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This Week in Christian History: Protestant Reformation, CMA Founder Dies, 'Rock of Ages' Hymnist Born
Christianity is a faith with a long and detailed history, with numerous events of lasting significance occurring throughout the ages.
Each week brings the anniversaries of great milestones, horrid tragedies, amazing triumphs, and everything in between.
Here are just a few things that happened this week, Oct. 29 to Nov. 4, in Church history. They include the start of the Protestant Reformation, the death of a prominent pastor, and the birth of the man behind a very famous hymn.
Protestant Reformation Begins - Oct. 31, 1517
This week marks 500 years since a German monk named Martin Luther nailed 95 theses to a church door in Wittenberg, beginning what would become the Protestant Reformation.
Luther posted the theses, or points of argument, in response to various corruptions within the Roman Catholic Church, as well as objections to the official teaching on salvation.
The impact on Christianity and western civilization by what happened on that Eve of All Saints five centuries may never be understated.
In addition to theological debates that continue to this day, Luther's work influenced hymns and the modern German language.
A.B. Simpson, Missionary and Nyack College Founder, Dies - October 29, 1919
This week marks the anniversary of the death of Albert Benjamin Simpson, a noted Canadian preacher who founded the Christian and Missionary Alliance as well as Nyack College.
In 1873, Simpson moved to America and evangelized immigrant populations in New York City before founding an organization later named The Christian And Missionary Alliance in 1887.
"Simpson resigned a prestigious New York City pastorate to develop an interdenominational fellowship devoted to serving unreached people," noted Nyack College, which Simpson helped found in 1882.
"Simpson's view was shared by a wide group of men and women, including mainline church leaders, laborers, and theological scholars ... An important step towards making their vision a reality was the founding of a training school for missionaries (the Missionary Training Institute), the first Bible college in North America. This school was the forerunner of Nyack College."
Augustus Toplady is Born - November 4, 1740
This week marks the anniversary of the birth of the man who wrote one of the most popular English language hymns in western civilization.
Augustus Toplady was the mind behind the beloved "Rock of Ages," the famous song that dominated hymn collections and continues to be referenced in pop culture to the present day.
"There is a common story of the hymn being inspired by (and even written from within) a rock cleft that Toplady once took refuge in during a storm. The particular rock is in Burrington Combe gorge in North Somerset, England, and it has a plaque on it with this claim to fame. However, the story is probably apocryphal," wrote author and blogger Tim Challies.
"Toplady was most likely inspired to write the hymn after reading the preface of John and Charles Wesleys' Hymns on the Lord's Supper (1745) which contains a prayer voicing many of the themes and words that are also found in the hymn. This is ironic, given the poor condition of Toplady's relationship with John Wesley; but one can perhaps see the hand of God in it."


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2015 Growing the Organic Industry, Strategies for Brand Success
Almost seven in ten consumers use some type of organic product, a trend that has been moving steadily upward over the past 9 years. In the U.S., organic product sales reached over $35B in 2013 with organic foods and beverages representing 92% of those sales. In fact, organic food accounts for almost 5% of all U.S. food sales. And while the recession had an impact on organic food and beverage use, it is now rebounding after a post-recession flattening and all indications point to further future growth.
Who is using organic?
NMI's organic segmentation model breaks down consumers by differing levels of usage and commitment. There has been success in this area as the past eight years show a migration toward the more committed segments.
There is a trended increase in Millennials entering the category that represents an important development for the industry as it suggests potential longevity and future expansion.
Organic Users' lifestyle characteristics reveal a very active, community-involved, highly influential, and information-seeking consumer group. Almost four in ten are 'new' (past year) Organic Users.
What motivates consumers to choose organic?
It is a complex combination of both positive drivers and avoidance, some of which include: a craving to eat healthy, a desire to avoid negative ingredients (primarily pesticides, hormones, GMOs), a mistrust of the food chain and manufacturers, a wish to promote a sustainable and safer environment, and having a child in the household.
The 'healthy factor' is a key component of organics. Challenges for organic packaged goods exist, as processed foods with many ingredients are inherently viewed as less healthy, whether they are organic or not.
Despite positive growth in the industry and obvious efforts to market and communicate, confusion still abounds. Many don't know what the characteristics or regulations of organics are, they are unclear about the benefits, or they easily confuse it with natural.
The future of the organic industry is optimistic with prospects for bringing more consumers into the fold and embracing organics with greater commitment. There is an opportunity to inform consumers, thus affecting what they think. In addition, there is opportunity to facilitate action which enables feelings of peace of mind, power over making healthier choices and progress toward personal and planetary improvements.
Data Source: NMI's Health And Wellness Trends Database
- Most comprehensive data available on health and wellness; based on attitudes, behavior and product usage within the world of health and wellness
- Annual consumer research among U.S. general population adults and primary grocery shopper
- Currently 16 years of trended data: 1999 through 2014, inclusive; a total of 50,000+ consumers in the database
- Nationally representative sample of the U. S. population statistically valid at 95% confidence level to +/- 1.2%
- This fourth-quarter 2014 survey was conducted on-line among 3,000+ general population consumers; primary grocery shoppers are also identified
- Conducted via on-line methodology
Data Source: NMI's Lifestyles Of Health And Sustainability (LOHAS) Database
- Quantifies the size of the consumer market for environmentally and socially responsible products and services
- Measures the importance of environment and societal issues as well as corporate social responsibility
- Explores environmentally conscious behavior
- Determines consumer usage of LOHAS products and services
- Annual tracking study in U.S. since 2002 and globally since 2005
- Online methodology
- 4,000+ U.S. adults in 2014, nationally projectable to the U.S. adult population and accurate at the 95% confidence level to +/- 2%
- 90,000+ total global adults in database
Methodology Overview
In 2014, NMI conducted an in-depth, multi-phase project to delve into the state of the organic industry. This report is a compilation of all phases of this study in one comprehensive source for all things organic.
1) NMI Database analysis for general population and Organic Segment insights – over 7000 interviews!
- Target consumer profiling as well as attitudinal and behavioral metrics gleaned from NMI's Health and Wellness Trends Data (HWTD) (n=3000+) and NMI's Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS) database (n=4000+). Both databases are detailed on the next pages.
2) Nielsen HomeScan organic segment insight – analysis of 50,000+ households
- NMI's Organic Segments overlaid with Nielsen HomeScan data provide segment contribution to volume and frequency across categories, identification of opportunistic categories and need states within organic.
- Overviews are provided herein; more detailed analysis on over 40 specific organic food and beverage categories is available.
3) Consumer qualitative peer groups – 4 cities, 30+ hours of interviews
- Peer-to-peer in-home focus groups were conducted across demographic and psychographic groups to explore actual consumer emotions and behavior within organic categories and delve into barriers to usage. Detailed methodology is provided in the next pages.
4) Video Library of Insight
- A searchable video library of insights from these peer groups is available. Over 30 hours of video and transcription allows for searching by topic, key word, or segment to provide more in-depth 'color' and detail to your analysis.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Overview: State of the Organic Industry
- Positive Issues Impacting the Organic Industry
- Negative Issues Impacting the Organic Industry
- Organic Penetration Among the U.S. Adult Population
- Dollar Trends in Growth of Organic Labels
- Category Breakdown of Organic Product Sales
- Organic Penetration of Total Food Sales
- Rebounding Growth of Organic Foods & Beverages
- Global and U.S. Total Food & Beverage Introductions
- Global and U.S. Specific Category Introductions
- Five Year Growth by Organic Categories, U.S. and Global
- Summary of Global Organic Introductions
- Organic vs. GMO-Free Product Launches in the U.S.
- Usage Trends of Organic Food & Beverage Categories
- Frequency of Use for Key Organic Categories
- Length of Time Using Key Organic Categories
- Cross Category Usage
- Dollar Growth by Category
- Future Industry Trends
NMI's Organic Segmentation
- Key Segmentation Takeaways
- Segmentation Snapshot
- DEVOTEDS At A Glance
- TEMPERATES At A Glance
- DABBLERS At A Glance
- RELUCTANTS At A Glance
- Segment Migration Over Time
- Trended Organic Usage by Segment
- Organic Food & Beverage Category Usage by Segment
- Commitment to Personal and Environmental Health
- DEVOTEDS and a Healthy Lifestyle
- Questions from DEVOTEDS
- TEMPERATES' Commitment and Confusion
- Questions from TEMPERATES
- DABBLERS' Attitudes
- RELUCTANTS and Healthy Eating
- Specific Targeting for DEVOTEDS, TEMPERATES, DABBLERS
- Demographic Profile of Segments
Defining the Organic User
- Key Takeaways about Defining the Organic User
- How the Organic User is Changing Demographically
- Segment Membership by Generation
- Segment Composition of Organic Users vs. GP
- Organic Spending vs. Buying Households by Segment
- New vs. Long-Term Organic Users
- Drivers to Organic: New vs. Long-Term Users
- Health Orientation of New vs. Long-Term Users
- Understanding of Organics – New vs. Long-Term Users
- Lifestyle Characteristics of the Organic User
Capturing the Millennials
- Key Takeaways from the Millennial Organic Users
- Growth Among Millennial Organic Users
- Importance of Capturing the Millennials
- Organic Category Usage Among Millennials
- Millennials and Healthy Eating
- Impact of Corporate Environmental Involvement on Millennials' Buying Behavior
- Millennials and Environmental Motivations
Organic (Mis)Understanding
- Key Takeaways of Consumer Understanding of Organics
- Consumer Confusion With Organic Definition
- Trended Usage of Natural and Organic Food & Beverages
- Confusion Between Natural and Organic
- Impact of the Natural/Organic Confusion
- Lack of Organic Regulations
- Trended Understanding Regulated Organic Attributes
- Perception of Healthy Food on a Continuum
- Importance of Organic Attributes, Trended
- Importance of Organic Attributes, by Segment
- Continuum of 'Healthy' Organic Foods
- What is the 'Healthiest' Organic Food?
- Perception of Healthy as Related to 'Close to Nature'
- Thoughts About Processed Organic Food
- Keeping Organic Relevant
- Importance of Organic Messaging
Pathways to Organic Use
- Key Takeaways About Organic Motivations
- Positive and Negative Triggers to Initial Use
- Methods of Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle
- Label Reading and Eating Healthy Foods
- Segments and Label Checking
- Trended Monitoring of Specific Items on Labels
- Concerns About Pesticides
- Perceived Benefits of Organic Foods & Beverages
- Perceived Benefits of Organics, by Segment
- Is Organic Considered Healthier than Natural?
- Reasons for Initiating Use of Organics vs. Naturals
- Motivations to Start Using Organic Dairy Milk
- Impact of a Child in Household
- Motivations of New Users vs. Long-Term Users
- Reasons for First Using Organics by Segment
- Importance of an Offensive Posture
GMO's: A Rise in Importance and Concern
- Key Takeaways as GMOs Relate to Organics
- Understanding the GMO Issues
- Desire for 'Real' Food
- GMOs and a Degree of Fear
- Visibility of the Issue
- GMO Avoidance as a Pathway to Organic
- Trended Concern About GMOs
- Comparative Importance of Non-GMO, Organic and Natural
- Impact of GMOs on Purchase Behavior
- Not All Perceptions Are Negative
- Impact of Lack of Information
Store Brands Broaden Organics' Reach
- Key Takeaways of Store Brands' Impact
- Trended Usage of Organic Store Brands
- Organic Store Brand Usage by Organic Category Users
- Organic Category Usage by Segment
- U.S. Organic Store Brand Launches in Past 15 Years
Organic Purchase Drivers and Barriers
- Key Takeaways of Drivers and Barriers
- Consumers Reveal Multiple Opportunities for Drivers
- Importance of the USDA Organic Seal
- Impact of Not Using or Explaining the Organic Seal
- Recognition and Understanding of Various Seals
- Trended Recognition and Understanding of USDA Organic Seal
- Recognition and Understanding of USDA Organic Seal by Demographic
- Impact of USDA Organic Seal on Purchase Behavior, Total
- Impact of USDA Organic Seal on Purchase Behavior by Consumer Groups
- Acceptance of Less Than 100% Organic Content
- Perceptions of 'Premium' as it Relates to Organic
- Importance of What is Stated on a Package
- Sources of Influence for Organic Purchases
- Preferences for Environmentally-Friendly Packaging
- Pros and Cons of Organic 'Snapshots'
- Impact of Corporate Environmental Efforts on Organic Purchasing Behavior
- Preferred Ways to Learn About Corporate Social Responsibility Efforts
- Barriers to Organic Purchasing
- Personal Costs vs. Personal Benefits
- Barriers by Segment
Nielsen Category Analysis Overview
- Summary Overview of Nielsen Methodology and Data Availability
- Definitions of Key Nielsen Measures
- Organic Category Penetration by Segment
- Top Categories by Dollar Value and Household Penetration
- Opportunities for More Detailed Category Analysis

subset: commoncrawl


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Catch up on Dallas spoilers, Grey's Anatomy spoilers, Pretty Little Liars spoilers, Revenge Spoilers, and Venice The Series recaps.
"Revenge" renewed for 4th season!
Season four premieres on Sunday September 28 at 10:00 PM. Watch the promo below:
Soaps.com will return to post spoilers!
Sunday May 11 10:00 PM:
Season finale!
Emily and Victoria set out to destroy each other's lives and will do anything to accomplish their goals.
Someone's fate is altered.
Someone will land in jail.
A trial takes place, as does a trip to the psych ward.
A dead body turns up.
And someone ends up the victor.


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I've been struggling with Multicast and it's obvious I just don't get it. So tonight I decided to start going though the IE workbook 1 multicast session. The IE workbook 1 parts are great when I just need to immerse myself in a particular technology. However, it gets very redundant and monotonous, so it's not generally my idea of fun. I think they intentionally have it set up so you're constantly undoing and redoing configs.
On the bright side, it works wonders on muscle memory. It is also very detailed on the show and debug commands. I went through a whole bunch of the BGP tasks a few months back and felt it really helped me out there. I'd actually consider BGP one of my stronger areas, thanks in part to that and in part to actually using it at work now.
So I did about half the multicast tasks so far. At the beginning, I rolled my eyes becasue the tasks just seemed too easy. But once I followed along with the debugs and show commands, I feel I did learn a thing or two. As a bonus, I made a couple of mistakes and did have to do some troubleshooting.
I've been torn as to whether to speed drills or what on Tuesday and Thursday nights since I just want to spend a couple of hours. I think the Multicast section will work nicely for Thursday. We'll see what I want to do next week depending on how this weekend's labs go.
Tuesday, January 8, 2008
Multicast Refresher
Posted by Ed at 6:11 PM
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After you apply
- Overview
- Getting an offer
- Applicant Taster Days
- 10 things to expect from your applicant taster day
- How to prepare for your interview
Offers of a place
If you're considered suitable for the course, you will be offered a place, which may be conditional upon your obtaining certain qualifications. The conditions will vary between courses and even within courses, depending upon evidence of your motivation, commitment and previous academic record.
We will send you an offer letter plus an information booklet telling you more about us and outlining the next steps in the application procedure.
If you accept a conditional offer, we will confirm your place on the course once you have met those conditions. Sometimes, even if you don't achieve the required grades of the offer, it may still be possible to reserve a place on the course.
If you're not accepted on your chosen course, or your place is not confirmed after we've received your results, you may find an alternative place through Clearing.
Deferred entry
If you're thinking about taking a year out before coming to the University, we will be happy to consider your application for deferred entry, particularly if you plan to use the time constructively.


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By Ava McElhone Yates
As someone who has never described herself as athletic, playing sports is relatively new to me. Growing up I tried some recreation leagues once or twice but I never stuck with anything and didn't really have fun. Now I go to a school where I have sports as a requirement. The concept was daunting at first but I've managed to take a few things from it all. In fact, even more important than the sport is the team.
Lesson One: Everyone Messes Up And not just small mistakes.
No, people plain out miss the ball, trip, run the wrong way and miss opportunities that would have been great. Some mistakes are larger than others and some are more frustrating than others too. But everyone makes them. I've found that making mistakes is a concept feared by many people, especially girls. From a young age many people, especially girls, are trained to get the answer right or score the point while looking graceful. According to the Women's Sports Foundation, by age 14 girls are two times more likely to drop out of sports than boys their age are due to a mix of things that include social stigma and lack of facilities and positive role models. How can we let this happen? One of the great parts of being on a team is that it eliminates that fear of making mistakes. From day one of volleyball tryouts this year I was joined by my twelve teammates in dropping balls, jamming fingers, falling, loosing points, and missing serves. And I've realized that as frustrating as it is, it will happen to everyone.
Lesson Two: Getting to know people is important.
Is there a better way to get to know someone than to see them when they are the most tired? Frustrated? Proud? How often to you get to practice true teamwork with a person or see them improve though the season? You all want the same thing and you all work for that thing at the same time. It is extremely critical to work with the team in sports. Participating in a team is a great way of becoming friends with people may not usually be friends with. At the same time though, you don't have to be great friends with everyone either. Sometimes you won't like a person on your team and you will learn to deal with them anyways. It's going to happen in life—there will be people you have to deal with reluctantly. So these low stakes are great practice. Many people I know, boys and girls, have a way of judging girls by their appearance, voice, grades, or interests. In high school it only takes one look or one conversation to completely define or alter a perception of girls. Yet being on a team forces you to consider both sides of a person and it eliminates this quick judgment.
Lesson Three: You earn respect by working… Hard
There is no better way to earn the respect of your coaches, teammates, and fans at a game than by working at what you are doing. And not only do you have to work… you have to work hard. You have to do the best you can all the time. And doing your best doesn't always mean winning; it means improving and genuinely trying. With these ideas in mind, I think teams can be beneficial beyond what I saw in them when I was younger (aka forced bonding). Girls need to be raised with role models. Teams are a great way to support those needs and make friends while doing so. So to all girls- get up and join a team. Play sports, join a club, or debate with friends. Work hard, have an open mind, make mistakes, and have fun!


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The Traffic News That No Melburnian Wanted To Hear
New data from Uber has found that Melbourne is the most congested city in Australia.
Motorists in Melbourne experience the greatest difference in travel times between peak and off-peak times, with the congestion in the morning afternoon commutes being at their worst on the Tullamarine freeway.
Average Uber times show that a passenger heading to the Airport from the CBD during peak hour will face a 29-miute delay.
A passenger going from an inner-suburb to the CBD can expect a 6-minute delay.
The report also found that peak travel times in Melbourne and Sydney have increased over the last year but have improved in Perth.
Uber Australia General manager David Rohrsheim hopes that the figures can help governments better plan their infrastructure.
"As ride-sharing has grown across Australia during the past few years, we're excited to see how sharing high-level data and trends with governments can help show how cities move over time," he said.
TRENDING NOW: Kmart's groundbreaking ad


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This section contains 539 words
(approx. 2 pages at 400 words per page)
Part 2 Chapter 10 Summary
The Collector sleeps in and misses doing a round of inspections before the attacks begin. The Padre, however, makes a round of the ramparts and prays fervently. He hands out fliers to all of the men. Fleury and Harry, who have taken up positions at the banqueting hall, want to get in on the action, and they decide they can shoot at any natives under certain conditions and within a specific range, although they are not under attack at their post. Both young men think they see some swarming or shadows in the melon beds, but neither wants to sound the alarm in case they are wrong. All of the other soldiers at their post are either elderly or, like Fleury, totally inexperienced in war.
Without warning, the enemy attacks, swarming towards them from the melon beds near the river. Several...
(read more from the Part 2 Chapter 10 Summary)
This section contains 539 words
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Registration Mileage Submission Current Standings
Welcome to the 2015/2016 Winter Commuter Challenge!
What is this all about? More and more Ann Arbor residents are looking to make lifestyle changes and use their bikes to get around town, commute to work, or go to the store. So we thought, why not add a little healthy competition to the mix and see how many miles we can all rack up this winter on our bikes!
How Does It Work?
Beginning on the first day of winter, December 22, 2015, and running through to the first day of spring, March 19, 2016, visit our website weekly, daily, or hourly and enter in your mileage. We'll keep track through the winter and you can use our website to track your progress and see where you are in the standings. Mileage and the blog will be updated every Monday. I hope to be able to add pictures to the blog as well this year.
Registration is quick, easy, and free, so why not join us and see how many miles you can spend on your bike this winter.
PRIZES & MORE! Stay tuned for more information!
Wheels in Motion will be giving awards to the top 3 riders. First place will receive a "Complete Mechanical Rebuild" of their bikes. This is a $214.99 service from our repair shop during which your bike will be disassembled and put back together part by part, cleaned and lubed. Second place will get a "Deluxe Tune-up." Third place will receive a "Standard Tune-up." Labor is free, any parts you need will be extra.
|Mileage Submission
|Mileage Standings
|Winter Cycling Information
|Sponsorship Oppportunities


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A ski resort in the Alps near the Swiss border, La Clusaz has been hosting winter sports since 1907. The French ski resort even hold an annual ski contest and paragliding competitions which invites hundreds of international skiers and sports fans. In the centre of La Clusaz are shops thriving with local produce and delicacies. Self catering holiday rentals in La Clusaz are perfect for accessing the ski runs and trying all the local food and drinks. The many luxury La Clusaz chalets and ski apartments available for rent offer a true taste to alpine winter homes.
If you're looking for the compelling combination of a luxurious base and possibly the perfect location, then Apartment Le Galetas is for you.
Be the first property to be listed on this page - instant online activation.Click here to register >
Ken Smith, Property 12069
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Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) represent a spectrum of breast disease referred to as "lobular neoplasia" (LN). Although LN occurs relatively infrequently, it is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, ranging from a three- to four-fold increased risk with ALH up to an eight- to ten-fold increased risk with LCIS. Initially regarded as a direct precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma, LCIS used to be treated by mastectomy. Subsequent studies demonstrating that the risk of invasive disease was conferred bilaterally and that subsequent cancers were of both the ductal and lobular phenotype led to the acceptance of LCIS as a marker of increased risk rather than a true precursor. Today, a diagnosis of LCIS remains one of the greatest identifiable risk factors for the subsequent development of breast cancer. As such, patients are offered one of three options: (1) lifelong surveillance with the goal of detecting subsequent malignancy at an early stage; (2) chemoprevention; or (3) bilateral prophylactic mastectomy. Paralleling changes in the management of invasive breast cancer, trends in the management of LCIS have moved toward more conservative management. However, we have made little progress in understanding the biology of LCIS and therefore remain unable to truly optimize recommendations for individual patients.
Atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) represent a spectrum of breast disease referred to as "lobular neoplasia" (LN). Although LN occurs relatively infrequently, it is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, ranging from a three- to four-fold increased risk with ALH up to an eight- to ten-fold increased risk with LCIS.[1-3]
What we now refer to as LCIS was first described by James Ewing in 1919 as a noninvasive proliferation of the lobules and terminal ducts of the breast. This lesion was not named, however, until 1941, when Foote and Stewart coined the term "lobular carcinoma in situ."[4] Initially regarded as a direct precursor to invasive lobular carcinoma, LCIS used to be treated by mastectomy. Subsequent studies demonstrating that the risk of invasive disease was conferred bilaterally and that subsequent cancers were of both the ductal and lobular phenotype led to the acceptance of LCIS as a marker of increased risk rather than a true precursor.
As additional histopathologic information on LCIS emerged in the 1970s, the proliferative changes within the breast lobule were recognized as a spectrum of changes including both atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) and LCIS, and efforts were made to reclassify these two lesions as LN.[2] This nomenclature was not universally adopted, however, and some authors continue to report on these two lesions independently, while others do not, resulting in some difficulty in making comparisons across series. More recently, advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular biology have led to an appreciation of greater diversity within the spectrum of LN, and there is considerable speculation that the pleomorphic variant of LCIS will prove to have a different clinical behavior than the "classical" LCIS subtype.[5] This article will review current management trends for women with classical LCIS.
LCIS is typically an incidental finding in a breast biopsy performed for another reason. As such, the true incidence of LCIS in the population has been difficult to ascertain. Several approaches to determining the true incidence, including autopsy series, individual institution biopsy series, and population-based studies, have been undertaken. The results achieved with these various approaches have been somewhat different, yet they all suggest that LCIS is likely a rare lesion among women in the general population.[6] Two classic studies by Haagensen[7] and Page[8] reported LCIS in 3.7% and 0.5% of otherwise benign breast biopsies performed at their respective institutions. Other studies report LCIS in 0.8% to 3.8% of open surgical biopsies and in 0.02% to 3.30% of image-guided core needle biopsies.[9] Population-based data reported to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) from 1978 to 1998 demonstrate a much lower incidence—3.19 per 100,000 women[6]—yet during this time there was an observed four-fold increase in the number of LCIS cases reported among women over 40 years of age, with the highest incidence rate (11.47 per 100,000 person-years) occurring in 1998 among women aged 50 to 59 years. While this trend may reflect the increasing use of mammography and image-guided biopsies during this period, the impact of other factors, such as the increased use of combination hormone replacement therapy during this time, remains uncertain.
Presentation and Diagnosis
Historically, LCIS has been considered a clinically occult lesion not associated with changes on physical examination or mammographic imaging; when identified, it was frequently found to be multicentric and bilateral.[2,4,7] In the era of widespread screening mammography, more recent data suggest that LCIS is associated with calcifications in 21% to 67% of cases.[10] LCIS has also been reported to enhance on MRI,[11] although these data remain relatively limited. In their original description, Foote and Stewart described LCIS as a proliferation of small, uniform, discohesive cells that fill and often distend the acinar units within a lobule.[4] Criteria for diagnosis, later outlined by Page and Anderson, are as follows:
(1) The characteristic and uniform cells must comprise the entire population of cells within the lobular unit.
(2) All of the lobule must be filled with these cells (ie, no intercellular empty spaces between cells).
(3) There must be distension and expansion of at least half of the acini in the lobular unit.[12]
A diagnosis of LCIS made by surgical excision does not require further surgical intervention, and there is no indication to document margin status in a specimen that contains only LN.[13] Similarly, the finding of LCIS in the surrounding breast parenchyma of a lumpectomy specimen containing DCIS or invasive carcinoma does not alter surgical management of the breast primary and does not increase the rate of in-breast recurrence in patients undergoing breast conservation.[14-16] The scenario that often results in controversy regarding management is that of LCIS diagnosed on core biopsy. The most recent National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines state that a core biopsy diagnosis of LCIS should always be followed by surgical excision to rule out an associated malignancy, with subsequent management decisions to be made based on the final pathologic diagnosis (Figure).[17]
1. Chuba PJ, Hamre MR, Yap J, et al. Bilateral risk for subsequent breast cancer after lobular carcinoma-in-situ: analysis of surveillance, epidemiology, and end results data. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5534-41.
2. Haagensen CD, Lane N, Lattes R Bodian C. Lobular neoplasia (so-called lobular carcinoma in situ) of the breast. Cancer. 1978;42:737-69.
3. Page DL, Dupont WD Rogers LW. Ductal involvement by cells of atypical lobular hyperplasia in the breast: a long-term follow-up study of cancer risk. Hum Pathol. 1988;19:201-7.
4. Foote FW Stewart FW. Lobular carcinoma in situ: A rare form of mammary cancer. Am J Pathol. 1941;17:491-96 3.
5. Anderson BO, Calhoun KE Rosen EL. Evolving concepts in the management of LN. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2006;4:511-22.
6. Li CI, Anderson BO, Daling JR Moe RE. Changing incidence of lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;75:259-68.
7. Haagensen CD. Diseases of the breast. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1986.
8. Page DL, Kidd TE, Jr., Dupont WD, et al. Lobular neoplasia of the breast: higher risk for subsequent invasive cancer predicted by more extensive disease. Hum Pathol. 1991;22:1232-9.
9. Hussain M Cunnick GH. Management of lobular carcinoma in-situ and atypical lobular hyperplasia of the breast—a review. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2011;37:279-89.
10. Li CI, Malone KE, Saltzman BS Daling JR. Risk of invasive breast carcinoma among women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ, 1988-2001. Cancer. 2006;106:2104-12.
11. Liberman L, Holland AE, Marjan D, et al. Underestimation of atypical ductal hyperplasia at MRI-guided 9-gauge vacuum-assisted breast biopsy. Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188:684-90.
12. Page DL Anderson TJ. Diagnostic histopathology of the breast. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1987.
13. Goldschmidt RA Victor TA. Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. Semin Surg Oncol. 1996;12:314-20.
14. Abner AL, Connolly JL, Recht A, et al. The relation between the presence and extent of lobular carcinoma in situ and the risk of local recurrence for patients with infiltrating carcinoma of the breast treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy. Cancer. 2000;88:1072-7.
15. Ciocca RM, Li T, Freedman GM Morrow M. Presence of lobular carcinoma in situ does not increase local recurrence in patients treated with breast-conserving therapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:2263-71.
16. Moran M Haffty BG. Lobular carcinoma in situ as a component of breast cancer: the long-term outcome in patients treated with breast-conservation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40:353-8.
17. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. http://www.nccn.org. Accessed July 27, 2011.
18. Berg WA, Mrose HE, Ioffe OB. Atypical lobular hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ at core-needle breast biopsy. Radiology. 2001;218:503-9.
19. Brem RF, Lechner MC, Jackman RJ, et al. Lobular neoplasia at percutaneous breast biopsy: variables associated with carcinoma at surgical excision. Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:637-41.
20. Cangiarella J, Guth A, Axelrod D, et al. Is surgical excision necessary for the management of atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ diagnosed on core needle biopsy?: a report of 38 cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:979-83.
21. Crisi GM, Mandavilli S, Cronin E Ricci A, Jr. Invasive mammary carcinoma after immediate and short-term follow-up for LN on core biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27:325-33.
22. Elsheikh TM Silverman JF. Follow-up surgical excision is indicated when breast core needle biopsies show atypical lobular hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ: a correlative study of 33 patients with review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29:534-43.
23. Foster MC, Helvie MA, Gregory NE, et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical lobular hyperplasia at core-needle biopsy: is excisional biopsy necessary? Radiology. 2004;231:813-9.
24. Lechner MC, Jackman RJ, Brem RF, et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical lobular hyperplasia at percutaneous biopsy with surgical correlation: a multi-institutional study. Radiology. 1999;213:106.
25. Liberman L, Drotman M, Morris EA, et al. Imaging-histologic discordance at percutaneous breast biopsy. Cancer. 2000;89:2538-46.
26. Londero V, Zuiani C, Linda A, et al. Lobular neoplasia: core needle breast biopsy underestimation of malignancy in relation to radiologic and pathologic features. Breast. 2008;17:623-30.
27. Mahoney MC, Robinson-Smith TM Shaughnessy EA. Lobular neoplasia at 11-gauge vacuum-assisted stereotactic biopsy: correlation with surgical excisional biopsy and mammographic follow-up. Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:949-54.
28. Margenthaler JA, Duke D, Monsees BS, et al. Correlation between core biopsy and excisional biopsy in breast high-risk lesions. Am J Surg. 2006;192:534-7.
29. Meloni GB, Becchere MP, Soro D, et al. Percutaneous vacuum-assisted core breast biopsy with upright stereotactic equipment. Indications, limitations and results. Acta Radiol. 2002;43:575-8.
30. O'Driscoll D, Britton P, Bobrow L, et al. Lobular carcinoma in situ on core biopsy-what is the clinical significance? Clin Radiol. 2001;56:216-20.
31. Pacelli A, Rhodes DJ Amrami KK. Outcome of atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ diagnosed by core needle biopsy: clinical and surgical follow-up of 30 cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;116:591–92.
32. Philpotts LE, Shaheen NA, Jain KS, et al. Uncommon high-risk lesions of the breast diagnosed at stereotactic core-needle biopsy: clinical importance. Radiology. 2000;216:831-7.
33. Renshaw AA, Cartagena N, Derhagopian RP Gould EW. Lobular neoplasia in breast core needle biopsy specimens is not associated with an increased risk of ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;117:797-9.
34. Shin SJ Rosen PP. Excisional biopsy should be performed if lobular carcinoma in situ is seen on needle core biopsy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:697-701.
35. Zhang RR, O'Hea BJ, Brebbia JR, et al. Atypical lobular hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ on large core needle biopsy of the breast: is surgical excision necessary? Am J Clin Pathol. 2001;116:610.
36. Luedtke C, Murray M, Nehhozina T, et al, editors. Outcomes of prospective excision for classic LCIS and ALH on percutaneous breast core biopsy. Abstract No. 209. United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology Annual Meeting; 2011.
37. Translational Breast Cancer Research Consortium. TBCRC 020: The incidence of adjacent synchronous ipsilateral infiltrating carcinoma and/or DCIS in patients diagnosed with lobular neoplasia of the breast by core needle biopsy. http://pub.emmes.com/study/bcrc/ Accessed July 28, 2011.
38. Bodian CA, Perzin KH Lattes R. Lobular neoplasia. Long term risk of breast cancer and relation to other factors. Cancer. 1996;78:1024-34.
39. Li CI, Anderson BO, Porter P, et al. Changing incidence rate of invasive lobular breast carcinoma among older women. Cancer. 2000;88:2561-9.
40. Fisher ER, Land SR, Fisher B, et al. Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project: twelve-year observations concerning lobular carcinoma in situ. Cancer. 2004;100:238-44.
41. De Leeuw WJ, Berx G, Vos CB, et al. Simultaneous loss of E-cadherin and catenins in invasive lobular breast cancer and lobular carcinoma in situ. J Pathol. 1997;183:404-11.
42. Hwang ES, Nyante SJ, Yi Chen Y, et al. Clonality of lobular carcinoma in situ and synchronous invasive lobular carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;100:2562-72.
43. Lakhani SR, Collins N, Sloane JP Stratton MR. Loss of heterozygosity in lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. Clin Mol Pathol. 1995;48:M74-8.
44. Simpson PT, Reis-Filho JS, Gale T Lakhani SR. Molecular evolution of breast cancer. J Pathol. 2005;205:248-54.
45. Bevers TB, Anderson BO, Bonaccio E, et al. Breast cancer screening and diagnosis. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2006;4:480-508.
46. Saslow D, Boetes C, Burke W, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:75-89.
47. Port ER, Park A, Borgen PI, et al. Results of MRI screening for breast cancer in high-risk patients with LCIS and atypical hyperplasia. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:1051-7.
48. Oskar S, Muhsen S, Sung J, et al. Chemoprevention among women with lobular carcinoma in situ. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18:S59.
49. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:
50. Gail MH, Brinton LA, Byar DP, et al. Projecting individualized probabilities of developing breast cancer for white females who are being examined annually. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989;81:1879-86.
51. Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA. 1999;281:2189-97.
52. Vogel VG, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, et al. Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA. 2006;295:2727-41.
53. Visvanathan K, Chlebowski RT, Hurley P, et al. American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline update on the use of pharmacologic interventions including tamoxifen, raloxifene, and aromatase inhibition for breast cancer risk reduction. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3235-58.
54. Port ER, Montgomery LL, Heerdt AS Borgen PI. Patient reluctance toward tamoxifen use for breast cancer primary prevention. Ann Surg Oncol. 2001;8:580-5.
55. Tchou J, Hou N, Rademaker A, et al. Acceptance of tamoxifen chemoprevention by physicians and women at risk. Cancer. 2004;100:1800-6.
56. Hartmann LC, Schaid DJ, Woods JE, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:77-84.


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Personal Statement
"If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts"-Albert Einstein
I am enthusiastic about severe weather.
I am passionate about winter storms.
I am enraged by the AGW scam.
People like Al Gore, and groups like the IPCC, serve no other function than to
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27 Mar 2014
Look, I have seen this on both EURO and GFS for the last 2.5 days. Believe me I dont want to see this as April snow is just plain annoying. Several Mets are suggesting that there will be a reinforcing cold shot that comes down after the 3rd/4th period and a negative NAO to boot. Favorable Ridging out west and blocking potential in Eastern Canada. Here are the most recent shots from both GFS and EURO.
9 Feb 2010
Well, lets start talking about this. The dynamics are pretty good and the temps should still be well in line to support. We shall see. Here's the GFS at for the 21st. Huge bomb potential Matt can post the image when he gets a chance as I am having trouble doing so.
7 Aug 2008
Look how this title is positioned. It could have easily titled: New Research shows how climate models are worthless.
Instead it puts a very positive spin on Climate Modeling.
You almost need to be in the CIA to be able to sift through most of this spin.
Anyhow, very telling stuff here on how poorly climate models have done. Also of note is that NASA is partly funding this research. I wonder how Hansen feels about this? I have underlined some of the highlights of the research.
Forward step in forecasting global warming
Science magazine article details improvements needed for climate-change prediction
TEMPE, Ariz. Arizona State University researchers have made a breakthrough in understanding the effect on climate change of a key component of urban pollution. The discovery could lead to more accurate forecasting of possible global-warming activity, say Peter Crozier and James Anderson.
Crozier is an associate professor in ASU's School of Materials, which is jointly administered by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and the Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering. Anderson is a senior research scientist in the engineering school's Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.
As a result of their studies of aerosols in the atmosphere, they assert that some measures used in atmospheric science are oversimplified and overlook important factors that relate to climatic warming and cooling.
The research findings are detailed in the Aug. 8 issue of Science magazine, in the article "Brown Carbon Spheres in East Asian Outflow and Their Optical Properties," co-authored by Crozier, Anderson and Duncan Alexander, a former postdoctoral fellow at ASU in the area of electron microscopy, and the paper's lead author.
So-called brown carbons a nanoscale atmospheric aerosol species are largely being ignored in broad-ranging climate computer models, Crozier and Anderson say.
Studies of the greenhouse effect that contribute directly to climate change have focused on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. But there are other components in the atmosphere that can contribute to warming or cooling including carbonaceous and sulfate particles from combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, salts from oceans and dust from deserts. Brown carbons from combustion processes are the least understood of these aerosol components.
The parameter typically used to measure degrees of warming is radiative forcing, which is the difference in the incoming energy from sunlight and outgoing energy from heat and reflected sunlight. The variety of gasses and aerosols that compose the atmosphere will, under different conditions, lead to warming (positive radiative forcing) or cooling (negative radiative forcing).
The ASU researchers say the effect of brown carbon is complex because it both cools the Earth's surface and warms the atmosphere.
"Because of the large uncertainty we have in the radiative forcing of aerosols, there is a corresponding large uncertainty in the degree of radiative forcing overall," Crozier says. "This introduces a large uncertainty in the degree of warming predicted by climate change models."
A key to understanding the situation is the light-scattering and light-absorbing properties called optical properties of aerosols.
Crozier and Anderson are trying to directly measure the light-absorbing properties of carbonaceous aerosols, which are abundant in the atmosphere.
"If we know the optical properties and distribution of all the aerosols over the entire atmosphere, then we can produce climate change models that provide more accurate prediction," Anderson says.
Most of the techniques used to measure optical properties of aerosols involve shining a laser through columns of air.
"The problem with this approach is that it gives the average properties of all aerosol components, and at only a few wavelengths of light," Anderson says.
He and Crozier have instead used a novel technique based on a specialized type of electron microscope. This technique monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy can be used to directly determine the optical properties of individual brown carbon nanoparticles over the entire visible light spectrum as well as over the ultraviolet and infrared areas of the spectrum.
"We have used this approach to determine the complete optical properties of individual brown carbon nanoparticles sampled from above the Yellow Sea during a large international climate change experiment," Crozier says.
"This is the first time anyone has determined the complete optical properties of single nanoparticles from the atmosphere," Anderson says.
It's typical for climate modelers to approximate atmospheric carbon aerosols as either non-absorbing or strongly absorbing. "Our measurements show this approximation is too simple," Crozier says. "We show that many of the carbons in our sample have optical properties that are different from those usually assumed in climate models."
Adds Anderson: "When you hear about predictions of future warming or changes in precipitation globally, or in specific regions like the Southwestern United States, the predictions are based on computer model output that is ignoring brown carbon, so they are going to tend to be less accurate."
The research was funded for a six-year period with grants to ASU from the National Science Foundation (NSF) Chemistry Program ($319,000) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Radiation Science Program ($327,000).
The work is part of the Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE) program, which encompasses three projects to date carried out by hundreds of researchers from multiple countries.
Crozier and Anderson have been involved in the U.S. component of the ACE-Asia experiment, a large-scale, multi-agency effort to characterize aerosols from East Asia, involving the NSF, NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Department of Energy and others.
Peter Crozier, firstname.lastname@example.com
Associate Professor
School of Materials
James Anderson, firstname.lastname@example.com
Research Scientist
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
31 Jul 2008
At the request of a fellow poster, I have decided to start a thread discussing James Hansen's 1988 testimony and, more specifically, he's projections of future warming. The only way to see how is predictions have panned out is to look at the observed data from the various reading instruments.
There are 4 Measurement sets that we can use: GISS, HadCrut, UAH, and RSS. UAH and RSS are the satellite measuring tools and GISS and HadCrut are land/ocean measurements. It is generally agreed upon that the satellites do a much better job of getting more accurate measurements.
The point of this excercise is to be able to 'prove' or 'disprove' a theory that was brought out by Hansen in 1988. While we are unable to 'prove' or 'disprove' anything like this within a 100% certainty, we are able to get statistically close one way or the other. Keep in mind that the IPCC uses much of the same data and information, both directly and indirectly, of Hansens. This movement rests on the foundation of Hansens projections and of the IPCC's. If Hansen is correct, than we all have some serious problems ahead and should develope a strategy to address the problem. If he is wrong, than we need to come to terms with the fact that we have invested billions of dollars into something that doesnt exist and that international policies addressing AGW need to be stopped and reversed.
The best way to find out which way the wind blows is to look at the data.
Here is Hansens projections:
Here are the actual observations:
It is here that we are able to see how Hansen did. We are below his best case scenario.
In previous posts we have talked about confidence intervals. I have picked up a great deal of insight into determining how likely we are to achieve any of Hansen's projections based on simple statistical equations. Lucia Liljegren has done a fabulous job of doing these analysis's and has clearly shown how Hansen's projections, and more importantly the IPCC's, have completely missed the boat.
Is it right to base policy from real world data/observations or projections that have a known flaw?
As a society, we are currently choosing the second. That is scarey stuff.
****updated with images below. Hansen's first. Observations second.
As we can see, he bombed. The closest he got was with his scenario C option. Scenario C concluded that CO2 levels would undergo a rapid reduction.
More details will follow in my next post.
21 Jul 2008
This is a very disturbing development with our friends in England. How is it possible for there to be any sense of honesty coming from our press and mass media when this kind of thing is allowed to happen. The mass population is bombarded by a dissinformation campaign on a DAILY basis from the AGW movement. The 'Dis-information' that comes out to us is so far over the top that its a joke that something like this is even possible. How naive is our society that we could be so blind as to not see the hypocricy here. Seriously, we handed out Nobel Peace prizes to people that, quite literally, have peddled out wrong information to the world. Nobel Peace prize!!
So if you fit the agenda you are awarded and praised. If you counter that agenda you get censured. Huh?!?!
After you read this, think about who/what/why this happened. Focus on trying to think about the 'who'. Someone with some pretty big pockets is controlling this.
I hate to sound like a conspiracy fanatic but I dont know how else to express my disbelief. Here's the report.
Channel 4 to be censured for controversial global warming film
By Laura Clout
Last updated: 9:35 AM BST 19/07/2008
The makers of a Channel 4 documentary which claimed that global warming is a swindle misrepresented the views of some of the world's leading climate scientists, the media watchdog is expected to rule next week.
In a judgment at the end of a 15-month enquiry, Ofcom is expected to censure the channel over The Great Global Warming Swindle, broadcast in March last year.
The film sparked outcry from environmentalists and led to a complaint from a group of senior scientists about apparent errors, distortions and misrepresentations.
It is thought that complaints about privacy and fairness from the Government's former chief scientist, Sir David King, and the Nobel peace prize-winning Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will be upheld on almost all counts.
But the Guardian reported that a separate complaint about accuracy will find that Channel 4 did not breach the regulator's broadcasting code and did not materially mislead viewers.
The controversy over the film, made by director Martin Durkin, has continued to rage in newspapers and online.
Critics argued that it had misused and fabricated data, relied on out-of-date research and employed misleading arguments.
At the time Channel 4 defended the programme, saying it was a useful contribution to a well-timed debate and that it had also aired programmes supporting the opposite side of the argument.
A spokesman for the network refused to comment before the ruling was published.
Story from Telegraph News:
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Re: percent ++John Witherspoon Dec 2, 2011 4:49 PM (in response to adi bb)
Maybe this?
count(choice)/count({<choice=>} choice)
percent ++adi bb Dec 2, 2011 5:00 PM (in response to John Witherspoon )
thanks it work could u explain this part count({<choice=>} choice) ??
percent ++John Witherspoon Dec 2, 2011 5:09 PM (in response to adi bb)
That count is using set analysis. The {<choice=>} part is where the set is defined. What it says is basically "ignore any selections in choice". So that count says "count the number of choice records while ignoring any selections in choice". So it's the count of all of that person's choices, ALL the decisions that Dan made, even though you selected choice B.
If you're new to set analysis, you can find more about it in the help file index, or in the reference manual.
Re: percent ++Deepak Vadithala Dec 3, 2011 3:09 PM (in response to John Witherspoon )
Hi John,
Can we use the Total qualifer? Something like this...
count(choice)/count(Total choice)
Re: percent ++John Witherspoon Dec 5, 2011 2:51 PM (in response to Deepak Vadithala)
We could indeed use count(choice)/count(total <name> choice) if no dimensions were selected. But in this case, we are "choosing B in the list boxes", so ignoring the choice dimension isn't sufficient. We have to ignore the choice selection, which suggests using set analysis.


text:
This picture proved particularly useful as it clearly shows how the posts are separate to the panels, the details of the posts and how it fits together.
I figured that I could quickly put together a couple of panels from a leftover piece of the Parkside Dundas fencing used on both 'Shifting Sands' and in cut-down form on the diorama 'The Path to...'. The length used here was destined for that project but had unfortunately snapped during construction.
I have assembled one panel with two legs, the other with one. To aid holding during painting and to strengthen the future central joint 0.5mm wire has been inserted in the top and bottom rails - so at this stage it cannot be fully assembled as the wires are over-length!
Take Two - update 25/06/2017: The paintshop finally did it's stuff almost two months later, the method of painting something of a trial. Over grey primer I have applied a dark grey wash, followed by a mid-brown wash. Once dry this was dry brushed in a wood shade, a further wash in the light wood shade, then a touch of green dry brushed up from the bottom, and a final lighter dry brush to highlight the edges.
I am happy with the result as un-cared for timber, without the fun and games of using full thickness acrylic paint to paint all the slats and edges!


text:
Knesset OKs new choice for Israeli finance chief
Israel's Knesset (parliament) approved Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir's choice of austerity-minded economist Yigal Cohen-Orgad as finance minister at a time of deepening fiscal chaos. Although Mr. Shamir won his first test in the parliament since taking office eight days earlier, he still faces a vote of no confidence today. Mr. Cohen-Orgad is a Herut Party economist with business interests in the occupied West Bank.


text:
CES 2011 Coverage
OCZ Technology
OCZ had some really interesting products to show off at this year's CES. In OCZ style, the company had some speed crushing products on display. Some of the most notable drives are the OCZ RevoDrive and the ZDrive Series, which run in PCI-Express slots designed to give you the most bandwidth available. Another unique set that OCZ had on display was the IBIS, which uses a proprietary HSDL (High Speed Data Link) interface to deliver 2-4Gbps of total bandwidth. Along with these drives, there are also the current and upcoming 2.5" and 3.5" drives in both SATA II and SATA 3/SAS speeds.
What would an OCZ showdown be without its memory lines? There were several new additions to the lineup that are sure to get your mouth watering. There is something for everyone with the Blade 2, Platinum XTE and Gold XTE kits. These kits are available in both dual and triple channel and optimized for both AMD and Intel platforms. The fourth set, which is plugged into an ASRock P67 Fatal1ty series board, is a DDR3 set of OCZ Fatal1ty memory optimized for running on that specific board.
Finishing up the OCZ showcase was its PC Power and Cooling line of power supplies. The lines included the Silencer 760W and 910W, the ZS 600W and 700W and the higher end ZX 1000W and 1250W power supplies.
To show off the true power of a few of its drives, OCZ had live displays that showed off the sheer awesome power. The ZDrive R3 boasts read speeds of up to 1000MB/s and write speeds of up to 970MB/s and, sure enough, they proved it with well over 1GB/s on both the read and write ATTO tests. The ZDrive R3 uses four SandForce 1565 controllers, which is why it performs so well. Another test drive on show was the OCZ Vertex 3 Pro, which uses a SATA III interface and the SandForce SF-2582 controller for over 500MB/s read and write speeds on a single drive.


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Last year I had an awesome private and a number of group classes with Oscar Mandagaran and Georgina Vargas. They have such a distinctive, seductive style I wanted to blog on what they highlight in their classes. They teach a lot of things, but here are the 3 things that Oscar and Georgina stressed the most that I took away:
1. Connect with your partner. Relax, slow down and enjoy each note of every tango. They intentionally spend time at the beginning of each tango connecting instead of rushing off at the sound of the first note.
2. Solar plex up. Too many people dance with their chest bent over, but Oscar and Georgina emphasize that our solar plex should not be angled down & not even facing straight forward, but instead should be facing up diagonally at a 45 degree angle.
3. More contra motion when walking. Some leading couples don't use much contra motion when walking & it works for them. But Oscar and Georgina teach that we should use it for a more natural walking motion and style.
I hope you enjoy this great video of them above performing at Nora's Tango Week last summer where they bring these 3 teachings to life in spades.
Friday, March 7, 2008
Top 3 Things I Learned From My Classes With Oscar & Georgina
Posted By Mark Andersen
2 comments:
- tangobaby said...
Thank you for posting that video. Now I remember being there and how everyone in the room was so entranced by them.
- March 7, 2008 at 10:08 AM
I was drawn in, too, Tangobaby--there was so much heat in the room generated by their performance.
- March 8, 2008 at 7:06 PM
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text:
The Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 1
The Birth of Yugoslavia, Volume 1
Book Excerpt
igher flights it will, in a disputed district, bury ancient-looking stones with suitable inscriptions. It will go beyond the simple changes in the termination of the surnames of those who come under its dominion; the name upon a tombstone will be made to end, according to circumstances, in "off" or "vitch," sometimes in the Roumanian "esco" or the Greek "opoulos." If this is known to the departed, one would like to learn how it affects them. A great deal of energy has been brought to bear in the production of official books which place on record the repugnant details of all the crimes that have ever been imagined by men or ghouls, which crimes, so say the books of nation A, have been committed by the incredible monsters of nation B. At times, from motives of economy, the same photographs have been used by both nations--an idea which in 1920 was adopted in Hungary, where an artist conceived a poster showing a child with uplifted finger saying to its mother in solemn warning: "Mother, remember me; vote for a So


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Frederick Douglass
ca. 1818 – February 20, 1895
Fugative Slave, Abolitionist, Orator, Author, Publisher and Statesman
Life as a slave
Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, who later became known as Frederick Douglass, was born a slave in Talbot County, Maryland, between Hillsboro and Cordova, in a shack east of Tappers Corner and west of Tuckahoe Creek. He was separated from his mother, Harriet Bailey, when he was still an infant. She died when Douglass was about seven and Douglass lived with his maternal grandmother Betty Bailey. His mother's ancestors likely had Native American heritage.
Life as a slave
Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, who later became known as Frederick Douglass, was born a slave in Talbot County, Maryland, between Hillsboro and Cordova, in a shack east of Tappers Corner and west of Tuckahoe Creek. He was separated from his mother, Harriet Bailey, when he was still an infant. She died when Douglass was about seven and Douglass lived with his maternal grandmother Betty Bailey. His mother's ancestors likely had Native American heritage.
The identity of his father is obscure. Douglass originally stated that he was told his father was a white man, perhaps his owner Aaron Anthony. Later he said he knew nothing of his father's identity. At age seven, Douglass was separated from his grandmother and moved to the Wye House plantation, where Anthony worked as overseer. When Anthony died, Douglass was given to Lucretia Auld, wife of Thomas Auld. She sent Douglass to serve Thomas' brother Hugh Auld in Baltimore.
When Douglass was about twelve, Hugh Auld's wife Sophia started teaching him the alphabet. She was breaking the law against teaching slaves to read. When Hugh Auld discovered this, he strongly disapproved, saying that if a slave learned to read, he would become dissatisfied with his condition and desire freedom. Douglass later referred to this statement as the first anti-abolitionist speech he had ever heard. As detailed in his autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845), Douglass succeeded in learning to read from white children in the neighborhood and by observing the writings of men with whom he worked.
As Douglass learned and began to read newspapers, political materials, and books of every description, he was exposed to a new realm of thought that led him to question and then condemn the institution of slavery. In later years, Douglass credited The Columbian Orator, which he discovered at about age twelve, with clarifying and defining his views on freedom and human rights.
When Douglass was hired out to a Mr. Freeman, he taught other slaves on the plantation how to read the New Testament at a weekly Sabbath school. As word spread, the interest among slaves in learning to read was so great that in any week more than 40 slaves would attend lessons. For about six months, their study went relatively unnoticed. While Freeman was complacent about their activities, other plantation owners became incensed that their slaves were being educated. One Sunday they burst in on the gathering, armed with clubs and stones to disperse the congregation permanently.
In 1833, Thomas Auld took Douglass back from Hugh after a dispute ("[A]s a means of punishing Hugh," Douglass wrote). Dissatisfied with Douglass, Thomas Auld then sent him to work for Edward Covey, a poor farmer who had a reputation as a "slave-breaker." There Douglass was whipped regularly. The sixteen-year-old Douglass was indeed nearly broken psychologically by his ordeal under Covey, but he finally rebelled against the beatings and fought back. After losing a confrontation with Douglass, Covey never tried to beat him again.
In 1837, Douglass met Anna Murray, a free black in Baltimore. They married soon after he obtained his freedom.
From slavery to Freedom
Douglass first unsuccessfully tried to escape from Mr. Freeman, who had hired him out from his owner Colonel Lloyd. In 1836, he tried to escape from his new owner Covey, but failed again.
On September 3, 1838, Douglass successfully escaped by boarding a train to Havre de Grace, Maryland. He was dressed in a sailor's uniform and carried identification papers provided by a free black seaman. He crossed the Susquehanna River by ferry at Havre de Grace, then continued by train to Wilmington, Delaware. From there he went by steamboat to "Quaker City" — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania — and eventually reached New York; the whole journey took less than 24 hours.
Abolitionist Activities
Douglass continued traveling up to Massachusetts. There he joined various organizations in New Bedford, including a black church, and regularly attended abolitionist meetings. He subscribed to William Lloyd Garrison's weekly journal The Liberator, and in 1841 heard Garrison speak at a meeting of the Bristol Anti-Slavery Society. At one of these meetings, Douglass was unexpectedly asked to speak.
After he told his story, he was encouraged to become an anti-slavery lecturer. Douglass was inspired by Garrison and later stated that "no face and form ever impressed me with such sentiments [of the hatred of slavery] as did those of William Lloyd Garrison." Garrison was likewise impressed with Douglass and wrote of him in The Liberator. Several days later, Douglass delivered his first speech at the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society's annual convention in Nantucket. Then 23 years old, Douglass said later that his legs were shaking but he conquered his nervousness and gave an eloquent speech about his rough life as a slave.
In 1843, Douglass participated in the American Anti-Slavery Society's Hundred Conventions project, a six-month tour of meeting halls throughout the Eastern and Midwestern United States. He participated in the Seneca Falls Convention, the birthplace of the American feminist movement, and signed its Declaration of Sentiments.
Douglass' best-known work is his first autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, published in 1845. At the time, some skeptics attacked the book and questioned whether a black man could have produced such an eloquent piece of literature. The book received generally positive reviews and it became an immediate bestseller. Within three years of its publication, the autobiography had been reprinted nine times with 11,000 copies circulating in the United States; it was also translated into French and Dutch and published in Europe.
Douglass published three versions of his autobiography during his lifetime (and revised the third of these), each time expanding on the previous one. The 1845 Narrative, which was his biggest seller, was followed by My Bondage and My Freedom in 1855. In 1881, after the Civil War, Douglass published Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, which he revised in 1892.
Travels to Ireland and Great Britain
The book's success had an unfortunate side effect: Douglass' friends and mentors feared that the publicity would draw the attention of his ex-owner, Hugh Auld, who might try to get his "property" back. They encouraged Douglass to tour Ireland, as many other former slaves had done. Douglass set sail on the Cambria for Liverpool on August 16, 1845, and arrived in Ireland as the Irish Potato Famine was beginning.
Douglass spent two years in Great Britain and Ireland, where he gave many lectures, mainly in Protestant churches or chapels. His draw was such that some facilities were "crowded to suffocation"; an example was his hugely popular London Reception Speech, which Douglass delivered at Alexander Fletcher's Finsbury Chapel in May 1846. Douglass remarked that in England he was treated not "as a color, but as a man." He met and befriended the Irish nationalist Daniel O'Connell.
It was during this trip that Douglass became officially free, when his freedom was purchased from his owner by British supporters. British sympathizers led by Ellen Richardson of Newcastle upon Tyne collected the money needed to purchase his freedom. Douglass roused tumultuous crowds with his speeches about slavery and his experiences, and he met with acclaim. In 1846 Douglass was able to meet with Thomas Clarkson, one of the last survivors of the abolitionists who had persuaded Parliament to abolish slavery in Great Britain and its colonies.
After his return to the US, Douglass produced some regular abolitionist newspapers: The North Star, Frederick Douglass Weekly, Frederick Douglass' Paper, Douglass' Monthly and New National Era. The motto of The North Star was "Right is of no Sex — Truth is of no Color — God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren."
Douglass believed that education was key for African Americans to improve their lives. For this reason, he was an early advocate for desegregation of schools. In the 1850s, he was especially outspoken in New York. While the ratio of African American to white students there was 1 to 40, African Americans received education funding at a ratio of only 1 to 1,600. This meant that the facilities and instruction for African-American children were vastly inferior. Douglass criticized the situation and called for court action to open all schools to all children. He stated that inclusion within the educational system was a more pressing need for African Americans than political issues such as suffrage.
Douglass' work spanned the years prior to and during the Civil War. He was acquainted with the radical abolitionist John Brown but disapproved of Brown's plan to start an armed slave rebellion in the South. Brown visited Douglass' home two months before he led the raid on the federal armory in Harpers Ferry. After the raid, Douglass fled for a time to Canada, fearing guilt by association and arrest as a co-conspirator. Douglass believed that the attack on federal property would enrage the American public. Douglass later shared a stage at a speaking engagement in Harpers Ferry with Andrew Hunter, the prosecutor who successfully convicted Brown.
Douglass conferred with President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 on the treatment of black soldiers, and with President Andrew Johnson on the subject of black suffrage. His early collaborators were the white abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. In the early 1850s, however, Douglass split with those who supported Garrison over the issue of interpretation of the United States Constitution. He believed it provided all that was necessary to gain the freedom of African Americans and guarantee their rights.
Civil War years
In 1851, Douglass merged the North Star with Gerrit Smith's Liberty Party Paper to form Frederick Douglass' Paper, which was published until 1860. Douglass came to agree with Smith and Lysander Spooner that the United States Constitution was an anti-slavery document. This reversed his earlier belief that it was pro-slavery.
At one time he had shared the views of William Lloyd Garrison, who was concerned that support for slavery was part of the fabric of the Constitution. Garrison had publicly expressed his opinion by burning copies of the document. Further contributing to their growing separation, Garrison was worried that the North Star competed with his own National Anti-Slavery Standard and Marius Robinson's Anti-Slavery Bugle.
Douglass' change of position on the Constitution was one of the most notable incidents of the division in the abolitionist movement after the publication of Spooner's book The Unconstitutionality of Slavery in 1846. This shift in opinion, and other political differences, created a rift between Douglass and Garrison. Douglass further angered Garrison by saying that the Constitution could and should be used as an instrument in the fight against slavery. With this, Douglass began to assert his independence from Garrison and his supporters.
In 1848, Douglass attended the first women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention, as the only African American. Elizabeth Cady Stanton asked the assembly to pass a resolution asking for women's suffrage. Many of those present opposed the idea, including influential Quakers James and Lucretia Mott. Douglass stood and spoke eloquently in favor; he said that he could not accept the right to vote himself as a black man if woman could not also claim that right. Douglass projected that the world would be a better place if women were involved in the political sphere. "In this denial of the right to participate in government, not merely the degradation of woman and the perpetuation of a great injustice happens, but the maiming and repudiation of one-half of the moral and intellectual power of the government of the world." Douglass's powerful words rang true with enough attendees that the resolution passed.
In March 1860, Douglass' youngest daughter Annie died in Rochester, New York, while he was still in England. Douglass returned from England the following month. He took a route through Canada to avoid detection. By the time of the Civil War, Douglass was one of the most famous black men in the country, known for his orations on the condition of the black race and on other issues such as women's rights. His eloquence gathered crowds at every location. His reception by leaders in England and Ireland added to his stature.
Fight for Emancipation
Douglass and the abolitionists argued that because the aim of the war was to end slavery, African Americans should be allowed to engage in the fight for their freedom. Douglass publicized this view in his newspapers and several speeches.
President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which took effect on January 1, 1863, declared the freedom of all slaves in Confederate-held territory. Douglass described the spirit of those awaiting the proclamation:"We were waiting and listening as for a bolt from the sky...we were watching...by the dim light of the stars for the dawn of a new day...we were longing for the answer to the agonizing prayers of centuries."
With the North no longer obliged to return slaves to their owners in the South, Douglass fought for equality for his people. He made plans with Lincoln to move the liberated slaves out of the South. During the war, Douglass helped the Union by serving as a recruiter for the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. His son Frederick Douglass Jr. also served as a recruiter and his other son, Lewis Douglass, fought for the 54th Massachusetts Regiment at the Battle of Fort Wagner.
Slavery everywhere in the United States was outlawed by the post-war (1865) ratification of the 13th Amendment. The 14th Amendment provided for citizenship and equal protection under the law. The 15th Amendment protected all citizens from being discriminated against in voting because of race. Lincoln's death
At the unveiling of the Emancipation Memorial in Washington's Lincoln Park, Douglass was in the audience while a tribute to Lincoln was being given by a prominent lawyer. Some of the audience felt it did not do him justice and asked Douglass to speak. Reluctantly, Douglass stood up and spoke. With no preparation, he gave an eloquent tribute to the assassinated President, a speech for which he received much respect. In the speech, Douglass spoke frankly about Lincoln, balancing the good and the bad in his account. He called Lincoln "the white man's president" and cited his tardiness in joining the cause of emancipation. He noted that Lincoln initially opposed the expansion of slavery but did not support its elimination. But Douglass also stated, "Can any colored man, or any white man friendly to the freedom of all men, ever forget the night which followed the first day of January 1863, when the world was to see if Abraham Lincoln would prove to be as good as his word?"
The crowd, roused by his speech, gave him a standing ovation. A witness later said, "I have heard Clay speak and many fantastic men, but never have I heard a speech as impressive as that." A long-told anecdote claims that the widow Mary Lincoln gave Douglass Lincoln's favorite walking stick in appreciation. Lincoln's walking stick still rests in Douglass' house known as Cedar Hill. It is both a testimony and a tribute to the effect of Douglass' powerful oratory.
Reconstruction Era
After the Civil War, Douglass was appointed to several important political positions. He served as President of the Reconstruction-era Freedman's Savings Bank; as marshal of the District of Columbia; as minister-resident and consul-general to the Republic of Haiti (1889–1891); and as chargé d'affaires for the Dominican Republic. After two years, he resigned from his ambassadorship because of disagreements with U.S. government policy. In 1872, he moved to Washington, D.C., after his house on South Avenue in Rochester, New York burned down; arson was suspected. Also lost was a complete issue of The North Star.
In 1868, Douglass supported the presidential campaign of Ulysses S. Grant. President Grant signed into law the Klan Act and the second and third Enforcement Acts. Grant used their provisions vigorously, suspending habeas corpus in South Carolina and sending troops there and into other states; under his leadership over 5,000 arrests were made and the Ku Klux Klan received a serious blow. Grant's vigor in disrupting the Klan made him unpopular among many whites, but Frederick Douglass praised him. An associate of Douglass wrote of Grant that African Americans "will ever cherish a grateful remembrance of his name, fame and great services."
In 1872, Douglass became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States, as Victoria Woodhull's running mate on the Equal Rights Party ticket. He was nominated without his knowledge. During the campaign, he neither campaigned for the ticket nor acknowledged that he had been nominated. Douglass continued his speaking engagements. On the lecture circuit, he spoke at many colleges around the country during the Reconstruction era, including Bates College in Lewiston, Maine in 1873. He continued to emphasize the importance of voting rights and exercise of suffrage.
White insurgents had quickly arisen in the South after the war, organizing first as secret vigilante groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Through the years, armed insurgency took different forms, the last as powerful paramilitary groups such as the White League and the Red Shirts during the 1870s in the Deep South. They operated as "the military arm of the Democratic Party", turning out Republican officeholders and disrupting elections. Their power continued to grow in the South; more than 10 years after the end of the war, white Democrats regained political power in every state of the former Confederacy and began to reassert white supremacy. They enforced this by a combination of violence, late 19th c. laws imposing segregation and a concerted effort to disfranchise African Americans. From 1890-1908, white Democrats passed new constitutions and statutes in the South that created requirements for voter registration and voting that effectively disfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites. This disfranchisement and segregation were enforced for more than six decades into the 20th century.
Family Life
Douglass and Anna had five children: Charles Remond Douglass, Rosetta Douglass, Lewis Henry Douglass, Frederick Douglass Jr., and Annie Douglass (died at the age of ten). The two oldest, Charles and Rossetta, helped produce his newspapers.
Douglass was an ordained minister of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
In 1877, Douglass bought his final home in Washington D.C., on a hill above the Anacostia River. He named it Cedar Hill (also spelled CedarHill). He expanded the house from 14 to 21 rooms, and included a china closet. One year later, he expanded his property to 15 acres (61,000 m²) by buying adjoining lots. The home has been designated the Frederick Douglass National Historic Site.
After the disappointments of whites' regaining power in the South after Reconstruction, many African Americans, called Exodusters, moved to Kansas to form all-black towns where they could be free. Douglass spoke out against the movement, urging blacks to stick it out. He was condemned and booed by black audiences.
In 1877, Douglass was appointed a United States Marshal. In 1881, he was appointed Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia. His wife, Anna Murray Douglas, died in 1882, leaving him depressed. His association with the activist Ida B. Wells brought meaning back into his life.
In 1884, Douglass married Helen Pitts, a white feminist from Honeoye, New York. Pitts was the daughter of Gideon Pitts, Jr., an abolitionist colleague and friend of Douglass. Pitts was a graduate of Mount Holyoke College (then called Mount Holyoke Female Seminary). She had worked on a radical feminist publication named Alpha while living in Washington, D.C. The couple faced a storm of controversy with their marriage, since she was both white and nearly 20 years younger than he. Her family stopped speaking to her; his was bruised, as his children felt his marriage was a repudiation of their mother. But feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton congratulated the couple. The new couple traveled to England, France, Italy, Egypt and Greece from 1886 to 1887.
At the 1888 Republican National Convention, Douglass became the first African American to receive a vote for President of the United States in a major party's roll call vote.
In 1892 the Haitian government appointed Douglass as its commissioner to the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. He spoke for Irish Home Rule and the efforts of leader Charles Stewart Parnell in Ireland. He briefly revisited Ireland in 1886. Also in 1892, he constructed rental housing for blacks in the Fells Point area of Baltimore. Now known as Douglass Place, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.
On February 20, 1895, Douglass attended a meeting of the National Council of Women in Washington, D.C. During that meeting, he was brought to the platform and given a standing ovation by the audience. Shortly after he returned home, Frederick Douglass died of a massive heart attack or stroke in his adopted hometown of Washington, D.C. He is buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester, New York.
In 1921, members of the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity designated Frederick Douglass as an honorary member. Theirs was the first African-American intercollegiate fraternity. Douglass was the only man to receive an honorary membership posthumously.
Date of Birth
In successive autobiographies, Douglass gave more precise estimates of when he was born, his final estimate being 1817. He adopted February 14 as his birthday because his mother Harriet Bailey used to call him her "little valentine". Douglass was born on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where slaves were punished for learning to read or write and so could not keep records. Historian Dickson Preston examined the records of Douglass' former owner Aaron Anthony and determined that February 1818 was when Douglass was born.
• A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845)
• "The Church and Prejudice"


text:
If what is being discussed is living in an English speaking nation like the UK or the United States, then of course English is necessary. Other than that, of course people need to be fluent in reading and writing their own language first. Then English would be a very beneficial second language for anyone to have.
Most of us know that now English is considered as the most speaking language in the world.
This greatly increases the importance of the language.
Languages are basically just used for communications.
But, What if the majority of the world speaks a certain language, perhaps like English?
Then if one knows English you could say that he/she is most likely able to communicate with a huge amount of crowd.
Therefore, This gives a huge importance to the English language which makes it necessary in life


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