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Sunday, June 29, 2008
Lincoln Studies is Moving........
I have decided to move the blog to LincolnStudies.com and will no longer be posting on Blogger, so please update you links to:
If you wish to subscribe to the RSS Feed, you may do so at:
I hope to see you all over at the new (and much improved) site!
Friday, June 27, 2008
Lincoln on Ebay: Attention Un-Reconstructed Southerners
This week's edition of Lincoln on Ebay comes to us in the form of a letter, written some eight months after the assassination.
D. M. Wharton, a citizen of Huntsville, Alabama, wrote his nephew a letter on November 4, 1865. He begins with the usual pleasantries by thanking his nephew for sending such a nice letter a couple of weeks back and shares his optimism that pre-war "prosperity was once more drawing upon you."
But then the cold reality of Reconstruction slaps him in the face. His letter takes an abrupt turn.
The "Black troops who were placed over the white citizens to mortify and spook us had been withdrawn," he announces, adding, "the prosperity of the African race, has caused much anxiety and loss to the honest part of our citizens."
After condemning black troops, as well as "the prosperity of the African race," Wharton turns to the new president, Andrew Johnson. He has heard that Johnson has been making enemies in Washington, refusing to work with the Republicans in humiliating the South. "I am glad to hear 'Johnson is now acting like a gentleman," he declares. If the rumors were true, Wharton had no doubt that "we shall soon hear of the liberation of Jeff Davis, who was cruelly kept in confinement for obeying the orders of his own sovereign state."
Now thoroughly warmed up, Wharton confronts the Lincoln assassination. Republicans tried to make the case that Davis "had some hand in killing Lincoln, but could not[.]" According Wharton, neither Davis nor the Confederacy had a hand in killing Lincoln; it was God Himself who did the deed.
"The god of justice had him promptly summoned," he concludes, "decree of the almighty god 'Sic Semper Tyrannis.'"
John Wilkes Booth could hardly have said it any better.
Thursday, June 26, 2008
The Problem with Statues
The United States Supreme Court is making headlines today. They have struck down the District of Columbia's 32-year ban on handguns, claiming it is a clear violation of the Second Amendment to the U. S. Constitution:
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
The decision hinged on a critical point. Does the Second Amendment protect an individual's right to own a gun no matter what, or does the amendment simply protect the rights of the state militias?
In a 5-4 decision today, the Supreme Court decided that the Constitution does not permit, "the absolute prohibition of handguns held and used for self-defense in the home."
I'm sure political commentators on radio and cable, as well as the internet and various print media outlets, will be discussing the decision for some time to come; however, I want to move in a different direction.
On this date in 1857, Abraham Lincoln spoke about a recent controversial Supreme Court decision.
He held no office; in fact, his lone term in Congress had ended almost a decade earlier. Though he had a burning desire to enter the national spotlight, in 1857 he was merely a lawyer from central Illinois.
The U. S. Supreme Court had recently handed down its controversial decision in the Dred Scott case. Though Lincoln had reverence for the law and was absolutely devoted to the American political process, he disagreed with the court's decision. Moreover, he was appalled when Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas came out in support of the decision.
Lincoln began his speech by revealing Douglas' motives:
There is a natural disgust in the minds of nearly all white people, to the idea of an indiscriminate amalgamation of the white and black races; and Judge Douglas evidently is basing his chief hope, upon the chances of being able to appropriate the benefit of this disgust to himself. If he can, by much drumming and repeating, fasten the odium of that idea upon his adversaries, he thinks he can struggle through the storm. He therefore clings to this hope, as a drowning man to the last plank.
Therefore, Douglas has used the Dred Scott decision to distort the Republican Party's position on racial equality:
[Douglas] finds the Republicans insisting that the Declaration of Independence includes ALL men, black as well as white; and forth-with he boldly denies that it includes negroes at all, and proceeds to argue gravely that all who contend it does, do so only because they want to vote, and eat, and sleep, and marry with negroes!
Lincoln objected to Douglas' caricature:
Now I protest against that counterfeit logic which concludes that, because I do not want a black woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife. I need not have her for either, I can just leave her alone. In some respects she certainly is not my equal; but in her natural right to eat the bread she earns with her own hands without asking leave of any one else, she is my equal, and the equal of all others.
Lincoln told the crowd that the Dred Scott decision was absolutely revolutionary because the Supreme Court had reinterpreted the meaning of America's founding document, the Declaration of Independence:
Chief Justice Taney, in his opinion in the Dred Scott case, admits that the language of the Declaration is broad enough to include the whole human family, but he and Judge Douglas argue that the authors of that instrument did not intend to include negroes, by the fact that they did not at once, actually place them on an equality with the whites. Now this grave argument comes to just nothing at all, by the other fact, that they did not at once, or ever afterwards, actually place all white people on an equality with one or another. And this is the staple argument of both the Chief Justice and the Senator, for doing this obvious violence to the plain unmistakable language of the Declaration.
Lincoln fundamentally disagreed with their interpretation. He revealed how he interpreted the document:
I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men, but they did not intend to declare all men equal in all respects. They did not mean to say all were equal in color, size, intellect, moral developments, or social capacity. They defined with tolerable distinctness, in what respects they did consider all men created equal---equal in ``certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.'' This they said, and this meant. They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth, that all were then actually enjoying that equality, nor yet, that they were about to confer it immediately upon them. In fact they had no power to confer such a boon. They meant simply to declare the right, so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit. They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society, which should be familiar to all, and revered by all; constantly looked to, constantly labored for, and even though never perfectly attained, constantly approximated, and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence, and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people of all colors everywhere. The assertion that ``all men are created equal'' was of no practical use in effecting our separation from Great Britain; and it was placed in the Declaration, nor for that, but for future use. Its authors meant it to be, thank God, it is now proving itself, a stumbling block to those who in after times might seek to turn a free people back into the hateful paths of despotism. They knew the proneness of prosperity to breed tyrants, and they meant when such should re-appear in this fair land and commence their vocation they should find left for them at least one hard nut to crack.
Again, Lincoln reverted back to Senator Douglas. This, Lincoln claims, is how Douglas interprets the same Declaration of Independence:
No man can vindicate the character, motives and conduct of the signers of the Declaration of Independence except upon the hypothesis that they referred to the white race alone, and not to the African, when they declared all men to have been created equal---that they were speaking of British subjects on this continent being equal to British subjects born and residing in Great Britain---that they were entitled to the same inalienable rights, and among them were enumerated life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration was adopted for the purpose of justifying the colonists in the eyes of the civilized world in withdrawing their allegiance from the British crown, and dissolving their connection with the mother country.''
Not only was Douglas' interpretation wrong, but Lincoln claims it is ultimately dangerous to the American experiment in popular government.
My good friends, read that carefully over some leisure hour, and ponder well upon it---see what a mere wreck---mangled ruin---it makes of our once glorious Declaration.
Why, according to this, not only negroes but white people outside of Great Britain and America are not spoken of in that instrument. The English, Irish and Scotch, along with white Americans, were included to be sure, but the French, Germans and other white people of the world are all gone to pot along with the Judge's inferior races.
I had thought the Declaration promised something better than the condition of British subjects; but no, it only meant that we should be equal to them in their own oppressed and unequal condition. According to that, it gave no promise that having kicked off the King and Lords of Great Britain, we should not at once be saddled with a King and Lords of our own.
I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere; but no, it merely ``was adopted for the purpose of justifying the colonists in the eyes of the civilized world in withdrawing their allegiance from the British crown, and dissolving their connection with the mother country.'' Why, that object having been effected some eighty years ago, the Declaration is of no practical use now---mere rubbish---old wadding left to rot on the battle-field after the victory is won.
Lincoln underscored what the Dred Scott decision had done by reinterpreting the Declaration of Independence:
I understand you are preparing to celebrate the ``Fourth,'' tomorrow week. What for? The doings of that day had no reference to the present; and quite half of you are not even descendants of those who were referred to at that day. But I suppose you will celebrate; and will even go so far as to read the Declaration. Suppose after you read it once in the old fashioned way, you read it once more with Judge Douglas' version. It will then run thus: ``We hold these truths to be self-evident that all British subjects who were on this continent eighty-one years ago, were created equal to all British subjects born and then residing in Great Britain.''
And now I appeal to all---to Democrats as well as others,---are you really willing that the Declaration shall be thus frittered away?---thus left no more at most, than an interesting memorial of the dead past? thus shorn of its vitality, and practical value; and left without the germ or even the suggestion of the individual rights of man in it?
With that being said, I cannot stress this point enough: throughout the speech, Lincoln clearly says America's different races should remain separated. Indeed, he went on to develop that idea in the Lincoln-Douglas debates a year later (see the Charleston Debate, for instance).
It is incredibly important to acknowledge Lincoln's views on racial equality. This is how Lincoln saw race in 1857:
But Judge Douglas is especially horrified at the thought of the mixing blood by the white and black races: agreed for once---a thousand times agreed. There are white men enough to marry all the white women, and black men enough to marry all the black women; and so let them be married. On this point we fully agree with the Judge; and when he shall show that his policy is better adapted to prevent amalgamation than ours we shall drop ours, and adopt his.
Lincoln argues that the Republican position to oppose the spread of slavery offers a practical solution to preventing the "amalgamation" of the races. Using statistics, Lincoln illustrates his case:
Let us see. In 1850 there were in the United States, 405,751, mulattoes. Very few of these are the offspring of whites and free blacks; nearly all have sprung from black slaves and white masters. A separation of the races is the only perfect preventive of amalgamation but as an immediate separation is impossible the next best thing is to keep them apart where they are not already together. If white and black people never get together in Kansas, they will never mix blood in Kansas. That is at least one self-evident truth. A few free colored persons may get into the free States, in any event; but their number is too insignificant to amount to much in the way of mixing blood. In 1850 there were in the free states, 56,649 mulattoes; but for the most part they were not born there---they came from the slave States, ready made up. In the same year the slave States had 348,874 mulattoes all of home production. The proportion of free mulattoes to free blacks---the only colored classes in the free states---is much greater in the slave than in the free states. It is worthy of note too, that among the free states those which make the colored man the nearest to equal the white, have, proportionably the fewest mulattoes the least of amalgamation. In New Hampshire, the State which goes farthest towards equality between the races, there are just 184 Mulattoes while there are in Virginia---how many do you think? 79,775, being 23,126 more than in all the free States together.
These statistics show that slavery is the greatest source of amalgamation; and next to it, not the elevation, but the degeneration of the free blacks. Yet Judge Douglas dreads the slightest restraints on the spread of slavery, and the slightest human recognition of the negro, as tending horribly to amalgamation.
I have said that the separation of the races is the only perfect preventive of amalgamation. I have no right to say all the members of the Republican party are in favor of this, nor to say that as a party they are in favor of it. There is nothing in their platform directly on the subject. But I can say a very large proportion of its members are for it, and that the chief plank in their platform---opposition to the spread of slavery---is most favorable to that separation.
Such separation, if ever effected at all, must be effected by colonization; and no political party, as such, is now doing anything directly for colonization. Party operations at present only favor or retard colonization incidentally. The enterprise is a difficult one; but ``when there is a will there is a way;'' and what colonization needs most is a hearty will. Will springs from the two elements of moral sense and self-interest. Let us be brought to believe it is morally right, and, at the same time, favorable to, or, at least, not against, our interest, to transfer the African to his native clime, and we shall find a way to do it, however great the task may be. The children of Israel, to such numbers as to include four hundred thousand fighting men, went out of Egyptian bondage in a body.
What do we make of all this?
First, these words often make people uncomfortable. Many of us don't want to think the author of the Emancipation Proclamation ever said or believed such things. To the folks who say highlighting Lincoln's rhetoric in 1857 is somehow sacrilegious, especially on a site like LincolnStudies.com, I sharply disagree. I don't write hagiography; I write history. I would encourage my readers to hold themselves to the same standard. Lincoln was not semi-divine; he was thoroughly human.
Second, these words often make other people quite happy. Challenge a neo-Confederate to quote Lincoln's 1837 protest statement on slavery in the Illinois State Legislature or his 1864 letter to Albert G. Hodges and you'll get a blank stare, but if you mention the statements like the ones quoted throughout this post, you'll see their eyes light up. Both the hagiographers and the neo-Confederates operate under a similar set of standards: both are interested in creating cartoon figures, not historical actors.
Third, these words tell us a great deal about the Nineteenth Century. The crowd in Springfield cheered when they heard Lincoln's words. There is a reason why books like Lerone Bennett's Forced into Glory are written, but in my view, such interpretations inevitably miss the mark. Was Lincoln a racist or was he the Great Emancipator? Well, it simply isn't that easy.
Lincoln wrestled with tough questions throughout his life. This speech from 1857 documents the answers he had found at that moment in time.
But Lincoln never stopped looking for answers. His ideas were not set in stone in 1857.
His ideas evolved over the next year when he met Douglas in debates throughout Illinois. As history presented different variables, Lincoln's ideas evolved. The election of 1860 certainly transformed the political landscape, while the most horrific tragedy in American history forced him to rethink his position even further.
Modern political discourse has deceived us into thinking politicians are supposed to be marble statues long before they die. We seem to delight in confronting politicians with conflicting statements; we are very quick to brand someone a "flip-flopper."
Of course, that is the problem with statues. They lock a person into a rigid pose; they deny a person the ability to grow.
But consider this. Though America is filled with statues of Abraham Lincoln, how many of them depict the way he looked in 1857?
Wednesday, June 25, 2008
Happy Trails One Man's Rebellion Record
I'm sorry to report that Rob Wick has decided to pull the plug on his blog, One Man's Rebellion Record.
Believe me, not all blogs are created equal, but his blog was one of those that seemed to raise the bar in terms of quality posts. I hope the blog will remain available online; there really is a lot there that is worth reading.
Posts like "Five books on Lincoln's Assassination You Should Have" come to mind, as do his posts on
Everton J. Conger (later life), one of the folks responsible for capturing Lincoln's assassin.
And another thing. Now that the One Man's Rebellion Record is no more, what corner of the blogosphere will serve up Civil War historiography quite the same?
That's right, Wick produced a series of highly detailed portraits of historians from James G. Randall (Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6, ) and Bell Irwin Wiley (Part 2 ), to Otto Eisenschimal!
When the A. Lincoln Blog called it quits earlier this year, LincolnStudies.com extended an invitation to Brian Dirck to post here if he should ever get the itch again.
We gladly extend the same invitation to Rob Wick. If he should ever feel the need to sound off in blog format, he is welcome to do so in a guest post at LincolnStudies.com!
Tuesday, June 24, 2008
Joseph T. Glatthaar, "General Lee's Army"
I have been making my way through Joseph T. Glatthaar's new book, General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse and wanted to pass along some initial thoughts.
To put it simply, Glatthaar has produced one of the most detailed portraits of the Confederate army I have ever seen.
The research is meticulous. Based on primary documents, manuscripts, published letters, and diaries of about 4,000 soldiers, Glatthaar has constructed a representative sample of some 600 Confederate soldiers. His database allows him to:
...address some of the most important questions, many of them answered unsatisfactorily by previous scholars, about who these soldiers and their families were and what their wartime experiences were like, including background, slave ownership, occupation, wealth, family, desertion, conscription, illnesses, casualties, and many more. (xiv).
Glatthaar confronts these findings early in his narrative.
For example, one of the most loaded questions regarding the Confederate Army goes something like this: "How many Confederate soldiers were slave owners?"
Though it is a common question, historians have never been able to arrive at a simple answer.
For example, in For Cause and Comrades, James M. McPherson tried to explain why men fought in the Civil War. He constructed a database of 1,076 soldiers, 647 Union and 429 Confederate. When he turned to Confederate motivations, he was surprised to find "only 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries" (p. 110). However, McPherson acknowledged that none at all dissented from that view.
But what did that mean? If one in five Confederate soldiers expressed proslavery convictions, did that mean 20 percent of Confederate soldiers were slave owners? No. Only about one-third of Confederate soldiers who expressed pro-slavery convictions came from a slaveholding family. While McPherson provided anecdotal evidence, his methodology prevented him from arriving at a simple answer.
Glatthaar is able to do what previous historians have failed to do, but be warned, his answer is not a simple one.
He finds that 10.27 percent of enlistees in the Confederate army in 1861 personally owned slaves (p. 19). While just 4.95 percent of whites owned slaves in the Confederacy, one might conclude the average Confederate enlistee was more than twice as likely to be a slave owner as a common citizen in the Confederacy. However, the conclusion fails to tell the whole story.
Glatthaar finds that more than one in every four (25.62 percent) enlistees lived with a parent who was a slave owner.
If we combine those enlistees who owned slaves (10.27 percent) with the number who lived with parents who owned slaves (25.62), we find that 35.89 percent of enlistees either owned slaves or lived with parents who did.
While 24.9 percent of Confederate households owned slaves, we might conclude that volunteers in 1861 were 42 percent more likely than the general population to own slaves themselves or to live with family members who did. Yet again, Glatthaar cautions against forming that conclusion just yet.
He finds that one in every ten volunteers did not own slaves themselves, but lived in households headed by non-family members who did.
If we combine the 10 percent of enlistees who lived with non-family members who owned slaves, with the 35.89 percent figure we arrived at earlier (volunteers who were slave owners or who lived with parents who owned slaves), we find that nearly half of all Confederate enlistees in 1861 either lived with slaveholders or were slave owners themselves.
Glatthaar concludes his point:
Nor did the direct exposure stop there. Untold numbers of enlistees rented land from, sold crops to, or worked for slaveholders. In the final tabulation, the vast majority of the volunteers of 1861 had a direct connection to slavery. For slaveholder and nonslaveholder alike, slavery lay at the heart of the Confederate nation. The fact that their paper notes frequently depicted scenes of slaves demonstrated the institution's central role and symbolic value to the Confederacy. (p.20)
Of course, slavery is merely one of the many issues that Glatthaar deals with.
Is Glatthaar's book worth reading? Yes. It is an important book; it is a complex, yet highly readable, analysis of General Lee's Army. I know I'll be using it for quite some time.
Monday, June 23, 2008
Soldiers in the Same Struggle: Jim Limber and Black Confederates
A few weeks ago I mentioned that the statue controversy in Richmond was back in the news.
The Sons of Confederate Veterans have unveiled their proposed statue design, featuring Jefferson Davis (pictured above).
Their design is breathtaking.
Compare it to the current statue of Lincoln and his son, Tad:
Notice: Lincoln is sitting, while Davis is standing; Lincoln is looking down, but Davis is staring defiantly. But that's not all.
Who are the children in these statues?
Lincoln is with his son Tad, but Davis appears with two little boys. One of them is his son Joe, while the other one is not related to him. His name is Jim Limber, a mixed-race child who allegedly stayed with the Davis family. Little is known about him, but that hasn't stopped partisans from using him to reconstruct Davis' complicated record regarding race.
Now that the SCV has officially enlisted Jim Limber in their ongoing public relations war to rewrite America's Civil War narrative, I suppose we might add his name to the growing list of "black Confederates" who are soldiers in the same struggle.
Though a final decision on whether to include the Davis, et al. statue is expected in August, we must recognize that the verdict doesn't mean much. The SCV will not accept their cause is lost.
Friday, June 20, 2008
Lincolniana on Auction: Everything that Says A. Lincoln is not a Lincoln
The Lincolniana on Auction beat is overflowing with examples today; however, I thought it might be fun to explore a couple potentially dubious items.
First up, let's start with a seemingly innocuous textbook, circa 1835 (pictured above). Though the owner provides very few
details about the book, I did a quick Google Book search of one of the pages and found a match. The textbook is probably Adams's New Arithmetic, by Daniel Adams (Keene, New Hampshire: J. & J. W. Prentiss).
Why is this book part of our Lincolniana
on Auction series? Well, take a look at this picture:
Look closely at the signature at the bottom of the photo. The owner offers this explanation:
Signed on the bottom of the first page is the signature of our beloved president--Abraham Lincoln--the book has many anatations and inscriptions that we cannot make out but the history letter that comes with the auction states--"Given to my friend 1844--read this so you can outfigure them in Washington."
That's all the owner says; however, before you dismiss this item, consider this:
The item description mentions a number of intriguing dates. First, the year 1844 was an important one if we're talking about a textbook containing Lincoln's signature. Lincoln made a trip back to southern Indiana in 1844 to campaign for Henry Clay and the Whig ticket. This is pure speculation, but would it be out of the question for one of his old Indiana neighbors to give him a textbook he might have used as a boy in southern Indiana?
Second, the owner lists two possible publication dates for this book. First, the item description claims the book was published, circa 1835. This, of course, would have been too late for Lincoln to have used this book in southern Indiana. He was living in New Salem in 1835. However, later in the description, the owner claims to see the date 1827. This date falls well within the time frame of Lincoln's time in southern Indiana.
Third, if Lincoln did indeed sign this book and give it to someone heading to Washington in 1844, who might it be? Perhaps it was Representative John J. Hardin?
Again, notice how much speculation is involved with each of these points. Let me stress that point. The owner provides scant information and we have added in historical evidence to create a plausible scenario. Is it worth $775 to see if this Davinci Code-like scenario has any validity?
Let's take a look at another one.
The owner claims this torn piece of paper features the signature of Abraham Lincoln, 1865.
Here is the provenance, directly from the owner:
My daughter was bequeathed a box of family heirlooms from her God Mother which consisted of a book signed by Lincoln and sold to help pay for college expenses. In the same box there were old documents, a deed to land in California from 1910, a signature on a document signed by President Theodore Roosevelt, an old reel of film with footage of President Eisenhower and the lincoln signature on this tattered piece of paper.
When we know absolutely nothing about the original document, I would suggest we have no option but to be skeptical.
Without commenting on the handwriting, I wonder about the mere placement of the signature. For instance, notice the signature is on either the upper right or left corner of a sheet of paper. How ofen did Lincoln sign his name in this place? Moreover, when Lincoln took the time to affix the date below his signature, he usually wrote the month, as well as the day of the month. Simply writing the year seems out of character.
Shakespeare reminds us "all that glisters is not gold." I'd like to add that everything that says A. Lincoln is not a Lincoln.
Thursday, June 19, 2008
Lincolniana on Auction: Relisting
No need to adjust your monitor, we covered this Ebay auction a few weeks ago. However, this hand-written note, measuring approximately 4.25 x 3.5," failed to attract a winning bid. The asking price was reduced from $6,000 this time around. I notice that someone has indeed placed a bid this time.
The document reads as follows:
If the service needs such an appointment, let Mr. Taylor be appointed unless some valid objection to him be known at the Department.
A. Lincoln
March 18 1865
The owner claims the note has been in the possession of the family since it was written, which suggests they might be able to shed some light on Mr. Taylor's identity.
Last time I pointed out that the timing of the note was interesting. Four days earlier, on Tuesday, March 14, Lincoln had been so ill he condducted a Cabinet meeting in his bedroom (Gideon Welles, Diary). The following day, he resumed his usual schedule, but reporters commented on his "feeble" condition for the rest of the week. I pointed out that Lincoln's handwriting doesn't look as strong as it does in other documents. If this note is indeed genuine, perhaps we might conclude he was still feeling rather week from his illness earlier in the week.However, there is another explanation.
Perhaps Lincoln was simply rushed. Though March 18th was a Saturday, Lincoln was hard at work. According to the Collected Works, Lincoln authorized General Edward R. S. Canby to assist in raising funds for an orphanage, he discharged Charles T. Dorsett from the draft, annulled the sentence of the Smith brothers of Boston for fraud, revoked the order dismissing Dr. George Burr, and issued a pass to Rev. Thomas C. Teasdale through military lines. Though this note does not appear in the Collected Works, it is one of the many documents Lincoln wrote that Saturday in March, less than a month before the assassination.
Tomorow we'll do a new auction, but I wanted to pass along this repeat. It will be interesting to see if the bidding crosses the $6,000 mark.
Wednesday, June 18, 2008
Jonesboro Dedication Ceremony
With the statues of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas already at the Jonesboro debate site, organizers have planned a dedication ceremony.
A Lincoln-Douglas Breakfast and Statue Dedication will take place on July 4th, just north of the Jonesboro Square, from 7:30-9:30. The event begins with an old-fashioned country breakfast.
Following breakfast, you are invited to "Walk Where Lincoln Walked" to the Debate Site, about a half-mile away in Lincoln Memorial Park. If you don't want to walk, no problem. You might enjoy a buggy ride, as Douglas did in 1858.
A dedication ceremony will take place at 10:00 with a cannon salute, while children's games and bluegrass music will round out the celebration.
Tuesday, June 17, 2008
Lincoln's Niagara Falls: Never Dried, Never Froze, Never Slept, Never Rested...
Though we aren't really sure when he wrote it, Abraham Lincoln penned a 500-word meditation on Niagara Falls. It was discovered after the assassination by Lincoln's secretaries, John Hay and John Nicolay. They estimated that Lincoln wrote it about July 1, 1850, though no one has really offered a sufficient explanation for the date.
The editors of the Collected Works assign a far more probable date to this piece. They say Lincoln probably wrote it sometime between September 25 and 30, 1848. They cite two reasons. First, Lincoln visited Niagara Falls during his return trip from Boston to Chicago (September 23 and October 5, 1848). Second, the piece of paper Lincoln used looks like the paper he used for speeches and letters throughout 1848 in Washington.
Though I make something of this awkwardly poetic fragment in my dissertation, I thought I might share Lincoln's text with you this morning:
AL, [c. 25-30 September 1848], in Roy P. Basler, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 2:10-11.
Niagara-Falls! By what mysterious power is it that millions and millions, are drawn from all parts of the world, to gaze upon Niagara Falls? There is no mystery about the thing itself. Every effect is just such as any inteligent man knowing the causes, would anticipate, without [seeing] it. If the water moving onward in a great river, reaches a point where there is a perpendicular jog, of a hundred feet in descent, in the bottom of the river,---it is plain the water will have a violent and continuous plunge at that point. It is also plain the water, thus plunging, will foam, and roar, and send up a mist, continuously, in which last, during sunshine, there will be perpetual rain-bows. The mere physical of Niagara Falls is only this. Yet this is really a very small part of that world's wonder. It's power to excite reflection, and emotion, is it's great charm. The geologist will demonstrate that the plunge, or fall, was once at Lake Ontario, and has worn it's way back to it's present position; he will ascertain how fast it is wearing now, and so get a basis for determining how long it has been wearing back from Lake Ontario, and finally demonstrate by it that this world is at least fourteen thousand years old. A philosopher of a slightly different turn will say Niagara Falls is only the lip of the basin out of which pours all the surplus water which rains down on two or three hundred thousand square miles of the earth's surface. He will estim[ate with] approximate accuracy, that five hundred thousand [to]ns of water, falls with it's full weight, a distance of a hundred feet each minute---thus exerting a force equal to the lifting of the same weight, through the same space, in the same time. And then the further reflection comes that this vast amount of water, constantly pouring down, is supplied by an equal amount constantly lifted up, by the sun; and still he says, ``If this much is lifted up, for this one space of two or three hundred thousand square miles, an equal amount must be lifted for every other equal space, and he is overwhelmed in the contemplation of the vast power the sun is constantly exerting in quiet, noiseless opperation of lifting water up to be rained down again.
But still there is more. It calls up the indefinite past. When Columbus first sought this continent---when Christ suffered on the cross---when Moses led Israel through the Red-Sea---nay, even, when Adam first came from the hand of his Maker---then as now, Niagara was roaring here. The eyes of that species of extinct giants, whose bones fill the mounds of America, have gazed on Niagara, as ours do now. Co[n]temporary with the whole race of men, and older than the first man, Niagara is strong, and fresh to-day as ten thousand years ago. The Mammoth and Mastadon---now so long dead, that fragments of their monstrous bones, alone testify, that they ever lived, have gazed on Niagara. In that long---long time, never still for a single moment. Never dried, never froze, never slept, never rested,
Monday, June 16, 2008
A House Divided 150 Years Later
Today marks the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's "House Divided Speech." Springfield continues its celebration today with a number of events scheduled:
All Day: Traveling exhibit, Confronting Democracy's Boundaries: The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Traveling Exhibit, Old State Capitol.
10-11 am: "Researching Lincoln & Douglas at the Presidential Library." Outreach program for the general public highlighting the Library's research materials for Stephen A. Douglas & Lincoln-Douglas Debates, featuring Glenna Schroeder-Lein from the Manuscripts Division, Mary Michals from the A/V Division, and Lincoln Curator James Cornelius, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library. CPDUs offered.
11-2:30 pm: Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum Education Department. Half-day Teachers' Workshop on Lincoln & Douglas and related topics: Lunch & Workshop in Presidential Library Classroom with Allen Guelzo. Teachers who come early can also attend the Research program at 10 am. CPDUs offered. Cost: $10.00.
1-3 pm: Lincoln and Douglas performers George Buss and Tim Connors mingle with visitors, Old State Capitol.
2 pm: Lincoln and Douglas Debate Performance, Old State Capitol's Representative Hall.
5:30 pm: Special Performance—"House Divided Speech" Sesquicentennial Commemoration featuring historical readings by Lincoln-Douglas performers George Buss and Tim Connors with running historical commentary by award-winning historian Allen Guelzo; Representative Hall. Cost: $8.00.
I thought we might spend a moment this morning placing the speech into context.
Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas was up for re-election in 1858. He had a national reputation, dating back more than a decade. Whoever the upstart Republican Party decided to nominate would certainly face an uphill struggle.
Nontheless, Republicans met in the state capitol in Springfield on June 16, 1858 to announce their nominee, Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln's "House Divided Speech" was his formal acceptance speech. The speech not only set the tone for the campaign, but it captured headlines in both Republican and Democrat papers across the state, as well as the nation.
The real highlight of the speech, at least to me, is the elaborate "conspiracy theory" Lincoln unravels. Not only was Senator Douglas complicit in a scheme to nationalize slavery, but Lincoln also implicated the current and former president of the United States, as well as the Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court!
For the next several months, whether on the stump or in the seven debates against Douglas across the state, Lincoln elaborated on his conspiracy theory.
In the end, Lincoln did not capture a seat in the Senate, but I think he captured the imaginations of citizens across the state, as well as the nation. Some became passionate Lincoln supporters, while others became staunch Lincoln opponents.
Friday, June 13, 2008
Odds and Ends for Friday the 13th
Get ready for a tour de force of LincolnStudies.com stories for this "Friday the 13th!"
- Special thanks to Laurie Chambliss at Civil War Interactive for all of her hard work during the past year. Yesterday, she announced that her very popular weekly column, "This Week in Blogs," was coming to an end. LincolnStudies.com was one of the many Civil War blogs featured in her columns. I will miss her fine sense of humor, attention to detail, and dedication. Perhaps another blogger out there will pick up where she left off.
- I hear that Indiana officials have put together a "compelling proposal" to keep the Lincoln Museum's estimated $20 million collection in state. Back in March, we announced that the museum in Fort Wayne would be closing its doors at the end of June. I encouraged the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum in Springfield to submit a bid for the impressive collection. Apparently, they indeed made an offer, as did the Smithsonian Institute. Now, an Indiana group has joined the bidding. If they succeed, the Indiana group plans to share the collection with the Indiana State Museum, as well as the Allen County Public Library. We'll see how it plays out, but I suspect the collection would be better off in Springfield or Washington.
- Tomorrow (Saturday, June 14) marks the official opening of a new exhibit, Something So Horrible: The Springfield Race Riot of 1908. We covered this horrific chapter in Springfield's history, as well as the creation of this fine exhibit. If you are going to be in Springfield soon, I suggest checking it out.
- On this date in 1786, a mere 222 years ago, Winfield Scott (pictured above) entered the world! "Old Fuss and Feathers" had a truly remarkable career, which spanned a half century. He was a veteran of a number of wars, from the War of 1812, through the American Civil War. Not simply a military man, Scott was also the Whig nominee for president in 1852.
- Finally, I'd like to thank the folks who sent me emails about the Thomas DiLorenzo piece I posted yesterday. I ended up watching the rest of his interview last night, but I must say, I was hardly surprised by much of what I heard. However, there was one part of the interview that was particularly revealing. Check back around the 22 minute mark when DiLorenzo begins his attack on "court historian" Doris Kearns Goodwin. At about 26:00, he condemns Goodwin for using "psycho-history:"
I've read a good bit of this psycho-history, and it seems to me that they take actions by a lot of these politicians and just dream up excuses that are, sort of arm-chair psychology that they use, and they dream up excuses or rationales for things that they did and the whole enterprise sounds very dubious to me, a psycho-history.
Of course, I might point out that "psycho-historians" do not simply "dream up excuses" for historical actors. No, on occasion, "psycho-historians" do the exact opposite. Sometimes they go out of their way to attach sinister motives to nearly every action their subjects make. Sounds familiar, does it not?
Thursday, June 12, 2008
CSPAN Q & A: Thomas DiLorenzo
I'm not a Thomas DiLorenzo fan, but I thought I'd pass this along to you anyway.
He recently appeared on CSPAN's Q & A with Brian Lamb.
If you are able to hang with DiLorenzo for the full hour, you will have lasted about 45 minutes longer than I did!
Wednesday, June 11, 2008
Bicentennial Backlash
I was hardly surprised when the national media ignored Jefferson Davis' 200th birthday last week. I understand it can be difficult to differentiate between commemorating and celebrating such an event. Perhaps the media was wise to sidestep the entire issue.
However, not everyone seems willing to let it slide.
The Sons of Confederate Veterans have been lashing out as of late, with a series of rather embarrassing displays.
Take, for example, the massive Confederate flag now greeting travelers along Interstate 75 in Tampa, Florida. That's right, a 50 x 30 foot Rebel flag now flies atop a 139-foot flagpole.
Remember when Florida used to give you a glass of orange juice when you crossed into the state? You probably can still get the juice, but now you get to drink it while you stare at the most divisive symbol in American history.
When did this happen? The SCV unveiled the flag on Davis' 200th birthday.
Now that they've got the Rebel flag planted in the ground, the SCV has set their sights on a statue controversy in Richmond, Virginia.
If you thought the controversy over the statue of Lincoln and his son Tad (pictured above) was settled a few years ago, you're mistaken. Though defeated in that battle, the SCV has refused to concede the point.
To mark the Davis bicentennial, the SCV is now calling for a life-sized statue of Jefferson Davis to counter the one of Lincoln. But this won't be just any old Davis statue. The proposed design depicts Davis, along with his son Joe, and a mixed-race child, Jim Limber, who allegedly lived with the Davis family.
SCV representatives are scheduled to present their design to site officials next week.
Though these are just two stories, I think they represent the first wave of a prolonged "bicentennial backlash."
Disappointed by the resounding silence surrounding Davis' 200th birthday, the calls for "historical balance" by groups like the SCV will no doubt grow increasingly louder as we approach the Lincoln bicentennial in February.


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Meizu M3 Note International Version Listed On Geekbuying.com
by Jun 3, 2016 4:55 am1
Meizu M3 Note has been a successful smartphone for Chinese brand Meizu. Now, online store Geekbuying.com has listed the international version phone for a price of $173.99 with free shipping.
Meizu M3 Note runs on very beautiful custom UI Flyme 5 OS based on Android 5.1 Lollipop out of the box. It flaunts a 5.5 inch 1080p LTPS display and is powered by a Helio P10 octa core processor coupled with Mali T-860 GPU. It comes equipped with 2GB RAM and 16GB of native storage. There is a touch ID based fingerprint sensor integrated into the home key placed on front of the phone.
Meizu M3 Note features a 13MP rear camera with LED flash and 5MP front facing camera for capturing selfies and video chats. This smartphone comes with 4G LTE enabled and supports all usual connectivity options like 3G, WiFi, Bluetooth and GPS. It is fueled by a 4100mAh battery which will easily last through a day's usage.
Check out more details from the link above.


text:
To change the subject a little and not show only sci-fi soldiers designs, here are a few science fiction spacecrafts. I wanted to design the spaceship as a military vessel who has a battalion inside so I tried many shapes. Some look more organic, as a fish or insect, others are based on some marine's ships. Also, to get the ideas flowing, I did all in a light pencil line, just making doodles on the go.
5 thoughts on "Concept art: Sci-fi spaceships"
Estan muy buenos los bocetos
te salio muy chevere eres el mejor
me gusta mucho tus dibujos y ancido mucha inspiracion para mi muchas gracias


text:
Search Results: "Livingroom"
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New face Anina Silk is listening to some of her favorite music, but she's more in the mood to pose for us right now! And so this eager Hungarian cutie puts aside her headphones and opens up her cute clothes, letting us see her pretty and colorful br
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Newcomer Lexie Candy from France is pleased to be here making her delectable debut on our site, and it's clear that she finds herself delicious too! This fresh-faced hot babe starts peeling out of her black-and-purple dress, rubbing her ass and play
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Vivacious Hungarian beauty Lina Dean comes in for a casting. 22 years old, tanned, toned, and horny, horny, horny. Enjoy as the DDF camera crew gets intimate with her and she tells us why she's in the business, and what she plans! 5'6" of deliciousness. E
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Discussion in 'Social Networking Sites' started by josef schwartz, Oct 5, 2009.
Did someone else seen it?
did you get the password wrong a bunch or something?
absolutely not...
Nah. Not here too.
Normal here too.
Appear after some tries
(My password changed after I started using twollo few days ago LOL)
that's to thwart those dictionary attacks
ok it's working now.
edit: some change in api as my coder said...
Separate names with a comma.


text: Niche Dating Price: U$S 300 Age: 7 years PR 3 Indexed: 127 backlinks: 11,400 (They appear to be good, no spam links) 200 dayle uniques in average (from AWStats), lot's of text content, pretty clean design. The thing is that it doesn't have revenue. For what I saw, I guess if I could improve ads positioning, it could generate some income. 200 visits a day is not bad. One of the ideas I have is to make small changes, make it generate revenue, and flip it again. It's terrible, I read and read a lot about site flipping, but when the time to take action comes, I start to doubt. What do you people think? PS: I just notice, 25% of hits (14050) in july was from direct traffic. Could that be sign of something rare? I never used AWStat for my sites


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Graphical User Interface
From GEAR Software Knowledgebase
GEAR PRO Unix is available with a Graphical User Interface and a Command Line Interface, for most platforms. In the GUI it is also possible to enter GEAR commands, like in the Command Line Interface. Some chapters in this manual refer to using the Graphical User Interface, and some chapters refer to using GEAR commands in the Command Line Interface. To start the GUI, run the 'geargui' startup script in /usr/geargui. To start the Command Line Interface, run the 'gear' script.


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This Christmas season gamers wanting to form a virtual band are going to be spoiled for choice. Rock Band, long-awaited and long overdue, is finally rearing its head on our shores, but it won't be alone, going up against Guitar Hero World Tour. Both offer similar experiences on the surface -- whole band action (minus the groupies and drugs -- they're BYO) with guitar, bass, drums and singer. Both let you create your band then take it on the road, and down the path of fame and glory. Both have extensive licensed soundtracks with an array of huge acts. Both have online functionality (although you can't take Rock Band's Band Tour mode online).
Of course, there are a number of differences too, and that's what we figured we'd look at with this feature.
Sadly, the Rock Band that's releasing in Australia is exactly the same as the Rock Band that was available in the States over a year ago. What does that mean? It means that we're getting outdated hardware. Simply put, Rock Band's guitar and drums simply aren't as good as Rock Band 2's -- the differences aren't huge, but they are significant. The guitar's strum bar has been improved in the sequel, while the new drums are quieter and velocity sensitive, and the kick pedal is far sturdier. And then there's World Tour's kit, which has benefitted from building on what Rock Band brought to market a year ago.
Our thoughts on the differences between the guitars and drums:
While Rock Band's guitar feels pretty good in the hand -- the Fender Strat design is a classic for a reason after all, and its buttons have a very satisfying click to them, it's not without its faults. The buttons are flush with the neck, which feels great, but takes a little time to get used to. We also found that the second set of fret buttons high up on the neck were a little fiddly. The real sticking point we have with the guitar, however, is the lack of click on the strum bar. Unlike Guitar Hero, where you can move the strum bar in small increments should you wish because you always know whether you've registered a strum or not, Rock Band leaves you feeling like you've got to really bash the strum bar to ensure it picks it up. It works, but it's inelegant.
World Tour's guitar, on the other hand, is rock solid. It feels good, the buttons and strum bar are nice and clicky, and the whammy bar has a good level of resistance. The buttons seem slightly more spaced than before, which is bad news for people with smaller hands, but we adjusted quite quickly. The only part that may take some time to gel is the new Touch Slide bar. It's a great idea, but it's definitely hard to shift your fingers in the middle of a song, as there's less tactile feedback than on the Touch Slide frets. It's a cool concept being able to play blazing quick strings without strumming though, and we like that World Tour is trying to bring something new to the core gameplay. Plus, beyond the main game, the Touch Slide bar is hugely valuable in the Music Studio, giving the player plenty of extra options.
Elsewhere, the raised D-pad is a little goofy, but works well enough, and while we don't like the physical design as much as GH III's, that's just a personal preference. Functionally it's great. Indeed, going back to the original PS2 guitar or the rather average Gibson X-Plorer for GH II shows how far the series has come.
It's in the design of the drums that the difference between Rock Band and World Tour becomes more apparent. Exhibit A: Rock Band's drums feel slightly Fischer Price-esque -- they're not super sturdy, and there were numerous reports of broken kick pedals when the game launched in the States. Yes, Rock Band 2 has a reinforced metal kick pedal, but that's not the hardware we're getting. World Tour's drums, on the other hand, are much more solid and serious-feeling -- they'll wear too, but we suspect it will take longer. Exhibit B: Rock Band's layout of four drums along one plane is fine, but after playing with World Tour's layout of three main pads and two cymbals mounted higher, it's clear that World Tour's drums are more challenging and feel far more like actual drumming. Height differentials are key.
Oh, and World Tour's drums are velocity sensitive (so are Rock Band 2's, but that's not the hardware we're... you get the idea). What does that mean? It comes into play in the main game, with accent notes that you can hit harder for more points. Not a big deal, but it's incredibly valuable in the Music Studio, where hitting the same pad with a different velocity can change the volume, the pitch or trigger a different sample entirely. Perfect for capturing more natural sounding drumming.
Winner: Guitar Hero: World Tour
At their core, both play experiences are quite similar -- play in time with the notes scrolling down the screen towards you or sing in time and pitch with the lyrics. As opposed to previous Guitar Heroes, where you're largely showing off your individual skill, in both the new titles the emphasis is much more on playing as a band -- although both games have safeguards should one player not perform. In Rock Band you're able to save a band member that's failed and pull them back into the game, whereas in World Tour success or failure is based on the Rock-O-Meter of the band as a whole, so -- for instance -- two brilliant players could counterbalance one stinky peformance.
A key difference between the two games is that Rock Band 1 doesn't offer the same level of challenge that World Tour does -- the difficulty of its tablature is a notch below the insanity of Guitar Hero's top difficulty levels. That's not a problem if you just want to get together with friends for some fun, but if you want a stiff challenge and you play GH on Expert, then World Tour may be the better option.
Both games offer full Band Tour-style modes. Create and name your band, then take 'em on the road. Sadly, while Rock Band 2 allows you to play this mode online, Rock Band doesn't, and that's the version we're getting. (Broken record much?) World Tour also lets you take your band online, and both games offer a number of other online modes.
The biggest difference between the two is probably the fact that World Tour has a Music Studio. This really does elevate World Tour to a whole new level, and is Neversoft's acknowledgement that people that want to play music probably also want to create it. Whether you just want to muck around or you want to create full songs, it's a pretty impressive inclusion, allowing you to create bass, rhythm and lead guitar lines, as well as keys and drums, then sequence and edit them. We think it's a brilliant inclusion, and we're also stoked that it has heaps of electronic options too. Sure, you can create a full-on thrash track, but you can also create a house track or an old-school rave anthem. And even if you don't use it you'll be able to download other people's creations, so it opens the game right up. To find out more, check out the video below.
Winner: Guitar Hero: World Tour


text:
Police continue Dumfries girl attack probe
Police say investigations are still ongoing after an eight-year-old girl was punched on a Dumfries street more than a week ago.
The "unprovoked" attack took place in Glencairn Road at about 17:50 on 5 May.
The girl was pushed and punched and police have been trying to trace two boys in their teens.
A spokesman said that inquiries were "ongoing" and that nobody had been traced or charged in connection with the incident.
Police issued a description of two teenagers they were keen to speak to after the attack.
One had blond spiky hair and wore a white t-shirt with a skull design on it. The second had darker hair and was wearing a blue hooded top.
The youths made off towards Terregles Road after the attack.


text:
India and China to dominate in outsourcing...
Outsourcing is about value not cost. Offshore vendors do have a cost advantage but they will not be successful over the long term if they do not provide equivalent or more return than their onshore competitors.
According to this study, this cost advantage will continue for the next 20 years!
Read On>>
CIO Index is the world's largest professional network for CIOs - of the CIO, for the CIO, by the CIO.
Over 75,000 CIOs and other IT Executives use CIO Index to Learn, Network and Share.
Cioindex, Inc.


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The internet is a vast and impressive beast, 27 years old recently. I was only 3 when it was born but now at the age of 30 I don't go through one day without using at least one of its vast array of impressive features. Whether it be ordering shopping online, chatting with friends on Facebook, blogging my latest thoughts and silly jokes to you all or watching endless amounts of videos on YouTube. We all do it, if we had to live without it could we? My guess is we would struggle.
Have you ever found yourself out with a group of friends and you look around and there are 3 out of 5 people on their phones either swiping on Tinder or reading some pointless story about what other people are eating on Facebook. The art of conversation seems to have left the world. I fear one day there will only be conversation in acronyms. Lol dya know what I mean.
But when you look at the internet as a whole, it really has made life so much easier. You can instantly get access to so much information. Any time you are bored you can entertain yourself with hours upon hours of funny cat videos, and you can now control your house with your voice. That's mad, I say this because slowly but surely we are slipping into a state of reliance on machines to do things for us.
Have you ever seen the film iRobot? I fear that one day the scenes from this epic film may well come true. We may well have robots doing everything for us. Over reliance on machines is making humans lazy and this can't be a good thing. In the film the robots turn on humanity and grow real feelings, the way science is progressing at such a rapid pace who knows if this could eventually become a reality. If indeed robots become part of the norm we had better hope they don't turn evil on us. Will Smith is only an actor. I fear he can't actually stop hordes of robots from destroying the planet.
But it's the thought of storytellers from years gone by who wrote about flying cars, androids and all sorts of weird and wonderful Sci-Fi goodness that is actually now happening. I wonder if the people creating these human replacements read stories from years gone by and immediately set out to make it happen. Who knows, but what I do know is the internet is here to stay. I am not sure what any of us would do without it. I like the idea of spending a year on a desert island without it but I know it would get to boring and I am not a fan of fishing.
Take a minute to look at how much time you spend online a day and just think how much better it would be if you spent that time with an actual human having a chat about cheese or something similarly fascinating to you. Go and see your grandparents, mine are all gone now and only wish I had spent more time with them. As good as the internet and all its wonderful features, it isn't a replacement for human interaction and should never be used as such.
We all take to much for granted and when it is gone you realise how much you miss. It is said that hindsight is a wonderful thing, and it is. But if you are thinking about going to see someone or do something, then don't procrastinate. Go ahead and do it. Don't give yourself the opportunity to feel regret about anything. Life is to short and there are far more important thing to worry about that someones latest Facebook update or their latest snapchat picture of a a perfectly attractive person looking rather stupid with a dog nose. These crazes have passed me by, I just don't understand why people think it is funny. Maybe I am missing something. If you are able to explain then please leave a comment.
That's it for now, until next time


text: Got my first article approved on ezine. Was indexed some 8 hours ago by google and from my clickbank analytics i can see 32 hops and 1 sales. is that good ? What should i do next ? should i do linkwheel or should i submit more articles ? competition for my keword is about 2 million!! Thanx jason


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SOMETHING good is going on among the nation s teenagers, and Ohioans should be particularly pleased.
Teenage pregnancy rates are down, and the Ohio trend shows that the overall well-being of children is improved as a result.
Don t get too complacent, thinking the work of teaching young people that it s a bad idea to engage in sexual activity is finished. As long as those young hormones rage, the job is never over.
One in every three teenage girls in the United States still becomes pregnant, despite improved teenage pregnancy rates. The rates put this country first among similarly developed nations.
But an analysis of teen pregnancy prevention programs by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy should encourage efforts to continue teaching teens about the risks of sex.
The study shows that nationwide between 1991 and 2002, the teenage birth rate dropped 30 percent. In Ohio, it went down 35 percent.
The Toledo-Lucas County Health Department reported in 2002 that the rate of teen births for every 1,000 girls was 25.1, while the state average was 19.6.
For years, Lucas County maintained the notorious distinction of having the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the state. It was a burdensome label that the area never seemed to shake.
In 1999, the county finally ranked third among the state s metropolitan areas in teenage pregnancies. That s still high, but it demonstrates that efforts to address the problem have brought positive results.
A combination of factors probably have contributed to the declining rates of teen pregnancy.
Of course, the debate among educators, parents, faith-based operations, and Planned Parenthood as to whether abstinence-based programs work or whether it s best to provide teens with birth control products may never abate.
In recent years, however. more teenagers have embraced old-fashioned values and pledged abstinence until marriage.
Many of their peers, unfortunately, make no bones about being sexually active, and of course some use pregnancy and disease prevention tools.
No question about it: there s a price to pay for risky behavior.
Besides the most recognized result of teenage sex pregnancy other consequences include HIV, AIDS, and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Some other effects of teen sex are not always at the forefront of discussions about the issue. Seldom does anyone talk about the emotional rollercoaster that teenagers may experience once they become sexually active, and seldom does anyone discuss the promiscuity that may result once they become sexually active.
In the meantime, among the additional positives due to the decline in teen pregnancy rates is the drop in child poverty, which is really good news.
For a clearer picture of the worth of pregnancy prevention programs, consider the following statistics. If the teen pregnancy rate had not dropped in Ohio between 1991 and 2002, here s what else Ohioans would shoulder:
Another 50,000 children would have been born to teenage mothers.
More than 21,000 additional children under 6 would have been living in poverty in 2002.
More than 19,000 additional children under 6 would have been in households headed by single mothers.
A 7 percent drop rate in the state s poverty rate for children under 6 in 2002 may not seem significant, but any improvement in the quality of the lives of our children is worth noting.
Furthermore, the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy reports that in 2002 there was a 6 percent improvement in the proportion of children under 6 in homes with single mothers.
Sarah Brown, who heads the teen pregnancy prevention campaign, said state and national investments in teen pregnancy prevention pays.
Considering the improvements that the statistics show, she s right.
As this analysis clearly shows, preventing teen pregnancy is one of the most direct and effective ways states can reduce poverty and improve overall child well-being, she said.
Teenage pregnancy prevention is good for everyone involved, and a good way to continue achieving rates of improvement is to teach teenagers and other young unmarried adults to put off sex until marriage.
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Where's Captain Obvious when you need him? For the Colson Center for Christian Worldview, I'm John Stonestreet with The Point.
What's the difference between growing churches and shrinking churches? Well, taking Christianity seriously helps. A new study slated for publication in the journal, Review of Religious Research, yielded some not-so-surprising results.
Churches with what the authors called "theologically conservative beliefs" grew the fastest. By "conservative beliefs," it's clear they mean "churches that actually believe in the Christian faith."
The survey found that—shocker—churches whose clergy say it's important for non-Christians to become Christians are fifty percent more likely to grow.
Also, 71 percent of congregants in growing churches read their Bibles daily, while just 19 percent in shrinking churches do. And 56 percent of clergy in shrinking churches said they believe Jesus rose bodily from the dead; 96 percent of clergy in growing churches affirmed this core doctrine.
It's no surprise. If you don't preach Christianity as the true story of reality, people will just stay in bed on Sunday.


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Permaculture is a whole-systems method of design that organizes strategies and techniques from agriculture, appropriate technology, natural building, economics, and other disciplines into a pattern of mutually supportive relationships that helps us create sustainable places to live. Aprovecho's Permaculture programs … Continue reading
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Natural Building and Green Design
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Since the publication of his 2006 book, Palestine Peace Not Apartheid, Jimmy Carter has courted the sort of controversy that most ex-Presidents, and all would-be Presidents, avoid. Jonathan Demme's exceptional new documentary, Jimmy Carter Man From Plains, highlights that controversy, providing an intimate portrait of a man on a mission. The Nation's John Nichols spoke with Carter about the book, the film and the 2008 presidential campaign.
Q: There is an intensity to this documentary that is not usually associated with someone a quarter-century out of the White House.
A: This was my twenty-fourth book, and I've been on book tours on just about all of them. This is the first time that there has been that degree of intensity and drama and unpredictability–almost an urgency. I wanted to meet as many critics as I could and…it turned out to be quite a remarkable journey.
Q: Early in the documentary, you refer to US media coverage of the Middle East as "abominable" and entirely lacking in objectivity. Did you see yourself as doing battle with the media on the book tour?
A: I was presenting a point of view that the American media rarely have a chance to cover. It would be almost inconceivable for any member of the House or Senate, Republican or Democrat, or any person campaigning for President, Republican or Democrat, to make the statements that I've made concerning the plight of the Palestinians or Israel withdrawing to its 1967 borders with modifications, or things of that kind. So this was a new opportunity for them to cover the Mideast issue from a completely–I'd say almost unprecedented–perspective.
Q: Do you think you moved the political debate forward?
A: Oh, no. It would be amazing for me to hear any candidate for President even mention it–even begin to address these issues in a serious way.
Q: It is accepted today that a former President may, if he is willing to take some hits, say bold things about the Middle East but that candidates for President can't. Isn't that our crisis?
A: That was one of the reasons I wrote the book–and it is the reason I continue to talk about these issues. I saw a complete dearth of any sort of substantive debate. For six years, now seven years, there hasn't been a single day of substantive negotiations between Israel and either Syria or the Palestinians. I wanted to precipitate some movement on the peace process and also bring the issue to the forefront. In other countries, by the way–I've been to Ireland and England and other countries in Europe lately–there is a pretty intense debate. But over here, zero.
Q: Obviously, this is a continuing project for you, initially with the book and now the documentary. As we come into the 2008 presidential election, is there any way that this issue can be made a part of the discussion?


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Portuguese Courses in Olinda, Brazil
Olinda is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Pernambuco, which is located in the metropolitan region of Recife, and is one of the most well preserved colonial cities in Brazil. It was the second Brazilian city to be declared a Historical and Cultural Heritage Site of Humanity by UNESCO in 1982.
Olinda is a very special city, and whoever visits it will understand what this means, far beyond the city's beautiful colored houses and hills. A wonderful example of what the historic city of Olinda has to offer is its extensive calendar of events throughout the year, with cultural events such as crafts fairs, and celebrations of reggae, samba, maracatu, and afoxé. There are also more intimate happenings within bars, restaurants, and clubs, which have literary nights, delicious food, live music and more. And, there are other places along the coast where people gather in crowds every night. All of these examples demonstrate that Olinda is a versatile city, and that you can find here whatever it is that you are looking for.
Olinda has a special location because it neighbors the city of Recife, which is the capital of Pernambuco. It is possible to travel between Olinda and Recife in a matter of minutes, and because of this, one can take advantage of Recife's rich cultural life in order to enjoy even more diverse opportunities for entertainment, relaxation and culture.
Portuguese Courses in Olinda at the Olinda Portuguese Language School
The Olinda Portuguese Language School is located in the city of Olinda, Pernambuco, a city known for its rich cultural significance, and also for hosting one of the largest Carnival celebrations in Brazil. With a great number of hotels, bars and restaurants, the city offers both entertainment and safety. Olinda boasts a full cultural calendar year-round, with many events in music, art, crafts, and folklore. The nightlife of Olinda is also rich and lively. We are only 10 minutes away from the city of Recife, which amplifies students' possibilities for amusement, culture, knowledge and relaxation.
The amenities of The Olinda Portuguese Language School make it one of a kind. We have comfortable climate-controlled classrooms, a reading room, a small auditorium with a 30-person capacity, an Internet room, a wireless zone, a break room, and a large kitchen for student use or for use during cultural classes on Brazilian cuisine. Besides this, we have free space where students can relax and get to know each other.
Portuguese Courses can be held in traditional classrooms, the auditorium, the kitchen (for Brazilian cuisine classes), or even outside of the school so that students have meaningful encounters with local customs and experiences. The focus of our program is on grammatically correct communication. Classes are casual, with the frequent use of audio material, video, texts, conversations, and workbook exercises, in addition to other fun activities meant to facilitate learning.
We hope to provide an engaging environment that promotes constant interaction between students and instructors through cultural activities, parties, excursions, soccer, music and the human warmth of our team. We rely on a group of families prepared to receive students and to foster a satisfying cultural exchange experience, along with greater exposure to the Portuguese language. We are located in one of the most beautiful cities of Brazil, hoping you come to participate in this dream, and make it more alive and real every day.
Please click on the following tabs for more information on our Portuguese courses in Olinda:
Portuguese Courses in Olinda – Course Options:
The Olinda Portuguese Language School offers regular courses in Portuguese Courses for Foreigners in both group and private lessons, for beginner, intermediate, and advanced students. For the best learning experience, the group Portuguese courses are limited to a maximum of 6 people per class, and class meets Monday through Friday.
Private Portuguese Courses are available for new or advanced students, and professionals who have a specific focus in either verbal or written communication, or in particular themes and vocabularies. Private lessons are perfect for people who have only a short time for language training. These classes also meet Monday through Friday.
Portuguese Courses – Group Instruction:
Intensive 1 Portuguese Course: 20 Portuguese lessons per week. Students attend four 50-minute classes every weekday (Monday to Friday). Maximum group size: 6 students.
Intensive 2 Portuguese Course: 30 Portuguese lessons per week. Students attend six 50-minute classes every weekday (Monday to Friday). Maximum group size: 6 students.
Portuguese Courses – Private Instruction:
Private Intensive Portuguese Course 1: 20 Private Portuguese lessons per week. Students attend four 50-minute private Portuguese classes every weekday.
Private Intensive Portuguese Course 2: 30 Private Portuguese lessons per week. Students attend six 50-minute private Portuguese classes every weekday (4 in the morning and 2 in the afternoon).
Private VIP Portuguese Course: 50 Private Portuguese lessons per week. Students attend four 50-minute private Portuguese classes every morning, and two 50-minute classes during lunch with the instructor. After lunch, the student attends another four 50-minute classes in the afternoon. In total, 50 classes per week. Students and instructors will determine the number of activities to be completed outside of class.
Portuguese Courses in Olinda, Brazil – Prices 2018:
|One week
|Two weeks
|Three weeks
|Four weeks
|Extra weeks
|Group Intensive 1 Portuguese Course:
|Group Intensive 2 Portuguese Course:
|Private Portuguese Course 1:
|Private Portuguese Course 2:
|Private VIP Portuguese Course:
**Important notes: All course prices include Portuguese language lessons as listed below, course materials, internet access and one free Capoeira, dance class, cooking class or Cinema session per week.
Airport transfers are available upon request at USD 65 Round Trip.
2018 Starting Dates for all Group Portuguese Courses – Beginners must start on the following dates: 8, 22 January / 5, 19 February / 5, 19 March / 2, 16, 30 April / 14, 28 May / 11, 25 June /9, 23 July / 6, 20 August / 3, 17 September / 1, 15, 29 October / 12, 26 November / 10, 24 December. ALL other levels may start any Monday.
Holidays 2018: 1 January, 12-16 February (Carnaval), 30 March, 1 May, 7 September, 12 October, 2 and 15 November, 25 December. Classes missed due to holidays are NOT made up, except when 2 holidays fall in the same week, in which case one of the days will be made up during the rest of the week.
Specialized Portuguese Courses offered in Olinda:
Portuguese + Soccer: It´s a 4-week Program minimum. The students can start on the same start dates for beginners and any Monday for intermediate or advanced. During the months of December, January we do not have championship league matches and can not visit the stadiums, but we can do instruction with the teacher. The students have to bring their own equipment. During the Carnival we cannot offer this program. This course lasts four weeks, and can be extended according to the needs of the student. The student will have 4 50-minute Portuguese classes in the morning, Monday through Friday. The student will have afternoon soccer practice twice a week with a soccer coach. During the four week course, the student will also be permitted to visit two soccer stadiums, and to attend to local soccer matches. Walmir Miranda is our Soccer Instructor. He is Graduated in Physical Education, he is a personal trainer and have a soccer team in Olinda. Walmir is a soccer passionate he has a large knowledge about Brazilian soccer and dedicate his life to this. Also he works as a teacher in high schools in Olinda.
Portuguese Courses + Soccer Prices 2018: 4 weeks: USD 1,400.00 / Extra weeks: USD 350.00 each
Portuguese Courses + Soccer Starting Dates 2018: Same as the group courses (see above)
Portuguese + Music (Percussion): It´s a 4 weeks Program minimum. The students can start on the same start dates for beginners and any Monday for intermediate or advanced. The only period we do not have this program is during the month of Carnival. Once the students are here they will have contact with instruments and choose one, they should buy their percussive instrument, depending on the instrument, they will can make it in a workshop. This course lasts four weeks, and can be extended according to the needs of the student. The student will have 4 50-minute Portuguese classes in the morning, Monday through Friday. The student will have afternoon percussion classes twice a week. During the four-week class, the student will also be permitted to attend two workshops with local artists, two music performances, and a visit to the music conservatory. This course is not available during Carnival. Music Instructor: Emerson Santana is an artist; he has dedicated his life to music and has a vast knowledge in the field of folk music and the Brazilian Culture. He has a band of percussive instrument in Olinda and he does workshops of percussive instruments too. He works as a teacher in a social project with children in Olinda.
Portuguese Courses + Music Prices 2018: 4 weeks: USD 1,400.00 / Extra weeks: USD 350.00 each
Portuguese Courses + Music Starting Dates 2018: Same as the group courses (see above)
Portuguese Courses in Olinda- Accommodations
Hospitality is one of the primary characteristics that defines the Brazilian people. We the staff of The Olinda Portuguese Language School strive to make you feel at home during your stay in Brazil as you learn our language, get to know our culture, and enjoy this memorable experience.
The Olinda Portuguese Language school accommodation options include home stay, hostel, hotel or apartment.
The most popular choice and our highly recommended option is the Homestay with a Brazilian family. Our families give students the opportunity to have a full immersion experience by providing opportunities to practice their language skills as well as enjoy the cultural aspects of everyday life in their home. We feel it is important for students to engage in conversation and also experience the nature of Brazilian life including habits and culinary culture. Is very important students learn how Brazilians behave, our habits, our food, our way of life not only our Language.
We believe that to stay in a family home is the best choice to our students, they can speak Portuguese every day, the families prepare regional food and introduce them to our culture and habits. Because of this Olinda School has a partnership with Turismo da Gente: an institution working with Community Tourism, among other things they work with tours and homestay family in Brazil. They prepare families to receive strangers in their homes through workshops. We also apply our own questionnaire, interviews and criteria. As a matter of interest the USA Embassy has interviewed our host families and they have been approved to accept military students.
This is our host family criteria: Each family will provide internet wireless access, individual room, copy of the key house, a closet, a table, breakfast and dinner, hot shower and fan. The family must be open and receptive. On the first day of the student's classes, the family takes him/her to the School.
Accommodation Prices 2018:
Host Families:
Host Family Stay: Single room and breakfast daily: USD 180.00 per week **
Host Family Stay: Single room and half-board (breakfast and dinner daily): USD 210.00 per week **
Inns and Hotels:
Inn / Posada: Single room, breakfast daily: from USD 630.00 per week.
Hotels: prices provided upon request.
** Important note: there is a surcharge on host family accommodations during Carnaval week (12-16 February): Host family with half board will be $ 420.00 during that week, and Host Family with breakfast will be $360.00 during that week.
Portuguese Courses in Olinda – Activities
The Olinda Portuguese Language school holds events during the week at the school on topics such as Brazilian culture, dance, cinema, and capoeira.
Carnival: Olinda is famous for having the most amazing Carnival in Brazil. It is important to remember that this is the most important celebration in Brazil, and in Olinda, it is held to the sound of frevo, maracatu and other original rhythms of Pernambuco. There are crowds of carnival-goers, who group according to different themes, and parade through the city streets, accompanied by frevo orchestras, maracatu groups, and oversized puppets that pass through the entire city, making it even more animated. Motivated by various intentions, many people wear strange costumes, in order to draw attention, make a social critique, or simply make people laugh.
General Information:
IMPORTANT NOTE: An entry visa for Brazil is REQUIRED for citizens of the USA. If you are a US Citizen you must obtain a visa through the Brazilian Consulate having jurisdiction over your place of residence prior to departure. You may have to appear in person in order to obtain the visa and in order to do so you may be required to make an appointment ahead of time. Please contact the consulate well ahead of time as the process of obtaining a visa may take several days!!
We recommend for safety reasons that students carry just a little cash for their spending money, or use an internationally accepted ATM card (such as Cirrus or Plus system cards).
Airport Transfers:
Airport transfers are not included in the course price but are available upon request at an additional charge (USD 65 round trip). If you would like to book a transfer please let us know when you submit your application form. Flight information must be received at least one week prior to arrival.