text:
Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo v. Chile, Case 11.771, Report No. 61/01, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.111 Doc. 20 rev. at 818 (2000).
16, 2001
On June 26, 1997, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
(hereinafter the Inter-American Commission or the IACHR)
received a complaint from lawyer Nelson Caucoto Pereira (the petitioner)
alleging the international responsibility of the Republic of Chile (the
State) in the forced disappearance of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo
at the hands of State agents following his arrest on August 27, 1974,
and in the subsequent denial of justice.
The complaint reports that Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo, aged
29, an agricultural technician with ties to the Communist Party, was arrested
at 2:00 a.m. on August 27, 1974, at his home in the city of Lautaro, Chile.
The arrest was carried out by carabineros,
soldiers, and civilians, and Mr. Catalán Lincoleos relatives were
told that he was being held at a military facility in Lautaro. Samuel
Alfonso Catalán Lincoleos disappearance has continued since that
day. His family reported the incident to the Chilean judicial system in
1979, but the proceedings were filed in October 1981 under Decree-Law
2191 of 1978, which ordered an amnesty for abuses committed following
the September 1973 coup détat in Chile. Fresh legal action
was brought in 1992, which was definitively dismissed in November 1995
under the aforesaid amnesty law. Finally, Chiles Supreme Court of
Justice ruled on an appeal for annulment regarding the substance of the
case in a decision handed down on January 16, 1997, which declared that
the time allotted for legal action had expired under applicable statutory
As a result of its analysis, the IACHR concludes in this report
that the arrest and forced disappearance of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo
at the hands of agents of the Chilean State made that State responsible
for violating the following rights protected by the American Convention
on Human Rights (the American Convention): the right to life
(Article 4), to humane treatment (Article 5), to personal liberty (Article
7), to a fair trial (Article 8), and to judicial protection (Article 25),
all in conjunction with the obligation set forth in Article 1(1) of the
same international instrument. The IACHR also concludes that the incidents
described herein constitute violations of the right to life, liberty,
and personal security protected by Article I of the American Declaration
of the Rights and Duties of Man (the American Declaration).
Finally, the Inter-American Commission determines that Decree-Law N°
2191 of 1978 is incompatible with the American Convention, which was ratified
by Chile on August 21, 1990, and, consequently, that the Chilean State
has not complied with Article 2 thereof by failing to adapt its domestic
laws to the provisions of the international instrument.
On July 14, 1997, the Inter-American Commission transmitted the
pertinent parts of the petition to the Chilean State and gave it a period
of 90 days to submit information regarding the incident and the exhaustion
of domestic remedies.
The States reply was received on October 2, 1997, and was
forwarded to the petitioner. The petitioners comments were received
on December 2, 1997, and were transmitted to the Chilean State.
On February 10, 1998, the State sent its comments, which were forwarded
to the petitioner on February 25, 1998. The petitioners final comments
were sent to the Chilean State on April 25, 1998. On June 18, a communication
was received from the State in which it repeated its position on this
case and provided additional information about new legal precedents in
Chile under which application of the amnesty law could be rejected. This
communication from the State was passed on to the petitioner.
On December 2, 1998, the IACHR placed itself at the disposal to
the parties to begin friendly settlement proceedings in this case. The
30-day limit set for this purpose came and went without any reply from
the parties.
Position of the petitioner
The petitioner maintains that the Chilean State is internationally
responsible for the arbitrary arrest and forced disappearance of Samuel
Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo and for the impunity associated with those events.
The petitioner states his position in the following terms:
forced disappearance of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo is a crime against
humanity, the perpetrators of which can be granted no exoneration of punishment.
International law does not admit amnesties or statutory limitations for
crimes like these, which are condemned by the international community
as a whole. Under international instruments such as the American Convention,
the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and others, these crimes are
above the sphere in which a State may grant pardons in exercise of sovereign
power, and, with respect to these crimes, explicit bans have been placed
on the admissibility of statutory limitations and amnesties.
crimes of this kind are not condemned by one country alone, but by all
nations. Their criminal nature does not originate in the national law
of one state, but in international law as agreed upon by all civilized
nations. This means that a single state, acting on an individual basis,
cannot erase the criminal nature of an action that the community of states
has defined as an international crime. For that reason, in
applying a statutory limitation, amnesty, or any other mechanism to exonerate
the perpetrators guilt, the first human rights violation is compounded
by a second one: that of impunity.
the case at hand, the Supreme Courts ruling that statutory limitations
apply to the criminal proceedings brought--considering the debatable conditions
under which that ruling was given (or not, as the case may be)--has had
the grave effect of permanently ending a judicial investigation intended
to uphold truth and justice in connection with the victims disappearance.
That constitutes the denial of justice described herein. The proceedings
were closed, without even having determined the victims whereabouts.
The State irrevocably refuses to locate him. Furthermore, it has obviously
refused to hear about the events that befell him and to identify and judge
the perpetrators. By behaving in this fashion, the Supreme Court has placed
the Chilean State in grave international responsibility.[1]
With regard to reparations, the petitioner questions the States
is the truth in this case? Were the killers of the victim indeed identified?
Do we know who finally hid the body? Is the whereabouts of his grave known?
truth of which the Chilean government speaks constitutes a part of the
events and was already known to the victims family even before the
National Truth and Reconciliation Commission was set up; it is, in other
words, a minimal truth, of which prior knowledge existed. What we need
to find out to complete the story and establish the whole truth is the
location of the victims body and the identity of the criminals.
And then, either simultaneously or subsequently, to judge and punish the
believing that the State has discharged its tasks because a state agency,
the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission, has recognized that
the victim was killed by state agents, is completely inadequate in accordance
with the demands that international law places on the Chilean State in
this case.[2]
Position of the State
Regarding the alleged incidents, the Chilean State maintains the
It must be stressed that the constitutional government of Chile does not deny the events described in the submission from the victims representative. In fact, as soon as the democratic system was restored, President Patricio Aylwin, aware of the institutional difficulties inherent in dealing with the grave problem of human rights violations inherited from the military regime, set up the NATIONAL TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION by means of Interior Ministry Supreme Decree No. 355 of April 25, 1990; that is, one month after taking office.[3] (Emphasis in the original.)
The State also reports that its compensation policy is essentially
set forth in Law 19.123, published in the Official Journal on February
8, 1992. This law provides victims families with a lifetime pension
in an amount no less than the average income of a Chilean family; a special
procedure for declarations of presumed death; special assistance from
the State for health care, education, and housing; the cancellation of
educational, housing, tax, and other debts owed to state agencies; and
exemptions from compulsory military service for victims children.
Regarding the legal considerations related to the substance of
the case, the State maintains that in exercising its right of free determination,
the Chilean people chose a way to recover their democracy that meant accepting
the institutional rules imposed by the dictatorship. It notes that the
acceptance of those rules further implied acceptance of all the laws enacted
by the dictatorship and the decision, within that legality and in accordance
with its rules, to improve them until a fully democratic regime was achieved.
The State attests that the democratic governments of Chile
have not enacted amnesty laws incompatible with the American Convention,
and emphasizes the fact that Decree-Law N°
2191 was issued in 1978 under the de
facto military regime. It holds that it is inadmissible to accuse
the democratic governments of actions carried out many years before they
came to power or committed by other branches of government, whose constitutional
independence must be respected. It therefore requests that the IACHR bear
in mind the historical context and the special circumstances of the countrys
return to democracy, under which the new government had to abide by the
rules imposed by the de facto military
regime, which it was unable to modify other than in accordance with the
law and the Constitution.
In the States opinion, the constitutional government cannot
be required to infringe the institutionality it inherited or to attempt
to modify it by means other than that same legality. It can only be urged
to observe it or to work for its amendment or repeal, through the legal
channels that it itself provides. The State holds that although the constitutional
governments that followed the military regime share the petitioners
criticisms of the 1978 amnesty, its provisions can be neither annulled
nor repealed.
The State further notes that the democratic governments that came
after the dictatorship have shown absolute respect toward the independence
of the judiciary and have been unable to invalidate or annul the decisions
of the judicial branch, even when contrary to their own positions or interests.
Neither can a government undermine the tenure enjoyed by judges and magistrates
as a guarantee of their independence.
It adds that the Chilean Executive, acting alone, does not have
the power to annul legal provisions that have been recognized as valid
by the other branches of government. Regarding the possibility of the
amnesty law being repealed, the State explains that legal initiatives
toward that end must originate with the Senate (Article 62(2) of the Constitution),
where the ruling government does not enjoy a majority on account of the
presence of senators who were not elected by the popular vote. In any
event, it also holds that a repeal would not have any legal effects on
any parties ultimately accused of the crime, because of the principle
under which criminal law cannot be applied retroactively to a defendant
(Article 19(3) of the Constitution).
With regard to the case in hand, the Chilean State reports that
Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleos family currently receive, on a
monthly basis, the benefits granted by the law; they have also received
the lump-sum compensation payment equal to twelve monthly pension payments
and the applicable medical benefits. The State reports that Sofía Lincoleo
Montero, Mr. Catalán Lincoleos mother, receives CLP $106,367 (Chilean
pesos); Adrina Albarrán, his wife, receives CLP $56,667; and that his
son Samuel Catalán Albarrán also receives CLP $56,667, plus $147,327 to
cover school enrolment and $360,000 for school fees.
The State maintains that it cannot be blamed for the alleged violations
and that it has no responsibility in the human rights violations that
led to the opening of Case 11.771. It asks the Inter-American Commission
to give consideration to the creation of the National Truth and Reconciliation
Commission and to the provisions of Law 19.123, currently in force, as
measures adopted to ensure respect for the human rights of Samuel Alfonso
Catalán Lincoleos family.
Jurisdiction of the Commission
The Commission has determined that it is competent to examine violations
of the American Declaration and the American Convention, provided that
a situation in which rights protected by those instruments are being continuously
violated effectively exists.[4]
The Inter-American Court has established that, in principle, for states
parties to the American Convention, the specific source of obligations
regarding the protection of human rights is the Convention itself but
that such states cannot escape the obligations they have as members
of the OAS under the Declaration.[5]
The petitioner is legally entitled to appear in the case at hand
(locus standi) and he has made allegations regarding forced disappearances
that constitute a pattern of ongoing violation of precepts enshrined in
the American Declaration and the American Convention. The events began
when the obligation of respecting the American Declaration was in force
for Chile as a member state of the OAS,[6]
and they have continued up until the date of the present report. Consequently,
the IACHR is competent to study these alleged violations of the American
Convention and the American Declaration and to adopt decisions with respect
to them.
Exhaustion of domestic remedies
The petitioner claims that the remedies provided by domestic law
have been exhausted. This process began with the complaint lodged on April
5, 1979, with the first-instance court in Lautaro and filed on October
7, 1981, under the terms of the amnesty law (Decree-Law N°
2191). Subsequently, Gerardo José Catalán Lincoleo, the victims
brother, filed a criminal suit on March 18, 1992, against Sergio Fernando
Alcayaga Barraza, a second lieutenant in the army, for the crime of kidnapping.
The court declared itself incompetent and referred the case to the military
prosecutors office in Temuco.
In the military proceedings that followed, final dismissal of the
case was ordered on November 24, 1995, with the terms of the amnesty applied
to the accused officer. The Catalán Lincoleo familys lawyers appealed,
but a military judge dismissed their case. The litigants therefore sought
a de facto remedy from the Military Court, which was admitted in a resolution
issued on February 6, 1996. On April 10, 1996, the Military Court upheld
the dismissal, but instead of basing its reasons on the amnesty, it argued
that the case was dismissed because the case had already been judicially
resolved (res judicata). The
court applied this ruling to the proceedings that had previously been
brought for the disappearance of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo.
Following this ruling, on April 23, 1996, Mr. Catalán Lincoleos
representatives filed for its repeal with the Chilean Supreme Court of
Justice. Chiles highest court rejected this repeal bid on January
16, 1997, arguing that statutory limitations now applied to the action.
The petitioners refer to this ruling as the definitive and unchangeable
sentence that closes off the judicial avenues in these proceedings.
The petitioners describe the legal effect of this ruling in the following
Supreme Court refrained from ruling on the merits of the repeal as sought
and, to enable it to do so, offered an elaborate inadmissibility ruling.
Thus, as indicated by its reading, the Court admitted another reason for
criminal liability to have been extinguished, that of the application
of statutory limitations and, accordingly, it holds that the judicial
action was correctly cancelled.
this ruling, the Supreme Court separated itself completely from the nature
of the remedy and the legal question in dispute, since the ruling of the
Military Court against which the appeal was filed determined the issue
in question by applying the rule of res
judicata to a case in which that was inadmissible. This mistaken application
of the law led to the filing of the repeal suit in order to secure the
nullification of that ruling.
(. . .)
this case, the Supreme Courts ruling and all the earlier decisions
handed down in the proceedings fail to establish what crime was committed
against the disappeared person. And, since none was established, it is
surprising to hear arguments maintaining that statutory limitations apply.[7]
With respect to this case, the Chilean State has made no objection
regarding compliance with the requirement that domestic remedies be exhausted.
The IACHR concludes that the decision given on January 16, 1997,
by the Supreme Court of Justice of Chile exhausted the domestic remedies
in this case, as required by Article 46 of the American Convention and
Article 20(c) of the Statute of the Inter-American Commission.
Filing Period
The petition was submitted within a period of six months following
notification of the final decision under Chiles domestic law, in
compliance with Article 46(1)(b) of American Convention.
Duplication of Proceedings and Res
The substance of this petition is not pending in any other international
settlement proceedings, nor is it the same as a petition that has already
been examined by any other international body or the IACHR itself. Hence,
the petition meets the requirements set forth in Articles 46(1)(c) and
47(d) of the American Convention.
Characterization of the Alleged Facts
The petition describes facts that, if proven, could constitute
violations of rights guaranteed in the American Declaration and the American
Convention. Specifically, the claim refers to the alleged violation of
rights protected by Article I of the American Declaration and by Articles
1(1), 2, 8, and 25 of the American Convention. It is not evident that
the petition is manifestly groundless or obviously out of order, and thus
the Inter-American Commission deems that the requirements contained in
Article 47(c) of the American Convention have been met.
With regard to the enactment and enforcement of laws compatible
with the American Convention (Articles 1 and 2), the IACHR is competent,
under Article 42 thereof, to determine whether such provisions, including
so-called amnesty laws and actions adopted thereunder, violate
the obligations assumed by the state party in question.[8]
In this connection, the Court has established that, as a result
of the foregoing, the Commission may recommend to a state the derogation
or amendment of a conflicting norm that has come to its attention by any
means whatsoever.[9]
Friendly Settlement
The IACHR made itself available to the Chilean State and the petitioner
on December 2, 1998, with a view toward beginning the procedure set forth
in Article 48(1)(f) of the American Convention. The period of 30 days
allotted for the parties to express their interest in friendly settlement
proceedings in this case came to an end with no reply having been received.
Conclusions on Admissibility
The Commission believes that this case satisfies the formal requirements
for admissibility set forth in Article 46(1) of the Convention and Article
32 of the IACHRs Regulations. The petitioner has exhausted the remedies
available under Chilean law and has made a complaint in which the IACHR
is competent to examine the merits of the case.
General Considerations
The petitioners version of the events surrounding the alleged
violation of the right to life, liberty, and humane treatment is based
on judicial investigations and the report of the National Truth and Reconciliation
Commission. These interpretations of the facts have not been disputed
by the State in the proceedings before the Inter-American Commission.
This case requires a legal decision regarding the Chilean courts
application of the amnesty law vis-à-vis
the arbitrary arrest and forced disappearance of Samuel Alfonso Catalán
Lincoleo, in order to determine whether it is compatible with the American
The IACHR notes that the ruling of the Supreme Court of Justice
that exhausted the Chilean domestic remedies closed off the legal avenues
available to Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleos relatives for obtaining
justice in the country. Although that ruling did not directly apply the
amnesty law, it did uphold the courts refusal to rule on the merits
of the case in accordance with that precept. The decisions of the lower
courts include the total and definitive dismissal of the complaint
by the Chilean Military Court in accordance with the amnesty law, which
led to the filing of the case on October 7, 1981. Similarly, the legal
action brought on March 18, 1992, during the first democratic government,
was definitively dismissed under the amnesty law on November 24, 1995.
On appeal, the Military Court applied res
judicata instead of the amnesty, arguing that the case had already
been decided and upholding the dismissal. Finally, the case was taken
to the Supreme Court of Justice and was dealt with as described above.
The complaint alleges that the amnesty law is incompatible with
the American Convention, while the Chilean States arguments focus
on the limitations placed on the three branches of government by that
domestic legal precept since the restoration of democracy. The Commission
will analyze those arguments in this report.
The State has not denied the involvement of its agents in the events
of this case, which were perpetrated while the military dictatorship ruled
Chile. In considering the nature and seriousness of the crimes whose judgment
was affected by the amnesty law, we must not lose sight of the fact that
the military government that was in power from September 11, 1973, to
March 11, 1990, pursued a systematic policy of repression that created
thousands of victims of forced disappearances, summary executions, extrajudicial
killings, and torture. Referring to the States practices during
that period, the IACHR said that:
Government has used virtually all known means to physically eliminate
dissidents, including: disappearances, summary executions of individuals
and groups, executions ordered in trials lacking legal guarantees, and
The OAS General Assembly has declared that the practice of forced
disappearances is an affront to the conscience of the hemisphere
and constitutes a crime against humanity.[11]
In its 1988 decision in the Velásquez Rodríguez case, the Inter-American
Court observed that international practice and doctrine have frequently
categorized disappearances as a crime against humanity.[12]
In its preamble, the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance
of Persons reaffirms that the systematic practice of the forced
disappearance of persons constitutes a crime against humanity.[13]
The social need to clarify and investigate these crimes cannot be considered
equal to that of a mere common crime.[14]
Forced disappearances and related crimes, such as torture and summary
execution, are of such gravity that several international instruments
have established special standards for their adjudication, such as universal
jurisdiction and exceptions to statutes of limitations, with the aim of
avoiding impunity.[15]
The Chilean State, recognizing its obligation to investigate past
human rights violations, established a Truth Commission for the purpose
of determining the facts and making the results public.
As a reparations measure, then-President Patricio Aylwin apologized
to the victims families. He also publicly protested and criticized
the decision in which the Supreme Court determined that application of
the amnesty law had the effect of suspending the investigation into the
systematic violations committed by the dictatorship.[16]
The State points out the democratic governments inability
to modify or invalidate the amnesty law, as well as the States obligation
to respect the decisions of the judicial branch.
The State also argues that the measures it adopted were both effective
and sufficient to fulfill Chiles obligations under the Convention.
While the petitioner recognizes the efforts made by Chile, he maintains
that the States efforts have been insufficient and that to date,
it has not met the obligation of investigating the facts, identifying
responsibilities, and punishing the perpetrators of the human rights violations
suffered by Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo.
The States position is based on the separation of the responsibilities
of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Nevertheless,
the Inter-American Commission must consider the international responsibility
of the Chilean State as a whole for the acts of its organs and agents
whose active and passive participation in the crimes committed against
Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo has not been disputed.
The State argues that the executive branch, as an organ, is not
responsible for the alleged violations because the democratic government
has not enacted any amnesty laws. It maintains that it is unable to revoke
the amnesty law or to adapt it or any other provisions to the American
Convention. With respect to the application of the amnesty, the State
can only act within the law and the Constitution, which establish the
framework of its authority, responsibilities, and powers.
The Commission considers that Decree-Law N°
2191 and its legal effects are a continuation of policy of human rights
violations pursued by the military regime that governed Chile from September
1973 to March 1990.[17]
Although the statute in question was enacted by the de facto government of Gen. Augusto Pinochet, it is still applied
in order to protect the planners and perpetrators of those crimes whenever
Chilean or foreign courts receive or attempt to examine cases concerning
human rights violations. The legal consequences of the amnesty law and
its application by the agencies of the State under the democratic governments
that followed the military regime, as was intended by the de facto government, are entirely incompatible with the provisions
of the American Convention.
Under Chilean law, the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
of government are separate and independent. However, from the point of
view of international law, they must be considered as a single entity
within the State for the purpose of determining responsibility for the
violation of international norms.[18]
The Chilean State cannot justify its lack of compliance with the Convention
with the excuse that a previous government established the amnesty law.
Nor can the State justify its failure to repeal the amnesty law, or its
continued application, on the inaction and omission of the legislature
or on the actions of the judiciary.
Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties enshrines
the precept of customary international law whereby States Parties to a
treaty may not invoke provisions of their domestic laws as a justification
for failing to comply with a treaty. In addition, the Inter-American Court
has held that under international law a State is responsible for
the acts of its agents undertaken in their official capacity and for their
omissions, even when those agents act outside the sphere of their authority
or violate internal law.[19]
Responsibility for any denial of justice that Decree-Law N°
2191 may have caused--irrespective of the regime that enacted it or the
branch of government that applied it or made its application possible--lies
with the Chilean State. Even though the abduction and extrajudicial execution
took place under the past military government, the State is internationally
responsible for fulfilling its obligation to administer justice and punish
the responsible agents.
In accordance with the principle of continuity of the State, international
responsibility exists independent of changes in government. In that regard,
the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has asserted that:
to the principle of the continuity of the State in international law,
responsibility exists both independently of changes of government over
a period of time and continuously from the time of the act that creates
responsibility to the time when the act is declared illegal. The foregoing
is also valid in the area of human rights although, from an ethical or
political point of view, the attitude of the new government may be much
more respectful of those rights than that of the government in power when
the violations occurred.[20]
Obligation of Adopting Domestic Legal Provisions (Article 2 of
the American Convention)
The states parties to the American Convention have undertaken the
obligation of respecting and guaranteeing all the rights and freedoms
protected in the Convention with respect to persons under their jurisdiction
and of adapting their legislation to permit the effective enjoyment and
exercise of those rights and freedoms. Specifically, Article 2 of the
Convention establishes the obligation of the states parties to adopt such
legislative or other measures as may be necessary to give effect
to the rights and freedoms enshrined therein. Thus, the Inter-American
Commission must examine the compatibility of the states parties
domestic legislation with the rights enshrined in the American Convention.[21]
Some states, in seeking mechanisms for national peace and reconciliation,
have enacted amnesty laws that have left victims of serious human rights
violations helpless and have deprived them of the right to access to justice.
The adoption and application of such provisions is incompatible with the
obligations acquired under Articles 1(1) and 2 of the American Convention.[22]
The compatibility of amnesty laws with the American Convention
has been examined on several occasions by the IACHR in connection with
individual cases. In each of them, the IACHR found that the provisions
under review allowed serious human rights violations committed against
persons subject to the jurisdiction of the state party involved to go
The Inter-American Commission has repeatedly indicated that amnesty
laws that bar access to justice in cases involving serious human rights
violations render ineffective the states parties obligation of respecting
the rights and freedoms recognized in the Convention and of ensuring their
free and full exercise by all persons subject to their jurisdiction, without
discrimination of any kind, as established in Article 1(1) thereof.[23]
They thus eliminate the most effective means of enforcing human rights:
the trial and punishment of violators.[24]
As established above, precluding the possibility of judging those
responsible for the illegal detention and forced disappearance of Samuel
Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo,
perpetrated by agents of the State under the former military regime, violates
the right to access to justice and judicial protection enshrined in the
American Convention. This denial of justice stems from the enactment and
application of Decree-Law N°
the amnesty law, issued by the military government for the benefit of
its own members. The State has kept this law in force after ratifying
the American Convention; in turn, the Chilean courts have ruled it to
be constitutional and have applied it in hundreds of cases. The IACHR
has already, on past occasions, expressed its opinion about this law and
its application by the domestic courts in particular cases being incompatible
with the Chilean States international obligations under the American
Aware of the close relationship between the amnesty law, impunity,
and the violation of fundamental human rights, the Chilean State has taken
measures such as the enactment of Law N°
19.123 to compensate victims relatives. As it has expressed on several
occasions, the IACHR repeats that the violation of victims rights
from the moment of their arrest up to the denial of justice must be considered
as a whole.
The Inter-American Commission has duly noted that President Patricio
Aylwin contacted Chiles Supreme Court in March 1991 to urge it to
consider that the amnesty in force should not and could not be an obstacle
to the judicial investigation and identification of the corresponding
responsibilities. The Commission also takes due note of the initiative
of his successor, President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, who addressed Chiles
Chamber of Deputies on May 5, 1995, in the context of proposed amendments
to the Code of Criminal Procedure, and reminded that body that:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 and the American
Convention on Human Rights, two treaties ratified by Chile and currently
in force, indicate the duty of states parties to investigate and judge
violations of the human rights protected by those treaties, and to rule
on the legal remedies brought by the victims.[26]
Similarly, the IACHR recognizes the importance of the creation
of the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission and its work in gathering
information on human rights violations and disappearances. Its report
named the victims individually, including Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo,
recognized that their cases constituted grave violations of fundamental
rights attributable to agents of the State, and attempted to establish
their whereabouts and take measures that would make full amends and clear
the name of the victims and their families.
The Commission recognizes and appreciates Law N°
an initiative of the first democratic government after the military dictatorship
that provides victims families with: (a) a lifetime pension in an
amount no less than the average income of a Chilean family; (b) a special
procedure for declarations of presumed death; (c) specialized attention
from the State for health care, education, and housing; (d) cancellation
of educational, housing, tax, and other debts owed to state agencies;
and (e) exemption from compulsory military service for victims children.
Nonetheless, in accordance with Articles 8 and 25 of the American
Convention, in conjunction with Articles 1(1) and 2 thereof, these measures
are not enough to guarantee respect for petitioners human rights.
The international obligations set forth in those provisions require that
the right to justice in the specific case be guaranteed, that the guilty
be punished, and that due reparations be made to the victims families.
The Chilean State has affirmed that revocation of the amnesty law
would have no effect as far as those responsible for the violations are
concerned, by virtue of the principle contained in Article 9 of the American
Convention and Article 19(3) of the Chilean Constitution under which criminal
law cannot be applied retroactively. In this regard, the Commission points
out that the principle of nonretroactive application cannot be invoked
with respect to those granted amnesty, because at the time the acts in
question were committed they were classified and punishable under Chilean
law as then in force.
The IACHR concludes that the Chilean State is responsible for the
application of the amnesty law of April 19, 1978, in this case through
the rulings of the lower courts as upheld by the judgment of the Supreme
Court of Justice of January 16, 1997. The IACHR also finds the State responsible
for failing to bring its domestic law into line with the American Convention
through the repeal of the amnesty law, in violation of the obligations
assumed under Articles 1(1) and 2 thereof.
The Right to a Fair Trail (Article 8 of the American Convention)
The violation of the right to justice and the resulting impunity
in the present case are the result of a chain of events. This pattern
began when the military government issued a series of laws designed to
form a complex legal framework of impunity for itself and for agents of
the State guilty of human rights violations. This process commenced formally
in 1978 when the military government enacted Decree-Law N°
the amnesty law, and culminated with the judgment handed down
by the Supreme Court of Justice on January 16, 1997.
The Inter-American Commission has, in other cases, ruled that amnesties
and the effects thereof
deprive victims, their family members, or survivors of the right to obtain,
at a minimum, adequate reparations for violations of human rights enshrined
in the American Convention. This position derives largely from the Inter-American
Courts interpretation of the consequences of a states violation
of its duty to guarantee human rights under Article 1(1) thereof. The
right to adequate compensation is also intertwined with the right to judicial
protection enshrined in Article 25 of the Convention.[27]
The judicial consequences of the amnesty are incompatible with
the Convention in that they deny the victim the right to a fair trial
as set forth in Article 8 thereof.
Although the State has the obligation to provide effective recourse
(Article 25), which must be substantiated in accordance with the
rules of due process of law[28]
(Article 8(1)), it is important to note that in many of Latin Americas
criminal justice systems the victim has the right to file charges in criminal
proceedings. Such is the case in Chile, where the victim of a crime has
a fundamental right to recourse before the courts as a party in the criminal
and where that activity by the victim is essential to the proceedings.
In the case at hand, the amnesty law clearly affected the right of the
victim and his family to obtain justice through effective recourse against
those responsible for violating his human rights.
Even if this were not the case, since the crimes in question here
are public crimes--that is to say, subject to ex
officio prosecution--the State has the legal obligation to investigate
them, and that is an obligation that may not be delegated or renounced.
It is incumbent on the Chilean State to take punitive action and press
forward with the various procedural stages, in fulfillment of its duty
of guaranteeing the right to justice of victims and their families. This
function must be assumed by the State as its own legal duty; it must not
be a step taken by private interests that depends upon the initiative
of those private individuals or upon their offer of proof.[30]
The amnesty law also deprived the victims family of the possibility
of obtaining reparations through Chiles civil courts. On this point,
Article 8(1) of the American Convention provides:
person has the right to a hearing, with due guarantees and within a reasonable
time, by a competent, independent, and impartial tribunal, previously
established by law . . . for the determination of his rights
and obligations of a civil, labor, fiscal, or any other nature.
In any event, under Chilean law, the possibility of initiating
a civil case does not necessarily depend on the results of criminal proceedings.
Nonetheless, the civil claim must be lodged against a specific person
in order to establish their responsibility for the alleged acts and determine
the payment of compensation. The absence of an investigation by the State
made it materially impossible to establish responsibility through the
civil courts. Even though the Supreme Court of Chile has affirmed the
fact that civil and criminal proceedings are independent,[31]
the manner in which the amnesty was applied by the courts affected the
right to obtain reparations through the civil courts, because it was impossible
to individualize or identify those responsible for the disappearance,
torture, and extrajudicial killing of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo.
Because of the way in which it was applied and interpreted by the
Chilean courts in the present case, the amnesty law prevented the victims
family from enjoying their right to a fair trial to duly determine their
civil rights, as established in Article 8(1) of the American Convention.
The Right to Judicial Protection (Article 25 of the American Convention)
In the case at hand, the victim and his family were deprived of
their right to effective recourse against acts that violated their fundamental
rights, in breach of Article 25 of the Convention:
Everyone has the right to simple and prompt recourse, or any other
effective recourse, to a competent court or tribunal for protection against
acts that violate his fundamental rights recognized by the constitution
or laws of the state concerned or by this Convention, even though such
violation may have been committed by persons acting in the course of their
official duties.
The States Parties undertake:
to ensure that any person claiming such remedy shall have his rights
determined by the competent authority provided for by the legal system
of the state;
to develop the possibilities of judicial remedy; and
to ensure that the competent authorities shall enforce such remedies
when granted.
Concerning the states legal obligation of providing effective
domestic recourse, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has asserted
the following:
the Convention, States Parties have an obligation to provide effective
judicial remedies to victims of human rights violations (Art. 25), remedies
that must be substantiated in accordance with the rules of due process
of law (Art. 8(1)), all in keeping with the general obligation of such
States to guarantee the free and full exercise of the rights recognized
by the Convention to all persons subject to their jurisdiction (Art. 1).[32]
The Inter-American Court has further explained that for such remedies
to be effective, they must be suitable to address the legal right that
has been infringed.[33]
In interpreting this matter under the American Convention, the Court has
said that:
absence of an effective remedy to violations of the rights recognized
by the Convention is itself a violation of the Convention by the State
Party in which the remedy is lacking. In that sense, it should be emphasized
that, for such a remedy to exist, it is not sufficient that it be provided
for by the Constitution or by law or that it be formally recognized, but
rather it must be truly effective in establishing whether there has been
a violation of human rights and in providing redress.[34]
In the present case, the amnesty law and its application by the
Chilean Courts barred the victims familys access to effective
recourse for the protection of their rights granted under Article 25 of
the American Convention. Indeed, through these legislative and judicial
acts, the State declined to punish the serious crimes committed against
Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo that violated his rights to life, liberty,
and physical and moral integrity enshrined in the American Declaration
and the American Convention. In addition, the manner in which the decree-law
was enforced by the Chilean courts not only kept perpetrators of human
rights violations from being punished, but also ensured that no charges
would be brought against those responsible; as a result, under domestic
law they have been considered innocent.
The amnesty law rendered the crimes without juridical effect and
left Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo and his family without any judicial
recourse that might have permitted the due trial and punishment of those
responsible for the human rights violations perpetrated against him under
the military dictatorship.
By enacting and enforcing Decree-Law N°
the Chilean State failed to guarantee the right enshrined in Article 25
of the American Convention to the detriment of Samuel Alfonso Catalán
Lincoleo and his family.
The Obligation to Investigate and Punish (Article 1(1) of the American
Article 1(1) of the American Convention provides that the States
Parties undertake to respect the rights recognized therein and to ensure
their free and full exercise. As the Inter-American Court has stated,
this obligation implies an actual duty on the part of the States to take
measures that effectively ensure those rights.[35]
By virtue of this obligation, the Chilean State has a legal duty to take
reasonable steps to prevent human rights violations, to use the means
at its disposal to investigate violations committed within its jurisdiction,
to identify those responsible, to impose upon them the appropriate punishments,
and to ensure the victim adequate compensation.[36]
The IACHR believes that the amnesty law establishes a legal barrier
to obtaining relevant information regarding the facts and circumstances
surrounding the violation of a fundamental right; it also impedes domestic
legal recourse for the judicial protection of fundamental rights established
in the American Convention, the laws of Chile, and its Constitution.
In cases concerning the applicability of amnesty laws, the Commission
has reiterated that states must adopt the measures necessary to
clarify the facts and identify those responsible for the human rights
violations that occurred during the de
facto period.[37]
Regarding enforcement of the amnesty law in Chile, the Inter-American
Commission has ruled that the State has the obligation to investigate
all violations that have been committed within its jurisdiction, for the
purpose of identifying the persons responsible[38]
and that the Chilean State should amend its domestic legislation
to reflect the provisions of the American Convention on Human Rights,
so that violations of human rights by the de
facto military government may be investigated, with a view to
identifying the guilty parties, establishing their responsibilities and
effectively prosecuting them, thereby guaranteeing to the victims and
their families the right to justice that pertains to them.[39]
In interpreting the scope of Article 1(1) of the American Convention,
the Inter-American Court has asserted that the obligation it contains
duty of the States Parties to organize the governmental apparatus and,
in general, all the structures through which public power is exercised,
so that they are capable of juridically ensuring the free and full enjoyment
of human rights. As a consequence of this obligation, the States must
prevent, investigate and punish any violation of the rights recognized
by the Convention and, moreover, if possible attempt to restore the right
violated and provide compensation as warranted for damages resulting from
the violation.[40]
The Inter-American Court has also stated that:
State has a legal duty to take reasonable steps to prevent human rights
violations and to use the means at its disposal to carry out a serious
investigation of violations committed within its jurisdiction, to identify
those responsible, to impose the appropriate punishment and to ensure
the victim adequate compensation.
the State apparatus acts in such a way that the violation goes unpunished
and the victims full enjoyment of such rights is not restored as
soon as possible, the State has failed to comply with its duty to ensure
the free and full exercise of those rights to the persons within its jurisdiction.[41]
In its interpretation of Article 1(1) of the American Convention,
the Inter-American Court has also affirmed that the second obligation
of the States Parties is to ensure the free and full exercise
of the rights recognized by the Convention to every person subject to
its jurisdiction . . . . As a consequence of this
obligation, the States must prevent, investigate and punish any violation
of the rights recognized by the Convention.[42]
The Court further pursues this concept in the following terms:
is decisive is whether a violation of the rights recognized by the Convention
has occurred with the support or the acquiescence of the government, or
whether the State has allowed the act to take place without taking measures
to prevent it or to punish those responsible.[43]
State has a legal duty to take reasonable steps to prevent human rights
violations and to use the means at its disposal to carry out a serious
investigation of violations committed within its jurisdiction, to identify
those responsible, to impose the appropriate punishment and to ensure
the victim adequate compensation.[44]
the State apparatus acts in such a way that the violation goes unpunished
and the victims full enjoyment of such rights is not restored as
soon as possible, the State has failed to comply with its duty to ensure
the free and full exercise of those rights to the persons within its jurisdiction.[45]
As regards the investigation, the Court notes that it must
have an objective and be assumed by the State as its own legal duty, not
as a step taken by private interests that depends upon the initiative
of the victim or his family or upon their offer of proof, without an effective
search for the truth by the government.[46]
In the present case, the State is obliged to carry out an exhaustive
investigation and to punish, through its jurisdictional bodies, those
responsible for the acts that resulted in the illegal arrest and forced
disappearance of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo.
The IACHR believes it is important to note, once again, that the
authorities should have conducted a serious investigation of the incident
in order to establish the real, objective truth. However, the States
apparatus instead acted in such a manner that the violations went unpunished
and the rights of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleos family were not
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission, set up by the democratic
government of Chile to investigate past human rights violations, made
a commendable effort to compile information concerning human rights violations
and the situations of disappeared detainees for the purpose of establishing
their whereabouts and taking steps to make full amends and to clear their
reputations. Nevertheless, although its work covered a large portion of
the total number of cases, it did not allow for the investigation of criminal
acts committed by agents of the State, nor the identification and punishment
of those responsible, precisely because of the amnesty law. For this reason,
the right of the surviving victims and the families to know the true facts
was violated by the Chilean State.
In addition, the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission was
not a judicial body, and its function was limited to establishing the
identity of the victims of violations to the right to life. Given the
nature of its mandate, the National Commission did not have the authority
to publish the names of those who committed crimes nor to impose any type
of punishment. Consequently, notwithstanding its importance in establishing
the facts and awarding compensation, this National Commission cannot be
considered an adequate substitute for a judicial process. In this regard,
former President of the Inter-American Court Dr. Pedro Nikken has stated
establishment of a truth commission is a plausible means, within a political
negotiation to reach peace in an armed conflict, as a first step and perhaps
the most tangible contribution that can be made within that scenario to
combat impunity. . . [Nonetheless,] the establishment
of the truth should not inhibit the judicial organs from judging and punishing
the persons responsible, but outside the context of a political negotiation.
for crimes committed by state agents or under the cover of the state does
not entail only the failure to punish the persons responsible for those
crimes. An inseparable component of such impunity is the failure to carry
out any investigation, the cover-up, and even the falsification of the
facts to protect the persons responsible. There is no doubt that the discovery
of the truth, which is the responsibility of independent persons, destroys
that element which, while not useful in itself for eradicating impunity,
fulfills at least a dual function. First, it is useful for society to
learn, objectively, what happened in its midst, which translates into
a sort of collective catharsis. And second, it contributes to creating
a collective conscience as to the need to impede the repetition of similar
acts and shows those who are capable of doing so that even if they may
escape the action of justice, they are not immune from being publicly
recognized as the persons responsible for very grave attacks against other
human rights. In this regard, even though these do not constitute punitive
mechanisms, they may perform a preventive function that is highly useful
in a process of building peace and the transition to democracy.[47]
The report of the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission
concluded that:
a strictly preventive standpoint, this Commission considers that an indispensable
element for obtaining national reconciliation and for avoiding the repetition
of the acts committed would be the States full exercise of its power
to punish. The full protection of human rights is conceivable only
under a true Rule of Law. The Rule of Law assumes that all citizens be
subject to the law and the courts of justice, which involves the application
of punishment as stipulated by criminal law on an equal basis for all
those who violate the norms which ensure respect for human rights.[48]
(Emphasis added.)
The States acknowledgement of responsibility, the partial
investigation of the facts, and the subsequent payment of compensation
are not, in and of themselves, sufficient to comply with the obligations
set forth in the Convention. According to Article 1(1), the State has
the obligation of investigating violations committed under its jurisdiction
in order to identify those responsible, impose the appropriate punishment,
and provide the victim with adequate reparations.[49]
The Inter-American Commission concludes that the State failed to
comply with its obligation of investigating and punishing those responsible
for violating the human rights of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo and
that the application of the amnesty law and, later, of statutory limitations
to the action, despite the incriminating evidence that existed, demonstrates
that the State also failed to comply with its obligation of imposing punishment.
By enacting Decree-Law N°
2191 and applying it in the case of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo, the
Chilean State failed to fulfill the obligation of investigating and punishing
those responsible, as set forth in Articles 1(1), 8, and 25 of the American
Convention, to the detriment of the victims family.
F. The Right to Life, Liberty, and Humane Treatment (Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the American Convention and Article I of the American Declaration)
According to the facts described in the complaint and which the
Chilean State has expressly acknowledged, Mr. Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo
was deprived of his liberty on August 27, 1974, by police officers, members
of the armed forces, and civilians, absent a written order from a competent
authority. From that time until the date upon which this report was adopted,
Mr. Catalán Lincoleo has remained a victim of forced disappearance carried
out by the aforesaid agents of the Chilean State. As also said in this
report, those facts have been demonstrated by the National Truth and Reconciliation
In analyzing the IACHRs competence to study the substance
of this case, it has been determined that the arrest and forced disappearance
of Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo constitute a multiple and ongoing violation
of several rights enshrined in the American Declaration and the American
Convention. Article I of the American Declaration stipulates that every
human being has the right to life, liberty and the security of his person,
while the relevant provisions of the American Convention grant the following
4. Right to Life
Every person has the right to have his life respected. This right
shall be protected by law and, in general, from the moment of conception.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.
5. Right to Humane Treatment
Every person has the right to have his physical, mental, and moral
integrity respected.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading
punishment or treatment. All persons deprived of their liberty shall be
treated with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.
7. Right to Personal Liberty
Every person has the right to personal liberty and security.
No one shall be deprived of his physical liberty except for the
reasons and under the conditions established beforehand by the constitution
of the State Party concerned or by a law established pursuant thereto.
No one shall be subject to arbitrary arrest or imprisonment.
Anyone who is detained shall be informed of the reasons for his
detention and shall be promptly notified of the charge or charges against
Any person detained shall be brought promptly before a judge or
other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power and shall be
entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to be released without prejudice
to the continuation of the proceedings. His release may be subject to
guarantees to assure his appearance for trial.
Anyone who is deprived of his liberty shall be entitled to recourse
to a competent court, in order that the court may decide without delay
on the lawfulness of his arrest or detention and order his release if
the arrest or detention is unlawful. In States Parties whose laws provide
that anyone who believes himself to be threatened with deprivation of
his liberty is entitled to recourse to a competent court in order that
it may decide on the lawfulness of such threat, this remedy may not be
restricted or abolished. The interested party or another person in his
behalf is entitled to seek these remedies.
Article II of the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance
of Persons defines violations of this kind:
the purposes of this Convention, forced disappearance is considered to
be the act of depriving a person or persons of his or their freedom, in
whatever way, perpetrated by agents of the state or by persons or groups
of persons acting with the authorization, support, or acquiescence of
the state, followed by an absence of information or a refusal to acknowledge
that deprivation of freedom or to give information on the whereabouts
of that person, thereby impeding his or her recourse to the applicable
legal remedies and procedural guarantees.[50]
The Inter-American Court has stated that the forced disappearance
of persons is one of the most serious and cruel human rights violations.[51]
The Courts broad jurisprudence on this matter was reiterated in
another recent judgment:
or involuntary disappearance constitutes a multiple and continuous violation
of several Convention rights, in that not only does it lead to an arbitrary
denial of freedom, but also endangers the detainees personal integrity,
security, and life. It also leaves the victim in a state of complete defenselessness,
opening up the way for other related crimes.
phenomenon also entails neglecting the duty of organizing the governmental
apparatus to ensure the rights enshrined in the Convention; as a result
of this, by carrying out or tolerating actions intended to lead to forced
or involuntary disappearances, by failing to properly investigate them,
and by not punishing, when appropriate, the perpetrators, the State violates
the duty of respecting the rights protected by the Convention and of ensuring
their free and full exercise, with respect to both the victim and his
relatives, for identifying his whereabouts.[52]
The Inter-American Commission believes that the facts of this case,
which have been expressly acknowledged by the Chilean State, clearly constitute
the violations referred to in the articles quoted above and the corresponding
interpretation. Consequently, the IACHR holds the Chilean State responsible
for violating Mr. Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleos right to life,
liberty, and humane treatment as set forth in Articles 4, 5, and 7 of
the American Convention and in Article I of the American Declaration.
On December 8, 2000 the Commission adopted Report N°
116/00 in this case, pursuant to Article 50 of the American Convention,
and forwarded it to the Chilean State on December 15, 2000 with the pertinent
The IACHR set a time period of two months for the State to inform
on the measures taken toward compliance with said recommendations.
On February 5, 2001 the State sent a communication requesting a
30 day extension to submit the pertinent response, considering that
the competent authorities have not yet completed the actions with a view
to an adequate response to the petition presented in this case.
The IACHR notes that the State has no presented any information
regarding compliance with the recommendations in Report 116/00, as requested
according to the procedural stage of this case.
The extension was not requested to adopt such measures, but rather
to prepare an adequate response to the petition, with no indication
of the actions taken so far to solve the case and provide reparations
to the relatives of the victim.
The Commission must consider the foregoing in the context of this
case, given that more than two years have elapsed since the IACHR placed
itself at the disposal of both parties with a view to the friendly settlement
procedure, and that no response was received form either of them.
Therefore, the IACHR decides not to grant the extension and approves
the instant report under Article 51 of the American Convention.
The Inter-American Commission concludes that the Chilean State
has unquestionably violated, with respect to Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo,
the right to personal liberty, life, and humane treatment set forth in
Article I of the American Declaration and in Articles 4, 5, and 7 of the
American Convention. The IACHR furthermore concludes that the Chilean
State has violated, with respect to the members of Mr. Catalán Lincoleos
family, the rights enshrined in Articles 8 and 25 of the American Convention,
in conjunction with Articles 1(1) and 2 thereof. The Inter-American Commission
also states, once again, that Decree-Law Nº 2191the amnesty law
enacted in 1978 by Chiles former military regimeis incompatible
with Articles 1, 2, 8, and 25 of the American Convention.
Based on the foregoing analysis and conclusions,
Establish responsibility for the murder of Samuel Alfonso Catalán
Lincoleo by due process of law, so that the guilty may be duly punished.
Adapt its domestic legislation to the provisions of the American
Convention, in such a way as to leave Decree-Law N°
2191 of 1978 without effect.
To take the steps necessary for the members of the victims
family to receive adequate and timely compensation, including full reparations
for the human rights violations described herein as well as payment of
fair compensation for physical and nonphysical damages, including moral
On February 23, 2001 the Commission forwarded Report Nº 12/01--the
text of which is in the preceding paragraphs--to the Chilean State and
to the petitioners, pursuant to Article 51(2) of the American Convention;
and it established a period of thirty days for the State to supply information
on compliance with the above recommendations.
No response was received from the Chilean State by the date this
report was approved.
Accordingly, and pursuant to Articles 51(3) of the American Convention
and 48 of the Commissions Regulations, the Commission decides: to
reiterate the conclusions and recommendations contained in Chapters VII
and VIII supra; to publish this report; and to include it in the Commissions
Annual Report to the General Assembly of the OAS. Pursuant to the provisions
contained in the instruments governing its mandate, the IACHR will continue
to evaluate the measures taken by the Chilean State with respect to those
recommendations, until the State has fully complied with them.
Done and signed by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on April 16, 2001. (Signed): Juan E. Méndez, First Vice-Chairman; Marta Altolaguirre, Second Vice-Chair; Hélio Bicudo, Robert Goldman, Peter Laurie and Julio Prado Vallejo, Commissioners.
Commissioner Claudio Grossman, a Chilean national, did not participate
in discussing and deciding on this case in accordance with Article 19(2)(a)
of the IACHRs Regulations.
Petitioners submission, June 26, 1997, pp. 910.
Petitioners submission, December 2, 1997, p. 11.
States submission, October 2, 1997, p. 2. The State quotes
the report of the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission as regards
the present case:
1974, in the area around the city of Lautaro, numerous arrests were
made that led to the disappearance of a series of individuals of Mapuche
ethnic origin. Carabineros from the Lautaro detachment were actively
involved in these incidents, except for one arrest that was carried
out by members of the military and staff of the Investigations Police.
most of these cases, the relatives of the Mapuche individuals who were
arrested and subsequently disappeared generally bore the situation without
attempting any legal measure or other proceedings to locate the victims.
The reasons for this apparent passive attitude might have been fear,
ignorance of how to proceed, and a fundamental disbelief in the likelihood
of satisfying their demands through the institutions of the State.
August 28, 1974, members of the army and officers from the Investigations
Police arrested Samuel Alfonso Catalán Lincoleo, aged 29, apparently
a member of the Communist Party. The police officers acknowledged the
arrest in the corresponding criminal proceedings. Several family members
and employees were arrested along with Samuel Catalán, all of whom are
in agreement that they were taken to the barracks of the Concepción
Regiment in Lautaro.
light of the large number of reports that agree on the time of the arrests,
the circumstances surrounding them, the subsequent disappearance of
the victims (this case is related to the disappearance of Gervasio Héctor
Hauiquil Calviqueo), the fact that there has been no information about
them since then, and the similarity between the methods and procedures
used in the arrest of these Mapuches and those used in other cases in
the area that have already been investigated, the Commission concluded
that all the aforesaid persons disappeared following their arrests at
the hands of agents of the State and that, in this fashion, their human
rights were violated.
See, for example, IACHR, Annual Report 19871988, Resolution 26/88,
Case 10.190, Argentina.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Advisory Opinion OC-10/89 Interpretation of
the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Within the
Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights,
July 14, 1989, paragraph 46.
Article 20 of the IACHRs Statute establishes that:
relation to those member states of the Organization that are not parties
to the American Convention . . . the Commission shall
have the following powers, in addition to those designated in Article
18: (a) to pay particular attention to the observance of the human rights
referred to in Articles I, II, III, IV, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the
American Declaration . . . (b) to examine communications
submitted to it and any other available information, to address the
government . . . for information deemed pertinent by
this Commission, and to make recommendations to it, when it finds this
Petitioners submission, June 26, 1997, pp. 4 and 7.
Thus, the IACHR must, in a given case, determine whether what
the norm provides contradicts the Convention and not whether it contradicts
the internal legal order of the State. Inter-Am.Ct.H.R, Advisory
Opinion OC-13/93, Series A, paragraph 29.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R, International Responsibility for the Promulgation
and Enforcement of Laws in Violation of the Convention (Articles 1 and
2 of the American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion
OC-14 of December 9, 1994, paragraph 39.
Yearbook on Human Rights 1985, Martinus Nijhoff Pub., 1987, p. 1063.
OAS General Assembly, Resolution AG/RES. 666 (XIII-0/83).
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Judgment of July 29, 1988,
Series C, No. 4, paragraph 153.
Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons, Resolution
adopted at the seventh plenary session of the OAS General Assembly on
June 9, 1994. OEA/Ser.P AG/doc.3114/94 rev.
OAS General Assembly, Resolutions AG/RES. 443 (IX-0/79), 742 (XIV-0/84),
950 (XVIII-0/88), 1022 (XIX-0/89), and 1044 (XX-0/90); IACHR, Annual
Reports for 1978, 1980/81, 1981/82, 1985/86, and 1986/87, and Special
Reports, including Argentina (1980), Chile (1985), and Guatemala (1985).
Both the Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture and
the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons establish
universal jurisdiction for the crimes in question (Article 11 and Articles
V and VI, respectively). The Convention on Forced Disappearance also
provides, in Article VII, for exemption from a statute of limitations
or, if that is not possible, the application of limitations equal to
those applying to the most serious crimes.
President Aylwin stated:
also requires the clarification of the whereabouts of the disappeared
as well as the determination of individual responsibilities. Concerning
the first point, the truth established in the report (of the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission) is incomplete since in most cases in which
the remains of the detained, the disappeared, and the executed were
not returned to their families, the Commission did not have the means
to determine their whereabouts.
IACHR, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Chile, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.34,
doc.21, 1974; Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Chile,
OEA/Ser.L/V/II.37, doc.19 corr., 1976; Third Report on the Situation
of Human Rights in Chile, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.40, doc.10, 1977; Report on
the Situation of Human Rights in Chile, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.66, doc.17, 1985.
See, in this regard: Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International
Law, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990, 4th. ed. pp. 446452; Benadava,
Derecho Internacional Público, Editorial Jurídica de Chile, 1976,
p. 151.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Judgment of July 29, 1988,
paragraph 170.
Ibid., paragraph 184.
IACHR, Report 29/92, Annual Report 19921993, paragraph 32.
IACHR, Annual Report 19851986, p. 204; Report 28/92 (Argentina),
Report 29/92 (Uruguay), Annual Report 19921993; Report 36/96,
Case 10.843 (Chile), Annual Report 1996, paragraph 49; Report 1/99,
Case 10.480 (El Salvador), Annual Report 1998, paragraph 107.
The Inter-American Court has indicated that this provision establishes
the obligation of states parties to guarantee the respect of each and
every right protected by the Convention. Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Velásquez
Rodríguez Case, Judgment of July 29, 1988, supra, paragraph 162; Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Godínez Cruz Case, Judgment
of January 20, 1989, Series C No. 5 (1989), paragraph 171; Inter-Am.Ct.H.R.,
Case of Neira Alegría et al., Judgment of January 19, 1995, supra,
paragraph 85. See also: IACHR, Annual Report 1996, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95,
Doc. 7 rev., March 14, 1997, Reports N°
36/96 (Chile), paragraph 78, and N°
34/96 (Chile), paragraph 76; IACHR, Annual Report 199293, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.83,
Doc. 14, March 12, 1993, Reports N°
28/92 (Argentina), paragraph 41,
and N°
29/92 (Uruguay), paragraph 51; IACHR, Annual Report 1997, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.98,
Doc. 6 rev., April 13, 1998, paragraph 71.
IACHR Reports 28/92 (Argentina) and 29/92 (Uruguay).
IACHR, Report N°
25/98 (Cases 11.505, Alfonso René Chanfeau Oryce; 11.532, Agustín Eduardo
Reyes González; 11.541, Jorge Elías Andrónico Antequera, his brother
Juan Carlos, and Luis Francisco González Manríquez; 11.546, William
Robert Millar Sanhueza and Jorge Rogelio Marín Rossel; 11.549, Luis
Armando Arias Ramírez, José Delimiro Fierro Morales, Mario Alejandro
Valdés Chávez, Jorge Enrique Vásquez Escobar, and Jaime Pascual Arias
Ramírez; 11.569, Juan Carlos Perelman and Gladys Díaz Armijo; 11.572,
Luis Alberto Sánchez Mejías; 11.573, Francisco Eduardo Aedo Carrasco;
11.583, Carlos Eduardo Guerrero Gutiérrez; 11.585, Máximo Antonio Gedda
Ortiz; 11.595, Joel Huaiquiñir Benavides; 11.652, Guillermo González
de Asís; 11.657, Lumy Videla Moya; 11.675, Eulogio del Carmen Ortiz
Fritz Monsalve; and 11.705, Mauricio Eduardo Jorquera Encina). See:
IACHR, Annual Report 1997, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.98, doc. 6, rev., April 13,
1998, pp. 520559; Annual Report 1996, Reports N°
36/96 and 34/96, Chile, pp. 162240. See also in this regard: Griego
Case, in: Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1969,
Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1972.
Note N°
of May 5, 1995, from the President of the Republic of Chile to the President
of that countrys Chamber of Deputies.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R, Velásquez
Rodríguez Case, paragraph 174.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R, Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Preliminary Objections, Judgment
of June 26, 1987, paragraph 91.
Chilean Code of Criminal Procedure, Title II, Of Criminal Action
and of Civil Action in Criminal Proceedings, Articles 10/41.
See: Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Judgment of July 29,
1988, paragraph 79.
Supreme Court of Chile, Ruling on a claim for nonapplication of Decree-Law
2191, August 24, 1990, paragraph 15; the same court, Ruling on a request
for clarification of September 28, 1990, paragraph 4.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Preliminary Objections,
paragraph 91.
Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Judgment of July 29, 1988, paragraph 64.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Advisory Opinion OC-9/87, paragraph 24.
The Inter-American Court has said that:
second obligation of the States Parties is to ensure the
free and full exercise of the rights recognized by the Convention to
every person subject to its jurisdiction. This obligation implies the
duty of the States Parties to organize the governmental apparatus and,
in general, all the structures through which public power is exercised,
so that they are capable of juridically ensuring the free and full enjoyment
of human rights. As a consequence of this obligation, the States must
prevent, investigate and punish any violation of the rights recognized
by the Convention and, moreover, if possible attempt to restore the
right violated and provide compensation as warranted for damages resulting
from the violation.
Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Judgment of July 29, 1988, Series C No. 4
(1988), paragraph 166; Godínez Cruz Case,
Judgment of January 20, 1989, Series C No. 5 (1989), paragraph 175.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Velásquez Rodríguez Case, op.
cit., paragraph 174; Godínez Cruz Case, op.
cit., paragraph 184.
IACHR, Annual Report 19921993, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.83 Doc.14, Uruguay
29/92, Recommendations, paragraph 3.
IACHR, Annual Report 1996, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc. 7 rev., Chile 36/96,
paragraph 77.
IACHR, Annual Report 1996, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.95 Doc. 7 rev., Chile 36/96,
Recommendations, paragraph 111.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Judgment of July 29, 1988,
paragraph 166.
Ibid., paragraph 174.
paragraph 166.
paragraph 173.
paragraph 174.
paragraph 176.
paragraph 177.
Pedro Nikken, El manejo del pasado y la cuestión de la impunidad
en la solución de los conflictos armados de El Salvador y Guatemala,
published in Liber Amicorum
Héctor Fix-Zamudio, Volume I, Secretariat of the Inter-American
Court of Human Rights, San José, Costa Rica, 1998, pp. 167 and 168.
Report of the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission, February
1991, Vol. 2, p. 868.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Velásquez Rodríguez Case, Judgment of July 29, 1988,
paragraph 174.
The Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons came
into force on March 28, 1996. The Chilean State signed it on June 10,
1994, but, as of the date of this report, has not yet ratified it. The
origins of the rules applicable to forced disappearances can be found
in Resolution 33/173 of the United Nations General Assembly, which refers
to the rights to life, liberty, security, and freedom from torture and
from arbitrary arrest and detention (Articles 3, 5, 9, 10, and 11 of
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Articles 6, 7, 9, and
10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights). In
this regard, see: José Antonio Guevara, El crimen de lesa humanidad
de desaparición forzada de personas: elementos para su prevención,
in Ruptura, Annual Review of the Law School Association,
Faculty of Jurisprudence of the Catholic University of Ecuador (PUCE),
Vol. I, Year 2000, p. 232.
Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Blake Case, Judgment of January 24, 1998, paragraph
[52] Inter-Am.Ct.H.R., Bámaca Velásquez Case, Judgment of November 25, 2000, paragraphs 128 and 129.


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There's not a lot of summer left, but the good news is that there is still enough time to fit in a road trip to visit a national park. However, we have to warn you, you probably won't be the only one with the idea.
The U.S. National Park Service celebrates its 100th birthday on August 25th — and that centennial birthday is one reason U.S. parks are packed with visitors this year. But it hasn't just been busy in 2016. The American Automobile Association says a record 307 million people visited national parks last year. The most popular parks in 2015 were the Great Smoky Mountains, the Grand Canyon, and Rocky Mountain.
Not only is the number of park visitors up. So, too, is park traffic. That's because the vast majority are road tripping to parks. According to AAA, about 91 percent of visitors drive to their destination. The rest either catch a flight (18 percent), bus or train (10 percent), or cruise or boat (7 percent).
You can check out one Atlanta couple's road trip this summer with an airstream in tow in this NBC News video.
Of course visiting a park can be an extended stay or just a day thing. Over half, 66 percent, stay in hotels, motels, and lodges. Only 41 percent actually camp. Other options include staying in a cabin (38 percent), staying with family and friends (33 percent), and staying in B&Bs (27 percent).
Actor and director Jared Leto decided to get involved in celebrating the National Park Centennial. He's currently directing a 5 part short film series called Great Wide Open. Episode 3 came out just last week. It features Alex Honnold "The Rockstar" climber.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Awakening : Lily Dale Series, Book 1. / Wendy Corsi Staub.
Electronic resources
View other formats and editions
Record details
- ISBN: 9780802784629 (electronic bk)
- Physical Description: 1 online resource.
- Publisher: New York : Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2011.
Content descriptions
|General Note:
Title from eBook information screen..
|Summary, etc.:
Calla thought that her boyfriend breaking up with her in a text message was the worst thing that could ever happen to her. But just two weeks later, her mother died in a freak accident, and life as she knew it was completely over. With her father heading to California for a new job, they decide that Calla should spend a few weeks with the grandmother she barely knows while he gets them set up. To Calla's shock, her mother's hometown of Lily Dale is a town full of psychics-including her grandmother. Suddenly, the fact that her mother never talked about her past takes on more mysterious overtones. The longer she stays in town, the stranger things become, as Calla starts to experience unusual and unsettling events that lead her to wonder whether she has inherited her grandmother's unique gift. Is it this gift that is making her suspect that her mother's death was more than an accident, or is it just an overactive imagination? Staying in Lily Dale is the only way to uncover the...
|Target Audience Note:
750 Lexile.
|System Details Note:
Requires OverDrive Read (file size: N/A KB) or Adobe Digital Editions (file size: 422 KB) or Amazon Kindle (file size: N/A KB).
Search for related items by subject
|Young Adult Fiction.
|Electronic books.


text:
|Buyers & Seller Tips
Tips On Buying Your Cape Cod Business
You may tired of working for someone else, looking for a career change, want to take full advantage of your skills and abilities, or have always dreamed of owning your own business. Now, as you prepare to make this big move, there are certain important steps you should initiate. Here are some tips on what you should do or anticipate as you prepare to buy a business.
do not always go smoothly, so prepare to be committed to keep the process moving


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Library Automation Products
FRC is always believe in using latest technologies of automation to help librarian to manage and share data with user. As we always feel library is true source of information.We deal with all range of products like RFID tags,RFID Gates,RFID Kiosk & more.
Benefits of Library Automation:
- Better management control.
- Easy retrieval of information.
- Optimisation of resources.
- True & fast knowledge share.
- Increased in user satisfaction.
- Improves integration of the Central library with unit libraries.
- International acceptance and credibility.


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Showing 1–8 of 815 results
Audubon Chicago Region is sparking conversations about birds and climate change in the heart of the Windy City.
Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur et. Nullam id dolor id nibh ultricies vehicula ut id elit.
Help us care for the non-releasable resident animals of the Sharon Audubon Center
Join us in December for this annual Sharon/Lakeville area bird count—in the field or at feeders
The former owners of the unique properties that make up Audubon Sharon left a lasting legacy for future generations to benefit from—learn more about this special heritage


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Not logged in
Food is the most important
things to provide more energy and nutrition to our body. We intake food daily
to our body health and energy. But lots of people today facing many health issues.
They don't know the correct reason. Few diseases are attacking the body due to
environmental problem, heterogeneity. But many diseases are form due to our bad
food diet system. Today lots of people are following the fast food systems. Several
men are loss their body energy and facing the relationship health issues. Few
can skip by using the medicine. But this type of problem is easily skipped by
following the good natural food diet systems. Regular intake of natural food
systems is helps to skip lots of diseases. Doing exercise and drinking plenty
of water is supports to our body energy.
Somehow I feel your question related to psychological side, not just simple "food diet". Cuz as you stated that even some people/teenagers have diet but they still have plenty of health problems. One of the problematic thing is that, are those teenagers decide to have diet because they truly care about themselves and their health? Or it is due to that fact that they want to look good in front of colleagues. If the it is about looking good then I dun think having diet may help body health, since that diet will be extremely hard to maintain. On the first few days, they may stick to the diet, but after a while how can they sure that they can maintain the diet when they 'feel' that they are looking good?.
Also another thing is that, if a person, or in this case a teenager have problem in their daily life but he/she dun know how to deal with it, then diet is not going to really help neither. Because, when he/she upsets, he/she will tend to eat more instead of having diet since eating can ease the pain and stop our thinking process, thus temporary removes the painful feeling. But after that the cycle continues: feeling sad - cannot solve - eat - again. And this can be a reason why many teenagers have the problem of being too fat (sorry I can't think of any other word).


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24x7 Emergency ServiceRequest an Appointment
Air Conditioning Service & Repair
Voted The Capital Region's Best 7 Straight Years and Counting!
Typical Services Include:
Central air conditioning won't turn on during a heat wave, some rooms are warmer than others, need your filters changed, strange noise is coming from your unit- No problem, call Crisafulli Bros.!
Our heating technicians are factory trained and certified, licensed, and bonded. We have the Capital Districts most well trained, NATE certified* service personnel on call 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so we are always available when you need us. With over 70 well stocked vehicles at the ready, we can quickly respond to your call. When you need heating service, you want an experienced, reputable company that delivers on its promises.
Contact Us. At Crisafulli Bros., we strive to accommodate YOUR schedule, understanding that time is one of your most valuable assets. Our staff is waiting to hear from you and provide the "Red Carpet Treatment" you deserve.
Our technicians are factory certified/trained to install top of the line brands.
Some of our major brands include:
Crisafulli Bros. is a New York State Certified Women's Business Enterprise (NYS WBE). Click here to learn more about our credentials and certifications.


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Operating condition
Power transformer is an electric machine with a useful life cycle of some 30 years. This doesn't mean to say that cannot be used above this time, in fact, a great part of the electric and industrial fleet is being operated with reliable machines above this time.
Field testing of a transformer
As a result of the owner company, the importance of the machine and the outage possibilities, it is necessary to perform on each transformer a fitted maintenance program with a test protocol previously accorded.
Next will be indicated a series of test that can set up this program and that are something like a continuation of validation tests performed when manufacturing the transformer – but adapted to field testing.
Described tests are chosen from the commercially available ones, standardized and usual into test programs.
Magnetic / Electric Circuit Tests
Those will be performed wit portable instrumentation (easily transported in vehicle/test van) of a series of measurements that allow obtaining base parameters from the transformer. It will be studied the punctual status to perform a diagnose and parameter trending values to perform scheduled works. All this tests are off-line.
Electric / Magnetic field testing:
- No-load test. Turns Ratio (TTR). Polarity, connection group y excitation current.
- Load test (short circuit test, impedance measurement).
- Winding resistance.
- Frequency response analysis (FRA).
There is a group of maintenance techniques that from an electric point of view and through some field tests are going to allow us to trace the transformer status as indicated and in the case of breakdown diligently detect the real problem and perform the required actions.
|Power Transformer Maintenance and Field Testing – Andrés Tabernero García
|Right here | Get Download Updates | Get Technical articles


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Gutfeld – How to Be Right
Tue, Sep 22, 2015 • Authors & Experts
Dennis talks to Greg Gutfeld, co-host of the The Five and The Greg Gutfeld Show on Fox News. His new book, coming out in October, is How To Be Right: The Art of Being Persuasively Correct. He teaches the newest Prager University course, "Why the Right Is Right"Buy Now


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"Reduced Service" Day
Friday is scheduled to be a "reduced-service" day in Chicago, where as a money-saving move the city will shut down most city services, leaving only a skeleton crew to handle emergencies and conduct necessary business such as collecting revenue.
About 11,000 workers are expected to stay home the day after Thanksgiving and again on Christmas Eve. The first of the three reduced services days in 2009 was Aug. 17.
City workers also have been taking furlough days throughout the year to help reduce payroll costs.
On a brighter note, about three-quarters of the exempt staff are taking their mandatory furlough days this long holiday weekend and for some reason, the Districts and Units are operating seamlessly. Useless meetings are down, reductions in paperwork are reported and somehow, operations continue without a hitch.
Next year, mandatory furlough days are going from 12 to 24 for exempts. We'd propose expanding that to 48 days at a minimum. It seems to be working wonders.
Labels: money questions


text:
Welcome to
Click here for your updated fishing report
for The Harris Chain...
"Like" our Facebook page
Fishing The Harris Chain Of Lakes, Florida
for even more fishing reports and photos!
Captain Mick uploads pictures to Facebook in real-time, right from the water!
Click here to check out our YouTube video,
Bass Fishing The Harris Chain Of Lakes, Florida!
Affordable Bass Fishing!
$75 per person with three anglers on a four hour trip!
Six hour trips and marathon trips (sun-up to sun-down) are also available.
Charter Prices
4 hour trip $225
6 hour trip $300
Marathon trip sun-up to sun-down $400
Contact Mick today...
Phone: (518) 578-9273
or email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Bass Fishing Charters on The Harris Chain of Lakes, and numerous other Central Florida inland lakes!
Mick's located a short drive from Disney World,
and he's ready to give you a stress free lesson catching beautiful bass
on the Harris Chain of Lakes.
Read a Few Testimonials From Mick's Clients
Florida Bass Fishing Rates...
1-3 Anglers
Four Hours - $225
Six Hours - $325
Marathon Trip, Sunrise to Sunset - $400
Discounts with bookings of multiple dates
All top quality rods, reels and tackle are provided!
Who says you can't catch big bass on artificial baits?
Like tournament anglers, we do it the challenging way!
Click Here To Check Out Our Photo Gallery!
Captain Mick put these anglers on big bass
and he'll do it with you too...
The 2015 21' Outlander is spacious,
stable and handicapped accessible.
Captain Mick Maynard has credentials;
|Mick is a fully insured US Coast Guard 100 Ton Master Captain with an Able Seaman Unlimited Merchant Mariner's Z-Card and Homeland Security TWIC Credentials. The Captain has years of experience guiding in Central Florida during the winter spawn. He owns a fishing charter business and a marine towing rescue and salvage company on Lake Champlain. He's also a freelance outdoor sports writer who has published fishing articles in the Lake Champlain Weekly, the Plattsburgh Press Republican and the New York Outdoor News. Mick has fished on Lake Champlain with Champion bass anglers like Scott R. Martin and David Dudley. He's also guided for numerous other notable professional fishermen, club anglers and tourists alike who go north to sample the smallmouth and largemouth bass virtues of northern New York and Vermont in the Lake Champlain region. He's guided tourists and local anglers of all skill levels in Central Florida as well. He's been featured on several Lake Champlain regional television shows and in various fishing articles from the inaugural issue of Vermont's Great Outdoors Magazine to USA Today.
Learn from the Captain...
Click here for the Captain's latest article on "Power Fishing"
published in the fall 2014 issue of Outdoors North!
This is how Mick likes to fish the big bass lakes of Florida!
Visit LakeChamplainAngler.com
Visit FishingPlanetEarth.com


text:
A Grocery Outlet opened near us. I thought I would try it. I am checking out other grocery stores, because I am expecting that the union will casue my perferred grocery store to fold. Their produce seems good, but limited. Overall, the inventory is limited. We bought some produce, but didn't find anything on my grocery list for Thanksgiving. I don't understand how they stay in business. Who are their target customers?
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ShowBox application can be fetched to the Smartphones quickly. In this aide, I will disclose you how to get the best film gushing application for Android. To install Show box on any model your Android device, you firstly have to get apk file. We are going to utilize the apk file of this app, as to install and run the application to watch free films. If you want any instructions to follow underneath guidelines deliberately to get established this Showbox app android on your device.
Must Read & Share: Blink Health App for getting cheap medications online
Showbox is an astounding application, and it has large clients around the world. Keeping in mind that it's developers end goal is to meet the customer's prerequisites and be good with most recent Android OS upgrades. Here is Showbox application which will be updated with new forms too. You can download the latest form to watch films with no issue.
Install Free Movie App Showbox On Android
- It would be ideal app among all video streaming application, to install this type of apps you need to enable unknown source on your android mobile
- To turn on unknown source go to Settings >> Security >> Tap on Unknown source
- To begin procedure you need to download ShowBox app APK from below download link
Showbox APK
- Next, you need to run the download Showbox Apk file from SD Card individually
- After you tap on Showbox app symbol, let theShowbox Apk file introduce into your android gadget
- You need to permit access to Showbox Apk then it will install completely on smartphone
- After complete installation of Showbox app, you will see it's symbol show up in Menu straightforwardly
- You have now effectively downloaded the ShowBox APK for Android OS and installed it.
In any case, now and then you may get glitches or face issues with the new form download utilizing the Showbox APK record. For this situation, we encourage you to return or introduce the past rendition of the application. This may tackle your issue actually, and you can begin utilizing the application joyfully.
It would be ideal if you let us know you are confronting any problems with the ShowBox implementation and the aide above. We have attempted our best to give the best instructional exercise to this application and you will without a doubt it. We trust that you have discovered the article supportive and ensured you impart it to every one of your companions also. In this way, they can likewise appreciate downloading the best Movie and TV Show.


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Mequon Public Schools
The following public schools are located in Mequon, Wisconsin. Please select a school in Mequon to view the details.
- Donges Bay Elementary School
2401 W Donges Bay Rd
Mequon, WI 53092
- Homestead High School
5000 W Mequon Rd
Mequon, WI 53092
- Lake Shore Middle School
11036 N Range Line Rd
Mequon, WI 53092
- Oriole Lane Elementary School
12850 N Oriole Ln
Mequon, WI 53097
- Range Line Elementary School
11040 N Range Line Rd
Mequon, WI 53092
- Steffen Middle School
6633 W Steffen Dr
Mequon, WI 53092
- Wilson Elementary School
11001 N Buntrock Ave
Mequon, WI 53092


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Campgrounds around the Bay Area and beyond
The Bay Area has 50 campgrounds. The places below, which are not on reservation systems, include some of the best campsites in the region..
Bay Area
Pantoll, Mount Tamalpais State Park: The camp is nestled under a forest canopy, with two sensational trails nearby -- one into the redwood canyon of Steep Ravine, and the Sunset Trail across coastal grasslands for ocean views. (415) 388-2070.
Half Moon Bay State Beach: Access to the paved Coastal Trail provides the launch point for a great bike ride 5 miles north to Pillar Point Harbor and cheap kayak rentals and restaurants. The sites are level and grassy, largely open. (650) 726-8820.
Henry W. Coe State Park: From the Hunting Hollow Trailhead, it is a 5.8- mile hike or bike trek to Coit Lake and its primitive wilderness campground. From here, you can head farther into wilderness for a multi-day trip, with remote Mississippi Lake the crown jewel of the park's 87,000 acres of wildlands. (408) 779-2728.
Monterey: The Andrew Molera State Park walk-in campground once was famous for near-unlimited camping, but it was converted to 24 sites to stop "combat camping." A trail to the beach provides a chance for sea-otter sightings. (831) 649-2836 or (831) 667-2315. Options: China Camp and Kirk Creek, Los Padres National Forest.
Best by reservation: Sky Camp at Point Reyes; Tomales Bay boat-in campground at Point Reyes; Steep Ravine Environmental Cabins at Mount Tamalpais; Kirby Cove Group camp at Marin Headlands; Angel Island walk-in campground; Butano State Park backpack camp; Big Basin/Sunset backpack camp; Coyote Lake County Park..
Wine Country
Pomo Canyon Walk-in, Sonoma Coast: This secluded, redwood-filled canyon, just over the ridge from the coast, has 24 campsites available on a first-come, first-served basis. A trail from the camp crosses the ridge and angles down to Shell Beach. (707) 875-3483.
Surfwood Walk-in, MacKerricher State Park: This is a series of 10 well- hidden and dispersed campsites. Sites 7 to 10 are set in lush forest, yet minutes from the ocean. Nearby is a seal-viewing deck, a quiet beach, a freshwater lake (Cleone), and a terrific bike ride (Old Haul Road). (707) 964- 9112.
Sinkyone Wilderness State Park: Usal Beach has 35 tent sites at the southern jump-off point for the Coast Trail, the 17-mile route north that provides primitive access to the Lost Coast. (707) 986-7711.
Best by reservation: MacKerricher State Park drive-in; Russian Gulch State Park; Van Damme State Park; Clear Lake State Park; Manchester State Park; Lake Sonoma boat-in; Salt Point State Park..
Camino Cove, Union Valley Reservoir, Eldorado National Forest: Camino Cove is nestled on a peninsula with pretty views of the lake and the dramatic slopes of the Crystal Basin. The lake has six other campgrounds, including Azalea Cove (hike-in/boat-in) and Jones Fork, where no reservations are accepted. (530) 644-2349.
Best by reservation: Lakes Basin, Plumas National Forest; Sugarpine Point State Park; Emerald Bay boat-in; D.L. Bliss State Park; Jackson Meadow Reservoir, Tahoe National Forest; Grover Hot Springs State Park..
Yosemite Creek, Yosemite National Park: This is one of the few campgrounds in Yosemite that does not require a reservation, because it is remote, the most difficult to reach of all the drive-to camps in the park. It's set along a pretty stream near the north rim of the valley. (209) 372- 0200.