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Skip to comments.Ancient DNA Reveals Lack Of Continuity - Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers And Contemporary Scandinavians
Posted on 01/02/2012 6:33:58 AM PST by blam
Ancient DNA Reveals Lack Of Continuity Between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers And Contemporary Scandinavians
September 24, 2009.
The driving force behind the transition from a foraging to a farming lifestyle in prehistoric Europe (Neolithization) has been debated for more than a century [1] , [2] and [3] . Of particular interest is whether population replacement or cultural exchange was responsible [3] , [4] and [5] . Scandinavia holds a unique place in this debate, for it maintained one of the last major hunter-gatherer complexes in Neolithic Europe, the Pitted Ware culture [6]. Intriguingly, these late hunter-gatherers existed in parallel to early farmers for more than a millennium before they vanished some 4,000 years ago [7] and [8] . The prolonged coexistence of the two cultures in Scandinavia has been cited as an argument against population replacement between the Mesolithic and the present [7] and [8] . Through analysis of DNA extracted from ancient Scandinavian human remains, we show that people of the Pitted Ware culture were not the direct ancestors of modern Scandinavians (including the Saami people of northern Scandinavia) but are more closely related to contemporary populations of the eastern Baltic region. Our findings support hypotheses arising from archaeological analyses that propose a Neolithic or post-Neolithic population replacement in Scandinavia [7]. Furthermore, our data are consistent with the view that the eastern Baltic represents a genetic refugia for some of the European hunter-gatherer populations.
Results and Discussion
By 6,700 years before present (BP) the Neolithization process had influenced most of northern Europe [9]. However, Scandinavia (including Denmark) was still occupied by highly mobile hunter-gatherer groups. Although the hunter-gatherers of Denmark and southern Sweden adopted pottery early on, the Neolithization first took real shape with the appearance of the Funnel Beaker Cultural complex (FBC, also known as the Trichterbecher Kultur [TRB]) some 6,000 years BP (the oldest evidence possible dating back some 6,200 years BP [9]). At this time domestic cattle and sheep, cereal cultivation, and the characteristic TRB pottery were introduced into most of Denmark and southern parts of Sweden [6]. Nevertheless, the Neolithization process was slow in Scandinavia, and large areas remained populated by hunter-gatherer groups until the end of the 5th millennium BP.
One of these last hunter-gatherer complexes was the Pitted Ware culture (PWC), which can be identified by its single-inhumation graves distributed over the coastal areas of Sweden and the Baltic Sea islands that lie closest to the Swedish coast. Intriguingly, the PWC first appears in the archaeological record of Scandinavia after the arrival of the TRB (some 5,300 years BP) and existed in parallel with farmers for more than a millennium before vanishing about 4,000 years BP (Figure 1). This prolonged coexistence of hunter-gatherers and farmers in Scandinavia has been a focal point of debate within archaeology since 1909, when PWC human remains were used to argue for an early eastern influence on Neolithic Scandinavia, thus favoring relations to modern Saami people [10]. However, it has mainly been used as a key argument against both a rapid Neolithic transition and a large-scale population replacement between the Mesolithic and the present [7] and [8] .
Figure 1. Scandinavia with the PWC and the Architectural Structures of the TRB Displayed
The three TRB sequences originate from Gökhem, Sweden, and the 19 PWC sequences originate from sites on Gotland, Sweden.
View Within Article Three main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of the PWC: (1) it has an origin in the late Mesolithic hunter-gatherer complexes of northern Europe [11] that, given that Neolithic or post-Neolithic population replacement took place, would make them genetically distinct from modern Scandinavians; (2) the PWC arose from a reversion to the hunter-gathering subsistence strategy among TRB peoples [12], and, given that no population replacement took place in Scandinavia during the Neolithization process, PWC peoples are the direct ancestors of modern Scandinavians; and (3) the PWC originated in populations ancestral to modern Saami people of present-day northern Scandinavia [10] and [13] .
To investigate PWC ancestry components in modern Scandinavians and peoples of the Baltic region, we recovered ancient mitochondrial (mtDNA) sequences (316 bp of the D-loop) from the skeletons of 22 individuals deriving from the two different cultures (see Table S1 available online). Three of these were TRB (all from one passage tomb, Gökhem, dated to 5,5004,500 years BP, Figure 1), and 19 belong to the PWC (recovered from three different sites on the Baltic island of Gotland dated to 4,8004,000 years BP, Figure 1).
Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the total human mtDNA content in all samples (Tables S2 and S3, Figure S1) and to screen for appropriate molecular behavior (degradation ratio [14], Table S4). Amplicons were sequenced with the Roche Genome Sequencer FLX platform to retrieve synthetic clones [15] (Table S5). Sequences were regarded as authentic if they (1) originated from DNA extracts containing more than 1000 molecules of the quantified 80 bp fragment, (2) were supported by two independent extractions, (3) were based on a minimum of 20 synthetic FLX clone sequences, and (4) expressed a degradation ratio higher than 1 (Supplemental Data).
Reduced median networks [16] were used to graphically illustrate substitution differences among sequences and to enable sequence assignation to previously defined haplogroups [4] and [17] . Haplogroups U4/H1b, U5, and U5a were found to have high incidence among the PWC but are all rare among contemporary Scandinavians and Saami (Figures 2A2C). It is noteworthy that a high frequency of U lineages, especially U5, has been inferred for pre-Neolithic Europeans with the use of modern mtDNA data [18]. Interestingly, compared to the rest of Europe, the U haplogroups have relatively high frequencies among populations in the eastern Baltic region such as the Latvians and the Lithuanians (Figure 2C).
Figure 2. Haplogroup Distributions in Investigated Populations
Reduced-median networks were constructed with 1 as threshold.
(A) PWC (red) shares five haplotypes (Hts) with the 323 Norwegian sequences (white) and keeps five private.
(B) PWC (red) shares four Hts with the 290 Swedish sequences (black) and keeps six private.
(C) The most common Hgs in the PWC sample are rare in the Swedish sample, whereas the frequency is somewhat elevated in the samples from the Baltic peoples.
The following abbreviations are used: Hg, haplogroup; Swe, Swedes; Sam, Saami; Est, Estonians; Lit, Lithuanians; Lat, Latvians; PWC, Pitted Ware culture; and TRB, Funnel Beaker culture.
View Within Article Analysis of molecular variance [19] (AMOVA) revealed that the PWC sequences are significantly differentiated from samples of contemporary Swedes [20] (n = 289, FST = 0.05174, p < 0.001), Saami [20] (n = 38, FST = 0.25037, p < 10−6), Norwegians [21] (n = 323, FST = 0.06148, p < 0.001), Finns [22] (n = 79, FST = 0.05327, p < 0.005), Estonians [22] (n = 117, FST = 0.04745, p < 0.003), Lithuanians [22] (n = 163, FST = 0.04022, p < 0.004), and Latvians [22] (n = 114, FST = 0.03622, p < 0.011). To examine whether population differences could be accounted for by drift alone under the null hypothesis of population continuity, we performed coalescent simulations assuming a wide range of combinations of ancestral population size at the Upper Paleolithic colonization of Europe, 45,000 years ago, and the time of arrival of farming in Scandinavia, 6,200 years ago. As a conservative measure, we assumed a relatively high (compared to other published estimates) mutation rate of 7.5 × 10−6 per site per generation [23] to ease the burden of explaining high FST values. We sampled sequences from each simulation according to the numbers and dates of the data considered here and calculated the proportion of simulated FST values that were greater than those observed (Supplemental Data).
The null hypothesis of population continuity between the PWC and modern Swedes can be rejected under a range of assumed ancestral population size combinations (including almost all that assume a Neolithic effective population size > 15,000), as can population continuity between the PWC and Norwegians under most assumed ancestral population size combinations (including almost all that assume a Neolithic effective population size > 6,000) (Figure 3). Population continuity between the PWC and modern Saami can be rejected under all assumed ancestral population size combinations. However, population continuity between the PWC and contemporary Baltic populations cannot be rejected under most assumed ancestral population size combinations (Supplemental Data).
Figure 3. Probabilities of Obtaining the Observed Genetic Differences, as Measured by FST, between Ancient PWC and Modern Population Samples under a Model of Population Continuity
Population sample comparisons are (A) PWC hunter-gatherers versus modern Norwegians, (B) PWC hunter-gatherers versus modern Swedes, and (C) PWC hunter-gatherers versus modern Saami. Probabilities were calculated by comparing observed FST values to those obtained by coalescent simulation across a range of combinations of ancestral effective female population sizes at the start of farming in Scandinavia 6,200 years ago (x axis) and the initial colonization of Europe 45,000 years ago (y axis). Observed FST values are indicated, and black shaded areas indicate p values > 0.05.
View Within Article
These results indicate that the PWC hunter-gatherers are unlikely to be the main ancestors of either modern Scandinavians or Saami, despite their presence in Scandinavia at the early stages of Neolithization. On the contrary, the observed FST values indicate greater similarity between the PWC and modern eastern Baltic populations, and coalescent simulations confirm that those non-Scandinavian populations could plausibly be the direct descendents of PWC hunter-gatherers. Having only obtained three TRB sequences, we cannot exclude continuity with any of the modern populations.
Although complex demographic scenarios such as local population structuring, or sampling problems including close relatedness among individuals from the same site, might also explain the patterns of differentiation that we observe, we found no significant differentiation among the three PWC sites that we sampled (AMOVA pairwise FST = −0.0189; p = 0.54733; exact test of population differentiation global p value = 0.43421) and also note that the ubiquity of U4 and U5 types at those sites suggests that we are looking at patterns of genetic variation that extend beyond the local scale. It is noteworthy, however, that our interpretation is highly dependent on the assumed effective population size (Ne) at the onset of the Neolithic in Scandinavia 6,200 years BP. If Ne at this time were low (< 6,000 if modern Norwegians and Swedes share a common ancestry, < 15,000 for the unlikely event that the two populations have different ancestry in the region), then drift would be sufficient to explain the FSTs for both modern Swedes and northeastern Baltic peoples. Furthermore, it may be possible that a relatively low level of admixture in Scandinavia between the PWC and the TRB could be sufficient to explain the differences observed between the PWC and modern Scandinavians. Currently, however, this remains untestable, because we lack an appropriate proxy for early farmers.
Given our results, it remains possible that the PWC represent remnants of a larger northern European Mesolithic hunter-gather complex. However, it appears unlikely that population continuity exists between the PWC and contemporary Scandinavians or Saami. Thus, our findings are in agreement with archaeological theories suggesting Neolithic or post-Neolithic population introgression or replacement in Scandinavia. To what extent this holds true for other parts of Europe requires further direct testing, although morphological [24] and [25] , ancient [26], and modern [4] and [5] genetic data suggest that this is probably the case. Thus, theories favoring a Neolithization process that involved population continuity and was mediated by culture exchange only appear increasingly unlikely. Interestingly, however, the data analyses are consistent with a view that the eastern Baltic area remained a genetic refugia for some of the European hunter-gatherer populations. This is in agreement with findings of Mesolithic to Neolithic continuity among Latvian cemeteries [27]. Although the hunter-gatherer lifestyle was culturally replaced here, as in Scandinavia, the populations of the eastern Baltic area may have kept a certain level of population continuity.
Experimental Procedures
Skeletal remains from 74 individuals of eight middle-Neolithic sites were initially selected. Of these, 41 yielded sequence data, but only 22 (19 PWC and 3 TRB) met all requirements demanded for authenticity (Supplemental Data). A set of nonhuman samples, mainly harp seals (Phoca groenlandica, n = 31), of the same age and from the same sites as the human remains were used as controls and screened for human DNA (contamination) as well as for putative animal DNA (preservation). The material was extracted in duplicates via a silica spin-column method including chemical decontamination [14] (Supplemental Data).
Quantitative real-time PCR of an 80 bp and a 136 bp coding-region fragment was used to assess the total human mtDNA content in all samples and to screen for appropriate molecular behavior (degradation [14]) (Supplemental Data, Table S1). We amplified the D-loop in seven overlapping fragments of varying size and sequenced them on the Roche Genome Sequencer FLX System to retrieve synthetic clones. Tagged primers were used to provide for individual identification after sequencing [15] (Supplemental Data).
For analyses, we used 316 bp of the D-loop, spanning 16,05116,383 (16 positions were removed, Supplemental Data). Analysis of molecular variance and Fst calculations was carried out with the Arlequin 3.1 software [19]. Networks were constructed with the NETWORK software and the reduced median algorithm [16], with the threshold set for 1. Coalescent simulations were performed assuming a wide range of combinations of ancestral population size at the Upper Palaeolithic colonization of Europe, 45,000 years ago (Ne = 104,959, and time of arrival of farming in Scandinavia 6,200 years ago, Ne = 50020,350). Sequences were sampled from each simulation according to the numbers and dates of the data considered, and the proportion of simulated FST values that were greater than those observed were calculated (details on the evolutionary models are provided in Supplemental Data).
My DNA is Y Haplogroup (male) R1b1b2 and my MT (female) Halpogroup is 'V'. R1b haplogroup is the most common in Europe and haplogroup 'V' is rare.
GGG Ping.
This all makes perfect sense to me...
There's a typo in the article, but I won't show off by pointing out where.
Brevity is appreciated.
thanks, blam. Very interesting. I know this replacement/integration argument has been going on a long time. Your V MT -— is that not the one most commonly found in the (now) Basque areas?
And so where did the modern population come from? Neolithic, I suppose, up the Danube. Then they all turned blonde. Human adaptability is amazing.
I mean to someday send in a sample for DNA testing. I seem to be Highland/lowland Scots/Scots Irish for at least five generations so I don't think there will be any surprises.
I seem to recall a heavy Turkish influence into this area from my previous research into haplogrouping.
What time frame? Sounds like one of the steppe migrations.
Well, as long as all the milkmen, mailmen, and delivery boys in your old neighborhood were likewise Scotch-Irish...
That simple datum implies the loss of so many amazing stories. Epic emigrations, epic conflicts, epic change.
It's a story repeated over and over. A hunter-gatherer group occupies a certain territory. The population density is naturally low. It takes a lot of territory to maintain enough game to feed even a small population (imagine trying to feed the population of Ohio or Pennsylvania solely by hunting deer). Then a bunch of farmers or herders show up. They look around and think, gee, this territory is almost empty. Lots of land here for crops and herds. So they start cultivating, and fencing things in. The original population protests: you're fencing off our hunting grounds. Initially, the hunters win. They're used to defending their hunting grounds against other hunters. Eventually, though, the farmers and herders win. They enjoy settlements, and the accumulation of fixed wealth. Either the hunter/gatherers decide to take up farming and herding, or they die out.
No, it's 1-2% if I remember correctly.
The 'V's" left the Iberian refuge with the R1b's (male) but arrived in the Finnish region with the (male) haplogroup 'I'.
Some DNA markers seem to indicate that they may have gotten there (Northern Finland) during the Ice Age.
The Skolt Sámi are 52% haplogroup 'V'.
Only 400 people speak the Skolt language today.
If it involves royal geneaologies it probably dates to a later period than what I am thinking of. Scythians and Sarmations certainly, and possibly some Hunnic (Turkic) made there way there, probably as fugitives. These are early movements though, and traced largely through art, artifacts and burial customs rather than DNA samples. Interesting stuff.
|GGG managers are SunkenCiv, StayAt HomeMother & Ernest_at_the_Beach
Thanks blam. Half of my chromosomes come from each of my parents, but less than a quarter come from two of my grandparents, and so on; of my 4thgreat-grandparents -- there were 64 of them -- at least 18 contributed zero chromosomes to me. And yet, they are my ancestors, and had they never lived, I would never have been born.
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Since 1974 Brown's Pools & Spas has been in business serving the Metro Atlanta and West Georgia area. Beginning as a small, seasonal, pool chemical shop, throughout its history Brown's has steadily added additional products and services over an ever-growing market area. More
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Anyone still on? I'm bored to tears over here. lolIf anyone needs help smashing autos I'm available to help.
I'm back on, if you're still here!
Where be you?
Read the post, chokes on a cup of coffee. "Ahhh I hate coffee!"
Oooook...... Lol
I be loggin' on now, headin' to Lukas' Workshop, matey!
Oh, yes, definitely this again.
Yes definitely! Hahahaha
What, did you guys start talking like this once? I've missed way too much... (covers head with shame)
Sounds great @Pig_Larkcape1!
I'll be in game, around NML. . . but not as MYSELF!!! Ahahahaha!
@Gloria_Oldenpinner, do you want to meet on game?
I'm on game, in NML!
I can now! Let me know when and where!
Does anyone want to meet on Aetherlight? I'm thinking about signing on to smash some toasters in Smuggler's Cove or the Junkyard.
Anyone on?
Oooh, I would, but my sibling is hogging the only computer that supports The Aetherlight!
When? What meeting?
Is it happening now? I may be able to make it...
It's at 1PM Pacific time, 2 PM Mountain time, 3PM Central time, and 4PM Eastern time. (I'm assuming you live in one of those time zones )


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It's happened before...
Reader comment on item: [West Africa:] New Route to the West
Submitted by Kevin M (United States), May 30, 2006 at 19:35
Ever read The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire? Know why the Roman empire crumbled? Too many savages immigrating into Rome and refusing to adopt Roman practice and policy.
Our worst enemies aren't outside the country; they're within.
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It's ridiculous! Now do you see why I've avoided them?
I do have a little helpful tip today as I know lots of you are buying stuff from the big sale over at TpT--which, by the way, is still going on today! (Please remember to use the code BTS13 to get your additional savings!!!) If you are buying game cards of any kind and don't have colored cardstock, you can still make the backs of the cards different by using sheets of colored/patterned scrapbook paper. I wanted to keep some number sets I made separate, so I ran a line of scrapbook adhesive (our glue stick) down the middle of each row, stuck them on different paper, THAN cut the cards out and laminated them. They are thicker AND students can easily keep the groups of cards separated.
It was really pretty fast. The cards had enough glue/tape on them to hold them together before laminating.
Today's job? Go to school and TACKLE. THAT. LIST. I also have to do my OWN shopping at the big sale! I have a few things on my wishlist to take care of! This is a great time to buy those bigger items that might have seemed out of price range earlier, so I have my eye on some new digital paper bundles! For those of you who are interested, ALL my bundles are not only discounted (like they always are) but ARE a part of this sale, so you can get a great deal on them. For those of you who followed my fraction journey last year, that huge unit is also a part of the sale--at only $12.80 (my editors had wanted full price on that one to be $25 but i just couldn't do it . . .). Here are the links to a few of those bigger bundles if you want to check them out today! I'll report back later on my progress on my list at school! Have a great day.


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Positions: Standing Doggy Style, Cowgirl, Laying, Reverse Cowgirl, Side Saddle, Sitting, Standing
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Starring: Lilly Sapphire ... More Details
Stars: Lilly Sapphire
Positions: Cowgirl, Doggy Style, Laying, Missionary, Reverse Cowgirl, Sitting, Standing
Recommended Movies


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G-Force adds Colordyne Digital Flexo-bility to existing flexo press line-up
Wednesday, December 04, 2013
Press release from the issuing company
BROOKFIELD, WI - Colordyne Technologies™ (CDT) continues to make an impact on the label industry as it engineers digital printing solutions for the converter that effectively augment their CMYK flexographic printing services. During the first week of November, G-Force Labels & Printing, Inc. added a CDT 1600-PC Rotary Pro digital label and tag printing press, featuring Digital Flexo-bility™, to its line-up of presses.
Based out of Plano, IL, G-Force specializes in custom labels and was looking for a digital label press to complement its current Mark Andy 2200 rotary press and two Allied Gear presses. The Rotary Pro's ability to print the look and feel of flexo with the flexibility of digital will support G-Force's mission statement of promising to continually provide the most responsive service, superior quality labels and innovative solutions for their customers' needs.
"We looked for three years trying to find what we wanted and the Colordyne Rotary Pro does it all on one pass," said G-Force president Greg H. Gould. "We can digitally print, laminate, UV varnish and die-cut, and it runs at 160 feet per minute (49 m/min.) whereas other digital presses can't maintain that speed with the in-line finishing."
The CDT 1600-PC Rotary Pro's Memjet™ engine has four print heads containing 70,400 nozzles each that are able to print at 1600 x 1200 dpi resolution, offering true, flexo-like print quality. Digital Flexo-bility provides unparalleled flexibility in handling print jobs that may be inefficient and cost prohibitive on existing CMYK flexo presses. Shorter print runs can be broken out of large, multi-job blanket orders and produced on the Rotary Pro to complement traditional flexo printing and boost profits.
"We expect this press to have a positive impact on our business and to take over for a lot of the short to medium size flexo jobs," said Gould.
"The CDT 1600 Production Class digital presses effectively address short to medium run prime work or high volume variable imaging, numbering/barcoding," said Gary Falconbridge, CEO and founder of CDT. "Finally there is a low capital cost digital press that allows converters to make short run/multiple SKU orders profitable."
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Appellate Litigation
Our lawyers have litigated hundreds of appellate cases in their legal careers. Our lawyers' experience includes presenting 51 arguments in the Supreme Court of the United States (with a record of 40 wins, 9 defeats, and 2 split decisions). Eight different lawyers from our firm have argued cases in the Supreme Court. For PDF copies of our Supreme Court and other appellate briefs, click here.
Our lawyers have also presented arguments in the United States Courts of Appeals for the District of Columbia, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Federal Circuits. Working with co-counsel admitted in the appropriate jurisdictions, we have also litigated in state appellate courts from Alaska to California to Texas to Michigan to Rhode Island to Virginia, among others, as well as, of course the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.
Our partners Larry Robbins and Roy Englert worked in the Office of the Solicitor General. Our lawyers clerked on the Supreme Court of the United States, federal courts of appeals (the D.C., First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Federal Circuits), and federal district courts.
Our appellate clients have included trade associations, major financial institutions, a Big-4 accounting firm, major airlines, prominent hedge funds, police officers or police departments in two cities, as well as a police union, two major automotive manufacturers, a leading energy company, an Internet company, a major telecommunications provider, leading healthcare providers, insurance companies, indenture trustees, a leading retailer, a federal judge, individuals engaged in protest activities, individuals convicted of various white-collar criminal offenses, states and municipalities, an individual ERISA plaintiff, and an antitrust plaintiff engaged in the manufacture of transparent tape. Our representation of national trade associations, including the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, includes both party litigation and amicus briefs.
Starting with the 2006 edition of The Best Lawyers in America -- the first edition ever to list appellate lawyers separately -- three of our partners have been listed every year. Three of our partners are listed among Washington's top appellate litigators for business in Chambers USA, America's Leading Lawyers for Business. Four of our partners are recognized for appellate litigation in Super Lawyers. Our partners speak regularly at Supreme Court press briefings put on by such organizations as the Chamber of Commerce, the Washington Legal Foundation, the American Enterprise Institute, and the Legal Times. Our partners work with litigation clinics at the Georgetown University Law Center and the University of Virginia School of Law.
Return to Practice Areas


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Flu season not over yet, doctors say
Shots still needed late in the season
MORGANTOWN, W.Va. – To those who track infectious diseases, it doesn't matter that groundhog Punxsutawney Phil predicted an early spring this year. Regardless of weather forecasts, doctors say flu season is likely to last another several weeks.
Though fluctuating temperatures don't affect flu resistance in people, the unpredictable weather of late winter and early spring can cause biological changes in viruses, said Todd Crocco, M.D., chair of the West Virginia University Department of Emergency Medicine. Basically, healthier viruses mean more unhealthy people.
West Virginia emergency rooms are welcoming a steady flow of patients displaying influenza symptoms, and flu virus infections are now at widespread levels, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, current case estimates are somewhat based on a little well-educated guessing, Dr. Crocco said.
"We're seeing maybe 10-12 suspected flu cases a day, but it's hard to pinpoint exact numbers because many cases are presumed. It's not always practical to test," explained Crocco. "We often have to say, 'Look, let's assume you have it, because you have all the symptoms.' And treat from there."
Crocco said there is usually an uptick in the number of presenting cases at this time of year, and the rising number of cases began around the start of February.
"These things normally run about a six-to-eight-week stretch before we see cases really decrease," he said. "We're not quite halfway there."
Influenza testing is routine with more high-risk patients who display symptoms, such as the elderly, the chronically ill and the very young. Diagnosed flu cases in these groups are up this season, Crocco said.
Crocco said the media attention devoted to H1N1 (swine flu) in the fall of 2009 greatly increased the number of flu shot recipients. Even though the swine flu vaccination was initially needed in addition to the regular seasonal flu shot, people made an effort to receive both – and the traditional late winter flu season saw less cases than usual.
According to Rashida Khakoo, M.D., section chief of Infectious Diseases at WVU, this season's vaccine was formulated to protect against three influenza strains, including H1N1. Khakoo said swine flu (H1N1) cases account for about half of this year's cases, and that even late in the season, people should do all they can to avoid contracting the virus.
A key preventive measure is getting a flu shot, which are still available from most doctors' offices, pharmacies and health departments.
In addition, you can prevent the spread of flu by taking a few simple but effective extra measures:
• Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
• Wash your hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth. Germs spread this way.
• Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
• If you are sick with flu-like illness, CDC recommends that you stay home for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. (Your fever should be gone without the use of a fever-reducing medicine.)
• While sick, limit contact with others as much as possible to keep from infecting them.
"We cannot get complacent," said Dr. Khakoo. "We need to continue preventive strategies."


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Young Tiger Jr NTR is currently very much busy shooting for his next film titled as Jai Lava Kusa. The makers are very much happy with the way the things are progressing about the film.
Tarak is playing a triple role in the movie and this is the most exciting factor for all the fans. Currently, the film unit is busy in canning an important sequence of the film and the shoot for the same is underway in a lavish 2 crore set in Hyderabad. Most of the casting department is taking part in the current schedule. Meanwhile, there are rumours that Bollywood actor Neil Nitin Mukesh is playing a key role in the film.
There were reports which reveal that the actor has joined the shoot but the film unit has denied all these reports. The JLK's team has denied these reports and said that Neil is not part of the film. On the other side, the Bollywood actor is a part of Saaho.


text: As someone who's struggling with anxiety and constantly being stuck "in my head", I find those few times that I'm actually present and in the moment to be worth celebrating. They're like little victories that show me that my internal efforts are worth it. Jason has a way of pulling me back into the here and now when we're together, and I'm grateful for every moment we spend appreciating the little things here in England.


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Not Updated For Current Season
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Cho'Gath Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
There is a place between dimensions, between worlds. To some it is known as the Outside, to others it is the Unknown. To most, however, it is called the Void. Cho�gath is a creature born of the Void, a thing whose true nature is so horrific most will not speak its name.
Cho�gath the Terror of the Void
This guide is for people who like playing tank classes and may not be the most optimal way to play Cho�gath. I play Cho�gath fairly aggressive and I feel the build I tend to use really lends to his play style.
Rupture (Active): Ruptures the ground at target location, popping enemy units into the air, dealing damage and slowing them. This attack has a slight delay, so aiming and anticipation are required to use it best.
Feral Scream (Active): Cho'Gath unleashes a terrible scream at enemies in a cone, dealing Magic Damage and Silencing enemies for a few seconds. This is often combed with Rupture as a combo to get a vulnerable caster to low enough health to Feast upon them.
Feast (Active): Instantly kills low-health target Champions (marked). Instantly kills most weak minions and monsters. Every successful Feast increases Cho'Gath's Health by an amount and enables him to Feast upon higher-Health Champions. Maximum 6 growths. This skill is used to counter lower health champions, but also helps Cho�gath tank for his team � leaving him alive on the battlefield is a big risk!
Vorpal Spikes (passive): Cho'gath passively deals damage to units behind his primary target. This is helpful as a farming ability, but can be used to harass as well.
Carnivore (Passive): Whenever Cho'Gath kills a unit, he recovers some health. This is very useful for allowing him to stay in combat.
As the name says with this build other players will look at you like a they would a raid boss.
(Early Game)
When you start out put your point into Rupture and harass the other heroes, be careful about how often you use it though because Rupture takes up a lot of mana. You want to be careful about not getting killed early game or your build timing will be off. Just harass as often as you can keep them at 75% health as much as you can. Recall when you have enough to either buy giants belt or if you have enough to buy giants belt and ruby crystal.
(Mid Game)
You should by now have at least 3 feast stacks, Warmog's Armor and maybe boots of swiftness. Depending on how the other team is made up if they don't have a good hero that deals a lot of AP damage then you don't need Banshee's Veil just skip right to the GA and to replace Banshee's Veil later just buy another Warmogs. This is when the fun starts, you now have more health then anyone playing and you are definitely the biggest thing on the map and I don't care who's playing when you see a huge alien looking thing running at you, you get the hell out of there. Pay close attention to the other heroes' health your feast should be level 2 by now and able to do 550 true damage. Get them low enough hit them with a rupture and go in for your dinner.
(End Game)
By now you should have all the items listed above and should have all 6 stacks of feast and as the title suggests a freakin RAID BOSS! Remember you are the most unstoppable creature on the map and you need to act like it! So lead your team in all the charges and team fights straight to VICTORY!


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Artist Gabey Tjon a Tham has released the Repetition At My Distance installation. The towering blue structure reacts to sounds bites, reverberating in turn via the vibrations of the cascading waves.
Repetition At My Distance is set to the tune of blowing wind. The strings of light become more and more intense with the passage of the air, picking up with speed and size as the recorded song plays on a wheel.
Tham hopes to above all else engage the minds of viewers, "the perceiver is reverted to a process of reflection on its own thoughts, memories and dreams." And indeed, as the patterns of light persist, spectators conjure up profound states of mind that may not have been otherwise triggered.
Sound-Sensitive Structures
More Stats +/-
Sizable Scalloped Installations
Streaming Light Installations
Mystical Garden Sculptures
Illuminated Origami Installations
Simulated Fire Installations
The Gabey Tjon a Tham Installation Reflects Tones
- By: Jordy E Jan 4, 2013
References: gabeytjonatham & mymodernmet
References: gabeytjonatham & mymodernmet


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|The stupid question is the question not asked
Re^3: New module prototype - Test::Referencedby SilasTheMonk (Chaplain)
|on May 16, 2010 at 10:11 UTC ( #840216=note: print w/replies, xml )
|Need Help??
Why don't you go one further and actually use Test::Deep and Test::Regression in your implementation. I am sure both authors would appreciate any feedback generated and your module would have that much less code in it. It would make sense then to rename it Test::Deep::Regression or some variant thereof.
In Section Seekers of Perl Wisdom


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Livin' Large by Going Small?
How did all of this start? I thank Joel because it was his bright idea to take a vacation in Saba, a tiny Dutch Caribbean island (15 minutes flight from St. Maarten). I was just finishing work on a big sales deal for my company when I decided I could really use about 3 years – I mean weeks – off. Of course, this is relatively unheard of in my company, save urban legends about a friend of a friend. My understanding boss (thanks, Caroline!) gave me the nod for my much deserved hiatus. I think it had something to do with my persistence despite the 4-letter word (acronym?) I was working with at the time!
An Impossible Assignment?
While Joel had wanted to go to the Caribbean for years, I had always been resistant. I favored exploring Europe on a shoe-string, Rick Steves-style (www.ricksteves.com). If you like traveling in Europe and want to go every year, we highly recommend his books or TV show (often on PBS). Joel was floored when I suggested we look at the Caribbean for a little R&R. We only had a few weeks to plan the vacation, so he searched for an island with little tourists, no cruise ships, plenty of outdoor activities (like hiking) and no crime. It was a challenge, but he ended up finding three possibilities: Costa Rica, Belize and Saba. We liked Saba the best and got fast replies from Lynn Costenaro, from Sea Saba (www.seasaba.com). Lynn arranged our cottages, airport pick up and diving certification classes. Now I hadn't planned on learning to scuba dive (more on that later).
Does This Plane Fly?
We arrived in St. Martin and then took a little 20-seater Winair plane to Saba. We were told to get ready for adventures in flying, since the Saba runway is one of the smallest commercial runways in the world – only 1300 feet! It is akin to landing on an aircraft carrier. The pilots are excellent – Winair has flown 50 years accident free! In any case, it's an adventure, so fasten your seatbelts – and get a seat on the right or in the front for the ride of a lifetime! Some tourists have described it as entering Jurrasic Park. The plane looks like it is going right into the mountains, then veers left and swoops down to the runway by the sea. There's always the ferry, if you are not a small plane person.
We're Going Where?
It should have been a clue when I saw a guy carrying a tub of Kentucky Friend Chicken onto the plane to Saba. We were leaving civilization as we knew it. The first person we met was Garvis, friendly taxi driver and guru (more on this later).
Garvis deftly navigated the amazingly steep, blind curved road up the mountain to our rented cottage. One of the first things I noticed, in spite of being nervous that the brakes would give out and we'd be hurdling down the mountain, was the beautiful pink flowers bursting from the sides of the road. This was no prima-donna manicure job – it was wild and unruly and beautiful! And that is Saba – wild, unruly and beautiful – which is why they call it "The Unspoiled Queen." It is one of about two islands left in the Caribbean that have not been taken over by resorts, mega-shopping, casinos and spas. The ride up to Windwardside from the airport will get your heart pumping too – narrow roads, hairpin turns and drop-offs that that would make even folks from Colorado have to stop chatting and look over the edge.
When asked where we were staying, we said "Flamboyant cottage." Garvis didn't know where that was. We found out that this was because everyone called the cottage "Dr. Don's" (the owner's nickname).
To Make A Long Story Short
Our last week in Saba was spent at the Shell cottage. It was two bedrooms, one bathroom and a living room-dining room-kitchen area. It had a beautiful patio with a nice view of the ocean and sunsets. It was this last week when I really fell for Saba.
It was also this last week that something clicked in my mind. I realized that this simple life in a small cottage was all I really wanted or needed. Hmmm, was this just vacation wishes or was it real? My business coach had given me some visioning exercises to do while in Saba. It was a perfect place to figure out my dream life and I constructed it with Saba and small, simple living spaces in mind.
When I got home, I realized that you could fit 4 – 5 of those cottages in my house – it seemed too big to me. I had too much stuff. And I started to feel like all this work was just paying for my over-blown lifestyle – not to mention the de-stressing activities I did just to stay centered (a cook, cleaning person, landscaper, yoga teacher, retreats, etc.). I started to wonder how all of this complexity happened?
After taking inventory of our lives, Joel and I decided to buy a house in Saba for vacations. And after a few vacations, we decided to "pull the trigger" on our dreams – why put them off?
I spent the next year and a half preparing to live my dream. I continued working smart and building a personal life – after too many years of "all work and no play." Joel ended his grueling commute to Boston by getting "work at home" status from his company. We put our house on the market, planning to move to Saba full time.
Get Out!
Our house sold within 4 months (a long time for our usual 1-2 day sales in previous houses!) and after selling almost ALL of our stuff (furniture, silver and a bunch of accumulated "stuff") we moved into a 3-room apartment to finish out my time at my company.
We loved apartment life – it was a good experiment to see if we could hack it in our 750 square foot cottage. It was simple, just what we wanted. We ended up buying a house in the White Mountains – an unexpected purchase, but a good investment and a home for the Caribbean hurricane season. We rent it out while in Saba, so if you are a skier who loves log homes, take a peek at our website: gowhitemountains.com. Joel includes this in his repertoire of web designs.
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Choosing the right specialist to trust your pet to, in the case of regular checkups, illness, or emergency situations may seem challenging, but things become easier if you know the right questions to ask.
Anytime you look for a specialist, you should consider making appointments and interviewing more than one person in order to be able to compare and choose what is best for you. Write down your questions, just to make sure that you do not forget anything and be prepared to take notes, if necessary.
So, here is the information that you should try to find out during the preliminary interviews with Baltimore veterinarians.
- In which consists your veterinary training and experience? Are you also specialized in a veterinary area or in a type of pets?
- Do you have your own small practice or do you work in a bigger veterinary clinic/ hospital?
Small practices may benefit from the expertise of a very good vet that you will work with all the time however they often lack investments in the latest technology. On the other hand, a large practice is typically equipped to offer all kind of medical services, but you might not see the same vet all the time. It is up to you to decide which alternative is the right one for your needs.
- What are your hours? Do you also offer emergency services?
Baltimore animal hospital facilities typically offer emergency services, but things can be different when it comes to vets who own a small practice. However, even if a vet is not equipped to provide emergency care, he/ she must still know how to respond in such situations and be willing to sending you to a referral partner. Also ask if you will be provided access to 24-hour care if your pet will need it, even if not at your veterinarian`s facility.
- What are your office's capabilities?
Considering that most medical veterinary hospitals are well-equipped to provide all kind of services, this question is, again, mostly for vets owning small practices. Accidents happen all the time and it is essential to know whether your vet`s office is capable of handling different situation or you will be redirected somewhere else, on a regular basis. Ask about basic surgery, in-house laboratory, X-rays and anything else that seems important to you.
- Will my pet be comfortable in the waiting room?
The waiting room of a medical veterinary center should be large enough to allow animals to feel safe and as comfortable as possible. Some of them allow cats and dogs in separate places, which is definitely a pro.
- How much cost your services?
There may be cost difference between clinics, even for basic things like vaccines. More complex procedures involve even greater variation, so it would not be realistic not to consider them, at least as one of the factors involved in your choice.
- What payment options do I have?
Baltimore veterinarians typically accept both cash and credit cards, but remember to ask if they also provide personalized payment plans for extra large bills.
- Which types of pet insurance do you accept?


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Unfortunately, these kids shoes from Pom d'api's new kids collection do not come in my size. But I thought I'll give you an idea of what stylish little girls and boys' shoes they'll be begging for this season. Aren't they fun and cool looking? Let's just hope that your kids won't puddle-jump in them! The french franchise of shoes for babies, toddlers and older kids is located at Discovery Mall's ground Floor. For further inquires, please call (+965) 2291-3634.
hehe.. eee wallah.. and 39s..
hahaha which pair was your fave?
hahaha which pair was your fave?


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Third Annual Christmas Light Parade: Sun Dec 15
We'll be assembling along Fernhill Road, in front of the school, at 5 pm. The parade will proceed down Fernhill to Miners Bay and end at Maynestreet Mall with refreshments and treats for the kids and adults.
Please bring a donation of non-perishable food for the local food bank.
Call John at (250) 539-0887 or Rose at (250) 539-2820 for more information.
Santa & Mrs. Santa will be there, and we'll be offering prizes for the best lit floats!
Sponsored by Sunny Mayne Bakery, Home Hardware, Tru Value Foods & J. Griffin Hauling.
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I am a Yoga Advocate, Freelance Copywriter, Published Author and Brand Strategist.
I love using insight and language to transform fortunes; I've taken Dettol from sickness to health, The Famous Grouse from the fireside to the bar, and added a cat bowl to Lily's Kitchen.
I have a special interest in yoga and wellness (whisky not withstanding). I've written three yoga-themed books (including the travellers' classic Yoga School Dropout, published by Random House), founded YogaClicks.store – a successful e-commerce site where everything is made by yogis, have a blog dedicated to living the yoga life and, though I'm not @yoga_girl, I'm very proud of YogaClicks' 38,000 Instagram followers #PoweredByYoga!
I work as an advocate of yogi makers and creators for YogaClicks.store.
I write mission statements, brand films, and web copy for brands and yogis.
If I can help you please get in touch – it's email@example.com


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Addicted to Alexis
I was very pleased to see that James from Green Pea-ness had recently discovered the joys of Alexis Strum. Bad Haircut was definitely one of my most played tunes of last year, and she really isn't getting the recognition she deserves (is this the curse of Popjustice?). So, rather than give you what you can easily get off Itunes, I thought I'd share some rare Alexis tracks off the sadly never released debut album.
Before she was a modern balladeer, Alexis was an electropop chick with a contract with Warner. Her first single was due to be Addicted, which although got sent out on promo, never made it into a single release. An album sampler was released to radio stations featuring: Addicted, Coming On Strong, Rock This Disco, Still Standing, and Nothing Good About This Goodbye. Songs Still, Keep Up, and Rodeo leaked soon after. Unfortunately, nothing came of the initial promos, and Alexis soon parted ways with Warner.
In the same year, Kylie Minogue covered Still Standing, and in 2005, Rachel Stevens covered Nothing Good About This Goodbye. Alongside these two tracks, Rodeo and Addicted were the best tracks on the sampler and are here for your listening pleasure.
If you like what you hear, don't forget to check out Alexis' Popjustice blog, as well as her myspace page, where you can hear her latest single The Long Way Home.
MP3: Alexis Strum – Addicted (Expired)
MP3: Alexis Strum – Nothing Good About This Goodbye (Expired)
MP3: Alexis Strum – Rodeo (Expired)
MP3: Alexis Strum – Still Standing (Expired)


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Bitter-Sweet Chocolate Macarons
This weekend, I finally purchased a new electric mixer. Now, I no longer need to suffer when beating my egg whites by hand! So what's the best way to test out my new machine? Well, it's making macarons of course! And not just any macarons – delicate chocolate macarons filled with a rich bitter-sweet chocolate ganache centre… Continue reading Bitter-Sweet Chocolate Macarons


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''These are not the days of the '60s,'' Barry Baszile says - days when the economy was generous and social programs were blooming everywhere.
Any black who is in business today, he explains, is in business because he's beating his competition.
Mr. Baszile is a black who is in business today - his own - and doing handsomely. So he has been surprised to approach new buyers for his industrial aluminum stock and be told they have no ''set aside'' work.
What they mean is that times are lean and they don't have any extra business to throw the way of a small, black-owned firm.
Baszile laughs. He doesn't depend on anyone's generosity. He just wants a chance to quote prices, no special favors, and the prices he quotes are good and low, he says. ''We're very good at what we do.'' His robust confidence is winning. He says he has been fortunate, but he has the optimism of a man who would always be fortunate.
The hope in the black community here is that people like Baszile - a successful entrepreneur who cultivated his savvy in the mostly white world of big business - is a sign of what's to come.
The black community needs entrepreneurs. Since at least the time of Booker T. Washington, those trying to improve the lot of black America have tried to get to the heart of the issue by promoting black-owned businesses in black communities. Success, so far, has been limited.
But in spite of a hard-hitting recession and a conservative political climate which many blacks find threatening, a new chapter may be slowly opening. One black observer even calls it a ''second Reconstruction.'' It's a chapter where steadily more blacks are starting up and owning their own businesses, succeeding , and joining the American bourgeoisie. They are new soldiers, like Baszile, in the black struggle for an equal share of the nation's economy.
''If anybody can do it,'' Baszile says, ''the private sector can.''
Economic conservatism is not popular with blacks. They are more than half again as likely as whites to feel that government should help reduce differences in income, according to a recent National Urban League report. But the feeling seems to run stronger than ever among blacks that they must find their way into the economic mainstream on their own. ''Liberation,'' says Rev. Thomas Kilgore, ''must start with us, and we must be the principal characters in the drama.''
Dr. Kilgore is president of the Gathering, an influential group of black clergy in Los Angeles. He is also president of the Black Agenda, a new organization to improve the welfare of the local black community. ''No one can make us viable,'' he insists. ''We have to make ourselves viable.''
As one veteran black businessman concedes - wrestling with mixed emotions over Reaganomics and the loss of some government help to blacks: ''Some of the things we're losing, you could almost say we're better off losing in the long run.''
Baszile's rise to self-made success has been a social scientist's dream case. He learned the ropes of the business world in some major white corporations. Once a probation officer, he became the first black salesman at Hunt-Wesson Foods Inc. in the late 1960s and at Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation a few years later. In 1975 he started his own business, Baszile Metals Service. He is an aluminum distributor, largely for aircraft manufacturing.
It's a business that rides directly on the waves of the economy, so profits have suffered recently in the recession. But Baszile's share of the market has hung tight.
His explanation: ''We have some very good people here - many of whom come from disadvantaged neighborhoods.''
The start-up money was all private, he says. He smiles, because much of that private money was his own, from real estate investments. Now the firm turns over about $5 million a year, it does business all over the world, and Baszile lives in exclusive Palos Verdes Estates.
It was the civil rights movement that opened his career doors. Even though he was not taken on by Hunt-Wesson or Kaiser to fill any legal quota, he notes, he would not have been hired if the affirmative-action laws hadn't been on the books.
Since Baszile's time, affirmative-action laws have brought noticeably greater numbers of blacks into graduate schools of business and engineering. This, according to Richard America, director of program evaluation at the Small Business Administration (SBA) in Washington, will carry a payoff that is only now beginning to show up.
The pattern generally leads from graduate school to large corporations, where the young professionals learn their way around the business world. After 10 or 15 years of this kind of big-business apprenticeship, they have enough experience to strike out on their own.
Since affirmative action began in the late '60s, the first group of blacks to enter this cycle are just beginning to trickle into the pool of promising entrepreneurs.
Of course, there's room for entrepreneurs who were high school dropouts as well, Mr. America says, but they need some kind of apprenticeship, a mentor, some solid experience, ''not just hope.''
It will take a couple of generations, however, before the full effect of these new entrepreneurs is felt in the black -community, he says. ''I look to the year 2020.''
In the meantime, businessmen like Baszile will make their way in a white world. In his case, there aren't more than five buyers of his product in the country who are black, he points out, and ''I've never talked to a black bank in my life.''
Does he encounter prejudice?
''I'm sure.'' He answers without concern. ''But probably just a misconception about what we have to offer.''
The misconceptions go way back. Dr. Kilgore traces them to Reconstruction. Then, with newfound freedom and some government aid, many blacks without experience or expertise started businesses. Many failed.
Again in the 1920s, many businesses in the South - black and white - collapsed. For blacks, the stigma stuck. Bad experiences left a sense, both among whites and among blacks themselves, that white institutions were more successful than black.
Kilgore quotes a bitter old saw that ''white ice runs colder than black ice.''
This is a myth black entrepreneurs are still up against. It hits hardest when they try to get financing from banks to get through the rough first three to five years of a business.
For the moneylender, there's a risk. Whether or not to give someone a loan demands subjective decisions - judgment calls. Says John Mack, president of the Los Angeles Urban League and a vice-president of the Black Agenda:
''This is where the black businessman can get into trouble. Deep down, financial people may be uncomfortable with a black manager.''
For instance, two young black businessmen known to Mr. Mack have started a towelmaking enterprise. They won commitments from two potentially big accounts: Hilton Hotels and the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. Yet months later they were still struggling to persuade a bank to lend them the money they needed to get off the ground.
Whether race plays a subtle part in a scene like this, no one can tell for sure.Is it racism that has held black business back all along?
This is the subject of hot argument these days.
Conservative blacks, most notably a Hoover Institution economist, Thomas Sowell, deny that discrimination has been the deciding factor in black economic life. Sowell points out that other ethnic groups - also heavily discriminated against - have done better than blacks. So have blacks from the West Indies, who presumably meet the same prejudice as other blacks in this country.
This view is not popular with blacks.
''Any black or any white that doesn't perceive the pervasive racism in life in this country is naive,'' says Dr. Kilgore with quiet force.
It can be subtle. Near his former home in North Carolina, for example, Dr. Kilgore recalls that an established white-owned bank refused to open a branch in an area undergoing revitalization. Finally, a less-established black-owned bank came in. Only then did the bigger bank make a move and effectively elbow out its competitor. In this, and in cases like it, Kilgore sees racism at work, undermining black progress.
Other observers, like the SBA's Richard America, say that American blacks have formed successful business communities since the 17th century, but that they have been consistently undermined through legislation, held back by bigger white companies that haven't hired and trained them, and denied funding by banks.
In the black neighborhoods of modern-day Los Angeles, certain kinds of enterprises are pervasively black owned and run: undertakers, churches (an important source of leadership in black communities), and dry cleaners.
Otherwise, says Elbert Hudson, president of Broadway Federal Savings and a director on Black Agenda's board, ''We have mama-papa shops, service industries, but we really don't have the manufacturing jobs that produce other jobs.''
One question is how well black communities with low -income levels can support business. And just as important is how well bank officers think the black community can support business.
An emerging strategy now, according to William Bradford, a professor of finance at the University of Maryland, College Park, is for black businesses to settle on the periphery of the black community. This way they can serve the community without depending on it.
Most important, Kilgore says, is for black-owned business to supply these vital needs: what people eat, what they wear, and what they put into their cars.
A longstanding irony of this kind of endeavor is that as business people join the middle- and upper-middle classes, they move out of poorer neighborhoods and take their spending money with them. Barry Baszile is one of these. He is a practical man: ''I go where I can get the best bargain for my dollar,'' he says.
At the same time, crime has reached a scale where -Richard America feels he has ''come around 180 degrees in the last 10 years'' to rate it as the No. 1 problem in the nation's ghettos. When it's safe to open retail shops in a neighborhood, he says, people will do it.
Still, the sweep of history seems to be heading in the black businessman's favor. Sethard Fisher, a professor of sociology at the University of California at Santa Barbara, who specializes in race relations, sees the present era as a second Reconstruction. Blacks have more upward mobility in this country now than ever before, he says. This is most obvious in higher education, where the proportion of black students keeps growing every year. And certain categories of blacks, Fisher notes, actually make higher average incomes than their comparable white counterparts.
The upshot, and the theme of his just-published book, ''From Margin to Mainstream,'' is that blacks have successfully moved from ''the social status of a caste to that of a differentiated class entity.'' In other words, blacks may still be bunched into the lower classes. But all class levels are increasingly open to them and they are finding their way up.
''I don't know any black guys who want to be given anything,'' remarks Baszile.''. . . We just want the obstacles out of the way.''


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It started as an email on Monday morning from Michael Kithcart, a former Spectrum sports editor a few years younger than me, who wondered if I had any ideas of how to find some old photos of Janis Thompson. Michael works with Sue Thompson, Janis' sister, and the family is looking for some more photos with Janis being inducted into the North Dakota High School Track and Field Hall of Fame at the state track meet in late May. More than that, Sue is simply looking for more images of her sister to keep her memory fresh. It's not easy after more than 30 years.
The result led to my column, which you can read here.
The reaction has to be heartwarming to the family with so many messages of support either via email or social media. Here's just one example I received in the last 24 hours:
Wow, it took my breath away to see your article and the picture of Janice
just now. I'm from Minot and was a year younger than Janis. She was
beautiful both on the inside and outside. I knew her and she would talk to
anyone including me. She was such a nice person and a beautiful girl.
Hearing about her death is one of those times in my life where I have a
distinct memory of exactly what I was doing at that time and what I did the
rest of that day. It was Halloween weekend and another friend of mine
tragically died at my college that same weekend. It was one of the most
difficult times up to that point in my young life. Thank you so much for
this article and bringing Janis back to life for a bit.
Several others left messages of people who potentially would have old photos, leaving contact information. It's one of the fundamental principles of journalism, to facilitate communication and in this case to help somebody find more photos of the sister she lost too young. Janis was a former record holder on the Bison track team and you can still find her in the indoor top 10 at No. 4 in the 800-meter relay. I'm not sure how often the 800 relay is run indoors anymore, but the last top 10 mark was in 2007, so to set a mark in 1985 stood the test of time pretty well.
On that note, this question: is Janis Thompson worthy of the Bison Athletic Hall of Fame? Considering the strength and tradition of the women's track and field team, her marks would have competition from a lot of athletes in a lot of years. But she was still a part of at least three school records. On a more compelling note, she gave her life with a university sport. She traveled the country to cheer team events and was an instructor for the National Cheerleaders Association so her Bison team could be that much better. The accident, when she fell from a pyramid, was a integral part of reform that spurred better safety standards in cheer team competition around the country. As the New York Times pointed out, her accident was part of a few incidents that pointed out cheer teams were no longer social activities but a skilled sport. It's a rather safe bet more serious accidents and maybe worse were prevented because of that.
Just a few things for the Hall of Fame nominating committee to consider.


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Organization at it's finest!
VIPorbit is an awesome tool to use if you are trying to get more organized or if you have a bad memory (like me, where did that dang remote go?). The guy who made this app co-invented ACT stomer relationship management software. It's a really cool tool for the iPhone that allows you to remember dates, people name's and/or a conversation you had two years ago with a stranger. The contact list has a bevy of features to organize your life and make you a better businessman.
Even the everyday consumer can benefit from this app. You can tweet from this app, send texts from the app and even skype from the app. VIPorbit can save so many notes and all your interactions with friends or business people. An app like this can give you a leg up on the competition
Go download the app and try it, We're going to crown 10 winners who will receive a code for the premium version of the app. I guarantee you'll find use for it.
Are you a winner? Sign In to claim your prize.


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KATE SPADE EMERSON PLACE JESSA BACKPACKCategories:Other Brands
Looking for a cute and sassy backpack that is reasonably priced? Well well, Kate Spade's Emerson Place Jessa Backpack might be the real deal for you.
What's not to love about this gem of a backpack? Hmm, probably none. We are currently loving all the details put into creating this Kate Spade beauty. Can we say that the tweed with metallic details just captured our feminine heart? Yes, it's that feminine that any girly girl and cosmopolitan woman might want to grab it from the store.
Let's talk more about its features. We all know that Kate Spade products are made feom gold and this one is no exception as it has a 14 karat gold plated hardware. It also has an adjustable straps for easy carrying and a snap closure for easy access.
For those who are eyeing this backpack, just so you know, it measures 8.6 x 7.4 x 4.1 (H x H x D) inches and is priced €335 euro via Kate Spade.
Tags: Kate Backpack SPADE Place EMERSON JESSA
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The Place To Buy Your Celine Luggage Replica From!Categories:Other Brands
It's been long since I received a review and that experience made me put them on my black list.
This Celine Luggage replica makes me think not much has improved since. The quality is extremely disappointing and so is the overall experience with this site. Here's why!
The last Voguekingbags.cn review I got was of a Miu Miu replica bag that was different from the original, that's not shocking. But the problem was they tried to lie to my friend into thinking the color of her bag was just like the color of the original, which was not true! Not to mention before the bag actually arrived (after a month) they wouldn't reply to her emails and ignored her for three whole weeks! So even though you can get past the flaws a replica has, you can't get past a rude customer support. This is why I couldn't see them as a reliable replica site that I would ever recommend to my readers.
But this week a new reader of the blog wrote to me, sharing this Voguekingbags.cn review. I was actually really curious to find out what these guys have been up to lately and I think it's essential to share it with you:
Voguekingbags.cn Review:
"Hi Eva!
I'm so glad I found your blog, just wish I had earlier Your reviews are extremely helpful for newbies like me and I think that you wouldn't have recommended this site I got my Celine Luggage replica from…too bad I ordered it before.
The site is called voguekingbags.cn , they have a lot of replica bags and the prices are okay I think.
I wanted a classic Celine Luggage replica in black smooth leather and gold hardware. They have different price ranges for the replica Celine Luggage and I didn't choose the cheapest one!
The bag took longer than promised to arrive but I didn't mind, I know that shipping from China takes time…My problem is that I don't think I could wear this replica Celine bag without people knowing it's a fake. Not that I would mind that much but it just doesn't feel like a quality bag to me…like I have no-brand bags that look way better than this.
Also, I'm pretty sure this is not real leather, it smells bad!! And it's really stiff too. Other flaw: one of the protective studs at the bottom is chipped off (the one on the left). I attached a photo of that too, please use all of them if you think they will help anyone! Also, the material used on the sides is kinda weird, it's not smooth like the rest.
So now I don't know what I should do and I need your expert opinion! Do you think I should keep this bag or try to send it back? I would have to pay the shipping costs but I guess that's better than keeping a bag I won't wear…
Anyway, let me know what you think!
And keep up the good work, so glad I finally found ur site!!"
Replica bags newbies remind me of myself when I first started buying replica handbags. I've learnt so much since but this doesn't mean I forgot how difficult it is to choose not just a good replica bag but also a reliable replica site.
Ok, so these guys are not scammers, your experience could have been much worse! But I really don't know if they live up to their return policy. I really hope they do, though. So yes, what I'm implying is that I think you should return this Celine Luggage replica.
To me it's really easy to tell it's a replica but the problem is that I think so it will be for untrained eyes. And I will tell you why so that if you want to buy another Celine Luggage replica you'll know what to look for.
Truth be told, the fake Celine bags on this site don't look good in the pictures either. So the good thing is that they're actually using real photos of replica bags. Some of the Celine Luggage replica bags I've seen on their site look terrible, ten times worse than this bag.
Celine Luggage Replica Review
You can find two posts on how to spot fake Celine Mini Luggage and how to choose only good Celine Luggage replicas here on the blog, so I will only mention the most obvious flaws this particular Celine Luggage replica has.
My friend already mentioned the material and the bottom stud, so here is what I want to point out:
1. The front pocket stitching is wrong – it's sloppy and it comes in right angles
2. The front logo is crooked, it's not very hard to see that
3. The handle tabs are too flat
4. The shape of the leather zipper pull is wrong
5. The handles are too big
6. The leather tab under the interior zipper pocket doesn't have the correct shape and the stamp should be like this: Celine with Paris below (left side) and Made in Italy on the right side.
So if you're planning to buy a Celine Luggage replica, this site is definitely not a good choice for it!
Tags: replica Celine Luggage the To Your Buy Place From!
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Still Looking For The Best Place To Buy LV Replica Bags And Accessories? Check Out These Reviews!Categories:Other Brands
I think I'm right when I say that LV replica bags and small leather goods made of classic canvases will never lose their appeal or value. And since I noticed that, I decided to share the latest reviews I received of LV replica items.
You will find here a replica Louis Vuitton Neverfull Damier Azur, a fake Louis Vuitton wallet and also a replica of the 6 key holder. Come check them all out!
The Louis Vuitton Neverfull replica in Damier Azur canvas, the LV Insolite Monogram Multicolore wallet and the Damier Ebene 6 key holder were all bought from Fangfang. For those who don't know this already, Fang is a great seller and this is her site fangfangbag5.209.idcice.net . She has a lot of experience with replicas, she's trustworthy and reputable but just like these reviews show, her LV replica bags are not necessarily the best. Don't get me wrong though, her replicas are better than many but some replica buyers really know a lot about both authentic and faux designer handbags, so they'll notice even the smallest flaws. And since Kristy is one of those persons, I really trust her opinion on this.
Replica Louis Vuitton Neverfull Damier Azur Review:
"Hi Eva!
I just purchased this LV neverfull MM size in DA print from Fangfang. I have to say i am a bit disappointed at the LV canvas items of Fang. It has a very strong plastic scent by just looking at the bag, the texture of the canvas doesnt feel as grained as the real ones. The canvas feels smoother compare to the authentic LV bag i have. Even the colour is abit different. However im not sure if this is due the age of my authentic bag or the replica will change colour over time.
I have attached some comparison pictures between the replica Neverfull and my authentic LV tote bag (the one on the right)"
Fake Louis Vuitton Wallet and 6 Key Holder Review:
"Hello Eva,
Just received three pieces from Fangfang, two of them are SLGs that i'm going to show you and fellow spotbags readers!
The Multicolour Insolite Wallet has a strong plastic smell. Although Fang claims the interior is made out of leather but the canvas's smell covers the leather which is not identical as the real one. Also the texture of the canvas (exterior) feels smoother compared to the real one from my experience. I guess I won't be carrying this wallet around with my friends.. Cant pretend it's authentic ay hahah but then i wont complain as this is just about $100!! Do you know anywhere we could sell preloved replica?
On the other hand, the 6 key holder is really good. It does not have the strong plastic smell which i really appreciate.
Please let me know what you think!"
Here are my thoughts:
The plastic scent is not uncommon when it comes to LV replica bags but that's not a major problem because you can easily get rid of it after just a few days. Unfortunately the texture of the canvas is not that visible in the photos but I really trust your opinion because it's clear that you know plenty about LV items, both real and replicas. But I can definitely see the difference in color that you mentioned (in the photos the ivory squares seem a bit too yellow-ish, correct me if I'm wrong and they're different in reality) and the color of the leather trimmings is also a bit different than the original.
Maybe Fang just isn't the best seller for LV items. Her products are never bad but her site is definitely better for other brands such as C****l or Balenciaga.
I'm not crazy about that LV Multicolor Insolite Wallet, even the colors of the monograms are different from the original and that's a bigger problem in my opinion than the plastic smell. The stamp is another weak point of this fake Louis Vuitton wallet. The authentic has a stamp in dark gold letters while this one has dark khaki letters.
The 6 key holder looks good indeed.
And here is what Kristy added:
"Yes. I was thinking maybe LV has changed the canvas colour sightly or the authentic canvas changes colour overtime. Im not sure. But one thing for sure, the replica canvas will not change colour… coz its so obvious that its PVC.
I just attached another photo of comparison between the two under daylight. Hope it gives a clearer image for you and fellow spotbagers."
How To Get Rid Of LV Replica Bags Plastic Smell
In case you have experienced this plastic scent with your LV replica bags as well, here are some thing you could do. I know I've shared them on previous occasions but these might be helpful for my new readers:
You can put some baking soda inside the bag or apply some moisturizing cream and leave the bag outside for a few days or you can spray some perfume on a piece of cloth or a little Febreeze and put it inside the bag. Also, you can use a small box of baking soda for a week along with activated charcoal to suck up the smell. I've also heard that cedar chips might do the trick.
Louis Vuitton replica handbags may be extremely easy to find, they're practically everywhere! But just because they are so accessible it doesn't mean that high quality Louis Vuitton replicas are just as easy to find. The plastic smell is the least of the problems in my opinion, but a replica canvas that has good texture and good colors is much more difficult to come across. Please don't trust all those replica sites saying their LV replica bags are 1:1 mirror image replicas because in most cases they aren't.
This is why I go back to PurseValley again and again for LV replica bags. The canvas they use is extremely similar to the authentic and it's also durable. But unfortunately they don't have all the styles you might want, so the search continues!
What is the site you would recommend for the best LV replica bags and accessories? Share your experience!
Tags: LV replica bags For the And Check To Out STILL Best Buy Looking Place Accessories? These Reviews!


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This would be perfect for a Casablanca fan, like my mom. (I lost count of how many times we've watched the movie, but let me tell you that we know the dialogue by heart). I'd love for this quote to be available as a print so I could frame it and give it to her.
Lettering and image by: Martin Schmmetzer.
More Casablanca quotes.
Via: Veerle.


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A good degree is not sufficient by itself to gain good graduate employment. Employers are looking for transferable skills and prefer work experience – probably not top of the agenda for most 17/21-year-old students who are still trying to decide on their career paths!
EDT, a not for profit organisation, offers through YINI a high value, low risk option, as students do not have to defer their University place unless they accept an offer with YINI, and the registration is free.
A 9/12-month placement could provide some of the structure that admission tutors look for in personal statements and still allow time to travel. Last year nearly 600 students were given this invaluable start to their careers.
Probably a YINI will appeal to students studying Science, Technology, Engineering, Maths or Physics, but it may also be of interest to many others. I am attaching a brief synopsis of some local openings, but there are many more, both regionally and nationally.
Here are a couple of testimonies of YINI Alumni:
"This year has been the most challenging and one of the best experiences of my life. Totally worthwhile. I have learnt so much!!" Tamaryn Johns, AstraZeneca
"This has been a massive step in my personal development and will be the foundation for my degree and my future career. This has been extremely valuable in terms of both general and specific work experiences. I had no idea I would gain so much when I embarked on this venture." Sascha Kellert, Serco Group Ltd
Please find below a poster of our current vacancies for a Summer 2016 start – please advertise these to your students in a prominent place. If you or any of your students would like to find out more, we would like to hear from you. More details can be found on our website www.yini.org.uk or information can be requested from Kerrie on 0161 278 2577 or from email@example.com.


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Discussion in 'Black Hat SEO' started by daanrack, Apr 13, 2009.
I have $10 , is there something i can do with them to increase the hits to my site ?
Some general information about your site might get you an answer.
You can go to services for sale section and find the best service that suits you, some people here offer very low price for their services.
my webpage is leafvideo.com
its a videosharing website
Well buy cheap traffic which is adsence safe
Depends on the quality requirement. No you can't get a good amount of decent quality for that amount. Save up another 15 bucks and plump for an xrumer blast. It's about the best value around at this moment
Separate names with a comma.


text: I canceled my order for a 2012 iMac 27" because I concluded that, for me, this model is a huge step backwards from my December 2009 iMac 27". The less reflective screen is a definite plus. HOWEVER, the ridiculously thin screen edge required HUGE compromises: 1) SD card slot moved to a difficult to access location on the back 2) elimination of an optical drive. One has the option of purchasing an external optical drive for $70, but in addition to the cost that takes up desktop space and uses up one of the four USB ports 3) whereas the original announcement of the new iMac touted it as having even better sounding audio than the previous iMac, which I was very skeptical about, the early reviews of the new iMac confirm my worst fears -- the bass response is zero, resulting in a tinny sound! 4) while the Fusion drive is a great feature, it is way overpriced for its storage capacity at $250. I believe the perfect upgrade to the iMac would have been to simply make the screen less reflective and have a more fairly priced Fusion drive, plus the processor and graphic card improvements. The thickness of the box should have stayed the same (already PLENTY thin), thus allowing the SC card reader to remain conveniently on the side, the optical drive to remain and, most importantly, the audio quality should have at lease been maintained, if not improved. The thin edge of the display and weight reduction are meaningless for a desktop machine. The edge thickness will only be noticed by looking at the computer from the side, but never noticed when actually viewing the screen. Ironically, the ultra thin screen edge required the iMac to bulge out to the rear and the new model may actually be even thicker than the previous model. The lighter weight is not important for a desktop machine. This is not a portable unit! Mine has never been moved from my desktop in three years! One of the things I love most about my older iMac is the superb audio quality. There is NO WAY I would upgrade to a new model with significantly reduced audio quality, to say nothing about the absent optical drive and hard to reach SC card slot. When Apple addresses all of these issues, only then will I purchase a new model. Or, I may choose to go back to one of the great new PC's.


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Home Office licenses research into medical uses of cannabis
The Home Office has issued a licence for a British pharmaceuticals company to investigate the uses of cannabis as a medicine.
GW Pharmaceuticals, founded by Dr Geoffrey Guy, has been licensed under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 to proceed with a complete pharmaceutical research and development programme into cannabis and its chemical compounds, and in particular into delivery methods other than smoking. The objectives of the research and development programme will be:
initially to develop standardised extracts of cannabis sativa (the most common cannabis plant), specially grown under controlled conditions.
to establish the best delivery method into patients - other than smoking - of cannabis and/or its constituents, and to establish if safe therapeutic uses exist in a range of illnesses.
to provide materials for clinical trials and extended monitoring programmes.
to prepare data for Product Licence Approval by the Medicine Controls Agency.
to expand the programme internationally with academic researchers and pharmaceutical partners.
eventually to identify purified fractions and/or subsets including single entities, which may have useful therapeutic applications or can serve as research tools.
All work will be carried out at secure research facilities in the UK.
Dr Guy said, "There is a considerable body of evidence to suggest that cannabis may have a number of medicinal uses: for the relief of pain and spasticity in multiple sclerosis; for pain relief in other neurological disorders, such as paraplegia and neuralgia; as an appetite stimulant in treating AIDS patients with wasting disease; for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy; and in the eye disease, glaucoma. But there have been very few systematic research programmes or controlled clinical trials. Our aim will be to establish the medical facts."
The licences have been issued to enable a full pharmaceutical research programme to be undertaken. In the event of a Product Licence being granted for a cannabis-based medicine, the Home Office would be very willing to come forward with a change in the controls of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 to allow the prescribing of such a medicine.
Although the licences will also cover all researchers nominated by Dr Guy and approved by the Home Office to participate in the programme, Dr Guy and GW Pharmaceuticals Ltd will remain responsible for the appropriate use of the cannabis materials and the conduct of the work according to the prescribed schedules of the licences.
Dr Guy added, "I am grateful to the Home Office for the very positive way in which these discussions were conducted and the very sound legal and regulatory footing upon which the programme is now based. The Home Office has been most helpful in assisting GW Pharmaceuticals in generating policies regarding security, controlled drug records, staff health and safety and secure handling of materials. The scale of this operation will be sufficient to allow the acquisition of 500-600 patient years of safety and efficacy data."