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|Assessment of left atrial volume before and after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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MedLine Citation:
|PMID: 25109313 Owner: NLM Status: Publisher
|BACKGROUND: Impaired left ventricular diastolic filling is common in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), and recent studies support left ventricular underfilling as a cause. To investigate this further, we assessed left atrial volume index (LAVI) in patients with CTEPH before and after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE).
METHODS: Forty-eight consecutive CTEPH patients had pre- & post-PTE echocardiograms and right heart catheterizations. Parameters included mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), cardiac index, LAVI, & mitral E/A ratio. Echocardiograms were performed 6 +/- 3 days pre-PTE and 10 +/- 4 days post-PTE. Regression analyses compared pre- and post-PTE LAVI with other parameters.
RESULTS: Pre-op LAVI (mean 19.0 +/- 7 mL/m2) correlated significantly with pre-op PVR (R = -0.45, p = 0.001), mPAP (R = -0.28, p = 0.05) and cardiac index (R = 0.38, p = 0.006). Post-PTE, LAVI increased by 18% to 22.4 +/- 7 mL/m2 (p = 0.003). This change correlated with change in PVR (765 to 311 dyne-s/cm5, p = 0.01), cardiac index (2.6 to 3.2 L/min/m2, p = 0.02), and E/A (.95 to 1.44, p = 0.002).
CONCLUSION: In CTEPH, smaller LAVI is associated with lower cardiac output, higher mPAP, and higher PVR. LAVI increases by ~20% after PTE, and this change correlates with changes in PVR and mitral E/A. The rapid increase in LAVI supports the concept that left ventricular diastolic impairment and low E/A pre-PTE are due to left heart underfilling rather than inherent left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
|Nicholas A Marston; William R Auger; Michael M Madani; Bruce J Kimura; G Monet Strachan; Ajit B Raisinghani; Anthony N DeMaria; Daniel G Blanchard
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Publication Detail:
|Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE Date: 2014-8-11
Journal Detail:
|Title: Cardiovascular ultrasound Volume: 12 ISSN: 1476-7120 ISO Abbreviation: Cardiovasc Ultrasound Publication Date: 2014 Aug
Date Detail:
|Created Date: 2014-8-11 Completed Date: - Revised Date: -
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|Nlm Unique ID: 101159952 Medline TA: Cardiovasc Ultrasound Country: -
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|Languages: ENG Pagination: 32 Citation Subset: -
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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cardiovasc Ultrasound
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cardiovasc Ultrasound
Publisher: BioMed Central
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Copyright © 2014 Marston et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Received Day: 23 Month: 5 Year: 2014
Accepted Day: 6 Month: 8 Year: 2014
collection publication date: Year: 2014
Electronic publication date: Day: 11 Month: 8 Year: 2014
Volume: 12First Page: 32 Last Page: 32
PubMed Id: 25109313
Publisher Id: 1476-7120-12-32
|Assessment of left atrial volume before and after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
|Nicholas A Marston1
|Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|William R Auger1
|Email: email@example.com
|Michael M Madani1
|Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|Bruce J Kimura2
|Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|G Monet Strachan1
|Email: email@example.com
|Ajit B Raisinghani1
|Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|Anthony N DeMaria1
|Email: email@example.com
|Daniel G Blanchard1
|Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
1School of Medicine and Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, 9444 Medical Center Drive, #7411, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
2Scripps Health, 501 Washington St. Ste 512, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), the result of unresolved thrombus in the pulmonary vasculature following pulmonary embolism, carries a high rate of morbidity and mortality if left untreated [1-3]. In addition to the well-described right-sided dysfunction seen in CTEPH, left ventricular (LV) diastolic impairment is also common. Diminished early diastolic filling of the LV is frequently present, resulting in reversal of the "E" (early rapid filling) and "A" (atrial kick) velocities in mitral inflow.
Several theories have been put forth to explain this LV diastolic "dysfunction", including decreased LV volume and compliance due to leftward septal shifting, and true intrinsic dysfunction of the LV [4]. More recent studies, however, have supported the theory of decreased RV output and relative LV underfilling as the primary cause of the perceived LV diastolic impairment in CTEPH [5-7]. If this is correct, one might hypothesize that left atrial volume would increase after successful pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) and potentially correlate with improvements in right heart catheterization measurements. We investigated this in a relatively large group of patients with CTEPH referred for PTE at our institution.
This is a retrospective analysis of forty-eight consecutive CTEPH patients undergoing PTE at a large CTEPH referral center. The study cohort was comprised of 24 men and 24 women with a mean age of 52 ± 16 years, ranging from 19 to 84. All patients had class III to IV symptoms according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification. Pre- and postoperative echocardiograms and right heart catheterizations were performed in each case. All PTE surgeries were completed at UCSD Medical Center using methods outlined in previous publications [8]. The UCSD institutional research review committee approved the study.
Echocardiograms were performed 6 ± 3 days before and 10 ± 4 days following PTE. A Vivid cardiovascular ultrasound system (GE VingMed, Horton, Norway) was used for all cases. Studies included measurements of the left atrial volume (LAVI), mitral E/A ratio, and mitral annular E/E' ratio. Measurements of the left ventricle were also acquired, including cardiac index (CI) and end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters. All echocardiographic techniques followed the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography [9]. Maximum left atrial volume was measured at end-systole and then indexed using body surface area, a technique that has demonstrated the strongest correlation to cardiovascular risk stratification [10].
Right heart catheterization (RHC) using a Swan-Ganz catheter was performed within 48 hours of the pre-operative echocardiogram (6 ± 5 days prior to surgery) and on post-operative day 1. Invasive measurements included mean pulmonary artery pressures (mPAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), and cardiac output. All pressure measurements were obtained at end-expiration; three measurements were recorded for each variable and then averaged for a final value. Cardiac output was calculated using thermodilution; again, three measurements were obtained and averaged for a final value. PVR was calculated using the formula: PVR = 80(mPAP–mPCWP)/cardiac output.
Pre- and post-operative values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Differences in left atrial volume and other characteristics before and after PTE were evaluated using a two-tailed paired Student's t-test. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between LA volume and other cardiac parameters using online regression software (http://www.wessa.net) [11].
Prior to PTE all patients had evidence of significantly elevated right-sided pressures [mPAP of 45.5 ± 9.6 mmHg and PVR of 765 ± 396 (dyne-sec)/cm5], and many had depressed cardiac output (mean CO of 3.9 ± 1.2 l/min). Evidence of diastolic dysfunction was also present, with decreased mitral E/A ratio (0.95 ± 0.31) and increased deceleration time (224 ± 60 ms). Mitral lateral annular E/E' was 6.1 ± 2.8. Of note, pre-operative left atrial volume index was relatively low (19.0 ± 7.0 cm3/m2). All baseline hemodynamic and echocardiographic findings are listed in Table 1.
Following surgery significant improvements in hemodynamics were observed. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure fell to 28.8 ± 6.7 mmHg (p < 0.001) and pulmonary vascular resistance dropped to 310 ± 143 (dyne-sec)/cm5 (p < 0.001). This normalization of right-sided pressures coincided with an improvement in cardiac output to 5.2 ± 1.6 L/min (p < 0.001). Further, LV diastolic function improved post-operatively, with the E/A ratio rising to 1.45 ± 0.48 (p < 0.001) and the E deceleration time dropping into the normal range (189 ± 39 ms) (p < 0.001). A significant increase in left atrial volume index also occurred (from 19.0 ± 7.0 to 22.4 ± 6.8 cm3/m2) (p = 0.003). Mitral annular E/E' increased to 7.9 ± 2.7 (p < 0.001). The changes in each variable following surgery are listed in Table 1.Left atrial volume not only increased with surgery but also correlated well with established CTEPH parameters. In the pre-operative state, LA volume index was inversely correlated with PVR (R= -0.45, p = 0.001, Figure 1), and mPAP (R = -0.28, p = 0.05), and was positively correlated with cardiac index (R = 0.48, p = 0.001). Smaller pre-op LA volumes also correlated with markers of diastolic dysfunction, such as greater E deceleration times (R = -0.34, p = 0.009) and lower mitral annular E/E' (R = 0.36, p = 0.03).
Post-PTE, the change seen in LA volume index was associated with improvement in many of these same parameters. LA volume change correlated significantly with decrease in PVR (R= -0.36, p = 0.01) and increase in cardiac index (R= 0.41, p = 0.007). Similarly, increasing LA volume index correlated with improving diastolic function, such as an increase in mitral E/A ratio (R = 0.44, p < 0.001, Figure 2) and E/E' (R = 0.36, p = 0.03). All correlation coefficients are listed in Table 2.
The relevance of left atrial volume and function in overall cardiovascular health has been increasingly recognized in the last several years. LA volume is now understood to be a noninvasive "biomarker" that can predict cardiovascular risk and prognosis in a wide range of cardiovascular diseases [12]. At a physiologic level, the contribution of the left atrium to the performance of the left ventricle is well established [13], but alterations in this relationship for different disease states remain an area of interest.
This study is the first to examine left atrial volume in patients with CTEPH before and after PTE. We demonstrated that LA volumes are in the low-normal range in this population, and that LAVI significantly increases following PTE. Furthermore, smaller LA volumes before surgery are a marker for disease severity, and are associated with higher PVR, higher mPAP, and lower CO. This suggests that LA volume may have a role in the evaluation of CTEPH patients prior to right heart catheterization and PTE. Additionally, the increase in LA volume following PTE is significantly correlated with improvement in PVR, providing another potential non-invasive marker for post-operative success.
Our findings also provide evidence regarding the origin of LV diastolic dysfunction in CTEPH. This has been an area of research interest since PTE was developed as the definitive therapy for CTEPH [14,15]. In 1989, Dittrich et al. demonstrated improvement in LV diastolic filling with relief of chronic RV pressure overload [16]. In 2002, Mahmud et al. used the E/A ratio to show that early diastolic filling is primarily impaired in CTEPH, and that early LV filling improves with successful PTE [5]. In 2007, Gurudevan et al. evaluated whether the abnormal diastolic filling pattern (E < A) often seen in CTEPH was due to an intrinsic LV abnormality or impaired LV filling. The results suggested that that the abnormal E/A pattern was in large part due to decreased LV preload [6]. These findings were supported by Lumens et al. using a computer-generated model that could separate the influences of septal bulging vs. LV filling on transmitral Doppler flow patterns pre- and post-PTE [7]. Gurudevan also reported that early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E') was abnormally low in CTEPH but increased after PTE. As in the present study, Gurudevan also showed that mitral annular E/E' rose significantly after PTE. Importantly, both E and E' increased postoperatively, with a greater proportion of increase in the E velocity [6].
As these studies are consistent with decreased preload as the cause of LV diastolic impairment in CTEPH, we decided to focus on the characteristics of the left atrium in this population. In this study, we found that smaller pre-operative LA volumes were significantly correlated with longer E wave deceleration times (i.e., impaired early diastolic filling). Furthermore, the subsequent increase in LA volume following PTE was significantly correlated with higher mitral E/A ratio. Both of these findings support the theory of LV underfilling and suggest that LA volume is a significant component of the process.
Whether LA volume in CTEPH is limited solely by decreased LA filling or by anatomic restrictions as well is not entirely clear. A recent study suggests that changes in RV outflow tract dimension may affect left atrial filling and compliance in CTEPH [17]. A proposed explanation is that the mediastinal space between the sternum and the spine is relatively fixed: an increase in RV and RV outflow tract size may limit normal expansion of the left atrium. Another recent report documented compression of the LA and RV by large hiatal hernias within the mediastinum [18]. This concept was demonstrated "in reverse" in a dog model, where pericardiectomy led to an increase in LA compliance, reservoir function, and early diastolic LV filling [19].
A limitation in our study was the timing of the preoperative transthoracic echocardiogram and right heart catheterization. They were not performed simultaneously and in some instances up to 48 hours elapsed between procedures. As this population was stable preoperatively, it is unlikely this had a significant impact on the results. Post-operatively, echocardiography was performed an average of 9 days after PTE. It is conceivable that cardiac dimensions may have varied during this period, but again these patients were overall stable following surgery. As with several previous studies from our institution, echocardiography was delayed until patients left the surgical intensive care unit and could be examined safely in the noninvasive cardiac laboratory [5,6,20].
This study was designed to evaluate LA volume characteristics in CTEPH patients undergoing PTE. This data suggest that LA volume is inversely associated with severity of CTEPH, and that LA volume increases after PTE. The rapid increase in LAV and correlation with improvement in E/A ratio supports the concept that left ventricular diastolic impairment is due primarily to left heart underfilling rather than inherent left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The long-term prognostic implications of LA volume change after PTE deserves further study.
CTEPH: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; LV: Left ventricle; LA: Left atrium; PTE: Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy; NYHA: New York Heart Association; UCSD: University of California San Diego; LAVI: Left atrial volume index; CI: Cardiac index; RHC: Right heart catheterization; mPAP: Mean pulmonary artery pressure; PVR: Peripheral vascular resistance; PCWP: Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; CO: Cardiac output.
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
All authors contributed to the study design, data collection, data analysis, and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This manuscript originates from the Cardiovascular Center at the University of California, San Diego Medical Center, which has the highest-volume program for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in the Western hemisphere. Dr. Blanchard has been senior author on a number of papers describing the interactions of the right and left ventricles in CTEPH over the last several years. Dr. Auger is a senior pulmonary specialist within the group, and Dr. Madani performs the majority of pulmonary thromboendarterectomies. Dr. Anthony DeMaria is the immediate past Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, and is a pre-eminent authority in echocardiography.
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|Lumens J,Blanchard DG,Arts T,Mahmud E,Delhaas T,Left ventricular underfilling and not septal bulging dominates abnormal left ventricular filling hemodynamics in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionAm J Physiol Heart Circ PhysiolYear: 20101210831091
|Thistlethwaite PA,Kaneko K,Madani MM,Jamieson SW,Technique and outcomes of pulmonary endarterectomy surgeryAnn Thorac Cardiovasc SurgYear: 20081227428218989242
|Schiller NB,Shah PM,Crawford M,DeMaria A,Devereux R,Feigenbaum H,Gutgesell H,Reicheck N,Sahn D,Schnittger I,Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by two-dimensional echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography Committee on standards, subcommittee on quantitation of two-dimensional echocardiogramsJ Am Soc EchocardiogrYear: 1989123583672698218
|Tsang TS,Abhayaratna WP,Barnes ME,Miyasaka Y,Gersh BJ,Bailey KR,Cha SS,Seward JB,Prediction of cardiovascular outcomes with left atrial size: is volume superior to area or diameter?J Am Coll CardiolYear: 2006121018102316516087
|Wessa P,Free Statistics Software, Office for Research Development and Education, version 1.1.23-r7Year: 2013 URL http://www.wessa.net/.
|Hoit BD,Left atrial size and function: role in prognosisJ Am Coll CardiolYear: 20141249350524291276
|Barbier P,Solomon SB,Schiller NB,Glantz SA,Left atrial relaxation and left ventricular systolic function determine left atrial reservoir functionCirculationYear: 19991242743610421605
|Thistlethwaite PA,Madani MM,Jamieson SW,Outcomes of pulmonary endarterectomy surgerySemin Thorac Cardiovasc SurgYear: 20061225726417185189
|Moser KM,Daily PO,Peterson KL,Dembitsky W,Vapnek JM,Shure D,Utely J,Archibald C,Thromboendarterectomy for chronic, major-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: immediate and long-term results in 42 patientsAnn Intern MedYear: 1987125605653631790
|Dittrich HC,Chow LC,Nicod PH,Early improvement in left ventricular diastolic function after relief of chronic right ventricular pressure overloadCirculationYear: 1989128238302791245
|Kimura BJ,Parise C,Strachan GM,Auger WR,Madani MM,Daniels LB,Blanchard DG,Diminished aortic excursion in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionEchocardiographyYear: 2013121126112923710685
|Naoum C,Falk GL,Ng ACC,Lu T,Ridley L,Ing AJ,Kritharides L,Yiannikas J,Left atrial compression and the mechanism of exercise impairment in patients with large hiatal herniaJ Am Coll CardiolYear: 2011121624163421958891
|Hoit BD,Shao Y,Gabel M,Walsh RA,Influence of pericardium on left atrial compliance and pulmonary venous flowAm J PhysiolYear: 199312H1781H17878322906
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[Figure ID: F1]
Figure 1
Regression analysis of pre-operative LA volume index vs. PVR.
[Figure ID: F2]
Figure 2
Regression analysis of change in LA volume vs. change in mitral E/A ratio.
Hemodynamic and echocardiographic characteristics pre- and post-PTE
|p value
Right heart catheterization
|Mean PA pressure (mmHg)
|45.5 ± 9.6
|28.8 ± 6.7
|PVR (dyne-sec)/cm5
|765 ± 396
|310 ± 143
|Cardiac output (L/min)
|3.9 ± 1.2
|5.2 ± 1.6
|Cardiac index
|2.6 ± 0.8
|3.2 ± 0.5
|Mitral E/A ratio
|0.95 ± 0.31
|1.45 ± 0.48
|Lateral E/E' ratio
|6.1 ± 2.8
|7.9 ± 2.7
|Deceleration time (ms)
|224 ± 60
|189 ± 39
|Left atrial volume index (cm3/m2)
|19.0 ± 7.0
|22.4 ± 6.8
Correlation coefficients and p values for left atrial volume vs. RHC and echo parameters
|p value
|LAVI vs PVR
|LAVI vs mPAP
|LAVI vs CO
|LAVI vs CI
|LAVI vs Mitral E/A ratio
|LAVI vs E/E' ratio
|LAVI vs Decel time
Change after PTE
|LAVI vs PVR
|LAVI vs mPAP
|LAVI vs CO
|LAVI vs CI
|LAVI vs Mitral E/A ratio
|LAVI vs E/E' ratio
|LAVI vs Decel time
Article Categories:
Keywords: Left atrial volume, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy.
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text:
Just when you need to listen to Francoise Hardy on your way home, your iPod's battery is fucking up.
Comments off
Just when you need to listen to Francoise Hardy on your way home, your iPod's battery is fucking up.
Comments off
i got to the e.j.pratt library at about 10:00 am, as stated earlier it is probably the most aesthetic library on campus (next to gerstein) — for one thing, you actually get natural light coming in, as opposed to sitting in a fluorescent atmosphere that resembles a fort more than it does a library (although pratt looks like a pillbox from the outside)
i ended up catching up on homework (and i'm still not anywhere near done) till 10:00 pm, leaving the library twice — first to get that water english toffee and crappy boston cream then later to grab a sandwich from subway
so sometime later (after 10:00 pm) i enter the subway and i'm going eastbound — at yonge these rowdy black kids come in to the car (four rowdy girls and one laid-back guy)
from yonge to victoria park (when they sat down) the girls were jumping around and disrupting people, being ostentatious, singing songs (ashanti) and dancing … one girl went to the front of the car and did her beyonce impression as she walked forward
people got up and moved away from them, some people smiled and were kind of enjoying it
finally at warden station i got up and went up to them and told them that (apologizing to the crowd for the upcoming profanity), when i asked them a question they ought to say "they schools don't teach us shit"
then i asked them "why haven't you learned anything?"
and they more-or-less replied "they schools don't teach us shit"
(that's from a dead prez song)
i then asked them if they knew who malcolm x is and they responded loudly in the affirmative
i then asked them if they knew that forty years ago malcolm x was shot dead
that quieted them down, and i said, that's right — they schools don't teach you shit
that's when a man came up to me and shook my hand and so did one of the girls
i asked if they knew who the dead prez are, and two of the girls said no — but the guy and a girl said yes so i gave them props for that
i then told them to listen to mc nomes, captain nomes, to me:
you put down virtue and you promote vice
then you turn around and say you're for the passion of the christ
i don't give a **** about the qur'an or the bible
as far as i'm concerned it's the fittest who see survival
but drinking, smoking pot and shooting shit in your veins
that ain't survival of any kind you're just ****ing your brains
but the corporations love it 'cause they're making big profit
and your mind is so gone it's easier keeping you down in shit
and all the while you light up thinking you're so revolutionary
but you're just a dumb **** and you're slowing the evolutionary process….
i ended off telling them to stay away from drugs, to stay in school and get an education because brother malcolm said "without education, you're not going anywhere in this world" and that's about when the train got to kennedy
i did all that without being patronizing or condescending, and at the end i got respect from the guy and the girls, and all those people who were at first put off by the rowdiness of the girls seemed to have gained some kind of awe for/wonderment about me (i was quiet the whole time until the train got to warden)
that's what i would mark as the return of the ttc mc, and i think i'm going to look forward to doing more of it…
(the above entry is disjointed and lacking lucidity because i'm tired from over twelve hours of studying on little sleep)
and speaking of the subway, here's today's daily dose of sanjeyan:
ksnite says:
today, i was in the subway
nomes says:
how was it
ksnite says:
kinda tubey
my life seems to revolve around uncanny coincidences
for example, in april of 2004, i happened to perform house of pain's "jump around" in the subway — and this was caught on video (a reminder: i wasn't drunk — i don't drink)
in the video, barely visible at the very back of the car (which was actually the front of the car, but nevermind) and to the right, sitting by herself, is a lone girl
when she got on the train she seemed slightly down, but my rapping lifted her spirits, and by the time she got off she was smiling
also, there's this oriental guy, sitting next to a girl (his girlfriend) — almost right in front of me — and he's rapping along with me (he was drunk)
later, sometime in may, i met the guy in front of the popeye's at markville (mccowan and hwy 7) … he's in ryerson, industrial engineering, not stating his name because i forgot it
later, sometime in june, i started working at toronto parks and recreation as a camp leader… the girl in the back (front) of the car turned out to be marie, who was also a leader at the camp
[at this rate, i wouldn't be surprised if i'd run into other people from that car at other places, but had failed to recognize them]
anyway, there seem to be a lot of uncanny coincidences in my life
(and yes, this example is nearing a year-old, but the more recent ones that actually inspired this post would take much longer to explain and i'm lazy)
Near where I live there's a viaduct,
Where people jump when they're out of luck,
Raining down on the cars and trucks below.
They've put a net there to catch their fall,
Like that'll stop anyone at all,
What they don't know is when nature calls, you go.
when you take the eastern half of the bloor-danforth line subway for the first time (presumably to the university of toronto), and pass on the underside of the bloor street viaduct over bayview avenue (on its west side) and the don valley parkway (at the east) and the rosedale ravine, there's something that makes you gaze in awe and wonder at the sight over a hundred feet below you
it's not the same kind of awe that you feel when you're standing over a thousand feet above the ground in the cn tower, the viaduct is much more intimate — there, nature is situated side-by-side with the work of humans as you travel over a feat of engineering — there's an almost primal draw from the ground below you
over time, you learn to suppress the wonder and bury your nose in your book or your thoughts as you pass over the viaduct, but every once in a while it calls to you and you turn your attention to it
on thursday night, i took the subway home from the university, as i've done hundreds of times before
this time i decided to stop at castle frank and walk across the bloor street viaduct, to broadview
when i exited castle frank station and was crossing a street to the viaduct a homeless man was also crossing the street from the other side and was asking motorists for some change
after crossing the street i noticed a park with a concrete circular seating arrangement, trees, and carefully tended pink flowers — the park was strewn with garbage as well, the concrete seat spray-painted with useless graffiti
as i approached the bridge i noticed a sign that said "distress centre" and had a number and a guarantee that they listen twenty-four hours a day, beneath the sign was a telephone booth (ironically the number they gave wasn't toll free) — across the street was a similar sign and phone booth
once i started walking across the bridge, i noticed the barrier they had put up to prevent people from jumping, steel rods spaced close to each other so that they would prevent most people from slipping through … i also noticed that if someone truly wanted to circumvent the barrier and plummet to their death it wasn't difficult
it's easiest at the east side of the viaduct, because the don valley parkway is close to the end of the bridge (on the west side, bayview is a bit further from the end of the bridge) … it is at the end of the bridge that you can climb onto the stone and get around the barrier and holding onto the steel rods inch your way across until you're above the don valley parkway, and then let go
you could do the same with bayview but, as i said, it's further away from the end of the bridge
after walking the half kilometre, i reached broadview — there was a pizza pizza there and i purchased a slice
then i went home
They say that Jesus and mental health
Are just for those who can help themselves,
But what good is that when you live in hell on earth?
And the very fear that makes you want to die,
Is just the same as what keeps you alive.
It's way more trouble than some suicide is worth.
Won't it be dull
When we rid ourselves of all these demons haunting us
To keep us company?
Won't it be odd
To be happy like we always thought we're supposed to feel
But never seem to be?
- "War on Drugs," Barenaked Ladies
i saw the train approach on the other set of tracks, on the other side of the platform, going the other way
i was disappointed that the train i was waiting for wasn't there
but i wasn't quite sure if my disappointment was that of an artist's — the train's absence upset the fragile symmetry of the station, or that of a student's — i was running late
on the subway ride home last night from school some of us decided that it would be fun to bring some entertainment to the crowd
we got in and sang some songs
then we did a stand-up type of comedy routine
in the last leg of the journey, from warden to kennedy, i rapped — once again, house of pain's jump around (because it's essentially the only rap song i know in its entirety)
props to josh for doing the singing and the comedy, and thanks to kevin for filming it (i didn't know until later that he was filming it)
(you need quicktime, the videos are about ten megs each so it'll take some time to load — right click and saving is probably the best way to go about it)
video 1
video 2
no, i wasn't drunk
i don't drink (but i did drink a lot of canada dry ginger ale that day, maybe there's something in it)
message sent to physics department:
Dear Professor Keys (sic.),
I only now realized an incredible conflict of interest pertaining to the date of the Physics Test.
Unfortunately, the TTC's 50th anniversary celebrations of Canada's first Subway line also fall on March 30th.
For those of us who believe fervently — even fanatically — in Public Transit and the TTC, this is virtually a religious conflict.
On March 30th, us believers will firstly gather at the SAC office to purchase our April Metropasses.
We will then indugle in a night-time remembrance of the sacred Red Cars that, though produced in Great Britian, still reflected Canada's … redness (in a non-communist way), through poetry and physics recitals and, of course, singing the famed TTC Subway Song.
We will then hike — above ground — from Union Station to Eglinton Station to remember the trials and tribulations that faced the people of Toronto before we were graced with the Subway.
We will then take the Subway from Eglinton to Yonge Station, and go west to St. George Station to initiate the final rite: Starting from Bloor and St. George we will take the Subway to Kipling, then go to Kennedy. From there we will back track to St. George, and go north to Downsview. Then, we will go south, do the loop (well, a U-turn, or whatever you want to call it) and go north to Finch. Then south to Sheppard, go east to Don Mills, come back to the Yonge line and come south to the Bloor line and back to St. George.
I realize that this is very short notice, but on behalf of all us Public Transit believers, I request that the test be postponed, rescheduled for another date. (Yes, we know one test is droppable, but we hope to drop one of our earlier tests due to our dismal performances there.)
(Or you could at least announce to the Physics class that March 30th also marks the 50th anniversay of the Subway, and the TTC's official celebrations are being held at 10:30 am at Union Station.)
Thank you for your time and consideration.
"captain nomes"
Noaman Ali
reply from physics department:
Dear Noaman,
I have read with much interest your urgent request and regret to inform you that it cannot be granted. According to the Interfaith Calendar (http://www.interfaithcalendar.org/), worship of public transit, whether of the TTC variety or of any other, is not a faith recognised by the University of Toronto. Furthermore, neither Professor Key nor I are keen to encourage fanaticism in any form whatsoever.
Let me assure you, however, that we are fervent supporters of public transit as an alternative to more private and wasteful means of transportation, such as the so-called sports utility vehicle.
May I suggest that the calm and studious ambiance of a test, so conducive to one's contemplation of past sins and of the frailties of human nature, would make an ideal prelude to the boisterous revelry being planned for that evening.
Pierre Savaria
PHY138Y Course Coordinator
the greatest thing happened this morning — afternoon actually — on the spadina streetcar
i was on my way to school (having missed my three morning lectures, i was going for a lab) and i was standing near the doors of the streetcar because i get off soon, and there were a bunch of china-folk sitting in the back
one of them had a guitar, and they just start strumming along — and i'm thinking hey i know that song
then they start singing, and it's a song that relatively few people know about so i was amazed that they knew it
and i felt like letting loose and singing, but i was short on sleep and i couldn't remember the lyrics properly
so i just start singing to myself instead of going loud, but the people around me were looking at me like the fool that i am
but then unfortunately i had to get off the streetcar because my lab was about to start and my stop was there
i wish i didn't have the lab then, i'd gladly cut about any other class to join a bunch of chinese young adults with a guitar
lobo – i'd love you to want me
when i saw you standing there
about fell off my chair
and when you moved your mouth to speak
i felt the blood go to my feet
now it took time for me to know
what you tried so not to show
something in my soul just cried
i see the want in your blue eyes
baby, i'd love you to want me
the way i that i want you
the way that it should be
baby, you'd love me to want you
the way that i want to
if you'd only let it be
you told yourself years ago
you'd never let your feelings show
the obligation that you made
for the title that they gave
baby, i'd love you to want me
the way i that i want you
the way that it should be
baby, you'd love me to want you
the way that i want to
if you'd only let it be
it took time for me to know
what you tried so not to show
now something in my soul just cried
i see the want in your blue eyes
baby, i'd love you to want me
the way i that i want you
the way that it should be
baby, you'd love me to want you
the way that i want to
if you'd only let it be
oh baby, i'd love you to want me
the way i that i want you
the way that it should be
baby, you'd love me to want you
the way that i want to
if you'd only let it be
going back a few days, i was going home with linda and sanjeyan
we — i, actually — decided to take the subway from museum station
i entered using a ttc token, but sanjeyan and linda flashed their student cards (from high school) and submitted student tickets
the ticket collector stopped them and asked "how's university going for you?"
they said "oh it's all right"
he confiscated their student cards … telling them they're supposed to forfeit usage after graduation from high school
let this be a lesson to all who still use student cards despite having graduated — perhaps it's time to switch to the metropass
Comments off

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Chapter 2 - Is Matter around us Pure
Chapter 3 - Atoms and Molecules
Chapter 4 - Structure of the Atom
Chapter 5 - The Fundamental Unit of Life
Chapter 6 - Tissues
Chapter 7 - Diversity in Living Organisms
Chapter 8 - Motion
Chapter 9 - Force and Laws of Motion
Chapter 10 - Gravitation
Chapter 11 - Work and Energy
Chapter 12 - Sound
Chapter 13 - Why do we fall Ill
Chapter 14 - Natural Resources
Chapter 15 - Improvement in Food Resources
NCERT Science Class 9
Chapter 12 - Sound
Page 162
How does the sound produced by a vibrating object in a medium reach your ear?
Page 163
Explain how sound is produced by your school bell.
Why are sound waves called mechanical waves?
Suppose you and your friend are on the moon. Will you be able to hear any sound produced by your friend?
Page 166
How are the wavelength and frequency of a sound wave related to its speed?
Page 167
In which of the three media, air, water or iron, does sound travel the fastest at a particular temperature?
Page 168
An echo returned in 3 s. What is the distance of the reflecting surface from the source, given that the speed of sound is 342 m s−1?
Page 169
Why are the ceilings of concert halls curved?
Page 170
What is the audible range of the average human ear?
What is the range of frequencies associated with Infrasound?
What is the range of frequencies associated with Ultrasound?
Page 172
A submarine emits a sonar pulse, which returns from an underwater cliff in 1.02 s. If the speed of sound in salt water is 1531 m/s, how far away is the cliff?
Pages 174 - 175
What is sound and how is it produced?
Describe with the help of a diagram, how compressions and rarefactions are produced in air near a source of sound.
Cite an experiment to show that sound needs a material medium for its propagation.
Why is sound wave called a longitudinal wave?
Flash and thunder are produced simultaneously. But thunder is heard a few seconds after the flash is seen, why?
A person has a hearing range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. What are the typical wavelengths of sound waves in air corresponding to these two frequencies? Take the speed of sound in air as 344 m s−1.
Two children are at opposite ends of an aluminium rod. One strikes the end of the rod with a stone. Find the ratio of times taken by the sound wave in air and in aluminium to reach the second child.
Does sound follow the same laws of reflection as light does? Explain.
When a sound is reflected from a distant object, an echo is produced. Let the distance between the reflecting surface and the source of sound production remains the same. Do you hear echo sound on a hotter day?
Give two practical applications of reflection of sound waves.
A stone is dropped from the top of a tower 500 m high into a pond of water at the base of the tower. When is the splash heard at the top? Given, g = 10 m s−2 and speed of sound = 340 m s−1.
A sound wave travels at a speed of 339 m s−1. If its wavelength is 1.5 cm, what is the frequency of the wave? Will it be audible?
What is reverberation? How can it be reduced?
Explain how bats use ultrasound to catch a prey.
How is ultrasound used for cleaning?
Explain the working and application of a sonar.
A sonar device on a submarine sends out a signal and receives an echo 5 s later. Calculate the speed of sound in water if the distance of the object from the submarine is 3625 m.
Explain how defects in a metal block can be detected using ultrasound.
Explain how the human ear works.


text:
Peperami are launching Valentines beefy bouquets for a limited time!
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Peperami are hosting a three days pop up to celebrate love! Consumers can pop along and get love advice from Animal, as well as be in with the chance ofContinue Reading
What could be more romantic than a doughnut engagement ring? Food delivery giants Deliveroo are billing their special as the 'the perfect token of your confectionery affection'. You better makeContinue Reading
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text:
- About Us
- School Programs
- Family & Summer Programs
- Teacher Resources
- National Park Locations
- Blog, News, & Events
- Contact Us
Prince William School Programs | Environmental Science
School & Group Environmental Science at Prince William Forest
In the largest protected Piedmont forest in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, students study environmental science, learn teamwork, and strengthen their connection with nature.
NatureBridge at Prince William Forest
One of the best ways to get a sense of a student's NatureBridge experience is to see the daily schedule. Below is a rough sketch of a typical day for our environmental science participants.
Students go to bed underneath an impressive display of stars and, after sleeping in Park cabins, rise each morning to the sounds of birds singing. They will use this time to shower, dress, pack their backpacks for a day hike, and prepare for their day.
Just a five-minute walk from the cabins is the dining hall, where we serve healthy, filling meals. Students will learn about food and natural resources, so come to breakfast prepared to start your day learning!
Take this time to use the facilities and finish packing your daypack. Each trail group will take turns with morning stewardship to tidy up the common spaces before venturing into the great outdoors for the day.
During this time you will be with your trail group of up to 15 students. Lunch is distributed to the trail groups and is typically eaten out on the trail. NatureBridge educators provide the activities and curriculum while chaperones assist with group management and the behavioral needs of individual students. Depending on your school's social and academic needs, we will design a customized thematic teaching day aligned with Virginia Standards of Learning. Students may find themselves:
This is a time students can use to shower and change, write in their journals, play on the recreation field, or relax by the fire in the dining hall. A school may also use this time for structured learning activities. Teachers and chaperones supervise during recreation time.
Dinner is served in the dining hall. The food is nutritious, plentiful, and "kid-friendly" and is enjoyed as students socialize and compare stories with new friends.
Evening programs complement the material presented during your day. These large-group programs are engaging, educational, and inspiring. Activities may include holding a town meeting on a current environmental issue, exploring the nearby forest on a night hike, or sharing songs and stories around a campfire.
This is the time for students to use bathrooms, change clothes, and brush their teeth. Older students may use this time to study in the dining room or catch some quiet time in their cabins. Teachers and chaperones supervise students during this time. Lights out is typically 9:30 p.m.
Prince William Forest Park offers infinite learning opportunities. With each passing day in the NatureBridge program, students will grow in confidence and deepen their connections to their surroundings and to each other.
|A Proud Partner of the National Park Service


text:
Kokeshi Wooden Doll Brooch
Kokeshi Wooden Doll Brooch
8.00 16.00
Traditional Japanese Kokeshi dolls, with their simple silhouettes and hand painted features, inspire this cute little brooch. She has been laser cut from sustainable plywood, with hand painted and acrylic details.
Dimensions: 3 x 6cm
Materials: Made from acrylic plastic and hand painted, responsibly sourced poplar plywood.
Care: Please keep away from water and moisture to avoid damage.
Packaging: Card backing.
Designed and made by Kate Rowland.


text:
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text:
Instagram Photos
Mr Ward
November 2018 M T W T F S S « Aug 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
I was researching art therapy and came across this therapist/artist who described the career and aspects of art therapy in such a simple and clear way. I have been looking through her blog and found some really interesting posts, it … Continue reading
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critical-evidence For those who need to be informed on the benefits of art education in schools and how the arts are involved with NCLB.


text:
I bought a LG burner, it went kaput withing 3 days, now they give me what it looks like repaired/refurbished replacement drive. I did a Disc Quality test on it, how does it look? I need it to last 6 months at least!
How does this Disc Quality test look?
isthatenough #1
Albert #2
That's not a bad scan, but scans can only really tell you the quality of the disc & how well the drive wrote to it, not how long the drive will last.
isthatenough #3
Yes, I guess so! But, I am looking for some kind of info indicating the drive's present quality. That will have to do.


text:
Caelum did growl at the sight of those rat bites. The sound leaked up from the back of his throat, edged with a viciousness Kavala perhaps had not yet had the opportunity to glimpse in him. It felt altogether too easy, slick as the scalpel's edge now in his hand; and the sunlight in his eyes darkened to eclipse.
It took no especial empathy to ascertain that in that moment there was little in the world this healer wanted to do more than slit Haev Provedan's throat. Even sense might not have saved the slaver from him had it not been for the power of ranuri coursing through him back at Rattling Chains, driving him to leave as Larik wanted to leave and to get Elise safe as she so needed to be made.
"Ten chimes," he echoed his friend and fellow healer, signalling that he heard her and understood.
Then he got to work. It was with terrifyingly complete focus that he sliced Elise's arm open halfway, and then all the way to the bone upon discovering infected tissue even that deep. He wielded his scalpel with enough ruthless talent to make an assassin pale as he carved the disease out of Elise's flesh, following the slender lines of her intial wound and widening the area until lost tissue could be discarded and pus could be lanced.
He worked quick, too, cognizant of the time they had to do this before drugs wore and the agony grew too much to sustain unconsciousness in their patient. He did not need to glance up to know what Kavala was doing, feeling it with every pulse of divine magic coursing through his system, both Rak'keli and Nikali working in him, through him, in exquisite harmony that would be lost on too many in this world.
Once the wound was lanced and debrided to his satisfaction, he doused it liberally with carbolic and began the manipulation of bone, having discovered a series of hair fractures spiderwebbing through her humerus all the way to the elbow joint where it appeared a ligament had been torn. A pair of tweezers was lifted blindly from the kit and he began to slow, delicate process of lifting bone splinters from swollen muscle tissue. Once he felt that he had unearthed all of them, he carefully manipulated the humerus into the proper joint placement.
His timing was impeccable as right about then Kavala arrived at his side and he gestured with one hand to the obvious need before him. With her two gnosis marks from Rak'keli, Kavala had the ability to heal the bone and seal up the surgical wound he had made. When Kavala nodded, he moved back to do a quick rinse of his hands in the basin and then move to the smooth stone counter where he began to pour the prepared medicine into a mug. Once he was satisfied with the dosage, having measured it both by eye and with a the appropriate tool, he tucked the mug right into Larik's waiting hands and returned to Elise while Kavala was finishing up.
"Alright," he murmured, waiting for his friend's nod before he lifted their patient and resettled her on her stomach, carefully adjusting her head at a comfortable angle. Lash marks stripped her narrow make, hissing his breath once more. The skin of his own back twitched in reflexive sympathy. It would probably have stunned Kavala and the other members of the Sanctuary, but Caelum knew very well, very up close and personally, what it was to be flogged, skin flayed within an inch of your life.
Not trusting himself to speak, he reached for a bit of muslin and his favorite, curved needle.


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Ray Monk ("Woodstock of the mind", THES, February 12) is probably right that description of consciousness rather than a science of it will meet the "craving" (what a Buddhist word) for understanding. But I do wish he, and everyone else who seems to mention this, will not talk of "eastern", "Asian", "mysticism", "meditation" and "pure/higher consciousness" in one, interchangeable rush. Of the four or five systematic schools of thought in classical India, which treat consciousness and related issues of knowledge, awareness and mind, two (Mimamsa and Nyaya) assert that consciousness can only be intentional and is possible only through the apparatus of the body and identify it with physical processes. Even in that supposed paradigm of Indian mysticism, Advaita Vedanta, there are plenty of works where the analysis of the phenomenology of consciousness and its epistemological implications have little or nothing on meditation.
C. Ram-Prasad Clare Hall, Cambridge


text:
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- n. A key or basic truth, especially one that is discomforting to acknowledge.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- n. A true but unwelcome statement.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- n. an important truth that is unpleasant to acknowledge (as about yourself)
Sorry, no etymologies found.
Sorry, no example sentences found.


text:
First Grace
3401 Canal Street
New Orleans, LA 70119
New Orleans
United States
About Us
First Grace, is the most diverse church in New Orleans-- the merger of a historical Black church and an historical white church. We are a joyful community engaged in our city-- a residence for women and children and a TUESDAY COMMUNITY MEAL are two of our ministries. We are inviting the right person to 1. come live in and participate in our Intentional Spiritual Community, and 2. Commit to 12-15 hours per week in ministry with the preparation, service and cleaning of our Tuesday meal. 3. Grow as a person and community member. All are invited to apply regardless of race, ethnicity or gender identity.


text:
Pop punk young guns Mishap are hitting the road through late August and early September in support of their latest single 'Hey, Allie!'. The Wellington trio, which is made up of Isaac Lundy (vocals, guitar), Datu Beech (vocals, bass) and Seán Beales (drums) have had a cracker of a year so far with the release of a new EP, Not Feeling This, back in April as well as nabbing support slots for Joyce Manor and The Undertones tours. Here's the details for their upcoming seven-date jaunt...
Friday 25th August, Ding Dong Lounge, Auckland
Saturday 26th August, Nivara Lounge, Hamilton
Friday 1st September, The Stomach, Palmerston North
Saturday 2nd September, Thistle Hall Gallery, Wellington
Friday 8th September, New City Hotel, Christchurch
Saturday 9th September, The Crown Hotel, Dunedin
Friday 15th September, The AEB, Levin
Here's the recently released video for 'Hey, Allie!'...


text:
We moved from FL to OH. We hired them for packing our furnishings and moving. We boxed everything else ourselves with treatment and persistence working with HomeDepot brand name, that is key for protection and overall health in the packing containers arrived with the spot with minimum injury. All round, we are extremely content with their support. Right here I record the products and bads about them: Goods:
A variety of our points ended up broken. The movers still left the hardwood ground on our new household scratched because they dragged home furnishings through the wood in lieu of carrying it. The movers (conversing the drivers - not the crew) appeared to be in such a hurry to get away from there they ended up scratching the furniture which has a knife they accustomed to tear off the blankets used to retain objects from breaking.
I was unable to receive a reply While paperwork as well as pics have been sent. Take note: Problems was marked on shipping and delivery duplicate. I've incredibly undesirable points to state about this company, but am about it. Usually do not USE THIS Business!!!
Every time I simply call, I get a distinct cause why they cannot supply by the due date. Anything I used to be instructed keeps shifting, in conjunction with their "guarantees".
So Will not blame me for that. Our stock originally had 30 or so things. Upon pickup, it was over 100. It'd be partly as the initial inventory had each of our a few beds mentioned at just one merchandise Just about every and on pickup listed Every A part of the beds as separate, so three turns into about a dozen. That's just one reason.
I'd instead just remain in a good lodge an additional night time and possess them come July 1st. She suggests that's great. July 1st it truly is. No one at any time arrived out to survey our possessions to obtain an actual estimate of Area and selling price. Once again, hindsight is twenty/twenty.
By the way, I've been living in a house with no furniture besides some stuff I acquired borrowed from the Army's furnishings Business. At this moment I am typing this on a sofa I do not have that typically is supposed to be for military barracks. Each individual night we sleep on a mattress that may not ours and make use of a microwave and evening stand and table that aren't ours. Our property is vacant aside from those handful of factors we ended up Fortunate for getting.
They were focusing on the supply according to sixteen business days Restrict and did not have any clue on shipping and delivery window David experienced promised. The lady in dispatch was blunt in stating that dispatch can not go by any "lies" David has conveyed. Was informed that there have been no senior authorities I could speak to escalate.
I checked my voicemail for virtually any messages and didn't have a person from the organization. After I got my keys, my Mother and I hold out. No-one phone calls or exhibits. All-around 1 I phone the number of the broker named Jeremy. No-one answers. I ship a few texts, not one person answers. Concur contacting every single 30 mins, it isn't until eventually just a little following 3pm EST another person answers and claims we have been calling you all early morning no person answered so I sent my movers to maneuver things to the encompassing city. He claims they arrived by, which neither I nor the leasing Business saw any moving vehicles. He then suggests using an attitude I need to fork out a $two hundred ready price. I ensure with my developing which i can go things in late Because the movers would not enable it to be back again to Atlanta right until 5-6pm. At this time I am just truly irritated and want my stuff so I notify Jeremy 5-six is ok, hoping to debate the charge. Jeremy will not have a peek at this web-site occur but his movers condition they don't seem to be the exact same guys who attempted the shipping that early morning And do not know who did. They cannot depart devoid of receiving the extra $200. I give it to them, complain to dispatch, and they say according to exactly what the broker explained to them they cannot challenge a refund. So long Tale shorter, the back conclude of this method in Atlanta was horrible. Evidently there was not any interaction about a time period for shipping and delivery on the Atlanta end. I'd never ever rely on them once more and suggest Some others not to get conned by their fantastic entrance conclusion service. four stars for front stop, 0 for that again end. Typical two stars
Named and spoke with Samantha. She booked me at 1200 for the go to Wisconsin. I called her and emailed her my listing with measurements. She confident me that if there was any big difference It could be minimal. The movers arrived two hrs late acquiring me sign an entire bunch of paperwork and afterwards they just started out taping every thing. Described to me the specific merchandise had to be packed and I agreed. Brought everything outside of my household and Once i asked simply how much anything was gonna be he told me, "Don't be concerned.
Getting no option because all of our belongings are now being held hostage, we sent the additional money. We are actually $18000 into this transfer and even now have no idea of when our belongings will arrive. No one will remedy the cellular phone or return or phone calls or e-mail. We at the moment are looking for authorized action towards this enterprise.
According to that, Lauren claims 4200 lbs. commonly arrives out to about 500 cubic feet. To start with National rates by cubic ft and never weight. We say to overcompensate and somehow arrive at 534 cubic toes or so from the First estimate depending on the weight and afterwards telling Lauren all of that We've got over the cell phone. She assures us the $3400 could go up somewhat upon the things becoming calculated on pickup but that it won't be much too drastic of the value increase.
August 1st: I phone Daniel's direct quantity that he gave me. He says customer support will get in touch with me back within one hour or so. Nope. August 2nd: I connect with customer care.
The worst part is definitely the hold off. They inform you "they're going to make an effort to get your things shipped within just in 3 days" but your stuff is just not leaving their incredibly hot storage area until finally they've enough moves packed of their truck to generate their journey worth it.
- 129 Visitors


text: I have first generation Motorola Droid, on Verizon. Got it Nov 8, 2009 - the day they were released. Recently, as in the last week it's started to become very unstable. With apps running (example Angry Birds) the app will get slower and slower, to the point it's almost start/stop then eventually I get the Android error screen that the app is no longer responding - force stop/report. Some apps that had worked for a long time will not start at all. I've started deleting apps and moving things off the SD card back to the phone - so far no luck. I have no idea how to troubleshoot this thing.


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Originally Published: March 17, 2012 10 p.m.
PRESCOTT VALLEY - Sparks flew Thursday morning at the Superior Industries' Southwest Division plant here as Tyson Marsh and other welders grinded metal.
"When you weld, there are imperfections that come from steel," plant Manager Lane Koehl explained as he conducted a tour of the first floor of the sheet-metal building on Superior Lane off Valley Road. "You grind that out and you put another weld (wire) over the top."
The plant buzzed with other activity as well. One employee stretched out on the concrete floor as he did layout work on a hopper bin side. Upstairs, two engineers designed conveyer equipment on computers.
Unlike other factories, the plant lacks deafening sounds where workers wear earplugs.
Outside, graded land is being prepared to expand the building from 50,000 to 75,000 square feet.
Superior is undergoing its second major expansion since it opened in Prescott Valley in 2006, Koehl said. Superior, based in Morris, Minn., manufactures conveyer equipment that the mining and aggregates industries use.
Superior is expanding because the company found a market for conveyer belts at a mine in Australia, Koehl said. He has hired six employees since January - bringing the total to 49 - and plans to hire an additional 20 to 25 by the end of the year.
Koehl, a former farmer who started with Superior as a project manager 15 years ago, also cited a favorable business climate with Prescott Valley's town government.
"The reason we are expanding in the Southwest is the community is great to work with," Koehl said. He also credited Gary Marks, executive director for the Prescott Valley Economic Development Foundation, for helping Superior qualify for a rural development grant from the Arizona Commerce Authority.
Superior will use the grant to help pay for expanding the company's work force, Koehl said. He is hiring welders, painters, assemblers and fabricators (who run saws and cut pieces of metal), with wages starting around $10 to $12 an hour.
The grant will exceed $100,000, Marks said. Kristen Hellmer, director of communications for the Commerce Authority, said, "We are working to finalize the grant."
Marks said, "It is great news for that expansion and the capital investment that is being made. I am tickled to death that the project is to take place here."
Koehl said he is "tickled to death" as well, and announced via email after the interview Thursday that the Community Development Department approved the building permit. Prescott Valley Building Official Woody Lewis corroborated his account.
Koehl said he hopes construction will begin in two to four weeks. He expects the expansion to be completed in August and in operation by the fourth quarter of 2012.
"Instead of expanding in Minnesota, we will be able to expand here," Koehl said. "It allows us to bring products from the Minnesota shop to build here: conveyer equipment."
While the Southwest Division is expanding markets to Australia, it also supplied a business down Valley Road: Patriot Disposal.
Patriot bought a conveyer belt five months ago for its recycling operation, said Chris Kuknyo, chief operating officer and co-founder.
"It is a local company and they have been fantastic to work with," Kuknyo said. "They went way beyond what they had to do. Their customer service was outstanding. They set the conveyer belt up for us and they aligned it."
Kuknyo, a Prescott City Council member, said Patriot employees watched the conveyer belt being assembled at Superior.
Conveyer belts range in size from 40 to 1,700 square feet, Koehl said.
Koehl said Superior provides on-site certification for new employees, adding, "All our guys are pretty much cross-trained."
Marsh, on the job for five months, said he applied at Superior in part because some of his friends work there.
"I love it here," said Marsh, a 36-year-old Navy veteran who lives in Prescott Valley. "When you are doing assembling, there are so many different things to do."
For more information about employment, contact Erica Cook at (320) 589-2406.


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Larger Than Life White Calla Lilies with Anita Wood
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Check back in February 2019 to see if it will be offered next year.
In this two day workshop, your objective is to paint drama through elegance and colour. You will begin by drawing the composition and masking out three calla lilies and a foliage background. Through layer and wet-into-wet painting, Anita will teach you to work with dark values throughout the background of the painting and a focus on the light values in the lilies themselves. You will leave this course with a stunning composition of calla lilies that is larger than life!
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"I" language is a great way to take personal responsibility, authentically express yourself, and build better personal and professional relationships. "I" language is.
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The FF Faceoff XII: Week 10 Fantasy Football Debates
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In this episode, the guys tiptoe through the Ezekiel Elliott news and debate Kelvin Benjamin's potential impact against the Saints. Also, the guys discuss Orleans Darkwa, build a DFS lineup, and Anthony learns what it means to put the podcast to bed.
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