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The benefits of using jiaogulan may include reduced cholesterol levels, lowered blood pressure and improved heart function, states WebMD. Other possible benefits of using jiaogulan are a strengthened immune system and improved memory.
Jiaogulan is an herb used to treat high cholesterol and blood pressure as well as improve heart function, according to WebMD. The plant originates in China, where it grows wild in the south central area of the country, and its leaves are used to make medicine. It is sometimes referred to as "Southern Ginseng" because of its similarities to the herb in the way it is used.
Although jiaogulan seems to have always been used by people in the Guizhou province, it did not become incorporated into mainstream traditional Chinese medicine until late in the 20th century, says Drugs.com. Evidence suggests jiaogulan contains substances that help reduce cholesterol levels. For a person with high cholesterol, taking the herb not only decreases her total cholesterol amount, but also boosts the percentage of high-density lipoprotein, or "good" cholesterol, in her total cholesterol ratio. Jiaogulan has been shown to have cardiovascular effects, notes Drugs.com. It is also effective in regulating blood pressure and increasing stamina.
While taking jiaogulan strengthens the immune system, it also decreases the efficacy of medications that weaken the immune system, according to WebMD. Jiaogulan may slow blood clotting as well, so taking it along with medicines that also slow blood clotting may result in increased bruising or bleeding.


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We invite you to learn more about us.

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> Guitar Finishes
> Black Electric Guitars
> Black MX250 For Sale Deer Skull Inlay
Our Custom Made Black MX250 For Sale Deer Skull Inlay
Our replicated "Deer Skull"
Body Wood
Neck Wood
Deer Skull Inlays
Scale Length
24.75" (628mm)
2 Humbuckers
1 Volume 1 Tone,3-Way Toggle Switch
T-O-M and Stop Tailpiece
Black Hardware
About The Original Guitar - MX-250 Deer Skull
MX 250 Deer Skull is one of James Hetfield's most recognized Explorer Guitars. It has the same MX-250 Explorer shape. James has recently fitted it with Sperzels and has fitted a small plate to the headstock as well.
The MX 250 Deer Skull was acquired sometime around late 1994 ,but used live more regularly from the Load era to the St. Anger Era. Still used occasionally, but not so much live. This was the basis for his JH-2 signature model
Our Replicated Black MX250 For Sale Deer Skull Inlay
About the original MX250 Deer Skull, we think we needn't say any more. If you are a fan of James Hetfiled, you will know this is a very typical guitar of james', which has accompanied james to show lots of concerts and it is james' favorite guitar. The guitar features mahogany body and neck, and the shape of this guitar respects MX250 Deer Skull have more sharp points (no banana headstock), slightly longer body (bottom strap button to tip of headstock), switch moved further away from the volume pots, no step in the neck, style single screw bell shaped truss rod cover changed in 1996 to bullet style truss rod cover. Regardless of what color you desire, they are usually pricey-more than $3000. To many guitarists in the street, it is indeed a sky-high price, but anyway it worths. Guys like it but can't afford at all. But if you are looking at our website now, your dream of owning a MX250 Deer Skull guitar with much less money will come true!!!
You can go and look at more details on our Facebook Page, and we are waiting for your like!
More info about our replicated Black MX250 For Sale Deer Skull Inlay !!!
Perfectly matched two-piece solid Mahogany neck and body . Not weight relieved! Not chambered!! No swiss cheese here!! SOLID !!
Our replicated Black MX250 For Sale Deer Skull Inlay has set neck construction, which accords with the original one. You will feel the difference in your rib cage when you sit down and play this unplugged. No exaggerations here!!
The MX250 Deer Skull guitar is the same model as most of James' Explorers, being the difference on the inlays. This guitar has beautiful deer skull inlays. Our replicaated guitar strictly follows the original one, details can be seen from the picture above.
New design bullet style truss rod cover with one screw, which is very special!!
The original Black MX250 For Sale Deer Skull Inlay costs fucking more than $3000, we said guys who like it can not afford at all. Now our replicated guitar is sold with only $405. We just want to realize fans' guitar dream, and share it with all our friends.
Some customers come here complaining about other sellers' replicated explorer guitars, due to they do not enquire and ask for detail pictures carefully before they order the items. To help our customers know more about what look like of real explorer guitar, we list a few pictures of other sellers' explorer guitar and ours.
1. The right logo position is at middle of headstock, but other copies on the market print the logo on the top of headstock.
2. Our replicated Explorer was built as the blueprint, both the body and the neck is same with the original guitar. But on the replica market, some Chinese copies are totally wrong, their headstock shape is much bigger, pls look at this pic above.
3. Some Chinese copies often make wrong shape of cover of controls, our explorer guitar on the right picture above shows you what is right.
4. Volume, Tone and Way Toggle Switch of the original mx 250 is not in a straight line. But some copies on the market make them in a straight line.
Those above are just a few points about the shape and error details. Please pay attention to them. As for the wood selection, processing and quality, we do not enumerate one by one. But when purchasing, you need to pay attention to every details.
About pickups
It is worth mentioning that the pickups we select are Wilkinson pickups, Which is more attractive in quality and price. Wilkinson pickups are what we strongly advise. They will save you much money!!! With top quality, Wilkinson pickups are stable and reliable enough!!!
Of course, we also have original pickups- EMG 81/60, which are James Hetfield's favorite pickups, and they can give you original James sound. But you need pay extra money.
About Guitar Case
All our explorer shaped guitars are configured our customized one-for-one specialized high-quality hard case according to the explorer shape, and they can 100% guarantee the safety of shipping. But, of course you can choose it or not according to your requirement!!!
How Our MX-250 Sounds Like!!!
About James Hetfiled
James Hetfiled is the rhythm guitarist, co-founder, main composer and lead singer in the heavy metal band Metallica. Metallica was set up in Oct 1981, since that time, Metallica has won 9 Grammy Awards, and released 9 studio albums, three live albums, four extensive plays and twenty-four singles. In 2009, Hetfield was recorded No. 8 in Joel McIver's book The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists, and rated No. twenty four in the 100 Greatest Metal Vocalists after beating Parader. James favors Explorer guitar so much that he has employed Explorer guitars from to successively, and he has been the primary endorser for since 1980. James' main custom-made guitar is the Explorer specifically manufactured by Ken Lawrence.
Other Jame Hetfiled Guitars Offered in Our Custom Shop Now
According to our customers' requirements, we have built other kinds of custom versions. Please see details as below. They are all available now.
MX250 Olympic White
MX250 Man to Wolf
There are some differences in Shape, Fretboard Inlays and other details between 220 and 250. So don't mistake when purchasing.
How Interesting!!!
James Hetfield has been a major endorser of Guitars since the 1980s, and is best known for playing custom-made Explorer-style guitars with an EMG 81/EMG 60 set for pickups. Hetfield's main guitar from the early days was a Flying V copy made in Japan by Electra.
But when the headstock broke on his white Flying V, James turned to his backup guitar: a white Explorer. Although he later got the Flying V repaired and dabbled with other Vs, it was the Explorer that would become his main guitar for nearly the next 15 years. James began using several versions of the 1984 Explorer. These were unlike the 1976 version, with rounded edges and no pickguard. Also making a difference was the control layout which was not in-line like other Explorers. The following are explorers James Hetfield once used, pls check!!!
1984 Explorer
Other James Hetfield Guitars Made by Company
James Hetfield Snakebyte Guitar
This guitar is the newest model from Guitars, the James Hetfield Snakebyte. Finished in a clean looking snow white or black, the guitar is built of a mahogany body and neck, ebony fretboard, set-neck construction, a thin U neck contour, and 22 Xj frets. The Snakebyte is loaded with EMG 81 and 60 humbuckers, which pump out a tone that is clear and tight, excellent for riffs and palm muting. To top it all off, the guitar has a real cool looking snake inlay on the 12th fret.
24.75" Scale
Mahogany Body
Mahogany Neck
Ebony Fingerboard
42mm Bone Nut
Thin U Neck Contour
22 XJ Frets
Black Hardware
Sperzel Locking Tuners
Schaller Straplocks
Tonepros Locking TOM Bridge & Tailpiece
EMG 81 (B) / 60 (N) Active p.u.
Finish: BLK, SW
This guitar is available in our custom shop!!!
James Hetfield Truckster Guitar
The James Hetfield Truckster Guitar is the fifth Hetfield Signature Series guitar to carry his name since James and joined forces in 1991. This latest guitar is manufactured to the exact specifications of James' Truckster, a modified Eclipse-style stage guitar used on the St. Anger tour. This signature Truckster features a multilayered finish strategically sanded through and fully distressed to simulate the original guitar.
24.75" Scale
Mahogany Body
Mahogany Neck
Rosewood Fingerboard
42mm Standard Nut
Thin U Neck Contour
22 XJ Frets
Satin Chrome Hardware
Sperzel Locking Tuners
Tonepros Locking TOM & Tail
EMG 81 (B) / 60 (N) Active p.u.
Finish: Aged Primer Grey
This guitar is available in our custom shop!!!
Besides, we also can supply JH-1; JH-2; JH-3; LTD "The Grynch" ; Eclipse #5 Iron Cross guitars of James Hetfield, you can visit our website or contact us to know more info.
James Hetfield Guitar Wall
Here you can see other guitars of james hetfield. If you are a james' fans, you can customize any of his guitars here in our custom shop. It is our pleasure to realize your guitar dream.
If you are interested in our replicated guitars, please don't hesitate to contact us. Pictures in our website are limited, and if more HD pictures needed, please email us. We will serve for you with our all sincerity.User Comment
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Mark Twain Quotes (displaying: 11 - 20 of 956 quotes)
So I learned then, that gold in it's native state is but dull, unornamental stuff, and that only low-born metals excite the admiration of the ignorant with an ostentatious glitter. However, like the rest of the world, I still go underrating men of gold and glorifying men of mica. Commonplace human nature cannot rise above that.
The boys were amazed that I could make such a poem as that out of my own head, and so was I, of course, it being as much a surprise to me as it could be to anybody, for I did not know that it was in me. If any had asked me a single day before if it was in me, I should have told them frankly no, it was not.That is the way with us; we may go on half of our life not knowing such a thing is in us, when in reality it was there all the time, and all we needed was something to turn up that would call for it.
When the Lord finished the world, he pronounced it good. That is what I said about my first work, too. But Time, I tell you, Time takes the confidence out of these incautious opinions. It is more than likely that He thinks about the world, now, pretty much as I think about the Innocents Abroad. The fact is, there is a trifle too much water in both.


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Anyone who has met and spoke with me for any length of time has typically been treated to two of my favorite subjects: Star Wars and Soccer. Hell, I even confuse people here in the States by calling it football. If the subjects don't come up somehow, then usually tattoos have in some way, and I've got one for each, on each shoulder. On the left is a Mandalorian emblem, and on the right is the crest for Manchester United. These facts are well known to my friends, so last week they all started sending me the same video, over and over. Even my ex-wife sent it to me in a rare show of "no one loves soccer and Star Wars more than this guy". So then, why don't I love the new Addidas World Cup commercial featuring Chalmun's Cantina in Mos Eisley from Star Wars?
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Recently, a financial services consulting firm, Carlisle & Gallagher, surveyed a group of U.S. consumers in a consumer mortgage study. The study found that while overall satisfaction with primary banks remained high (81%), various issues and frustrations had the potential to drive consumers to consider alternative mortgage providers.
Most frustrating for consumers were high interest rates, high payments, high taxes and escrow, followed by mortgage processes such as slow execution and communications issues (status tracking and bad advice). When asked, 80% of those surveyed indicated that they would be willing to use a non-bank for their next mortgage, including 33% who said that they would consider a mortgage from Walmart.
If Walmart were to offer mortgages, it would be interesting to see how they would differentiate themselves. If price (costs) are the biggest frustration, it appears that consumers believe that a discount provider like Walmart will be able to provide a mortgage at a discounted level. While that might be true, what impact would that have on that other key frustration – service?
Choosing a mortgage is a little more complex than shopping for shampoo. That's not to say that Walmart doesn't understand customer service at all, but I might be concerned with the possible lack of financial experience and quality of advice in choosing an appropriate loan for such an important purchase. Would Walmart employ the kind of qualified mortgage consultants needed to counsel consumers and offer trustworthy advice?
After the debacle of 2008, the level of trust in financial service providers took a nosedive. Either consumers are still so distrustful of banks that they're willing to consider alternatives, or they've forgotten what the "trusted" institutions did and have no problem considering a less-experienced player as long as they are cheaper. Would you consider Walmart for your mortgage?


text: Business FirstInternet Today Comcast Accused Of Being Behind The Pirate Bay Access Problems Image via Wikipedia Apparently it seems that Comcast has blocked access to the PirateBay, which is a well known and still defiant bittorent site. There is a battle going on here but for the moment the rules regarding net neutrality still hold. Although as a writer this person does not submit to the iron hand of Comcast, many publications are free to make their strong statements. For example Doug Aamoth claims he is being actively denied as a Comcast subscriber. In Boston where he is located he can not get access to the site. Patrick Stevens comcastnet neutralitypiratebayreddit 2011-05-12 681 0


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The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)
The distinction between climate change adaptation projects and 'business-as-usual' development projects are not always clear. Generally, projects contributing to sustainable development get endorsement. Many projects are also focused on rural sectors, with few urban projects being funded under the LDCF. Among the various implementing agencies, UNDP seems to have had the greatest success in accessing LDCF funds. Project proposal templates can be found on the GEF website.
Medium-sized Projects (MSP), which are those under USD 2 million, enjoy a streamlined application process, as compared to Full-sized Projects (FSP), which are over USD 2 million.
For FSPs, the process begins with a Project Identification Form (PIF) or project concept, which once approved is followed by a CEO Endorsement Form that includes the development of a full sized project document. MSPs may start directly with the CEO Endorsement Form and project document. Once the GEF CEO endorses the project, the funding is released to the Implementing Agency.
- Lao PDR - Effective Governance for Small Scale Rural Infrastructure and Disaster Preparedness in a Changing Climate
- Cambodia - Strengthening the adaptive capacity and resilience of rural communities using micro watershed approaches to clima...
- Kiribati - Increasing Resilience to Climate Variability and Hazards
- Nepal - Community Based Flood and Glacial Lake Outburst Risk Reduction
- Timor Leste- Strengthening the Resilience of Small Scale Rural Infrastructure and Local Government Systems to Climatic Varia...
- Samoa - Integration of Climate Change Risk and Resilience into Forestry Management (ICCRIFS)


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It's the first weekend of 2014. Woo-hoo!
For today's task, I want you to sketch out a story idea. It can fiction or nonfiction, but the story idea should be roughly the size of a nonfiction article or short story–as you would typically find in a magazine or on a website.
A few notes: You don't have to write the whole story today, just sketch out an idea. Also, remember that this is an exercise. Do the best you can today–even if you think a better idea might come along tomorrow.
Here's my attempt at a story idea:
Write an article about the anticipation of first-time fathers. Dig into how they feel before the baby is born and how they feel afterward (both immediately after and further down the road). Search for statistics related to first-time fathers and provide quotes from fathers about their first-time experiences (both before and after).
As you can see, I went the nonfiction route. Also, I used my happiest memory from yesterday's task as inspiration for my story idea today. You don't have to do that too, though it is an option if you're feeling stuck.
(Write a novel in 12 weeks. Click here to learn how.)
I haven't actually done any of the research or interviews mentioned above, but I did sketch out what I planned to do. After beginning those tasks, I might find more flourishes to add, like a sidebar on health problems dads commonly (or uncommonly) suffer through first-time pregnancies, whether that's anxiety, weight gain, or whatever else pops up on the radar.
If you're doing a fiction story, just focus on major plot points and sketch out the main characters. Feel free to be as simplified as my example–or get more detailed if you have the time and motivation today. Have fun!
(Remember to use the #gswc hashtag on Twitter to share your progress.)
Get one-on-one attention from agents!
In this agent boot camp, writers get one-on-one attention from literary agents on the most important parts of the submission process: the query letter, opening pages, and more. Writers who participate in this one-of-a-kind experience will receive instruction from literary agents, have the opportunity to ask specific questions and get personalized answers, receive personalized feedback on their submission materials, and more.
Robert Lee Brewer is Senior Content Editor of the Writer's Digest Writing Community and author of Solving the World's Problems. He edits books, creates blog posts, writes a column for the Writer's Digest magazine, leads online (and in person) education, manages a free weekly newsletter on getting published, and so much more. Robert is married to the poet Tammy Foster Brewer, who helps him keep track of their five little poets (four boys and one princess). Follow him on Twitter @robertleebrewer.
Late to the challenge? No problem. Here's how to get caught up:


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- Evening entertainment
- Barbecue
- Campsite shop
- Walking/hiking/cycling
- Fitness
Search and book campsites in Corsica
Campsite Corsica France
A campsite in Corsica is the perfect place for an unforgettable holiday, and it is for good reason that this green and sunny island is known as the 'Isle of Beauty' – a place where you can really get to know its proud locals and acquaint yourself with the varied landscape and magnificent sandy beaches. Camping on this beautiful French island is also great for children!
Read more
Campsites in Corsica: a pleasant climate, sun, sea and sand
Corsica is France's largest island, located in the Mediterranean Sea and is a great location for enjoying the delightful Mediterranean climate. Wherever your campsite, in Corsica there is always a beach nearby, with the best sandy beaches in the port-town of Porto Vecchio on the island's south coast. The sea here is perfect for water-skiing, sailing and diving.
In addition to water sports, numerous other sporting activities are available including hiking, which is a very popular activity on the island. The 'Corsica Regional Natural Park' boasts no less than 1500 km of hiking routes. For lovers of mountain biking, Corsica could not be a better destination!
Sights on Corsica
If you've had enough of sand and sea or the swimming pool on your campsite, Corsica boasts a number of sights for you to visit. The two largest and principal towns can both be visited from your campsite.
- Ajaccio
The capital Ajaccio is the birthplace of Napoleon, and the key sights in the town are dedicated to the French emperor. The port of Ajaccio is also well worth a visit.
- Bastia
The town of Bastia offers splendid panoramas of the Tuscan coast. In the centre of the town you will find 'Place St. Nicolas', a great starting point for acquainting yourself with the town. The most picturesque spot is without doubt the old port.
Holidaying in Corsica
There are a variety of ways to travel to Corsica. You could travel by car – Corsica can be reached by ferry from the French mainland and there are daily services from both French and Italian ferry terminals. It is also possible to fly to the island, which although small, has four airports.
Are you looking for something different from your campsite? Corsica is a holiday destination that has it all!


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ASA Press Room|Contact Us|ASA Main Site
Home >
Patient Stories
> Detail Page
At 68, my mom is losing her battle with Alzheimer's. It is not fair and to make matters worse, she has endured a couple of painful surgeries in the past couple of years. She is a strong woman, but after breaking her hip at a swimming class, she has had two separate, but related surgeries. First, the doctors had to put pins in place, but then the pain was too much for her to bear and she ended up needing a total hip replacement. For anybody this is a lot of major surgery, but for a senior citizen struggling with Alzheimer's it is just that much more – for my mom and for my brother and me, as caregivers – to manage.
My brother and I have partnered all along to help my mom. We try to be two steps ahead of any needs she may have. That's really important when caring for Alzheimer's patients. We were organized and made lists of her medications to discuss with the doctors prior to her first surgery. We made sure she had someone to be with throughout the process and tried to make her feel as secure as possible. We tried to do everything "right." Experts will tell you these are important and helpful steps, but still patients of her age and particularly in her condition can experience negative effects from surgical procedures and anesthesia at higher rates than younger patients. My mom was one of those patients who experienced delirium.
After the first surgery, my mom's delirium lasted a full week. We found it was really important to have a caregiver with her to advocate for her needs through this experience, and the doctors worked with us to ensure she could remain hospitalized. It was important for her to be hospitalized because it was impossible to properly care for her at home in that condition. It was frightening to see my mom have no idea where she was or what was happening, but we were grateful for the medical care she received to get her through the experience.
Several months later, my mom lost all of her short-term memory and it became impossible for us to care for her at home any longer. She moved into a specialty care assisted living facility that made sure she was hydrated, well-nourished, that her mind was stimulated and that she was as healthy overall as possible. Unfortunately, the pain in her hip remained at an intolerable level and she required total hip surgery. She again experienced delirium post-operation. However, this time, the duration was shorter. I credit this to the fact that the facility was taking such good care of my mom prior to the surgery. She entered the surgery as healthy as possible.
One thing my brother and I would change, if possible, was to spend specific time talking with the anesthesiologist caring for my mom. We would have asked more questions and I believe it would have helped us prepare even more for managing through the delirium. That said, we had excellent medical care and appreciate the terrific work the entire medical team has done to help our mom.
Anesthesiologists and their qualifications.
Choose a topic:
Smoking and Surgery
Learn why stopping smoking before surgery can have an impact on your outcome.
Download, print, fill out, and keep this checklist. It just may save your life.
Ask your anesthesiologist questions about what to expect before, during, and after your procedure.
The ASA does not employ physician anesthesiologists on staff and cannot respond
to patient inquiries regarding specific medical conditions or anesthesia administration.
Please direct any questions related to anesthetics, procedures or treatment outcomes
to the patient's anesthesiologist or general physician.


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Ideas are everything. That's why, over the years, we've supported so many. Huge ideas, of course, from the world's biggest brands, leading-edge architects and artists and most prestigious sports teams. But also ideas from thousands of others – riggers, engineers, architects, even rocket scientists. At Litestructures, physically and literally, we support anyone with the imagination and determination to create something special.
A great art piece or feat of architecture can be created using a balanced combination of modern technologies and good old-fashioned craftsmanship.
Litestructures is passionate about helping brands achieve their sales, marketing and engagement objectives through creative experiential structures.
Litestructures has been entrusted time and again to supply innovative structures and systems to leading companies in the sport and live event industries.


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I spoke with 2013 WWE Hall of Fame inductee Bruno Sammartino for an interview last week. In the first part of the interview below, "The Living Legend" discussed the last time he was at Madison Square Garden, winning the WWWF title nearly 50 years ago, his last meeting with Vince McMahon and more.
Make sure to check back tomorrow for the second part of our interview, where Bruno discusses upcoming films based in his life, if he'll meet Vince McMahon before the Hall of Fame, WWE under Triple H, current stars he enjoys, appearing on RAW after WrestleMania and much more. You can get more information about Sammartino on his official website at BrunoSammartino.info.
Wrestling INC: The reaction since the announcement has been made about your induction has been overwhelming across the board. You haven't been on TV in a full-time wrestling role since 1988. Were you surprised by the reaction, not just by the press, but also the younger and older fans?
Bruno: I'm not surprised, I'm shocked. [Laughs.] I think shocked is more the word. Honestly, when I left the business, in time, some people might remember you and some might say they knew the name. But, people move on and there are new interests and all kinds of different things go on all the time.
So, it surprised me how people have not forgotten. But, all this times and all these years I've been totally out of the picture. Then, when I started negotiating with Paul Levesque, who is better known as Triple H, we got together and I finally agreed to do this. When they announced it, I was hoping there would be some positive reaction. But, never in my wildest imagination did I think that it would be the way it's been.
It's unbelievable. My phone hasn't stopped ringing during the last two weeks and I cannot tell you how many interviews I've done. Not only throughout the United Stated with radio shows, magazine and television shows, but overseas.
I did one or two and I got one coming up from London on Thursday night. It's just been unbelievable. Paul Levesque, Triple H, he told me they were just flooded with calls and e-mails and all that kind of stuff. So, yeah, I'm pleasantly surprised. But, I'm really quite shocked. [Laughs.]
Wrestling INC: You're synonymous with Madison Square Garden, the most famous arena in the world. You've sold out the Garden 187 times. When was the last time you were at the Garden?
Bruno: Oh, gosh. When I officially retired in 1982, I had made the last appearance then. But, then, when I came back [to WWF] as a color commentator in I believe it was September of 1984 and stayed during color commentating until 1988. I was asked to put on the tights -- which I wasn't thrilled to do. Believe me when I tell you. [Laughs.]
But, my son was in the business then, too, to I agreed. So, I appeared in the Garden a number of times. Maybe three or four times, somewhere around there. That was '87-'88, that was the last time I ever appeared there.
Wrestling INC: Have you been there as just a spectator or anything?
Bruno: No, I have not been in the Garden for at least 25 or 26 years. I have not been in the Garden at all.
Wrestling INC: This May, it'll be the 50th anniversary of you defeating Buddy Rogers at the Garden for the WWWF in 48 seconds. There have always been a lot of stories about that match and that he didn't want to lose to you. And that you basically told him in the ring that he was going to go down to you that night. Was that how it happened?
Bruno: Just about. [Laughs.] Yeah, that's how it happened.
Wrestling INC: What was Rogers' reaction after that match?
Bruno: Well I don't want to say we were bitter enemies -- we didn't like each other very much before. Ever. Afterwards, there were obviously bad feelings. Very bad feelings. We never spoke again.
We never spoke for many, many years until -- I don't know if you remember Georgiann Makropoulos, she used to write a lot of wrestling stuff. There was a convention one time in New York where they invited some wrestlers from yesteryear where we signed autographs and so forth.
I didn't know it at the time, I don't even think Buddy knew it at the time but we were both booked there. We, of course, did not speak or anything. But, Georgiann went to him and he then went to me and she said, 'Please, it's been all these years. Can we bury the hatchet more or less and we'll take a picture and I'll be between the two of you.'
She had been the president of Roger's fan club and then she became the president of my fan club some time later. So, I told her, 'Well, I don't want to keep holding grudges. If he's willing, then fine.'
It was funny, because Georgiann went and got him, got me and she stood in the middle. We took a picture, but we never spoke a word to each other. [Laughs.]
Wrestling INC: I know you've had so many great moments in the Garden. If you could pick one moment or match -- is that even possible?
Bruno: Well, it is kind of impossible. But, as far as meaning and what meant the most to me, it was, no doubt, that match with Rogers. That made me the number one guy, I was going to be the headliner after that, you know? So, that was the big break, if you will.
But, of course, a lot of wonderful things happened in the Garden. It was in Madison Square Garden, for example, that I was the only guy when he was legitimately well over 600 pounds to pick up Calhoun. I mean, I remember that night as special. I thought the roof of the building was going to pop off with the way the people went absolutely crazy.
It was at the Garden that [I had so many things happen]. I held the title for almost eight years the first time and then I lost it at the Garden. But, then I came back and took it again for another four years.
I also had a terrible thing happen to me there when I broke my neck [by Stan Hansen] in 1976. I came within a millimeter of being paralyzed from the neck down.
But, the Garden was a lot more than that as far as these wonderful memories. It was how much they contributed to my career. As you said, the Garden is the most famous arena in the world. There are arenas throughout the United States that are bigger and maybe even more beautiful, I haven't seen all of these new arenas.
But, you go anywhere around the world and nobody will know about any of them. But, if you mention Madison Square Garden, and everybody knows the Garden. Everybody. So, if you headline the Garden, you were automatically a headliner in other parts of the world that you went to.
So, with headlining the Garden as many times as I did, because of the publicity you got from the Madison Square Garden -- you know, I went to Japan, Australia, South America, the Philippines -- anywhere I went, I was really well known and I was strictly brought in as the headliner because of the publicity I got out of Madison Square Garden. So, the Garden did a awful lot for me. [Laughs.]
Wrestling INC: Obviously, you've had your problems with WWE and you've spoken at length about the problems you've had throughout your career and later on. You finally did go back in, I believe, 2004 and there was discussions about doing a possible DVD on your career. Is that correct?
Bruno: No, if you're talking about the meeting that me and my attorney had, we had a meeting with Vince McMahon and his attorney here in Pittsburgh at the Civic Arena. The lawyers got together, [his attorney] contacted [my attorney], and wanted to see if he could get me to agree to come and meet with Vince.
I was really very reluctant. I, to be honest, was not interested in that. But, [my attorney] was not only a lawyer for me, but a really good friend of mine, a real friend, my best friend. He wanted it and I said, 'OK, I'll go along.'
But, when we went there, hard feelings were still there and it just didn't work out. I excused myself after about 15 minutes and I left the room. Of course, [my lawyer] by himself there couldn't agree to anything without me being there.
So, they were talking about things that they might be able to do. I turned it down because of the state of wrestling at the time in which I just didn't want to be involved. That was basically the reason.
Wrestling INC: It seems like you were ahead of the curve on that issue. After you spoke out about a lot of these things, you started seeing these tragedies happen. Wrestling finally did change for the better and it's a much healthier sport and a much healthier business. When did you realize that changes were being made for the better?
Bruno: Well, I hadn't followed it for many, many years. As you said, I had been very outspoken about all the different things that had been bothersome for me. Then I found out after a good period of time -- probably close to 2 years -- that nobody seemed to care. State Athletic Commissions or any other organization or anyone -- nobody seemed to care to want to take any steps to bring any changes.
So, I finally thought 'I gave it my best shot, it didn't do anything. So, it's time for me to go on for the rest of my life.' So, I was OK with that and I moved on. So, I never followed it anymore and I didn't watch it anymore.
Then, Triple H contacted me and he introduced himself -- not that I didn't know who he was I certainly knew his name because he was one of the superstars in wrestling. But he introduced himself and he seemed very nice on the phone. He started telling me that he more or less wanted to get introduced to me so we could discuss the situation. He said that he understood my feelings in the past, but he wanted to assure me that steps had been taken and changes had been made and they were continuing to make more changes.
It was all sounding good to me but I guess I was still a little skeptical even though he came across very straight-forward and very honest and sincere about everything he was saying.
Then, I started watching it and noticing that these guys were no longer beefed up like they had been. They looked like athletes but they didn't look like the Hulk Hogans, the Billy Grahams, The Ultimate Warriors, the British Bulldogs -- you know, all those guys. There were many, many other but I'm just naming a few. But, there were so many that it was very, very obvious what they were doing.
Besides wrestling, in my younger years, I also competed in Olympic lifting and power lifting. I knew a little bit about training and what it took to transform your body into something impressive looking. It takes a lot of years, a lot of hard work and a lot of discipline. When you see people transform themselves in a matter of months, it's very obvious what's going on.
Then, the big thing was that he, Triple H, mentioned to me that they had hired a Dr. Joseph Maroon to head that department of drug testing and all that. Well, it just so happened that I knew Dr. Maroon very well. He's a world-renowned neurosurgeon. He operated on me as a matter of fact three different times.
He's a guy who really saved me a lot because I was headed for a wheelchair. I had done so much damage to my back that I could hardly function, I could hardly stand or walk or anything. It took three surgeries but he put me in shape to where I do four and five miles of road work three days a week and the other three days I'm still pumping iron at this age.
So, I had some meetings with Dr. Maroon and I wanted him what exactly what was going on. I know this man and he has a tremendous reputation. He told how strict the testing was and that nobody tied his hands. The fact was that WWE actually wanted him and his team -- he had about five or six other doctors with him -- that they wanted to really test everybody and they were interested a wellness policy. Not only with the drugs, but with concussions and the general health overall of the individuals to perform in the ring. Well, after a few meetings with Dr. Maroon, everything that Triple H told me was absolutely true.
Then, Triple H told me about the changes that they made as far as things that I had spoken up about. The nudity, the vulgarity, the profanity. Again, he encouraged me to watch because he said they had made all the changes. Frankly, I started watching it and I watched it for a couple of months to be convinced of what I was seeing.
And, absolutely, there's been no nudity, to vulgarity of any kind and the profanity is all gone as well. I must say, I was very impressed with all these changes and Paul was very convincing and, like I said, he seemed to be a very honest and sincere individual. He convinced me that these changes were not only there but he was a student of yesteryear wrestling and he even told me that he wants to add more and more [from] that kind of wrestling.
All this was of course music to my ears. I had been asked many a time about going into the Hall of Fame and I said, 'No, I'd be a hypocrite if I did because I had been very outspoken about all these things that bothered me.' But I was also asked, 'What if these changes come about and these things are changed to your satisfaction?' I said, 'Well, of course, I would change as well. I would hope that they would happen. I would welcome the chance to go into the Hall of Fame.'
And in fact, that's exactly what happened, Raj. All the changes were made. I've been watching it now for months and I'm convinced of it. As a result, I accepted.
Make sure to check back tomorrow for the second and final part of our interview with Bruno Sammartino, who discussed the upcoming films based in his life, if he'll meet Vince before the Hall of Fame, WWE under Triple H, current stars he enjoys, appearing on RAW after WrestleMania and much more. You can get more information about Sammartino on his official website at BrunoSammartino.info.
Follow Raj Giri on Twitter at @RajGiri_303. Got a news tip or correction? Send it to us by clicking here.


text: Email From Hostgator: I created an auto approved article directory a year ago using PLR i got here. Over the time, the amount of article published has increase from day to day. (Thanks to automation tool like AMR i guess). So, I'm kind of stuck what should i do to the website? It has outgrown to the level shared hosting not be able to handle. It is so far the most outperform website among all my other domains. Alexa ranking currently standing in between 190,000 to 200,000. PR 0 because i did not do much SEO. What i have in mind now are following few possibilities like: 1.) Sell the site away? But i'm totally no idea how to do it. 2.) Move the site to dedicated server? The cost of dedicated server is definitely way over the website's earning. (Currently only Adsense) 3.) Stop receiving article at all. I guess this will be my last resort. What would you do if you face the same situation like me? Thanks in advance for your kind input.


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DR Congo giants, AS Vita, made the most of their home advantage when they thumped visiting Malawi champions, Be Forward Wanderers, 4-0 in the preliminary round first-leg match played at a packed Omnisports Stade des Matyrs in Kinshasa on Sunday.
Deploying a defensive 4-5-1 system with Peter Wadabwa as the lone striker, Wanderers kept the host at bay in the early stages. The tide of the game changed in the 17th minute when Ducapel Moloko opened the floodgates for the hosts, firing past Wanderers goalkeeper Richard Chipuwa.
The hosts were keen on doing the business at home and Mukoko Batezadio made it 2-0 in the 29th minute before Jean-Marc Makusu Mundele added the third goal three minutes before the interval.
AS Vita led 3-0 at half-time, and there was no stopping of the hosts in the second stanza as Moloko killed the game off as a contest with yet another clinical finish for his second goal three minutes from time.
The goal chocked the life out of the Malawians who were left to chase their own shadows.
AS Vita coach Florent Ibenge was more than pleased with the result whereas his counterpart, Yasin Osman, admitted his side has a mountain to climb in the second leg to be played at Bingu National Stadium in Lilongwe on Wednesday, 21 February 2018.
Saturday, 10 February 2018
CNaPs Sport (Madagascar) 2-1 KCCA (Uganda)
Zanaco (Zambia) 3-0 Armed Forces (Gambia)
Stade Malien (Mali) 1-1 Williamsville AC (Cote d'Ivoire)
RC Kadiogo (Burkina Faso) 1-0 Mounana (Gabon)
AS FAN (Niger) 1-3 Horoya (Guinea)
Generation Foot (Senegal) 2-0 Makkassa (Egypt)
Young Africans (Tanzania) 1-0 Saint Louis (Seychelles)
Township Rollers (Botswana) 3-0 El Merreikh (Sudan)
Gor Mahia (Kenya) 2-0 Leones Vegatarianos (Equatorial Guinea)
Concorde (Mauritania) 1-1 Esperance (Tunisia)
AC Leopards (Congo) 2-1 AS Port (Togo)
JKU (Zanzibar) 0-0 Zesco (Zambia)
Difaa El Jadida (Morocco) 10-0 Benfica (Guinea Bissau)
Bidvest (South Africa) 2-0 Pamplemousses (Mauritius)
Rayon Sports (Rwanda) 1-1 Lydia Academic (Burundi)
Sunday, 11 February 2018
Saint George (Ethiopia) vs Al Salam Wau (South Sudan)
Bantu (Lesotho) 2-4 Mbabane Swallows (Swaziland)
El Tahadi (Libya) 1-0 Aduana (Ghana)
ES Setif (Algeria) 6-0 Olympic de Bangui (Central African Republic)
AS Real (Mali) 1-1 MFM (Nigeria)
AS Otoho (Congo) 2-0 MC Alger (Algeria)
Plateau United (Nigeria) 3-0 Eding Sport (Cameroon)
LISCR (Liberia) 1-0 El Hilal (Sudan)
Buffles (Benin) 1-1 ASEC Mimosas (Cote d'Ivoire)
Ngaya (Comoros) 1-1 UD Songo (Mozambique)
AS Vita (DR Congo) 4-0 Be Forward (Malawi)
Primeiro de Agosto (Angola) 3-0 FC Platinum (Zimbabwe)
[email protected] Okapi
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E.S.T. VS Township Rollers F.C


text:
Convicted Florida hacker's once lavish life now gone
Gone are the days of flaunting cash at restaurants, a luxury home in Fort Lauderdale and a luxury car for Scott Levine, who was convicted earlier this month for stealing gigabytes of information from Acxiom Corp.
Some history . . .
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn...2004Jul21.htmlAuthorities yesterday charged an online advertiser in Florida with tapping into the computer system of a large database marketer in Arkansas and stealing "vast amounts of personal information" about Americans in what they described as one of the largest network intrusions in recent memory.
And see this thread . . .


text: A group of parents work to bag 4,600 pounds of candy for a fundraiser at Celina West Elementary School on Thursday. The West Elementary School Community Organization (WESCO) organizes the sale each year to raise money for a variety of school items that are not in the school budget, including Smart Boards, playground equipment, laptops and DVD players. Students this year sold more than $27,000 in candy and canned meat, for a $11,000 profit, group co-chairwomen Laura McNeilan and Amy Miller said. Prizes, mostly donated, are awarded to students and classrooms with the highest sales; each of the 220 students participating this year receives some type of reward, the women said. This year's sales topped the goal and netted the entire school a popcorn/movie day.


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beyond your senses gives an in-depth understanding of Christian faith what happens to you when you die? is it true that heaven and hell exist? Is Jesus Christ real? who is He? Who is Satan? How does he operate? What is the cause of our afflictions or sufferings today? Is there a solution to the problems we encounter in our indivudual lives? A book you should get for your loved ones to share the love of Jesus Christ. For further informations and help send your enquiries to beyondyour firstname.lastname@example.com, Felix is the author of 'Beyond Your Senses', published 2007 under ISBN 9781425980955 and ISBN 1425980953.[read more]
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I'm so tired of people that aren't me. Or at least the ones who stop to talk in the grocery aisle with five kids circling them.
Interesting. I don't know what's up with your blog, but it refuses to remember me, and it's really annoying when I have to go copy and paste my blog address every time I want to comment.


text: 6 FREE Children's Books from Pacific LearningOctober 12, 2010 This post may contain a link to an affiliate. See my disclosure policy for more information. Register on Pacific Learning's website and get a FREE 6 pack of books at the level of your choice! You'll need to click on a link sent to you in a confirmation email to get your books.Expires 12/31/10. Valid for new users only.


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VTL Male Enhancement
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When Dan (Jeremy Slate) wins a motorcycle worth $2,000, he plans to sell the bike for a down payment on a ranch and settle down. After the motorcycle is stolen by Tony (Michael Walker), Tampa (Adam Roarke) takes possession of it. Dan is soon after the thugs who took the bike and who are on the way to Mexico. One by one, Dan eliminates the crooks with boulders, fists, and ropes, and...more
All Hell's Belles cast + crew photos
Movies.com, the ultimate source for everything movies, is your destination for new movie trailers, reviews, photos, times, tickets + more! Stay in the know with the latest movie news and cast interviews at Movies.com.
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Flying Voice Notes
Flying Voice Notes is a convenient solution for those who keep track of their task items via email or those who prefer sending voice notes to colleagues or friends. Main Features: * Quickly create a voice note and send it to your email or to others wi ...
Nokia Messaging for Social Networks
Nokia Beta Labs' Messaging application lets people view, post, and comment on messages, share their location and status while keeping up with their Facebook friends right from their Nokia handsets. Also you can upload pictures and videos, view calendar ev ...
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Apply labels to your SMS messages, and find them in a click! SMS TAG allows you to tag all your SMS messages with all the labels you want, to keep them organized and easily browsable.


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The biggest Valentine's Day challenge is to keep it sweet, not cheesy. Flowers, heart-shaped candy, serenades – they might have worked for our grandparents, but we need to try a little harder. If you're looking for a way to show your better half that you don't just love them – you <3 them – here are 10 unique gestures you can make.
Every cup of coffee, every sip of tea, every soy latte will remind your beloved you're together until the end. Or until the mug breaks.
A guaranteed success! Baking this beauty is not an easy task, but there's just no resisting it. Will also come in handy if you have something to apologize for.
Can't think of anything more romantic than waiting for the film to be developed and watching the pics together for the first time. You know, like they did in WWI.
Nothing says "I love you" better than the Epstein-Barr virus. But seriously, microbe or no microbe, who can say no to these eyes?
Who says you need to plan in advance? If you forgot all about Valentine's Day, you can easily improvise a heart-warming, "Awwwww"-inducing gesture using your pet.
Roses are red, violets are blue, poetry can seem weird, but it can score you some points with your loved one. Check out these poetry sites, where you can find love poems from any style and genre. Just stay away from those that talk about death.
Love is about sharing, but sharing tea is a lot more fun when each partner has their own cup :) This cute set comes with one pot and two cups – just what you need for a romantic tea time.
A funky twist on the crayons we all know and love. Put on the colorful rings and start creating the crayon masterpiece your lover always deserved.
Your secret ingredient for the perfect breakfast in bed. Easy to make, deliciously yummy and so so romantic!
Humor is very important in a relationship and nothing says "fun-loving couple" better than this t-shirt. Admit it, it's kinda' cool.
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Where to stay in KakabeWhether you plan to stay for a night or a week, Kakabe has the right accommodation for you. You can shop as many as 186 deals for Kakabe accommodations on Hotels.com, some with discounts of up to 62%. Our room prices start at 15 USD per night and below are the number of hotels by star rating in Kakabe as well as in the surrounding area:
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Seasonal temperature averages
- • January-March: 92°F day, 70°F night
- • April-June: 94°F day, 74°F night
- • July-September: 87°F day, 73°F night
- • October-December: 92°F day, 71°F night
- • January-March: 0 inches
- • April-June: 49.49 inches
- • July-September: 74.68 inches
- • October-December: 11.42 inches


text:
International Journal of Forestry Research
Volume 2011, Article ID 281269, 10 pages
Clonal Propagation of Khaya senegalensis: The Effects of Stem Length, Leaf Area, Auxins, Smoke Solution, and Stockplant Age
1Département Productions Forestières, Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA/DPF), 03 BP 7047, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
2Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU, Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, P.O. Box 49, 230 53 Alnarp SLU, Sweden
3World Agroforestry Centre, Sahel Node, BP E5118, Bamako, Mali
4Unité de Formation et Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
Received 22 November 2010; Accepted 12 July 2011
Academic Editor: Kihachiro Kikuzawa
Copyright © 2011 Catherine Ky-Dembele et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Khaya senegalensis is a multipurpose African timber species. The development of clonal propagation could improve plantation establishment, which is currently impeded by mahogany shoot borer. To examine its potential for clonal propagation, the effects of cutting length, leaf area, stockplant maturation, auxin, and smoke solution treatments were investigated. Leafy cuttings rooted well (up to 80%) compared to leafless cuttings (0%). Cuttings taken from seedlings rooted well (at least 95%), but cuttings obtained from older trees rooted poorly (5% maximum). The rooting ability of cuttings collected from older trees was improved (16% maximum) by pollarding. Auxin application enhanced root length and the number of roots while smoke solution did not improve cuttings' rooting ability. These results indicate that juvenile K. senegalensis is amenable to clonal propagation, but further work is required to improve the rooting of cuttings from mature trees.
1. Introduction
Khaya senegalensis A. Juss. (Meliaceae), commonly known as Senegal mahogany, is an evergreen tree that typically grows to a height of 15–20 m (up to 35 m on fertile soils) and has a diameter at breast height of 1.5 m, with a clean bole of 8–16 m. Its natural distribution extends from Mauritania and Senegal east to northern Uganda, within the rainfall range 650–1300 mm (and even up to 1800 mm) [1]. In Burkina Faso, the northern limit of the natural distribution of K. senegalensis is 13°55′ N within the South-Sahelian zone. It occurs in various habitat types, such as on river banks, and in fields, fallows, and protected woodlands, and its population density increases from North to South, reaching up to 17 trees per hectare [2].
K. senegalensis is a multipurpose tree with a variety of economic and environmental values [1]. It is one of the major timber species in West Africa owing to its hard and fungus- and termite-resistant red wood; it is highly valued for carpentry, joinery, furniture, ship building, and as a decorative veneer. The bark is used in traditional medicine to treat malaria, diarrhoea, dysentery, anaemia, and so forth. Recently, the stem bark has been found to contain chemicals (limonoids) that exhibit antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines [3]. It is also a good source of fodder for cattle, because of its high dry matter but relatively low crude protein content [4], it is also a source of edible and cosmetic oils [1]. In West Africa, the species has become an important urban amenity tree, commonly planted as a roadside or ornamental shade tree. It is also increasingly planted in other countries such as South Africa, Egypt, Australia, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam for both amenity and timber production [5].
Natural regeneration of K. senegalensis is poor [1] as its seeds lose viability after only two or three weeks under natural conditions [6]. The viability of the seeds can be prolonged by drying to a moisture content below 5% and storing them at a low temperature of around 5°C [7, 8]. K. senegalensis is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN 2010 red list of threatened species (International Union for Conservation of Nature) because of overexploitation for timber, fodder, and medicine, and as a result of habitat loss and degradation [1]. Efforts to restore the depleted mahogany resource base on plantations have been thwarted by persistent attacks of the mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta, which kills the main stem of young trees, causing excessive branching and contributing to mortality and poor quality timber production [1, 9].
Several methods have been recommended to contain this insect pest, including mixed planting with resistant species [10, 11], overhead shading of saplings, removal of lateral shoots, and chemical treatments [1, 6, 9]. Selection of genetically resistant individuals and cloning them would ensure better establishment of plantations while conserving the germplasm from genetic erosion [11]. Compared to other vegetative propagation techniques, the use of stem cuttings is considered as the most efficient and low-cost method [12, 13]. But, the success of this technique depends on several factors which influence the rooting success, such as juvenility or age of the stockplant used, position on the stem from which cuttings are taken, leaf area, or stem length. Also treatment of the cuttings including control of environmental condition and application of plant growth regulators has proved useful in determining the rooting success of many species [12, 14, 15].
Vegetative propagation using leafy stem cuttings has been successful in African mahoganies such as K. ivorensis, K. anthotheca, Lovoa trichilioides [6, 16], and K. senegalensis [9, 17, 18]. The results reported for K. senegalensis has been obtained in Thailand on juvenile shoot of hedged seedlings where the effects of hedge height, stump height, and plant growth regulators were evaluated. Hedge height at 20–30 cm from root collar provided greater rooting percentage than 30–50 cm, while cutting position (top, middle, and proximal section of the stump) had no significant effect on cuttings rooting capacity. Plant growth regulators did not affect rooting capacity but induced better root system [17]. Chip budding, cleft grafting, and side-veneer grafting have been successfully used for K. senegalensis seedling grafting in Burkina Faso [18]. Microcutting has also been successfully applied to micrografted plants with scions collected from 6-year-old trees of K. senegalensis [9]. As in many other tropical tree species [12], the varying results from these studies still leave some scope to improve the techniques such as the effect of leaf area, cutting length, or the rooting success of cuttings collected from mature individuals. In this study, the objective was to determine the effects of cutting length, leaf area, stockplant maturation, auxin application, and aqueous smoke solution on the rooting ability of stem cuttings of K. senegalensis.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sources and Preparation of Cuttings
Cuttings were collected from four different types of stockplants: 3–8 month-old seedlings, 5- and 15-year-old planted trees and rejuvenated branches of pollarded old trees. Seedlings were raised from seeds purchased from the National Seed Centre (CNSF) collected in 2008 from naturally regenerated tree stands in Tiakaré village within Gourma Province, Burkina Faso. The seedlings were grown in perforated black polythene bags (7 cm diameter × 25 cm tall), filled with a mixture of sand, soil, and manure (2 : 2 : 1 v/v/v), outdoors in the nursery of the Forest Productions Department, Environmental and Agricultural Research Institute (INERA) in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Because of an important concern regarding the use of materials of known age, the two mature stockplant donors were both street trees in Ouagadougou: one set of donors from "Avenue Charles de Gaulle" and the other from "Avenue de la Jeunesse", planted in 1994 and 2004, respectively. The rejuvenated stockplants were street trees planted about 100 years ago on "Rue Nongremason" in Ouagadougou and pollarded five or six months before cutting collection.
Leafy shoots were harvested from the seedlings and from the basal branches of trees between 06:00–08:00 h, placed in water to prevent drying before being taken to the laboratory. Leaves were trimmed so that only two leaflets of two opposite leaves remained on the cuttings collected from mature stockplants, and two simple leaves remained on the cuttings from seedlings, unless otherwise stated. The retained leaves and leaflets were cut to a length of 2-3 cm. Cuttings were 10 cm in length, unless otherwise stated.
The cuttings were kept under intermittent mist on a propagation bed maintained at 70%–100% relative humidity monitored with a GP1 data logger in a greenhouse (3 × 15 m) located at INERA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The mean minimum and maximum temperatures in the greenhouse during the whole study period were 22°C (night) and 37°C (day), respectively. The mean quantum flux density was 450 μmol m−2 s−2 during daytime, monitored using a Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) light sensor with readout on a LI-19 unit. To minimise fungal attacks, cuttings were soaked in a solution of Ivory 80 WP, a fungicide containing 80% Mancozeb, for 10 min before planting. The cuttings were then planted at a depth of 2-3 cm in a rooting medium consisting of a mixture of sterile sand and perlite (1 : 1 v/v) in plastic propagation trays covered with transparent plastic sheets. The cuttings were regularly watered manually to avoid desiccation. The experiments ran for eight weeks.
2.2. Experimental Designs
2.2.1. Effects of Cutting Length and Leaf Area
To test the effect of cutting length on rooting ability, leafy cuttings were collected from 5-month-old seedlings and randomly allocated to each of four cutting lengths: 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm in a completely randomised design with five replications and six cuttings per replication of each of the four treatments. In total 120 cuttings were used, collected from the shoots of 120 seedlings.
To examine the effect of leaf area on the rooting ability of cuttings, 10 cm long cuttings were collected from one-year-old hedged seedlings and randomly allocated to each of four leaf area treatments, 0 cm2 (leafless), and 6–8 cm2 (one leaf with one pair of cut leaflets), 12–16 cm2 (two leaves with two pairs of cut leaflets), and 22–28 cm2 (two leaves with four pairs of cut leaflets) in a completely randomised design with five replications and six cuttings per replication. Two shoots were cut from each of 60 one-year-old hedged seedlings and mixed together before random allocation to the treatments.
2.2.2. Effects of Stockplant Maturation and Auxin Treatment
To investigate the effects of donor plant maturation and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), cuttings were collected from four types of stockplants (3-month-old seedlings shoots, 5-month-old young sprouts from pollarded old trees, and crown sprouts from 5- and 15-year-old trees). The young sprouts of the pollarded trees are henceforth referred to as "resprouts". A full factorial experiment with a split plot design involving 16 treatments was employed: stockplants (seedling shoots, resprouts of pollarded trees, 5-year and 15-year-old tree crown sprouts) × IBA (0, 2500, 5000, 10000 ppm). Demineralised water was used for dissolving the auxin and served as a control treatment. The four stockplant types were randomly assigned to the main plots, while the four IBA concentrations were tested at the subplot level. Each treatment had seven replicates with six cuttings per replication; thus the total number of cuttings used was 672. The basal ends of the cuttings were dipped in the IBA solutions for 5 seconds. In total, 168 single-shoot seedlings while eight trees represented each of the three categories of tree (pollarded, 5- and 15-year-old) were used equally for cutting collection and IBA treatment allocation.
To improve further the rooting ability of cuttings from resprouts of pollarded trees, a follow-up experiment was conducted using naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) alone and in combination with IBA. Resprouts and sprouts from seedling donors were compared. Cuttings were collected from two types of stockplants (4-month-old seedling shoots and 6-month resprouts from pollarded trees) and two auxin treatments (NAA and NAA+IBA) at each of four concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm), arranged in a split-split plot design with five replications and six cuttings per replication of the 16 treatments. Stockplant donors were randomly assigned as the main plot factors; auxin treatments as sub-plot factors; the four different concentrations as sub-sub-plot factors. The basal ends of the cuttings were dipped in the auxin solutions for 5 seconds. Overall, 30 shoots were cut from each of eight pollarded trees, which were different from those sampled for the previous experiment; 240 single-shoot seedlings were used for cutting collection.
2.2.3. Effects of Smoke Solution
This experiment examined the potential of smoke as an alternative to commercial auxins. Smoke solution was produced according to the method described by Dayamba et al. [19], it involved burning a mixture of dry wood and herbs and allowing the smoke to bubble into a plastic bottle of water for about 10 h. The stock solution (100%) was then diluted to 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, 10%, and 5% concentrations of smoke solution (v/v) while demineralized water served as a control (0%). Two experiments were performed.
In the first experiment, the basal ends of cuttings collected from 5-month-old seedlings were immersed in 5% and 10% smoke solution for 30, 60, 120, 180 min; the results were compared with a water control in a split plot design. Smoke concentrations were tested at the main plot level while the four immersion times were tested at the subplot level. Each treatment was replicated five times with six cuttings per replication. In total, 240 cuttings were used, collected from 240 single-shoot seedlings.
In the second experiment, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% smoke solutions were tested in a completely randomised design. Five replicates of six cuttings collected from 8-month-old single-shoot seedlings were randomly assigned to each treatment. The bases of the cuttings were immersed in the smoke solutions for 60 min.
2.3. Data Collection and Analysis
After eight weeks, the root systems were gently washed and the number of roots measuring at least 1 mm long was determined for each cutting. The length of the longest root was measured and the secondary roots originating from the longest root were counted. The percentage of rooted cuttings was determined, that is, rooted cuttings as a proportion of planted cuttings in each experimental unit. Data were checked for normality and subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System software (SAS Institute Inc., 2002–2008). As a large number of cuttings failed to produce roots, transformation (SQRT, arcsine, and Johnson) of the variable percentage of rooted cuttings was not successful for normal distribution requirement.
Johnson-transformed data were used for other variables that did not fulfil the requirement of normal distribution. The equal variance requirement was observed from the residual plots obtained from Minitab 15 (Minitab Inc., State College, PA, USA). The dependent variables were mean percentage of rooted cuttings, mean number of roots per rooted cutting, mean number of secondary roots per rooted cutting, and mean length of the longest root per rooted cutting. The GLM procedure was used for completely randomised and split-plot designs experiments while the mixed procedure was used for the split-split-plot design. Means that exhibited significant differences (P < 0.05) were further compared using Tukey's multiple comparison test.
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Cutting Length and Leaf Area
Cutting length did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) any of the traits evaluated (Table 1). However, leaf area significantly (F(3, 16) = 6.53; P = 0.004) affected the percentage of rooted cuttings. No leafless cuttings rooted and mortality was 93% within eight weeks (Figure 1). No significant differences were found for any of the parameters evaluated for leafy cuttings with different leaf areas even though cuttings with a leaf area of 22–28 cm2 rooted better (80%) than cuttings with leaf areas of 6–8 cm2 (57%) and 12–16 cm2 (50%).
3.2. Effect of Stockplant Maturation and Auxin
Rooting responses of cuttings varied significantly with stockplant types or donor plant maturation and IBA concentrations (Table 2). Cuttings taken from seedlings rooted significantly better (99%) than cuttings from resprouts of old pollarded trees (11%) and crown shoots of old trees (2%) (Figure 2) and produced more roots per rooted cutting. The IBA treatment significantly affected the percentage of rooted cuttings, the number of roots per rooted cutting, and the root length. Mean root length did not differ between cuttings from seedlings and resprouts (3.3 cm versus 2.7 cm), but was significantly lower (0.7 cm) for cuttings taken from 5-year-old trees (Figure 2). Considering all stockplants together, IBA application did not improve the percentage of rooting, but the number of roots per rooted cutting increased considerably with greater IBA concentrations: up to 216% (Table 3). The number of secondary roots was unaffected by IBA application (Table 2). Significant interactions were identified between stockplant donor and IBA with respect to root length and the number of secondary roots per rooted cutting, with longer roots from cuttings originating from pollarded mature tree resprouts treated with high concentrations of IBA (Table 4, Figure 3).
When cuttings were treated with NAA, significant differences were observed among stockplant types; this was true for NAA alone or in combination with IBA. Cuttings from seedling donors produced a significantly higher percentage of rooted cuttings [F(1, 60) = 479.03; P < 0.001], a greater number of roots per rooted cutting [F(1, 33) = 18.79; P = 0.001], longer roots [F(1, 33) = 12.15; P = 0.001], and a greater number of secondary roots per rooted cutting [F(1, 33) = 10.09; P = 0.003] than cuttings from resprouts (Table 5). Cuttings treated with NAA alone had significantly [F(1, 33) = 6.4; P = 0.0163] longer roots than cuttings treated with a combination of NAA and IBA (Table 5), although the latter treatment tended to increase the number of roots per rooted cutting (F(1, 33) = 4.05; P = 0.052). The interaction between stockplant and auxin significantly [F(1, 60) = 8.56; P = 0.005] influenced the percentage of rooted cuttings. For cuttings taken from resprouts of pollarded mature trees, application of NAA alone improved rooting percentage (12%) compared to cuttings treated with a combination of NAA and IBA (0%). No significant differences were found between auxin treatments in cuttings from seedling stockplants (79 ± 5% versus 88 ± 3% for NAA and NAA + IBA treatments, resp.).
3.3. Effect of Smoke Solution
A low concentration (5%) smoke solution significantly inhibited the rooting of cuttings (F(2, 8) = 11.59, P = 0.004) and the number of roots per rooted cutting, compared to the control (F(2, 8) = 11.07, P = 0.005). Time of exposure to smoke solution did not significantly affect the rooting ability of cuttings (Table 6). We did not observe significant interactions between the concentrations of the smoke solution and exposure time. Further exposure of cuttings to low and high smoke solution concentrations had no positive effect on the rooting ability of cuttings (Table 7).
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Leaf Area and Cutting Length
Successful rooting was restricted to leafy stem cuttings of K. senegalensis. This is a common response in tropical trees [12]. The inability of leafless cuttings to root has been associated with the rapid depletion of carbohydrates in stem tissues; in contrast, the concentrations in leafy cuttings tend to increase [20]. This suggests that rooting is dependent on carbohydrates formed and utilised after cuttings have been excised from the donor plant [21]. In addition to providing a source of carbohydrates, the leaf also influences the water status of the cutting. The trimming of leaves minimises water loss via transpiration while allowing sufficient photosynthesis to occur during propagation to enable root development [21, 22]. Our findings are consistent with studies of K. ivorensis [6, 16], K. anthotheca [6], Acacia senegal [23], Prunus africana [24], Triplochiton scleroxylon [20], and Allanblackia floribunda [25]. However, in contrast to these previous studies, no optimum leaf area was found in K. senegalensis although cuttings with a retained leaf area of 22–28 cm2 seemed to root better than the others. The lack of significant differences may be due to the available carbohydrate reserves in the larger cuttings used in the present study.
Positive relationships between rooting and cutting length have been reported for a number of tropical tree species, including Triplochiton scleroxylon [26], K. ivorensis [16], and Eucalyptus spp. [27]. Such relationships between cutting length and rooting ability are thought to reflect the importance of carbohydrate reserves stored in the stem, which support adventitious root development [26]. The lack of any pronounced relationship between cutting length and rooting ability may be related to the much larger cuttings used in the present study. Although similar results have been recorded for Triplochiton scleroxylon [28] and Allanblackia floribunda [29], the data highlight the importance of postseverance over preseverance carbohydrate production [21] in the rooting ability of cuttings, suggesting that leaf area might be more important than cutting length. For example, in K. ivorensis cutting length affected rooting ability only for cuttings with a large leaf area (100 cm2) in contrast to small (10 cm2) and medium (50 cm2) leaf areas [16].
4.2. Effects of Stockplant Maturation and Auxins
The most critical factor affecting vegetative propagation of K. senegalensis by stem cuttings was found to be the age of the stockplant. Cuttings taken from 3- and 5-month-old seedlings rooted well and produced more roots than cuttings obtained from older trees. The rooting ability (% rooting and root number) of older K. senegalensis cuttings was marginally improved by pollarding crown branches and by auxin application (16%) compared to cuttings from unpruned 5-year-old trees (5%). Cuttings from 15-year-old stockplants did not root at all.
These results are consistent with many previous studies showing that cuttings derived from juvenile stockplants are easier to root than those derived from mature stockplants [30–33] and that shoots originating from juvenile zones of the mature tree exhibit juvenile characteristics [14, 32–34]. The superior rooting ability of cuttings from seedlings over that of trees has been attributed to the effect of changes in the woody plant developmental process that occur with increasing age; these are known as maturation or ontogenetic aging. Ontogenetic aging is often found to be most advanced in the upper parts of a tree and least advanced near the base of the trunk, with intermediate conditions between. As tree species possess meristems that are normally perennially dormant and mature more slowly than active ones, these meristems often produce vigorous sprouts (e.g., stump sprouts) after the release of dormancy [14, 34, 35], but typically these are still difficult to root. The rooting ability of juvenile cuttings may be ascribed to optimum levels of sugars and the total carbohydrate content and low nitrogen levels [33], while the reduction in rooting potential of cuttings from the stem of mature donors might be due to a decrease in the content of endogenous auxins or an accumulation of inhibitory substances [14].
Serial grafting or rooting of cuttings, annual hedging, crown-pruning, and in vitro serial subcultures have been used to reduce the effects of aging. For instance, micrografting on in vitro seedlings of K. senegalensis facilitated rooting of microcuttings from 6-year-old trees [9]; annual pruning increased and then maintained the elevated percentage of cuttings that rooted from Douglas fir for a period of up to 14 years [36]; and hedging and repeated cutting enabled clonal propagation of Sitka spruce for up to 18 years [37]. Crown pollarding offers the opportunity to select K. senegalensis trees with demonstrated resistance or tolerance to mahogany shoot borer attacks. However more work is needed to enhance the rooting ability of cuttings from pollarded mature trees.
Depending on the maturation of the stockplant from which cuttings had been taken, three major effects of auxin on the rooting ability of cuttings were noted: effects on root formation, the number of roots per rooted cutting, and root length. The effectiveness of applied auxin in inducing rooting and in increasing the total number of roots increased with stockplant maturation. For cuttings derived from seedlings, auxin application did not influence root induction; the most significant effect of auxin application was on the number of roots per rooted cutting. Overall root number increased by up to 216% in cuttings treated with 10000 ppm IBA compared to the control. For cuttings taken from resprouts of pollarded trees, the application of high doses of auxin increased root length and the number of secondary roots. Moreover, good root systems are essential for growth and the survival of stecklings because they increase the volume of soil that can be accessed as a source of water and nutrients. Similar effects have been reported for African mahoganies and other African woody species [6, 13, 16, 23, 24].
4.3. Effects of Smoke Solution
It has been reported that aqueous smoke extract stimulates root initiation and development as well as the growth of primary root sections of Lycopersicon esculentum, depending on the dilution of the smoke extracts and immersion time [38]. The active compound in the smoke (butenolide) has been shown to exhibit cytokinin- and auxin-like effects, stimulating cell division in soybean callus and rooting in mung bean [39]. However, in the present investigation there was no comparative advantage of applying smoke solution over the control. This discrepancy might be related to the concentration of the initial stock solution and the species-specific nature of the response. But lower doses of smoke solution (5–10%) were associated with more root induction and a greater number of roots than higher doses. Whether this was related to the age of the seedlings or to the smoke effect requires further investigation. However, the response to low doses of smoke solution indicates that it would be appropriate to explore further its application alone or in combination with other plant growth regulators to enhance the rooting ability of cuttings from juveniles as well as mature donors.
5. Conclusions
These results indicate clearly that K. senegalensis can be propagated vegetatively from leafy stem cuttings derived from seedlings; success was, however, very limited with cuttings from older plants. With the increasing demand for high-quality timber and raw materials for pharmaceuticals, tree improvement programmes could benefit from our findings, contributing to rapid and mass propagation of K. senegalensis. The selection of mahogany shoot borer resistant genotypes within seedling populations could be carried out in order to enhance the establishment of plantations of K. senegalensis within its native range in West Africa.
Thanks are due to Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) for financial support. Special thanks are given to François Nandweogo, Karim Ouédraogo, Augustin Waneweogo, Rosalie T. A. Dembele, Abou Sanou and Zezouma Sanon for their help in establishing and evaluating the trials; to Modeste Meda and Djibril Dayamba for providing the smoke solution; to Ouagadougou City Hall administrator and Issa Sawadogo for permission to work on the planted roadside trees; to Sees-editing Ltd for linguistic improvements.
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