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This study addresses the causes and evolutionary consequences of introgressive hybridization in the sympatric species of Darwin's ground finches (Geospiza) on the small island of Daphne Major in the Galápagos archipelago. Hybridization occurs rarely (less than 2% of breeding pairs) but persistently across years, usually as a result of imprinting on the song of another species. Hybrids survive well under some ecological conditions, but not others. Hybrids mate according to song type. The resulting introgression increases phenotypic and genetic variation in the backcrossed populations. Effects of introgression on beak shape are determined by the underlying developmental genetic pathways. Introgressive hybridization has been widespread throughout the archipelago in the recent past, and may have been a persistent feature throughout the early history of the radiation, episodically affecting both the speed and direction of evolution. We discuss how fission through selection and fusion through introgression in contemporary Darwin's finch populations may be a reflection of processes occurring in other young radiations. We propose that introgression has the largest effect on the evolution of interbreeding species after they have diverged in morphology, but before the point is reached when genetic incompatibilities incur a severe fitness cost.
1. Introduction
The process of speciation in nature is generally initiated by a change in environment, when exposure to new selective forces sets a population on a new evolutionary trajectory (Lewontin & Birch 1966; Grant & Grant 1989; Coyne & Orr 2004). In animals, behavioural modifications can sometimes ameliorate problems associated with ecological differences during an initial colonization event, or sudden environmental perturbation (Grant & Grant 2008), but for a successful response to altered conditions there must be enough genetic variation for the population to reach a new adaptive norm through natural selection. At any given time, the amount of standing genetic variation is a balance between opposing forces: gains through mutation and immigration and losses through genetic drift and oscillating selection as the population tracks ecological changes through time (Grant & Grant 2002). Introgressive hybridization is effective in increasing genetic variation because it simultaneously affects numerous genetic loci. The total effect on continuously varying traits can be up to two or three orders of magnitude greater than mutation (Grant & Grant 1994). Introgression can be particularly effective in small isolated populations, such as those found in archipelagos, or shortly after colonization of a new habitat by a few individuals, where genetic variation is likely to be eroded by selection, inbreeding and drift.
Botanists have long considered the process of interspecific gene transfer to be important in the evolutionary radiation of plants (Anderson 1948), but it was not until Lewontin & Birch's (1966) seminal paper on introgressive hybridization as a source of genetic variation for adaptation to new environments that it was considered to play a significant role in the early stages of animal radiations.
Lewontin & Birch's (1966) study organism, the Australian tephritid fly Dacus tryoni, had rapidly expanded its geographical range and became adapted to high temperatures over the previous 100 years. Since it had been observed to hybridize occasionally with Dacus neohumeralis in the wild (Gibbs 1968), introgression was considered to be a possible factor in this rapid change in physiology. Introgressive hybridization was investigated in laboratory experiments. The results supported the introgression hypothesis in showing that selection led to an increase in the introgressed population's ecological and physiological tolerances beyond the initial range of either of the parental species. Therefore, increased genetic variation as a result of introgression could have been responsible for the physiological changes observed in the wild. The importance of this work lies in the implication that a population can more rapidly respond to selection if its additive genetic variation is enhanced by introgressive hybridization than if it is genetically isolated (Lewontin & Birch 1966). Only recently has the general evolutionary significance of this finding become appreciated (Arnold 1997, 2006; Grant & Grant 2008).
At about the same time as Lewontin & Birch's (1966) experiments, a combined field and experimental study of coregonid fish in Sweden by Svärdson (1970) confirmed the variation-enhancing effects of introgression and demonstrated its potential role in the formation of new species. More recently, a number of studies have revealed the critical importance of interspecific gene transfer in species diversification. Examples are taxonomically widespread from prokaryotes, where lateral gene transfer has demonstrable evolutionary consequences (Ochman et al. 2000; Gogarten et al. 2002), to radiations of plants, crustaceans, corals, echinoderms, insects and primates (Byrne & Anderson 1994; Veron 1995; Wang & Szmidt 1995; Arnold 1997, 2006; Dowling & Secor 1997; Grant 1998; Seehausen 2004, 2006; Schmeller et al. 2005). These studies have revealed that gene flow between species is often unequal (Bacillieri et al. 1996; McDonald et al. 2001; Thulin & Tegelström 2002), tending to flow predominantly from common to rare species (Taylor & Hebert 1993; Wayne 1993; Dowling & Secor 1997); that incorporation of genes into the recipient's genome can be a selective process resulting in a mosaic composition of the genome (Martinsen et al. 2001; Rieseberg et al. 2003; Mallett 2005; Arnold 2006; Patterson et al. 2006); and that transgressive (extreme) phenotypes are not only a common feature of hybridization events (Rieseberg et al. 1999) but also under the appropriate novel environmental conditions they can be favoured by selection (Rieseberg et al. 2007).
Stebbins (1959) maintained that for major evolutionary advances to take place these genetically variable populations produced by introgression must be placed in an environment offering new ecological opportunities. Such locations are novel habitats typically at the periphery of species ranges (Stebbins 1959; Lewontin & Birch 1966; Rieseberg et al. 2003, 2007; Seehausen 2004), and they occur naturally for climatic and geological reasons (Rieseberg et al. 2007) or are produced by human-induced disturbance causing previously isolated species to be brought together (Cade 1983; Taylor et al. 2006). In short, hybridization raises the evolutionary potential of a population and ecological factors determine whether the outcome is fission, fusion or new directional change.
This paper describes a population study of Darwin's finches designed in part to elucidate the role of introgression in young adaptive radiations. They have several advantages. First, hybridization is known or suspected to occur among several species (Grant 1999). Second, finches are observable, parentage can be determined by genotyping and fitness can be quantified in small populations because the survival and reproductive fates of offspring can be documented. Third, fitness varies as a result of habitat change caused by extreme interannual climatic fluctuations. Finally, introgression between sympatric species occurs in situ in an entirely natural environment and is neither restricted to a hybrid zone as in many other taxa (Barton & Hewitt 1985; Harrison 1993; Barton 2001) nor to sister species.
Hybridization is an ecologically dependent behavioural phenomenon, with genetic consequences. Investigating the causes and evolutionary consequences of introgressive hybridization in the wild thus requires answering a number of questions. Why do some individuals hybridize and others do not? How fit are the hybrids relative to the parental species? By how much does introgression increase genetic and phenotypic variation of a population? What are the genetic underpinnings of the traits that allow flexibility in the development of a new morphology? Was introgressive hybridization a persistent feature in the past, with occasional but important effects on the speed and direction of evolution, or is it a short-term transient phenomenon with little evolutionary significance? We attempt to answer these questions with the results of a study of finch populations over several generations at times of ecological change: with data on the morphology, genetics, behaviour and feeding ecology of marked individuals.
We first briefly describe the island setting and the finches, then the profound interannual fluctuations in rainfall and the effect this has on the finches and their environment, before addressing the above questions. We conclude by considering the implications of our findings for other young radiations in different taxonomic groups.
2. Environments, finches and natural selection
Daphne Major is a small island, approximately 34 ha in area, near the centre of the Galápagos archipelago. It is a tuff (volcanic) cone with a large central crater. Four species of ground finches breed on the island. Geospiza fortis (approx. 17 g), the medium ground finch, is a granivorous bird with a short and blunt beak; Geospiza scandens (approx. 21 g), the cactus finch, which, as its name implies, feeds on Opuntia cactus seeds, pollen and nectar in the dry season, has a long-pointed beak; Geospiza magnirostris (approx. 30 g), the large-beaked ground finch, feeds on large and hard seeds; and Geospiza fuliginosa (approx. 12 g), the small ground finch, feeds on small seeds. Depending on environmental conditions, the population of G. fortis ranges from well over 1500 to less than 100 individuals, whereas the G. scandens population ranges from approximately 600 to less than 60 individuals. G. magnirostris established a breeding population on Daphne in 1982–1983 and its numbers gradually increased to a maximum of approximately 350 in 2003 (Grant & Grant 2006). G. fuliginosa is a frequent but rare immigrant that occasionally breeds on the island.
The climate is seasonal, with a hot, wet season extending from January to May followed by a cooler, drier season from June to December. Rainfall varies interannually as a result of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. El Niño events occur unpredictably on average twice a decade. They bring large quantities of rain to the islands and are interspersed among years of little or no rainfall. Birds typically begin breeding one to two weeks after the first heavy rains of the year; in years with no rain, no breeding occurs (Grant & Grant 1989; Grant 1999).
Conditions for the finches during severe droughts depend on the types and quantities of seeds in the seed bank, which in turn depend on preceding conditions. For example, in the drought of 1977, when approximately 85% of G. fortis died, the seed bank was principally made up of large and hard seeds that had been produced by the predominant flowering plant (Tribulus cistoides) during the preceding years of relatively low rainfall. Only G. fortis individuals with large beaks strong enough to crack Tribulus seeds survived; the smaller members of that population died as the small soft seeds were rapidly depleted over the year (Boag & Grant 1981). By contrast, the drought of 1985 followed the longest and most severe El Niño event of 400 years, as estimated from coral cores (Glynn 1990). The extraordinary El Niño event in 1982–1983 completely altered the ecology of the islands, changing it from a large and hard seed environment dominated by Tribulus and Opuntia seeds to one dominated by the small and soft seeds produced in combination by 24 species of grass and herbs. Vines smothered the low-growing Tribulus plants and Opuntia bushes. Under these altered conditions in 1985, small pointed-beaked G. fortis survived disproportionately well (Gibbs & Grant 1987). Beak size is highly heritable, as shown by a regression of mid-offspring on mid-parent values (Grant & Grant 2000; Keller et al. 2001). As a result, in the breeding seasons following drought years the surviving adults produced young of similar beak size and shape to themselves.
Over the next 20 years, ecological conditions oscillated in direction. Evolutionary responses to natural selection on beak size and shape tracked these oscillations (Grant & Grant 2002). Interestingly, after 30 years the mean beak dimensions of the finch populations had not returned to the 1973 starting point of the study, but instead beaks of G. fortis were more pointed on average, and beaks of G. scandens were smaller and blunter in 2002 than in 1973 (Grant & Grant 2002). The two populations had converged morphologically over this period.
These results demonstrate that populations track environmental changes through evolutionary responses to oscillating directional natural selection. Evolutionary changes are measurable, interpretable and occur over a short period of time. They raise three questions. First, why did the species converge? Second, where did the genetic variation come from to fuel the repeated process of evolutionary change, when oscillating selection continuously erodes it? The answer to both questions is introgressive hybridization. Before discussing the role of hybridization we address a third question: in light of their morphological convergence, what keeps the species apart and prevents them from fusing into a single panmictic population?
3. Barriers to interbreeding
All species of Darwin's ground finches are similar in the type of nest they build, their courtship behaviour and their plumage, males being black and females brown (Lack 1947). Species differ conspicuously in song, body size, and beak size and shape, and it is these features that we suspected were being used by the birds to discriminate between members of their own and different species. Field experiments using playback of song in the absence of any morphological cues demonstrated that individuals clearly discriminate between their own and other species on the basis of song alone (Ratcliffe & Grant 1983). Similarly, presentation of museum specimens in the absence of any vocal cues showed that individuals readily discriminate between conspecifics and heterospecifics on the basis of morphology alone (Lack 1947; Ratcliffe & Grant 1983, 1985). Thus, differences in both song and morphology can act as pre-mating barriers to interbreeding (Grant et al. 1996; Grant & Grant 1996a, 1997a,b, 2008).
Song differences are especially important. Males of both species sing a single short song, whereas females do not sing. Although species songs are discretely different, there is individual variation in motifs within a species' song. Bowman (1983) showed with laboratory-reared birds that song is learned during a short sensitive period early in life in an imprinting-like process. The sensitive period occurs from day 10 to day 40 after hatching, which coincides with the last few days in the nest and the time of parental dependency as fledglings. As a result, detailed features of song are transmitted from father to son in three quarters of the males, and are acquired from other males in the remainder. Finches can live for up to 16 years, and spectrograms of annual recordings show that a song once learned remains unaltered for life (Grant & Grant 1996a, 1998). Therefore, unlike beak size and shape, which are genetically inherited, song is learned and culturally transmitted. The visual cues of beak size and shape are presumably learned in association with song during the sensitive period early in life, by females as well as males.
4. Hybridization
The barrier to interbreeding set up by morphological and song differences is not impermeable but leaks. Imprinting is vulnerable to disruption if a young bird hears the song of another species during its sensitive period early in life. This happened rarely but consistently across all years of our study, and occurs for idiosyncratic reasons. It can occur when an individual of one species takes over the nest of another species and an egg is left behind: after hatching, the chick learns its foster father's song. Disruption can occur when the father dies or when different species nest close together and one male dominates the singing space of both nests. Such misimprinted G. fortis and G. scandens usually breed according to song type but not morphology and thus hybridize (Grant & Grant 1996a, 1998).
When species are very different in size they do not interbreed. A total of six G. fortis males have misimprinted on G. magnirostris songs, but none have paired with a G. magnirostris female (Grant & Grant 2008), in spite of being more closely related to them than they are to G. scandens (Petren et al. 1999; Sato et al. 1999). Whereas the mean size difference between G. fortis and G. scandens is 4 g, it is 12 g between G. fortis and G. magnirostris on Daphne. On Santa Cruz island where G. fortis is much larger, interbreeding with G. magnirostris does occur (Huber et al. 2007).
Our observations suggest that harassment is another reason why interbreeding does not occur on Daphne. All six G. fortis males singing G. magnirostris songs were harassed repeatedly by territorial G. magnirostris as soon as they sang. Only one obtained a mate and he did so after 7 years. He became almost completely silent and then paired not with a G. magnirostris female but with a G. fortis female. In this case, pair formation was based on morphology and not on song (Grant & Grant 2008).
5. Hybrid fitness and introgression
Hybrids survive under some ecological conditions but not others. From 1976 to 1983, large and hard Tribulus and Opuntia seeds dominated the seed bank, and under these conditions no hybrid survived the dry season to breed. Hybrids are intermediate in morphology between the two parental species owing to the high heritability of body size and beak dimensions (Grant & Grant 2000). With beaks of generally intermediate size hybrids can feed on small soft seeds but are unable to crack the large and hard seeds of T. cistoides, even though they occasionally try. They take up to three times longer to crack an Opuntia cactus seed than G. scandens does (Grant & Grant 1996b). After the El Niño event of 1982–1983 small seeds became plentiful; hybrids with intermediate beaks capable of dealing with small soft seeds survived, and with a continuing supply of these seeds they survived well over the following 20 years.
To examine how well the hybrids survived in comparison with the pure species hatched at the same time and living under the same conditions, we followed the survival of the first three large cohorts produced in the years of abundant rainfall (1983, 1987 and 1991). In each cohort, hybrids and backcrosses survived as good as, or even better than, pure G. fortis and G. scandens (figure 1). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in egg production, hatching success or fledgling survival between hybrids, backcrosses and pure species (Grant & Grant 1992, 1996a, 1998), and thus no indication of genetic incompatibilities between the species.
Hybrids, being always rare, have never mated with each other. Instead, they backcross to one or other of the parental species according to their father's song type and not, usually, according to morphology (figure 2). They appear to be at no disadvantage in gaining mates (Grant & Grant 1997a,b). Altogether, this has resulted in an exchange of alleles between the species (Grant & Grant 1996a, 1998; Grant et al. 2004). Hybrid production has remained rare but constant throughout the study. Gene exchange, although bidirectional, was three times greater from G. fortis to G. scandens than in the opposite direction, possibly associated with an unequal sex ratio among G. scandens breeders (Grant & Grant 2002). Thus, the G. scandens population shows the greatest increase in morphological and genetic variation (Grant & Grant 2002; Grant et al. 2004). Despite the low production of hybrids, by 2007, over 30% of the population of G. scandens possessed alleles whose origin could be traced back to G. fortis. The two populations had become more similar to each other morphologically and genetically (figure 3) but were held apart by song, a learned, culturally transmitted trait (Grant et al. 2004).
6. Reinforcement and character displacement
Dobzhansky (1937, 1941) proposed that when hybrid viability is weak the barrier to interbreeding would be reinforced as a result of selection. Any factor contributing to the prevention of mating between species would be at a selective advantage, and would increase in frequency in a manner dependent upon the relative fitness of the hybrids, as determined by their survival and reproductive success (Liou & Price 1994; Hostert 1997). Evidence for reinforcement and the divergence of traits involved in mate choice (character displacement) is taxonomically widespread (Sætre et al. 1997; Marshall & Cooley 2000; Pfennig 2003; Coyne & Orr 2004; Peterson et al. 2005). Reproductive isolation in Darwin's finches appears to be entirely prezygotic as there is no evidence of genetic incompatibilities (Grant 1999). Nevertheless, selection could operate at the time of ecological disadvantage for the hybrids. An intriguing possibility is that song differences between sympatric species could be reinforced at this time, although we have no evidence for it.
Ecological character displacement, which is the enhancement of differences between sympatric species by natural selection, usually as a result of competition, can indirectly reinforce the difference in mating signals between species. Character displacement occurred on Daphne during a severe drought in 2004–2005 (figure 4). The population of G. magnirostris depleted the seed supply of Tribulus seeds, normally consumed by large-beaked G. fortis individuals. Over 90% of the G. fortis population died, leaving only relatively small birds that were capable of surviving on a diet of small seeds. The consequence was an evolutionary shift to a significantly smaller mean beak size in the next generation produced the following year (Grant & Grant 2006). This provides an example of how a barrier to interbreeding can be strengthened in the non-breeding season as a result of ecological factors, even though in this case the barrier was effective even before character displacement occurred.
7. Changes in beak shape
Evolutionary change in proportions is constrained to some extent by genetic variances of traits and genetic correlations between them (Schluter 1996; Seehausen 2004, 2006; Brakefield 2006; Herder et al. 2006). Introgression has the potential to increase the standing additive genetic variation governing traits and their phenotypic variation (figure 5), thereby allowing the population to more rapidly respond to selection. We estimated that introgression increased the additive genetic variance in six measured traits in G. fortis by 36–73% (mean 54.9) and in G. scandens by 2–69% (mean 32.2; Grant & Grant 1994). It may also facilitate evolution of the population along a novel trajectory by relaxing the genetic constraints imposed by correlations between traits such as beak length and depth (Grant & Grant 1994). Whether it does so or not depends, in part, on the magnitude of the genetic correlations and on their allometric relations. For example, the genetic correlation between beak width or depth and length is strong in G. fuliginosa, G. fortis and G. magnirostris, whereas it is weaker in G. scandens. Introgressive hybridization between species with different allometries such as G. fortis and G. scandens tends to weaken genetic correlations, thus potentially facilitating a change in shape that is relatively unconstrained genetically. On the other hand, when the interbreeding species have similar allometries, as in the case of G. fuliginosa and G. fortis, genetic correlations are strengthened as a result of gene exchange and change in shape is more tightly constrained (Grant & Grant 1994). The relative ease of size changes, compared with shape changes, may account for the small, medium and large forms that we see in both tree and ground finches, and frequently in other congeneric species of birds on continents as well as archipelagos (Price 2007).
Recent collaboration with Arkhat Abzhanov and Cliff Tabin on the genetics of beak development has thrown light on the underlying genetic reasons for the above patterns (Abzhanov et al. 2004, 2006). At day 6 in the developing finch embryo the expression of a growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), in the mesenchyme of upper beaks is associated with the development of a deep and broad adult beak. At this stage, Bmp4 is expressed in increasing amounts and over a larger domain in the sequence G. fuliginosa to G. fortis to G. magnirostris. At the same time, a calmodulin-dependent signalling pathway is involved in the development of beak length. The long and pointed-beaked G. scandens embryos strongly express calmodulin (CaM), but not Bmp4. Thus, Bmp4- and CaM-dependent signalling pathways are involved in growth along different beak axes (width or depth and length, respectively), and they do so independently and not antagonistically, thereby allowing the evolution of different beak shapes (Abzhanov et al. 2004, 2006). On the other hand, beak depth and width are more tightly constrained by the control of a single molecule, Bmp4.
8. Hybridization in the recent past
To determine whether introgressive hybridization has been a persistent feature throughout the history of the Darwin's finch radiation, we looked for indications of introgression on other islands in the recent past, by comparing allopatric and sympatric pairs of closely related species at 16 microsatellite loci that are presumed to be selectively neutral (Grant et al. 2005). Although sympatric species are morphologically distinct, we reasoned that if hybridization between closely related sympatric species has been a widespread phenomenon, two closely related species, call them A and B, should be more similar genetically to each other on the same island than either of them on that island (e.g. A) is to the other (B) on another island. In both ground and tree finches, we indeed found that closely related species were more similar to each other in sympatry than each species was to the other in allopatry (figure 6). Introgressive hybridization appears to have been occurring widely throughout the archipelago (Grant et al. 2005), and is perhaps continuing on several islands.
9. Conclusions & discussion
Three factors contribute to the barrier for interbreeding and an exchange of genes between Darwin's finch species: differences in song, morphology and ecological conditions during the dry season. The barrier breaks down with a simultaneous weakening of the differences. They hybridize when individuals learn the song of another species and morphological differences between them are small. When ecological conditions are suitable for the survival of F1 hybrids they backcross to the parental species. A long-term field study on Galápagos shows that such ecological conditions occur episodically.
The footprint of hybridization in the recent past elsewhere in the archipelago encourages us to think that the results of observing finches closely on the small island of Daphne for 35 years are generalizable to some degree. Similar to Lewontin & Birch (1966) and Svärdson (1970), we found that introgression had an enhancing effect on additive genetic variation. At different times hybrids have had relatively high or low fitness. Putting these results together with the repeated observation of natural selection, oscillating in direction, we suggest that episodic introgressive hybridization between relatively young species can be viewed profitably in a fission–fusion framework. Young species can fuse into one through hybridization; figure 7 illustrates this trajectory. Alternatively they may split apart through selection against intermediates; figure 4 helps to visualize this process. The alternative endpoints may take a long time to reach as the interbreeding populations, subject to fluctuations in environmental conditions, oscillate between fusion and fission tendencies (Grant & Grant 1997c, 2008).
The natural occurrence of introgressive hybridization is analogous to the process used by animal breeders, as discussed by Darwin (1868), to obtain new combinations of favoured traits by crossing lineages after a period of independent selection. In nature it occurs mainly between young species (figure 8), and is evident in several young adaptive radiations including those of butterflies (Mallett 2005), cichlid fish (Kocher 2004; Seehausen 2006) and primates (Arnold 2006; Patterson et al. 2006). With the lapse of time introgression declines, for two reasons: species diverge in morphological and behavioural traits and no longer recognize each other as potential mates (pre-mating isolation), and they diverge genetically with the result that if they interbreed their offspring are relatively inviable or infertile (post-mating isolation). Figure 8 illustrates the early and late stages of divergence, which contrasts the relatively unimpeded introgression in Darwin's finches with partial sterility-limited introgression in Ficedula flycatchers in Scandinavia (Sætre et al. 2001).
Divergence and a decline in introgression with time implies that introgression has the largest evolutionary effect after some morphological, ecological and genetic differences between species have arisen, but before the point is reached when genetic incompatibilities incur a severe fitness cost (Grant et al. 2004; Grant & Grant 2008). As a corollary, if species that diverge in allopatry do not encounter each other until after this stage has been reached, perhaps in large continental areas or at times of climatic stability, their evolutionary dynamics will not be affected by introgression. Hence, adaptive radiations, which are driven by strong selective pressures and introgressive hybridization, may be dependent upon frequent opportunities for differentiated populations to establish sympatry. This means that they are more likely to occur in spatially confined environments than in large expansive ones.
A second, less obvious and more speculative implication of the proposed decline in introgression is that species are more likely to become extinct when they cease to interbreed. They might do so because they have to respond to the challenge of environmental change in the absence of an augmented supply of genetic variation from introgression. Extinction of relatives is one possible factor contributing to the explanation for why older species differ from each other in morphology and ecology to a pronounced degree. The other reason is they have had a long time to diverge through natural selection and random drift. The pattern is illustrated by the four oldest living species at the base of the Darwin's finch radiation; warbler finch (Certhidea), Pinaroloxias (Cocos Island finch), the sharp-beaked ground finch (G. difficilis) and vegetarian finch (Platyspiza). They are so distinct from each other that they span the entire morphological space of the present day radiation (Grant & Grant 2008). Unlike the more recently derived species they are not known to hybridize (Grant 1999).
The same pattern of morphological disparity and ecological diversity at the base of the phylogeny has been noted as a common trend in other radiations (e.g. Lovette & Bermingham 1999; Harmon et al. 2003; Seehausen 2006). Fission–fusion dynamics were probably played out in the early stages of these radiations, as indicated by frequent hybridization in the newer species, but being a transient stage in the radiation they have left no record in older species apart from faint echoes in their genomes (Patterson et al. 2006; Linnen & Farrell 2007; Peters et al. 2007). A challenge for the future is to refine methods of inferring the effects of introgression in the past and to take advantage of the rapidly increasing amounts of available genomic data. Complementary field studies of current hybridization are needed to interpret the causes and consequences of hybridization in the past.
We thank the Galápagos National Parks Service and Charles Darwin Research Station for permission to carry out the fieldwork and for logistical support. We thank Nora Brede and Klaus Schwenk for the invitation to the stimulating symposium on hybridization, and the many field assistants over the years who helped to make this work possible. The research has been supported by grants from the National Science and Environmental Research Council (Canada) and the National Science Foundation (USA).
One contribution of 16 to a Theme Issue 'Hybridization in animals: extent, processes and evolutionary impact'.
- © 2008 The Royal Society


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Ashley Cunning is your typical
"outcast". She's 19 years old and has lost everything. She's built up walls and no one can get in except for her best friend Amber. What happens when she catches the eye of none other than Tony Perry, the guitarist of her favorite band Pierce The Veil. Will he be able to get inside the walls built up around Ashley or will it leave them both hurt in the end.
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WATCH: Woman mysteriously vanishes during live TV broadcast
COPENHAGEN: Footage of a woman at an airport chatting to fellow travellers, and vanishing seconds later into thin air, has baffled the viewers.
The woman turns to grab her suitcase from the conveyor belt… and vanishes into thin air without warning. What was that?
The clip, which is months old, showing precisely that happening live on Danish television has left people's heads spinning.
During an interview at an airport on the SportsCenter show on Denmark's TV channel, a woman to the left of the frame in the background chats to another passenger as she awaits her luggage.
As her pal passes by with a bag trolley, the mysterious woman appears to evaporate with a man- leaving no trace of her former presence next to the carousel.
Users came up with range of theories with some calling her a magic person, ghost while others simply viewed it as a camera trick.


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The immigrant parents of Walter Polovchak, who sparked an international custody battle by seeking political asylum in the United States, left for home in the Ulkraine without their 13-year-old son, but vowed to pursue their custody battle despite his desire to stay in America.
The boy's attorney disclosed that the US government has agreed to turn over the youth to his parents if they win the custody case now before the state appellate court.
Walter's family came to the US in January 1980. But when his parents decided last summer to return to the Soviet Ukraine, Walter and his sister, Natalie, 18, ran away, securing political asylum from the State Department. The boy, now living with an aunt, told officials he would commit suicide if he had to return to the Soviet Union.
Soviets have accused the US of abducting the boy, saying that his continued detention jeopardized relations between the two countries.


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rm [options] files
DescriptionDelete one or more files. To remove a file, you must have write permission in the directory that contains the file, but you need not have permission on the file itself. If you do not have write permission on the file, you will be prompted (y or n) to override. rm is often aliased to rm -i, especially for the root user, to protect against inadvertently deleting files.
Options-d, --directory
Remove directories, even if they are not empty. Available only to a privileged user.
-f, --force
Remove write-protected files without prompting.
Print a help message and then exit.
-i, --interactive
Prompt for y (remove the file) or n (do not remove the file).
Do not treat root (/) specially. This is the default.
Do not operate recursively on root (/).
-r, -R, --recursive
If file is a directory, remove the entire directory and all its contents, including subdirectories. Be forewarned: use of this option can be dangerous.
-v, --verbose
Verbose mode (print the name of each file before removing it).
Print version information and then exit.
Mark the end of options. Use this when you need to supply a filename beginning with -.


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Outer Banks Storm The Beach is set for June 15, 2015. The Event is a short walk down the beach at nearby Jennettes' Pier in Nags Head. Storm the Beach is the only Adventure/Obstacle course held on the beautiful oceanfront beaches of the Outer Banks. Run, crawl, carry, and endure the challenging and fun sand filled course held this year at Jennettes' Pier in Nags Head, North Carolina.
Nags Head Inn is featuring an Outer Banks Hotel Special for the weekend of the Outer Banks Storm The Beach.
Outer Banks Storm The Beach Hotel Special:
Get 10% discount off standard rates and late 1PM check out on Sunday for race participants. Please use the promo code when booking online.
Promo Code =OBXRUN2
>Book your outer banks hotel room online now


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House of Dreams annual Spring Plant Sale and Vegan Bake Sale
Saturday April 25th, 2015
10am - 3pm at 1923 SE 58th Ave
(between Hawthorne & Lincoln)
We hope to see you there! All proceeds directly benefit all the kitties at House of Dreams.
We're still accepting salable plants and pots so please email firstname.lastname@example.com to arrange a donation.


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Web Services
MWCIL web services offers a full range of Internet based services designed to provide low-cost, high quality, and maintainable web sites that are fully accessible to all individuals.
Web Design
Our organization can design and develop a comprehensive web site for you based on your ideas, information and existing documents.
Our experience with graphics and logical presentation will result in a web site that will bring attention and notice to your organization.
Additional features include full accessibility of your site, "hit" counters, fill-out forms, videos and calendars.
Web Hosting
Web sites are hosted on leading computer hardware and web server software. We provide 24/7 services to ensure access to your web site at all times. MWCIL currently has a T-1 line for Internet access and full master backups are done daily.
Our servers are connected to the Internet by Allegiance Telecom, which provides business access to the Internet throughout the country. All web sites are provided with RFTP (restricted file transfer protocol) user accounts for updating and changes to your site.
Web Page Maintenance
If you are not interested in maintaining your own site, or do not have staff available for this task, you can purchase updates to your web site on a hourly fee basis.
Domain Name Registration
MWCIL can register and/or transfer an existing domain name, or set up a new domain name that reflects your organization.


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Reseller Program
Our exciting Sticky Password reseller program is simple to join and manage. You'll receive generous discounts from the outset, with no initial quota requirements. Order your products and marketing materials online, and get priority access to our world-class support team. (Of course, if you'd prefer to purchase through one of our distributors, you can do that too – the choice is yours.)
- Flexible, competitive pricing
- No minimum sales quotas
- Generous starting discount for resellers of any size
- Tiered discount structure rewards proactive sales
- Easy online ordering
- Broad-based marketing support
- Priority access to customer and technical support
- Preferential pricing for government, non-profit, and education sales
Sticky Password is used by consumers and SMBs around the world to make online transactions more secure, more private and more convenient on fixed and mobile devices. It's also used to power big-name security vendors' password management solutions like Kaspersky Labs, so you know it's passed some demanding tests.
Become a Reseller
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An error has occurred while sending your question. Please try again later. We apologize for any inconvenience.
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Our response time on business days is typically 24 hours.
However, sometimes traffic volumes may delay this a little.
We've also sent you a copy of your query to


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Baubles by Maclyn
Baubles by Maclyn specializes in sterling silver and genuine gemstone jewelry for women of every style. We carry the largest selection of fabulously priced jewelry - one of a kinds, handmade and costume - ideal for any gift giving and special occasion or, the everyday treat for yourself!
See our fun tree of gift ideas and more!


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HUNT VALLEY, Md., Aug. 4 (UPI) -- Carmen Electra has been named the new face of Max Factor Cosmetics.
In making the announcement, a Max Factor official said the wife of rocker Dave Navarro "embodies the glamour and spirit" of the Hunt Valley, Md.-based company's products.
Founder Max Factor was the first to come up with the celebrity endorsement concept, starting with actress Clara Bow in the 1920s, the company said in a news release Thursday.
Electra joins a list of luminaries including Rita Hayworth, Marilyn Monroe, Jean Harlow, Jaclyn Smith and Denise Richards as Max Factor endorsers.


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Pusan, Republic Of Korea – ATO is pleased to announce that BounceBounce 1.0.1 is free for a limited time. It's a good time to enjoy this innovative game that is unlike common ball rollers. This game is very simple and does not need any complicated control except tilting. Completely addictive! Once you play, you cannot stop it!
This game is motivated by bouncing a ball on the racket as much as possible. With the tilt sensor in your device, it becomes a racket, and the ball bouncing on the racket can be driven to the specific point as a tilt of the device. In this game, the ball bounces on the various types of panels instead of the racket and the ball should be driven from a start panel to a goal panel passed by several obstacle panels.
This game is featured "New & Noteworthy" in both Arcade and Puzzle Games sections, because of its highly tuned 3D graphic performance, addictiveness, cute UI, and many other reasons.
Features in this game:
* Designed 80 standard stages which make the most of the panel's characteristics
* Up to 50 user stages which can be generated randomly under the various settings which determine the stage configurations after clearing all standard stages
* Up to 6 game slots which can be created new game slots
* Choice one of 3 play levels – easy, normal and hard
* 9 different types of panels
* 5 stage levels which have the different difficulty as the number of obstacles of each stage
* Time and count attack game modes
Device Requirements:
* iPhone, iPod touch and iPad
* Requires iOS 3.0 or later
Pricing and Availability:
BounceBounce 1.0.1 is free (or equivalent amount in other currencies) and available worldwide exclusively through the App Store in the Games category.
BounceBounce 1.0.1
Download from iTunes
Screenshot 1
Screenshot 2
App Icon
ATO was founded in 2010 by 3 developers who have rich experience in car embedded systems. Copyright (C) 2011 ATO. All Rights Reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, iPhone, iPod and iPad are registered trademarks of Apple Inc. in the U.S. and/or other countries.


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Once certificates and keys are issued, you need an efficient way to deliver them to the countless mobile devices in play and prevent the export of the certificates to ensure they are used for their original purpose.
Workarounds in issuing and delivering certificates to mobile devices can expose private keys and weaken the intended security design. In addition, different device platforms, models and versions each handle certificate and key storage in different ways and require customized approaches to loading certificates. Certificate and key delivery methods that try to deliver with a "one-size-fits-all" approach often ends up generating the user's private key remotely and copying it to the device over public wire/air which leaves it vulnerable to breach. Some processes also result in fully exportable certificates being sent to the device. This can result in an increased possibility of private key exposure, the potential for certificates and keys to be copied, and the inability to maintain legal non-repudiation for these users on their mobile devices.


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China– President is back in China again after a brief return to his hideout in Singapore last week.
His guest, Chinese President, Xi Jinping said on Monday that China is willing to encourage capable companies to invest in Zimbabwe and expand mutually beneficial cooperation.
Xi made the remarks when meeting with his Zimbabwean counterpart, Robert Gabriel Mugabe, at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse.
Xi told Mugabe that China appreciates the African country's firm support for China on issues related to its core interests and major concerns.
China will continue to back Zimbabwe in safeguarding its national sovereignty, security and development interests, as well as support the development path chosen by the Zimbabwean people, said Xi.
In December 2015, Xi paid a state visit to Zimbabwe and attended a summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in Johannesburg, South Africa, in which he announced a series of plans to enhance China-Africa cooperation.
The outcomes of the summit and the consensus between him and Mugabe on lifting ties are being actively implemented, Xi said, noting the two countries have cooperated in infrastructure, agriculture and other fields.


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Testosterone deficiency becoming more common
Date: 2011-01-18 13:36:50
As men age, their testosterone levels tend to decrease. This can have a major impact on their quality of life. However, testosterone testing may help them to be diagnosed with the problem and allow their doctors to start looking for a solution.... Full Story
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Questions about online blood testing or how to order a lab test? Click here to get started or call us toll-free at 1.877.283.7882. Our certified professionals are ready to assist you.Back to top


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Firewatch Activated Full PC Game Download
Firewatch is played from a first person adventure game, which is an independent studio debut Campo Santo. Action Firewatch PC Download brings us to an unspecified forest in the US state of Wyoming. The player takes the role of the guard, whose job is to look after the surrounding area of the lodge. Taking care of your order and information on forest fires are the main tasks of the main character. At least until something strange starts to happen in the quiet woods yet.
The main objective of the game is to explore to find the cause of strange phenomena. During the nonlinear traveling hero accompanied only voice in a radio amateur. It belongs to the superior character named Deliah. This strange relationship can degenerate over time into a much deeper relationship. Depending on the choices, it can keep, or be strained and enter a less friendly tracks. If it interests us, it is also because it is the first game published by Panic, a historical Mac who became known for its utilitarian professionals. Most of the work, ie the development itself, was provided by Campo Santo, game editor who cut his teeth with this title, but that is formed by the creators of the game The Walking Dead, among others .
After three years of development, the result is very encouraging, as far as we could judge before. Firewatch has an atmosphere of its own, thanks to this female character that adds a humorous touch, and often these beautiful surroundings. In addition, the first tests are often very positive, but they note that it is not a title where the player is very active, rather an interactive story that we follow throughout quietly. Adding that it is short enough: Approximately 5 hours of play after the first returns.
Firewatch Full PC Game Download
Filename : Firewatch – InstallShield Wizard
File Extension : exe
Platform : PC
Language : ENG, FR, PL, IT, DE, RU
Disk space required : 4 GB
System Requirements ( Minimum / Recommended )
Minimum requirements:
- OS: Windows / Vista / 7 / 8 / 8.1 / 10
- CPU: Intel Core i3-2115C 2.0GHz or AMD Athlon II X3 460
- Graphics Card: NVIDIA GeForce GTS 450 v4 or AMD Radeon HD 6770
- Sound: Yes
- Disk Space: 4 GB
- OS: Windows / Vista / 7 / 8 / 8.1 / 10
- CPU: INTEL Core i3-550 3.2GHz or AMD Athlon II X4 620
- Graphics Card: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 560 Ti or AMD Radeon HD 6950
- Sound: Yes
- Disk Space: 4 GB
Firewatch Download Game
Images game Firewatch
How to installation Firewatch
- 1. Download the installer from our website (using the download)
- 2. Then run the ".exe" and start to install the game
- 3. During the installation, then follow the instructions
- 4. The game starts automatically download and install.
- 5. Wait until the installation is complete
- 6. Then pop up with the download key, and then activate the game
- 7. Play IT!
thanks for the job


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Creatures of Light
Have you ever captured a glowing firefly? On a warm summer evening, a firefly's light seems rare and magical. Yet the tree of life is spangled with organisms that blink, glow, flash, and glitter. Welcome to the world of bioluminescence—the generation of light by living things.
Explore the diversity of organisms that glow and learn how scientists study this amazing natural phenomenon in the latest exhibition from the American Museum of Natural History, now on view.
John Sparks is curator-in-charge and associate curator in the Department of Ichthyology. His research interests include the evolution of bioluminescent signaling systems in marine fishes.
Discover extraordinary organisms that produce light, from the flickering fireflies found in backyards across the Northeast to the deep-sea fishes that illuminate the perpetually dark ocean.
Find related programs, links to articles about bioluminescent animals, information about the Young Naturalist Awards, and more.
Watch a collection of videos related to the exhibition.
Educator Materials
Travel with your students from a warm summer meadow to the deep sea to explore the phenomenon of bioluminescense with this practical and printable exhibit guide.
Creatures of Light: Nature's Bioluminescence is organized by the American Museum of Natural History, New York, in collaboration with the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Canada, and The Field Museum, Chicago.
Generous support for Creatures of Light has been provided by the Eileen P. Bernard Exhibition Fund.


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Destiny's Child to perform medley at Super Bowl: Report
Beyonce's former Destiny's Child bandmates will be more than just fleeting guests during her Super Bowl half-time show – the trio is reuniting for a three-song medley.
Beyonce will reportedly perform her Crazy in Love anthem before introducing former bandmates Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams to the stage for renditions of their hits Bills, Bills, Bills and Survivor. The girls will then perform new song Nuclear, which has been recorded for their upcoming love songs album.
The big get-together will take place at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome on Feb. 3.


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Carollo Real Estate's Upcoming Open House In Whitestone
Plan your weekend around Carollo Real Estate's Open House In Whitestone. We invite prospective buyers and their families to join us on Sat August 8, 2014 Between 12:30-2:30 to view this Beautiful Sunny And Spacious Single Family Colonial Home For Sale In Malba Gardens. Located In The Heart Of Whitestone This Corner Property Features 3 Bedrooms, 2 Baths, Living Room, Formal Dining Room And Eat-In-Kitchen. Wall To Wall Carpeting And Hardwood Flooring. Close To All Highways And Express Bus To The City. A Must See! Located at 11-02 147th St, Whitestone NY 11357. We'll see you there!!! For More Details Please Call Carollo Real Estate At (718)747-7747/224-3083 Or Visit Carollo Real Estate


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Looking to Buy a New 2017 Ford F-150, Escape, Fusion, Focus or SuperDuty?
F. X. Caprara Ford, serving Oswego, Fulton, Central Square and Camden, is your one-stop shopping center for Ford models
Whether it's the Ford F-150, Escape, Fusion, Focus or SuperDuty, F. X. Caprara Ford carries a wide range of models to meet your driving needs. Listed here are the various new 2017 Ford models we offer at our Pulaski dealership. Simply let us know which model you're interested in and we here at F. X. Caprara Ford will get you behind the wheel and on your way home in your next new car.
Choosing F. X. Caprara Ford Doesn't Simply End with a New Car: We Also Offer a Wide Range of Owner Services to Pulaski Drivers
Here at F. X. Caprara Ford, our team of car service and maintenance professionals proudly serve Oswego, Fulton, Central Square and Camden. Simply put, they are here to ensure that every model in our lineup offers exceptional quality and performance from the day you drive it home and throughout your entire ownership experience. It's just one of the many ways we continue looking out for our customers in Pulaski here at F. X. Caprara Ford.


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Request a Free Callback
for detailed proposal for Dedicated Developers
Any business organization or entrepreneur willing to step into the e-commerce world, need to hire magento developers, for symmetric scripting of the websites and portals. The increasing influx of websites over the internet, makes it difficult to distinguish your business portfolio. So you need an expert advice and planning for your business to get a grand customer base. If you want to hire magento developer UK, then Promaestros is best option. We provides magento developer in uk and offering most flexible and classy platforms to empower your business. Each portal we design is highly customized as per your business genre. Scalability is an important feature that helps your business grows.
Request a Free Callback
for detailed proposal for Dedicated Developers
We carry out magento development UK with highest proficiency to mobilize your scale of operations. You can walk in for more queries and satisfactory performance evaluation.
Or Send Free Quote Req: (* - required)
As a marketing tool, the website has built strong brand awareness, presenting a professional company image. It has built and maintained customer relationships through regular emails and occasional newsletters, improving customer loyalty.


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It is day four of this year's MasterChef The professionals. Last night the judges – chefs Michel Roux Jr and Monica Galetti – put only one of the second two chefs through to the finals. 25-year-old Tom from the Cotswolds booked is place in the Masterchef The Professionals finals after displaying that he had what it takes to become a master chef.
Today, the last two chefs will go head to head to see if they have what it takes to survive under pressure in a fast moving kitchen and also to surprise the judges with a meal that is simply out of this world.
The two chefs going head to head on Thursday are Luke from London, and Scott from St. Andrews.
Michel Roux Jr and Monica Galetti send the pair into service at the much acclaimed, self-titled restaurant run by Sat Bains. The first restaurant in Nottingham to earn a Michelin star in 2002, it won its second in 2011.
The chefs must now deliver in the heat of service and reach the exacting standards of Michelin star cuisine. They will each be responsible for a highly complex dish from the restaurants tasting menu that must be executed with precision, finesse, and on time. No mistakes will be tolerated.
There is no rest for the chefs, because after a relentless service the chefs must cook again recreating one of Sat Bains's signature dishes which celebrates the girolle: pickled and sautéed mushrooms, braised oxtail, with a watercress panna cotta, and a chive buerre noisette.
To reach Sat's standards, the chefs must show an understanding of the concept behind the dish as well as perfect execution and presentation.
After their time in the 2 star restaurant, the chefs return to the studio for one last challenge before Monica and Michel decide on their future in the competition. In this daunting final test, they must produce a main and dessert inspired by their Michelin experience in just two hours – they simply have to stun the judges with their cooking. Any mistake now could cost them the competition, so with the pressure firmly on, it is a tense and thrilling battle. Once Michel and Monica have judged their two courses, they must decide who deserves a place in the finals.


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SOURCE: TopLine Federal Credit Union
June 22, 2011 11:24 ET
Credit Union Partners With MoneyPass® to Offer Additional Fee-Free ATM Locations
Credit Union Partners With MoneyPass® to Offer Additional Fee-Free ATM Locations
MAPLE GROVE, MN--(Marketwire - Jun 22, 2011) - Recognizing the need to offer members additional convenience and more choices to access their money, TopLine recently joined the MoneyPass surcharge-free ATM network. With over 20,000 additional fee-free ATM locations across the country, TopLine members will enjoy more convenience to a fee-free ATM where they live, work, shop and travel.
The nationwide MoneyPass network expands TopLine's current fee-free ATM network that includes Starsf ®, Allpoint™ and Co-Op®, and offers access to the increasing demand of surcharge-free ATM transactions. Some of the expanded fee-free locations include U.S. Bank branches and Wal-Marts.
"As consumers become more cost-conscious, and look for more convenient ways to access their TopLine account, joining the MoneyPass ATM network was an easy decision for us," said Harry Carter, President and CEO of TopLine. "By participating in a growing surcharge-free ATM network, TopLine can help our members save by reducing ATM fee expenses and expand the reach of self-service capabilities without additional costs. It's all part of our commitment to providing our member-owners with savings and the ease of doing their banking business with us."
MoneyPass is a network of Elan Financial Services, part of U.S. Bank, one of the nation's leading providers of comprehensive ATM and debit card processing solutions for financial institutions, Independent Sales Organizations and retailers. MoneyPass provides surcharge-free access at more than 20,000 ATMs across the United States.
TopLine Federal Credit Union, a Twin Cities-based credit union, is Minnesota's 13th largest, with assets of more than $300 million. Established in 1935, TopLine has been a member-owned financial cooperative, a banking institution that's safe, local and, most importantly, owned and democratically controlled by their members. TopLine offers a complete line of financial services from its five locations -- in St. Paul's Como Park, and in Brooklyn Park, Edina, Maple Grove and Plymouth -- as well as by phone and online at www.TopLinecu.com. Membership is available to anyone who lives, works, worships, attends school or volunteers in Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott or Washington Counties and their immediate family members.
CONTACT:Vicki Roscoe Erickson
Assistant Vice President, Marketing
TopLine Federal Credit firstname.lastname@example.com
CONTACT:Vicki Roscoe Erickson
Assistant Vice President, Marketing
TopLine Federal Credit email@example.com
See all RSS Newsfeeds


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Over the past ten years, a host of scrappy grassroots campaigns across the country have successfully pushed through living-wage ordinances in 112 cities and counties. The individual wins are significant, but they add up to a big-picture victory, too–the expression "living wage" has seeped into the national discourse, along with the notion that working families shouldn't have to rely on public assistance or private charity to make it from month to month.
Yet the federal minimum wage remains stalled for the eighth year in a row at $5.15 an hour–a shocking $10,712 annually for fifty-two weeks of full-time work. This, of course, at the same time the Bush Administration unblushingly escorts the wealthiest Americans onto the tax-break gravy train.
"Certainly $5.15 an hour is not a living wage," scoffs Robert Pollin, economics professor at the University of Massachusetts and one of the nation's leading experts on the economics of living-wage law. If the minimum wage had been raised with inflation and the productivity rate since 1968, when the minimum wage was at its peak, Pollin says, it would be $14.50 an hour. Activists have long recognized the stalemate at the federal level that has arrested the minimum wage at subpar standards, and the living wage was an attempt to remedy that.
Local living-wage laws may have moral power, but they are limited in actual scope. Early living-wage efforts pegged the wage rate around a modest $7.50 an hour and raised the pay of a relatively small number of workers–those employed by companies holding contracts with a city or that receive municipal subsidies. Workers who toil in notoriously low-wage private-sector jobs–filling orders at Micky D's or stocking shelves at the local big-box store–haven't been in on the boost.
Fair-wage activists have been well aware of these shortcomings. As the living-wage movement marks its tenth year, organizers are looking to cast a wider net and cover greater numbers of employees with each new measure. The ultimate hope is to use local political openings to exert upward pressure on wages. "With the first generation of living-wage laws, they learned how to do it, how to set the terms of the debate," says Pollin. "Now they're ready for the next step."
That next step is a push for minimum-wage laws that affect all (or most) low-wage workers in a given city. In 2003 activists in Santa Fe won a law requiring nearly all employers to pay at least $8.50 an hour; in San Francisco, the movement won a living-wage law affecting all employers with more than ten workers. Madison, Wisconsin, followed suit this year, albeit at a lower rate, when the City Council there passed a minimum wage starting at $5.76, set to phase up to $7.75 in a city with a somewhat lower cost of living. San Francisco's new ordinance affects some 50,000 workers (compared with 12,000 under a previous living-wage ordinance there); while Santa Fe's covers 30,000 and Madison's 17,200.


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Your business has a story to tell.
Your readers and potential clients need to connect with you and your story if they're going to give up their time, and most importantly, their money.
But maybe you're not a great writer or you absolutely hate writing.
Maybe you're not getting the website and social media traffic you want or responses to your print ads.
Maybe you know your brand needs consistency across all forms of media — website, social media profiles, print materials, etc. — but you don't know how or have the time to deal with it.
And lastly, you're losing clients or not getting new ones and have no idea why or what to do to fix it.
I can help.
Whether you just need someone to consult with on the best ways to improve your brand's message, look, and feel, or you need help writing and crafting compelling content for your online presence and print materials, I can help you achieve success.
As a 2015 American Advertising Award winning copy editor, a successful writer, and creative consultant, I work with businesses like yours to help you look and sound good online and in print.
Check out my services, portfolio, and testimonials to see what I can do to help you take your business to the next level.


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SOMERS, N.Y. -- The Somers Chamber of Commerce will celebrate its 2014 Citizens of the Year on Thursday, May 22, at the Villa Barone in Mahopac.
The event will be held from 6-9 p.m. The Villa Barone is at 466 Route 6, Suite 2, Mahopac.
Honorees are The Somers Lions Club, Fred Whipple and Theresa Reda.
The Somers Lions Club was chartered in 1966. Since that time, the club has been involved in many projects that have benefited the citizens of Somers and local charities.
Whipple has been a volunteer firefighter for 54 years, including the last 48 years as a volunteer in Somers.
For 26 years, Theresa Reda, a Somers Central School District K-5 social worker who is in charge of administering the free and reduced-price meal plan for students, has been instrumental in organizing the effort to provide assistance to these families during the holidays.
Tickets for the event are $75 per person, or $70 per person for a table of 10.
Parties of 10 or more should send checks payable to: SCOC, P.O Box 602, Somers, NY 10598.
For parties of fewer than 10, click here http://somerschamber.com/events/viewevent?id=53 to register for this event
For more information, contact firstname.lastname@example.com or call 276-3904.
Click here to sign up for Daily Voice's free daily emails and news alerts.


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Wind turbines and the Sun, artwork
C014/7004 Rights Managed
530 pixels on longest edge, unwatermarked
Request/Download high-res file
Uncompressed file size: 50.3MB
Downloadable file size: 825.7KB
Please login to use the price calculator
Credit: DETLEV VAN RAVENSWAAY/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Release details: Model release not required. Property release not required.
Keywords: artwork, device, dusk, ecofriendly, environmental science, environmentally friendly, equipment, evening, illustration, industrial, industry, machine, machines, setting sun, silhouette, silhouetted, silhouettes, sun, sunset, technological, technology, twilight, wind farm, wind power, wind turbine, wind turbines
Licence fees: A licence fee will be charged for any media (low or high resolution) used in your project.


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5 Lobbying Firms with more influence over the Brexit process than you/
Last week Theresa May announced that she was not planning to involve Parliament in the Brexit process. She claimed that those who wanted Parliament to have a say 'are not standing up for democracy, they're trying to subvert it'. Whatever you think about Brexit, allowing the Prime Minister to exercise this much power single handedly is a dangerous precedent to set. Whilst the people voted for Brexit, they voted to take back control, not give the Prime Minister a blank cheque. There are a very large number of decisions that are going to be taken about how Brexit is implemented and the effects that this has on all our lives. It is only right that our elected representatives are involved in holding the government to account and representing our views.
So far the public have been frozen out of the Brexit process, meanwhile research by Spinwatch shows that powerful corporate lobbyists are gaining more influence than ever. As businesses clamour over each other vying for the ear of a minister before any decisions are made, specialist 'Brexit' units in lobbying firms have sprung up to capitalize on the uncertainty surrounding the next steps for Britain. These well-connected firms contain ex-spads and even ministers showing businesses the best way to get what they want out of the negotiations. They have former employees in government positions, ensuring there's always a friendly voice on the other end of the phone. So let's meet the lobbying firms who have more say over Brexit than you:
1 ) Interel
Founded by newly appointed Northern Ireland Minister Andrew Dunlop, Interel has taken full advantage of the revolving door. The firm promises to put clients 'in touch with the top influencers in the Brexit process', and chances are they can deliver; lobbyist Oli Waghorn was also a former special advisor to Liam Fox. They also have a friend in the treasury, as former lobbyist Graham Hook now works for Philip Hammond.
2) Hanover
Run by John Major's former press secretary, Hanover has plenty of contacts in the current government so their clients shouldn't have too much trouble voicing their Brexit concerns. Former employees have gone on to be special advisors to Defence Secretary Michael Fallon, Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt and Communities Secretary Sajid Javid. Hanover's lobbyists will no doubt utilise their former colleagues when protecting the interests of clients like pharmaceutical giant Pfizer, fracking firm Cuadrilla and big bankers Goldman Sachs.
3) Portland
Portland has set up a dedicated Brexit unit ready to show clients 'how they can enter the debate'. No doubt they will be helped along by their connections at No. 10; three of Portland's former lobbyists are now working as advisors to Theresa May. Clients will also have the benefit of current employees who include former Ambassador to the EU, an ex-City minister, and Michael Portillo.
4) Quiller Consultants
On its website Quiller boasts that their consultants have 'worked at senior levels in government'. The revolving door also spins the other way and they have several ex-employees ideally placed to help them and their clients take advantage of Brexit negotiations. Poised in pole position is former Quiller's boss George Bridges who is now a junior minister in the department for Brexit. Former lobbyist Stephen Parkinson is also a political secretary to Theresa May, should they need the help of the PM.
US lobbying firm Teneo has created a dedicated 'Brexit Client Transition Unit' ready to protect the interests of clients like Coca-Cola, HSBC, Nissan and McDonalds. They've brought in the big guns by hiring former Conservative Party leader and foreign secretary William Hague. I'm sure he'll have no problem getting having a quiet word with his former fellow cabinet members on behalf of big business. They're also hoping to bring Cameron's former spin doctor, Sir Craig Oliver, on board. Formerly known as 'Sir Spin' he'll likely have a wealth of insider information and close contacts to help Teneo's clients take advantage of Brexit.
There is a real danger that those of us who can't afford to hire a lobbying firm to voice our concerns about Brexit, or who lack friends in high places, will just have to sit back and see what happens. As for Theresa May's claims that her government is driven 'not by the interests of the rich and powerful, but by the interests of ordinary, working class people', whilst lobbying is left unchecked and the revolving door keeps spinning it doesn't look like it is going to be case.


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Vancouver, BC (PRWEB) August 28, 2013
Launching September 2013, the Hockey PLUS is the most recent addition to the Footlogics Canada family. This high end, high performance insole will make the most tired and sore skaters feel like they have a new pair of feet.
The Footlogics Hockey PLUS works by supporting the arch and re-aligning the foot, improving balance and providing more stability and control.
The extra cushioning that is provided by the Hockey PLUS doesn't come in the form of bulk; these slim and sleekly designed orthotic insoles are at the forefront of off-the-shelf orthotics insole technology.
With more biomechanical control, power strides, edging, stopping and push-offs become increasingly efficient, which reduces the fatigue in the legs and feet of even the most seasoned skaters. The cushioning top layer and embedded gel pads provide excellent comfort in both the heel and the forefoot.
"No other sport insole compares to the Footlogics Hockey PLUS in terms of comfort, performance and quality", President of Footlogics Canada, Lorna Boyle. "The Hockey PLUS insole not only supports and realigns, it offers the skater more control and less fatigue all while boasting maximum cushioning."
Each Footlogics Hockey PLUS provides the wearer with a high quality, low cost alternative to expensive and less effective alternatives. The Hockey PLUS features a cushioning PU base, gel padding in the heel and forefoot, an anti-odor micro-fiber top cover, built in metatarsal rise, longitudinal arch support and a hard TPU plastic shell all wrapped up in this slim and lightweight design.
Once again, Footlogics Canada is on the cutting edge of off-the-shelf orthotic insole design. The Hockey PLUS will be available in sport stores across Canada September 2013.


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A beautiful Madam was having trouble with one of her studens in 1st Grade
class. Madam asked,"Boy. what is your problem?"
Boy answered, "I'm too smart for the first-grade.My sister is in the
third-grade and I'm smarter than she is! I think I should be in the 4th
Madam had enough. She took the Boy to the principal's office. While the Boy
waited in the outer office, madam explained to the principal what the
situation was. The principal told Madam he would give the boy a test and if
he failed to answer any of his
questions he was to go back to the first-grade and behave.She agreed.
the Boy was brought in and the conditions were explained to him and he
agreed to take the test.
Principal: "What is 3 x 3?"
Boy.: "9".
Principal: "What is 6 x 6?"
Boy.: "36".
And so it went with every question the principal thought a 4th grade should
know. The principal looks at Madam and tells her, "I think Boy can go to the
4th grade."
Madam says to the principal, "I have some of my own questions.
Can I ask him ?" The principal and Boy both agreed.
Madam asks, "What does a cow have four of that I have only two of"?
Boy, after a moment "Legs."
Madam: "What is in your pants that you have but I do not have?"
Boy.: "Pockets."
Madam: What starts with a C and ends with a T, is hairy, oval,
delicious and contains thin whitish liquid?
Boy.: Coconut
Madam: What goes in hard and pink then comes out soft And sticky?
The principal's eyes open really wide and before he could stop the answer,
Boy was taking charge.
Boy.: Bubblegum
The principal's eyes open really wide and before he could stop the answer....
Madam: You stick your poles inside me. You tie me down to get me up. I get
wet before you do.
Boy.: Tent
Madam: A finger goes in me. You fiddle with me when you're bored. The best
man always has me first.
The Principal was looking restless, a bit tense and took one large Patiala
Vodka peg.
Boy.: Wedding Ring
Madam: I come in many sizes. When I'm not well, I drip. When you blow me,
you feel good.
Boy.: Nose
Madam: I have a stiff shaft. My tip penetrates. I come with a quiver.
Boy.: Arrow
Madam: What word starts with a 'F' and ends in 'K' that means lot of heat
and excitement?
Boy.: Firetruck
Madam: What word starts with a 'F' and ends in 'K' & if u dont get it, u
have to use urhand.
Boy.: Fork
Madam: What is it that all men have one of it's longer on some men than on
others, the pope doesn't use his and a man gives it to his wife after
they're married?
Boy.: SURNAME.
Madam: What part of the man has no bone but has muscles, has lots of veins,
like pumping, & is responsible for making love ?
Boy.: HEART.
The principal breathed a sigh of relief and said to the teacher,
"Send this Boy to
I got the last ten questions wrong myself!".
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Hi Heard the downlink this morning at 8.30 local time in SW UK Heard IW4DVZ Very strong audio Tried to uplink but had no luck. 73 Pete _______________________________________________ Sent via email@example.com. Opinions expressed are those of the author. Not an AMSAT-NA member? Join now to support the amateur satellite program! Subscription settings: http://amsat.org/mailman/listinfo/amsat-bb
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Cellulose Powdered
Excipient (pharmacologically inactive substance)
What is it?
Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is refined wood pulp. It is a white, free-flowing powder. Chemically, it is an inert substance, is not degraded during digestion and has no appreciable absorption. In large quantities it provides dietary bulk and may lead to a laxative effect.
Cellulose is a commonly used excipient in the pharmaceutical industry. It has excellent compressibility properties and is used in solid dose forms, such as tablets. Tablets can be formed that are hard, but dissolve quickly. Microcrystalline cellulose is the same as cellulose, except that it meets USP standards.[1]
It is also found in many processed food products, and may be used as an anti-caking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, or suspending agent among other uses. According to the Select Committee on GRAS Substances, cellulose is generally regarded as safe when used in normal quantities. [2][3][4]
[1] [1]Dave RH. Overview of pharmaceutical excipients used in tablets and capsules. Drug Topics (online). Advanstar. 10/24/2008 http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/Top+News/Overview-of-pharmaceutical-excipients-used-in-tabl/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/561047. Accessed 08/19/2011
[2] FDA's SCOGS database; Microcrystalline cellulose, Report No. 25, 1979.; ID Code: 9004-57-3; Accessed July 28, 2011.
[3] Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Corporate Document Repository. Compendium of Food Additive Specifications, Addendum 5. Microcrystalline cellulose. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W6355E/w6355e0l.htm Accessed July 28, 2011
[4] US Dept of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. Cellulose processing. Executive Summary. Accessed 7/28/2011. http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5066975
Further information
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Top Medications with this excipient
- Alprazolam 0.5 mg
- Alprazolam 0.25 mg
- Alprazolam 2 mg
- Alprazolam 1 mg
- Calcium Carbonate (Chewable) 750mg
- Fexofenadine Hydrochloride 180 mg
- Flagyl 500 mg
- Indomethacin 50 mg
- Premarin 0.9 mg
- Temazepam 30 mg
- Temazepam 15 mg
- Thiothixene 10 mg
- Triazolam 0.25 mg
- Tylenol Arthritis Pain 650 mg
- Tylenol Extra Strength 500 mg
- Valacyclovir Hydrochloride 500 mg
- Xanax 2 mg
- Xanax 1 mg
- Xanax 0.5 mg
- Xanax 0.25 mg


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Flight certificates can be provided for Cathay Pacific or Cathay Dragon operated flights as proof of travel or as proof that your flight was disrupted. If your flight was within the last 6 months, please complete the form below. The normal processing time is 2 to 3 weeks. If you were travelling on a codeshare flight, please contact the operating carrier for assistance.
If your flight was more than 6 months ago, please submit a request in writing to our Data Protection Officer. For more details, please refer to our Customer Privacy Policy.*indicates a required field


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El Tri coasted to yet another semifinal round win on Tuesday night, before a sparse crowd in Torreon. It seems Mexican fans and players alike are tiring of the repetitive ease with which their team routinely dispatches regional opponents -- winding up an impressive six from six in this third round of CONCACAF qualifying.
This time around, Mexico did it with a bit of a twist, as Jose Manuel De la Torre sent out a mostly B-squad and still managed to trounce a desperate El Salvador side.
Never fear, El Tri fans. Next year's Hexagonal should provide a better test, and failing that the Gold Cup defense and Confederations Cup challenge certainly will. In the meantime, here's what we learned -- or didn't -- on a festive and pressure-free Tuesday night in Coahuila.
Trying to learn too much teaches you nothing. It's a law of science that if you want to see what's going on in an experiment, you have to hold all but one variable constant. International soccer isn't quite that strict, but if you change seven or eight out of 11 starters then you're not likely to learn very much.
That's just about what De la Torre did on Tuesday, making it a little harder to decipher exactly what was going on out there in TSM. Of the regulars, only Maza Rodriguez, Andres Guardado, and Oribe Peralta and Severo Meza if you like, kept their spots.
On the positive side, several players managed to stand out despite the confusion. But Jorge Enriquez, for one, had a quiet game, and it was telling that Hector Herrera looked as effective as he did after coming on just behind two players who are regulars in the first team. The closing minutes are usually garbage time, but with more quality in the game, that dynamic was reversed on Tuesday.
Ultimately, though all the players' El Tri chances will be judged on tonight's performances, in many cases they probably shouldn't be.
On a night when it was hard to stand out, Angel Reyna stood out. Given the wholesale changes that De la Torre opted for all over the field, for many players this was set to be a test easy to flunk. Under those conditions, Reyna's individual brilliance stood out, as he provided perhaps his best performance in the national team uniform.
Most of Reyna's previous outings for El Tri have come in a central midfield role, where he's sometimes looked uncomfortable in De la Torre's scheme, which demands defense as well as offensive push from central mids. Set free on the right wing, Reyna repeatedly flashed the creativity and on-the-ball guile he's known for, creating numerous scoring chances for his teammates.
It's a revealing performance for Reyna, who has always been a fringe player in De la Torre's book. Adding effective wing play to his national team repertoire certainly puts the Monterrey man more firmly in the equation going forward.
These two games haven't provided many answers. With several regulars missing and absolutely nothing to play for, this was probably always going to be the case, but the matches against Guyana and El Salvador really didn't serve El Tri for much at all.
Mexico's quality was so much greater than both teams that even makeshift lineups still dominated, and El Tri probably could have scored 20 goals over the 180 minutes had the players really applied themselves.
Still, with limited chances to see the full team before next year's Hexagonal, and next summer's dual Cups for that matter, De la Torre may rue the fact that he didn't find out a little more about players that could prove useful by then, specifically the likes of Herrera and Enriquez. Diego Reyes also sat out.
De la Torre may have made a mistake by not giving the Olympic teamers in general more of a chance, since it should be clear to him that the likes of Carlos Peña and Joel Huiqui are not going to help win El Tri any titles come 2013.
At least no one got hurt. At the end of the day, it was business as usual for Mexico's regional juggernaut, and El Tri has until next year to think about its next competitive match.
Follow BRENT LATHAM on


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I believe that the Mississippi Gulf Coast will rebuild and become a better place. Katrina hit the Gulf Coast hard and destroyed a lot of homes, some, dating back to the eighteen hundreds. There was a loss of lives, which was tragic, and peoples lives were disrupted for months, and some are still on the mend. Out of all the chaos there came a feeling of helplessness, but then all the volunteers began coming from other states, helping those in need. Truck loads of food and clothing was sent from people, churches, and other organizations. The Red Cross although slow at the beginning was very helpful in giving money and other help as needed. My family needed money and we got it from the Red Cross and help from the local church that we attend. Friends and neighbors helped us with the cleaning of our property.
I believe in situations like hurricanes, the state and local government will help rebuild our coast with low interest loans for small businesses. Rebuilding the coast will be a slow process, but I believe it can be done. I have lived on the coast all of my life and have seen people who suffer from tragedies like a hurricane form a stronger bond with one another, their families, and with their neighbors. I can see many new homes, apartment complexes, and bridge work that is being built; although it is a slow process it is getting done. Construction on the coast is at a high, which is a good thing, because people will soon have to move out of the FEMA trailers and will need places to live.
I believe rebuilding of the Gulf Coast will bring more jobs to the local community and to other people who come to work from out of state. Although the storm destroyed homes and complete neighborhoods, some areas are looking better than before the storm. New buildings, better paved roads and streets being decorated are improving the looks of the coast. New schools are being built for the children, and more roads and highways are improving traffic flow along the coast. I believe the coast will rebound and be a better place to live, and I am proud to be a part of the beautiful Mississippi Gulf Coast, my home.
If you enjoyed this essay, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to This I Believe, Inc.


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Of course status-obsessed Hollywood would have an exclusive red carpet, and then an even more exclusive red carpet.
A red velvet rope separated the A-list Oscar red carpet from the B-list one, which was parallel but closer to the fan bleachers. The social rules were as byzantine and strictly enforced as on any studio set. Or in any high school cafeteria.
— Taking cellphone pictures from the B-list red carpet of the megastars a few feet away: allowed.
— Shaking hands across the velvet rope and telling a star how much you admire them: allowed, but only so long as the tuxedoed security guards don't see.
— Walking down the lower-ranking red carpet at a leisurely pace: Not allowed, as evidenced by the guards continually muttering, "Please keep moving."
An A-lister masquerading as a B-lister to get down the carpet quickly: Allowed (and taken advantage of by "Hunger Games" actor Stanley Tucci).
— Hannah Dreier — Twitter: www.twitter.com/HannahDreier.
EDITOR'S NOTE — Show Bits brings you the 86th annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles through the eyes of Associated Press journalists. Follow them on Twitter where available with the handles listed after each item.


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SANTA FE, N.M. (AP) — A New Mexico woman who sued so she could marry her longtime partner this summer in one of a cascade of same-sex weddings in the state has died.
Jennifer Martin Neuman-Roper had been suffering from terminal brain cancer and died on Friday at the age of 44, according to an obituary on DeVargas Funeral Home and Crematory's website. The ACLU of New Mexico issued a statement saying her participation in the group's freedom to marry case "helped open the door for thousands of same-sex couples to celebrate their love and commitment in marriage here in our state."
Jennifer and Angelique Neuman-Roper had an impromptu service at Christus St. Vincent Cancer Center on Aug. 21. A court challenge over the legality of same-sex marriage in New Mexico hasn't been resolved.


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Sunnydaze Hexagon Six Star Fire Pit, Sienna, 28 Inch
Amazon Deal Of The Day: Sunnydaze Hexagon Six Star Fire Pit, Sienna, 28 Inch
Overall dimensions: 24 inches wide x 28 inches long x 24 inches tall with screen. Fire pit is 16 inches tall without screen. The inner fire bowl measures 21.5 inches wide x 24 inches long x 8.5 inches deep and the bowl is 7.5 inches off the ground. Overall weight is 30 pounds. Fire pit alone weighs 19 pounds; weighs 23 pounds with spark screen and wood grate. Fire pit with lid weighs 25 pounds.
Fire pit is made from durable steel material and has a high temperature sienna metallic paint finish for long-lasting durability, functionality and quality.
Fire pit includes a spark screen to keep flying embers away, lid so you can use the fire pit as a chat height patio table when you don't need a fire pit, a wood grate to ensure proper air circulation, and a log poker so you can safely maneuver firewood inside the fire pit
Fire pit features hexagonal design with a stunning 3-D star with mesh backing on each of the six sides, so when you have the fire going at night it will make the area around the stars glow.
Fire Pits & Outdoor Fireplaces by Sunnydaze Decor
Sunnydaze Hexagon Six Star Fire Pit, Sienna, 28 Inch
The linked site is not operated or owned by FreebieSelect!Freebies posted on FreebieSelect are not being sent by us. If for any reason a freebie become unavailable, you claimed them and did not receive them, you are denied, or any other complications arise, FreebieSelect is not responsible.


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Q&A: Brian Huskey on his white-suburban-dad minivan swaggerPosted on Thu Jun 3 2010
On his Twitter page, Brian Huskey presents himself as "comedian and friend to the common man, but not to the little guy. Screw that guy!" Thanks to the success of Toyota's "Swagger Wagon" video from Saatchi & Saatchi, Huskey has shored up his common-man cred and can afford to alienate a potential audience of little guys. The comedian/actor, known for his work with the Upright Citizens Brigade, says ever since "Swagger Wagon" appeared, promoting the Sienna SE minivan, he's had the social-media equivalent of people stopping him on the street—i.e., sending messages to him via Facebook. Huskey, who is also known for starring in ads for Sonic Drive-in, recently spoke to BrandFreak about his newfound celebrity. Check out some excerpts after the jump.
—Posted by Todd Wasserman
Continue reading "Q&A: Brian Huskey on his white-suburban-dad minivan swagger" »


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$265.99 (check price)
Frame material: Metal Number of ladders: 2 Bed rails
is a popular product of this week and It's expected to be out of stock soon. If you plan to buy We recommend that you should order before the goods are out of stock. If you would like tpurchase online but you are worried about the price tomorrow will be reduced. We recommend that you should buy gold to keep and sell on future. If you would like to own Now and you have enough money to buy . You should ask yourself, Why do you waiting to buy?, If you don't have a good reason, I think you can buy now but you may would like to see any more information before to buy.
Cyber Monday is comming soon And with more Americans skipping Black Friday and opting for online shopping, Digital Contributor Caleb Kinchlow stops by with three MUST KNOW tips for safe online Christmas shopping.
This is such a great and delicate kids bed. It's very pretty. I purchased one for myself and my friend. I would definitely recommend this product if you're in the market for a cute kids bed. great gift for any age! it looks a little cheap but still very cute!
Looks more expensive than is it! The colors are beautiful, good material and reversible. I purchased the and have received several compliments in the short time I've had it. You won't be disappointed with this kids bed.
I love love love this product. This is a wonderful kids bed. True to size, comfortable, Very pleased. I got this for my 25 year old daughter for work. She loves it! She ordered two more in different colors.


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Today, we announced several ways our customers are making their databases run screaming fast while saving both storage and database licensing costs. The returns are incredible. There are certain parts of a database that need to have the best performance all the time. How can one accomplish that on a hybrid disk array, you ask? Enter FlashVols. These are special volumes that reside on Tegile Zebi arrays that get tagged to always live on flash. This delivers the end user experience like they are using an all-flash array, but can still leverage the economics of spinning disk. Think of the table spaces that get loaded into server memory and rarely traverse back down to disk. How about all the unstructured data that a database links to? That's data that can sit on spinning disk.
Earlier, I mentioned that users can save database licensing costs. It is quite interesting, actually. I'll start with a similar situation that we've all experienced. Do you remember the last time you opened your email client, only to watch the silly little disk access LED blink feverishly for what felt like an hour? What's happening during this frustrating time is that your computer is using the disk drive in there as an extension of memory doing something called paging or swapping. It does this when it is short on CPU/memory resources. Applications such as databases often do the same thing when resource constrained. The neat thing is that if the database is reaching out to really fast storage, it doesn't get as frustrating as your email client freezing up. As a matter of fact, most of the time, users won't even notice. So, if you drop your server resources on the server hosting your database, you drop licensing costs. All that happens is you've got a little extra traffic going to your shiny new Tegile array. That's why we use really fast and robust eMLC flash. Each individual drive can withstand 3.7 petabytes of writes before you'd even start to see any wear on the cells. Remember: each Tegile array has between 3 to 20 flash drives in there – that's a ton of data.
Check out this video and hear Microsoft MVP Rick Heiges chat with his coworker, Larry Chestnut about how all this works.


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US to send wheat reserves to starving African nations
Three hundred thousand metric tons of wheat from federal grain reserves will be sent to Ethiopia and other African nations where drought is causing widespread starvation, the White House said Wednesday.
Following the Soviet grain embargo imposed by President Jimmy Carter in 1980, Congress set up a 4 million-metric-ton food reserve to ease the impact on American farmers of losing their Soviet grain market. That wheat has remained in storage and last year Congress adopted legislation to authorize the administration to distribute up to 300,000 tons of the reserve in any one year for emergency humanitarian relief.


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International Student Mentoring Program
The primary goals of the International Student Mentoring Program (ISMP) are to help internationalize the UB campus, foster a global mindset in U.S. students and staff through meaningful interaction and shared experiences with international students, and reduce the isolation of newly arrived international students. To achieve these goals, we need dedicated UB students and staff to serve as Cultural Partners for newly arrived international students. We are looking for people who:
If you are interested in applying, please complete the application below:
Biographic Information :


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Having troubles with life? Got problems coming out of your ears? Well come and cosy up to Brainstorm, a new series hosted by Matt Heath that will attempt, and probably fail, to solve the biggest issues for you.
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Sunday, October 30, 2011
Kurt Baker - Rockin' For A Living now available...
Whatcha waitin' for, get it now!
1. Just Forget About It
2. Don't Steal My Heart Away
3. Can't Have Her Back
4. Kiss Me
5. Why You Gotta Lie?
6. The Problem
Produced by Kurt Baker & Wyatt Funderburk
Executive Producer: Carl Caprioglio
Kurt Baker - "Don't Steal My Heart Away" from Tasty Dude Films on Vimeo.
Kurt Baker - Lead & Background Vox, Bass Guitar, Electric Guitar
Kris "Fingers" Rodgers - Background Vox, Rhodes, Hammond, Farfisa,
Piano, Privia-tone
Josh Malia - Rhythm Guitar/Lead Guitar, Backing Vox
Geoff Useless - Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vox
Wyatt Funderburk - Bass Guitar, Lead/Rhythm Guitar, Backing Vox
Craig Sala - Drums, Percussion
Additional Musicians:
Mike Byrne - Lead Guitar
Michael "Miek" Rodrigue - Lead Guitar