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NOTE: This is a WORKING DRAFT of Trail 6. Some errors and omissions are known to exist.
Comments and corrections are very welcomed and should be made to Robert Stephenson, P. O. Box 435, Jaffrey, NH 03452. Tel: 603-532-6066. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
[NOTE: Many sites described in the trail are linked to photographs and additional information. Click on the underlined/highlighted text to activate the link. Click here for the sources of information appearing in these linked forms.]
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Click here for Trail 6's Sections, their Starting and Ending points and their Mileages.
Draft Route Map--Starting/Ending in Downtown Claremont.
The Connecticut River--New England's longest--separates New Hampshire from Vermont and today as in the distant past is among the most significant defining features of the two neighbor states. This is particularly so when it comes to historical and cultural development. The pace, direction and characteristics of settlement and change were and continue to be inextricably linked to the river that the native population called Kwenitekw or Quinatucquet or any number of other similar names meaning Great or Long River.
Until the building of the turnpikes in the early 1800s and the railroads in the mid 1800s, the river provided the chief transportation route for goods, settlers and ideas, and explains why the early development of the western areas of New Hampshire and the eastern areas of Vermont has so much of its origins in Connecticut. Navigation was not an easy task, particularly along the upper reaches of the river. Canals were built as a result. In 1802, the canal at Bellows Falls was opened, followed by others at Hartland and Wilder.
Although a maritime highway the Connecticut was also a barrier to east-west travel. Ferries were numerous along its length but the first bridge to cross the river didn't get built until 1792, at Bellows Falls.
The area featured in this section of the Connecticut River Heritage Trail takes the traveler through portions of Claremont, Cornish and Plainfield, New Hampshire and Windsor and Hartland, Vermont. The two states are linked by the Cornish-Windsor Covered Bridge, arguably the most historic and certainly the most impressive covered bridge in America. This section of the river valley is particularly interesting: Among the highlights, the industrial heritage of Claremont and Windsor and the cultural importance of the "Cornish Colony" in Cornish and Plainfield. There's lots more as well: meetinghouses and churches, village greens, ancient burying grounds, architectural landmarks, old inns, all enhanced by scenic views of Mt Ascutney, the still-active farm and meadow landscape of the Connecticut River and numerous rural less-traveled roads.
Find a parking spot for an hour or so in or close to Claremont's Tremont Square, a good place to start your walking tour of the Downtown Historic District (NR). This spot is the heart of Claremont, an open space lined with commercial and civic buildings. Most of the north side is taken up by the Moody Building (1890-92) which mixes elements of the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival architectural styles. It was built as the Hotel Claremont to replace the Tremont House which stood in the center of the square and burned in 1879. On the ground floor are the offices of the Chamber of Commerce, a good source of information. Notice the Tumble Inn Diner (c. 1930) just to the west; its original interior features some lovely tilework. On the east side are several mid- to late-19th century buildings that continue along Tremont Street and overlook the square ( no 38 sports some particularly interesting Gothic Revival touches). These lead the eye round to the city's landmark building, the Renaissance Revival Claremont City Hall and Opera House (1895-97, NR), designed by Charles A. Rich who was also responsible for numerous buildings at Dartmouth College and the architect of Teddy Roosevelt's Sagamore Hill at Oyster Bay. It replaced the earlier meetinghouse which had been moved to the site in 1790-91 (and which was auctioned off for $110 to make way for the new one). Displayed in the newer section of the city hall is the original carved wooden eagle that adorned the earlier town hall. The opera house, on the second floor, was for many years a regional center for entertainment, cultural, community and political events. It has recently been restored to its former grandeur and is the venue for many events throughout the year.
We continue on our walking tour by passing the City Hall and stopping to survey the scene of Broad Street Park, which the City Hall and a number of other distinctive and historic Claremont buildings overlook. In the center of the park is the Band Stand (1890), two Civil War cannon, and the Soldiers' Monument (1890), designed by Martin Milmore, a contemporary of Saint-Gaudens and responsible for many of the Civil War statues seen throughout New England. From the park look back towards Tremont Square and you'll see Mt Ascutney in the distance, framed by the two church steeples. To the northeast, opposite the City Hall, is the Georgian Revival Central Fire Station (1917) with its artistic assemblage of firefighting motifs in the second floor arch; and on the corner of Broad and Chapel, the Fiske Free Library (1903), built of stone in the Classical Revival style. Between the two is the Universalist Church (1832), now the Claremont Conference Center, which originally was Federal in style. In 1836 it was remodeled to Victorian Gothic with a touch of what's known as 'stick-style.' Behind it and the library is the Old Burying Ground. On the other corner of Chapel Street is Trinity Church (1852-53) which is stick-style personified and one of the best examples in the region. A corner tower came down in the 1938 hurricane and was never replaced. The next building going south on Broad Street is the Charles Goodwin Community Center (1885-86).
Walk west on Pine Street which enters Broad Street opposite the Post Office (1931), past the brick Farwell Building (c. 1830) on the corner and its neighbor which was once the town clerk's office. We're soon at Pleasant Street and the First Congregational Church (1835-36) which was built to replace the 1785 meetinghouse (which, in turn, became the town hall, later replaced by the present City Hall). Built of brick, its pointed arched windows suggest the Gothic Revival style. The church's wooden two-stage crenellated bell tower is perhaps its most unusual and distinctive feature.
Turning the corner we proceed along Pleasant Street back to Tremont Square. Both sides of this stretch are lined with mostly late 19th- early 20th- century commercial buildings. This single block and Tremont Square were the heart of Claremont up until the 1950s. Notice the cast iron columns of Rand's Block (1871) at 34-42 Pleasant Street. Probably the most interesting of the commercial buildings in this grouping is the Union Block (1888-89) on the west side at the corner of Sullivan Street at Tremont Square, a three-story brick, brownstone and terra cotta Queen Anne style building with elaborately intricate brickwork along its cornice.
Across Sullivan Street, and defining the western edge of Tremont Square, is the Bailey Block (1826) which also incorporates decorative brickwork. The third floor was added in 1878 to serve as the town's library, the sign for which remains. Just west on Sullivan, at the corner of Franklin Street, is the solid and restrained United Methodist Church (1929), a late Gothic Revival style church built of rubble stone.
This completes our short circular tour of the Downtown Historic District. You may wish to continue, by foot or car, into the adjoining Lower Village Historic District (NR). If so, go west along Main Street as it leaves Tremont Square. This brings us into the area between what was called "The Plain" and the banks of the Sugar River where Claremont's industrial heritage was born and prospered. The two chief industries were the Monadnock Mills and the Sullivan Machinery Company. Buildings of both survive on either side of the Sugar River. Among the more significant sites in this historic district are the handsome Sugar River Mill (1855) at 159 Main Street beside the river, now elderly housing, and the numerous connected buildings of Monadnock Mills (1836-1910, NR) stretching along Water Street; the brick Greek Revival-style First Baptist Church (1833-34) on the corner of Main and Central Streets; and the neighboring Victorian Gothic-style St Mary Roman Catholic Church (1870) on Central Street. (The latter replaced the first St Mary's which still stands in West Claremont and has the distinction of being the state's oldest Catholic church building.) Opposite the church stand three brick Greek Revival mansions (1835-36), originally the homes of the pioneering Claremont industrialists, Ormond Dutton, Simeon Ide and Henry Russell. The house of the fourth, Charles Putnam, no longer survives. Now owned by the Catholic Church, they are believed to have been the work of the prolific Walpole master builder, Aaron Howland.
Once you've seen some of the highlights of downtown Claremont, begin the driving itinerary by leaving Tremont Square, going past the City Hall, circling Broad Street Park and going north, across the Sugar River (have a last look back at the mill complex along its banks). Follow the signs for Rt 120, a two-lane state highway which takes us into the neighboring town of Cornish. As we proceed the landscape becomes more rural and heavily wooded. In just over six miles look for an unpaved road going off diagonally to the left. Make this turn which leads us past Edminster Cemetery , a well-cared for and attractively sited burying ground. Fronted by a white picket fence and laid out on terraces, it has several hundred markers of granite, marble and slate, including those of 9 Revolutionary War soldiers. The view from here westward is lovely, Mt Ascutney in the distance, framed by nearer hills. Throughout our itinerary views of this fabled mountain will appear. Continue on a few hundred feet to Jackson Road (paved) and take a left. We pass on the right a handsome brick house (1797) in a pretty setting and at mile 8 we join Brook Road, unpaved, which in a mile takes us to Town House Road (paved) where we bear right and head north. Soon after we'll see on the right the Blacksmith Shop Covered Bridge (also known as Kenyon Hill bridge, 1881, NR). Although no longer in use, we can still enjoy the scene despite the challenge of nearby parking. Spanning Mill Brook, it was built by James Tasker--a name we will keep encountering on this itinerary--and restored in 1963. It employs a multiple kingpost truss design. The name comes from bridge's proximity to a blacksmith shop that once stood nearby. At mile 10 we find ourselves in Cornish City, a curious name for a crossroads village comprising not much more than the Cornish Town Offices and Cornish Grange No 25 (1842), a brick Greek Revival single story building with an attractive columned recessed entranceway. Built as a Congregational church it later was taken over by the Methodists and then, in 1917, by the Cornish Grange, which, in turn, donated the building in 1994 to the town for offices. The original two-stage tower was removed in 1961.
Returning to the junction of Center and Town House Roads, take a right onto Center Road, heading north. This route follows Mill Brook eventually bringing us to Cornish Center at mile 12.5. On the north side of the road stands the United Church (1841-42). It shows the influence of Ammi Burnham Young, the Lebanon architect who designed other Greek Revival buildings at nearby Kimball Union Academy and at Dartmouth College and was responsible for the Custom House in Boston. The present congregation dates from 1954 when the Baptists and Congregationalists united together. The small brick building just to the west is the Vestry. The former parsonage is the white hilltop house further to the west. Take a moment and walk up to the small though beautifully situated Center Cemetery which is just up the hill behind the church. Continuing eastward on Center Road, we arrive back at Rt 120 at mile 14.3. Make a left turn and proceed one mile northward into Cornish Flat. As we approach, note on the left the large hip-roofed brick Leavitt-Spaulding House (c.1800), the grandest house in Cornish Flat, the largest of the town's numerous small villages. The triangular green with its granite Civil War statue (1890), Rolls of Honor and fenceless granite posts is flanked by several interesting and attractive buildings, the most prominent being the white clapboarded, three-door First Baptist Church (1803, NR). Originally located near Cornish Center, it was moved here in 1818. Over the years substantial changes have been made to the building and although it is no longer a functioning church (its referred to as the Meeting House and is used just for that, meetings) it nonetheless remains today as the focal point of the village and the home of the Cornish Historical Society.
On the east side of Rt 120, particularly along School Street, are several houses and sites worth having a look at. Two buildings in from Rt 120, on the south side, is the Colonial Revival-style George H. Stowell Free Library (1910) named for a local son whose donation covered the cost of construction, followed by the tiny single story brick Records Building (1886), built for $800 as the repository for town records and to accommodate the selectmen's office. The annex was added in 1895 and served as the town's "lock-up" for many years. Although the 'Steam Fire Proof' safe remains, the building--now owned by the Cornish Historical Society--has been vacant since the town functions moved in 1995 to the Town Offices in Cornish City. A bit further on stands what was the Cornish Flat School until 1955 and is now the Cheshire Lodge No 23, the Masonic Temple. Notice the decorative "bargeboards" on the eaves of the house next door. Across the road is the Cornish Flat Cemetery which has no fewer than 16 graves of Revolutionary War veterans. Immediately to the east is the Park Grange No 249, a single story brick building originally a residence. We return to Rt 120 but if we had continued along School Street we would have come eventually to one of the entrances to Corbin's Park, more formally known as the Blue Mountain Forest Association. Established in the 1880s as a private game park, its forty square miles spreads over five towns. It was from Corbin's that a national movement to save the American Buffalo was launched, the park's herd being used to resupply animals for buffalo reserves in the west. The Park still continues today as a private shareholding hunting club.
From Cornish Flat we turn north on Rt 120, passing through a scenic agricultural landscape of open fields and pasture, soon crossing into the town of Plainfield. On the right just before Stage Road enters from the west is an unpaved drive, Andrews Lane, that goes into the Moulton-Yard Cemetery, quite a pleasant burying ground. At mile 19.7, at the Main Street intersection, you'll see the brick Baptist Church (1836) on the northwest corner. Next to the church is the Elias Frost House, (c. 1808); Dr Frost agreed to part with his garden to provide the site for the church. Taking a left onto Main Street we gradually climb through the village of Meriden, a hilltop settlement set off as a parish of Plainfield in 1780. Dominating the village is the campus of Kimball Union Academy. It was chartered in 1813 "to train young men for leadership in the ministry" and to serve as a preparatory school for Dartmouth College. A number of the historic houses along this stretch are now owned by the Academy, among them the fine brick Levi Bryant House (now Kilton House, 1825) on the south side and the two somewhat similar brick houses on the north side, Chellis House (1837) and Hazelton House (1810). The major school buildings are near the top of the hill: Among the more interesting are the diminutive stone Barnes Library (1924) with its classical columned temple front and domed cupola, and Baxter Hall (1892), the brick building at the corner of Chellis Road, memorable for its rounded brick corner with belltower above. Across the way at the head of the green is the Meriden Congregational Church (1899), a stone Romanesque Revival style building with a decidedly English feel to it. It's the third church on the same site and replaced the 18th century frame church that succumbed to lightning in 1894. Behind the church are horsesheds and beyond is the two-story galleried Monroe House (c. 1856) which now serves as the headmaster's residence.
As you leave Meriden, going west on Brook Road, notice the fine view of distant Mt Ascutney to the southwest. Just a short distance further along on the north side is the entrance to the Helen Woodruff Smith Bird Sanctuary, the first such preserve in America, established in 1910 by Ernest Harold Baynes, whose bronze portrait relief is mounted on a rock not far from the entrance. Paths wind through the woods past numerous birdhouses and birdbaths, some carved from solid rock. The site has strong associations with the 'Cornish Colony.' The still-active Meriden Bird Club maintains the sanctuary. Soon after stands the Meriden Town Hall (1896).
Descending along Brook Road, we take a left at mile 20.8 onto Colby Hill Road at Mill Hollow, immediately passing over Bloods Brook on the Meriden Covered Bridge (1880, NR). This 80-foot bridge was built by James Tasker who also was responsible for the Blacksmith Shop bridge (indeed, for all covered bridges on our itinerary). It likewise employs a multiple kingpost truss design. Shortly after the bridge, on the left, is the attractively situated Mill Cemetery which is well worth a stop. About halfway in stands a granite obelisk surrounded by a green cast-iron fence, the grave of Daniel Kimball, founder of Kimball Union Academy. As we climb Colby Hill we pass between two early houses, one noted as dating from 1794. From here the views back toward Meriden are lovely. At this point Colby Hill Road becomes unpaved and changes its name to Ladieu Road and continues to climb through woods. Once over the hill there are more good views, this time toward Vermont.
Just before rejoining Brook Road at Pratts Corners we pass another cemetery-- Coreyville --on the left. Buried here is Hodges Cutler, the last to survive of Plainfield's Revolutionary War soldiers. A sharp right turn just after takes us to Brook Road, where we turn left and continue northwesterly alongside Bloods Brook until we reach Route 12A in the very southwestern corner of Lebanon. At mile 26.6 this is the northernmost portion of our itinerary. Proceed south on 12A, back into Plainfield. At mile 28.3 make the right onto River Road, a lovely untrafficked drive that runs beside the Connecticut and offers some very nice views. At the outset are several noteworthy farms, some with farmstands: Edgewater Farm with its early white clapboarded cape farmhouse, followed by Riverview Farm and the McNamera Dairy. Shortly after the latter, on the east side of the road, is River or Colby Cemetery , a small burying ground with some early slate markers. Further on is the Home Hill Country Inn (1818) on the left. This brick Federal style house replaced an earlier tavern that burned. River Road now takes us through some dense groves of pines and hardwood trees that give us an idea of what the wilderness must have been like in the days before settlement.
At mile 33.5 we turn left away from the river on Ferry Hill Road. Soon after we rejoin Route 12A. We turn to the north but first look right to enjoy the view of Mt Ascutney. As we proceed north and pass Freeman Road on the left notice, if the trees are bare, a yellow house on the west side of Freeman Road. This is the second and last home of Winston Churchill. The then-famous American author and 'Cornish Colonist' moved here when his grander house, Harlakenden--which for a time was Woodrow Wilson's summer White House--burned in 1923. Also nearby and off Freeman Road is The Oaks, artist Maxfield Parrish's house and studio. The house--featured in some of his famous paintings--burned in 1979 but the studio survives.
Shortly after Freeman Road, we turn right onto quiet and unpaved Mill Road which leads us south, across the Cornish townline and through the Blow-Me-Down Covered Bridge (1877, NR), the setting of which is probably the most intimate on our itinerary. With four survivors, Cornish leads the state in covered bridges. Shortly after the bridge, we take a left and a few hundred feet later a right onto Lang Road. As we climb past the large Austin Farm on the right, notice the former one-room schoolhouse on the left, followed by the Tracy Homestead (1793). Stephen Alden Tracy, a local man with an entrepreneurial spirit, at one time or another boarded in his farmhouse (which is still in the Tracy family) most of the Cornish Colonists. One of his early boarders was the artist Stephen Parrish (Maxfield's father) who bought acreage across the road from Tracy and built his house, "Northcote," (1894) not visible from the road. The house is unique among the Colony houses in its orientation northwest toward Plainfield and the Hartland Gap, rather than toward Mt Ascutney. The property was particularly well-known for its gardens. Lang Road becomes unpaved at this point (and is best avoided during 'mud season'), continuing on and gaining elevation until reaching Barrett Four Corners, a forested cross roads at mile 36.8. Bear left here onto Saint-Gaudens Road. Just after passing on the right the handsome twin-chimney yellow Nathaniel Johnson/Garrett House (c. 1810), we take a left onto Hell Hollow Road. This leads us to Stage Road, a paved road. Turning left, we now head westward toward Plainfield village. Just before Mill Village is a small red clapboarded building on the right; now a residence, this was the Spencer District Schoolhouse until 1938. A bit further on we pass Gilkey Cemetery high up on the right which has some older slates, the earliest dated 1767. Next on the right, set back with fields in front, is Brook Place, the summer home of Ellen Shipman, a landscape gardener and interior decorator, and her husband, the playwright, Louis Shipman, both 'Cornish Colonists.'
Soon after, Stage Road enters Route 12A. We make a left here and go south. Just after the turn on the east side is the Plainfield Cemetery, the town's largest though not the oldest. The ashes of Maxfield Parrish are here. A plaque at the entrance notes that the west Plainfield meetinghouse was originally at this location, later to reappear in the village. The handsome hip-roofed building immediately to the south is what was the Asa Kingsbury Tavern (1801); it had a ballroom on the second floor. Continuing south on 12A--with sweeping panoramic views of Mt Ascutney ahead--we're soon entering Plainfield village.
The village stretches out along Route 12A and presents an interesting and varied collection of civic, religious, institutional and residential architecture. The first building of note that we come upon is on the east side, the simple white clapboarded Mothers & Daughters Club House (1901, NR), its most noticeable feature probably being its pergola-trellis-like entranceway. It was designed by Charles Platt, a prominent architect and Cornish Colonist who was responsible for several nearby grand houses. The Club was one of the country's earliest women's clubhouses and an important landmark in the resurgence of American handicrafts. It was hoped that the organization would "... embrace the sojourners from the city and the country women, so that interests might be shared and helpful work done together." The building is now owned by the Plainfield Historical Society.
Two buildings further along is the simple Greek Revival Town Hall (1846, NR), famous for its theatrical backdrop designed by Maxfield Parrish and featuring a view of Mt Ascutney. The building itself was constructed with material from the dismantled meetinghouse beside the Plainfield Cemetery (which, in turn, started out, in 1798, in still another part of town).
Across Main Street is the brick Colonial Revival style Philip Read Memorial Library (1921) in front of which is the Plainfield 1914-1918 Honor Roll. At bit further south, also on the west side, stands the Baptist Church (1840) and, across the street and further south again, is the quite similar brick Blow-Me-Down Grange (1839), built as the Union Congregational Church and since 1899 the home of the local grange. This somewhat woebegone building has a mural on the rear wall of the stage entitled "The Women of Plymouth" by Lucia Fuller. Several Cornish Colonists modeled for the painting which was originally commissioned for the Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. She and her painter husband, Henry, lived a bit further along on the west side of Rt 12A in a stuccoed Italian villa, still standing quite close to the road.
At the southern edge of the village, on the southeast corner of Westgate Road, is a handsome painted brick Federal house, once a tavern. The Shipmans, who later bought property on Stage Road, lived here for several years, calling it Poins House, the name coming from the title of one of Louis Shipman's novels.
Shortly after, at mile 42.8, take a left turn onto Thrasher Road. Soon we are back in Cornish and crossing our earlier route near the Blow-Me-Down covered bridge. Continue straight at this intersection where the road becomes Platt Road, named for the architect Charles A. Platt. The grand shingled house easily seen on the south side was that of Admiral William Folger but most of the Cornish Colonist's houses along this stretch are not visible from the road. Among these is High Court (1890), an early triumph for Platt who designed it for Annie Lazarus, a New Yorker and patron of the arts. The Italian villa burned in 1896 but was quickly rebuilt. Opposite the drive to High Court stands Platt's own house (1890) a bit of which one can see beyond the entrance area.
Just where Platt Road joins Rt 12A, on the east side, is the Chase Cemetery, an attractive and still active burying ground. Within are the graves of numerous Revolutionary War veterans and some very large and well-carved slate headstones, the ones for Moses Chase (1799) and Rebeckah (1794) and Rhoda Chase (1796), wives of Moody Chase, are especially fine. Named for the Chase family, early worthies of Cornish, the cemetery lies across the road from the Nahum Chase Homestead (1794), a large hip-roofed yellow frame house.
At this corner take a left back onto Rt 12A, proceeding south. Soon we see on the left the Blow-Me-Down pond and the stone Blow-Me-Down Mill (1891). The mill, which actually was used as a gristmill and later to produce electricity, was designed by the famous architect, Stanford White for Charles Beaman, whose extensive property and house, named Blow-Me-Down, was across the road (the two stone entrance piers are still there). Until its destruction my fire in 1927, Blow-Me-Down was the center of the Cornish Colony's social life. Beaman, a New York lawyer and the son-in-law of William Evarts, who we will learn more about in Windsor, was the one most responsible for the development of the Cornish Colony. At one time he owned 23 houses in the area, many of which were later sold to Colonists. Close by on the highway is a state marker commemorating the Cornish Colony.
Shortly after, at mile 45.25, we take a sharp left onto Saint-Gaudens Road which climbs steeply through shady pine groves until we arrive at the Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site (NR, NHL), the single most important attraction on this itinerary. The parking area is to the right. [Admission charge. Grounds and buildings open daily Memorial Day through October; grounds open November through late May. Tel: 603-675-2175.] The Site today is a collection of several buildings, studios, galleries, statuary and gardens, all in a lovely setting with striking views of Mt Ascutney. The sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens came to Cornish in the 1880s at the urging of his friend, Charles Beaman. For his summer home he purchased an old coaching inn, 'Huggins Folly' (c. 1800), renaming it Aspet. In time a permanent resident, Saint-Gaudens lived and worked here until his death in 1907. The Little Studio (1904) with its pergola, Doric columns and Mediterranean colors is a delight, as are the gardens (seek out the allee of birches) in which one, often unexpectedly, comes upon the sculptor's works. Aspet remains as the Saint-Gaudens knew it and frequent short tours of the ground floor interior are offered by Park Service personnel. Sunday afternoon concerts on the lawn are a summer highlight. One can easily spend a half day here. The Site's brochure is beautifully produced and very informative.
Continuing along Saint-Gaudens Road, going east, the road becomes unpaved and soon we pass on the left Barberry House/Jacob Chase Homestead (c. 1795). Now a bed and breakfast, it was once the home of Homer Saint-Gaudens, son of the sculptor. The road gradually climbs and at mile 47.1 it bends to the right, becoming Dingleton Hill Road and once more paved. Along this stretch are several large farm properties and older houses. And the views back toward the northwest are memorable. Once over the eastern shoulder of Dingleton Hill, the road descends, affording an occasional view of Mt Ascutney, until reaching Cornish Mills, another of Cornish's tiny settlements. Straight ahead as we come to Town House Road is the Dingleton Hill Covered Bridge (1882, NR). Either take a right onto Town House Road or, for a short diversion, drive through the bridge and immediately turn west onto Mill Village Road which will take you by several older houses. Soon you will join Town House Road and be heading west.
On reaching Route 12A, go north a bit and you'll see the Connecticut River on your left and the Cornish-Windsor Covered Bridge (1866, NR) ahead. Beside the road, just before the bridge, is a small pull-over (the state historic marker is situated here too) which affords a good view of this the longest (at 450 feet) wooden covered bridge in the country and the longest two-span covered bridge in the world. It is without question the jewel in James Tasker's crown. Three previous bridges stood at this site, the earliest built in 1796. All were destroyed by floods. The original cost in 1866 was $9,000; nearly $4.5 million was spent in its reconstruction in 1989. The bridge has served to link Cornish and Windsor, not only economically (1,000 sheep passed over it on September 30, 1833) but historically (Lafayette and his entourage used it in 1825) and culturally (the Cornish Colony had strong links to Windsor). Its Cornish builder, James Tasker (1826-1903) is an interesting figure. "An intuitive engineer," he was responsible for at least 11 bridges in the area including all 6 on this itinerary.
Crossing the Connecticut we enter Vermont on Bridge Street (the state line is actually the low water mark at the west bank). No 42 is the Old Tollhouse for the bridge. We are soon at the junction of Route 5, Windsor's Main Street. If we take a left turn here and go a short distance we'll see on our right the American Precision Museum which is housed in the Robbins and Lawrence Armory and Machine Shop (1846, NHL). Its location in this mid-19th century mill complex is significant because it was here that the concept of producing interchangeable parts was introduced to industrial manufacturing (in this case to produce 10,000 rifles to fulfill a government contract). This revolutionary advancement led to Windsor and later Springfield becoming centers of the American machine tool industry. The Museum contains the country's largest collection of historically significant machine tools. Besides numerous exhibits there is an extensive library. [Admission charge. Open every day year round. Tel: 802-674-5781.]
Turning around, we now head north along Main Street. At this point it's best to find a convenient place to park as most of Windsor's historical sights are within easy walking distance. You might want to head first for Windsor House, (1836, NR), 54 Main Street opposite the Post Office. In its days as a hotel Windsor House was held to be the finest public house between Boston and Montreal. Not only is this a significant building architecturally and historically, it is the home of Historic Windsor, Inc. (and the Vermont Crafts Center) where you can obtain a copy of the excellent and informative An Architectural & Historical Walking Tour of Windsor, Vermont. Some of the highlights: The Old South Congregational Church (1798), Main Street, is a classic Federal style church designed by Asher Benjamin who lived in Windsor for three years and was later to gain widespread fame as an architect and author of builders' guides. The adjoining Cemetery is a pleasant final resting spot for many of Windsor's early notables. In the portion south of the church is a bronze plaque noting the location of Windsor's first meetinghouse, built in 1773. Across the street from the cemetery stands the Windsor Diner (1955), a New England building type (and dining style) gaining in admirers even if declining in numbers. You may wish to walk down Depot Street a block to the Windsor Railroad Station (c. 1905). The train still stops here but the building itself is now a restaurant. Back on Main Street the Italianate-style Post Office and Courthouse (1857) across from Windsor House was designed by Ammi Young, born in Lebanon, NH, and responsible for many important buildings in New England and further afield. Much of the light colored trim is actually cast iron and not stone. The building has the distinction of being the nation's oldest post office in continuous use. Windsor has some interesting commercial architecture: Next to the post office to the south is Romanesque Revival-style Tuxbury Block (1898), still retaining its storefronts, and across the street, south of Windsor House, is the Federal-style Pettes-Journal Block (1824) with its distinctive brick gable end facing the street.
Further north on Main Street is a remarkable collection of houses noteworthy both for their architecture and their historical importance. The Forbes-Evarts House (1796-97), 38 Main Street, was the home of General Abner Forbes, one of the founders of Kimball Union Academy. This Federal-style house was designed by a partner of Asher Benjamin. It was later owned by William Maxwell Evarts, Windsor's most famous public figure of the 19th century. Evarts, a lawyer, defended President Andrew Johnson in his impeachment trial. He also had, like his son-in-law Charles Beaman over in Cornish, a penchant for acquiring land and owned at one time much of the riverfront property from Windsor north into Hartland. His great grandson, the famous Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox, owned the house as well. Next door at 34 Main Street is the equally significant Curtis-Evarts House (1796) also owned by Evarts which along with several others made up the Evarts Compound. It's instructive to note the neighboring houses on either side of Main Street as they run the gamut of architectural styles. Of greatest historical importance is the Old Constitution House (c. 1774, NR) on the west side of Main Street (but originally at the corner of Depot Street). This is where the constitution of the 'Free and Independent State of Vermont' was adopted on July 8, 1777, the first constitution that prohibited slavery. [Admission charge. Open late May through mid-October, Wednesday through Sunday. Tel: 802-672-3773.]
Just to the west of Main Street, up State Street, is Court Square, the earlier heart of Windsor. (One can reach there by foot from North Main Street by taking the footpath that passes alongside Lake Runnemede.) There are several notable buildings here particularly St Paul's Episcopal Church (1820-22), an early Greek Revival style church designed by Alexander Parris, the Boston architect responsible for, among other Boston buildings, Quincy Market. Next to the church is the Town Library (1904) designed in the Georgian Revival style. On the far side of the square stands the McIndoe House, (1849) with its steeply pitched roofs and decorative bargeboards, one of the finer examples of the Gothic Revival style in the upper Connecticut River Valley. At the northeast corner of the square is the former Windsor Town Hall, now the American Legion Hall (1881), an interesting example of the Romanesque Revival style. Note the terra cotta decorative panels.
As you leave Windsor going north on Route 5 look off to the left after passing the Constitution House and you'll see on the far hillside Juniper Hill (1902, NR). This large Colonial Revival-style 28-room mansion, now an inn, was built for Maxwell Evarts, the son of William M. Evarts. Not long after, on the right, is the painted brick Ivy Hall, (1850, NR), built in the Federal style for Bancroft Hall, the minister at Old South Church. It's very close to the site of the first permanent white settlement in Windsor, Steel Smith's 1764 log hut on Hubbard Brook. A bit further on, also on the right, is the Bartlett Farm, (c. 1800). Although now fewer in number this stretch of Route 5 north to Hartland still has some impressive farm properties. The next one is the Ada Townsend House, (c. 1800) on the right with two weathered barns on the west side of Route 5. Following, on the left, is all that remains of a farm complex that once was owned by Marie Dressler, famous for her movie role as 'Tugboat Annie.' Look for the weathered red barn with cupola. On the left, just past the Windsor Country Club, is the Tiffany Estate, once the summer home of the owner of New York's Tiffanys. Soon we pass over the town line into Hartland.
As we travel north and begin to approach the village of Hartland you may wish to take a right (there's a red brick cape on the corner) onto Martinsville Road (unpaved along most of its length) for a look at the Martin's Mill Covered Bridge (1881, NR), a short distance away. This Town lattice truss bridge spans Lull's Brook and is one of two surviving covered bridges in the town of Hartland. Like the others we've seen on this itinerary it is the work of James Tasker. If you choose this detour, after seeing the bridge you can either turn around and return to Route 5 or continue on Martinsville Road and bear left onto Station Road which comes out by the Congregational Church in Hartland village. If you continue on Route 5, as the road climbs and approaches a bridge, just south of the village, look down to Lull's Brook on the right and notice the wooden and iron-banded penstock that carries water to the small hydro-electric plant.
Hartland village (or more commonly Hartland Three Corners though originally known as Sumner's Village) is the largest settlement in the town. It owes its existence and early prosperity largely to David Sumner. Through his enterprise by the 1830s the area had become a center of the lumber industry on the Connecticut River. He operated a ferry across the river to Plainfield and built the Aterquechey Canal that allowed navigation around the "Waterqueechee" Falls (now Sumner Falls) on the Connecticut. Three Corners has some interesting and impressive buildings, perhaps the grandest being the David Sumner House (c. 1811, NR) on the south side of Route 5 overlooking the village store and the small green with its Civil War statue. The house, a two-story brick Federal-style structure is notable for its fanlight entrance, Palladian window, window caps and rosettes (not original to the house; these were added in the 1950s, salvaged from the Asher Benjamin-designed Conant House in Windsor), and the balustraded and panelled parapet probably added in the 1940s. We'll see another grand Sumner house when we return to Claremont, that of his father, Benjamin. Across the street is the General Store (c. 1840) erected by Leonard Hamilton and replacing an earlier store built around 1805. This is a good example of a "typical" Vermont country store: wood floors, windows one can actually see through, and just about everything one really needs. Beside it, just to the north, is the putty-colored two-story Federal-style Reuben Weld House (c. 1810). It was moved to this site in 1814. Further to the north, above the fork formed by Quechee and Durphy Roads, is the Benjamin Labaree House (c. 1855) a vaguely Italianate brick house erected by Nathaniel Shaw who apparently specified the high second floor ceilings to accommodate a pipe organ for his intended bride. She changed her mind and he reportedly never recovered. To the west of the little green is Damon Hall (1914, NR), the Colonial Revival Hartland Town Hall. This is also the home of the Hartland Historical Society. Earlier on the same site stood the Pavilion House, an inn built by Isaac Stevens in 1795.
A few hundred feet beyond the village going north, just off of Route 5 on Station Road, stands the Congregational Church (1834), a Greek Revival brick building with a tiered bell tower and stained glass windows. Beside it to the east is the Town Cemetery, the largest one of many in Hartland and still in use. The oldest grave is 1789. The small building at the foot of the hill is a holding tomb where coffins awaiting burial were stored during the winter months. Notice the intricate decorative brickwork.
Leaving Three Corners at mile 56.7, we head west on Route 12. There is a scattering of older buildings on either side. On the left soon after leaving Three Corners is what is now the Hartland Recreation Center but started out as the two-room Georgian Revival Three Corners School (1915).
After a pleasant drive of a mile or so we enter the crossroads (hence the name) village of Hartland Four Corners situated besides Lull's Brook (named for the town's first settler). In 1802 there were just five buildings here, so early records indicate, but twenty years later there were four taverns, three blacksmith shops and a school. Probably the most noticeable building today is the Universalist Church (1855), a white clapboarded Gothic Revival church with interesting octagonal bell chamber and spire atop its boxed tower. Just next door, to satisfy other needs, is the Skunk Hollow Tavern, a painted brick building, quite possibly the oldest in the village. Notice the tiny church folly in the front yard. Across the street is the stone Blacksmith Shop, predating 1869 and now a residence. North of this is the brick Schoolhouse No 11. It was at one time a general store and the Town Clerk's office. It served as a school from 1872 until 1932, and since then has been a private residence. On the southeast corner of Rt 12 and Brownsville Road is a two-story white clapboarded house that is the direct descendant of the tavern kept by Asa Lull, Hartland's first settler, and his sons.
Leaving Four Corners at mile 58.3 and heading south we pass on the right Pine Brook Farm (1827), a lovely brick Federal house with recessed arched panels, a Palladian window and an eliptical fanlighted doorway. A short distance further, on the left, is the red Meadowbrook School, the successor to Schoolhouse No 11. Soon after crossing Lull's Brook, take a left at mile 59.1 onto County Road. Off to the left a ways is Walker Cemetery where some of Hartland's early settlers are buried and at least one Revolutionary soldier, Ichabod Hatch. Gravestone dates range from 1797 to 1895. You can drive in most of the way on the unpaved Walker Cemetery Trail, then walk across the field. It's a lovely setting with appealing views in all directions.
County Road bends to the left at Cleve Cloud Farm and a few hundred feet further on, to the left at the junction of Rice Road, is the David Craig House, a large, center chimney, Federal house (c. 1820) in a pleasant setting. Soon after we pass back into Windsor and begin to descend. Once again we have a fine view of Mt Ascutney ahead. The road continues southward, past the entrance to the State Prison (we'll see the old prison in a moment), under Interstate 91 and towards Windsor village. At mile 64, County Road joins State Street. Take a left and head into Windsor village, noting along the way some interesting buildings including the former Vermont State Prison (1809), which prior to its conversion to apartments in the 1970s was the country's oldest prison in continuous use. It was built of granite quarried from Mt Ascutney. On our left is Court Square which we saw earlier in the itinerary and soon, at mile 64.7 we are back again at Route 5 in the center of Windsor. Here we turn right onto Main Street and head south to Bridge Street, reversing our earlier route over the Connecticut through the Cornish-Windsor Covered Bridge and, once in New Hampshire, south on Route 12A.
Continue south on Route 12A past the junction of Town House Road which earlier brought us from Cornish Mills. Almost immediately after we'll see set back on the east side of the road Trinity Church (1808, NR). Philander Chase, the son and grandson of the Chases who first settled Cornish in 1765, established an Episcopal Society in 1793, and from this grew Trinity Church. The building is a fine example of an unpretentious and starkly simple rural New England architectural style. Behind is the picturesque Trinity Cemetery within which lie no fewer than 20 Revolutionary War veterans and many Chases, including Judge Chase, the patriarch of the Cornish Chases. Directly opposite the church, on the west side of Route 5, is the high-style hipped-roof Jonathan Chase House and Tavern (c. 1770).
Continue south on River Road (Route 12A), a several-mile stretch in Cornish and Claremont (often called Chase Street) that is perhaps the most scenic of the entire itinerary: still-producing farmland, open fields, an occasional historic house or farmstead, views to the river and beyond. The first house on the left after Trinity Church is the Wellman House (1769), the oldest house in Cornish, a small one-story cottage built by the Rev. James Wellman, first minister of Cornish. His parish also included Windsor across the river although no bridge or ferry existed at the time. He died in 1808 and is buried in the Trinity Cemetery.
On the west side of the road is the Nathan Smith House (1791) with its distinctive Palladian window and corner pilasters. Dr Smith was responsible for the founding of the Dartmouth Medical School in 1798, only the country's fourth such school at that time. Next, on the east side, is the high-style brick King's Grant Farm (1775), built by Daniel Putnam, son-in-law of Judge Chase and one of Cornish's earliest settlers. The property is still in the Putnam family.
The next property of importance is the Salmon Portland Chase Birthplace (c. 1790, NHL). It was in this house in 1808 that the future Ohio Senator and Governor, Presidential candidate, Treasury Secretary, Chief Justice and namesake of the Chase Manhattan Bank was born. He was also responsible for adding the phrase "In God We Trust" to American currency. Originally standing on the west side of the road, the house was moved to its present site when the railroad came through in the 1840s. Notice the state historic marker on the roadside. Today the property is the Chase House, a bed and breakfast. This section of Cornish alongside the Connecticut might well have been called Chaseville because of the many houses north and south of here built by members of this large Cornish family. It is told that a member of the Cornish Chases once boasted to a member of the Bellows family in Walpole that "there were Chases enough in Cornish to chase all others from out of the town into Walpole." The Walpole representative replied that "there were Bellows enough in Walpole to blow them all back again."
At mile 67.8 we cross into Claremont continuing through attractive and productive farmland. About three-quarters of a mile further south, on the left side of the road, stands the Godfrey Cooke House or Riverfields (c. 1825), considered to be one of the state's finest Federal houses. According to historian Bryant Tolles, the fluted pilasters, elaborated cornice, delicate Palladian window and portico suggest that the unknown builder was influenced by the work of Asher Benjamin who lived and worked for a time in nearby Windsor. Across the road and a bit north is a small granite marker locating the site of Capt John Cooke's Tavern (John was the father of Godfrey) where in 1825 General Lafayette stopped and "partook of some choice old wine."
On the west side of the road, just as it's about to turn to the east, is the extensive Ascutney View Farms. Notice on the south side of the barn roof the decorative pattern of the slates spelling out the date "1883."
Just after, on the right and north of Routes 12/103, is a road that leads down to the Connecticut. This was once part of the King's Highway, the first road built northward from Fort No 4 at Charlestown. At the end is the brick Old Toll House, now a private residence, which was in service for the covered bridge that spanned the river at this point, a bridge that was carried away by an ice-jam in 1902. Prior to the opening of the bridge (1837) there was a ferry over to Ascutneyville, and a flat boat landing, operated by Col Benjamin Sumner whose house, Cupola Farm (1796) we next come upon on the west side of Route 12A just after the bend. Built as a tavern, the house, now sadly deteriorating, has long been regarded as among the Upper Valley's finest examples of Federal-style architecture. Its name comes from the distinctive cupola or lantern surmounting the roof. Sumner--the father of David whose house we saw in Hartland--was an important and successful man in Claremont but his notoriety stemmed largely from his rabid Tory views and actions. His father lived across the road in the more restrained Dr. William Sumner House (1768) where in 1769 Claremont's second town meeting was held. This little portion of Claremont, once called Sumnerville, was among the earliest settled and boasted the town's first store and the first law office. Up ahead, just at the point that the road bends to the west, stands the Samuel Ashley III House (1795-96). Ashley married Col Sumner's daughter, but unlike his father-in-law, Ashley was a notable patriot and was a major in the militia. They were the progenitors of Harrison Hagen Schmitt, the first geologist on the moon.
A short distance further on, at mile 69.9, Rt 12A intersects with Routes 12 and 103. Take a left here and head east but as you make the turn look west for a close-up view, and our last one on the itinerary, of Mr Ascutney. We soon pass under High Bridge (1930) which carries the railroad over the Sugar River off to your right. The span replaced one built in 1851 by the father of the artist James McNeill Whistler and which at the time was considered a "marvel of engineering." The present bridge makes use of a portion of the original stone abutments. At mile 70.9, take a right onto The Plains Road. The two corner houses have interesting historical connections. On the southwest corner stands the Col Benjamin Tyler House (1773), the first two-story frame house in Claremont. Tyler developed the mills just down road on the Sugar River and was a prominent citizen, being elected a selectman at the first town meeting in 1768. His house later became the popular Maynard Tavern operated by his son, Austin Taylor. On the opposite corner is the light yellow two-story Gilmore House (1825) built by Leonard and Hiram Gilmore who bought the West Claremont mills from Tyler in 1819. Set back on the north side of Rts 12 & 103 and fronting on Clay Hill Road is the Benedick Roys House (c. 1766), the town's first framed house. Roys' gravestone is the oldest in Claremont; indeed no record exists of an earlier death (1769). The cape-style house stood elsewhere originally and was moved here in 1807.
Proceeding downhill on The Plains Road we soon cross the Sugar River at the location of the Tyler's dam and mills. The site is now taken up by the Coy Paper Company mills. Admire the intricate decorative brick work as you pass by. Just after crossing the river bear left onto Old Church Road. After the topography levels off and some nondescript buildings are left behind we will have the pleasure of seeing a cemetery and further on a church appear on our right and another church on our left. This is a significant spot in New Hampshire history. The church on the left is Union Church (1773-89, NR) which has the distinction of being the oldest Episcopal church building in New Hampshire, serving the second-oldest parish. Begun in 1773 the structure's completion was delayed by the Revolution until 1789. It is one of the few remaining churches in the state to retain its original box pews. The tower and belfry were added in 1800-01 and 20 years later a section was added to the rear. The dark colored two-story house just to the north of the church was the Rice Tavern (c. 1770), kept by Ebenezer Rice until 1798. Claremont town meetings were held here for a time. Rice was a skilled carpenter and probably the builder of Union Church. Further on and across the road is another site of historic importance: Old St Mary Church (1823), New Hampshire's oldest Roman Catholic church. Its construction was supervised by the Rev. Virgil Barber, the son of the Rev. Daniel Barber, rector of the Union Church. The two churches have a close connection with one another through the father and son. Ordained as Episcopal ministers, they both began to lean to and then embraced the Catholic faith (Virgil's wife at this point became a nun); in effect, the Barbers moved across the road and in the process surely engendered some local controversy. At the time Union's parsonage was opposite the church and Virgil built St Mary's as an ell to the parsonage, now gone (the brickwork on the south side hints at the connection). This act must have really raised eyebrows! Virgil also established in the second floor of St Mary's the first Catholic school in New Hampshire. The style of the building is best described as eclectic.
Behind the church is the West Claremont (or West Part) Burying Ground, Claremont's first cemetery, voted by the town in 1768. It ecumenically serves both St Mary's and Union with no fence between the two. The earliest gravestone is that of Benedick Roys (1769) whose house we earlier saw. It's still in active use.
Continuing south on Old Church Road we pass just after St Mary's the Ebenezer Skinner House (c. 1774) on the right followed by the Jacob Rice House (c. 1770s). At mile 72.25 we rejoin The Plains Road and less than a quarter mile later take a left onto Sullivan Street which takes us past the Claremont airport. Soon we are approaching downtown Claremont, climbing up beside the Sugar River and past brick mill buildings and older houses. On the corner of Sullivan and Union Streets is the Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church (date?) with its onion domes, reminding us of Claremont's large Russian immigrant population that came to work in the mills in the late 1800s. After another block or two we're once again at Tremont Square, completing our 75 mile itinerary.
� 1997 Robert B. Stephenson. All rights reserved; links welcomed, also non-commercial use if source acknowledged. Remember, however, this is a DRAFT. All photographs by Robert B. Stephenson.


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Happy Birthday! 5 Things to Know About Zeba Bakhtiar
There are very few names in Pakistani film industry that are known for their reputation and good work. Zeba Bakhtiar is one of those name that had taken Pakistani cinema to new heights by her acting. She started her movie career in 1991 with "Henna". Unfortunately, the lady could not safe Pakistani Cinema all alone at that time but she is that one legend who is known for her versatility. Let us tell you the unknown facts about the diva.
- Zeba Bakhtiyar who has known for her beauty across the border, is a daughter of a former Attorney General Yahiya Bakhtiyaar who was also a closed confidant of former Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
- The Beauty icon of Pakistan started her career at PTV in drama serial Anarkali, where she went to apply as a playwright. The elegant star's entry in the showbiz was accidental as she was studying law and showbiz in Pakistan was a huge taboo at that time.
- Zeba Bakhtiya is that one actress who has earned great success and applauds in Indian movie industry. She made her big screen debut in Indian movie Henna opposite to Rishi Kapoor. Henna was an Indo-Pak project under Raj Kapoor banner, started by Raj Kapoor himself but due to his demise his son Randhir Kapoor completed the movie.
- The lady is popular for her international appearances and versatile acting but people cant forget the remarkable performance she gave in Laag as an innocent Kashmiri girl and the leader of "Kashmiri Independence Movement". NFAK 's song track "Janey Kab Hongey Kam..Is Duniya Kay Gham" and Zeba's adolescent Kashmiri attire was truly a memorable bliss.
- Zeba Bakhtiya in collaboration with her son Azaan Sami Khan owns a production house namely One Motion Pictures. They have recently released their first spy thriller movie operation "O21" which is receiving accolades from all over the world.

subset: commoncrawl


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San Francisco, April 05, 2016 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) --
The biolubricants market is expected to reach USD 2.60 billion by 2020. Superior properties of the pro.duct including constant viscosity, biodegradability, high flash point and lower emissions are expected to propel demand over their mineral counterparts. Furthermore, regulatory support towards the use of sustainable materials in biolubricant manufacturing is expected to augment product demand over the forecast period. However, limited application scope coupled with high cost as compared to synthetic lubricants is expected to be a major challenge over the forecast period.
The demand for automotive oils was over 150.0 kilo tons in 2013 thereby making it the largest application segment. Wide scale applications of bio-based lubricant in automobiles, particularly in developed nations of Europe and North America, are expected to be a driver for industry growth.
The product is manufactured using animal oils and vegetable oils including palm oil and castor oil. The combined demand for palm oil and castor oil was more than 450 Kilo tons in 2013. In 2013, over 80% of biolubricants were produced using vegetable oils. Asia Pacific is the major producer of vegetable oil whereas Europe and North America are major consumers of vegetable oils.
The product is primarily used in industrial processes with a demand of over 295.0 kilo tons in 2013. Commercial transportation is expected to witness substantial growth owing to favorable government regulations in developed nations at a CAGR of more than 6% over the forecast period. It is used as hydraulic transmission fluids, gear oil, and heavy duty motor oil. Growing demand for the product in various end-use applications owing to its superior properties and low environmental effect is expected to drive demand.
Browse to access In-depth research report on Global Biolubricants Market with detailed charts and figures: http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/biolubricants-industry
North America accounted for the largest share in 2013 and is expected to reach over 340.0 kilo tons by 2020 owing to incentives and grants issued by the governments for the use of bio-based products. North America is expected to remain the market leader over the forecast period while growing at a slower rate. Supportive regulations towards the use of biolubricants in Europe coupled with implementation of policies such as "Ecolabel" is likely to propel growth over the forecast period.
The industry is still in the nascent stages of development yet highly consolidated with over 60% share held by top 4 companies. Leading market players are investing significantly in R&D for the development of proprietary products and production process. The market is dominated by companies such as Total SA, UBL, Exxon Mobil, Chevron, shell and British Petroleum.
Request for free sample of this research report: http://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/biolubricants-industry/request
Grand View Research has segmented the Global Bio-Lubricants market on the basis of raw material, application, end use and region:
Bio-Lubricants Raw Material Outlook (Volume, Kilo Tons; Revenue, USD million, 2012 - 2020)
• Vegetable Oil
• Animal Oil
• Others
Bio-Lubricants Application Outlook (Volume, Kilo Tons; Revenue, USD million, 2012 - 2020)
• Automotive Oil
• Hydraulic Oil
• Process Oil
• De-molding Oil
• Lubricating Greases
• Chainsaw Oils
• Compressor Oils
• Turbine Oils
• Industrial gear Oils
• Working metal Oils
Bio-Lubricants End Use Outlook (Volume, Kilo Tons; Revenue, USD million, 2012 - 2020)
• Industrial Use
• Commercial Transport
• Consumer Automobile
Bio-Lubricants Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilo Tons; Revenue, USD million, 2012 - 2020)
• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• RoW
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Grand View Research, Inc. is a U.S. based market research and consulting company, registered in the State of California and headquartered in San Francisco. The company provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. To help clients make informed business decisions, we offer market intelligence studies ensuring relevant and fact-based research across a range of industries, from technology to chemicals, materials and healthcare.
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Source:Grand View Research


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June 22, 2016 — WNYT reports that a lawsuit has been filed by a man from New York who was injured by an e-cigarette that exploded in his mouth.
The lawsuit was filed by Kenneth Barbero, who was quoted as saying "it was like an M-80 went off in my mouth." His teeth were knocked out, a hole was ripped in his tongue, and his hands were severely burned.
According to a comprehensive list of e-cigarette explosions compiled by eCigOne, there have been 173 explosions that were reported in the media since 2009. It is likely that many more were never reported in the news.
For example, the list includes only one incident in Seattle, but the Seattle Times reports that 14 victims have been treated or hospitalized at Harborview Medical Center for e-cigarette injuries since October 2015.
Dr. Elisha Brownson, a burn and critical-care fellow at Harborview, said:
"The prevalence of these injuries is not decreasing. We were seeing one a month. Since March, we've seen at least two a month."
As the number of e-cigarette explosions has increased, so has the number of lawsuits. Lawyers in St. Louis have filed lawsuits on behalf of at least 15 clients — including a 2-year old who was burned when his mother's device exploded — since November 2015.
In October 2015, a jury in California awarded $1.9 million to Jennifer Ries, a woman who suffered 2nd-degree burns on her legs, buttocks, and hand after a VapCig e-cigarette exploded on her car charger.
Need an E-Cig Explosion Lawyer in Texas?
Collen A. Clark is a true advocate for his clients and is passionate about helping Texans that have been injured or wronged.
Collen's amazing success in the courtroom and well known dedication to his clients has earned him the recognition of his peers as one of The Top Trial Lawyers in Texas."
The Clark Firm has assembled a team of trial lawyers with more than 100 years experience, participation in over 600 jury trials and $260 million in verdicts and/or settlements. Please use the form below to contact our Texas e-cig explosion lawyers for a free lawsuit review.


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1 Min Read
Nov 28 (Reuters) - Toyou Feiji Electronics Co Ltd :
* SAYS IT GETS SECURITIES REGULATOR'S APPROVAL FOR PRIVATE PLACEMENT OF SHARES Source text in Chinese: bit.ly/2BjLbiY Further company coverage: (Reporting by Hong Kong newsroom)
All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. See here for a complete list of exchanges and delays.
© 2018 Reuters. All Rights Reserved.


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I talk a lot in this blog about the importance of the team, a lot of it is admittedly focused on hiring superstars. And, as we all know hiring superstars is so easy.......um right, no it's tough. So, in this post I want to draw an analogy for you that will I think make a lot of sense.
Perhaps you've heard of the Boston Celtics guard Avery Bradley....chances are you've never heard of him but you're very familiar with Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce or Rajon Rondo. Bradley? Who? Well...let me show you a few stats from the Boston Globe:
In the Celtics' first 30 games this season without Bradley, when he was rehabbing his shoulders, the team's defensive rating (points allowed per 100 possessions) was 102.1, the 13th-best mark in the NBA at that time.
But in the 27 games since Bradley has returned, the Celtics' defensive rating has skyrocketed to 97.2, the second-best mark in the league...
Read that again. One guy, one undersized 22 year old guard take the Celtics from a middle of the road defensive team, into an elite defensive team. One dude. The implications for those of us recruiting, hiring or building teams is huge. It's not necessarily about building a team of stars....it's about building a team with a few stars (KG, PP, Rondo etc) and surrounding them with players that EVERYONE better. No one will be driving Bradley to the Hall of Fame for what he does...but what he does makes Hall of Fame players better.
So,my question to you is this. Do you have an Avery Bradley on your team? If not, you should. What would a workplace version of Avery Bradley look like you say? Here are a few traits:
- A world class expertise in one very specific skill. For Bradley, it's defense
- That skill....rubs off on the team and make everyone better. For the Celtics, it's "team defense"
- Energy. Watch this video and you'll notice Bradley never stops. His teammates call him the "pit-bull"......that energy is infectious and makes everyone play harder.
So, there you go....when you're building a team hire as many superstars as you can (see the Heat, Miami) but make sure you supplement them with high energy specialists that make everyone better.
Until next time......good luck out there.


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10 Songs That Should Never Be Covered Again
Wolf Parade fans — and that includes us — rejoiced when the band played a few shows this weekend. It remains to be seen whether these will turn out to be farewell performances or if they magically result in the end of the band's indefinite hiatus, so we'll try not to read too much into the cover of "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" they played in Vancouver. It looks like it was a touching moment, and we love Wolf Parade, but we probably don't need to hear any new bands tackle Dylan's classic, which was also a big, weird hit for Guns 'N Roses. The video got us thinking about other seminal songs that should never be covered again. Our top ten is after the jump.
Leonard Cohen — "Hallelujah" (1984)
Definitive cover version: Jeff Buckley (1994)
If we betting types, we might wager that most people who know the song "Hallelujah" don't realize Leonard Cohen wrote it because it's been covered so many times, and it's been those versions that have most often popped up on movie and TV soundtracks. We like the Jeff Buckley version and understand why it's more popular than the original, but for us, only Cohen's gravelly growl does this dark love song justice. That's not to say that subsequent covers, especially Rufus Wainwright's, haven't been good. We're just sick of seeing a legitimately complex song become easy emotional shorthand for "a sad break-up happened."


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Senate Democrats postpone vote on Labor nominee
Senate Democrats are delaying a confirmation vote on Labor Secretary nominee Thomas Perez after Republicans threatened to use a separate hearing to criticize his handling of a whistleblower case.
A vote in the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee that had been set for Thursday has been pushed back to May 8.
Committee Chairman Tom Harkin of Iowa says he was concerned that Republicans would use the separate hearing to attack Perez when he would not be present to defend himself. Harkin canceled the other hearing on whistleblowers, which also was set for Thursday.
Republicans have criticized Perez for declining to intervene in a whistleblower case while he was at the Justice Department. They claim the decision was based on political ideology and not the merits of the case.


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Course Title: Troubleshoot amplifiers
Part B: Course Detail
Teaching Period: Term2 2010
Course Code: EEET6752C
Course Title: Troubleshoot amplifiers
School: 130T Vocational Engineering
Campus: City Campus
Program: C6083 - Advanced Diploma of Electronics and Communications Engineering
Course Contact: Gita Pendharkar
Course Contact Phone: +61 3 99254701
Course Contact Email: email@example.com
Name and Contact Details of All Other Relevant Staff
Kemps Cheng
Phone: +613 9925 4691
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Ganesh Naik
Phone: +613 9925 4252
Email: email@example.com
Eleswara Rao Mylangam
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Nominal Hours: 80
Regardless of the mode of delivery, represent a guide to the relative teaching time and student effort required to successfully achieve a particular competency/module. This may include not only scheduled classes or workplace visits but also the amount of effort required to undertake, evaluate and complete all assessment requirements, including any non-classroom activities.
Pre-requisites and Co-requisites
Course Description
This unit covers determining correct operation of amplifiers. It
encompasses working safely, problem solving procedures,
including the use of voltage, current and resistance measuring
devices, providing solutions derived from measurements and
calculations to predictable problems in amplifier circuits.
National Codes, Titles, Elements and Performance Criteria
National Element Code & Title:
UEENEEH013B Troubleshoot amplifiers
1. Prepare to troubleshoot basic amplifiers.
Performance Criteria:
1.1 OHS procedures for a given work area are obtained and understood.
Learning Outcomes
Details of Learning Activities
The classroom activities shall include the following:
Practical exercises and Project work on troubleshooting amplifier such as
o Following safety procedures in laboratories
o Identifying various single stage amplifiers
o Identifying multi stage amplifier circuit configurations and their applications.
o Measuring and calculating values of voltage gain and output voltage for single stage and multi stage amplifier circuits
o Troubleshooting single stage and multi stage amplifier circuits
o Methods for testing assumptions encompassing such as visual inspection of the amplifier circuits
o Dealing with intermittent faults in single stage and multi stage amplifier circuits
Report Writing: Students will produce written reports on the practical exercises and project modules as per the specifications given and requirements.
Written Assessments on troubleshooting amplifiers, will include the following:
o Determination of d.c. bias conditions for a single-stage amplifier
o Determine the small signal terminal characteristics of single-stage amplifiers
o Effects of coupling and by-pass capacitors in single-stage amplifiers
o Operation of multi stage amplifiers
o Frequency response of single and multi stage amplifiers
Teaching Schedule
Week Topic Delivered Assessmnet task
1 Introduction to OHS and the course
2 Single stage amplifiers
3 D C Bias for Single Stage amplifiers
4 Types of D C Biasing
5 Small signal terminal characteristics (a c model)
6 Effects of coupling and by-pass capacitors in single-stage amplifiers
7 Multistage Amplifiers
8 Types of Coupling
9 Written Assessment (20%) Project Module 1
10 Effects of component values
11 Frequency response of Single Stage amplifier
12 Bode Plot
13 Frequency response of Multi Stage amplifier and Project Module 2
14 Negative Feedback in Multistage Amplifier
15 Effect of negative feedback on amplifier parameters and applications
16 Revision
17 Written Assessment (40%) Project Modules 1 & 2 Due
18 Feedback on the Course
Learning Resources
Prescribed Texts
Electronics Devices and Circuit Theory, By Boylestead, Prentice Hall Publication
Other Resources
Practical Laboratories sheets and Project specification sheets will be available on the school's local drive.
Overview of Assessment
This is a progressive assessment, the students are required to undertake summative assessments as follows:
A. Practical laboratories
B. Written reports for the laboratories
C. Written assessment
Assessment Tasks
This is a progressive assessment consisting of the following:
Assessment task 1 (Practical Exercises): 30%
Practical Laboratories: The students will have to complete minimum of three laboratories as specified by the teacher for the practical exercises and demonstrate the understanding of amplifier fundamentals through the developed project.
Project Modules: The students will design and develop the project modules (minimum two project modules) as specified by the teacher for the practical exercises and demonstrate the understanding of amplifier fundamentals through the developed project.
Assessment task 2 (Written Assessment)
Written Reports for the Laboratories and Project Modules :10%
Written technical report as per the requirement and specifications for each of the project modules should be submitted by each student individually.
Written Assessment : 60%
The students will have two written exams to demonstrate their theoretical knowledge based on basic amplifier circuits as detailed in the course.
Assessment Matrix
Course Overview: Access Course Overview


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Every American neighborhood seems to have one mom to whom all the children gravitate. In a community in the small town of Lebanon, Tennesee, that person is Tammy Renault. But she never expected to be super-mom in this particular neighborhood.
The Renaults are one of more than 20 homeless families currently living in Lebanon's Timberline Campground. Timberline's the kind of place someone with a tent or camper might spend a night; a day or two at most. The Renaults have been here since last August.
From comfortable middle-class to uncertain future
It's a giant step down from the three-bedroom home they lost. Renault says her family's slide into homelessness started nearly two years ago when her husband Troy lost his construction job. "[For] a little under a year," she recalls, "we just kind of maintained living expense. But then it just got to a point where, with the economy shifting, it caused people to no longer really utilize his services."
Troy Renault says when the money got tight, the family started having to make some difficult choices. "You wind up starting to think to yourself, 'Okay. Do we go ahead and make the house payment and keep a roof over our head but have no lights and no water, or do you go ahead and keep those utilities on and forego the house payment, and hope that you can get it caught up?' And it just kept going where it got further and further behind until we wound up losing the home."
The Renaults and four of their five sons are now living in a donated travel-trailer; down from 170 square meters of living space to 20.
Hard lessons
But beyond the physical hardships, Tammy Renault says her family is getting a crash course in what it means, socially, to be labeled homeless. "It's being called names. It's being ridiculed. It's running into people that have seen you in your highest and are not even speaking to you anymore because they're too afraid for where you are and don't know what to say."
Liz Reese recently opened Lebanon's first homeless shelter. She says city leaders initially questioned the need for such a facility, but the shelter's been at capacity every night for the last six months. "I average anywhere from seven to 14 calls a day...people looking for places to go and stay. The way the economy is and job loss, the numbers are increasing." Reese has had to place the overflow in local hotels and at campgrounds like Timberline.
It's a similar story in many communities around the country. The unemployment rate stands at 10 percent, near a 26-year high. Economists predict that the number of Americans who can't pay their mortgage and lose their homes to foreclosure will continue to rise this year. Last year, 860,000 properties were repossessed.
The new face of the homeless
Most Americans imagine the homeless to be from the poorest levels of society, misfits, perhaps alcoholics or drug addicts. Reese says that's generally not the case with the homeless she works with. "There are people out here who have master's degrees and college education and are not high school dropouts. We've had people who came out of $300,000 homes."
That's no surprise to sociologist James Wright of the University of Central Florida. He's made a career of studying America's homeless. He discredits another common misconception of the homeless as shiftless panhandlers. "Most homeless men spend their days either working or at least looking for work, frequently in the day labor outlets," he says. "So there's always been a pretty substantial representation of working poor people among the homeless population and I'm sure, with the current recession, their numbers have increased."
Troy Renault is a perfect example. He does find work occasionally but not often enough to get into a new home. He spends most days repairing things for his campground neighbors without charge. He says he's learned that work has its own reward. "It made it much easier for us to go through the day-to-day because we weren't focused on what was going on with us. We were able to do stuff to, you know, help other people."
A person of faith, Tammy Renault says she's also found something positive about her poor circumstances. "No matter where I am, or what I'm going through, if I just choose to trust God, regardless of how I feel, if I choose to trust God, he'll take care of me."
The Renaults don't see themselves getting out of the campground anytime soon. But they also don't seem to mind quite as much as you might expect. As Troy Renault observes, Americans always seem to be at their best when times are hardest.


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|His First Facial
Short review: If there's one thing I don't see enough of, its guys with their faces covered in jizz. His First Facial aims to change all that. This site features man-on-man sex that can only end one way with one guy covered in cum. On the tour pages, you'll find guys with their faces plastered in ball batter and cum caught in beards (the facial hair kind, not the Katie Holmes kind). They baptize facial virgins in the cream of young studs whose balls are churning up cum chowder.
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|Department of Physics, Middlebury College
|Modern Physics Laboratory
(1) Argon Ion - Ring Dye Laser System.
Narrow line width, tunable lasers have revolutionized optical spectroscopy because of their unique ability to resolve closely spaced lines in optical spectra and thereby reveal some of the most subtle details of the underlying atomic and molecular structure. An example of the precision achieved with modern tunable lasers is the recent laser measurement of the Balmer lines of atomic hydrogen that were used to determine the Rydberg constant R, defined by
R 1/2 me c 2 _________
to be R = 10973731.573(3) m-1.1 With eleven significant figures, the Rydberg is the the most precisely measured fundamental constant. A distinguishing feature of many high resolution laser measurements made on hydrogen and other atoms is the use of spectroscopic techniques that eliminate the Doppler broadening of spectral lines caused by the random, thermal motion of the absorbing or emitting atoms at ordinary temperatures.
In this experiment you will use a modern, narrow linewidth, tunable ring dye laser to resolve spectral absorption features separated by less than a few thousandths of an Å in the spectra of molecular iodine (I2) and sodium (Na). To do this you will obtain spectra that are free of Doppler broadening using a technique known as Doppler-free, saturated absorption spectroscopy. The widths of the absorption peaks you measure will approach the natural linewidths of the respective transitions. For free atoms, these linewidths cannot be reduced further, because the Heisenberg uncertainty principle requires an uncertainty E in the energy of a quantum state occupied for a finite length of time . For a transition between an atomic ground state and an excited state of lifetime , absorption occurs for a range of photon energies given by E / , or equivalently, over a range of photon frequencies given by 1/(2 ). The linewidths in this experiment are therefore determined largely by the finite lifetimes of the states of the absorbing molecules and atoms, and are not due to inadequacies of the laser, such as a lack of stability or a large spectral width of the output beam. In fact, the stability and spectral purity of the dye laser beam used in this experiment is of such a high quality that you could resolve features as small as 1/100,000 of an Å, which by way of comparison, is nearly a factor of a thousand better resolution than can be obtained with the SPEX 1704 1 m spectrometer.
(2) Doppler-Free Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy.
No attempt will be made here to describe in detail the physical principles of operation of the argon ion and ring dye lasers; this discussion will only describe the operation of these lasers and characterize the beams emitted by them. The major emphasis in this experiment will be the Doppler-free saturated absorption technique and how the highly stable, narrow linewidth laser beam of a cw ring dye laser system can be exploited for high resolution spectroscopy. Complete discussions of the cw ring dye laser can be found in Refs. 2 and 3.
The Coherent 90-6 argon ion laser shown in Fig. 1 produces 8-9 W of blue-green light (seen in the photograph of Fig. 2) when operated on all Ar+ lines (predominantly 488 and 514 nm). The sole purpose of the argon ion laser is to serve as a bright, highly collimated, blue-green light source to pump the Coherent 699-21 Ring Dye Laser, whose optical layout is shown schematically in Fig. 3(a). Molecules flowing in the dye jet of the ring dye laser readily absorb the blue-green argon ion laser light and reemit fluorescence light of longer wavelength into the cavity formed by the impressive array of optical components that make up the ring laser resonator. For the common dye Rhodamine 6G (R6G), fluorescence emission occurs for wavelengths in the range from 560 to 620 nm, as shown in Fig. 3(b). The main purpose of the frequency selective components of the ring cavity, such as the birefringent filter, and the thin and thick etalons, is to "convince" excited dye molecules to emit light into a single longitudinal mode of the laser cavity so as to produce a single frequency laser output beam. The frequency of the single oscillating mode is tuned by rotating the Brewster plate synchronously with the thin and thick etalons. The frequency of the laser is actively stabilized by an external, temperature-controlled Fabry-Perot reference cavity. An error signal from the reference cavity drives a piezoelectric transducer that translates mirror M1 of Fig. 3(a) so that the optical length of the ring cavity is maintained despite the unavoidable presence of temperature fluctuations and vibrations. An optical diode acts to insure that light travels in only one direction around the "figure 8" light path of the ring resonator. Unidirectional operation of the laser is essential to avoid standing waves in the dye jet and a subsequent loss of dye laser output.
With the R6G dye, our ring dye laser can tune anywhere in the range 560 to 620 nm and can produce more than 1 W of single frequency laser power at the 580 nm peak of the R6G fluorescence curve. The ring dye laser output is a single line stabilized to a width of less than 1/2 MHz, which corresponds to only 1 part in 109 of the laser frequency of approximately 520,000,000 MHz at 580 nm. The largest continuous frequency scan that the Coherent 699-21 dye laser can make is 30 GHz, which corresponds to approximately 0.3 Å at 580 nm. The ring dye laser frequency can be set by observing the laser output with a spectrometer, a wavemeter, or in the case of Na, by observing the bright yellow fluorescence of Na atoms in a cell when the laser is tuned to the D1 and D2 lines. Once the desired absorption or fluorescence signal for an experiment is located, the frequency range of the laser scan is narrowed to 1 or 2 GHz and the computer is used for laser scanning and data acquisition.
The experimental arrangement for Doppler-free saturated absorption spectroscopy of I2 and Na is shown in Fig. 1. The output beam from the dye laser is split into two beams at beamsplitter BS. The more intense beam, called the pump beam, is chopped by a mechanical chopper, and, after passing through the window of the 300 MHz Fabry-Perot interferometer, traverses the I2 or Na cell from right to left in Fig. 1. The less intense beam, called the probe beam, passes through the I2 or Na cell from left to right, and through the slightly transmitting mirror M3, to a photodiode detector PD1.
In the arrangement of Fig. 1, imagine that all of the atoms in the Na cell are at rest and consider what happens when the laser frequency L is tuned to an atomic absorption line of the Na atoms. When the pump beam is blocked by the chopper, the probe beam is absorbed by ground state atoms, as shown in Fig. 4(a). When the pump beam is passed by the chopper, the pump intensity can be so great that a large fraction of the atoms are pumped to the excited state of the transition, producing what is called saturation of the transition, as depicted schematically in Fig. 4(b). A probe beam passing through the saturated medium will experience increased transparency, or equivalently, reduced absorption, due to the reduction in the number of ground state atoms available to absorb the probe beam. As the pump beam is blocked and unblocked by the chopper, the photodiode PD1 measures a modulated intensity at the chopping frequency that can be detected by a lock-in amplifier. The modulated intensity of the probe beam reflects the situation that the pump and probe beam can interact with the same atoms, here assumed to be at rest.
The random thermal motion of atoms at room temperature complicates the simple picture of Fig. 4, because atoms moving with different speeds along the pump-probe axis absorb laser light of different frequencies because of the Doppler effect. Specifically, an atom that absorbs light at frequency o, when at rest, will absorb laser light of frequency L given by
L = o ( 1 ± v/c ) (1)
when the atom moves with speed v toward (- sign) or away from (+ sign) a laser light source. Therefore, an ensemble of atoms moving at different thermal speeds will absorb light over a range of laser frequencies determined by the atomic velocity distribution. This Doppler broadening of spectral absorption lines was seen clearly for the 6678 Å He absorption line of Expt. XVII. The analogous Doppler broadening of emission lines is evident in the hydrogen Balmer line spectra of Expt.XII.
The effects of Doppler broadening can be overcome in a pump-probe saturated absorption measurement scheme such as the one shown in Fig. 1. Consider the familiar Maxwell distribution of atomic velocities shown in Fig. 5(a), where the number of ground state atoms is plotted against the component of atom velocity along the pump-probe axis. It is useful to distinguish the three cases of Fig. 5. separately.
(a) L < o. In Fig. 5(a), atoms moving toward either the pump or probe beams see the pump or probe beam as blue-shifted in the atom's rest frame, and the number of ground state atoms at a speed v given by
v = ± c ( L/o - 1 ) (2)
is reduced because the laser frequency is no in the rest frame of these atoms. It is important to recognize in this case that because a Doppler shift of a particular sign is required for absorption, an atom that absorbs light from one beam, cannot absorb light from the other beam. The pump and probe beams therefore interact with entirely different groups of atoms within the cell. The transparency of the cell as seen by the probe beam is therefore unaffected by the presence of the pump beam.
(b) L > o. Atoms moving away from either the pump or probe beams with a speed given by Eq. (2) will see the pump or probe beams as red-shifted to frequency o in the atom's rest frame and the number of ground state atoms at these speeds will be reduced, as shown in Fig. 5(c). (Skip Fig. 5(b) for the moment.) Again, because a Doppler shift of a specific sign is required for absorption, the pump and probe beams interact with entirely different atoms in the cell. Probe beam absorption in the cell is entirely unaffected by the pump beam.
(c) L = o. Atoms with speed v = 0, that is, those atoms that do not move along the pump-probe axis, can absorb light from both beams, as depicted in Fig. 5(b), because for these atoms there is no Doppler shift of the laser light in the atom's rest frame. Therefore, the group of atoms with v = 0 interact with both laser beams and the probe beam will experience an alternating transparency produced by the chopped pump beam, that can be detected at PD1 by a lock-in amplifier that is referenced to the chopper.
The modulation of the transmitted probe beam by the chopped pump beam occurs only when the pump and probe beams interact with the same atoms. Because of the Doppler effect this condition only occurs for atoms near v = 0. The lineshape of the probe signal detected by the lock-in detector is therefore determined by the natural linewidth of the atomic transition and not by the effects of Doppler broadening.
The effectiveness of the Doppler-free saturated absorption technique can be seen in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b). Fig. 6(a) shows a typical absorption spectrum for the 5682 Å, P(117), 21-1, X --> B transition of 127I2 without the use of Doppler free techniques; only a single broad line of approximately 1 GHz width is observed. The Doppler-free saturated absorption spectrum of Fig. 6(b) reveals fully the complicated hyperfine structure underlying this transition.4,5,6 A total of 21 lines are seen in this Doppler-free spectrum, with the hyperfine line splittings providing valuable information on the magnitudes of the hyperfine interaction strengths for the upper and lower molecular states of this transition. Although no detailed account of the line splittings expected for this I2 transition will be given here (consult Refs. 4-6 for a complete discussion) the value of Doppler-free techniques for molecular and atomic structure determinations should be evident.
It is important that you pay close attention to laser safety during this experiment. The light beam present at the exit of the argon ion laser is more than 1000 times as intense as the HeNe and diode laser beams you worked with in previous experiments. Even though there should be no need for you to put anything in the path between the argon ion laser and the ring dye laser, you should be aware that the laser beam intensities there are very dangerous. The beam from the ring dye laser may have a power as high as several hundred mW during this experiment and direct eye exposure to such a beam will surely cause permanent eye damage.
To limit potentially damaging exposure of the eyes, attenuate the laser beam intensity to the lowest possible level necessary to perform a given part of the experiment. If you are simply positioning mirrors or beamsplitters, or aligning the pump and probe beams through the I2 cell, insert an attenuator into the primary dye laser beam to reduce its intensity to a power level near 1 mW. Use white index cards to determine the location of laser beams. Do not bring your head down to the horizontal plane of the laser beams for any reason. Before you sit down at the IBM PC/XT computer to acquire data, check to see if any stray beams from the optical bench will be at your eye level when you sit down.
(1) Doppler-Free I2 Spectra. Set up the arrangement of Fig. 1 using the I2 cell. Adjust the dye laser frequency using the birefringent filter and the Laser Scan Controls of the 699-21 Dye Laser Control unit to obtain fluorescence along the pump and probe beams in the I2 cell. Use the I2 fluorescence to bring the pump and probe beams to perfect collinearity throughout the I2 cell. Align the 300 MHz interferometer so that high quality transmission peaks are obtained using the Coherent 251 Spectrum Analyzer Controller. Adjust the PAR 121 lock-in amplifier reference and signal settings so that a proper lock-in output signal is sent to the X1 A/D input on the rear panel of the SR530 Lock-In Amplifier.
At the IBM PC/XT computer, start the SR577 data acquisition program for the SR530 Lock-In Amplifier. Set the X5 Analog Output to provide a -5 to +5 V voltage ramp to the External Scan input on the rear panel of the Dye Laser Control unit. When the Dye Laser Control unit is set to EXTERNAL, the voltage ramp provided by the SR530 will scan the dye laser frequency over the frequency range set on the SCAN WIDTH thumbwheel switches of Dye Laser Control unit. The SCAN OFFSET thumbwheel switches are used to center the laser scan at a particular I2 line. The laser is scanned manually when the mode switch of the Dye Laser Control unit is set to the MANUAL position and the Manual knob is turned. Manual tuning of the dye laser frequency will be necessary, especially during alignment, so it is good to familiarize yourself with the process of changing between computer and manual control.
Adjust the dye laser to the center of an isolated, bright, I2 fluorescence line somewhere near 580 nm. Take a scan with the SR577 program to see if you obtain a Doppler-free saturated absorption spectrum of I2 and high quality interferometer peaks. A short period of further adjustment and alignment should allow you to obtain an I2 spectrum comparable to the one shown in Fig. 6(b). You may have to set the dye laser to several I2 fluorescence lines before obtaining a 21 line spectrum, like that in Fig. 6(b), but there are at least 100 such transitions available within the R6G tuning range of the dye laser. When you obtain satisfactory Doppler-free spectra and interferometer peaks, write your data to disk and plot it.
(2) Doppler-Free Na Spectra. With all optical components aligned for the I2 saturated absorption measurement, it is a simple matter to remove the I2 cell and install the Na cell. The Na cell must be heated to obtain sufficient Na vapor pressure for the Doppler-free measurement. A heating tape, powered by a variable transformer, is wrapped around the Na tube to provide adjustable temperatures in the range from 50 to 150 oC.
The dye laser frequency may be tuned to the vicinity of the Na D1 and D2 lines using the 1/4 m Minuteman 302VM monochromator set to 5890 and 5896 Å. Fine tuning of the laser frequency near the D lines is accomplished using the Thin Etalon Adjust control on the 699-21 Dye Laser Control unit. When the dye laser is tuned to either D line, a bright yellow fluorescence will be seen in the Na cell.
Take Doppler-free spectra of both the D1 and D2 lines of Na, with simultaneous recordings of the 300 MHz interferometer transmission peaks. Write these spectra to disk. Sample Doppler-free spectra for the D1 and D2 lines are given in Figs. 7(a) and 7(b), respectively.
(1) Doppler-Free I2 Spectrum. No attempt will be made to use the detailed information available in your I2 spectra to derive information about the hyperfine splittings of the upper and lower states involved in the transitions you observed. Instead, you are asked to make two rather qualitative calculations.
(a) First, use your knowledge of the Doppler-free I2 spectrum and Doppler broadening to explain the Doppler broadened profile of Fig. 6(a). Your argument should be quantitative and make use of a formula for Doppler broadening such as the one given in Eq. (2) of Lab XVII.
(b) Second, determine the width in MHz of the narrowest line in your Doppler-free spectrum. The width of that peak will be much greater than the 1/2 MHz linewidth of the dye laser so that you can assume that the measured width is due largely to the finite lifetimes of the states involved in the transition. Use your knowledge of the uncertainty principle to estimate a lower bound for the lifetimes of the molecular states involved in the observed transitions.
(2) Doppler-Free Na Spectra. An energy level diagram of Na indicating the fine and hyperfine splitting of the 3S and 3P terms is given in Fig. 8.7
(a) Interpret your Doppler-free Na D line spectra in terms of the hyperfine levels shown in Fig. 8. Label all of the peaks observed in your Na D line spectra according to the allowed transitions between the various 3S and 3P hyperfine levels indicated in Fig. 8.
(b) With suggestions from the instructor or from Refs. 8 and 9, interpret the large, central negative signal known as a "crossover" resonance at the center of your sodium D line spectra. Use a series of energy level and velocity distribution diagrams to explain the physical origin of the crossover peak.
(c) Measure the width, in MHz, of the narrowest line in your Doppler-free spectra of the Na D1 and D2 transitions. Use your knowledge of the uncertainty principle to estimate a lower bound for the lifetime of the atomic states involved in this transition.
(d) Your Na D1 and D2 spectra were obtained in separate scans, but imagine that they could be taken in a single scan. Approximately how far apart would the D1 and D2 peaks be on your plot if they were part of a single, continuous scan printed at the scale of your plot? Consult Ref. 10 for a cartoon depicting this situation and for a personal history of some of the first saturated absorption experiments performed with tunable dye lasers.
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