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Organising and Controlling Current Records
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1 MANAGING PUBLIC SECTOR RECORDS A Training Programme Organising and Controlling Current Records INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON ARCHIVES INTERNATIONAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT TRUST
3 MANAGING PUBLIC SECTOR RECORDS A STUDY PROGRAMME General Editor, Michael Roper; Managing Editor, Laura Millar ORGANISING AND CONTROLLING CURRENT RECORDS INTERNATIONAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT TRUST INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON ARCHIVES
4 MANAGING PUBLIC SECTOR RECORDS: A STUDY PROGRAMME Organising and Controlling Current Records International Records Management Trust, Reproduction in whole or in part, without the express written permission of the International Records Management Trust, is strictly prohibited. Produced by the International Records Management Trust 12 John Street London WC1N 2EB UK Printed in the United Kingdom. Inquiries concerning reproduction or rights and requests for additional training materials should be addressed to International Records Management Trust 12 John Street London WC1N 2EB UK Tel: +44 (0) Fax: +44 (0) Website: Version 1/1999
5 MPSR Project Personnel Project Director Anne Thurston has been working to define international solutions for the management of public sector records for nearly three decades. Between 1970 and 1980 she lived in Kenya, initially conducting research and then as an employee of the Kenya National Archives. She joined the staff of the School of Library, Archive and Information Studies at University College London in 1980, where she developed the MA course in Records and Archives Management (International) and a post-graduate research programme. Between 1984 and 1988 she undertook an onsite survey of record-keeping systems in the Commonwealth. This study led to the foundation of the International Records Management Trust to support the development of records management through technical and capacity-building projects and through research and education projects. General Editor Michael Roper has had a wide range of experience in the management of records and archives. He served for thirty-three years in the Public Record Office of the United Kingdom, from which he retired as Keeper of Public Records in He has also taught on the archives courses at University College London and the University of British Columbia, Canada. From 1988 to 1992 he was Secretary General of the International Council on Archives and since 1996 he has been Honorary Secretary of the Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Records Managers (ACARM). He has undertaken consultancy missions and participated in the delivery of training programmes in many countries and has written extensively on all aspects of records and archives management. Managing Editor Laura Millar has worked extensively not only as a records and archives management consultant but also in publishing and distance education, as an editor, production manager and instructional designer. She received her MAS degree in archival studies from the University of British Columbia, Canada, in 1984 and her PhD in archival studies from the University of London in She has developed and taught archival education courses both in Canada and internationally, including at the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University and the University of Alberta. She is the author of a number of books and articles on various aspects of archival management, including A Manual for Small Archives (1988), Archival Gold: Managing and Preserving Publishers Records (1989) and A Handbook for Records Management and College Archives in British Columbia (1989).
6 Project Steering Group Additional members of the Project Steering Group include Association of Records Managers and Administrators (ARMA International): International Council on Archives: Project Management Consultant: University College London: Video Production Co-ordinator: Hella Jean Bartolo George MacKenzie Tony Williams Elizabeth Shepherd Janet Rogers Educational Advisers Moi University: Universiti Teknologi Mara: University of Botswana: University of Ghana: University of New South Wales: University of West Indies: Justus Wamukoya Rusnah Johare Nathan Mnjama Harry Akussah, Pino Akotia Ann Pederson Victoria Lemieux Project Managers Lynn Coleman (1994-6) Laura Millar (1996-7) Elizabeth Box (1997-8) Dawn Routledge (1999) Production Team Additional members of the production team include Jane Cowan Nicki Hall Greg Holoboff Barbara Lange Jennifer Leijten Leanne Nash
7 Donors The International Records Management Trust would like to acknowledge the support and assistance of the following: Association of Records Managers and Administrators (ARMA International) British Council British High Commission Ghana British High Commission Kenya Caribbean Centre for Development Administration (CARICAD) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Commonwealth Secretariat Department for International Development (East Africa) Department for International Development (UK) DHL International (UK) Limited Foreign and Commonwealth Office Human Rights Fund Hays Information Management International Council on Archives Nuffield Foundation Organisation of American States Royal Bank of Scotland United Nations Development Program
8 Organising and Controlling Current Records Principal Authors ANDREW GRIFFIN AND MICHAEL ROPER Andrew Griffin has had extensive experience in managing public sector records and archives, both in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. He received the Diploma in Archives Administration from University College London in 1979 and served for twelve years at the British Library, first as a specialist in the records of British administrations in South and South-East Asia and subsequently as British Library Archivist. He has worked as an archivist and records manager in Papua New Guinea and the Caribbean, as well as in a major UK teaching hospital. He has also undertaken consultancy missions for UNDP and the International Records Management Trust and joined the Trust full-time as a project manager in He is author of a number of books, articles and guides on records and archives management and specialist collections. For information on Michael Roper, see his biography above as General Editor. Reviewers Elizabeth Box, University College London (presently IRMT) Don Brech, Records Management International Limited, Hong Kong Christian Cook, Simon Fraser University, Canada Michael Cook, Liverpool University Centre for Archival Studies Peter Jones, Public Record Office, UK Laura Simmermon, National Archives of Canada Kelvin Smith, Public Record Office UK Richard Valpy, Northwest Territories Archives, Canada Catherine Zongora, National Archives of Canada Testers National Archives of Malta National Records Service, The Gambia St Lucia National Archives University of the West Indies, Jamaica
9 CONTENTS Introduction 1 Lesson 1: The Concepts of Records 7 Lesson 2: The Concept of Controlling Records 28 Lesson 3: The Infrastructure for a Records Management System 48 Lesson 4: Building Sound Record-keeping Systems 62 Lesson 5: Managing File Series 86 Lesson 6: Creating And Controlling Files 122 Lesson 7: Document Handling 148 Lesson 8: Maintaining And Using Files 165 Lesson 9: What to Do Next? 186
10 FIGURES 1. Location of the Records Management Unit Flow Chart of Incoming Mail Requirements of a File Classification System Advantages and Disadvantages of a Simple Alphabetical System Multi-level Hierarchical System Reflected in the Coding Advantages and Disadvantages of a Multiple File Series Hierarchical System Advantages and Disadvantages of a Keyword Indexing System A Classification Scheme based on Meaningful Letter Codes Typical Keyword Code File Reference Classification and Coding Scheme: Operational Files Classification and Coding Scheme: Administrative Files Hierarchical Representation of Relationships between Index Terms Alphabetically Arranged Keyword List, with Relationships Shown Keywords in Numerical Order by Code Number and Keywords in Alphabetical Order showing Code Numbers File Diary Inward Correspondence Register Remittance Register Outward Correspondence Register Sample File Cover File Transit Sheet File Request Form File Movement Slip File Census Form 177
11 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO ORGANISING AND CONTROLLING CURRENT RECORDS Organising and Controlling Current Records addresses a range of issues relating to records and records management. It looks at the essential role of records in underpinning business efficiency, accountability and the rule of law. It examines the characteristics of records as reliable and accurate evidence of the decisions and actions they document. It considers the principles of records control and the fundamental requirements of a records management system. It then looks in detail at the mechanisms and practices governing the control of current records from the point of their creation. This control ensures that records may be maintained and retrieved efficiently for the use of the current administration and guarantees the effective management of records at all later phases of the life cycle. The main focus of this module is the file and the documents that make up the file. The file remains the primary record type used by most organisations to support the conduct of day-to-day administration. Organising and Controlling Current Records consists of nine lessons: Lesson 1: The Concepts of Records Lesson 2: Principles of Records Control Lesson 3: The Infrastructure for a Records Management System Lesson 4: Building Sound Record-keeping Systems Lesson 5: Managing File Series Lesson 6: Creating Files Lesson 7: Document Handling Lesson 8: Maintaining and Using Files Lesson 9: What to Do Next? The first two lessons deal with the theoretical basis of records and records control. Lessons 3 and 4 look at the foundation of a records management system and the means of re-establishing control of systems that have broken down. Lesson 5 examines the requirements for managing files and considers a range of options for the classification and coding of filing systems. Lessons 6, 7, and 8 look in more detail at the control mechanisms and documentation for files and documents in current use. 1
12 Lesson 9 explains where to go for more information on the organisation and control of current records. Where appropriate, general statements of principle are distinguished from descriptions of specific practice. Where there is a variety of practices, the options are described and an indication given of their advantages and disadvantages in different circumstances. This module is closely linked to the module on Analysing Business Systems and to the associated manuals: Managing Current Records: A Procedures Manual and Restructuring Current Records Systems: A Procedures Manual. These modules and manuals will help students understand the basic issues, principles and procedures of current records care. Although this module concentrates primarily on paper-based records, much of what it has to say is relevant to records in other media and formats. Guidance on managing records in an electronic environment is provided in greater depth in Managing Electronic Records. Similarly, although some information may focus on the management of current records created in the public sector, particularly in regional, provincial or national government settings, much of the information in this module is equally relevant to institutions within the private sector. AIMS AND OUTCOMES Aims This module has five primary aims. These are 1. to explain the concepts of records and records control 2. to explain the principles and practices of life-cycle records management 3. to outline the steps to be taken in developing or improving record-keeping systems 4. to establish best-practice procedures for the creation, maintenance and use of current records 5. to explain how to obtain more information on current records management issues. 2
13 Outcomes When you have completed this module, you will be able to 1. understand the basic concepts and key characteristics of records 2. recognise the importance of series control and secondary level records control 3. outline the principal requirements of an effective records management system 4. outline the steps involved with building sound record-keeping systems 5. understand the key issues in establishing classification and coding systems 6. identify the key procedures in creating and controlling files 7. identify the key procedures in handling documents 8. identify the key procedures in maintaining and using files 9. know where to go for more information on current records management. METHOD OF STUDY AND ASSESSMENT This module is one of the core modules in The Management of Public Sector Records Study Programme. It contains a great deal of information that forms the foundation for understanding topics addressed in other modules. Therefore, this module should be studied carefully and the activities completed as fully as possible. This module of nine lessons should occupy about 150 hours of your time. You should plan to spend about 8 hours on Lesson 1 20 hours on Lesson 2 20 hours on Lesson 3 20 hours on Lesson 4 25 hours on Lesson 5 20 hours on Lesson 6 15 hours on Lesson 7 15 hours on Lesson 8 3
14 7 hours on Lesson 9. This includes time spent doing the reading and considering the study questions. At the end of each lesson there is a summary of the major points. Sources for additional information are provided in Lesson 9. Throughout each lesson, activities have been included to help you think about the information provided. Each activity is a self-assessed project; there is no right or wrong answer. Rather, the activity is designed to encourage you to explore the ideas presented and relate them to the environment in which you are studying or working. If you are studying these modules independently and are not part of a records or archives management organisation, you should try to complete the activities with a hypothetical situation if possible. If the activity suggests writing something, you should keep this brief and to the point; this is not a marked or graded exercise and you should only spend as much time on the activity as you feel necessary to understand the information being taught. You are encouraged to write down your answers for all of the activities and keep the answers together in a booklet or file; you may want to refer back to your answers as you work through this module or through other modules in this study programme. At the end of each lesson are comments on the activities that will help you assess your work. Following the summary at the end of each lesson are a number of self-study questions. Note that these self-study questions are designed to help you review the material in this module. They are not intended to be graded or marked exercises. You should complete as many of the questions as you feel will help you to understand the concepts presented. External assessments, such as assignments or exams, will be included separately when this module becomes part of a graded educational programme. 4
15 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES This module assumes that you have access to a records office, records centre or archival institution or that you have some involvement with the management of records. The various activities may ask you to draw on your own experiences and compare those with the information provided in the lessons. If you do not have access to such facilities, you may need to develop a fictitious scenario for your activities. Alternately, you may wish to discuss this module with friends or colleagues who work with records and archives so that you can discuss principles and concepts with them and compare your understanding with theirs. Manuals As mentioned above, associated with this module is the training manual Managing Current Records: A Procedures Manual. Users interested in detailed descriptions of recommended procedures and practices are encouraged to review the procedures manual while they are studying this module. Also associated with this module is the manual Restructuring Current Records Systems: A Procedures Manual, which examines methods for reorganising systems that have collapsed or are not functioning properly. Again, users will find this manual provides more detailed procedural information than is contained in the module. 5
16 Case Studies The MPSR Study Programme includes a series of case studies on various records-related topics. The following case studies are particularly relevant to the management of current records; users of the module may wish to review these case studies as they work through the module. Case Study: 7: Andrew Evborokhai, The Gambia, Development of a Records Management Programme in The Gambia 14: Cassandra Findlay, Australia, Development and Implementation of the Immigration Department s New International Traveller Movements System 21: Setareki Tale, Fiji, Improving Records Control and Storage in Papakura 25: Ann Pederson, Australia, Scheduling the Records of the Wagga Wagga Outpost of the New South Wales Forestry Commission 28: Ann Pederson, Australia, Management Case Study: Revising the Record-keeping Programme for the Widget Manufacturing Company 6
17 LESSON 1 THE CONCEPTS OF RECORDS Lesson 1 examines the central concepts of records. It introduces the latest international thinking on the role of records in society, identifies the essential characteristics of records and introduces some general principles relating to records management and record keeping. Topics discussed include the importance of records records as evidence the essential characteristics of records understanding the value of records the records life cycle and the concept of the continuum the general principles of records management and record keeping users of records. THE IMPORTANCE OF RECORDS Records are critical to the operations of any organisation. No government body or business could survive without making records of its activities. No office could operate successfully if it had to rely on memory alone to keep track of every transaction. Without records, all organised administration would quickly come to a halt. Records, and more specifically the information they contain, are one of the vital resources that an organisation needs to conduct its operations effectively. No organisation could continue without funding, personnel and material supplies. Similarly, it could not operate if it did not keep accurate and accessible records. 7
18 Activity 1 Before reading further in this lesson, write down at least five different reasons records are important, in your opinion. What administrative tasks do records help organisations do? What benefits do records provide for citizens? In the context of an organisation s business activities, records help to provide a corporate memory formulate policy make appropriate decisions achieve greater efficiency, productivity and consistency meet statutory and regulatory requirements protect the organisation s interests and those of its staff and clients reduce the risks associated with missing evidence of decisions and actions document activities and achievements. In the public sector, records are fundamental to the concept of democracy. Recorded information underpins the protection of human rights, the rule of law and fair and equal treatment of citizens. Citizens should expect their government to maintain reliable and accurate documentary evidence of its decisions and actions. For example, records are the basis for determining whether revenue collected on behalf of citizens is spent in a way that benefits them: on health, education and other services. Records also protect citizens rights, such as their rights to ownership of land, documented through land registration records, or their rights to pensions, documented through employee or personnel records. Records also enable citizens to obtain legal redress in cases where their rights are not upheld. Records as Evidence Without records to provide documentary evidence of its activities, no government or organisation can be held accountable. Accountability is established when evidence can be provided about what public servants knew, when they should have known about it, what action they took and the outcome of their activities. Records document compliance with laws, rules and procedures. Reliable records can serve as evidence to identify abuses of position misuse of resources and non-compliance with financial regulations. Records provide verifiable evidence of fraud and can lead investigators to the root of corruption. Well-managed records can act as a cost-effective restraint. Prevention of fraud is cheaper than the cost to the state of corruption and prosecution. 8
19 Records help to preserve a nation s sense of identity. Records also help to preserve a nation s collective memory. Those records that have a permanent value are kept as archives and provide essential evidence in the chain of history. They give people their sense of identity; they serve as a country s documentary memory. However, the activities of an organisation do not automatically result in the creation of records. When records are created, they must be accessible and usable for as long as they have a value. Organisations need to develop strategies and procedures to ensure that records are created and maintained and are available when required. This is one of the functions of records management. Records management: That area of general administrative management concerned with achieving economy and efficiency in the creation, maintenance, use and disposal of the records of an organisation throughout their entire life cycle and in making the information they contain available in support of the business of that organisation. Records management aims to supply the right record to the right person, at the right time and at the least possible cost. When records systems break down, there are major consequences for governments and citizens. Consider the following examples. Officials are forced to take decisions on an ad hoc basis without the benefit of an institutional memory. Fraud cannot be proven and meaningful reporting and audits cannot be carried out. Government actions are not transparent. Citizens cannot claim or protect their rights. Citizens cannot make an informed contribution to the governance process. The nation s collective memory is impaired. One of today s challenges is to ensure that from the mass of data and information created in paper and electronic form, reliable evidence of business transactions is captured, is accessible and is disposed of effectively when no longer required. Guidance on preserving evidence in an electronic environment is available in Managing Electronic Records. 9
20 Defining Records Activity 2 Before reading further in this lesson, write down your own definition of a record. What do you think is the difference between records and information? Records come in a variety of physical forms, such as paper documents, files, registers, maps, photographs, microfilms and data in electronic form. However, it is not their format that defines records. In fact, computer-held records have no physical form and only exist as logical assemblages of electronic data, yet they can still be records. Records are the products of a business activity: it is the evidence of activities or transactions contained in records that makes them records. Record: A document regardless of form or medium created, received, maintained and used by an organisation (public or private) or an individual in pursuance of legal obligations or in the transaction of business, of which it forms a part or provides evidence. A record implies evidence written down or recorded in some other way and retained so that it can be read and accessed again. Records are able to convey information independent of human memory. They may ultimately have some value for historical research, but they are not created in the interests of future researchers. Records are maintained by or on behalf of those responsible for the activities or transactions they reflect, and they are kept for the future use of those responsible, or their successors. It is their evidential nature that distinguishes records from other types of data or information. Information: Knowledge that is communicated. Data (pl.): The representation of information in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation and processing, generally by a computer system. Note: the term raw data refers to unprocessed information. For example, published materials may provide important information to support business activities, but they do not provide the evidence of those activities. A record is more than data. A record gives data, or information, meaning and context by 10
21 linking it to the activity or transaction, which it documents and from which it arose. Only records serve as evidence of the conduct of business. In this module, the term document is used in the sense of a single discrete unit of recorded information, published or unpublished, in hard copy or electronic form. It may be a physical and intellectual entity (such as a letter, memorandum, report or printout of a computer-held document) or an intellectual entity only (such as a document held in electronic form on a computer) Document: A unit of recorded information. THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RECORDS Because records arise from actual happenings, they represent a frozen picture. A record fixes an action within its particular context of function, authority, place and time. Certain essential characteristics of records may be identified. Records are static in form. Records have authority. Records are unique when in context. Records are authentic. Records are Static During the process of creating a record, a document will go through a phase of development and change. For example, minutes of a meeting will be produced in draft form and reviewed by the members of the committee before being approved. Once this process of creation, or drafting, is finished and the document is considered complete, it may be regarded as a record. In order to provide evidence, the record must now be fixed and must not be susceptible to change. If a record is changed or manipulated in some way, it no longer provides evidence of the transaction it originally documented. If someone alters the minutes of a meeting after they have been approved, the minutes can no longer be considered an accurate record of the meeting. However, drafts themselves, such as the draft minutes, may be considered records, since they can be considered completed documents at a certain stage of development; that is, as draft minutes. 11
22 Records are static; they provide evidence of a particular action in time. Records Have Authority Records provide the official evidence of the activity or transaction they document. Records must be reliable and trustworthy. The reliability of a record is linked to its creation. Who generated or issued the record? Under what authority? Can this authority be proved? Consider again the case of the draft and final minutes. The committee has the authority to confirm that the minutes accurately represent the events of the meeting. If someone changed the minutes after the committee had approved them, he or she perhaps did not have the authority. Those revised minutes may be evidence of that person s view of the meeting but they are not the official record of the meeting as authorised by the committee. Signatures, letterheads, seals and office stamps are obvious indicators of the official nature of records. However, not all records have official stamps or seals. The continuous safekeeping of records is one important way to protect their reliability. If the official version of the minutes is filed by the records manager and thus protected from change, the unauthorised version will not form part of the official record. The authority of the official version will remain intact. Records have authority; they provide official evidence. Records Are Unique Records are not isolated bits of information. They have meaning because they were generated during a particular transaction or business process. The records make sense within the context of the overall functions and activities of the individual or organisation that created or used them. Their relationship with other records makes them unique. The minutes may not be unique in that there may be ten copies made available to all members of the committee. But the minutes are unique within the context of that organisation, because the official copy represents one event the meeting that only took place with those committee members on that day at that place. Copies of a record may be unique within another context. For example, if one member of the committee gives his or her copy of the minutes to a colleague, with a cover note suggesting that the format used for minute-taking may be of value to the colleague s organisation, those minutes become a new record. They are part of a separate set of transactions between that one member and the colleague. For this reason, the context of the record (the activity and authority that gave rise to it) is vital 12
23 and must be preserved. Only by knowing how and why a record was created and used can its contents be fully understood. Records are unique; they have meaning in relation to a specific action or transaction. Records Are Authentic It must be possible to prove that records are what they say they are. The authenticity of a record is derived from the record-keeping system in which it was created or received, maintained and used. A record is authentic if it can be verified that it is now exactly as it was when first transmitted or set aside for retention. For example, a letter received in an office may be date-stamped, registered and placed on a file. The file containing the letter is tracked throughout its use and stored in a records office when not in use. Think again of the minutes. In order to prove that the official minutes are in fact authentic, it is necessary to be able to show that they were produced, approved and then filed appropriately in the organisation s record-keeping system. Without this process for authenticating records, the unofficial version produced by that one member after the fact could be mistaken for the official record. Records today may be produced in a range of systems and stored in a range of media, including paper and electronic forms; different versions may be stored in different media in different locations. One of the dangers today, with the advent of sophisticated information technologies such as computers, is that information can be extracted from the record that originally conveyed it; the information can then be taken out of its context. An electronic version of the minutes can be altered and could replace the original version without anyone noticing the difference. Similarly, new versions of the minutes could be made using electronic technologies, just as in the examples earlier. As a result no copy can be guaranteed to be authentic. Consider another example. A government department may be responsible for buildings and physical plant maintenance. As part of its responsibilities, it might create architectural plans for a new building. It might also take photographs of that building as it is built and it might create minutes and reports of various stages of construction. Each type of material is a record. The architectural drawings, photographs, and minutes gain meaning as records by being retained as part of the entirety of records relating to the construction of that particular building. The materials would lose their meaning if they were removed from the whole body of records relating to the work of that government department and kept as single items, without information about their origins or context. Records are authentic; their creation and use can be verified. 13
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Surveillance Workshop
The second Collaborative Food Safety Forum workshop was held November 3-4, 2011 at RESOLVE in Washington, DC. This forum focused on the surveillance provisions of the FSMA.
Workshop Summary
Workshop Highlights
Participant List
Presentation Slides
Note: Some of the presentations contain information that was preliminary at the time of the meeting, has evolved over time, and continues to evolve. For information about CDC's work in Food Safety, please visit: http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/
Background Material
Presentation Slides
The Role of Surveillance in Developing a Risk-Based Food Safety System
- J. Glenn Morris, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida
The Role of Surveillance in Developing a Risk-Based Food Safety System
- Patricia M. Griffin, CDC
Current Human Illness Surveillance Systems: Apps and Gaps
- Paul Cieslak, Oregon Department of Human Services
(No presentation slides available)
Regulatory Agency Surveillance Systems and Agency Needs for Human Foodborne Illness Surveillance Data
- Susan Lance, US Food and Drug Administration
Current FDA Surveillance Systems
(No presentation slides available)
- David Goldman, USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service
Current USDA Surveillance Systems
(No presentation slides available)
- Chris Braden, CDC
The Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration
(No presentation slides available)
Implementing FSMA: The Surveillance Provision
- Dale Morse, CDC
Implementing FSMA: CDC's Surveillance Provisions
- Ian Williams, CDC
Epidemiologic Approaches to Investigating Multistate Outbreaks in the United States
- Patricia C. Griffin, CDC
The Rise and Fall and Rise of Salmonella Serotype Enteritidis (SE) Infections
Assessment of Existing Surveillance Systems and Implementation of FSMA with Discussion of Series 1 Examples: Listeria
- Patricia M. Griffin, CDC
Listeria: Surveillance and Public Health Response
Challenges, Opportunities and Trends Associated with Surveillance Systems
Background Material
I. CDC Background Materials on Food Safety
- About CDC
- Food Safety at CDC
- Multistate Foodborne Outbreaks: CDC's Role
- Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response (CIFOR)
- Foodborne Illness Q&A
- Multistate Foodborne Outbreaks
- How are foodborne outbreaks investigated?
- Fact Sheets: Food Safety
- Key Programs
II. Supporting Materials for CDC Presentations
Current Human Illness Surveillance Systems
Patricia Griffin, Chief, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch
- Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the U.S.
- Foodborne Illness Surveillance Systems
- Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance
- Trends in Foodborne Illness
- CDC Vital Signs: Making Food Safer to Eat
Implementing FSMA: The Surveillance Provision
Dale Morse, Senior Advisor, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases
Assessment of Existing Surveillance Systems and Implementation of FSMA with Discussion of Case Examples
Ian Williams, Chief, Outbreak Response and Prevention Branch
Patricia Griffin, Chief Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch
Case Example 1: Salmonella Examples
- Salmonella
- Peanut Butter – Salmonella Typhimurium, 2008 – 2009
- Shell Eggs – Salmonella Enteritidis, 2010
- Ground Turkey – Salmonella Heidelberg
- MMWR Reports on Foodborne Illness
- Timeline of Infections: Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Associated with Peanut Butter and Peanut Butter-Containing Products – United States, 2008-2009
- Salmontella Typhimurium Infections Associated with Peanut Projects (NEJM 2011)
- Timeline: National Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Associated with Shell Eggs, United States, 2010
- Investigation Update: Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Interitidis Infections Associated with Shell Eggs
- Timeline of Events: Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Associated with Ground Turkey – United States, 2011
- Investigation Update: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to Ground Turket (September 2011)
Case Example 2: Listeria Examples
- Listeriosis (Listeria infection)
- Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Associated with Jensen Farms Cantaloupe — United States, August–September 2011
- Timeline of Events: Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Whole Cantaloupes from Jensen Farms in Colorado – United States, 2011
Challenges, Opportunities and Trends Associated with Surveillance Systems
Use of non-culture diagnostics and other technological advancements
John Besser, Deputy Chief, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch
- PulseNet
- Understanding Non-Culture Assays for Foodborne Pathogens (APHL)
- Culture Assays: Protecting Us From the Next Foodborne Outbreak
- Surveillance of the Food Supply (177-194)
III. Selected GAO Reports on Imported Food Safety
- Agencies Need to Address Gaps in Enforcement and Collaboration to Enhance Safety of Imported Food (September 2009)
- Additional GAO reports on Food Safety are available online at the GAO website

subset: commoncrawl


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CENCO Refining Company is located in Santa Fe Springs, California, near Los Angeles. The 50,000 barrel per day refinery has been sold. However, some units and equipment that are not part of the sale remain available.
Descriptions of the equipment include capacities, dates built or revamped, maintenance history, license holder, and other pertinent information.
Photographs are available for most of the items listed. We welcome prospective buyers to visit the facility.
Note, however, that no scrap metal or materials are available for sale.
For more information, email firstname.lastname@example.com or contact 1-310-739-9715


text: TNE Editor / Tuesday, November 28, 2017 / Categories: RiverHawk Athletics, Basketball Men's basketball starts the season 3-3 Published 11/28/17 Zach Cobler TNE Writer The RiverHawk men's basketball program has started 3-3, which is the best start for the men's team since 2013. With this start, the RiverHawks have a winning record for the first time since the end of the 2013-14 season. Under the direction of new head coach Mark Downey, the RiverHawks have played well defensively and showed a fight that has not seemed to be in the program over the past few years. The fight the RiverHawks have shown does not always show on the stat sheet, but it has been evident in the defense and rebounding. They have held their opponents to less than 31 percent shooting from beyond the arc and have rebounded the ball well on top of that. They are averaging more than 40 rebounds a game. They have only been out-rebounded once this season against Northwestern Oklahoma. "We have out toughed every team in my opinion and played harder than them," said Montre Willams, senior guard from Copperas Cove, Texas. "One of the coach's keys to the game is to be relentless, and we try to bring that every night." Offensively, NSU has struggled to find their groove consistently in the early season. At times this season the RiverHawks have shot the ball extremely well, but they have struggled to shoot it well with consistency. They are shooting above 40 percent in only half of their games. The early season shooting woes are not highly alarming. "We are still going through our growing pains of having a new staff and a new team," said Downey. "Our guys are still learning each other and our system. They're still learning where the shots are going to come from and that will come. We have to get over the early season jitters that we have dealt with." The RiverHawks will open up their conference play as they travel to Northwest Missouri State. They will try to continue their impressive start to the season as they get into their conference games. After being picked to finish 12th in the preseason MIAA poll, they will play with a chip on their shoulder to show they are better than expected. Northwestern Missouri State is currently ranked No. 1 in the NCAA Division II poll. They are the reigning national champions and have not lost in 17 straight games. If the RiverHawks hope to take down the Bearcats, they will have to stifle the Bearcats high-powered offense that is averaging more than 81 points a game. NSU will have to shut down Justin Pitts who is averaging over 22 points a game for Northwest Missouri and has not turned in less than 20 points in any game this season. Pitts was the DII Bulletin and Basketball Times National Player of the Year last year and currently holds the record for career points at Northwest Missouri State. "We have started the season with ups and downs," said Lucas Antunez, senior guard from Madrid, Spain. We have to get better at being consistent and playing at the best of our potentials every game. Once we start figuring out the small details, the sky is the limit for us." The RiverHawks continue their season when they open up their MIAA conference play against Northwest Missouri State at 7:30 p.m. on Thursday, Nov. 30 in Maryville, Mo. Previous Article NSU women's basketball comes out strong Next Article Women's basketball starts MIAA conference play strong Print 843 Rate this article: No rating Men's basketball starts the season 3-3 Josh Bougher, junior forward from Memphis, Tenn., shoots a three-pointer in the RiverHawks game against Rogers State. The RiverHawks face the No. 1 team in NCAA Division II at 7:30 p.m. on Thursday, Nov. 30 in Maryville Mo. (Photo courtesy of RiverHawk Athletics) Please login or register to post comments.


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Russ teaches investing classes on how to buy stock and options trading, among many others. With extensive experience in trading, education, and business in general, Russ decided to make his lifelong passion, trading, his full-time occupation in 2003 and sought the highest-quality trading education he could find.
After taking trading education he began trading full time; and has been making his living from trading ever since.
List of Articles
Finding Option OpportunitiesRuss Allen discusses ways in which suitable stocks can be selected for profitable options trading.
31 Jan, 2014 in Options
Who is on the Other Side of Your Option Trade?Russ Allen explains how the differing participants in the options market can affect the bid and offer prices with examples of how this appears to retail traders
08 Aug, 2014 in Options
High Volatility in the Stock Market Or Is It?Russ Allen explains the relationship between intrinsic value, implied volatility and time to expiration and how these can affect profitability when trading options.
17 Oct, 2014 in Options
Volatility? Really?Russ Allen explains how the recent drops in the S&P, Chinese SSE and oil may not be viewed by the options market as a sustainable decline.
15 Jan, 2016 in Technical Analysis and Options
What Are My Options?Russ Allen explains for beginners the basics of "Options" trading including type and how they can be used.
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text:
Reese Witherspoon Arrest Video Hits Web
The "Mud" actress was arrested for disorderly conduct on Friday morning after her husband Jim Toth was pulled over for suspicion of driving under the influence in Atlanta.
Footage of Reese Witherspoon's arrest has hit the web.
On Friday morning, the Oscar-winning actress was handcuffed for disorderly conduct after her husband, CAA agent Jim Toth, was pulled over by the police on suspicion of DUI for swerving between lanes in Atlanta. His blood alcohol level was reported to be .139.
Witherspoon, 37, was upset and got out of the car twice, telling the police officer: "Do you know my name?" When the officer said no, she replied: "You're about to find out who I am. ...You are going to be on national news."
According to USA Today, a security footage published by MyFoxAtlanta shows Witherspoon being handcuffed behind her back and led out of a Georgia state police car before being taken inside for booking at the Atlanta jail. The video contains no sound, but the Mud actress appeared calm and cooperative when taken into custody.
Watch the footage below:


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1. Re: Dreamweaver can't open .class filesRh0mas Mar 31, 2011 11:54 AM (in response to athensmusician)
I'm desperatly trying to figure out the cure for this one too?? Can Dreamweaver be configured to open class files as PHP files at all?? Or is it a lost cause?!
2. Re: Dreamweaver can't open .class filesathensmusician Mar 31, 2011 12:08 PM (in response to Rh0mas)
Hey, I gave up myself. While I still use Dreamweaver for layout (HTML, images) work and for synching my website via SFTP, I don't code PHP in it anymore. Dreamweaver really isn't a PHP development IDE. So, I do all my PHP work in something called NetBeans. It is less user friendly but once you set it up... my goodness... is it great for coding PHP. So Dreamweaver for visual stuff and HTML stuff. NetBeans for PHP app development. That's my suggestion.
3. Re: Dreamweaver can't open .class filesRh0mas Mar 31, 2011 12:10 PM (in response to athensmusician)
Bummer... I normally use Aptana 3 for most of my PHP work but i just thought it'd be at least possible to get DW to use .class files! There's no reason why it can't!!
4. Re: Dreamweaver can't open .class filesmdarin Aug 7, 2012 7:44 AM (in response to athensmusician)
There actually is one very pathetic way of opening class files in dreamweaver. If you use dreamweaver's search feature, which searches files and you have the extensions.txt set for class files, then dreamweaver will search the class file and return resutls. After that you can now double click the result and it will open the class file in dreamweaver. It is the only place Adobe has forgotten to disable in order to open class files.


text: At the January meeting, we discussed the working groups in more detail and introduced the initial leadership for each of these groups. Initial expectations for the working groups were discussed as well. We also provided details on the February 9, 2016 open public meeting to be held in San Antonio, TX on the campus of The University of Texas at San Antonio.


text: Jen woke me up at 9 am this morning. Gah, I've been waking up early lately, which was fine. Because when the door just open by itself (Jen of course was the one pushing it, shhh. Don't tell!) and there came Ernie. Ah, what a beautiful day!! One of my best friend, Leah, is coming over to spend time with me before I move to my Aunt (my mummy lives with her right now). We made some padthai and ate in the neighbor's lawn. Ha-ha. It was very exciting. I kept looking at the back of my shoulders to see if the neighbors are poking their heads out and yell at us. But thankfully, it was very nice and relaxing. Leah got some suntanning while I finish the rest of the meal - I eat slow! Then we watched a little bit of of Downton's Abbie. I guess it's a great show but I'm just at the boring part. About 20 minutes into the show, Jen asked if we wanna go to the Home Depot. I brought my camera along. So here's some pics.


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Hi,It all started 3 years ago in February when I finally bought my beloved MINI Cooper S, Chili Red with racing stripes. I found her through Craig's list and drove down to Boston to meet her. She was beautiful, the sport version and came with a Dinan after-market exhaust system and strut bar that increased her horsepower.. It was true love at first site.I remember the first time I got behind the wheel I was literally shaking with excitement. "I'm finally behind the wheel of my dream car," I thought. I drove it home to Vermont in a snowstorm that night without any snow tires. It was an interesting ride to say the least. It was probably the only time I ever let my husband drive the car (we're no longer married).I have raced her on the autocross track a few times and find it hard to express how much fun that is. Just listening to the vroom, vroom of the engine as the tachometer red lines it, is worth the $40 in admission. Each night I park her in such a way that when I open my door in the morning to go to work, she's staring right at me waiting for me to drive her like a dog anticipating a walk. I can't help but smile. When I get in, turn the key and listen to her purr, it truly warms my heart. At work I park her right outside the window so I can glance over at her throughout the day. Each time I pass by I look out and think "isn't she cute." It's what gets me through the work day, that and the thought of driving her home.Those who don't own their own MINI, might think I'm a little obsessed with my car. And those who do, know exactly what i'm talking about.Attached is a picture of the day we met and fell in love as well as a picture of me racing her. Isn't she purdy? She has a Dinan Exhaust & Strut Bar too! Thanks,-- Katrina VanTyne & Sassy LadyWaterbury, VT
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The Law Officer's Pocket Manual - Bloomberg BNA
This handy 4" x 6" spiral-bound manual offers examples showing how rules are...
Retired Philadelphia Police Capt. Ray Lewis, who gained national attention with his defiant, in-uniform protest and subsequent arrest at Occupy Wall Street, made his first appearance with Occupy Philly on Monday afternoon.
Lewis, 60, had been chastised in letters from Police Commissioner Charles H. Ramsey and the Fraternal Order of Police after he was arrested in Manhattan's Zuccotti Park on Nov. 17, wearing his old uniform, reports The Inquirer.
Again donning his uniform Monday on Independence Mall, Lewis asserted his right to free speech, calling his choice of clothing a "visual symbol" of the 24 years he devoted to police work.
Trigger @ 2/15/2012 5:47 AM
"Right to free speech" "visual symbol", what an idiot. I have no problem with him taking part in Occupy that is his right, but to wearhis uniform there is a problem with that. His 24 years of devoition to the profession is honorable but it seems that he's forgetting about those officers who were killed helping to protect his rights. Unfortunately there is a quack in every profession, sooner or later they will surface.
John @ 2/15/2012 5:48 AM
While I am a supporter of free speech, this jackass really demonstrates how he is supporting something that may be illegal. He should have been pepper sprayed and jailed with the rest of them. I doubt he was a good cop based on this. Take away his pension.Another retired cop.
Pat D @ 2/15/2012 5:54 AM
This is ridiculous. Free speech is one thing, but portraying himself as a police officer is beyond the pale. Absolutely out of line.
Dan Birdsley @ 2/15/2012 6:12 AM
"Jackass" is right, John. Disgraceful to be arrested in the uniform. You would have thought 24 years on the job would mean a little bit more.
Jim @ 2/15/2012 7:36 AM
Disgraceful and an embarrassment to LEO's from all over. He should still be arrested for impersonation a Police Officer or at the very least be banned by a civil writ from wearing his uniform except for Police Funerals, which he probably would never attend.
Marshal C @ 2/15/2012 7:48 AM
I bet this guy missed protesting in the 60's ("off the man") and is now trying to make up for that ("off the dude") now. Just who is paying those dumb asses to hang around and get in the way. I bet it's Daddy's money he earns. Not them. Same crap as the 60's. Same waste of time. Hey Moms and Dads...cut off their allowance! In Chicago they rented an office to manage protesting. Love the CPD joke T-shirt; "We kicked you parent's asses in the 60's .. now it's your turn!" Besides.. I thought 1%'ers were outlaw bikers???
Tom D @ 2/15/2012 9:33 AM
Retired or active ....cops like this make me sick because they know better!
R. G. Montgomery @ 2/15/2012 9:35 AM
Without any contradiction to the comments already made, I have a simple question:What moron promoted this person to the position of Captain? What sort of idiotic promotional system didn't weed this 'protestor' out of the promotional ladder?No wonder Philadelphia has such a poor reputation in terms of crime and unrest.
A disgrace to the uniform and badge, to be arrested in uniform, no less. If he wants to protest it's his right to do so as a CITIZEN, not an LEO, retired or active. It's tantamount to protesting under the color of authority. What he did was totally dishonorable and out of line. As a 20+ year veteran he should have known better. I don't know how he made captain, but it's obvious that someone didn't pick up on his "Occupy" worldview.
e @ 2/16/2012 9:24 AM
Q: "What moron promoted this person to the position of Captain?"A: Your hero cop John Timoney did, on July 10, 1998, per this Philadelphia Inquirer article: http://docs.newsbank.com/g//PI/lib00187,0EB33035E86CAAC9.htmlDon't worry, we here at OWS also hate Ray Lewis. His tenure at one of the highest crime precincts in Philadelphia (the 25th) was marked by racism ($10 million awarded by federal court to three cops [legacy ones, at that] who were fired for complaining about internal racism), corruption (cops falsely claiming involvement in arrests in order to pick up overtime pay for testifying in court), and, most egregious of all, the killing of Donta Dawson. We don't want him either.
Jim @ 2/17/2012 6:49 AM
I would think this guy is "impersonating an officer"? I honor his right to peacefully protest - but not in a police uniform. I also honor his right to be arrested. All the good that he may have done in his 24 years as an officer and a gentleman is now offset by his extreme stupidity.Jim A


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A WOMAN OF INDEPENDENCE with Coca-Cola
This ad dates from the October 1954 National Geographic back cover and once again shows an independent woman. It's actually pretty stunning since most ads showed women in domestic situations, on the job as a secretary, or sitting in the passenger seat of a car. Women were never driving the cars. So I'll give Coca-Cola credit for sending a woman out on her own to see the world.
Click on image to see it larger.
I have no information about the illustrator. I do like the very nicely balanced illustration with perfect movement to the product.
Of course, they still couldn't leave off one item that they knew would be gender specific: the calories in a coke. Read the copy and you'll see that they want to make sure the woman knows it has "...as few calories as half an average, juicy grapefruit." Doubt they'd have put that in an ad showing a single man.
Wish there'd been more images like this when I was growing up. I'm not sure boys really understood the power they had and how small girls felt in relation to the world. You really weren't allowed to dream. Fortunately I had parents who told me I could do anything, even if I looked outside the door and saw the obstacles. Boys had a swagger and confidence that girls weren't allowed. Girls had to dream small.
3 comments:
No, I meant outside my door. In my house I was told anything was possible, but when I left the confines of my home the world was giving different messages. One friend was told "No, you can't be a doctor. Girls aren't doctors. You can be a nurse." Another friend was told "We'll pay for your brother to go to college, but not you. You're a girl."And of course I was an oddity in school because most friends were convinced their future was marriage and babies by the time they were 22. That was as far as it went even if they were planning to go to college. It always baffled me.ReplyDelete
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|There's more than one way to do things
Re: What Perlish name to assign to my baby girl?by frag (Hermit)
|on Jun 13, 2001 at 22:47 UTC ( #88156=note: print w/replies, xml )
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From http://www.pearloasis.com/pearlhistory.html:
Thus, Margaret. ("Margarita" would doom her to a life of having to hear crappy Jimmy Buffett puns.) You get Simpsons references as a bonus. (Not to mention Love & Rockets -- the comic, not the band.)
-- Frag.
In Section Perl Poetry


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When it comes to news around French electronic duo Daft Punk, one can never be sure. Yet several sources have reported that Daft Punk has left EMI and signed a new record deal with Sony/Columbia.
Furthermore the reports state that their 4th, yet unnamed studio album, might be dropping as early as Spring 2013. The new album will mark the first release of the duo (outside of the TRON soundtrack) since 2005.
We cannot wait for this one!
- Source: Dancing Astronaut


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Weekly Discover-US Group Flights: Starts In 1 Week!/
[Group Events]
What: "Discover-US" Achievement Flights
Where: TeamSpeak @ ts3.digitalthemepark.com
Date: Starts October 1st, 2016, ends over a year later.
Time: Promptly at Saturday at 8a PT, 11a ET, 1500 UTC
AirDailyX, Jetline Systems, and DigitalThemepark are thrilled to present to you with a series of upcoming weekend group flights that are fun, pre-planned, and jam packed with lots of multiplayer action that span the United States landscape, including Alaska and Hawaii. After completion, Digital Themepark citizens will receive a "badge" next to they're name in TeamSpeak. These will be flown real time, real weather, real charts with no slewing or time compression.
We do realize there are extenuating circumstances in everyone's busy lives. We don't expect everyone to be available for every flight. However, we are able to accommodate most everyone's schedule. We look forward to see you in our multiplayer skies! Source link below for information on how to become a Digital Themepark citizen and server information. Feel free to ask any questions here and all ages are welcome.


text: Scooped by Empire National Bank onto News and Insights for Better Banking Thank you to Rachel Demarest Gold, Esq. of Abrams Fensterman June 16, 2017 11:30 AM Empire National Bank Board Room, Islandia NY Empire National Bank's insight: Thank you, Rachel Demarest Gold, Esq. of Abrams Fensterman for presenting the Annual Employment Update to local CPAs last month at Empire National Bank. Partager Tweet more... No comment yet. Sign up to comment


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A Christmas Wish (aka The Great Rupert)
Now I know this may sound somewhat hard to believe, gentlemen. But ever since me and my family have moved into this dusky old shack, every Thursday -- between three and three-thirty -- my wife (Queenie Smith) has sat down in that chair over there, and prayed to God for some money.
And do you know what? Every Thursday -- between three and three-thirty -- my wife got money, God damn it. Over one and a half thousands dollars worth of money! Sent down from the heavens above!
What? You think I'm pulling your leg? Well, when's she not dating Pete (Tom Drake) -- the landlords son -- why don't you ask my daughter Rosalinda (Terry Moore) if I'm telling the truth or not? Or better yet, when he's not counting his cash, why not ask my landlord Frank (Frank Orth) as well?
Hmm? No answer, gentlemen? Jesus! And I thought you guys from the IRS were meant to be ruthless. Still. That's most probably why what next transpires all gets a little nutty when I say to myself, 'Come on Louie Amendola (Jimmy Durante). Lets go and have a dance'. As a money-making scheme eventually stop's - a one-sided love-triangle hits the block's - a landlord's check strangely goes astray - and at the end of the day, whilst a house goes up in smoke, Rupert the squirrel comes out to play.
On the whole I'd say 'The Great Rupert' is a film about a family of penniless entertainers called the Amendola's -- i.e. The Durante family -- who have the good fortune to be given the gift of cash from a secret benefactor. However, little do they know the benefactor in question is actually a squirrel who steals this money from their landlord, Mister Dingle. Plus to make matters even worse, the Amendola's daughter falls in love with the Dingles' son, whilst the world around them starts to become unsure of where they got their money from!
You see, my only problem with this story is that its narrative structure was kind of all over the place. One part of the plot centred on the squirrel accidentally giving the Amendola family Mister Dingle's money. Another part of the plot centred on a strange love-triangle between Rosalinda and her two gentlemen callers. Where as another part of the plot centred on Pete trying to prove his worth to the Rosalinda character.
Now please don't get me wrong. I'm not trying to imply that this flick was difficult to follow. If anything it was fairly easy for me to follow, despite taking quite a bit of time to figure out what the 'main tale' was meant to be about. And the reason why I say this, my friends, is mainly due to these three plot points taking centre stage throughout the entirety of its telling. Not always favoring one section over the other, thus making its core tale -- whatever that may have been -- stand out from the crowd.
Again. I do mean this with all due respect as I did enjoy watching this comedy. For a start I got a right kick out of Jimmy's down to earth personality whenever he was on screen, cause he has that way about him which is both charming and jovial to behold! I also have to mention how the characters played by Terry Moore and Queenie Smith aided the plot in both tone and substance. In Terry's case she lent her character a much needed air of mystery and style. Whereas in Queenie's case she had that believability factor whenever she needed to convey emotion. Plus, to top it all off, this cast was then additionally enhanced with a sneaky stop-motion squirrel that acted as a savoir of sorts. A savoir, I might add, who was barely seen yet always visible due to his dubious actions.
Overall I'd say 'The Great Rupert' was a really great film. It was well acted. Well produced. And even though on occasion the general story-line had a mind of its own, as push comes to shove this movie does convey a very pertinent Yuletide message that isn't as nutty as you may have thought.
Nuff said.


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Azerbaijan can export human resources in oil and gas sector
Azerbaijan could send its oil specialists worldwideNovember 6, 2015, Reporter : Trend, Reader : 973
Baku, Azerbaijan, Nov. 6 By Maksim Tsurkov – Trend: Azerbaijan will be able to export human resources in the oil and gas sector worldwide in the future, Khaliq Mammadov, SOCAR vice president of staff, management, and IT, told participants at the Caspian Technical Conference in Baku on Nov. 6.
Mammadov said Azerbaijan could send its oil specialists worldwide.
"We have every reason and opportunity," he remarked. "Our domestic potential in training oil specialists and joint activity with foreign companies operating in Azerbaijan will allow the export of human resources worldwide in the future, just as Brazil exports its football players."
He pointed out that Azerbaijan also had several research institutes focusing on the oil sector.
"In the future, the Baku Higher Oil School will also be more closely engaged in research activity," he said.
The history of the Azerbaijani oil industry's development dates back to 1847, when oil was extracted from wells drilled mechanically. Due to this oil strategy, Azerbaijan became the first country to make use of the huge energy potential of the Caspian Sea, forming a qualitatively new economic model for the development of the region. At present, Azerbaijan is one of the world's oil centers.
Follow the author on Twitter: @MaksimTsurkov
Follow us on Twitter @TRENDNewsAgency
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