text:
About us
Our undergraduate courses
BDS Dental Surgery (Full-time)
Postgraduate taught programmes
MSc Minor Oral Surgery (Part-time)
MSc Periodontology (part-time)
MSc Restorative Dentistry (Part-time)
Postgraduate research programmes
We offer Research Masters (ResM), Master of Philosophy (MPhil), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and Doctor of Medicine (MD) programmes.
Find out more about our postgraduate research programmes.
Continuing Professional Development
Peninsula Dental School
Experience what the Peninsula Dental School has to offer.
Student Insight - Kyle Durman
Studying dentistry at Plymouth has been for me inspiring, challenging and fun. I have enjoyed the entirety of my time here and am delighted to recommend it to prospective students.
Kyle found the course engaging and really benefited from the contemporary approach to learning.Find out more about Kyle's story
Schwartz Rounds
The University of Plymouth are running Schwartz Rounds throughout 2017/18. These act as a forum for staff and students from all health and social care professions to come together to discuss the emotional care aspects of their work and training.View our detailed information, dates and contact details
Study: postgraduate taught programmes
We are committed to facilitating outstanding postgraduate healthcare education within the South West.
Discover a way to develop your critical appraisal and analytical abilities and personal management skills.Our postgraduate opportunities
Intercalation opportunities at the University of Plymouth
The University of Plymouth offers a wide range of intercalation opportunities. Internal and external dental students have the opportunity to intercalate with an MSc Biomedical Science programme.
Internal and external medical students can intercalate in an extensive range of BSc, BA, MSc, MRes and MClinEd programmes.Learn more about intercalated degrees at the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
Dental patient information
The Devonport, Exeter and Truro Dental Education Facilities are NHS training clinics for the Peninsula Dental School students.
To find out more about the Dental School or to make an appointment, please telephone 0845 155 8109 during weekday hours 9:00–16.30.Find out more on our dental patient information page
Peninsula Dental Social Enterprise CIC
As such, everything it does is guided by the need to fulfil its 'community interest statement' which sets out its mission and reason for existence as a company.
Peninsula Dental Social Enterprise (PDSE) is a Community Interest Company (CIC).Find out more about Peninsula Dental Social Enterprise CIC
The Community Engagement Team [CET]
Engaging directly with participants and service users in a unique and meaningful way.
The CET works alongside organisations and projects to support positive lifestyle choices; promoting dental health and well being.Find out more about the Community Engagement Team
Dental Education Facilities
The Derriford, Devonport, Exeter and Truro Dental Education Facilities are NHS training clinics for the Peninsula Dental School students
Our state-of-the art facilitiesFind out more information about our Dental Education Facilities
Healthcare showcase
The University has showcased how it is at the forefront of ground breaking research in addressing global health challenges to an audience of national health influencers, and guest of honour, Rt Hon. The Lord Willetts.
The University's Health Research Showcase was hosted by its Chancellor, The Lord Kestenbaum at One Great George Street, London on Thursday 19 October.
It was an opportunity to see and discuss some of the University's internationally-leading research that is making a real difference to people's lives, the research crosses work enabled by the University of Plymouth's interdisciplinary Institutes spanning the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and Faculties of Health and Human Sciences, Science and Engineering, Arts and Humanities, and Business.
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
Hands on learning, exceptional partnerships and patient-focused research. Train with us to be a doctor, dentist or medical researcher of tomorrow.Discover more about the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
Staff directory
Learn about the roles and research interests of our school staffView the Peninsula Dental School staff directory


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Shoemaking Videos
Home Video
All Courses
Online Courses
0 items
0 items
Shoemaking Videos
Contact Us
+44 (0) 207 183 4174
iBox 1
Hi Amanda, Just wanted to say a huuuuuuge super thank you for a great 3 days. I loved making my shoes and thought the course and atmosphere was so cool and everyone so friendly and positive.
Sasha Tame
iBox 2
I had a wonderful time and have managed to spend the time to sand and wax my soles and heels. You are wonderful and I can't thank you enough.
Andi McBurnie
iBox 3
Hi Amanda, I just want to say Thankyou again for everything I have had the best three days! I have learnt so much and you both made the whole experience easy going and very enjoyable I hope I will see you again next year for the ten day course :-)
Tracey Beaumont
iBox 4
I adored my time in your fabulous and sunny studio. Not only are you two fabulous teachers and inspirational characters, but you also managed to help us to magic a bit of leather and interfacing into a pair of outstanding shoes. I think everybody half expected me to come home with a pair of hand knitted slippers. They couldn't believe how great those shoes looked.
Sascha Stokes
iBox 5
Hello Amanda, I just wanted to write to you to say Thank you for teaching me how to make my first pair of shoes when I came along to your workshop last year. It was my first experience with shoes and I am now on my first year at LCF studying footwear and have found the skills i learnt with you very helpful throughout this year so far. I hope you are doing well and that your business is thriving! Thanks again
Ally Thompson
iBox 6
I would like to thank you so much for the course with I can make shoes, because it has been really helpful for me as a total new learner to shoemaking, I really like how you teach people to make shoes without those bulky machines and really easy steps to follow and remember.
Lorraine Hong
iBox 7
Hi Lizzie and Amanda, Just wanted to say thanks for arranging and carrying out the training for me last week. I really enjoyed it and learned loads – Lizzie you were a great teacher. I've put the photos of my shoes on facebook and my friends love them! Amanda, one of the things I appreciated beforehand was that you answered my emails quickly and helpfully (something which the London College of Fashion and Central St Martin's did not..) Thanks again and good luck with future clients,
iBox 8
Back up in Scotland and missing your chilled out studio! At my fashion show on Monday i was telling EVERYONE about it!! Thank you!!
iBox 9
You and Lizzie are complete superstars!!! So excited I feel like you've given me the ability to do what I've always wanted to do. Thank you so much!!
iBox 10
"I am a stay at home mum of two boys with a passion for shoes. I wanted a way to turn my interest into a hobby and then; who knows maybe if I was good enough I could turn my hobby into a business. I searched for courses in shoe making online and found quite a few, but they all seemed really serious and impersonal ….then I came across 'I can make shoes' 3day intensive work shop. "It was the best investment I made this year… The course was great! really hands on. The tutor Amanda was lovely, very patient and really passionate about teaching people to make shoes. The course runs from 10am to 4pm over 3 days, believe me time flies when you're having fun. There is so much to take in but at the end of the 3 days when you're taking your hand made shoes home the sense of achievement is overwhelming. "I would recommend this workshop to everyone and anyone who LOVES SHOES!!!!!"
I. Ainabe
iBox 11
Thank you so much for this weekend!!! I have just tried my shoes on and Tom took few pictures… I am so happy with the result!!! You have been amazing this weekend, so supportive and motivating all the way through the process!!! I have attached a shot so you can see how they look on my feet… I love them!! Plus they feel great on!!! Have a lovely week ahead and I'll see you on the 25th September for the sandal making course!!!
iBox 12
Thank you so much, the workshop changed everything for me and i really realised that this is what i wanted to do! I feel so relieved to quit my corporate job. So a big thank you to you!
Caroline. M
iBox 13
Thanks so much for sending the pics and certificates! We just had the best time at the workshop and so enjoyed meeting you and Lizzy, it was truly an absolute joy! I haven't stopped talking about shoe making since I got back, you've totally inspired my creativity!!…
iBox 14
Thanks for everything, it was a really enjoyable day – i'm very proud of my sandals!
iBox 15
I really enjoyed the workshop! It was both educational and inspirational! Thanks again!
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text:
In the mid-1980s, a Gilman offensive lineman named Mark Agent enrolled at Maryland to play football.
After that, years turned into decades before the Terps managed to take the next step with the Baltimore school. Longtime Gilman coach Biff Poggi said he can't recall another Greyhounds player committing to Maryland until fullback Kenneth Goins selected the Terps, arriving as a freshman last season.
Goins was followed by quarterback Shane Cockerille a year later. For Maryland, it's akin to a thaw after a long winter.


text:
Colorful Tree Necklace - Grinitty Shop
June 17, 2012
My Colorful Lazy Day
Colorful Tree Necklace - Grinitty Shop
81 comments
love the combination between the yellow top and the green short :DReplyDeleteReplies
Thank you Eudora <3Delete
Yes, i really agree with the statement "..not everyday we have to dress up, because it's just so unrealistic." and i love your simple outfit!ReplyDelete
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agree sometimes I have a lazy day as well. but u still look good :DReplyDelete
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I love your bag:) Thank you so much for your wonderful comment:) XXReplyDeleteReplies
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Join my birthday giveaway, open internationally, win pretty mini dress or magnificent outwear! Click here \(^o^)/
Karina Dinda R. ♥
BLOG | TWITTER | SHOPReplies
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Kisses from Brazil! *;*Replies
Thank you Ana! And I will visit you, of course ^^Delete
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hihii thank you dear! of course <3Delete
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follow eath other?
Thank you. Will follow you back <3Delete
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And thanks so much for the comment on my blog! Would you like to follow each other?
Thank you Allison :D Of course I'd like to follow each other ^^Delete
Love your outfit!The shorts are amazing and u love the colors!ReplyDelete
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I would love if you'd follow back! ♥
fashion is for idiots [like us]
fashion is for idiots [like us]Replies
Thank you dear ^^ sure! :)Delete
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Thank you Jess ^^ sure :)Delete
Those green scalloped shorts are so fabulous!!! They look really great on you! You have a great sense of style. I'm now following you on bloglovin!ReplyDelete
<3 Jenny
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I LOVE those shorts!! (: wonderful outfit!ReplyDelete
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super love the short! :)ReplyDelete
followed your blog, follow back?
Thank you Cathy ^^ sure! :)Delete
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Thank you for taking the time to leave me a sweet comment. I really appreciate it, because I love hearing your thoughts. You guys are awesome!
P.S. Just leave a note if you want us to follow each other ^^


text:
Are you hosting a dental care day for the community? Send your event information with a web link to Samantha Dorr, and we'll share it on social media.
If you're a provider who wishes to volunteer your dental services, please contact the Virginia Dental Association Foundation and inquire about their community programs.


text:
- 12
52AEO, Street 240
Phnom Penh
About Us
KeoK'jay (bright green or fresh in Khmer) is a fair trade social enterprise that provides jobs for women with HIV in Phnom Penh, Cambodia through the production of handcrafted clothing. First, we provide a fair livelihood to all of our constituents, enabling them to care for their dependents, which usually means that their children, who often were not in school before and in some cases were working, can go to school, breaking the cycle of poverty in the future. Second, we work with a partner non-profit hospital that provides health care for all our staff. Counselors from the hospital advise us on how to meet their health needs. We make sure they have adequate time off to take care of their health. And thirdly, we provide a safe space and education for these women. Having dignified employment brings back self-respect that may have been lost from years of begging, sex-work, or dependency. The spread of HIV is directly related to the inequitable treatment of women, so economic empowerment and community support give women other options besides relying on families who have abused them, and strengthen women to break away from devastating situations before and after abuse. This immediately serves our direct constituents; for example, facilitating shared housing arrangements for young women who have been sold by their parents into sex work, or building the confidence of those who have been rejected by their communities because of HIV. But, on a larger level, we are creating a culture that such abuses are no longer acceptable. Working side-by-side and talking about their life experiences, which include everything from genocide to rape, provides a source of therapeutic support. Within a supportive environment and not having to worry about where their next meal will come from, they can stand up against injustice in their own lives and inspire others to do the same.


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Angkor Century Resort
Located on a quiet street towards the temples with a nice gardens and a free shape pool. Angkor Century Hotel, built in the center of city and just 15 munites drives from the Siem Reap-Angkor Airport.
Welcome to Angkor Century Resort & Spa, a deluxe resort property set within lush tropical gardens covering an area of 8-acres. A mere 15-minutes drive from the Airport and the Angkor Temples, it is located within the heart of the Siem Reap City. Its interiors are a tasteful blend of contemporary western conveniences and artistic, elegant Khmer design. Widely respected by its industry partners, colleagues and very regular guests for its high quality of service, it is an award winning property, having received citations from the World Travel Awards UK (2003 and 2004 Leading Resort and Leading Spa Accolades) and the Trade Industry Golden Trophy for the Year 2005 from Spanish Trade Leaders' Club.
Guests may select from 190 stylishly appointed rooms which suits and reflect the individual needs of both business and traveler alike. Angkor Century Resort & Spa provides with all comforts and amenities of a first-class international hotel. The relaxed atmosphere and the rich colors of an 8-acre tropical garden will complement your trip to Angkor Temples and will create memories that will last a lifetime.
- Restaurant
- Swimming pool
- Business center
- Fitness center
- In-House clinic / doctor
- Courier Service Hair
- Dressing Salon
- Full Laundry
- Service Travel Bureau
Grand View Coffee House
Coffee shop with indoor and outdoor dining facilities serves international cuisine, regular breakfasts, lunch and dinner. It offers a wide selection of local, Asian and Western delights either a la carte or buffet. It is famous for its outdoor barbeques and indoor live stations. For Al Fresco dining, the Grandview Terrace provides a relaxing and convenient atmosphere. A Cambodian Cultural Dance Show is available every night, on complimentary for all diners. Maximum Capacity: 124 seats (inside) 350 seats (outside-terrace). A la carte & set menu are also available
Open hour:
Breakfast: 05:30 - 09:30
Lunch: 11:30 - 14:30
Dinner: 18:00 - 21:30
All day: 05:30 - 22:00
Show: 19:30 - 20:30
Asian Corner
If you like the smell of fish and don't worry about whether your vegetarian food contains fish, if you already know the menu thoroughly, if you're competent with chopsticks, and if you bring your own napkin, Asian Corner Restaurant is a pleasant enough Asian Cuisine sort of place. The Asian Corner Restaurant offers contemporary dishes and a selection of innovatively inspired creations showcasing the rich flavours of the Asian Region. With its elegant setting makes a perfect backdrop for romantic dinners, business occasions or simply for the enjoyment of a fine meal. Maximum Capacity : 64 seats
Glamour Bar
The lobby lounge is a cozy venue in an elegant atmosphere and comfortable ambience. Century Rhythms... nightly jamming sessions with Lito, from 6:30 pm until 11:00 pm, Mondays thru Saturdays at the Glamour Bar, Angkor Century's Lobby lounge serving alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks.
Open: 7:00 - 23:00
Live Entertainment From: 18:30 - 23:00
Harizon Pub
Is a lively, fun filled venue for an evening out, This infomal pub serves a snakes, drinks. After an afternoon in Angkor Wat relax and enjoy some refreshment with some games. Happy hours 50% off for all kinds of beers, cocktails & soft drinks.
Open From: 16:00 - 23:00
Happy Hour: 18:00 - 21:00
Lagoon Pool Bar
The Lagoon Pool Bar overlooks the lagoon near the pool, and is the perfect place for informal drinks after a walk in the lustrous garden. Discover cool drinks, healthy concoctions, light meals and refreshing cocktails. The Lagoon Pool Bar offers 50% on all drinks after 1600 hrs.
- Open from: 09:00-18:00
- Happy hour: 16:00
Business Center
The Angkor Century Business Center offers Secretarial, Internet, Fax, and printing services. It opens between 7:00 AM until 11:00 PM. Wireless Internet Access in public areas is also available.
Swimming Pool
Be marveled by the Angkor Century's enormous swimming pool with its magnificent and splendor lush tropical gardens providing a perfect ambience. The Century Poolside can be used for a private dinner party and be welcomed by its very own Cambodian Cultural dance troupe. It will surely marvel and captivate guest at all times.
Fitness Center
Guests can also choose to work out at the fully equipped state of the art gymnasium to tone up muscles and limbs.
190 stylishly and elegantly appointed bedroom and suites provide guests a relaxing stay with all International comforts and amenities.
Either the hotel's own 8-acre tropical garden or the gardens of the Royal Summer Residence. A Superior room may either have a twin or double set-up or a family room with a Hollywood twin and a single bed. The color scheme is light, in natural colors which blend well with the scenery from the large day windows of the room.
Deluxe Room
Each Angkor Century Resort & Spa Deluxe Room faces the swimming pool and the gardens. Each room is equipped with its own private balcony. The rooms are elegant and convenient in light, romantic innate colors.
Executive Suite
The Angkor Century Executive Suite offers elegant accommodations with an extended seating area within the comfort of the guestroom. Each room has a 4.5 square meter private balcony overlooking the swimming pool and gardens.
Hits: 287
Century Suite
Elegant and aptly sized, the Century Suite is a 2-room suite consisting of a private living room and the guestroom. It is tastefully appointed with elegant decor and amenities to match, providing the perfect ambience and coziness of discerning travelers and guests alike.
Room Facilities:
- Panoramic View
- Individual Climate Control
- In Room Safe
- Color TV with Satellite
- Direct Dial Telephone
- Voice MailData Port
- Bathroom Amenities & Bathtub
- Hair Dryer
- Minibar
- Coffee & Tea Facilities
- Electricity
-Fire Prevention System


text:
MIAMI, Sept. 4, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Private Care Association (PCA), the national association for private duty home care registries and referral agencies since 1977, will host its 2013 Annual Conference on Oct. 2-4 at the Hyatt Regency Grand Cypress Hotel in Orlando, Fla.
The annual conference, which is open to PCA members and non-members as well, will feature a number of educational sessions of interest for home care registry operators, as well as other home care agencies interested in forming a home care registry.
"This year's conference will kick-off with an informative, half-day 'pre-conference' session that will lay out all of the fundamentals of the registry model and educate attendees about how to build a strong foundation and establish a successful and compliant registry," said Jim Mark, president of the PCA. "A registry saves families 10-30 percent on their private in-home care expenses, allows consumers to individually select caregivers with whom they feel most comfortable and provides greater continuity in caregiver relationships. Private care registries are a very important part of the national healthcare landscape."
A nursing care "registry" is a home care company that refers independent-contractor caregivers to individuals on a private basis, for care that is needed anywhere from a few hours at a time up to 24 hours a day. These caregivers are essentially in business for themselves and are not paid by the registry, but they are subjected to a very rigorous screening and verification process to ensure that the registry refers only the very best qualified caregivers.
"With the potential impending changes to the Companionship Services Exemption and the upcoming implementation of the Affordable Care Act, more and more home care agencies are exploring the home care registry model," said Mark. "The PCA, as the national voice for registries, is the place to go to get the best information about registries."
The pre-conference session, "Registry 101: Building a Strong Foundation," will be led by Russell Hollrah, partner at Hollrah Leyden LLC, an attorney with expertise in the use of independent contractors in the home care registry business. Hollrah will address topics such as:
- Options for providing in-home nursing care and key differences between those options
- An overview of the caregiver registry model
- Fundamental operational differences between registries and agencies
- Creating a registry business and culture
- Principal legal risks to caregiver registries and suggested risk management strategies
The keynote speaker for the main conference will be Michael Guidiccissi, chief executive officer of Home Care Sales by Power Shot Training, Inc., the home care industry's premier sales training and consulting firm. Guidiccissi will draw on his two decades of experience in the home care industry to teach attendees a number of powerful, competition-crushing sales strategies to increase their sales and market their home care businesses more effectively.
In addition to the various speakers and educational sessions, the conference will also feature a number of networking opportunities and social events open exclusively to registered attendees. For more information or to register for the conference, please go to www.privatecare.org/annual-conference.
About PCA
Since 1977, the Private Care Association (PCA) has been the voice of private duty home care. PCA's membership is made up of home care registries that refer self-employed caregivers to provide assistance with activities of daily living such as bathing, dressing, lifting/transferring, continence care, feeding/meal preparation, companion care, homemaker services and nursing services in the client's home. The PCA has an involved government relations program that actively presents its position to public policymakers at the state and federal levels and, as the national voice for home care registries, the PCA promotes the interests of the private duty home care industry, advocating the consumer-directed model of care and consumer choice. For more information, please go to www.privatecare.org.
CONTACT: Media Contact: Daryn Teague Teague Communications 661.297.5292 or firstname.lastname@example.com:Private Care Association, Inc.


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May 13
The zombie plague has begun, but it hasn't yet spread to humans. The infectious agent isn't a virus — it's a parasitic fly that attacks fire ants by laying eggs.
The zombification begins when the egg hatches and a maggot eats the fire ant's brains. The ant later reanimates, walking around until its head falls off.
In a risky move, some Texas researchers are releasing this parasitic fly to combat fire ant infestation across the state. When will this parasite mutate and begin attacking humans? Could we already be in the process of mutation, with maggots already eating their way through the brains of unwitting Texans?
A zombie maggot plague? I guess this B-movie plot had to hatch in Texas.


text:
Crazy Weird Funny Family Pics & Portraits
The tortured soul of Tommy Rodriquez.
Aunt Milly, serving up hot and hearty portions of "Shut up and eat it."
They're so dang cute at that age, aren't they?
Agnes Kaskey. Tuesday Night Bingo, VFW Post #10147, Apopka, FLA.
62 confirmed kills. 27 prisoners taken.
Some days just scream for a Venti Non-Fat Soy Latte With Caramel Drizzle.
Doris has a big surprise for grandpa when she gets home.
Jerry's here. The party has now officially started.
Ja'que. Born and raised in South Detroit. She took the noon time bus going anywhere.
Another satisfied customer.
We all thought Boris Nogglekov's notebook of ideas to improve out public restroom facilities was pure horse cocky… we'll… until we realized it was actually a divine intervention.
Col. Stanley Stemmer. Lost in Space.
Sistas Rule.
Welcome to the Spring Hair Ball.
Evelyn Frakes. Preparing to prowl the 4:00 pm dinner crowd at Picadilly Cafeteria.
When Toby said he that wanted to have his birthday party at Chuck E. Cheese, his grand dad swore he said the Strip'n'Tease.


text:
Below is our comprehensive list of miniature golf courses in the Bullhead City, Arizona area.
We list them by proximity to Bullhead City, including courses in neighboring cities. Click on the course name to view more information on the course.
Richard M.
Scored 89 at The Wetlands Aberdeen, Maryland
David S.
just went PRO!
Jim B.
just went PRO!
Thomas R.
just went PRO!
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text:
Friday, 6 April 2012
20 comments:
- Ruth Logan said...
I am in love with that Chloe perfume! Your scarf looks gorgeous, love a cute silk scarf. Hope you have a lovely weekend in Manchester :)
Ruth xxxx
- 6 April 2012 at 11:56
Have fun!
Know what you feel about packing. I seem to live my life picking and choosing clothes to haul from Oxford to Belfast and vice versa.
- 6 April 2012 at 12:24
- WeShop said...
Your packing looks v organised! Have a fab Easter weekend in Manchester. xx
- 6 April 2012 at 12:53
- PinkBow said...
Have a lovely time!
- 6 April 2012 at 12:57
- Peacock's Hat said...
I completely understand what you mean, I hate having to plan my clothes, I always end up with some things I don't really fancy waiting! There is an amazing Chinese bakery called Wong Wongs that my sister took me to that do the strangest filled buns- definitely worth going to!
- 6 April 2012 at 15:48
- Helen said...
Those boots and scarf look fab :) You definitely have to go up Oldham St near Piccadilly Gardens it's where all the vintage shops are hidden! & Affleck's Palace is like a 4 storey building filled with vintage/punk/jewellery it's really amazing - have fun :D xxxx
- 6 April 2012 at 20:16
- Alice said...
I hate packing too, always so hard to decide what to take and what to leave behind! xxx
- 6 April 2012 at 21:29
- Katrina said...
LOVE how you organise the stuff! So neat and attractive.
- 7 April 2012 at 00:48
- Marta said...
I understand how you feel. I hate packing too. But your things look very nice :)xx
- 7 April 2012 at 09:14
- Stephie said...
I feel exactly the same about packing - how does any girl really know what she will feel like wearing the next day?! This is why they need to come up with something to shrink wardrobes to a portable size...
But a MAC lipstick is always a must to take!
Steph @ stephie-in-wonderland.blogspot.com
- 7 April 2012 at 12:17
Eurgh I hate packing too! Good choice of perfume though - one of my faves :)
- 7 April 2012 at 12:32
- Chloe Likes To Talk said...
Perversely, I quite like packing. Packing means going somewhere. It means having fun working out the most interchangeable combinations of clothes and shoes to take, it means new views and sometimes new starts, it means hope, prospects and discovery as well as returns, comfort and endings.
**AHEM** sorry, got a bit carried away there, but yes, enjoy your weekend. I've swapped you- normally I'm about 90 minutes from Manchester, this weekend I'm in Central London.
- 7 April 2012 at 15:55
- daisychain said...
I end up getting my Mum to pack for me, I just can't make a decision!
- 7 April 2012 at 18:03
- www.frockazine.com said...
I never really have a problem packing - I like being organised (I'm German after all ;)) but always end up packing too much...
love the scarf by the way!
Kat // frock&roll
- 8 April 2012 at 08:54
- Agnes Deer said...
Have a great time in Manchester! Beautiful pictures too! Love Italo Calvino's books!
- 8 April 2012 at 18:00
- Maria said...
I love that Chloe perfume but I hate packing ahead :(
Maria xxx
- 9 April 2012 at 22:24
- Chuck said...
I'm supposed to be packing right now. There is no way mine will be that neat! x
- 10 April 2012 at 14:33
- Lauren Glossary said...
These pics are absolutely gorgeous! I LOVE packing! Makes me wanna holiday NOW. x
- 11 April 2012 at 10:24
- Krissy B said...
Well, since I'm super late and you've already gone and returned by now, I hope you had a nice weekend away. :)
I'm terrible at packing too. But UNpacking... now that's the absolute worst. I'm okay with making the mess to pick out what I want to take, but putting it all away is no fun. ;)
In any case, all of your things look so pretty laid out so neatly like that!
- 16 April 2012 at 17:01
Hope you had a nice weekend away! Wow the way you pack or the way you make it look...so ordered...so pristine. Whereas I have nightmares about packing, my room always looks like a bombs hit it when I'm doing and overall my whole approach is just slightly less elegant...
- 22 April 2012 at 16:00


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Michael was born in June 1984. He was the first born. Lizzi followed twenty-three months later in 1986. More than three and a half years after Michael, I was born.
In these three and a half years Michael was treated as a prince, I'm told. The shoe boxes full of photos confirm this. Albums and boxes are littered with Michael's chubby, smiling face sitting upon Mickey Mouse shirts and his bare chest. One photo in particular comes to mind with Michael in a blue and gray sweater and jeans. His short hair looks as if it was buzzed and then let grow for a month or two. In the background, albeit dark, sits the Christmas tree we have had for years with a pile of presents beneath. Front and center stands Michael with his arms up, fists curled to show off his muscles. His eyes reflect the mirth and sparkle of his open mouthed smile.
Lizzi appears often beside Michael in photos. She always seems to be staring off in the wrong direction or forgetting to smile. Being as young as she was, I doubt she fully knew what was happening at the time, why she needed to pose for the photograph in the first place was out of her grasp.
On the rare occasion that I appeared in a photo I was held or propped up and rarely smiling.
And then one day, about the time that I was two, the photos stopped recoding our lives regularly. It was about the time that my dad changed jobs and brought the family across state lines. I've never asked either of my parents why the photos stopped then, but I assume it was because of the move, the new job and the new place. It was a lot of work for my parents. Forgetting the photos was easier than remembering to take them.
About this time Michael disappeared. Not physically, but from my memory. From my recollection he was gone ten to fifteen years, all the while living with me. This makes me question when I actually remember Michael. Do I actually remember the Christmas that he wore a blue and grey sweater or do I just remember the photograph? I remember the photograph.
I have friends who claim that their brother was and still is one of their best friends. I see it and I believe it. I can make no claim like this; it'd be a lie to even suggest that I wished this. I had my own close friends, why would I want one that I lived with?
As I said, Michael almost completely disappeared from my life for a long time. I have tried to think of the countless memories that I should have of him, but I can't because they aren't there. Before we moved, Michael and I shared a porch in the back of the house as our bedroom. There was little space for more than our bunk beds. I may have been too young to remember, but none of my memories from this time involve Michael. Once we moved, we still shared a room; one that was far larger than our porch. In this larger room, I only have two memories of Michael. The first is lying awake at night, Michael on the top bunk and my lying right beneath him on the bottom bunk. We would stay awake after being put to bed and have contests to see who could hold their breaths longer. Out rimes were far from accurate and never were they honest. I don't know for certain but I am led to believe that Michael, like me, cheated by holding air in our cheeks and breathed through his nose. Neither of us could see the other's face, so anything was fair game.
The other memory I have of Michael in that room was him asking my parents to leave. He was in middle school and he must have just become a teenager, I was still in an age of single digits. He wanted out, his own room. He didn't think it would be seen as cool to live in the same room as someone as little as me. At the time I made no objections because my parents told him that if he wanted his own room, he could have the guest room which was hardly bigger than the porch we used to share. He took it with hardly any protest. It was at this point my interactions with Michael came to a standstill. It wouldn't be for a few years before I remembered him. I have, however, been told about the things that happened to him in the meantime.
I can think of one instance where I wanted to do something because Michael did it. Second graders and up were old enough to play soccer on one of the city teams. Michael played and almost instantly I remember wanting to play too, but I had to wait until I was old enough. When the first season was over for Michael, his red #2 jersey fell into my hands. I have worn it often and to this day, I have it.
While it might have been something that I had in common with Michael, I think that soccer was of the things that kept us apart. Michael was always an aggressive player. I am not suggesting that this is any sort of flaw for a soccer player; I would actually believe the opposite. However, his aggression on the field always seemed to land him trouble with the referees. I, on the other hand, was a much more timid player. I heard my parents' groans when Michael would receive a yellow or a red card and this scared me from also being aggressive. Michael and I were different sides of the same coin when it came to soccer.
My dad coached Michael's team for eight years. My mother coached my team. Because all of the games were played on Saturday mornings, and my dad was with Michael while my mother was with me, I was never forced to go to his games and he wasn't forced to come to mine.
The next time I remember seeing Michael as I slowly got older didn't come until he was sixteen. When he showed up again, he entered with all the explosiveness and welcome of a land mine. His entrance back into my life was quite abrupt; my father, Lizzi and I were watching television one evening when we heard a loud noise. Michael had been out with my mother to practice driving. Upon returning he backed the van in front of the garage and placed the vehicle in park so someone could get out and open the sliding carriage house door. However, instead of the van being in park, it was in reverse and after removing his foot from the brake, the van jumped into gear and through the door.
The way Michael drove through that door was precisely how he came back into my sights; full of expensive destruction.
At the age of sixteen, Michael had been drinking for a year and smoking for more. His time was split between goal tending for the high school team, cleaning dishes for a paycheck, and rolling around town on his skateboard. He was a rebel, a hooligan, a thug and an all around nuisance for everyone around. I can't say for certain what sort of things he did with his friends, but I can tell you what he did to our household.
I remember my mother sitting in tears at the kitchen table after Michael had stormed out of the house because he didn't get his way. The argument was over money or some other trivial thing. With Michael, things became heated fast. Hurtful words were said and no one left an exchange with him feeling happy.
My sister, bless her heart, tried to keep the peace from time to time. She would corner Michael and get into an argument with him in an attempt to get him to stop being such a terror to my mother and father. She would leave these arguments in tears, the same way my mother did. Both of them would have the look of defeat on their face.
If there was a single word that could describe my father, that word would be 'quiet'. He never says much and we joke that it is better that way because it would usually be a horrible 'dad joke'. I think, though, when my dad says something it's because he has something worth saying. Michael didn't see things this way. My dad would voice his mind to Michael, telling him that the rules were already set and not to be broken. Michael would respond with the inevitable defiance of 'Why?' and my father would say, 'Because I said so.' My father is a quiet man who demanded authority and Michael didn't want to hear it. He pushed and tested my father.
Michael's mood was such a presence that it altered everyone around him. He turned my father from a quiet man into a man to be feared and my mother from a happy woman to a woman with tears streaming down her face. I've heard my father reach vocal levels like never before when responding to Michael. I've seen his face turn beet red, my father's anger focused where we all could see it. And I've seen my father drag Michael, kicking and screaming, into his tiny room.
I will not ever claim to be the perfect child who never steps on toes or does anything wrong, but I have learned from watching Michael what to do if I want to be that child. The same way that Michael left our shared room for a smaller room of his own, I left his life style for my own.
It was on my first day of high school, the year after Michael graduated and moved two blocks away into the local college dorms for half a semester, that I started to make it known that I was not him.
I remember waiting to have my picture taken for the yearbook when one of his friends still in high school saw me and said to a friend that I was Mike's little brother. I heard this and gathered an amount of gusto for my age that still amazes me. I shot back at them, "You must be one of Michael's little friends. I have a name and it's Danny." With that, I walked off before they could respond.
All over school, I was forced to establish myself as 'Danny' rather than being 'Mike's little brother'. The soccer coach learned it from our different play styles. Teachers learned it because I sat quietly in class and I did my work. And for those who didn't know my family relations, I introduced myself as 'Danny' and thrived.
While I was busy being me, Michael was forgetting his studies in college and dropping out a few weeks before the semester ended. He moved back home and the arguments started again. He went from one job to the next, always leaving or being fired because of an argument with an employer. This started a time when he couldn't get a job, because no one would give him the reference that he needed. He ran out of money and my parents had enough of it. They threw him out of the house. Michael was left to his own devices. He was forced to survive and in doing so, he thrived.
I went off to college after high school. By this time my brother had found a place to live, a steady job to support himself, bought a car to get around, and had a girlfriend who managed to tolerate him like no one else seemed able to do. He had become an adult and with that he gained responsibility which caused him to see more sides of situations like he never had before.
When I turned twenty-one, Michael wanted to take me out and celebrate. Finally we were able to legally do something together that he had been doing for years. I accepted with the hopes of meeting the man that walked out of my life so many years ago. One night, hanging out with Michael, was all it took to make amends for the past twenty years of our lives. Nothing was said about who he was because it didn't matter. We talked about the here and the now, what was important. And while it might have been in a state of drunkenness, I still hugged my brother for the first time in twenty years.


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This article throws light upon the two important aspects for the determination of cost of capital. The aspects are: 1. Computation of Cost of Individual Capital Components 2. Weighted-Average Cost of Capital.
Determination of Cost of Capital: Aspect # 1.
Computation of Cost of Individual Capital Components:
In order to compute the overall cost of the firm, the finance manager must determine the cost of each type of funds needed in the capital structure of the firm. Each firm has ideal capital mix of various sources of funds: external sources (debt, preferred stock and equity stock) and internal sources (reserves and surplus).
Determination of cost of capital involves relating the expected outcome of the specific source of capital to the market or book value of that source.
Expected outcome in this context comprises interest, discount on debt, dividends, price appreciation, earnings per share or similar other variables whichever are most suitable to the particular case.
Cost of Short-Term Debt:
Short-term debt is obtained particularly from banks for a few months to meet temporary working capital requirements of the business. It does not constitute a source for financing capital expenditure projects. Cost of short-term debt should, therefore, be disregarded while computing the cost of capital for capital budgeting analysis.
However, when bank loans, originally taken for short period, are transformed subsequently into medium-term and ultimately into long-term loans through renewal process, such loans must enter into investment decisions.
A part of the permanent working capital requirements of the business is generally financed by means of such loans. In view of this, cost of such type of short-term loans must be computed and included in the firm's overall cost. Cost of short-term loan may be expressed as interest rate on such loan, as stated in the loan agreement. The interest rate on short-term debt must be adjusted after tax since interest is tax deductible expense.
Thus, in the case of a bank loan the formula for estimating the cost of capital is:
where Ks stands for cost of short-term debt,
R stands for effective interest rate,
T stands for tax rate.
To illustrate, suppose interest rate is 7% and tax rate 50%. Effective cost of the short-term debt would come to 3.50 per cent. The above rule applies in respect of all types of short-term loans whether given in the form of discounting of promissory notes or whether clean loan has been obtained from bank and is repaid in instalments or in one lump-sum at the end of the payment period.
For example, a bank discounts promissory note of a firm is amounting to Rs. 1,000 and makes available to the borrowing firm Rs. 940 charging 6% discount rate. The effective cost of long in this case would be 6.4% {Rs. 60 100/940} and when adjusted to an after tax basis, the cost of debt would come to 3.2%.
Cost of Long-Term Debt:
Cost of long-term debt may be defined as the minimum rate of return that must be earned on debt financed investments if the firm's total wealth is to remain intact. Thus, this rate will be contractual rate of interest on bonds because if the firm borrows loan and invests the same somewhere to earn a before tax return just equal to the interest rate, then the earnings available to residual stockholders and so also their wealth in the firm remains unchanged. Effective cost of the debt is computed after adjusting taxes in rate of interest.
The following formula is used to estimate the cost of long-term debt:
where KL stands for cost of long-term debt.
If a firm were able to sell a new issue of twenty-year bonds with 10% interest rate, the cost of bonded debt would be 10% and if cost of the debt is computed after tax it would come to 5%, presuming 50% tax rate. It should be noted in this regard that this is the cost of incremental debt and does not represent the cost of debt already in the business.
The above calculation of cost of debt was based on the assumption that bonds would be sold at the par value. But very often bonds are sold at a premium or discount and this factor must be reckoned with while computing the cost of capital. This complicates the calculation of cost of the debt.
If a company issues a bond with a face value of Rs. 5,000 which will mature in 25 years and pays 10% interest rate thereon, the company decides to sell bonds at 20% discount in order to attract investors. In such a case, finance manager must consider discount factor also in computing effective cost of the debt.
The procedure adopted for the purpose would run as follows:
The company nets Rs. 4,000/- on sale of a bond whose face value was Rs. 3,000/-. At the time of maturity the company must, therefore, pay Rs. 5,000/- to the bond holder. This amounts to the payment of additional interest of Rs. 1,000/- by the company to the bond bolder over 25 years period besides interest @ 10%.
To calculate the annual cost of the debt, additional interest payment will have to be allocated over 25-year period. The company would, therefore, be paying Rs. 40/- every year as additional interest cost besides normal interest charge of Rs. 5,000/-. Both these costs are combined to determine cost of the debt. The formula for determining the effective cost of bonds selling at a premium or discount is
Effective interest rate after tax would then be 6%.
Where the company incurs floatation cost, such cost divided by the number of years to maturity should be added to the numerator.
We have so far considered explicit cost of debt. There are certain costs besides the actual interest entailed by the debt but the company does not take note of it since it is not incurred directly. With induction of additional dose of debt beyond certain level the firm may run the risk of bankruptcy. The shareholders may react to it strongly and in consequence, share prices may tend to nosedive.
The finance manager may consider this decline in share prices resulting from floatation of bonds as component of cost of debt. There may be a further set back to share values caused by increased instability of earnings consequent upon unfavorable leverage. The loss in share values owing to increased risk and greater instability of earnings is termed as implicit cost or invisible cost of debt capital.
Thus, with increase in doses of debt investors will demand higher interest rate because of the increased risk. Alongside the rise in explicit cost, the implicit cost will also tend to rise as the firm will be able to sell the bond at lower price.
To arrive at the actual cost of debt capital, hidden or implicit cost of debt capital, should be added in the explicit cost. But the problem lies in computation of the implicit cost of capital. Majority of the finance managers have ignored this cost perhaps owing to complications in determining exactly the amount of such cost or due to a belief that every firm endeavors to maintain some ideal mix of debt-equity that would minimise the possibility of the hidden cost.
However, the following formula may be used to adjust hidden cost of debt capital in the total cost of debt:
Cost of Preferred Stock:
The definition of cost of preferred stock is analogous to the cost of debt. Thus, it represents the rate of return that must be earned on preferred stock financed investments to keep the earnings available to residual stockholders unchanged. This rate of return is obtained by dividing the dividend stipulated per share by the current market price of the share.
The formula to compute the cost of preferred stock is as under:
where Kp stands for cost of preferred stocks,
Dp stands for the stipulated dividend,
Pp stands for the current market price.
To illustrate, suppose a company decides to issue 5% preferred stock at par value of Rs. 100. The company expects to net Rs. 90% on sale of preference shares in the market.
The cost of preferred stock capital would be:
KP = 5/900 x 100=5.56%
where the company incurs any expenditure for floatation of shares, the floatation cost should be subtracted from the market price of the preference share to ascertain the actual yield. It should be noted here that the cost of preferred stock capital is always after taxes because dividend on preferred stock is not a tax deductible expense.
No tax adjustment is, therefore, called for in this case. Since dividend on preference shares is usually fixed by contract, there is no problem to obtain the dividend figure; market price of the preferred stock is also easily available.
Cost of Equity Stock Capital:
The cost of equity is by far most difficult to compute. It is also inexact since it is based on forecast which hardly turns out to be true. Unlike preferred stock, dividend rate is not stipulated. The agreement with the equity stockholders provides that in return for a fixed capital contribution the investors would participate pro-rata according to their investment in the future fortunes of the company:
The cost of the equity stock capital may be expressed as the minimum rate of return that must be earned on new equity stock financed investment in order to keep the earnings available to the existing residual owners of the firm remains unchanged.
Because dividends are all that the stockholders as a whole receive from their investment the cost of new equity stock would seem to be equal to current dividends per share compared to the current market price per share. Thus,
where Ke stands for cost of new common stock,
Dp stands for dividend per share,
Pp stands for current market price per share.
Thus, if a company is paying currently a dividend of Rs. 15 per share, the company expects to net Rs. 90 per share from the market. Cost of new stock would turn out to be 16% (15/90×100).
However, it is inappropriate to employ the ratio of current dividend per share to current market price per share as a measure of the cost of equity stock capital. Generally, investors invest in new equity issues on the basis of the expected future dividends rather than on current dividends.
They expect the firm's earning to increase over time and hence to receive continually a greater dividend. If the equity shares are selling on a low yield basis, say 5 per cent, it would never amount to cost of new equity stock capital because investors are anticipating a growth in dividend. Growth expectation gives value to shares. Even low yield paying shares may be bid up-to high prices. In computation of the cost of the equity share capital growth factor must be reckoned with.
Thus, investors expect to receive current dividend plus the capital gain (difference between ending price and beginning price) which they would earn because of subsequent rise in price of the stock resulting from growth in earnings and dividends of the firm. Cost of equity stock capital, therefore, turns out to be equal to its dividend yield plus the expected price increase (that would yield capital gains).
The following formula is employed to compute the cost:
where g stands for growth rate.
To illustrate, assume that Caltax Company's expected dividend rate is 5 percent, the current market price of share is Rs. 80. The Company's earnings and dividends per share are expected to grow about 10% per annum in consonance with growth in the economy. The Company's cost of equity stock capital would come to 16.255% (5/80 + .10).
The calculation of cost of equity stock capital by using dividend-price approach calls for estimation of growth rate in the earnings of the firm and determination of market price of share. Regarding measurement of future growth rate, the past trend in earnings and dividends of the firm can be relied upon to predict future growth in its income. If the firm has grown 10% per annum for the past six years it may not be unreasonable to project this trend in the future.
This would hold more true in firms with stable growth patterns in the past. In order to make the estimate more accurate it would be useful to adjust this growth rate in the light of expected changes in economic and industrial conditions of the country, fiscal and monetary policies and temper of capital and money markets, behaviour of investors and similar other external factors.
A detailed analysis of the above variables must precede the adjustment in growth rate. Finance manager must also make internal estimates of future growth in earnings per share and dividends per share on the basis of the long range plans of the country. In the context of the internal situations, the growth rate should further be adjusted.
It should be remembered that we have to compute compound growth rate and not the simple rate of growth. The technique of computing compound growth rate can be explained with the help of the following illustration.
Illustration 1:
Earning record of Indrani Company during the past five years stood as follows:
Find the growth rate of earnings of the company.
Solution: In order to find out the compound growth rate of earnings, we should use the following formula:
A perusal of compound value table (Appendix 21.1) would reveal that Re 1 compounds to Rs. 1.50 in 9 years at the compound rate of 5%. Hence growth rate in earnings is 5%. Determination of market price of share is also a great problem.
The basic problem involved here is: What market price should be used? Is it that day's price when cost of capital will be computed or the average price of the year or the average of the highest and lowest price of the year? The problem becomes more complicated where stocks are not traded in stock exchanges because their prices are not quoted in the market.
One way out of this problem may be to estimate the proceeds that the firm would net out of sale of a share. If dividend per share is related to the net proceeds per share, cost of the equity share capital could be found. In actual practice, it is observed that the issuing companies contact the underwriting firms and stock brokers for sale of stock and the latter after making necessary investigation into the affairs of the firm agrees to underwrite or sell the shares in lieu of underwriting commission or brokerage.
Thus, a finance manager can easily estimate the net proceeds that a share would fetch. Take for example, if the company believes that equity shares of Rs. 100 each can be sold to net Rs. 80 and anticipates earnings to be about Rs. 10 per share, the cost of equity share capital will be
Price-dividend approach is useful to companies which pay dividends. Where a company has not declared any dividend or has paid a negligible one, it is difficult to use this approach for measuring cost of equity stock capital. One approach to the problem might be to estimate the average return that investors expect to receive from the growth in the market price of the stock in future.
Earnings-price ratio is another measure of computing the cost of equity stock capital. In this approach, earnings and not the dividends per share are compared to the current price per share to find the cost of equity share capital.
Advocates of this approach contend that earnings-price approach is more useful than the dividend- price approach because it takes cognizance of a very vital fact that all the earnings of the company after payment of fixed charges legally belong to the common shareholders whether they are distributed or retained. Secondly and more importantly, it is earnings not dividends that are more relevant in determining market price of common stock.
However, earnings-price approach would double count the role of retained earnings in the cost of capital figure particularly when cost of retained earnings is calculated separately.
Cost of Retained Earnings:
Corporate executives and some analysts too normally consider the funds retained in the firm from current earnings as cost free funds of the company because of their notion that company has its own entity different from its stockholders and it does not cost anything to the company to withhold a part of its earnings and make its use. But this is not so. It definitely costs the shareholders something and this is an opportunity cost which is associated with the retained earnings.
The opportunity cost here represents sacrifice of the dividend income which the shareholders would have otherwise received it immediately. If the company had distributed its entire earnings, the stockholders would have invested it somewhere and earned a return thereon.
They would, however, not mind the company retaining the earnings if they are promised at least market rate of return (i.e. average dividend rate) on the income so retained. Management must earn the same return on retained earnings as on the common stock portion. Thus, the minimum cost of retained earnings is the cost of equity capital (Ke).
If the firm is unable to generate investment opportunities that provide a return equal to Ke, stockholders can presumably find stocks of other companies with same degree of risk that can promise such a return. Rather than invest in projects providing a lower return the firm should distribute the earnings to stockholders so that they may invest the income on their own. In this way stockholders will be able to increase their expected wealth in keeping with their risk-return performances.
If the firm decides to retain earnings and invest them in a project that promises a lower return on equity-financed portion, the expected return of the shareholders would decline. Consequently, the shareholders would suffer loss in expected wealth. Thus, Ke is the minimum cost of retained earnings if the shareholders' wealth is to remain unchanged.
So far it has been assumed that the shareholders do not pay income tax on the dividend income nor do they pay any brokerage cost when reinvesting dividend income. But these assumptions are not realistic. Under the existing tax laws, shareholders are required to pay tax on dividends which they receive from the company although the latter has paid company tax on entire earnings.
To the extent current earnings are retained, shareholders' tax liability is reduced. That is why shareholders particularly those in high tax bracket have strong preference for the retention. Thus, if they want to invest their dividend income, they will be able to use a portion of it left after paying taxes.
For example, if the stockholders are in the 40% tax bracket, they will be left with only 60% of the dividend income for the subsequent use. These taxes could be avoided if the earnings were retained in the firm and reinvested for the stockholders.
Further, with retention of earnings and their automatic reinvestment in the firm, shareholders are saved from the botheration of buying securities from the market and also they are not required to incur the brutal transaction cost for buying securities.
The total return which the stockholders will be able to receive by investing dividend earnings themselves is:
R = Ke(1-T)(1-B) …(21.8)
where R stands for rate of return.
T stands for marginal tax rate.
B stands for brokerage commission.
The following illustration will explain this point:
Illustration 2:
The Modern Flex Company has net earnings of Rs. 10 lakhs and all of its stockholders are in 40 per cent marginal tax bracket. Management estimates that under present conditions stockholders required rate of return is 10 per cent. The brokerage @ 3 per cent is paid on investments. Compute the cost of retained earnings.
The problem in this instance is to determine the rate of return which must be earned internally to provide the stockholders with incremental earnings equal to what they would receive externally. We can resolve this problem by translating the above formula using the figures in the illustration.
Thus R = 0.10(0.6)(0.97) = 5.8 per cent. The stockholders will not mind the firm retaining earnings if the management promises a return of at least 5.8 percent. If the management feels that the firm will not be able to earn this rate of return, earnings should be distributed to the stockholders.
The foregoing approach presents formidable problem in respect of determination of the marginal tax rate for all the stockholders. Experience tells us that the stockholders do not have uniform marginal tax rates. These rates normally range from very low rates to very high rates and an assumption to the contrary is mirage. Only a few companies, particularly closely held companies may have stockholders who are all uniformly wealthy and are in the same tax bracket.
It is, therefore, very difficult to obtain a precise cost of retained earnings. One possible solution to this problem could be to poll the stockholders of the firm and estimate the average marginal tax rate and use this figure in determining the cost of retained earnings. Another solution may be to take some percentage, say 50%, of the average marginal tax rate of all the stockholders. In all these, we can ever make guess estimate of the marginal tax rate.
To get over this problem, Prof. Ezra Solmon suggested external yield approach to measure cost of retained earnings. Thus, according to this approach, cost of retained earnings would be equal to the rate of return on the direct investment of funds by the firm. It should be remembered that the external yield criterion is not affected by personal income tax.
It represents simply an economically justifiable opportunity cost that can be applied consistently. The question of determination of the marginal tax rate of the stockholders does not arise in this approach. This approach is, therefore, useful for a large company whose ownership is widely held. Many finance managers make downward adjustment of the external rate of return for tax effect. In actual practice, common stock and retained earnings are combined and their cost of capital is determined by using price earning approach.
Determination of Cost of Capital: Aspect # 2.
Weighted-Average Cost of Capital:
Once the costs of individual capital component have been determined, they are combined to determine average or composite cost of capital so that the same may be compared with the discounted rate of return of the project. Such cost of capital is termed as weighted cost of capital.
The weighted cost of capital can therefore, be defined as the average of the costs of each source of funds employed by the firm, and properly weighted by the proportion they hold in the capital structure of the firm. Thus, to compute the weighted cost of capital a finance manager must know the relative proportion of each source of funds to the total amount obtained.
The cost of each component of the proposed capital is then weighted by the relative proportion of that type of funds in the capital structure. The sum of the multiplied figures of different components of the capital structure is divided by the total number of weights. The resulting figure would be the weighted cost of capital.
The problem of determination of the weighted cost of capital can be illustrated with the help of the following example:
Illustration 3:
On January 5, 2007, the total assets of Modern Tube Company were Rs. 100 crore. By the end of the year total assets of the Company are expected to be Rs. 150 crore.
The Company's capital structure, shown below, is considered to be optimal:
Debt (6% bonds) Rs. 40 crore.
Preferred stock (7%) Rs. 10 crore.
New bonds will have an 8 percent interest rate and will be sold at par. Preferred stock will have a 9 percent rate and will be sold at 5 percent discount. Common stock currently selling at Rs. 50 a share can be sold to net the Company Rs. 45 a share. Stockholders' required rate of return is estimated to be 12 percent. Retained earnings are estimated to be Rs. 5 crore. The marginal corporate tax rate is 50 percent. The stockholders have the average marginal tax rate of 25 percent. Calculate the weighted cost of capital.
In this problem the overall cost of new capital of Rs. 50 crores has to be computed. The Company's existing capital structure is considered optimal and hence weight to cost of each components of capital can be assigned in terms of their proportion to the total capitalisation.
The weighted cost of capital of the Company on thus be computed as below:
In the absence of breakup of net worth in the existing capital structure of the Company, the relative proportion of common stock and retained earnings has been worked out in the following manner:
Since net worth represents 50% of the proposed Company's capitalisation, it will amount to Rs. 25 crores in the proposed expansion of funds. Out of this, retained earnings are expected to be Rs. 5 crore which means that equity stock capital will figure Rs. 20 crore. Relative proportion of common stock capital and retained earnings in the capitalisation will then come to 40 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively.
Thus, weighted average cost of capital of Modern Tube Company will be 8.87 percent. This figure may now be used to compare with internal rate of return of the project, and accept or reject the project on that basis. If the present value approach were used, discount rate of 8.87 percent might be adopted to compute present value of streams of cash earnings.
Weighted cost of capital figure serves as a cut-off point for approval of projects. It is generally observed that the cut-off point is fixed somewhere above weighted cost of cost, say 10% in this instance. This would be a wise step in the circumstances that weighted cost of capital is calculated.
In the first instance, considerable amount of uncertainty of proposed investment and the financial uncertainty associated with different sources of capital surround the determination of average cost of capital. The final weighted cost of capital merely represents a guess estimate and it calls for safety margin.
Secondly, estimated rate of return on the capital expenditure project itself contains a great element of uncertainty and safer course of action, therefore, requires upward adjustment of cost of capital.
Thirdly, a firm undertakes a project to earn appreciable profit rather than only recovering cost.
Fourthly, increased business risk, organisational problems and fear of loss of control through issue of additional common stocks may further lead the financial manager to set cut off rate above the weighted cost of capital.
In view of the several estimates and assumptions underlying the determination of the cost of capital many finance managers set the cut-off rate in terms of range, say 10%-15%.
Illustration 4:
Kamdhenu is planning to issue 20-year 10% debenture whose face value is Rs. 1,000 at 10% discount. What would be the cost of debenture, assuming a corporate tax rate as 50%.
Illustration 5:
Active Steel Ltd. has decided to issue equity shares worth Rs. 10,00,000. The management expects to maintain current dividend payment @ Rs. 10 per share. It is expected to grow at 5% per year. The current market price of the share is Rs. 50. Determine the cost of equity capital.
Illustration 6:
The Naveen Trading Company is planning to expand its business and accordingly the Company desires to increase assets by 50% by the end of the year 2007.
The existing capital structure of the Company is given as under:
New debentures can be sold at par at 10% interest rate. Preference shares will have a 12% dividend rate and can be sold at par. Equity shares can be sold to net Rs. 90 per share. The shareholder's required rate of return is 8% which is expected to grow at 4%. Retained earnings for the year are estimated to be Rs. 1,00,000. You are required to compute the cost of individual capital components and the overall cost of capital.
Solution: Cost of Individual Capital Components.
Illustration 7:
Synthetics Ltd is considering to float new equity shares. The Company's equity shares are currently selling at Rs. 125 a share.
The historical pattern of dividend payments per share for the period 2002-2006 is given below:
The floatation cost is expected to be 2% of the current selling price of the shares. Calculate growth rate in dividends and cost of new equity shares.
A perusal of compound value table will suggest that Re 1 compounds to Rs. 1.308 in 4 years at the compound rate of 7%. Therefore, growth rate in dividends is 7%.
(II) Cost of new equity shares:
Illustration 8:
Indian Rubber Industries Ltd. has assets Rs. 64,000 which have been financed with Rs. 208,000 of debt and Rs. 3,60,000 of equity and a general reserve of Rs. 72,000. The firm's total profits after interest and taxes for the year ending 31st December, 2006 were Rs. 54,000.
It pays 10% interest on borrowed funds and is in the 50% tax bracket. It has 3600 equity shares of Rs. 100 each selling at a market price of Rs. 120 per share. What is the weighted average cost of capital?
Determination of Individual Cost Components:
Cost of Debt:
Illustration 9:
Paradigm Textile Company's shares are quoted at Rs. 120 each in Mumbai Stock Exchange. The next year dividend of the Company is expected to be Rs. 30 per share and the subsequent dividends are expected to grow at an annual rate of 10% of the previous year's dividend. What is the cost of Equity Shares?
Calculate the Cost of Equity Shares.
Illustration 10:
Pearl Steel Company has following capital structure:
Compute the weighted cost of capital


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I had been completely ignorant of Felix Woyrsch until I chanced upon this superbly recorded disc of two of his major works and I can safely say that I was extremely enthusiastic about what I heard.
The Symphonic Prologue to Dante's classic 'La Divina Commedia' is indeed quite brilliant, a very emotionally charged piece full of tragedy and victory in a rich orchestral garb. The Hamburg Symphony Orchestra play with superb conviction and intensity, and are quite admirably conducted by Gomez Martinez. The same goes for the First Symphony, an intensely personal work all round that shows Woyrsch's admirable sense for long symphonic breadth that is uncannily prescient of Mahler and his contemporary Rott, whose First Symphony is one of the gems of late romantic expressionism. Again, both orchestra and conductor are completely immersed in the beautiful music that permeates the symphony and their performance is certainly one of the best that one could hope for.
The disc comes packed with detailed and exploratory notes that are an intriguing addenda to the music. Anyone with a penchant for late romantic symphonies should snap up this disc without delay.
Copyright © 2002, Gerald Fenech


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Metro Councilman Trae Welch was unanimously selected Tuesday to chair the Metro Airport Commission.
The vote came after a vigorous debate about whether the vote should be postponed until after the Metro Council meets Wednesday.
The council is scheduled Wednesday to consider reappointing or replacing four commissioners whose terms are up.
Three airport commissioners, Bob Breaux, James Dodds and Jonathan Starns, are eligible for reappointment. The fourth, Buddy Amoroso, was elected to the council in November and asked not to be reappointed to the commission.
Before Welch was nominated for commission chairman, Commissioner Michael Samuel moved that the selection of a new chairman be moved until after the council had appointed the new members.
Welch offered a substitute motion that the selection go forward. After a half-hour of debate, Welch's motion passed on the second vote, and he was selected without opposition.
The commission deferred the selection of a vice chairman until February.


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Your humble blogger has made a media appearance on Politico.com:
"Tax oddities live on amid budget impasse"
The U.S. government will give you a tax break for buying college football tickets.
And hunting whales. And if you happen to be a foreign professional golfer. Or a college professor. Or if you get divorced.
Other provisions would seem to be obsolete. A Cold War-era law allows
communists to avoid paying the Social Security tax (they don't get
benefits either). That came after congressional outrage over reports
that a jailed communist had continued to receive Social Security checks,
said Libin Zhang, a tax lawyer.
"Obviously, that's not as big of issue nowadays, but the statutory provision is still there," he said.


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$80.00 / Sold Out
Are you getting tired of all those basic and boring shift knobs that are flooding the market these days? We are too! So that's why we took matters into our own hands and had these perfectly weighted acrylic knobs made. And here is the best part.......THEY'RE 100% MADE BY US IN THE GOOD OLE US OF A (Southaven Mississippi to be exact)!!! So that means no cheap outsourced parts and no poor workmanship!!
Once we perfected the design we had envisioned, we laser etched our SLAMMEDENUFF logo on the side and the SE logo on the top. So if you're looking to take your interior game to the next level, grab one of these unique shift knobs and start slamming gears and breaking necks :)
The specs on the acrylic are as follows:
-Material: Cast Resin
-Finish: Polished
-Hardness: 78-80D
-Tensile Strength: 4,200psi
-Flex Strength: 7,020psi
-Izod Impact: 0.77ft-lb/in
-Temperature Resistance: 140*f
Thread Pitch
-Hardware Base: 12x1.25mm
-Included adapter for: 10x1.25mm
-Included adapter for: 10x1.50mm


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So heres my code:
item = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
for item in z:
if item not in z:
print item
Z contains a list of integers. I want to compare item to Z and print out the numbers that are not in Z when compared to item. I can print the elemtens that are in Z when compared not items, but when i try and do the opposite using the code above nothing prints.
Any help?


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Worcester, MA SEO Services
When you need SEO Services in Worcester, MA, you want to choose SEOteric. We are the Worcester, MA SEO company that helps clients in Auburn, Shrewsbury, Framingham, Sturbridge, Leominster, and Worcester, MA. We help clients across the country with local SEO, and we have clients rankings for keywords in all 50 states and in many local results.
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Unlike other SEO companies in Worcester, MA, we are a full digital media marketing agency. We help clients with branding, content creation, local business listings, social media, video creation, and so much more. We started off as an SEO agency, and have evolved to include the services that businesses in Worcester, MA need to get ahead. We understand how Google operates, and we don't take shortcuts or use tricks to get you ranked. We only use proven methods that actually increase your relevance and credibility with search engines, so our work will last. We want to be your SEO and digital media partner.
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When we work with clients on local SEO projects, we take an all encompassing approach that influences things like technical SEO, content, links, social influence, and website authority. To be successful at SEO in Worcester, MA, we have to influence as many things as we can. Take a look at the chart below.
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New sculpture erected above Scottish National Portrait Gallery entrance
A new sculpture has been erected above the entrance to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery in Edinburgh.
Made by Alexander Stoddart, it represents Clio - who is the muse of History in Greek mythology.
In 2008 Mr Stoddart was made Sculptor in Ordinary to The Queen in Scotland.
The sculpture replaces the original figure of History by the sculptor William Birnie Rhind, which weathered beyond repair and was later removed.
Mr Stoddart's new figure is cast in aluminium, stands almost two metres tall and weighs 85kg.
An exhibition, Alexander Stoddart: Making History is at the Queens Street gallery from Saturday until 28 September 2014.
The exhibition shows the technical process to create History through the artist's drawings and photographs from his studio at the University of the West of Scotland and at the Black Isle Bronze foundry in Nairn where the sculpture was cast.
Mr Stoddart has sculptures of David Hume and Adam Smith on The Royal Mile and the physicist James Clerk Maxwell on George Street.
Christopher Baker, director of Scottish National Portrait Gallery, said: "This wonderful new sculpture is sited serenely above the facade of the gallery, both making a statement and being entirely sympathetic to its context, one of Scotland's greatest 19th Century buildings.
Victorian period
"It is the first enrichment of this sort which has been installed on the gallery since the Victorian period.
"The related exhibition will illustrate in a compelling manner the extraordinary commitment that Alexander Stoddart made to this high-profile commission."
Mr Stoddart, said: "This tremendous commission, to complete the sculpture scheme of the Portrait Gallery, gave me the opportunity to pay homage to some of the great late 19th Century artists whom I have admired since my earliest days as a sculptor.
"It has been a weighty honour to have been allowed to work in collaboration with these long-dead men, and a pleasure working with the people at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery who are all alive and thriving in one of the greatest National-Romantic buildings in the British Isles.
"I should like to thank them all, and to thank my studio assistants in Paisley, and the foundry-workers in Nairn, who worked so diligently with me to achieve this end; a simple little figure, standing where she ought, with the clouds behind her."


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This website's radio was located in Silver Springs Maryland and reached the status of being one of the most listened to AM radio stations in Washington DC. In order to have advertised with the station a phone call would have had to been placed in order to find out the details of doing so. This website would also had public service announcements in their programming line ups.
If a company was interested in placing a public service announcement on the air it would have been necessary to send the announcement into the administrative offices and allow up to a two week time before it would have been aired.


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Note to Siem Reap business owners; I don't take bribes. But I do take cake. All journalistic integrity goes out the window when baked goods are involved.
Claire Byrne/Phnom Penh Post
Sarah Cantero at her cosy joint Cafe Upstairs.
But luckily for Sarah Cantero and her new venture Café Upstairs, no embellishment of the truth is required when saying her cute-as-a-button hideaway has already become a real favourite for Reapers.
Ascending the steps to Sarah's cafe you instantly feel warmed; kind of like going to visit your Gran. White picket fences, comfy sofas, vintage décor and truly personal touches make for a comforting experience.
"I just want people to feel at home," says Sarah of her cosy establishment. "I love to bake. To have my friends around, drink tea, eat cake. And I miss that from home. So I thought, why not open a café? It's simple recipes from my mum, my grandmother, from my friends, nothing fancy."
While they may not be "fancy", Sarah's homemade goods are pretty divine. From rich chocolate fondant to comforting carrot cake, they all have that distinctive just-like-mum-used-to-make quality.
Along with the sweet treats, the cafe does a popular weekend breakfast, soups for lunch and has a wide, Western-style coffee and tea menu. And, if you smile at the waitress, you might get a marshmallow on the side.
The Upstairs Café is also a place Sarah can play around with her love of decoration. Originally planning to open an interiors shop, Sarah figured a café would be a better fit for Siem Reap, while still allowing her to be creative. "It's a place I can play around with decoration. I had seen a few places before, but I just got a feeling when I stepped in here. I had all these things, I knew exactly what I wanted. It's a bit selfish, all my own style, but I love it."
The café, above Madame Beergarden on Wat Bo, is very different from its downstairs neighbour. While the bar below is known for its dark chalk board walls and industrial accessories, the café, in contrast, is bright and airy, dotted with whimsical ornaments. There's a decidedly European countryside feel to the café, from the French flea-market finds to English afternoon-tea cups and saucers, rustic Alpine timber work, to Scandinavian style fabrics. Check out the bathroom too, it has a pretty quirky take on the concept of the "eco-loo".
The café, which opened its doors mid-December just in time for the festive spirit, has already garnered a cake-craving following. In the future, Sarah hopes to expand the enterprise to create a nail bar in one portion of the coffee shop, adding an extra element of indulgence for those who like something sweet with their mani-pedi.
A true perfectionist, Sarah constantly asks customers for critique on her regular cake experiments. Don't tell Sarah, but she doesn't need it. But hey, lets all play taste testers until she finds that out.


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Would never go here for a car again,I had additionally gone to look for a car but couldn't find one in price range I needed ,I ended up going online and found a car being sold shockingly by...
M & E Motors can be found at State Route 35 S 311. The following is offered: Used Car Dealers. The entry is present with us since Sep 9, 2010 and was last updated on Nov 14, 2013. In Neptune there are 9 other Used Car Dealers. An overview can be found here.
M & E Motors is located at 311 State Hwy No 35 West Lake Ave, Neptune, NJ. This business specializes in Used Car Dealers.


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Fierce critic of Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe, Pius Ncube, has resigned as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Bulawayo after a sex scandal involving a married woman.
State television repeatedly screened images in July purporting to show Ncube, 60, in bed with Rosemary Sibanda, who worked for his diocese.
They are believed to have been filmed by the Central Intelligence Organisation (CIO) who planted a camera in the ceiling of the archbishop's bedroom.
State media were reportedly preparing to publish more damaging allegations.
The bishop, who has called for the people of Zimbabwe to rise up against President Mugabe, is fighting a Z$20bn (£80,000) lawsuit brought by Mrs Sibanda's husband, Onesimus.
In a statement, Ncube said he tendered his resignation to the Pope in July within days of "what was obviously a state-driven, vicious attack not just on myself, but by proxy on the Catholic church in Zimbabwe".
"It is my feeling that I should face this case in court as Pius Ncube, an individual, not that the holy Catholic church of God should seem to be on trial because I am its head," he said.
The Vatican said in a one-sentence statement that Pope Benedict had accepted the archbishop's resignation under an article of church law concerning clergy who are unable to perform their duties for health reasons. It has also been used to remove clerics who brought their office into disrepute.
Mr Ncube said he will "continue to speak out on the issues that sadly become more acute by the day".
"I have not been silenced by the crude machinations of a wicked regime," he said.
"I know that there will be many of you who will be bitterly disappointed at my leaving my post as archbishop of Bulawayo - and a few who will be delighted, seeing their mission as having been accomplished," he said.
President Mugabe has revelled in the scandal. At several public gatherings he berated the bishop as an "adulterer and a liar".
Some activists believe he will enter full-time politics.


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This Lemon Sunflower Pesto Pasta is a lovely quickie pasta dinner that gives your go-to red sauce spaghetti a night off. If you are a homemade pesto pasta lover like me, you've probably noticed that the price of pine nuts is pretty outrageous these past few years. Most stores sell them for around $30 a pound. So my traditional "pesto" recipe has taken a few turns over the past few years to accommodate the soaring pine nut prices. Instead of using all pine nuts in my pesto – I now use a wide variety of "nutty" bases. Walnuts work perfectly and lately I've been loving raw sunflower seeds as my base. Plus, they are super cheap and healthy too. Give my vegan pasta recipe a try!
Sunflower seeds provide the perfect nutty texture and mild flavor for a rustic pesto sauce. This sauce blends up to a bright seafoam/clover/spring green color – and has lemon-y basil flavors throughout. You will notice my pasta has a slight yellow-ish tinge to it since I added in a dusting of savory nutritional yeast. It acts as a dusty faux parm cheese sprinkle. You can add in more or less lemon juice depending on how zesty and bright you want your sauce. And optional jalapeno adds spiciness. This luscious sauce reminds me a lot of my Sunny Asparagus Tapenade.
Lemon Sunflower Pesto Pasta
vegan, makes at least 6 servings
1 pot of fresh pasta – any variety
Lemon Sunflower Pesto Sauce
1/2 cup lemon juice + a few grinds of fresh zest
4 cloves garlic or 2 tsp minced garlic
1/3 cup extra virgin olive oil
1 bunch of fresh basil leaves
1 cup raw spinach
1 small jalapeno – with seeds for spicy kick
1 Tbsp maple syrup
3/4 cup raw sunflowers
1/2 cup pine nuts (optional – sub with walnuts or more sunflower seeds)
1/2 cup + leftover 'pasta water' drained from boiled pasta
salt and pepper to taste (at least 1/2 tsp salt)
add-in: 1/2 cup nutritional yeast (optional, but highly recommended for an added cheezy, savory flavor – plus oodles of nutrients!)
1. Cook your pasta. Drain water – reserve some of the pasta water.
2. Blend up your pesto sauce. I use my swift Vitamix to blend quickly. To adjust thickness, add more or less oil/water/lemon juice according to your taste preferences.
3. Pour sauce over hot drained pasta and serve immediately – or place covered in oven until ready to serve.
Check out 30 more lovely, lemony recipes here!