 290 ft thick.
Dearborn limestone: Green fissile shale and intercalated limestone conglomerate; overlain by tan-gray thick- and thin-bedded limestone which contains varying amounts of buff and orange-tan clay as flakes nodules, and partings. 300 ft thick.Lower part of the Cambrian strata not exposed.Steamboat formation: Gray and chocolate-gray platy limestone with buff clay. 74 ft thick.Steamboat formation: Tan gray, and chocolate limestone with flakes of buff siliceous limestone in some beds. 91 ft thick.
Dearborn formation: Thick- and thin-bedded tan and gray limestone with clay bands and nodules. Green-gray fissile shale at base. 213 ft thick.Dearborn formation: Mostly gray and buff argillaceous limestone. Locally has bands of calcareous clay. Near base has beds of lithographic limestone. 238 ft thick.
Nannie Basin formation: Gray, tan-gray, and blue-gray limestone with flakes and nodules of buff clay. 170 ft thick.Nannie Basin formation: Gray argillaceous limestone with bands of buff and gray clay; underlain by pink-gray limestone. 59 ft exposed.
Damnation limestone: Blue and tan-gray thin-bedded fossiliferous limestone with much limonitic clay; overlain by chocolate-gray and tan fine-grained thick- and thin-bedded hard massive limestone, which also contains flakes and blebs of buff siliceous clay. 150 ft thick.Damnation formation: Thin-bedded shaly tan limestone with flakes and nodules of buff clay; weathers bright buff. 21 ft thick.Strata below are faulted out.
Gordon shale: Drab-green-gray and maroon fissile to chunky micaceous shale interbedded in upper middle part with thin beds of sandstone and thicker beds of limestone. Upper beds very fossiliferous. 220 ft thick.Wolsey formation: Sandy micaceous limestone with much green shale at top. Green-gray micaceous fissile shale, with thin sandstone and sandy limestone beds. Contains hematite oolites. 140 ft thick.
Flathead sandstone: Coarse- and fine-grained crossbedded sandstone interbedded with thin units of micaceous and areanceous shale. Most diagnostic feature is presence of white quartz pebbles 1/8-3 in. in diameter. Basal beds commonly pebbly conglomerate. 50-100 ft thick.Flathead formation: White to cream thin- and thick-bedded quartzite, with limonite grains; underlain by red crossbedded pebbly quartzite, with pebbles up to 1-1/2 in. in diameter. 117 ft thick.
Deiss grouped all of the Paleozoic rocks above the Devonian strata as the Hannan limestone of Mississippian age, a convenient designation which is adopted here. Both Deiss and Sloss and Laird in the papers just cited indicate that subdivision of the Hannan is possible. These authorities differ as to the details, and the matter has not yet been submitted to the test of areal mapping. For the kind of mapping embodied in plate 2, the formation is a convenient, easily recognized body without subdivision.
Deiss believes unconformities separate the Cambrian, Devonian, and Mississippian assemblages from each other and from the Precambrian and Mesozoic strata. As angular discordances are nowhere marked, proof of the stratigraphic breaks is furnished mainly by the fossil evidence. Within the Paleozoic sequence this evidence as presented by Deiss seems conclusive except that Sloss and Laird (1947, p. 1420-1421) raise a question as to whether there is an unconformity between the Devonian and Mississippian strata. The seemingly complete absence of Ordovician, Silurian, Permian, and Triassic rocks leaves no doubt that major breaks in the record exist. At the base of the Paleozoic succession, more uncertainty exists, in part because of the absence of diagnostic fossils. Deiss (1935, p. 95-124) has assembled much data favoring the concept of an unconformity below the Flathead quartzite. The few exposures of this horizon in the Flathead region do not give positive evidence on this point. For the purposes of the present report, this question may be left open.
Four stratigraphic sections of the Paleozoic rocks south of the Flathead region are given below, adapted from the publications by Deiss cited above. The correlations between the sections seem implied but were not made in the reports cited. A notable feature is that Deiss found it necessary to propose new names because he believes that few of the well-known formation names of southern Montana are applicable here. The members named in the sections from Pentagon and Spotted Bear Mountains are of local significance only. They have not been formally adopted by the Geological Survey.
The sedimentary rocks of Cambrian age are mapped as an undifferentiated unit. Wherever they are well exposed, it is obvious that formational divisions are present; but, in a country as intricately faulted as the eastern part of the Flathead region, mapping of formations would be time consuming and impracticable in many places on the scale of the present map. The following descriptions give such information as is available regarding the distribution of beds that seem to be correlatable with units farther south recognized by Deiss.
Large masses of Paleozoic rocks are exposed in the northern part of the Silvertip quadrangle (unpublished geologic map by C. F. Deiss). A small body of Cambrian strata extends from this mass across the southern border of the Flathead region into the area between the two Twin Creeks. The Flathead quartzite was not found within this body although boulders suggest that it is present a short distance to the south. The lowest beds that are present are on the lower slopes of the east side of lower Twin Creek below Tanner Creek. These beds are mainly dark-greenish micaceous shale, with some quartzite. The apparent thickness is over 500 feet, but this is undoubtedly exaggerated by crumpling and perhaps also by minor thrust faulting. Exposures are inadequate for determining structural details, but in nearby cliffs intricate deformation is well displayed. An undetermined thickness of dark-gray highly oolitic limestone with chert in its upper part overlies the shale and is succeeded upward by other limestone beds, mostly light gray but in part mottled. The blebs and flakes of clayey material that distinguish much of the Cambrian limestone of the region are nowhere conspicuous along lower Twin Creek.
The general character of the rocks just described and their relations to Paleozoic rocks in the Silvertip quadrangle and to Precambrian rocks north and east of them are all in accord with a Cambrian assignment. Presumably the shaly rocks on the lower slopes belong, at least in part, to the Wolsey formation (or shale) described by Deiss, even though the apparent thickness is great. The limestones above would then belong to formations higher in the Cambrian sequence, possibly ranging upward into the Pagoda formation. Deiss (1935, p. 37-38) describes his Pagoda formation as variable in thickness and character. In one locality the Pagoda formation, like the rocks here discussed, contains conspicuous oolitic beds.
Eastward, the next exposures of Cambrian rocks are on both flanks of the valley of Dolly Varden Creek. On the southwest slope, massive beds of limestone form steep cliffs and are overridden by beds of the Missoula group along a steep thrust fault. The upper cliffs expose white dolomite which presumably belongs to the Devil Glen dolomite. On the ridge from Gable Peaks to Cruiser Mountain, east of Dolly Varden Creek, the Cambrian beds are less disturbed, although parts of them are covered by landslide debris. The table below records observations made on and near Gable Peaks. The two lowest formations here are surely the Flathead quartzite and Wolsey shale. The Wolsey shale appears to be essentially equivalent to the formation which Deiss spoke of as the Gordon shale in the Saypo quadrangle. The Damnation limestone, which Deiss reported as only 21 feet thick a few miles to the south, was not recognized on Gable Peaks and may be absent there. It seems a reasonable assumption that the 130 feet of poorly exposed beds above the Wolsey belong to the Nannie Basin formation of Deiss, although, if so, they are more shaly than his description shows the formation to be farther south. However, shale appears to be more conspicuous throughout the Cambrian rocks on Gable Peaks than it is in the localities in which Deiss measured his sections. The other highly tentative correlations in the table below are based largely on the fact that the Pagoda formation is the only one in which Deiss reports that, locally, oolitic beds are conspicuous. No diagnostic fossils were found on or near Gable Peaks, except that Masursky found Elrathiella cf. E. plana Deiss in limestone on Cruiser Mountain some distance to the south. A. R. Palmer, who examined Harold Masursky's specimen, suggests that it may have come from a horizon high in the Pagoda or low in the Pentagon formation, which would be consistent with the tentative correlations in the table.
Both in the table below that summarizes data for Gable Peaks and in the correlation table for Cambrian rocks given above Deiss's name Nannie Basin formation (1933, p. 36) is retained for local use even though in his later papers Deiss dropped that name and included the rocks in his Dearborn limestone.
In addition to those on Cruiser Mountain, a patch of Cambrian rocks was recognized by Masursky in the fault complex north of Lodgepole Creek. The formations that are represented in that area were not identified.
Cambrian strata on and near Gable Peaks
in feetCharacterTentative
Gray massive limestone with light-yellow streaks.
230Buff-weathering fossiliferous limestone with thin beds of hard chocolate limestone and nearly black shale.Pentagon formation.
275Gray oolitic limestone in beds 1-3 ft thick.Pagoda formation.
40Covered. Largely greenish-black micaceous shale.Steamboat formation.
130Light-chocolate limestone with yellow mottlings and partings.Dearborn formation.
130Poorly exposed greenish micaceous and sandy shale with thin beds of oolitic limestone.Nannie Basin formation.
90Covered. Largely shale.Wolsey shale.
75Poorly exposed red and green micaceous shale.
25Reddish and white quartzite with beds of grit and fine conglomerate (pebbles up to an inch in diameter) crossbedded.Flathead quartzite.
Total 995
Beds of Cambrian age crop out in the eastern part of the region mapped (fig. 24) in a band that extends from the North Fork of Dupuyer Creek to the vicinity of Heart Butte, a distance of roughly 14 miles. The most conspicuous and widespread unit is a limestone with numerous yellow, tan, and brown flakes of argillaceous material in it. The clayey flakes appear to be like those reported by Deiss from beds of Middle Cambrian age in several localities farther south, particularly in the Steamboat limestone. Only a few poorly preserved fossils were found, mostly by Masursky. The only collection of any diagnostic value is from the ridge north of Swift Reservoir. This collection was examined by G. Arthur Cooper and later by A. R. Palmer. It contains Solenopleurella sp. and Elrathiella cf. E. plana Deiss. Although the Solenpleurella resembles S. pagodensis Deiss, it is not, according to Palmer, identical with that species. Palmer is inclined to think that the collection may have come from the lower part of the Pagoda limestone of Deiss. In this connection it may be remarked that Deiss (1933, p. 38) in his original description of the Pentagon shale says: "It is a significant fact that the Pentagon formation is shale and shaly limestones only in the immediate vicinity of Pentagon Mountain, but that its equivalent in all of the other sections is generally massive limestone." He adds that the limestone has a small amount of clay disseminated as flakes. The quotation is modifed by the fact that later Deiss (1943a, p. 221-222) tentatively assigned some shale and limestone in the southern part of the Saypo quadrangle to the Pentagon shale. The rocks in the vicinity of Swift Reservoir are limestone, and many contain clay flakes. Shale was noted among the Cambrian rocks in only a few places in the eastern part of the Flathead region. The principal exposures recorded are green and maroon shale outcrops along Whitetail Creek west of Feather Woman Mountain and in the ridges east of Mount Richmond.
Beds believed to be of Devonian age have been mapped in discontinuous bands from the southern border of the Heart Butte quadrangle east of the North Fork of Teton River north to Feather Woman Mountain and Heart Butte. There are smaller patches southeast of Half Dome Crag, on Spotted Eagle Mountain, Family Peak, Mount Dreyer, and in several other localities in and near the Heart Butte quadrangle, mostly near its southern boundary. Several of these scattered masses were mapped from distant vantage points on the basis of color and relations to the Hannan limestone, so that revisions are to be expected when detailed mapping is done, especially as few Devonian fossils have been found anywhere in the area. There are exposures of Devonian strata on and near Big Lodge and Tent Mountains in the Marias Pass quadrangle, but none are known farther west.
The Devonian rocks in this part of Montana have not been divided into named formations. Deiss (1943b, p. 1134-1135) reports that 1,000 feet of Upper Devonian strata are present in the central part of the Saypo quadrangle and that they can be mapped as one and locally two formations. Sloss and Laird (1945, 1946, 1947) have measured sections in and west of the Saypo quadrangle. They divide the Devonian rocks into three major subdivisions, termed "units A, B, and C," and indicate that the thickness in different localities ranges up to somewhat over 1,500 feet.
The Devonian rocks in the area described in the present paper must be broadly similar to those farther south described by Deiss and by Sloss and Laird. They are characterized by much dark limestone that weathers brownish and most of which is commonly distinctly fetid. Some beds contain blebs of different kinds, but few contain numerous yellow, tan, and brown argillaceous flakes and blebs similar to those that are so widespread and conspicuous in the Cambrian rocks. Few complete sections of Devonian rocks were seen during the present study. The data tabulated below result from two traverses made by Harold Masursky in which thickness estimates were based on aneroid barometer and Brunton clinometer readings.
Section of Devonian rocks with top about at benchmark 7540 between Phone Creek and Lucky Creek
[Calculated from Harold Masursky's notes]
in feet
Limestone, gray; resembles a coquina with crinoid stems and bryozoa2
Shale, brown, calcareous; weathers pink and buff2
Limestone, black; brecciated and cemented with calcite veinlets230
Limestone, black, fine-grained, thick-bedded, with some calcite veinlets34
Limestone, dark-gray; weathers cream and tan17
Dolomite, gray; weathers to a lighter gray48
Limestone, black, in beds 2-5 ft thick; weathers gray17
Shale, brown, limy68
Limestone, gray; weathers gray4
Limestone, brown, with corals; weathers cream5
Limestone, gray; weathers gray5
Limestone, black, laminated4
Limestone brown, with calcite blebs and veinlets; has strong fetid odor128
Limestone, gray, with calcite veinlets8
Limestone, brown, fetid88
Total, estimated
Covered below, but total thickness of supposed Devonian rocks exceeds 1,000 ft.
Section on the southeast flank of Feather Woman Mountain
[Calculated from Harold Masursky's field notes]
Mississippian system:
Black limestone, thin-bedded; weathers gray and tan; contains chert and crinoid stems; forms cliff200
Buff limestone, with pink and tan clayey flakes; talus covered; possibly in part shaly285
Devonian system:
Limestone, gray and buff, alternating70
Limestone, gray3
Limestone, buff17
Limestone, gray, resistant10
Limestone, buff, thin-bedded, increasingly shaly upward; weathers tan and yellow in alternating bands115
Limestone, gray5
Limestone, black, thin-bedded, resistant; weathers brown105
Limestone, gray5
Limestone, black, fetid; weathers brown with irregular white blebs600
Total thickness of Devonian strata930
Cambrian system:
Limestone, black, thin-bedded25
Limestone, black, massive, thick-bedded, with yellow blebs and laminae50
Total at bottom of canyon
Discrimination between the Devonian strata and those that overlie and underlie them is based primarily on lithologic characteristics, as few fossils were collected. Atrypa missouriensis was identified by G. Arthur Cooper in specimens from near Hurricane Mountain and from a small fault block on Spike Creek, a small tributary of the Middle Fork of Birch Creek. In the field the upper 268 feet of the section near Phone Creek was thought to belong to the Hannan limestone, but it seems more probable that the brecciated beds in this part of the section correspond to the breccia near the top of the Devonian sequence farther south. These breccias are reported in the papers cited above as resulting from solution of extensive anhydrite deposits. It is somewhat strange that no such breccia was recorded from the section on Feather Woman Mountain in which the Devonian rocks are overlain by beds of definitely Mississippian characteristics and that similar breccias are absent or inconspicuous in the exposures of Devonian rocks seen in other localities.
Evidently the exposed part of the section near Phone Creek corresponds essentially to the upper half of the Devonian section on Feather Woman Mountain. There are numerous differences in detail between these two sections, and similar differences exist between all recorded sections of Devonian rocks in this part of Montana. For that matter, there are differences among the various recorded sections of other Paleozoic units in the region also. These differences result in part from lateral variations in the beds. They can be evaluated and understood only after more complete and detailed geologic mapping has been accomplished.
The Paleozoic rocks above the Devonian rocks are here grouped as the Hannan limestone in accord with Deiss' usage (1943a, p. 227-231). This formation is of Mississippian age and, according to Deiss, is partly correlative to both the Madison and the Brazer limestones. It includes all the beds in the region under discussion which lie between the Devonian and Jurassic rocks. In the eastern part of the Flathead region, the Hannan constitutes the principal formation exposed in a band of northwesterly trend that extends from the southern border of the mapped area to Mounts Baldy and Pablo, a distance of about 28 miles (figs. 22, 23). The northeastern border of this band throughout its extent is at or near the boundary between the mountains and the plains, and the width of the band is about 10 miles. Another line of outcrops of Hannan limestone subparallel to this band and almost as long but much narrower appears immediately east of the Lewis overthrust near the middle of the region covered by plate 2.
The Hannan limestone constitutes one of the most easily recognized and best exposed units in the region. It is composed of thick- and thin-bedded gray limestone, in part dolomitic. Many of the beds contain abundant chert (fig. 17). Thin beds are especially conspicuous near the base of the formation in most localities. Some of the beds throughout the formation are healed breccias. Shale is not plentiful but is reported to be abundant at some horizons in the Hannan south of the region here reported on. Fossils are fairly common, and crinoid stems and corals are the most conspicuous. Data on the fossils in the Hannan farther south are given by Deiss in the paper just cited and by Sloss and Laird (1945).
fig17 Closeup of Hannan limestone with chert layers, gorge of Gateway Creek, Heart Butts quadrangle, Flathead region
Only a few collections from the Hannan were made during the present investigation. These were examined by James Steele Williams and Helen Duncan, of the Geological Survey, who report that the fossils are not positively diagnostic but have a Mississippian aspect and contain nothing incompatible with assignment to the Hannan limestone.
While the evidence of the fossils, taken alone, may thus not be conclusive, the field relations leave no doubt that the unit is to be correlated with the Hannan limestone of Deiss. Deiss (1943a, p. 230) gives a list of fossils collected from the Hannan limestone south of the Flathead region. The collections made during the present investigation and identified by J. S. Williams and Helen Duncan include the forms listed below:
Brachythyris? cf. B. suborbicularis (Hall)
Brachythyris? sp. indet.
Crinoid columnals
Spirifer of the S. rostellatus Hall type
Other spiriferoid shells
Rynochopora? sp. indet.
Orthoceroid cephalopod?
Fenestellid bryozoans, 2 species
Polypora sp. indet.
Rhomboporoid bryozoans, indet.
Sulcoretepora sp. indet.
Camaro toechia? sp. indet.
In the two papers by Deiss that deal with the Saypo quadrangle, the thickness of the Hannan is about 1,400 feet. The formation was not measured during the present examination, but the thickness within the area mapped is thought to be at least as great as that in the Saypo quadrangle. A few of the sections drawn by Sloss and Laird show thicknesses of Mississippian rocks in excess of 1,500 feet, but most are thinner. It seems from their sections and description that breccias are more conspicuous in the mountains west of Choteau than in any of the outcrops in the Flathead region.
The only beds of Jurassic age known are thought to belong to the Ellis group (Middle and Upper Jurassic). If the Morrison formation exists, it was not recognized during the fieldwork and may have been grouped with the Kootenai formation on the map. The distribution of the Ellis is similar to that of the Hannan limestone just described, but the Ellis generally occurs as narrow, inconspicuous bands, which are masked in places by hill wash and talus, in strong contrast to the great cliffed ridges formed by the Hannan. The Ellis consists of soft fissile nearly black shale interbedded with more resistant beds of sandy limestone that weather in conspicuous shades of yellowish brown and dark yellowish orange (fig. 18). In places the basal beds are yellow or yellowish-orange quartzitic sandstone. As a result of faulting, few of the exposures seen in 1948 contain more than a couple of hundred feet of beds, and most of them contain less; but the Ellis group is nearly 400 feet thick in the Saypo quadrangle (Deiss, 1943b, p. 1136-1140), and in the area here discussed the thickness is probably even greater. At the lower end of Swift Reservoir (NE 1/4 sec. 27 and SW1/4 sec. 26, T. 28 N., R. 10 W.) and other nearby areas, the thickness is reported to be 480 feet (Imlay, 1948).
fig18 Contorted shale and limestone of the Ellis group on Badger Creek near the mouth of Red Poacher Creek, Maclas Pass quadrangle, Flathead region. The exposure is in a small mass overridden by a large block of Hannan limestone
A fossil collection made from the Ellis group near the head of Crazy Creek by Harold Masursky proved when examined by Ralph W. Imlay to consist of fragments of Belemnites and plant stems indicative of the Swift formation, the uppermost formation in the Ellis. A collection made by Masursky through a vertical range of 20 feet about 300 yards downstream from the first one is reported by Imlay to contain Pleuromya subcompressa (Meek), Pleuromya obtusiprorata (McLearn), Grammatodon? sp., and ammonite fragments. Imlay regards these fossils as probably from the Sawtooth formation because of the presence of Pleuromya obtusiprorata (McLearn). The Sawtooth is the lowest of the three units into which the Ellis group is divided in this region. The middle one of the three, called the Rierdon formation, is probably represented by a collection made by C. P. Ross at the head of Canyon Creek. Imlay reports that this collection contains Trigonia sp., a belemnite fragment, Meleagrinella sp., Gryphaea nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden), and Camptonectes sp. A collection made by C. P. Ross in the west bank of Badger Creek above the mouth of South Badger Creek (fig. 18) was found by Imlay to contain Gryphaea impressimarginata (McLearn) and an ammonite, Gowericeras. According to Imlay, the first named has been found in abundance elsewhere in western Montana in the upper part of the Sawtooth and lower part of the overlying Rierdon formation, but not in association with Gowericeras, which commonly occurs at a slightly higher position. The collection came from a narrow, much deformed fault sliver, and the ammonite may have been moved from its normal position as a result of the deformation. It is possible, also, that Gowericeras has a longer range than previously known.
While more complete stratigraphic studies are needed, the collections listed above serve to indicate that the subdivisions of the Ellis group that have been recognized (Imlay, 1945, 1948; Cobban, 1945) in nearby areas are present in the region here described. It is impractical on the basis of the present incomplete information to subdivide the Ellis group on the map herewith. Many of the exposures are too narrow to show subdivisions on a map of the scale of plate 2 even if full information was at hand.
Kootenai Formation
Several narrow exposures of the Kootenai formation (Lower Cretaceous) stretch diagonally across the mountainous southwestern corner of the Heart Butte quadrangle. The widest and most continuous of these is along the mountain front and connects to the northwest with a broad expanse of Cretaceous rocks in the Marias Pass quadrangle. These latter merge westward with a broad band that reaches from the extreme southwest corner of the Heart Butte quadrangle northwest at least as far as Marias Pass and Summit Creek. This band consists mainly of strata belonging to the Kootenai formation and is so designated on plate 2. It is possible that unfolded or infaulted parts of higher Cretaceous units may be present in it and have escaped recognition. On the other hand, beds of Kootenai age are present near the boundary of Glacier National Park northeast of Marias Pass and are presumably exposed farther north as well. Available data in regard to the Cretaceous rocks east of the Lewis overthrust are not sufficiently complete to make it practicable to show subdivisions on plate 1.
The Kootenai formation, of continental origin, is made up principally of red-purple, reddish, gray, and green sandstone and sandy shale. Some of the shale is carbonaceous and is brown to nearly black. The carbonaceous shale is especially plentiful near the South Fork of Two Medicine Creek. Tiny fragments of black chert are fairly plentiful in the sandstone. Some of the sandstone beds contain numerous cherty and limonitic concretions that weather dark brown. Some of these are fully 2 feet long. In other places the concretions are arenaceous and calcareous. Coarse grit and fine conglomerate are present locally but are nowhere conspicuous. Near Cox and Winter Creeks, and less conspicuously east of Strawberry Creek, several beds of fine-grained limestone occur. These contain fragments of fossils, but identifiable material was not obtained. In other localities, where limestone is absent, some of the sandstone is calcareous. Deiss' (1943b, p. 1143) estimate of maximum thickness of about 1,500 feet for the Kootenai in the northern part of the Saypo quadrangle is probably applicable to the southern part of the Marias Pass quadrangle also. The thickness farther east appears to be somewhat less, which is in accord with Stebinger's (1918, p. 156) estimate of approximately 900 feet for the Kootenai formation in the plains. Direct measurement of thickness in this soft, highly deformed formation would, at best, be subject to a large margin of error.
Colorado Shale
No Cretaceous beds younger than the Kootenai were recognized in the mountains of the Flathead region. If any are present they are mapped with the Kootenai. In the plains east of the mountains, however, many Upper Cretaceous strata are known as a result of Stebinger's work, from which most of the data given below are abstracted. He has mapped several masses of Colorado shale immediately east of the mountains in the Heart Butte quadrangle. Beneath the overburden, these masses probably form a nearly continuous band, which is broken and offset in places by faults.
The basal part of the formation, known as the Blackleaf sandy member, is reported to be present but was not mapped separately by Stebinger within the area of plate 2. It consists of grayish black shale, in part arenaceous, with intercalated dark-gray to black sandstone. Deiss (1943a, p. 238-240; 1943b, p. 1144-1145) has described this member in the Saypo quadrangle in some detail. Some of the upper part of the Colorado shale is also present there. This upper part is generally composed of soft, somewhat fissile, brownish- and grayish-black shale, with subordinate sandstone. Some limestone is included. The Colorado shale, according to Stebinger, has a total thickness in excess of 1,800 feet, but all of this may not be present within the area of plate 2. Unlike the underlying Kootenai formation, the Colorado shale is of marine origin.
Montana Group
Most of the bedrock in the plains of the Heart Butte quadrangle belongs to the Montana group. These rocks extend into the northeastern corner of the Marias Pass quadrangle also, but in most places they are masked by detritus, which is mainly of glacial origin.
Close to the mountains in the Heart Butte quadrangle, Stebinger has distinguished, in ascending order, the Two Medicine formation, Bearpaw shale, and Horsethief sandstone; but in the southeastern part of the quadrangle, he maps the group as undifferentiated. He says that in many places facies changes make the component formations unrecognizable. In and near the northeast corner of the Marias Pass quadrangle, small areas underlain by Virgelle sandstone near the base of the Montana group are distinguished on unpublished maps prepared by Stebinger; and these are shown on plate 2.
As the Montana group was not studied during the 1948-50 fieldwork nothing can be added to published descriptions of its character. In general, the group consists of dark-gray and greenish sandstone and shale beds of marine origin, many of which weather brownish. Fossils are plentiful in some beds. The Virgelle sandstone includes beds in which magnetite is so abundant that Stebinger (1918, p. 165, 1912, p. 329-337) speaks of it as a low-grade, siliceous iron ore. The thickness of the group differs from place to place but is approximately 3,000 feet.
St. Mary River Formation
A few exposures of the St. Mary River formation, which here constitutes the uppermost Cretaceous unit, are shown on plate 2 on the basis of Stebinger's published and unpublished work. The St. Mary River formation is present within the area of plate 1 but is not distinguished on that map. The formation consists, according to Stebinger (1912, p. 330-332), of light-gray fresh and brackish-water clay and sandstone with some red and varigated shale in the upper part. The total thickness of the formation is somewhat less than 1,000 feet. The formation in Canada north of the area of plate 1 has recently been described in some detail (Williams, 1951).
Undifferentiated Cretaceous Deposits
Along the eastern and southeastern borders of Glacier National Park numerous outcrops of beds of Cretaceous age project through the cover of material of Cenozoic age; the Cenozoic deposits are largely glacial. The Cretaceous rocks include all of the formations mentioned above, but the formations are not distinguished on the maps of the present report because of inadequate information.
In the Blacktail Hills and from there northeastward for several miles in the vicinity of the trace of the Lewis overthrust, beds of the Kootenai formation are abundantly exposed. From near Glacier Park Station northward along the mountain border, the Colorado shale is exposed in numerous places and probably constitutes the principal formation present. Near the international boundary in the general vicinity of Belly River, exposures of the lower part of the Montana group were recognized by members of M. R. Campbell's field parties. Farther east in the greatly faulted rocks in and east of the northeast part of plate 1, higher units of the Montana group and also the St. Mary River formation are present
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The official credits for the Italian-made Stranger on the Prowl read: "written and directed by Andrea Forzano." In truth, Andrea Forzano was two people: screenwriter Ben Barzman and director Joseph Losey, both of whom had been blacklisted by Hollywood and were forced to work under pseudonyms. Essentially a two-person character study, the film stars more
All Stranger on the Prowl cast + crew photos
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
Copyright © 2018 FANDANGO MOVIES.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Slim Greer went to heaven; St. Peter said, "Slim, You been a right good boy." An' he winked at him. "You been travelin' rascal In yo'day. You kin roam once mo'; Den you come to stay. "Put dese wings on yo' shoulders, An' save yo' feet." Slim grin, and he speak up


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Soft cut-out sugar cookies with crisp edges and room for lots of icing and sprinkles. Use your favorite cookie cutter shapes and have fun baking and decorating!
Today is my birthday and I'm sharing a recipe I have been working since my last birthday. I kid you not. This recipe was supposed to go in my cookbook last summer, but I just could not get the texture perfected! Disappointment after disappointment.
I was going for a soft centered, yet slightly crisp edged roll out sugar cookie. A cookie that would keep its cookie cutter shape in the oven, a recipe without any crazy ingredients, and one that was easy and approachable for everyone. Cut-out sugar cookies are so temperamental! But luckily, I finally got it right. Happy birthday to me indeed! 😉
Cut-out sugar cookies are all the rage during Christmas time. I remember making and decorating dozens and dozens of them with my sisters growing up. We'd have them covering every inch of the counter! Our decorating "skills" probably seemed atrocious to others, but when sugar, butter, icing, and sprinkles are involved – who cares what the package looks like right?!
I'm so excited to share this recipe with you; I could hardly wait until December. Instead of snowflakes and santa hats, you're getting hearts and hot pinks and rainbows.
Lucky for you, my decorating skills have vastly improved over the years!
Let's get down to it. The recipe? It's not complicated! It just took me a good while to find the perfect combination of butter and sugar, flour and leavener.
Start with the right consistency of unsalted butter. This is so important! Butter must be softened, but not melty in the slightest. You should be able to press your finger into the stick of butter and make an indent easily, without your finger sliding anywhere. Firm, but not cold. Lightly softened is what you should go for.
Here is a good visual. You'll need 3/4 cup (170g; 1 and 1/2 sticks) of butter.
The cookie dough will be thick and not wet. Slightly sticky and crumbly, yet manageable. I compare it to the consistency of play-doh.
Very, very important: This sugar cookie dough does require chilling. Not too long; only about 1 hour. Once the cookie dough is prepared, divide the sugar cookie dough in half, shape into balls, and then roll into two flat rectangles – about 1/4 inch thickness each. Stack onto a baking sheet and chill. Chilling is mandatory not only to keep the butter cold to help prevent spreading, but also to give the gluten in the flour a chance to rest. As you notice, I chill the cookie dough AFTER I have rolled it out. With all of my recipe testing, I learned that this method is so much easier than chilling the cookie dough as a whole and then trying to roll out a cold chunk of dough.
After 1 hour of chilling, you may use your favorite cookie cutter and cut into difference shapes. At this point you can just bake the shaped cookies plain or you may add sprinkles directly onto them. I lined some cookies with circle-shaped sprinkles, as you see above and below. This did take me awhile… maybe about 6 minutes per cookie. Also took me a lot of precision and patience, but hey… they're pretty right?! Beauty is pain.
Visuals are SO important with these cookies, so I made sure to take a ton of pictures. Here are several of the steps I just explained:
The secret to their soft, tender centers? Underbaking. The cookies will take about 8-11 minutes, or until the look "set" and are very lightly colored on top. You do not want to overbake these cookies. I kept one batch in the oven for about 12 minutes and they were much, much crunchier on the edges than the others.
If you prefer a crunchy sugar cookie, just bake longer.
This cookie dough will hold its shape in the oven. Something so extremely important when it comes to shaped sugar cookies! The edges are sharp and precise; no spreading or distortions. Truly a perfect cookie cutter dough.
Have fun decorating and playing around with the icing! Making these cookies is all about enjoying the process with others, so this is the fun part. I used my all-time favorite sugar cookie icing recipe, available on All Recipes (with a video too!). It's so simple. Rather than using egg whites or meringue powder, this recipe uses milk and corn syrup.
It's fantastic, it's quick, it's the best in my sugar cookie experimenting!
I doubled the frosting recipe to frost a majority of my cookies. I used a paint brush for some and dipped others directly into it. I did not color the icing.
So here we go. My birthday present to you!
Don't be overwhelmed by all the steps, I'm just extremely thorough.
Follow me on Instagram and tag #sallysbakingaddiction so I can see all the SBA recipes you make. ♥
Soft Cut-Out Sugar Cookies
Soft cut-out sugar cookies with crisp edges and room for lots of icing and sprinkles. Use your favorite cookie cutter shapes and have fun baking and decorating!
Yield: The number of cookies this recipe yields depends on how thick you roll the dough and the size of the cookie cutter you use. If hoping to make dozens of cookies for a large crowd, double the recipe. I got 18 medium size cookies. This recipe can be doubled.
- 3/4 cup (170g) unsalted butter, slightly softened to room temperature
- 3/4 cup (150g) granulated sugar
- 1 large egg, at room temperature1
- 2 teaspoons vanilla extract
- 1/4 teaspoon almond extract (makes the flavor outstanding)
- 2 and 1/4 cups (281g) all-purpose flour (spoon & leveled)
- 1/2 teaspoon baking powder
- 1/4 teaspoon salt2
For Decorating
- Sugar Cookie Icing
- Assorted sprinkles
- In a large bowl using a handheld or stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment, beat the butter until creamed and smooth - about 1 minute. Add the sugar and beat on high speed until light and fluffy, about 3 or 4 minutes. Scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl as needed. Add the egg, vanilla, and almond extract and beat on high until fully combine, about 2 minutes. Scrape down the sides and bottom of the bowl as needed.
- Whisk the flour, baking powder, and salt together in a medium bowl. Turn the mixer down to low and add about half of the flour mixture, beating until just barely combined. Add the rest of the flour and continue mixing until just combined. If the dough still seems too soft, you can add 1 Tablespoon more flour until it is a better consistency for rolling.
- Divide the dough into 2 equal parts. Roll each portion out onto a piece of parchment to about 1/4″ thickness. Stack the pieces (with paper) onto a baking sheet and refrigerate for at least 1 hour and up to 1 day. Chilling is mandatory. If chilling for more than a couple hours, cover the top dough piece with a single piece of parchment paper.
- Once chilled, preheat oven to 350°F (177°C). Line 2-3 large baking sheets with parchment paper or a silicone baking mat. The amount of batches will depend on how large/small you cut your cookies. Remove one of the dough pieces from the refrigerator and using a cookie cutter, cut in shapes. Transfer the cut cookie dough to the prepared baking sheet. Re-roll the remaining dough and continue cutting until all is used.
- Before baking, you can apply sprinkles like I did on the rainbow sprinkle lined cookies shown in this post. If you're planning to only ice them instead, or you just want to keep them plain - skip the sprinkles.
- Bake for 8-11 minutes, until very lightly colored on top and around the edges. Make sure you rotate the baking sheet halfway through bake time. My cookies took 9 minutes. Allow to cool on baking sheet for 5 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely before icing. I always let mine cool overnight, just to be sure.
- Make the icing and decorate the cooled cookies however you'd like. I doubled the frosting recipe to frost a majority of my cookies. I used a paint brush for some and double-dipped others directly into it. I did not color the icing, as you can see. Add sprinkles on top of the icing if preferred. Once the icing has set, these cookies are great for gifts, sending, or munching on right away. I find they stay soft for about 5 days at room temperature.
- Make ahead tip: Unfrosted cookies freeze well up to 3 months. Thaw overnight in the refrigerator. Frosted cookies do not freeze well at all. You can chill the cookie dough for up to 2 days (step 3). You can also freeze the cookie dough before rolling for up to 3 months. Then allow to thaw overnight in the refrigerator, then bring to room temperature for about 1 hour. Then roll and continue with the recipe as directed.
Recipe Notes:
- Room temperature egg is preferred to be easily dispersed in the cookie dough. Good rule of thumb: always use room temperature egg if recipe calls for butter at room temperature or melted.
- Edited to add: Lately, I've been preparing this dough with a little salt and I love the way it brightens the flavor of the dough. You can leave it out for super sweet sugar cookies, but its addition is fabulous.
Did you make a recipe?
Tag @sallysbakeblog on Instagram and hashtag it #sallysbakingaddiction.
☆ BONUS: Cookbook Discount! ☆
Since today is my birthday, I have a very special offer for you! Celebrate my 29th birthday with a batch of these cookies AND with a 29% discount off my cookbook! Hop on over to my publisher's website and enter the code SALLY29 to receive 29% off. The discount code expires after today (May 27th 2014).
See more birthday recipe ideas.


text:
Low Rates Pummel Banks
Borrowers Benefit, but Industry Lending Profits Hit Lowest Level in Three Years
Superlow U.S. interest rates are squeezing bank profits, complicating the industry's nascent recovery from the financial crisis.
An important gauge of lending profitability, known as net interest margin, has dropped to its lowest level in three years. The measure tracks how much banks earn when they borrow from depositors and then lend or invest those funds.


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Consider the appearance of the military families Donald Trump is willing to spar with in public.
Consider what makes an acceptable target. For a man that otherwise has a perverse veneration for military culture and militarism, what differences allow the man who is somehow our president to so crassly attack people overcome by grief? And why, when people with even a shred of decency object to his abhorrent treatment of the grief-stricken, does he double down? If everything else people have said has been mere screaming into the void, remember what Charlottesville laid bare.
(Year Zero/Day Two Hundred and Seventy-Seven)


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States in Australia
- Australian Capital Territory
- New South Wales
- Northern Territory
- Queensland
- South Australia
- Tasmania
- Victoria
- Western Australia
Do you like post-code.net.au?
Position: Post-code.net.au > NSW > Letter P > PACIFIC PALMS >
Pacific Palms NSW postcode
Postcode of PACIFIC PALMS (NSW) is 2428. Below you can find map of PACIFIC PALMS, or look up other postcodes in New South Wales or other Australian states. If PACIFIC PALMS's postcode is duplicated, and other places have same postal code number, you can use our postcode searcher by number 2428.
Notice: Postcodes in NSW with range from 1000—1999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)


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Request Information
Since 2011, Precision Walls has performed on a multitude of Pharmaceutical and Biotech projects, ranging from simple, small fixups, to major multimillion dollar contracts. The Division is specifically dedicated to this industry, where the demands for Safety, Quality and Performance exceed those in any other industry. We offer design assist and unequaled construction capabilities to the General Contractors and construction managers who serve the industry, and the Pharmaceutical / Biotech entities themselves.
The Division's staff is comprised of a professional team of management and field personnel, who have years of experience working in this very unique construction industry. It offers a full range of Division 9, Division 10 construction services, as well as complete general trades or architectural packages, providing a single source for this type of project.
The project sizes are of no consequence, ranging from the smallest maintenance need, to the largest office or manufacturing complex.
Precision Walls, Inc. has extensive experience installing cleanrooms for top pharmaceutical, biotech and semiconductor companies.


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An electronic plastic box that allows drivers to breeze through toll plazas is coming.
If all goes as planned, a frequent ``flier'' discount will come with it.
State transportation officials want the public's opinion of the discount plan _ a financial break for loyal toll-road users _ and will hold workshops in Miami-Dade, Palm Beach and Broward counties this week.
The SunPass system, which lets drivers pay tolls ahead of time and thus avoid plaza hassles, will be installed on state toll roads in congested South Florida this summer and, eventually, on toll roads statewide.
The small ``transponders'' _ used successfully in other cities, states and countries, such as Orlando, Oklahoma and Brazil, _ are Velcro-mounted on the windshield and can be transferred to other vehicles. A ride through the toll lane debits the account electronically.
Drivers can press a transponder button to check their account balance.
The state hopes to get more drivers to use toll roads so they can reap the revenues, but state Department of Transportation spokeswoman Kimberlee Poulton said that's only the secondary reason the state is spending $38.6 million on SunPass.
``The No. 1 reason we're getting SunPass is strictly for the convenience of our patrons.''
While all the details on it haven't been worked out yet, the workshops are for input on the discount plan only, said FDOT public information officer Mike Washburn.
The discount program would be open to SunPass drivers on Florida's Turnpike and Sawgrass Expressway _ another way to encourage toll-road use, to get more drivers to buy a SunPass transponder, and, Poulton said, to reward the faithful.
As proposed, any SunPasser driving through a toll plaza 40 times or more in a month would get a 10 percent discount for that month.


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Featuring teas from the UK, Organic Coffees from Germany, products imported throughout Europe including Oils, Balsamic Vinegars, Balsamic Drink Vinegars, cookies, chocolates, truffles, marzipan and more – we have the capabilities of private label on some items and promotional/holiday sales.
Welcome to the Acme Import Company!
Acme Import is proud to announce our newest line
Mount Hagen Organic Fair Trade Instant Coffee!


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Please click the link below to view the Little Common Curriculum.
This builds on the National Curriculum.
Little Common Curriculum
A wide range of learning experiences enables our children to develop skills in reading, writing, speaking and listening. Literacy lessons take place on a daily basis.
From the Foundation Stage onwards children read regularly in the classroom, choosing from a large selection of quality books and are given every opportunity to become confident, fluent readers and to develop a love of reading.
Each child will read with an adult at least once a week, this may be in a group or reading individually.
Phonic skills are taught systematically in the Foundation Stage and Key Stage 1 on a daily basis. We use a range of phonic strategies including the 'Letters and Sounds' and 'Jolly Phonics' schemes of work. This work continues into Key Stage 2, placing more emphasis on higher order reading and spelling strategies. Throughout the school, children are also taught to use context clues, grammatical knowledge and word recognition skills.
The children are offered many opportunities to write for different purposes and audiences, and we aim to foster creativity and personal expression. Good habits of letter formation, spelling, punctuation and grammar are also central to the school's English work. Through whole class writing pupils will be taught to develop their written skills in various genres.
Our handwriting scheme is intended to support children in developing a legible joined style.
Children take part in a mathematics lesson each day. We attach great importance to the development of both mental and practical mathematics as an aid to understanding. We follow a Teaching for Mastery approach in mathematics with children building coherent learning with small steps based on: representation and structure; mathematical thinking; variation and fluency.
From the time children enter our school we aim to give them mathematical experiences from which they derive pleasure and enjoyment. In promoting this positive attitude we are able to teach the necessary skills and basic facts at the appropriate stages. Through enquiry and discovery we develop children's understanding of mathematics and their awareness of its uses in the world beyond the classroom.
Science is generally taught through a 'Learning Journey' style approach with links to other subjects, for example mathematics and technology.
Where this is not possible science is taught as a separate subject. Children's natural curiosity is harnessed by providing 'hands on' experiences, which form the basis for scientific investigations. Skills in observing, predicting, hypothesising, measuring, communicating, obtaining and analysing evidence are developed from Foundation Stage onwards.
At the heart of school's new computing curriculum is the aim of preparing children for the real world with a secure understanding of E-Safety issues.
The children will be taught about using a range of text and multimedia resources, about data handling as well as 'Technology in our Lives'.
There is now a sharper focus on programming or coding. This builds from our youngest children in Foundation Stage working with toys they can control electronically, into Key Stage 1 when the children will develop their understanding of the logical way computers works. In Key stage 1 the children will also start to write simple instructions or algorithms on the computer and this will progress into more complex approaches in Key Stage 2. We will be looking for children to demonstrate their ability to work logically, be able to deconstruct algorithms and also to work creatively to overcome problems.
If you would like more information about online safety please click here.
Religious Education
Our school ethos is powerfully shaped by the importance we accord to moral and spiritual development, which we encourage in every way possible.
Religious education is given to all pupils in accordance with the Education Reform Act 1988 and the East Sussex County Council Agreed Syllabus. Parents should be aware that the law states that an act of worship must be wholly or mainly Christian in its nature.
The RE syllabus is multicultural and non-denominational. The main Christian festivals are studied in all year groups and a proportion of children's learning will be drawn from Christianity.
Daily assemblies are held, during which an act of collective worship takes place; this may be in the form of a whole school, year group or class assembly. Children's achievements are also celebrated regularly.
The School has developed strong links with our local Church St Marks, and regular visits take place to integrate our pupils into the local community.
Parents who do not wish their children to be taught the agreed syllabus, or to take part in the short acts of worship which are held at school, should let us know so that their children can be excused, and alternative arrangements made. Regular faith group meetings for Muslim pupils can be organised.
The personal and social development of children in the school is supported and enhanced by a planned and progressive programme.
Subjects are taught to children through 'learning journeys' and through 'circle time' at a level appropriate to the child's age, maturity and understanding. The school uses the SEAL (Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning) programme and resources to provide termly themes and classroom resources.
The school has a clear policy on Sex and Relationship Education. The school scheme of work enables the children to gain an understanding of the working of their bodies, including human reproduction using correct vocabulary. This is a gently progressive curriculum as the children move through the school, meeting the requirements of the National Curriculum.
Sex and Relationship education is always presented in the context of family life, of loving relationships and respect for one another. Children are able to ask questions which teachers answer in a manner appropriate to the age and maturity of the children. In Key Stage 2 smaller groups of boys and girls are given the opportunity to work separately and ask questions, which they may feel uncomfortable to ask in the presence of the whole class.
Parents are given the opportunity to view the teaching resources prior to the lessons and to meet with the class teacher if required.
Physical Education
At Little Common we promote a healthy and active lifestyle for all our pupils; Physical Education plays an important part of this ethos. Pupils are taught key skills in Dance, Gymnastics, Outdoor Sports and Team Games.
Competitive sport is promoted within the context of a supportive learning environment. P.E lessons take place both in our school halls and outside on the play areas and field. We also have our own swimming pool where the children's swimming skills are enhanced during the summer months.
Arts & Humanities
Children learn best when they are motivated and inspired and it is our aim as a school to achieve this. Learning journeys are a way of inspiring a child's learning though linking two or three curriculum areas or subjects together in a theme. Work is closely matched to individual pupils' abilities.
First hand experiences, use of the local environment, development of key skills for life and quality of work are all part of our approach.
We pride ourselves on providing a rich, broad curriculum. The teaching of each subject is planned to include exciting experiences through which children learn whilst having fun. The development of key skills underpins all our learning journeys.


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Quality Link: Your vote to online success
A link / hyperlink, is an online connection to your website that gets activated when users click on an external web-source: site, blog, forum, PPC ad, directories, news sites and articles. A link to a specific area of web-content on your website/ web page is regarded by search engines as a proven vote of confidence that others have in you.
Search engines are always striving to deliver more relevant search results and their crawler-algorithms consider links to a web-page from outside sources as sufficient evidence that the webpage is relevant to the searched phrase. Search engines in turn reward this fact by giving that particular webpage higher organic search engine page result rankings.
Beyond search engines, external links also help in spreading details of your website to other (relevant) target audiences. Either way having inboundl links always help in boosting traffic and brand equity of your business. However, we should never resort to unethical ways of building link-popularity as search engine crawlers are today smart enough to sift the genuine efforts from fake link 'spamming'.
Fake or quick hit link building efforts can get your site banned or penalized from search engines. Search engines are always analysing the online neighbourhood's your website links too.
Smart SEO Linking Strategy
Implementation of a quality and consistent linking program is proven to have a positive impact on your search engine rankings. Smart linking is all about making your web content more attractive to your target audience.
This means a successful link building actually forces you to come up with new ways to position your business offerings to different sets of audience, so you innovate and deliver targeted promotional content i.e. blog posts, press releases, focused articles, expert forum onions, well researched directory listing and content sharing agreement with other websites.
All this makes your website content more customer driven which is key to succeed in today's online business world where external customer focus wins over sheer size. It pays to consider that not all high quality traffic may come from search engines as high paying/converting traffic may also be sent by your appointed affiliate partners (another back-link source).
We therefore recommend using several methods continuously to achieve the best ranking results from your link building efforts. In fact it is a proven fact the best approach for getting better SEO results is to leverage multiple methodologies to enhance the scope of your sites' online exposure. You could also advertise on websites that can potentially send you traffic through backlinks on your ads e.g. banner ads on popular news sites or product download /retailing sites.
Another effective means of website promotion is to publish focused press releases that discuss great aspects of your business and you could syndicate expert articles that discuss your offerings. You should also consider link-exchanges with reputable and high quality websites regularly and try to attract them by using ideas within your press releases and articles. Be sure to keep the real link-bait on your website, although at times it may be worthwhile to give a little to receive relevant attention e.g. allowing free service for other website visitors in return for a backlink.
You could also tap into major digg news submitters to gain diggs to your website which will boost your site's social popularity. Simply ask for diggs from business partners and reputable members of the Digg community.. Another option is to be featured by known bloggers and expose your website to your industry-forums/association webposts by being an active participant in their online/offline events. The best recommendation on long term link-building is to have a balanced approach across different measures as different types of external back-links are treated differently by search engines. In the event, if any search engine devalues a particular methodology (which happens) you link building efforts will continue to deliver sustainable results as you have all bases covered.


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03-27-12 – Birmingham, AL>Atlanta, GA – BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF MUSIC is accepting application for vocal teachers.
Birmingham School of Music, Birmingham's largest private music school is hiring teachers for private voice students interested in developing their singing skills.
We offer excellent compensation and work environment. This is an opportunity to teach in a professional music school environment. We do all the work to attract new students. You only have to teach.
Please respond to this ad with resume and contact information. We will contact you to schedule an interview.
You may also visit our web site at
— Submit Yourself To This Role Now: 1
Click Here To Apply To This Casting Call


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Somerset County Cricket Club – Press Day.
This morning Commsplus visited Somerset County Cricket Club at their ground in Taunton for the official press day for the forthcoming season. This press day was a good chance for us to meet the team, see our sponsorship on the shirts and hear about how the team are feeling about this year's cricket season. We spent the morning in one of the pavilions overlooking the ground, socialising with the other partners there and meeting the Somerset County Cricket Club staff. After the conference, the players and partners descended onto the field…read more


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Archive for Tuesday, July 16, 2013
Springdale News
July 16, 2013
Danny and Linda R. Schwinn hosted their annual Fourth of July celebration at their home. A large crowd of relatives and friends attended. There was a potluck dinner, visiting and fireworks for the kids.
Most of the Schwinn families of the Springdale area traveled Sunday to St. George to celebrate the 75th birthday of Myron Schwinn. He grew up in the Springdale area, the youngest of John and Ruth Schwinn. He taught school for many years. Everyone enjoyed the visiting and a potluck dinner, where they wished him many more years. He has a wife, Jody, a son, Scott, and two grandchildren, Morgan and Garrett.
Marie Gillaspie and niece, Isabella, celebrated their birthdays on July 12. Happy birthday, girls.
Wayne and Anabel Knapp attended the Fourth of July fireworks at McLouth. It was an enjoyable evening.
John and Cara Kruid and children went to Minnesota, to visit some relatives. They came home and shot off their fireworks in Springdale. Cara's folks and others were present.
On the afternoon of July 5, two young girls had the misfortune of a tire blowout in Springdale while on their way back to Leavenworth. The blowout caused the car to roll over and come to a rest on its top in the Knapps' yard. The girls climbed out the broken window, but didn't get cut on the glass. They seemed to be OK, except for the shock of what they'd been through.
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DIXON � Jacksonville�s Chris Smith said he wasn�t nervous standing at the foul line with a chance to put his team ahead late.
DIXON � Jacksonville�s Chris Smith said he wasn�t nervous standing at the foul line with a chance to put his team ahead late.
And the senior certainly didn�t look on edge when he made a pair of free throws with 5.5 seconds left to give the Cardinals a 69-67 win over previously undefeated Northside on Saturday night in the semifinals of the Onslow County Classic.
�This is what I practice for,� Smith said.
Smith�s clutch free throws, and a missed 1-and-1 by Northside�s Josh Cabrera with 0.5 seconds left, gave Jacksonville (4-5) the victory and put them into the final of the tournament at Dixon High School.
The Cardinals will play Southwest on Monday at 7:30 p.m. for the championship. Southwest (3-1) defeated Dixon 63-40 on Saturday.
Meanwhile, Northside (7-1), last year�s tournament champion, will play Dixon (7-6) on Monday at 6 p.m. for third place. The Monarchs entered this game having already won twice over Jacksonville this season, but this time things were different.
�This means a lot since they beat us the first two times,� Smith said. �I really wanted to win this game and I want to win the tournament.�
Smith ended with 24 points while junior Billy Bodette added 23 points and 11 rebounds. Sophomore Tavian Cooley had 11 points for the Cardinals.
Senior Davion Ayabarreno and junior Kris Curry each scored 20 points for the Monarchs while Cabrera added 12 and junior Korey Curry 10.
�We never stopped Jacksonville,� Northside coach Tony Marshburn said. �Our defense up until the tournament had been good.�
The Cardinals appeared headed to a runaway victory as Jacksonville used Bodette�s inside presence and Smith�s penetration to take a 35-18 lead in the second quarter.
However, the Monarchs stormed back, and actually took a 67-63 lead with 2:02 left. To make matters worse for JHS, Bodette fouled out with 5:19 left and with Northside leading 63-61.
With the Cardinals trailing 67-63, Smith scored on a layup and then made two free throws with 1:05 left to tie the game.
After getting a stop with 35.1 seconds left, Jacksonville put the ball in Smith�s hands. He drew a foul while driving to the basket with 5.5 seconds remaining.
�We told Chris we wanted the ball in his hands,� JHS coach Doug Erny said. �We had a high screen roll and Chris did the rest of it.�
Northside still had a chance, but Cabrera missed the front end of a 1-and-1 and then time expired, giving the Cardinals the win.
�We didn�t execute a lot of things tonight,� Marshburn said. �I will give our team credit for coming back, and I like the way we battled to get the lead, but we didn�t protect the lead.�
Down 35-18, Northside used a 10-0 run to end the second quarter to get to within seven at halftime. Korey Curry started the run with a three-point play before Ayabarreno made two straight layups and Cabrera followed with a three-point play with 4.1 seconds left in the half.
Northside then had an 8-0 run late in the third quarter to build a 55-51 lead.
�They played zone,� Marshburn said. �We went into attack mode against the zone.�
The Cardinals certainly came out on the attack early on. Jacksonville used an 11-1 first-quarter run to build a 12-5 lead. Smith had 11 points in the first quarter while Bodette had 10.
�We had a walkthrough this afternoon. We came in with a different game plan, hoping Northside couldn�t shoot the ball outside,� said Erny, adding that senior Ivory Glynn sparked the Cardinals� defense. �It worked great except for the last two minutes of the first half.�
Jacksonville continued its plan for most of the second quarter. Bodette added six points in the period to help JHS extend its lead until the Monarchs rallied.
�We ran a lot of sets and the key to getting Billy the ball was the screens Davis Morgan was making,� Erny said. �He did a great job as a freshman to do the things to get Billy open.�
And the Cardinals did enough early and down the stretch to earn an upset victory and advance to the tournament championship game for the first time since winning their second consecutive Onslow County Classic title in 2009.
�I think this was the best first half we played all season,� Erny said. �And from start to finish, this was the best game we played all season.�
Jacksonville 21 14 21 13 � 69
Northside 11 17 31 8 � 67
McKnight 5, Smith 24, Morgan 2, Cooley 11, Glynn 2, Collins 2, Bodette 23. Totals� 25-45 13-19 69.
Cabrera 12, Tyrance 2, Kr. Curry 20, Ayabarreno 20, Ko. Curry 10, Hobbs 3. Totals� 27-63 11-19 67.
3-Point Goals�J 6 (Cooley 3, Smith 2, McKnight), N 2 (Ayabarreno 2). Rebounds� J 29 (Bodette 11), N 34 (Ko. Curry 8, Kr. Curry 7, Cabrera 6). RECORDS� J: 4-5, vs. Southwest in final Monday at 7:30 p.m. N: 7-1, vs. Dixon in third place game Monday at 6 p.m.


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The course
To follow
Teaching & assessment
To follow
Entry requirements
A Levels: AAB-ABB
Required subjects:
- At least five GCSEs at grade A*-C or 9-4 including English and Mathematics.
Where an applicant is taking the EPQ alongside A - levels, the EPQ will be taken into consideration and result in lower A-level grades being required. Socio - economic factors which may have impacted an applicant's education will be taken into consideration and alternative offers may be made to these applicants.
Other UK Qualifications
International & EU requirements
English language requirements
All teaching at Royal Holloway (apart from some language courses) is in English. You will therefore need to have good enough written and spoken English to cope with your studies right from the start.
The scores we require
- IELTS: 6.5 overall. Writing 7.0. No other subscore lower than 5.5.
- Pearson Test of English: 61 overall. Writing 69. No other subscore lower than 51.
- Trinity College London Integrated Skills in English (ISE): ISE III.
- Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) grade C.
For more information about country-specific entry requirements for your country please visit here. For international students who do not meet the direct entry requirements, we offer an International Foundation Year, run by Study Group at the Royal Holloway International Study Centre. Upon successful completion, students can progress on to selected undergraduate degree programmes at Royal Holloway, University of London.
Your future career
To follow
Fees & funding
Home and EU students tuition fee per year*: £9250
The fee for your Year in Induststry will be 20% of the tuition fee for that academic year.
International students tuition fee per year**: £16900
Other essential costs***: Costs incurred during your year in industry will vary depending on the nature and location of the placement. For further information please contact the Department of Politics and International Relations.
How do I pay for it? Find out more about funding options, including loans, scholarships and bursaries.
**The tuition fee for UK and EU undergraduates is controlled by UK Government regulations, and for students starting a degree in the academic year 2018/19 is £9,250 for that year, and is shown for reference purposes only. The tuition fee for UK and EU undergraduates has not yet been confirmed for students starting a degree in the academic year 2019/20.
**Fees for international students may increase year-on-year in line with the rate of inflation. The policy at Royal Holloway is that any increases in fees will not exceed 5% for continuing students. For further information see fees and funding and our terms and conditions.
***These estimated costs relate to studying this particular degree programme at Royal Holloway. Costs, such as accommodation, food, books and other learning materials and printing etc., have not been included.


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John O'Brien
Biography of John O'Brien
Monsignor Patrick Joseph Hartigan was an Australian Roman Catholic priest, educator, author and poet.
He was born at Yass, New South Wales and ordained after study at St Patrick's Seminary, Manly. Writing under the pseudonym "John O'Brien" Hartigan's verse celebrated the lives and mores of the outback pastoral folk he ministered as a peripatetic curate to the southern New South Wales and Riverina towns of Thurgoona, Berrigan and Narrandera, in the first two decades of the 20th century. His poetry was very popular in Australia and was well received in Ireland and the United States.
The refrain We'll all be rooned from his poem Said Hanrahan has entered colloquial Australian English as a jocular response to any prediction of dire consequences arising, particularly, from events outside the interlocutor's control.
Hartigan died in Lewisham, an inner suburb of Sydney in 1952.
A John O'Brien Festival is held annually in Narrandera.
John O'Brien's Works:
Around the Boree Log and Other Verses 1921
The Parish of St Mel's 1954
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia John O'Brien; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA.
John O'Brien Poems
The Little Irish Mother
THE LITTLE IRISH MOTHER Have you seen the tidy cottage in the straggling, dusty street, Where the roses swing their censers by the door?
The Old Bush School
'Tis a queer, old battered landmark that belongs to other years; With the dog-leg fence around it, and its hat about its ears, And the cow-bell in the gum-tree, and the bucket on the stool, There's a motley host of memories round that old bush school--
Said Hanrahan
"We'll all be rooned," said Hanrahan In accents most forlorn Outside the church ere Mass began One frosty Sunday morn.
The bishop sat in lordly state and purple cap sublime, And galvanized the old bush church at Confirmation time; And all the kids were mustered up from fifty miles around, With Sunday clothes, and staring eyes, and ignorance profound.
Could I Hear The Kookaburras Once Again
May a fading fancy hover round a gladness that is over? May a dreamer in the silence rake the ashes of the past? So a spirit might awaken in the best the years have taken, And the Jove that left him lonely might be with him at the last.
The Meeting
They hadn't met for fifty years, or was it fifty-one ? They'd parted when their ship arrived their separate ways to run. The old Baptismal Register back home in County Clare Held both their names in faded ink, the same day written there.
The Kookaburras
Fall the shadows on the gullies, fades the purple from the mountain; And the day that's passing outwards down the stairways of the sky, With its kindly deeds and sordid on its folded page recorded, Waves a friendly hand across the range to bid the world "good-bye."
Six Brown Boxer Hats
The hawker with his tilted cart pulled up beside the fence, And opened out his wondrous mart with startling eloquence; All sorts of toys for girls and boys upon the grass he spread, And dolls, dirt-cheap, that went to sleep when stood upon their head;
The Altar Boy
Now McEvoy was altar-boy As long as I remember; He was, bedad, a crabbed lad, And sixty come December.
The Presbyt'Ry Dog
Now of all the old sinners in mischief immersed, From the ages of Gog and Magog, At the top of the list,from the last to the first, And by every good soul in the parish accursed,
Around The Boree Log
Oh, stick me in the old caboose this night of wind and rain, And let the doves of fancy loose to bill and coo again. I want to feel the pulse of love that warmed the blood like wine; I want to see the smile above this kind old land of mine.
He comes when the gullies are wrapped in the gloaming And limelights are trained on the tops of the gums, To stand at the sliprails, awaiting the homing Of one who marched off to the beat of the drums.
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The Presbyt'Ry Dog
Now of all the old sinners in mischief immersed,
From the ages of Gog and Magog,
At the top of the list,from the last to the first,
And by every good soul in the parish accursed,
Is that scamp of a Presbyt'ry Dog.
He's a hairy old scoundrel as ugly as sin,
He's a demon that travels incog.,


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When I heard Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 was coming to Vita, my initial joy was immediately tempered by concern. I'm pretty serious about fighting games, so while I love the thought of playing one of my favorites on the go, I'm not interested in playing an imperfect version. I can't pack an arcade stick in my pocket, and if combos I learn on the Vita version don't carry over to console then why bother?
I spent a weekend with an import of the Vita version of Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 -- mostly in training mode -- to determine if it holds up to my demands. Check out the video below for my thoughts.
Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 launches alongside the PlayStation Vita on February 22nd, 2012.