text:
Selja, Ram Kumar elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Haryana
Chandigarh, Jan 31 (IANS) Former union minister Kumari Selja of the Congress and Ram Kumar of the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) were elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha from Haryana Friday, an assembly official said.
Two Rajya Sabha seats from the state will fall vacant April 9 this year as the terms of sitting members Ram Prakash and Ishwar Singh (both Congress) will come to an end.
"Ram Kumar of Indian National Lok Dal and Kumari Selja of Congress have been elected unopposed in biennial election of the Rajya Sabha to fill two seats from Haryana," the returning officer of the Haryana assembly said after announcing the result.
Selja, a known detractor of Haryana Chief Minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda, had resigned as union minister for social justice and poverty alleviation earlier this week to file her nomination for the Rajya Sabha seat. The Congress ticket to her at the last minute came as a surprise to party leaders, especially the Hooda faction which was pushing for its own candidates.
Selja was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Ambala (reserved) Lok Sabha seat in Haryana in the 2009 general elections.


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NEW ORLEANS (AP) - U.S. Deputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan looked around the room lined with bin after bin of produce - sweet potatoes and kale grown in Pointe Coupee Parish, Brussels sprouts grown in Hungarian Settlement, oranges grown on three farms.
Hollygrove Market and Farm is among hundreds of "food hubs" that bring in produce from a number of small, local farms and make it available to larger markets than the farmers could manage on their own, such as large retailers, schools and other institutions, Merrigan said Tuesday.
"By our count now there are about 223. But we need many, many more," she told dozens of farmers, restaurateurs and people interested in food. Merrigan also released a U.S. Department of Agriculture report on food hubs, saying there's no best way to create such places and they take a variety of forms. "The biggest message is that these can be very successful," she said.
Then it was time for a cooking demonstration by chef Paul Prudhomme, who wheeled his electric scooter to a table and dumped a pile of butter pats into a frying pan.
When the butter sizzled invitingly, he filled the pan rim to rim with chopped vegetables - red peppers, orange carrots, yellow squash, green broccoli - then unscrewed the lid from a jar of one of his commercial seasoning mixes, poured on a stream of dried herbs and spices, and mixed it all up.
"I like to eat," he told the audience. "But at one time I was at 580 pounds. Now I'm at 200. I eat a lot and I eat right." The biggest before-and-after difference? "Just eating less. Eating the right things and eating less." "I used to taste things this way," he said, filling his large cooking spoon. "Now I taste them this way."
He poked a fork into a single piece of carrot and held it up. Hollygrove holds farmer's markets on weekends and three weekdays, selling produce raised as far west as Kinder and as far northeast as Pontotoc, Miss., and meat from other local sources.
Several of its producers are in the city, from the Latino Farmers Cooperative's free range eggs and chickens to mustard greens from the Magellan Street Community Garden in Algiers. Elvia Chauvin, 60, said Hollygrove buys about one-third of the leafy greens he grows at Two Acre Farm in Marrero. He eats and preserves the rest, as well as the chickens, eggs and rabbits he raises, he said.


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Surface Transportation Board
STB Docket No. AB-1022 (Sub-No. 1X)
Decided: June 26, 2009
By petition filed on March 12,
2009, Arizona & California Railroad Company (ARZC) seeks an exemption under
49 U.S.C. 10502 from the prior approval requirements of 49 U.S.C. 10903 to
abandon a 49.40-mile rail line (the line) between milepost 0.0 at Rice and
milepost 49.4 at Ripley, in
We will grant the exemption subject to an environmental condition and labor protective conditions.
ARZC's Rebuttal. The Board's rules do not permit a reply to a reply. 49 CFR 1104.13. ARZC's rebuttal "addresses the arguments made by the Committee" in the Committee's reply; therefore, it is a reply to a reply. The record in this case is complete without ARZC's rebuttal. Accordingly, we will deny ARZC's motion for leave to file a rebuttal and reject the pleading.
Full Abandonment Petition under 49 U.S.C. 10903. The Committee asserts that the Board should deny the petition because the issues raised in this case warrant a full abandonment application. But the procedural arguments the Committee raises do not justify rejecting the petition for an exemption and requiring ARZC to file a full abandonment proceeding.
First, the Committee states that ARZC was aware that the request for abandonment authority would face opposition. In support of its assertion that the mere existence of opposition to a proposed abandonment requires the filing of a formal application, the Committee cites Central Railroad Company of Indiana—Abandonment Exemption—in Dearborn, Decatur, Franklin, Ripley, and Shelby Counties, IN, STB Docket No. AB-459 (Sub-No. 2X) (STB served May 4, 1998). But opposition to an abandonment proposal will not alone defeat a petition for exemption. Central Railroad involved opposition that raised serious issues about omissions and inconsistencies in the carrier's petition for exemption. There, the Board was unable to rely on the existing record to make the necessary findings to address the railroad's petition. Here, as subsequently discussed, the record before us is sufficient to enable us to evaluate ARZC's petition.[2]
Next, the Committee argues that the Board must closely scrutinize ARZC's forecast year figures. We find no merit to the Committee's argument that a full abandonment under 49 U.S.C. 10903 is necessary for this examination. The record before the Board, although imperfect in some respects, as noted below, provides a sufficient basis for our decision.
Lastly, the Committee alleges that ARZC deliberately downgraded the line. This is a serious allegation. As discussed further below, the Board looks with disfavor on a situation where a rail carrier embargoes a line and takes no steps to repair it for a prolonged period of time. Here, the Committee suggests that if the Board were to deny ARZC's petition and require ARZC to file a full application, the Committee would engage in discovery on this point. However, the Committee could have pursued discovery in this exemption proceeding but did not do so. See 49 CFR 1121.2. As such, there is no reason to reject this petition on that basis.
Notice of Intent to Seek Abandonment. Pursuant to 49 CFR 1152.12, a carrier seeking
abandonment authority must provide notice of its intent by publishing a notice
in a newspaper of general circulation in each county in which the line
runs. The Committee argues that the
Board should reject ARZC's petition because ARZC's notice was published in the
Committee has failed to adequately support its
assertion that the
The line was
constructed in 1920. In 1991,
ARZC acquired it from the Atchinson,
ARZC states that in 2004 it provided rail service, on average, two to three times per week. In 2005, rail service was decreased to approximately twice per week. Then, beginning in 2006, rail service was further reduced to approximately two to three times per month, or on an as-needed basis, and service became even more sporadic in 2007. ARZC imposed a surcharge on all shippers on the line in December 2006. On December 18, 2007, the line was embargoed[3] due to what ARZC asserts were deteriorated track conditions. The embargo has remained in effect except for a brief period between December 18 and 21, 2008.
Upon abandonment, ARZC plans to reclassify the northern 4 miles of the line as spur track to use for part of its yard operations in Rice and for car storage.
ARZC reports a forecast year operating profit of $65,934, based on revenues of $419,250 and costs of $353,316. The Committee, however, asserts that ARZC has understated its forecast-year traffic and revenues and has inadequately supported its avoidable costs. Therefore, the Committee claims, ARZC's forecast-year operating profit should be considerably greater. We disagree.
ARZC's forecast year show 450 carloads of traffic on the line. ARZC bases the forecast-year traffic on the traffic from 2006, which is the last year of general regular operations on the line. In its opposition, the Committee provides letters from three mining interests that indicate plans for future mining that could generate several hundred thousand tons of freight cargo.
The Committee's profit forecasts
for ARZC are based on potential traffic that is too
speculative to be given weight. In Union Pacific Railroad Company—Discontinuance—in
Committee challenges ARZC's forecast-year avoidable costs on grounds that they are inadequately supported. It asserts that ARZC has not provided any
support for the unit costs and service units used. Specifically, the Committee challenges ARZC's
estimate that a one-way train trip between Parker, AZ and
We have determined that ARZC's forecast year avoidable cost figure of $354,316 is reasonable.[4] There is no requirement for unit costs in an abandonment exemption, and the Committee only articulates particular objections to the 11-hour estimate. Eleven hours for a one-way trip from Parker to Ripley is not, on its face, an unreasonable estimate. A conservative estimate of the distance between Parker to Ripley, based on the maps submitted, is 85 miles. At 10 miles per hour, the maximum speed permitted on track maintained at Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) Class I standards (the level of maintenance that ARZC uses in its forecast year), travel time alone would consume 8½ to 9 hours. At 30 to 45 minutes a switch, it is reasonable that switching time could easily consume 2 hours. Because 11 hours seems prima facie reasonable, the Committee's challenge to that figure should offer some sort of specific criticism. It does not.
ARZC states that its annual opportunity cost for continued ownership and operation of the line is $666,326.[6] The Committee asserts that ARZC has overstated its opportunity cost because ARZC's calculation includes a NLV for milepost 0.0 to milepost 49.4, even though ARZC has stated it intends to use 4 miles of that track (from milepost 0.0 to milepost 4.0) for storage. The Committee argues that the Board should reduce the NLV used to calculate opportunity cost by 10% to take into account the 4 miles of track that ARZC does not intend to remove. Also, the Committee challenges ARZC's real estate appraisal used to calculate the NLV.
If ARZC were to continue to provide rail service on the line, it would forgo alternative revenue it could receive if the line were abandoned. As to 4 miles of the line, those alternative revenues would come from storage rather than from selling the track for scrap. But the 4-mile segment nevertheless incurs opportunity costs. Although, ARZC does not specifically indicate what dollar amount the opportunity cost is for the 4 miles it wishes to use for storage, ARZC's overall calculation follows a reasonable and commonly used method for determining the opportunity cost for the entire line, including the 4 mile segment in question. Therefore, the Board will not exclude those 4 miles from the NLV used to calculate opportunity cost here.
NLV. The NLV used to calculate opportunity cost also includes a valuation of the line's real estate. The Committee argues that the Board should value the line's real estate at zero because ARZC has not provided original deeds to prove marketable fee title to the land. We agree. The expert real estate appraisal submitted by ARZC did not rely on a review of a legal description or proof of fee title; rather, the appraiser relied solely on ARZC's description of what types of title it had on the line. Because ARZC did not provide sufficient support for its land valuation (such as deeds or a verified statement from a real estate attorney) to its land appraiser or the Board, we will value the line's real estate at zero.[7] San Pedro Railroad Operating Company, LLC—Abandonment Exemption—in Cochise County, AZ, STB Docket No. AB‑1081X, slip op. at 5 (STB served Apr. 13, 2006) (valuing a line's real estate at zero for a sale under Offer of Financial Assistance provisions if the carrier would not indemnify the purchaser for the land because no evidence of marketable title was provided).
The Board will recalculate ARZC's figure of $666,326 for opportunity cost to account for the adjustment in real estate appraisal. ARZC's NLV of $3,850,480 will be reduced by $1,701,000 to account for the real estate adjustment, resulting in an NLV of $2,149,480. Combining this adjusted new NLV ($2,149,480) with working capital ($14,561) yields $2,164,041, which is multiplied by the nominal rate of return (17.24%) to produce the opportunity cost: $373,081.
Rehabilitation. ARZC maintains that it will cost $4,716,480 to rehabilitate the line to Federal Railroad Administration Class I standards. The Committee argues that ARZC based its estimates on rehabilitation that would exceed FRA Class I requirements. Specifically, the Committee challenges the number of crosstie replacements per mile that ARZC claims are required. We find ARZC's rehabilitation costs to be unreasonably high.
to ARZC, prior to December 2007 the line was at FRA Class I
standards except for 5.4 miles of FRA excepted track. Yet, despite 15 months in which no rail
traffic moved over the line, ARZC claims that the line has now deteriorated to
the point where it will require approximately $4.7 million for
rehabilitation. ARZC provides no first-hand
evidence, such as a track inspection, to verify that the track has deteriorated
to such a state. Further, the
Committee's challenge to the number of crosstie replacements is valid. ARZC claims that it would need to install
1000 ties per mile over 11 miles.
However, FRA Class I standards only require 677 non-defective ties per
mile, and ARZC does not explain why it would need an additional 243 ties per
mile. Because ARZC's rehabilitation
costs appear to be unreasonably high, and because the record lacks enough
information to provide an accurate rehabilitation figure, we will value track
rehabilitation costs at zero. See
Grand Trunk Western Railroad Incorporated—Abandonment—in
Maintenance of way. Based on the description of train operations and maintenance work projected for the line, ARZC's estimated annualized maintenance cost of $143,500 appears reasonable. The verified statement of ARZC's witness Bader offers detailed unit cost figures for track inspections and maintenance. Although it complains that ARZC offered no support for the unit costs that it used to determine maintenance costs, the Committee does not assert that the costs are excessive or are in any way defective. We have no basis on this record for challenging the railroad's maintenance costs or replacing them with another figure.
Deliberate Downgrading. The Committee alleges that ARZC intentionally downgraded the line to perfect its case for abandonment. Specifically, the Committee alleges that ARZC chased traffic off the line with poor service. In support of this allegation, the Committee cites: (1) a decline in traffic since 2004; (2) the absence of evidence that ARZC used the $800 surcharge it imposed on actual maintenance of this line; (3) ARZC's alleged refusal to give information to a local government entity necessary for applications for government track rehabilitation funding; (4) ARZC's alleged refusal to provide a shipper with railcars during a brief period in 2008 when the embargo was not in effect; (5) an alleged incident in July and August 2007 when Compton AG Service was forced to offload 16 cars of fertilizer because ARZC refused to transport them over the line, and (6) another alleged incident at a time when the embargo was not in effect when Helena Chemical Company's vendors refused to accept purchase orders because they were told by ARZC that service over the line was not available.
Whether a
carrier has engaged in deliberate downgrading depends on the carrier's
intent. Central Oregon &
Pacific Railroad, Inc.—Abandonment and Discontinuance of Service—in Coos,
Douglas, and
The rest of the Committee's evidence relates to three specific service problems and the railroad's failure to support an application by a local government entity for government track rehabilitation funding. But the Committee does not show a pattern of systematic downgrading in service. The Committee offers no verified statement from any witnesses to support a finding that the railroad attempted to drive business away. The Committee places heavy emphasis on the reduction of frequency of service, from twice a week in 2004 and 2005 to two or three times a week, as needed, in 2006, and less frequent in 2007. But a decline in the frequency of service is only evidence of deliberate downgrading if the record shows that shippers needed service more frequently than the railroad was providing it. The Committee offered no evidence of the shippers' service needs. That is evidence in the Committee's possession, and it needed neither discovery nor an oral hearing to collect and introduce it.
We are concerned about the duration of the embargo on this line. The Board looks askance at a railroad that places lengthy embargoes on a line, spends nothing to fix or maintain the line, and then files for abandonment. ARZC did not request abandonment authority until nearly 15 months had passed since it first imposed the embargo. We stress that, if a carrier believes it cannot sustain a line, it should seek abandonment authority to allow the regulatory process to begin rather than continue an embargo of the line indefinitely.[8]
Authority to abandon. Under 49 U.S.C. 10903, a rail line may not be abandoned without the Board's prior approval. Pursuant to 49 U.S.C. 10502, however, we must exempt a transaction or service from regulation when we find that: (1) continued regulation is not necessary to carry out the rail transportation policy of 49 U.S.C. 10101; and (2) either (a) the transaction or service is of limited scope, or (b) regulation is not necessary to protect shippers from the abuse of market power.
Based on our analysis here, the record shows that continued operation of this line would impose a substantial economic burden on ARZC and on interstate commerce. We find that, even excluding the real estate portion of the NLV and ARZC's rehabilitation costs, petitioner's net revenue is still insufficient to cover the operating costs, opportunity cost and annual maintenance costs associated with keeping this line in the interstate rail network.[9] As noted above, the prospect of new sources of traffic is too speculative in light of our Utah Transit precedent to justify a finding that future revenues are likely to exceed those generated by the carriage of 450 cars annually.[10] For these reasons, we conclude that continued operation of the line is unwarranted.
Detailed scrutiny under 49 U.S.C. 10903 is not necessary to carry out the rail transportation policy in this case. By minimizing the administrative expense of the application process, an exemption would reduce regulatory barriers to exit. See 49 U.S.C. 10101(2) & (7). An exemption would also foster sound economic conditions and encourage efficient management by allowing ARZC to avoid the cost of owning, maintaining, and servicing the line. See 49 U.S.C. 10101(5) & (9). Other aspects of the rail transportation policy will not be adversely affected.
Application of the full abandonment procedures is not necessary to protect shippers from the abuse of market power. The record indicates that shippers have alternative service available in the form of trucks and transload services as the City is served by Interstate Highway 10, US Route 95, and California Highway 79.[11] Given our market power finding, we need not determine whether the proposed abandonment is limited in scope.
Labor ISSUES
Under 49 U.S.C. 10502(g), we
may not use our exemption authority to relieve a carrier of its statutory
obligation to protect the interests of its employees. Accordingly, as a condition to granting the
exemption, we will impose the employee protective conditions set forth in Oregon
Short Line R. Co.—Abandonment—
Environmental ISSUES
ARZC has submitted an environmental and historic report with its petition and has notified the appropriate Federal, state, and local agencies of the opportunity to submit information concerning the energy and environmental impacts of the proposed action. See 49 CFR 1105.11. Our Section of Environmental Analysis (SEA) has examined the data it contains and analyzed the probable effects of the proposed transaction on the quality of the human environment.
ARZC has served the historic report on the California Office of Historic Preservation, Department of Parks and Recreation (SHPO), pursuant to 49 CFR 1105.8(c).[12] SEA states that it has not heard from the SHPO and therefore has not been able to consider the SHPO's opinion before determining if the line may be potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Accordingly, SEA recommends a condition requiring the railroad to retain its interest in and take no steps to alter the historic integrity of all historic properties including sites, buildings, structures and objects within the project right-of-way (the Area of Potential Effect) eligible for listing or listed in the National Register of Historic Places until completion of the Section 106 process.
SEA received one comment from the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (CDTSC) regarding proper identification and disposal of hazardous waste and/or sites. In response, SEA recommends that ARZC be required to consult with Mr. Greg Holmes, Unit Chief, Brownfields and Environmental Restoration Program, CDTSC, prior to any salvage activities.
The conditions recommended by SEA in the EA, and in response to the comment filed after the EA was served, will be imposed. Based on SEA's recommendations, we conclude that the proposed abandonment, if implemented as conditioned, will not significantly affect either the quality of the human environment or the conservation of energy resources.
SEA has indicated in its EA that the right-of-way may be suitable for other public use under 49 U.S.C. 10906. No request for a public use condition was received by the April 21, 2009 due date. Accordingly, none will be imposed.
It is ordered:
1. ARZC's May 11, 2009 motion for leave to file a "rebuttal" is denied and the pleading is rejected.
2. Under 49 U.S.C. 10502, we exempt from the prior approval requirements of 49 U.S.C. 10903 the abandonment by ARZC of the above-described line, subject to the employee protective conditions set forth in Oregon Short Line R. Co.–Abandonment–Goshen, 360 I.C.C. 91 (1979), and subject to the conditions that ARZC shall: (1)(a) retain its interest in and take no steps to alter the historic integrity of all historic properties including sites, buildings, structures, and objects within the project right-of-way (the Area of Potential Effect) that are eligible for listing or listed in the National Register of Historic Places until the Section 106 process of the National Historic Preservation Act, 16 U.S.C. 470f, has been completed; (b) report back to SEA regarding any consultations with the California Office of Historic Preservation, Department of Parks and Recreation and the public; and (c) not file its consummation notice or initiate any salvage activities related to abandonment (including removal of tracks and ties) until the Section 106 process has been completed and the Board has removed this condition; and (2)(a) prior to commencement of any salvage activities, consult with Mr. Greg Holmes, Unit Chief, Brownfields and Environmental Restoration Program, CDTSC, to ensure that any concerns regarding potential contamination of the right-of-way are addressed; (b) report the results of these consultations in writing to the Board's Section of Environmental Analysis prior to the onset of salvage operations.
3. An Offer of Financial Assistance (OFA) under 49 CFR 1152.27(c)(1) to allow rail service to continue must be received by ARZC and the Board by July 10, 2009, subject to the time extensions authorized under 49 CFR 1152.27(c)(1)(i)(C). The offeror must comply with 49 U.S.C. 10904 and 49 CFR 1152.27(c)(1). Each OFA must be accompanied by the filing fee, which currently is set at $1,500. See 49 CFR 1002.2(f)(25).
4. OFAs and related correspondence to the Board must refer to this proceeding. The following notation must be typed in bold face on the lower left-hand corner of the envelope: "Office of Proceedings, AB-OFA."
5. Provided no OFA has been received, this exemption will be effective July 30, 2009. Petitions to stay must be filed by July 10, 2009, and petitions to reopen must be filed by July 20, 2009.
6. Pursuant to the provisions of 49 CFR 1152.29(e)(2), ARZC shall file a notice of consummation with the Board to signify that it has exercised the authority granted and fully abandoned the line. If consummation has not been effected by ARZC's filing of a notice of consummation by June 30, 2010, and there are no legal or regulatory barriers to consummation, the authority to abandon will automatically expire. If a legal or regulatory barrier to consummation exists at the end of the 1-year period, the notice of consummation must be filed no later than 60 days after satisfaction, expiration, or removal of the legal or regulatory barrier.
By the Board, Acting Chairman Mulvey and Vice Chairman Nottingham.
Anne K. Quinlan
Acting Secretary
[1] The Committee
is comprised of the following: the City
[2] Accompanying the petition are a series of exhibits, including verified statements in support of petitioner's financial data from Charles Rex III, a licensed real estate appraiser; Marc Bader, Chief Engineer, West Region of RailAmerica, Inc. (a short line holding company that controls petitioner); and Robert Frelich, Jr., Director of Finance of RailAmerica, Inc., as well as a NLV estimate prepared by RMI Midwest for Todd Cecil, Vice President—Real Estate, RailAmerica, Inc.
[3] An embargo is
a notification to the railroad industry and affected shippers that, in the
carrier's opinion, a disability exists that temporarily prevents it from
providing service. An embargo, which is
issued through the Association of American Railroads pursuant to Circular TD-1,
does not require prior Board approval. See,
e.g., Bar Ale, Inc. v. California Northern Railroad Co. and Southern
Pacific Transportation Company, STB Finance Docket No. 32821, slip op.
at 5 (STB served July 20, 2001). If
justified, the embargo will temporarily relieve the carrier of its common
carrier obligation. ICC v. Chi.,
[4] The verified statement of Robert Frelich, Jr. submitted by ARZC, incorrectly states the avoidable costs as $353,316. This appears to result from a mistake in transcribing the maintenance-of-way costs ($143,500) provided by Marc Bader for this analysis. Frelich's calculations rely on Bader's estimate, but Frelich uses the maintenance-of-way figure of $142,500 to arrive at the total avoidable costs in the forecast year. We have made the $1,000 correction. Because this also impacts Frelich's working capital calculation and the carrier's net revenues, we adjust the working capital submitted by ARZC (from $14,520 to $14,561).
[5] The Committee cites a number of cases, including: Southern Pac. Transp. Co. v. I.C.C., 871 F.2d 838, 843 (9th Cir. 1989); Cartersville Elevator, Inc. v. ICC, 724 F.2d 668, 675 (8th Cir. 1984).
[7] While we recognize that the land here most likely has some value, there is not enough information on this record to value the line's real estate.
[8] See Central
Oregon & Pacific Railroad, Inc.—
[9] See Appendix 1, Tables 1 and 2, for a summary of the Board's revised financial figures.
[10] We also note that, as subsequently provided for, interested shippers or other parties will have an opportunity to file an offer of financial assistance (OFA) to preserve rail service should they elect to do so.
[11] Pet. for Exemption at 10. The Committee does not refute this assertion.
[12] Guidance regarding the Board's historic preservation review process is available on the Board's web site at http://www.stb.dot.gov/stb/environment/preservation.html.


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text:
Patent application title: Urea Phosphite Fertilizer
Frank William Dean (Spring, TX, US)
IPC8 Class: AC05B1500FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Plant protecting and regulating compositions fertilizers with insecticide, fungicide, disinfectant, or deodorant
Publication date: 2014-06-19
Patent application number: 20140171317
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A new fertilizer comprising Urea Phosphite, which is made by reacting
phosphorous acid with urea. Urea Phosphite is characterized by being a
liquid produced in an unprocessed reaction, and by having phosphite as a
phosphorus source and urea as a nitrogen source. The reaction product may
be blended with an admix and spray dried, or dissolved in water.
1. A method for making a fertilizer comprising urea phosphite, comprising
reacting together a urea compound and a phosphorous acid compound without
the addition of water, such that the fertilizer comprises urea phosphate
having the effect of enhancing plant growth when applied to plant seed,
plants, and/or soil in which plant seeds or plants are planted.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said reaction is conducted at a temperature ranging from about 15.degree. C. and about 140.degree. C.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the urea compound and the phosphorous acid compound are solids.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the reaction product is a non-hydrous liquid.
5. The method of claim 1 further comprising blending or reacting the reaction product with an admix for agricultural use.
6. The method of claim 5 further comprising spray drying the blended product.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the admix is solid such that the fertilizer is dry and soluble.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the reaction is at room temperature.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the urea compound is selected from the group consisting of ureas, thioureas, phenylureas and other substituted ureas.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the urea and phosphorous acid compounds are reacted in a molar ratio of urea to phosphorous acid ranging from about 2:1 to about 1:2.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the urea phosphite is a pH buffer.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the urea phosphite is a solution pH modifier to enable solubility of mineral salts in the presence of phosphorus compounds.
[0001] This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/284,393, filed Sep. 22, 2008, pending, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. No. 8,101,548, issued Jan. 24, 2012.
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] This invention relates to new chemical compositions of matter having utility as industrial chemicals, fertilizers, and, fungicides. This invention particularly relates to Urea Phosphite.
[0004] 2. Description of Relevant Art
[0005] In greenhouses, nurseries, and, gardens, or other intensive horticulture environments, best results are attained when fertilizers and pesticides are carefully delivered to the soil or growing plants. Many growers choose to utilize blended high analysis water-soluble fertilizers and fungicides. These fertilizers and fungicides are marketed as liquids or solids, which are dissolved or diluted, to prepare concentrated stock solutions; these fertilizer/fungicide solutions may again then be diluted by irrigation water by means of proportional or injection devices.
[0006] In agriculture most excellent results are also achieved when fertilizers and pesticides are carefully delivered to the soil or growing plants. Many growers choose to utilize blended high analysis water-soluble fertilizers and fungicides. These fertilizers and fungicides are marketed either as solids or liquids; the fertilizers and/or fungicides are dissolved in spray tanks for foliar applications, or are used to prepare concentrated stock solutions for ground application.
[0007] It is also desired that a fertilizer and fungicide formulations have good long-term stability as stock solutions so as not to form precipitates, which can clog spray rigs, proportioners, and irrigation lines. This has been a limitation with water-soluble fertilizer and fungicide formulations commercially available.
[0008] Mineral salts are important nutrients which are called for in many plant nutrition formulations, but mineral salts cannot be used together with the conventional phosphorus sources. For instance, ammonium and potassium phosphates in solution alter the pH and do not allow adequate solubility to mineral salt ions, giving rise to precipitation of the mineral salts in the stock solution which clog equipment.
[0009] Potassium phosphate or sodium phosphate can be used as soluble phosphorous sources but these can be expensive or not conducive to plant growth. Phosphoric acid can be used but it is a liquid, hazardous to handle, and toxic to plants. Therefore, a grower wishing to fertilize with both mineral salts and phosphorus, without resorting to the use of an alkali metal or ammonium phosphate, or liquid phosphoric acid, will need to inject these compounds separately.
[0010] Additionally, the use of chelated trace nutrients have been widely postulated in order to keep these trace nutrients dissolved in stock solutions that contain the ammonium and potassium phosphates. If non-chelated mineral salts are added with the conventional phosphorus sources, the phosphate minerals will precipitate from the solution. Chelated minerals increase the cost of the fertilizer and fungicide formulations.
[0011] This invention concerns new fertilizer and/or fungicide compositions; I have found liquid and solid fertilizer and fungicide compositions useful for preparing aqueous solutions and fertilizer solids for plant nutrition and plant fungicides.
[0012] The present invention employs Urea Phosphite as a liquid for fertilizer and fungicide formulations. Until now Urea Phosphite was an unknown material.
[0013] Urea Phosphite is an improved concentrated material for use as a fertilizer and fungicide, the urea phosphite, which dissolves completely in water, or, form solids in the presence of other materials, to give a nitrogen and phosphorus-containing substance, has now been produced. This fertilizer and/or fungicide is characterized by being a liquid produced in an unprocessed reaction, and by having phosphite as a phosphorus source and urea as a nitrogen source.
[0014] The present invention generally relates to a new composition of matter and to uses for that composition. These uses include agricultural, industrial, and commercial uses of these compounds. More specifically, the present invention is directed to the reaction product formed by reacting phosphorous acid crystals (a solid) with urea (a solid) to form the new compound Urea Phosphite (a concentrated liquid), to methods for conducting that reaction, and to uses of the reaction product. The present invention is directed to uses for new compositions of matter comprising the reaction product of a phosphorous acid and a urea, including substituted ureas such as the thioureas and phenylureas. The reaction products, which are non-hydrous or essentially nonhydrous, may be separated, blended with an admix and spray dried, or dissolved in water.
[0015] Urea, being approximately 46% by weight nitrogen, has long been preferred as a nitrogen source for fertilizing soils to stimulate plant growth. Phosphorous acid, being approximately 86.5% by weight P2O5, and its salts, have been used as a fungicide and a fertilizer. Urea, phosphorus acid and urea phosphite are compared in Table I below.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Solubility Compound MW MP ° C. (g/100 ml) Density Phosphorous acid 82 73.6 309 1.651 Urea 60.06 135 100 1.32 Urea phosphite 142.06 0 Infinite 1.4
[0016] Often time's fertilizer and fungicides are used with buffers. The buffering prevents the alkaline hydrolysis of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, therefore, insuring greater efficacy to their pesticide applications. Urea Phosphite will serve as an excellent low pH buffer, thereby protecting the applicator's pesticide investment.
[0017] Urea undergoes a reaction with phosphorous acids. These products have not been known until now. The agricultural industry has felt the need for ways to protect plants from fungal attack, improve early seedling vigor, and to increase plant biomass, all resulting in improved yield and quality. There has been a long felt but unfulfilled need in the industry for improved methods for achieving these goals. The present invention works to solve those needs.
[0018] Being a clear colorless liquid with low moisture content this invention allows producers to deliver a high analysis and concentrated fertilizers and fungicides. When the urea phosphite is compared to other liquid products the urea phosphite will be substantially less expensive to manufacture, transport, ship, store and warehouse, package, and deliver to end-users than many if not all prior art products.
[0019] In a preferred embodiment phosphorous acid is reacted with urea in a molar ratio of about 1:1 to produce Urea Phosphite. While the reaction may be conducted at any temperature between about 15° C. and about 140° C., it is preferably conducted within the range of about 15° C. to about 100° C. The reaction may conveniently be conducted at room temperature. Preferably the reactants are stirred until the reaction mixture is clear, indicating that the liquid reaction product has formed. This product may be dissolved in water, packaged as is, or blended with an admix to produce liquids and solids, or further compounded/reacted with an admix and spray dried.
[0020] The reaction product of the present invention, most preferably Urea Phosphite, will be found to produce enhanced growth in plants when used in a variety of ways. The reaction product Urea Phosphite will produce enhanced growth when applied to seeds or soil prior to or at planting, when applied to the soil surrounding the plant at or after planting or when applied to the foliage of the plant. Alternatively, a solution or dry matter of Urea Phosphite may be applied to the soil surrounding the seed and/or emerging plant. All application methods will deliver fertilization and fungal protection.
[0021] When applying Urea Phosphite to foliage, those skilled in the art may include a conventional admix in the solution to improve the retention of reaction product on the leaves so that the plant may more readily absorb it.
[0022] Solutions containing mineral salts or non-chelated micronutrient trace metals, such as: calcium, magnesium, cobalt, iron, manganese, copper, boron, zinc and molybdenum, may be made available to the plant by dissolving them completely in water with urea phosphite without precipitate formation initially or upon prolonged standing, such as for 24 hours or longer. In one embodiment, this invention provides a mineral salts-containing solid complex fertilizer and fungicide, which dissolves completely in water to give a water-based precipitate-free, stable aqueous stock solution. A liquid fertilizer and/or fungicide containing Urea Phosphite will provide phosphite as a phosphorus and urea as a nitrogen source for plant protection and nutrition.
[0023] In another embodiment, this invention provides a trace metal-containing solid blended fertilizer and/or fungicide that dissolves completely in water to give a water-based, precipitate free, stable aqueous stock solution.
[0024] In another embodiment, this invention provides a fertilizer and/or fungicide containing urea phosphite as a phosphorus source and chelated, partially chelated, complexed, or non-chelated micronutrient trace metal nitrates, chlorides, carbonates, oxides or sulfate salts. This material may contain magnesium and/or calcium as well. It also may contain any mineral salt.
[0025] In still another embodiment, this invention provides a method for preparing a stable phosphorus-containing fertilizer and fungicide with an admix. Please see the text below for the Discussion of Possible Admixes. For aqueous stock solutions this method involves blending or adding a fertilizer and fungicide admix to Urea Phosphite. For blended liquid and solid fertilizer and fungicide products this method includes compounding or blending an admix with the liquid urea phosphite. These same general processes can be used to prepare a non-chelated mineral salt blended with the urea phosphite containing fertilizer and fungicide.
[0026] The inclusion of Urea Phosphite in a dry blended mixture of nutrient sources which include calcium salts, and/or magnesium, with or without trace metals such as iron and the like in non-chelated forms such as nitrates and/or sulfates offers several advantages. For one, the Urea Phosphite establishes a low pH condition when the blended mixture is added to water to make a concentrated stock solution. A stock solution pH in the range of 0 to 2 may be achieved. This low solution pH maintains solubility and clarity of the concentrated stock solution. Urea Phosphite, by the effect it has on solution pH, prevents the formation of mineral salts of phosphite that are not soluble.
[0027] Similarly, the low pH helps prevent mineral salts from precipitating in the presence of sulfate ions, which may be present. Therefore, when Urea Phosphite is used as a phosphorus source, it will make possible the inclusion of phosphorus and the mineral salts in one compound fertilizer and/or fungicide, without the use of chelates, or the disadvantage of a precipitate forming.
[0028] This allows the end user to prepare and apply a complete fungicidal and/or nutrient solution using one stock solution and utilizing one injector. It also makes possible the inclusion of non-chelated trace nutrients into phosphorous-containing nutrient solutions without precipitation. It also allows the fertilizer and fungicide solution to have an increased acidifying effect on the growing medium if needed. In summary, the advantages of using Urea Phosphite as a phosphorus source in a compound fertilizer and/or fungicide are:
[0029] The ability to purchase, prepare and apply a complete fungicidal and/or nutrient solution with one stock solution.
[0030] The ability to use non-chelated mineral salts without a reduction in solubility in the stock solution as is observed using conventional dry phosphorus sources.
[0031] The ability to formulate acidic fertilizer and/or fungicides that are sold as dry solids or liquids and thus are less hazardous to the end user than liquid phosphoric acid-based materials.
[0032] The fertilizer and fungicide compositions of this invention contain Urea Phosphite. The amount of Urea Phosphite will vary depending upon the nitrogen and phosphorous analysis desired for the formulated composition. Typically, the Urea Phosphite is used with an Admix--this includes other nutrient sources. Since Urea Phosphite contributes nitrogen as well as phosphorus in a stoichiometric ratio to the fertilizer and fungicide mix it may be necessary to add additional potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen sources to alter the ratio provided by Urea Phosphite alone.
[0033] The molar ratios between the urea and phosphorous acid are between 2:1 and 1:2; an excess of either material may be present without interfering in the direct preparation of the liquid Urea Phosphite.
[0034] Of course, any suitable mixer system can be used and it is not necessary that the mixing be done simultaneously with the onward conveying; the reactants may dwell in the mixer for a time and the entire product then be discharged from the mixer at once.
[0035] In order to improve the free-flowing properties of the Urea Phosphite liquid, a common anti-caking agent such as amorphous silica, bentonite, flour, etc., may be added. The amount of the anti-caking agent is in the usual range utilized for this purpose such as between 1.50-3% by weight.
[0036] The process is very simple to carry out; after mixing phosphorous acid with the urea, the reaction system may be heated in view of the endothermic reaction, which takes place. The reaction is accomplished once the blend is clear and colorless and liquid Urea Phosphite formed in the reaction vessel is ready for use without any further operation.
[0037] The urea to be used as a starting material in the reaction according to the invention may be any urea form commercially available such as prills, crystals, or, diluted liquids. The phosphorous acid to be used as a starting material in the reaction according to the invention may be any urea form commercially available such as crystals, or, diluted liquids. Most preferably, however, urea in solid or crystal form is mixed with phosphorous acid in solid or crystal form. Example preferred reactants for making the Urea Phosphite composition of the invention is set forth in Table II below.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II Solubility Compound MW MP (g/100 ml) Density Phosphorous acid 82 73.6 309 1.651 Urea 60.06 135 100 1.32
[0038] When the urea phosphite is for fertilizer or fungicide use, desired micronutrients such as Mg, Co, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, etc., may be incorporated in the initial phosphorous acid prior to the reaction with the solid urea without interfering with the course of reaction. This is an additional advantage where a reliable dosage of micronutrients is not possible.
[0039] If desired to obtain compounds with a higher ratio of N:P or N:P:K for fertilizers, the urea phosphite may be transformed into prills by an admix. It can also be used in various compound fertilizers.
[0040] A solid product of the invention may contain about 0.01% by weight (total solids) of Urea Phosphite that, by itself, will contribute about 0.005% weight phosphorous as P2O5, and about 0.002% weight nitrogen as N. The liquid product can contain up to about 100% by weight of Urea Phosphite that would by itself contribute about 50% weight phosphorus as P2O5 and about 20% weight nitrogen as N.
[0041] Higher P or N assays can be achieved by the addition of phosphorus sources or various nitrogen sources, such as urea, ammonium, or, nitrate sources. In cases where Urea Phosphite is not the sole phosphorus source, other phosphates such as potassium phosphates' and ammonium phosphates' can make up the balance.
[0042] In addition to the phosphorous and nitrogen content the blend may include potassium. Similarly, it may be advantageous to include an admix discussed below.
[0043] The invention may be further understood from the examples below.
White Crystal Sample--Sample 1
[0044] 325 grams 70% phosphorous acid solution was blended with 175 grams of urea and heated at temperatures greater then 100° C. where it became fluid syrup. The exothermic reaction between the two reactants started immediately. The reaction mixture was removed from heat and allowed to proceed spontaneously. The reaction mixture became a non-transparent fluid syrup that expelled gas and bubbled from which crystalline material resulted as the reaction cooled.
[0045] Because of the faint smell of ammonia, it is my belief some of the urea decomposed and products other than urea phosphite may have also been formed.
Sample 2
[0046] For a mole ratio of 1:1 (phosphorous acid: urea), 57 grams phosphorous acid crystals were blended with 45 grams urea mini-pills and stirred at 80° C. in a covered container for 1 hour. The blend of 2 solids produced a clear, colorless liquid urea phosphite. The liquid is stable upon heating to 90° C. or cooling to 0° C. the solution has a fertilizer value of 20% N and 50% P2O5.
[0047] 55 grams Phosphorous acid crystals were blended with 42 grams urea pills and stirred in a covered container. The blend of 2 solids produced a clear, colorless liquid Urea Phosphite. The liquid is stable upon heating to 90° C. or cooling to 0° C.
[0048] For a mole ratio of 1:2 (phosphorous acid: urea), 55 grams phosphorous acid crystals were blended with 84 grams urea pills and stirred in a covered container. The blend of 2 solids heated to temperatures greater then the melting point of the phosphorous acid (73° C.) and stirred; a clear, colorless liquid Urea Phosphite was formed. The liquid is stable upon heating to 90° C. and crystals formed upon cooling.
[0049] Diammonium phosphate crystals and monopotassium phosphate crystals were blended with Urea Phosphite liquid to produce a free flowing dry soluble product.
Sample 3
[0050] For a mole ratio of 2:1 (phosphorous acid: urea), 73 grams phosphorous acid crystals were blended with 27 grams urea pills and stirred in a covered container. The blend of 2 solids produced a clear, colorless liquid Urea Phosphite.
[0051] For a mole ratio of 1:1 (phosphorous acid: urea), 114 grams phosphorous acid crystals were blended with 86 grams urea pills and stirred at 80° C. in a covered container for 1 hour. The blend of 2 solids produced a clear, colorless liquid Urea Phosphite. From this 50 g of the Urea Phosphite was blended with 100 ml of water and 30 grams of calcium nitrate was added. The blend produced a clear 8-14-0, 3% Ca liquid fertilizer or fungicide with soluble phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium available for plant nutrition. Although the calcium was not chelated, the calcium did not precipitate in the presence of the phosphorus compound.
[0052] 50 g of Urea Phosphite liquid was blended with 100 ml of water and 30 grams of magnesium nitrate was added. The blend produced a clear 7-14-0, 2.7% Mg liquid fertilizer or fungicide with soluble phosphorus, nitrogen and magnesium available for plant nutrition. Although the magnesium was not chelated, the magnesium did not precipitate in the presence of the phosphorus compound.
Discussion of Possible Components for Admixes:
[0053] For their practical application, the Urea Phosphite compound according to this invention is rarely used on its own. Instead it generally forms part of formulations which also comprise a support and/or a surfactant in addition to active materials.
[0054] In the context of the invention, a support is an organic or mineral, natural or synthetic material with which the active material is associated to facilitate its application, for example, in the case of fertilizer and fungicides, to the plant, to seeds or to soil, or to facilitate its transportation or handling. The support can be solid (e.g, clays, natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes, solid fertilizer and fungicides) or fluid (e.g., water, alcohols, ketones, petroleum fractions, chlorinated hydrocarbons, liquefied gases, liquid fertilizer and fungicides).
[0055] The surfactant can be an ionic or non-ionic emulsifier, dispersant or wetting agent, such as, for example, salts of polyacrylic acids and lignin-sulphonic acids, condensates of ethylene oxide with fatty alcohols, fatty acids or fatty amines.
[0056] The compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention can be prepared in the form of wettable powders, soluble powders, dusting powders, granulates, solutions, emulsifiable concentrates, emulsions, suspended concentrates and aerosols.
[0057] The wettable powders according to the invention can be prepared in such a way that they contain the active material, and they often or typically contain, in addition to a solid support, a wetting agent, a dispersant and, when necessary, one or more stabilizers and/or other additives, such as, for example, penetration agents, adhesives or anti-lumping agents, colorants etc.
[0058] Aqueous dispersions and emulsions, such as, for example, compositions comprising the compounds of this invention obtained by diluting with water a wettable powder or an emulsifiable concentrate are also included within the general scope of the invention. These emulsions can be of the water-in-oil type or of the oil-in-water type, and can have a thick consistency resembling that of a "mayonnaise".
[0059] The compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention can contain other ingredients, for example protective colloids, adhesives or thickeners, thixotropic agents, stabilizers or sequestrants, as well as other active materials. A modest list of examples of possible formulation components for inclusion with the compositions of this invention follows without limitation.
Carbon Skeleton/Energy (CSE) Components:
[0060] The supposed function of this component is to supply carbon skeleton for synthesis of proteins and other molecules or to supply energy for metabolism. Water-soluble carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, glucose and other di- and monosaccharides are suitable, commonly in the form of molasses or other by-products of food manufacture. Commercially available lignosulfonates, discussed below under the heading "Complexing Agents," are also suitable as a CSE source inasmuch as they commonly contain sugars.
CSE Components:
[0061] Sugar--mannose, lactose, dextrose, erythrose, fructose, fucose, galactose, glucose, gulose, maltose, polysaccharide, raffinose, ribose, ribulose, rutinose, saccharose, stachyose, trehalose, xylose, xylulose, adonose, amylose, arabinose, fructose phosphate, fucose-p, galactose-p, glucose-p, lactose-p, maltose-p, mannose-p, ribose-p, ribulose-p, xylose-p, xylulose-p, deoxyribose, corn steep liquor, whey, corn sugar, corn syrup, maple syrup, grape sugar, grape syrup, beet sugar, sorghum molasses, cane molasses, mineral salts lignosulfonate sugar alcohol--adonitol, galactitol, glucitol, maltitol, mannitol, mannitol-p, ribitol, sorbitol, sorbitol-p, xylitol xxxx acids--glucuronic acid, a-ketoglutaric acid, galacturonic acid, glutaric acid, gluconic acid, pyruvic acid, poly galacturonic acid, saccharic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, oxaloacetic acid, aspartic acid, phosphoglyceric acid, fulvic acid, ulmic acid, humic acid, glutamic acid.
[0062] Nucleotides and bases--adenosine, adenosine-p, adenosine-p-glucose, uridine, uridine-p, uridine-p-glucose, thymine, thymine-p, cytosine, cytosine-p, guanosine, guanosine-p, guanosine-p-glucose, guanine, guanine-p, NADPH, NADH, FMN, FADH
The Macronutrient Components:
[0063] The macronutrients are essential to nutrition and growth. The most important macronutrients are N, P and K. Some example nitrogen compounds are: ammonium nitrate, monoammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphatenitrate, diammonium phosphate, ammoniated single superphosphate, ammoniated triple superphosphate, nitric phosphates, ammonium chloride, aqua ammonia, ammonia-ammonium nitrate solutions, mineral salts ammonium nitrate, mineral salts nitrate, mineral salts Cyanamid, sodium nitrate, urea, urea-formaldehyde, urea-ammonium nitrate solution, nitrate of soda potash, potassium nitrate, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids.
[0064] Examples of Phosphate sources include: superphosphate (single, double and/or triple), phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate, ammonium phosphate sulfate, ammonium phosphate nitrate, diammonium phosphate, ammoniated single superphosphate, ammoniated single superphosphate, ammoniated triple superphosphate, nitric phosphates, potassium pyrophosphates, sodium pyrophosphate, nucleic acid phosphates and phosphonic and phosphorous acid derivatives.
[0065] The potassium ion for example can be found in: potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium gluconate, sulfate of potash magnesia, potassium carbonate, potassium acetate, potassium citrate, potassium hydroxide, potassium manganate, potassium phosphate, potassium molybdate, potassium thiosulfate, potassium zinc sulfate and the like.
[0066] Mineral salts sources include for example: mineral salts ammonium nitrate, mineral salts nitrate, mineral salts Cyanamid, mineral salts acetate, mineral salts acetylsalicylate, mineral salts borate, mineral salts borogluconate, mineral salts carbonate, mineral salts chloride, mineral salts citrate, mineral salts ferrous citrate, mineral salts glycerophosphate, mineral salts lactate, mineral salts oxide, mineral salts pantothenate, mineral salts propionate, mineral salts saccharate, mineral salts sulfate, mineral salts tartrate and the like.
[0067] Magnesium can be found for example in: magnesium oxide, dolomite, magnesium acetate, magnesium benzoate, magnesium bisulfate, magnesium borate, magnesium chloride, magnesium citrate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium phosphate, magnesium salicylate, magnesium sulfate.
[0068] Sulfur containing compounds include for example: ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate sulfate, mineral salts sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sulfuric acid, cobalt sulfate, copper sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, sulfur, cysteine, methionine and elemental sulfur.
Micronutrient Components:
[0069] The most important micronutrients are or comprise: Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B, Co, and Mo.
Vitamin/Cofactor Components:
[0070] The most important are folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, riboflavin and thiamine and include for example: Thiamine--thiamine pyrophosphate, thiamine monophosphate, thiamine disulfide, thiamine mononitrate, thiamine phosphoric acid ester chloride, thiamine phosphoric acid ester phosphate salt, thiamine 1,5 salt, thiamine tri phosphoric acid ester, thiamine tri phosphoric acid salt, yeast, yeast extract Riboflavin--riboflavin acetyl phosphate, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin adenine mononucleotide, riboflavin phosphate, yeast, yeast extract. Nicotinic acid--nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, nicotinic acid amide, nicotinic acid benzyl ester, nicotinic acid monoethanolamine salt, yeast, yeast extract, nicotinic acid hydrazide, nicotinic acid hydroxamate, nicotinic acid-N-(hydroxymethyl)amide, nicotinic acid methyl ester, nicotinic acid mononucleotide, nicotinic acid nitrile. Pyridoxine--pyridoxal phosphate, yeast, yeast extract Folic acid--yeast, yeast extract, folinic acid. Biotin--biotin sulfoxide, yeast, yeast extract, biotin 4-amidobenzoic acid, biotin amidocaproate N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, biotin 6-amidoquinoline, biotin hydrazide, biotin methyl ester, d-biotin-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, biotin-maleimide, d-biotin p-nitrophenyl ester, biotin propranolol, 5-(N-biotinyl)-3 aminoallyl)-uridine 5'-triphosphate, biotinylated uridine 5'-triphosphate, N-e-biotinyl-lysine. Pantothenic acid--yeast, yeast extract, coenzyme A, Cyanocobalamin--yeast, yeast extract. Phosphatidylcholine-soybean oil, eggs bovine heart, bovine brain, bovine liver, L-a-phosphatidylcholine, B-acetyl-g-O-alkyl, D-a-phosphatidylcholine(PTCn), B-acetyl-g-O-hexadecyl, DL-a-PTCh, B-acetyl-g-O-hexadecyl, L-a-PTCh, B-acetyl-g-O-(octadec-9-cis-enyl), L-a-PTCh, B-arachidonoyl, g-stearoyl, L-a-PTCh, diarachidoyl, L-a-PTCh, dibehenoyl (dibutyroyl, dicaproyl, dicapryloyl, didecanoyl, dielaidoyl, 12 diheptadecanoyl, diheptanoyl), DL-a-PTCh dilauroyl, L-a-PTCh dimyristoyl (dilauroyl, dilinoleoyl, dinonanoyl, dioleoyl, dipentadeconoyl, dipalmitoyl, distearoyl, diundecanoyl, divaleroyl, B-elaidoyl-a-palmitoyl, B-linoleoyl-a-palmitoyl) DL-a-PTCh di-O-hexadecyl (dioleoyl, dipalmitoyl, B-O-methyl-g-O-hexadecyl, B-oleoyl-g-O-hexadecyl, B-palmitoyl-g-O-hexadecyl), D-a-PTCh dipalmitoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-O-methyl-g-O-octadecyl, L-a-PTCh, B-(NBD-aminohexanoyl)-g-palmitoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-oleoyl-g-O-palmitoyl (stearoyl), L-a-PTCh, B-palmitoyl-g-oleoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-palmitoyl-a-(pyren 1-yl) hexanoyl, L-a-PTCh, B(pyren-1-yl)-decanoyl-g-palmitoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-(pyren-1-yl)-hexanoyl-g-palmitoyl, L-a-PTCh, B-stearoyl-g-oleoyl. Inositol--inositol monophosphate, inositol macinate, myo-inositol, epi-inositol, myo-inositol 2,2'anhydro-2-c-hydroxymethyl (2-c-methylene-myoinositol oxide), D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate, DL-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic monophosphate, myo-inositol dehydrogenase, myo-inositol hexanicotinate, inositol hexaphosphate, myo-inositol hexasulfate, myo-inositol 2-monophosphate, D-myo-inositol 1-monophosphate, DL-myo-inositol 1-monophosphate, D-myo-inositol triphosphate, scyllo-inositol PABA--m-aminobenzoic acid, O-aminobenzoic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid butyl ester, PABA ethyl ester, 3-ABA ethyl ester.
Complexing Agents:
[0071] The function of this component, particularly in agricultural applications, aside from its proposed use as a Carbon skeleton agent, is to solubilize other components of the composition which otherwise may precipitate and become assailable or may immobilize minerals in the soil which might otherwise be unavailable to flora and fauna. Complexing agents such as, for example, citric acid, humic acids, lignosulfonate, etc. serve to tie up ions such as iron and prevent them from forming precipitates. In some cases this complexing is by way of chelation. These agents may form complexes with the following compounds for example: Citric acid; Ca, K, Na and ammonium lignosulfonates, fulvic acid, ulmic acid, humic acid, Katy-J, EDTA, EDDA(ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid), EDDHA, HEDTA, CDTA, PTPA, NTA, MEA, IDS, EDDS, and 4-phenylbutyric acid.
[0072] Other complexing agents include for example: Al and its salts, Zn--zinc oxide, zinc acetate, zinc benzoate, zinc chloride, zinc citrate, zinc nitrate, zinc salicylate, ziram Fe--ferric chloride, ferric citrate, ferric fructose, ferric glycerophosphate, ferric nitrate, ferric oxide (saccharated), ferrous chloride, ferrous citrate ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, ferrous succinate. Mn--manganese acetate, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganese phosphate, Cu--cupric acetate, cupric butyrate, cupric chlorate, cupric chloride, cupric citrate, cupric gluconate, cupric glycollate, cupric nitrate, cupric salicylate, cuprous acetate, cuprous chloride. B--mineral salts borate, potassium borohydride, borax, boron trioxide, potassium borotartrate, potassium tetraborate, sodium borate, sodium borohydride, sodium tetraborate and boric acid. Mo--molybdic acid, mineral salts molybdate, potassium molybdate, sodium molybdate. Co--cobaltic acetate, cobaltous acetate, cobaltous chloride, cobaltous oxalate, cobaltous potassium sulfate, cobaltous sulfate.
Growth Regulators:
[0073] Seaweed extract--kelp extract, Kinetin, Kinetin riboside, benzyladenine, zeatin riboside, zeatin, extract of corn cockle, isopentenyl adenine, dihydrozeatin, indoleacetic acid, phenylacetic acid, IBA, indole ethanol, indole acetaldehyde, indoleacetonitrile, indole derivitives, gibberellins (e.g. GA1, GA2, GA3, GA4, GA7, GA38 etc.) polyamines, monoethanolamine, allopurinol, GA inhibitors, ethylene inducing compounds, ethylene biosynthesis inhibitors, GABA, anticytokinins and antiauxins, ABA inducers and inhibitors, and other known growth regulators.
Gum Components:
[0074] Xanthan gum--guar gum, gum agar, gum accroides, gum arabic, gum carrageenan, gum damar, gum elemi, gum ghatti, gum guaiac, gum karya, locust bean gum, gum mastic, gum pontianak, gum rosin, gum storax, gum tragacanth
Microbialstats, Proprionic acid, Benzoic acid, Sorbic acid and Amino acids.
[0075] Phosphate buffer, formate or acetate buffer, AMP buffer, mineral salts tartrate, glycine buffer, phosphate citrate buffer, tris buffer, ECT.
[0076] If desired, a formulation or composition of the present invention may also include beneficial microorganisms. The compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention thus defined may be applied to plants by conventional methods including seed application techniques, as well as foliar methods.
[0077] The foregoing description of the invention has been directed in primary part to particular preferred embodiments in accordance with the requirements of the Patent Statutes and for purposes of explanation and illustration. It will be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many modifications and changes in the specifically described methods may be made without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention.
[0078] One non-limiting example of such a modification would be the combining of an excess of one reactant to change the mole ratios in creating Urea Phosphite. Such a modification could be practiced by one of ordinary skill in the art from the teachings herein, and such practice would be within the true scope and spirit of the invention.
[0079] Therefore, the invention is not restricted to the preferred embodiments described and illustrated but covers all modifications, which may fall within the scope of the following claims.
Patent applications by Frank William Dean, Spring, TX US
Patent applications in class FERTILIZERS WITH INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, DISINFECTANT, OR DEODORANT
Patent applications in all subclasses FERTILIZERS WITH INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, DISINFECTANT, OR DEODORANT
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WhatsApp Free Video Call Feature Near To Releasing WhatsApp appears to be testing a new video calling feature for its popular messaging app. Fone arena reports that the latest beta app for Android includes video calling options for some users. While WhatsApp users have been able to place audio calls …Read More »
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Arpaio Motion Says Civil Rights Act Doesn't Protect Spanish Speakers
The Maricopa County Sheriff's Office says the Obama administration's lawsuit against it should be dismissed because the Civil Rights Act does not address discrimination based on language.
Sheriff Joe Arpaio and his office, which filed a legal brief on Friday seeking the dismissal, did not deny or admit the administration's contention that they discriminated against Latino prisoners with limited English proficiency. Instead, the brief points out that Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act does not specifically prohibit discrimination based on language.
"The plain language of Title VI and its implementing regulations expressly state a prohibition that discriminates on the basis of race, color, or national origin only – not language proficiency," the motion says. "Language proficiency is not a proxy for national origin."
The motion by Arpaio's attorneys came nearly a month after the U.S. Justice Department filed a suit accusing Arpaio's office of profiling Latinos and punishing Hispanic jail inmates for speaking Spanish.
Arpaio also is accused of launching some immigration patrols based on citizen letters that complained about people with dark skin congregating in a given area or speaking Spanish but never reported an actual crime.
The motion to dismiss also argues that it is possible to discriminate against native Spanish speakers without discriminating against Latinos and that doing so is permitted under the Civil Rights Act.
"Although the Plaintiff goes to great lengths to categorize the prisoners as 'Latino Limited English Proficient' prisoners, its allegations clearly and unequivocally focus on providing language assistance to Spanish-speaking prisoners, not simply to those Spanish-speaking prisoners who also happen to be Latinos," the motion says.
By definition, Spanish-speakers with limited English proficiency in the United States are referred to as Latinos. The attorneys for Arpaio and the Marcipoa County Sheriff's Office did not immediately return a call requesting comment.
The sheriff has denied allegations of systematic discriminatory policing. He has called the lawsuit a politically motivated attack by the Obama administration intended to gain favor with Latino voters, and insisted that the Justice Department provide facts to prove its allegations.
In their filing Friday in U.S. District Court in Phoenix, Arpaio's lawyers also said the sheriff's office should be dismissed as a defendant "because it is a nonjural entity incapable of suing or being sued."
Contains reporting by the Associated Press


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95% of cacao beans are garden variety. These infused, small-batch Italian chocolate bars are made from the other 5%. From bean to bar, each is crafted from ethically and sustainably grown cacao and exquisitely packaged to make a lovely gift. The chocolate is blended so that its distinctive flavor notes complement infused ingredients such as bergamot and Mandarin orange.
The sea salt bar is made with Guérande salt, whose sweetness and aroma complements the fresh banana and citrus notes of the milk chocolate. The chili pepper-infused bar contains dark chocolate with fruity notes for a sublime pairing. Free from artificial and GMO ingredients, the entire flight features:
Peperoncino highlights the nutty notes of Teyuna cacao, punctuated the subtle, aromatic spiciness of chili pepper.
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Latte sal mixes Arriba cacao, milk, and sweet, aromatic Guérande salt, yielding hints of banana, citrus, and caramel.
Set of five 50g bars. Made in Italy.
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From Roxboro, North Carolina, USA:
I have type 2 diabetes, and am currently taking Zoloft, hydrochlorthiazide, Glucophage [metformin], Glucotrol, Norvasc, a coated aspirin, and Mobic. I have no energy, and I don't feel my best. Help me figure out what I should do about this.I am also morbidly obese.I asked my physician if I could have gastric bypass, but she said I could not because I had gastric stapling 16 years ago and a revision a year later. My husband is on dialysis, and I don't want both of us to be sickly.
I highly recommend that you consult with an endocrinologist as soon as possible to evaluate your diabetes control and your medication. I'll bet there is a lot of room for improvement and that better control will solve a lot of your issues, especially your lack of energy.
Additional comments from Joyce Mosiman:It seems from your letter that you need to get some professional help from a dietitian who is familiar with diabetes and all the other medications you are on. You have a good start in that you want to be healthy. You would probably also benefit from getting an okay from your doctor to do some sort of exercise even if you are tired and don't feel your best.
There are many ways to lose weight, you will need to identify with your dietitian the best one for you. You might even explore weight loss groups to give you support. I hope you find some help with your plan to get healthy.
[Editor's comment: Be sure to ask if your doctor has checked your thyroid gland function (a simple blood test called TSH is what's usually done). And ask your doctor or pharmacist about which of your medications might be contributing to some of your symptoms or affecting your appetite. WWQ]
Original posting 26 Oct 2003
Posted to Weight and Weight Loss
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Last Updated: Tuesday April 06, 2010 15:09:52
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Buzz Bits: Dow, Nasdaq Gain Ground
Your daily Buzz & Banter highlights...
Editor's Note: This is a small sample of the content available on the Buzz and Banter.
With my mind on my money and my money on my mind... - Todd Harisson - 2:37 PM
I step out of an afternoon meld to find BooPac rollin' down the Street, smokin' INDU and sippin' on gin and juice. Some top line thoughts as I await word on whether we're "on" for yet another crosstown meld, this one near the bell.
position in spx
Teleconference Randoms - Jeff Macke - 1:43 PM
Greetings from New Jersey where, based on the generally "Blah" tape action, it looks like I picked an okay day to be stuck on teleconferences for hours on end. You know, to the extent to which there is ever a good day to be stuck on teleconferences.
In other news...
- CarMax (KMX) was entirely unimpressive in its release and conference call. After beating the Street by 9-miles last quarter, then missing by 2-cents this quarter, it's time to wonder if CarMax lacks much control of its business or if the economy has gotten much worse in the last three months.
- Of course, "A little of both" is also a viable answer to the above question.
- WWE Chairman Vincent K. McMahon was on Fast Money last night. Suppressing (barely and not completely) my desire to do a full-on rasslin' microphone "bit" (the part where the wrestler talks about maiming his opponent), I asked him what he was shooting for as a buy-total for Sunday's WrestleMania. Vince offered "1.5", which would be a 50% gain over last year. Hmmmm...
- US Steel's (X) plan to vertically integrate into oilfield equipment with a purchase of Lone Star (LSS) calls to mind the old Soviet car making model in which trees, iron ore and oil went in one end of a factory and really bad cars sputtered out the other.
Turning Bullish on Financials - Jess Thomson - 12:40 PM
Sentiment turned rapidly bearish on the recent price collapse -- in fact, one well-known and widely-followed market-seer went so far as to declare a new "global bear market in equities" had begun.
He may be right -- down the road a bit -- but in the 'now' moment, bull markets are still in place in specific sectors and specific stocks.
One such sector where bulls appear to still be alive and well is in the financial sector. In this chart, the multi-year rise in the XLF (financial SPDR) is still intact after the recent decline, all the while being supported by rising value lines (solid blue) which are in no position to reverse down in the months ahead.
So too, recent reactions, below rising value (at A, B and C on the chart) were all strategic buys - I expect the current reaction to be tradable as well.
More details on entry levels and how to manage existing positions are available here.
Position in XLF
Sentiment Update - Bennet Sedacca - 10:42 AM
It's amazing how the AAII polls work. When the market sold off, bears spiked. As it has rallied the bearish sentiment poll has sunk to levels associated with market tops. See the chart here.
I see the good breadth today and respect it. But the trailing GDP numbers are useless in my book. Not to mention that 2.5% growth isn't exactly exciting with huge monetary stimulus. The forward numbers are lousy.
My other proprietary chart has already gone from high pessimism when I bought at SPX 1365 cash, but now is almost in extreme optimism mode again.
I think the rally fizzles.
I also wonder, if everyone wants to buy a tested low if we don't just zip right through it.
- 1
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text: Ringio Co-Founder and Chairman Michael Zirngibl and InPhonex Chief Marketing Officer Matt Bramson discussed their new Ringio On InPhonex (ROI) offering with Telecom Reseller Editor & Publisher Doug Green at ITEXPO West. The executives talked about what distinguishes ROI, which combines features from Ringio's cloud-based Rich Calling Service and InPhonex's powerful telephony platform, as well as opportunities it creates for small and medium-size businesses (SMBs) and those serving this market. Listen to their interviews at Telecom Reseller.


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convert – convert between image formats as well as resize an image, blur, crop, despeckle, dither, draw on, flip, join, re-sample, and much more.
How to resize image to 800px wide
convert -resize 800 -quality 80% source.jpg target_w800.jpg
$ convert --help Version: ImageMagick 6.2.4 10/02/07 Q16 http://www.imagemagick.org Copyright: Copyright (C) 1999-2005 ImageMagick Studio LLC Usage: convert [options ...] file [ [options ...] file ...] [options ...] file Where options include: -adjoin join images into a single multi-image file -affine matrix affine transform matrix -annotate geometry text annotate the image with text -antialias remove pixel-aliasing -append append an image sequence -authenticate value decrypt image with this password -average average an image sequence -background color background color -bias value add bias when convolving an image -black-threshold value forces all pixels below the threshold into black -blue-primary point chromaticity blue primary point -blur geometry blur the image -border geometry surround image with a border of color -bordercolor color border color -channel type apply option to select image channels -charcoal radius simulate a charcoal drawing -chop geometry remove pixels from the image interior -clip clip along the first path from the 8BIM profile -clip-path id clip along a named path from the 8BIM profile -clone index clone an image -coalesce merge a sequence of images -colorize value colorize the image with the fill color -colors value preferred number of colors in the image -colorspace type alternate image colorspace -combine combine a sequence of images -comment string annotate image with comment -compose operator set image composite operator -composite composite image -compress type type of pixel compression when writing the image -contrast enhance or reduce the image contrast -convolve coefficients apply a convolution kernel to the image -crop geometry cut out a rectangular region of the image -cycle amount cycle the image colormap -debug events display copious debugging information -define format:option define one or more image format options -deconstruct break down an image sequence into constituent parts -delay value display the next image after pausing -delete index delete the image from the image sequence -density geometry horizontal and vertical density of the image -depth value image depth -despeckle reduce the speckles within an image -display server get image or font from this X server -dispose method GIF disposal method -dither apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to image -draw string annotate the image with a graphic primitive -edge radius apply a filter to detect edges in the image -emboss radius emboss an image -encoding type text encoding type -endian type endianness (MSB or LSB) of the image -enhance apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image -equalize perform histogram equalization to an image -evaluate operator value evaluate an arithmetic, relational, or logical expression -extent geometry set the image size -extract geometry extract area from image -family name render text with this font family -fill color color to use when filling a graphic primitive -filter type use this filter when resizing an image -flatten flatten a sequence of images -flip flip image in the vertical direction -floodfill geometry color floodfill the image with color -flop flop image in the horizontal direction -font name render text with this font -format "string" output formatted image characteristics -frame geometry surround image with an ornamental border -fuzz distance colors within this distance are considered equal -fx expression apply mathematical expression to an image channel(s) -gamma value level of gamma correction -gaussian geometry gaussian blur an image -geometry geometry perferred size or location of the image -green-primary point chromaticity green primary point -gravity type horizontal and vertical text placement -help print program options -implode amount implode image pixels about the center -insert index insert last image into the image sequence -intent type type of rendering intent when managing the image color -interlace type type of image interlacing scheme -label name assign a label to an image -lat geometry local adaptive thresholding -level value adjust the level of image contrast -limit type value pixel cache resource limit -log format format of debugging information -loop iterations add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation -map filename transform image colors to match this set of colors -mask filename set the image clip mask -matte store matte channel if the image has one -mattecolor color frame color -median radius apply a median filter to the image -modulate value vary the brightness, saturation, and hue -monitor monitor progress -monochrome transform image to black and white -morph value morph an image sequence -mosaic create a mosaic from an image sequence -motion-blur geometry simulate motion blur -negate replace every pixel with its complementary color -noise radius add or reduce noise in an image -normalize transform image to span the full range of colors -opaque color change this color to the fill color -ordered-dither NxN ordered dither the image -orient type image orientation -page geometry size and location of an image canvas (setting) -paint radius simulate an oil painting -ping efficiently determine image attributes -pointsize value font point size -posterize levels reduce the image to a limited number of color levels -preview type image preview type -profile filename add, delete, or apply an image profile -quality value JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level -quiet suppress all error or warning messages -radial-blur angle radial blur the image -raise value lighten/darken image edges to create a 3-D effect -random-threshold low,high random threshold the image -region geometry apply options to a portion of the image -raise value lighten/darken image edges to create a 3-D effect -red-primary point chromaticity red primary point -render render vector graphics -repage geometry size and location of an image canvas -resample geometry change the resolution of an image -resize geometry resize the image -roll geometry roll an image vertically or horizontally -rotate degrees apply Paeth rotation to the image -sample geometry scale image with pixel sampling -sampling-factor geometry horizontal and vertical sampling factor -scale geometry scale the image -scene value image scene number -seed value pseudo-random number generator seed value -segment values segment an image -separate separate an image channel into a grayscale image -sepia-tone threshold simulate a sepia-toned photo -set attribute value set an image attribute -shade degrees shade the image using a distant light source -shadow geometry simulate an image shadow -sharpen geometry sharpen the image -shave geometry shave pixels from the image edges -shear geometry slide one edge of the image along the X or Y axis -sigmodial-contrast geometry lightness rescaling using sigmoidal contrast enhancement -size geometry width and height of image -solarize threshold negate all pixels above the threshold level -splice geometry splice the background color into the image -spread amount displace image pixels by a random amount -strip strip image of all profiles and comments -stroke color graphic primitive stroke color -strokewidth value graphic primitive stroke width -stretch type render text with this font stretch -style type render text with this font style -support factor resize support: > 1.0 is blurry, < 1.0 is sharp -swap indexes swap two images in the image sequence -swirl degrees swirl image pixels about the center -texture filename name of texture to tile onto the image background -threshold value threshold the image -thumbnail geometry create a thumbnail of the image -tile filename tile image when filling a graphic primitive -tint value tint the image with the fill color -transform affine transform image -transparent color make this color transparent within the image -treedepth value color tree depth -trim trim image edges -type type image type -undercolor color annotation bounding box color -units type the units of image resolution -unsharp geometry sharpen the image -verbose print detailed information about the image -version print version information -view FlashPix viewing transforms -virtual-pixel method virtual pixel access method -wave geometry alter an image along a sine wave -weight type render text with this font weight -white-point point chromaticity white point -white-threshold value forces all pixels above the threshold into white -write filename write images to this file By default, the image format of `file' is determined by its magic number. To specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps). Specify 'file' as '-' for standard input or output.
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