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Sometimes you want a thin wash, but other times you need a thick stroke in order to achieve your desired effect, so make sure that you're using enough paint to create the type of stroke you need. Don't hold back on the paint at the expense of your painting. If you find yourself constantly swirling a brush around a thin pool of paint on your palette, then it's probably time to remake that mixture.
Feather Out Paint. If you have to paint larger areas, such as ceilings, tall walls, or stairwells, your best method is to feather out the paint along edges that you can't keep wet. This feathered coat technique will prevent any lap marks that may occur and prevent any areas from standing out. You can accomplish this technique by rolling the roller in different directions along the edge and applying less and less pressure as you go, which will feather out the paint. After completing one section, move on to the next section until you have finished painting the job. If a second coat is required, make sure you feather out the paint in the opposite direction to further prevent lap marks.
Remember that you can paint directly onto a wet surface or wait for it to dry and put wet paint over that. Paints will blend on the canvas when working wet-in-wet, which is great for getting transitions or gradients. Painting with a dry brush will give you a more textural effect, which is perfect for painting brick or dirt.
Canvas: Transpose thumbnail to canvas, creating large puzzle piece shapes. You should have no more than five different sized shapes in your initial set up.
Oil painting is not solely about the paint. An absolutely essential part of controlling paint is the artist's use of a painting medium – typically a mixture of solvent and oil used to modify the paint and make it behave in different ways. Adding lots of medium will make your paint flat and transparent like a wash, whereas adding just a little medium will give your paint a mayonnaise-like consistency.
Lap marks are those ugly stripes caused by uneven layers of paint buildup. They occur when you roll over paint that's already partly dry. (In warm, dry conditions, latex paint can begin to stiffen in less than a minute!) The key to avoiding lap marks is to maintain a "wet edge," so each stroke of your roller overlaps the previous stroke before the paint can begin to dry. To maintain a wet edge, start near a corner and run the roller up and down the full height of the wall, moving over slightly with each stroke. Move backward where necessary to even out thick spots or runs. Don't let the roller become nearly dry; reload it often so that it's always at least half loaded. Keep the open side of the roller frame facing the area that's already painted. That puts less pressure on the open side of the roller, so you're less likely to leave paint ridges.
There are many different grips on the paintbrush that an artist can use while painting. However, there is one 'go-to' method that every artist should know: to get the most fluidity and sensitivity with your strokes, hold the brush handle as far back as you can. This might feel uncomfortable at first, but it offers the greatest degree of control because it allows you to paint with your whole arm rather than just your wrist.
Use the correct type of clear coat finish. This is something I wish I had known when I first started painting furniture, as I ended up having to redo several pieces due to using the wrong clear coat. For most furniture paint projects these days, I use Polycrylic as my top coat. It gives me the durable finish I want, but doesn't yellow over time like Polyurethane will. I definitely painted a few pieces back in the day and watched my pretty white paint turn yellow because I used Polyurethane instead of Polycrylic. Also, I like Polycrylic because it cleans up with water. You'll have to use mineral spirits for Polyurethane.
To prevent unmatched walls, one of our tips for painting is to mix the paint cans together beforehand. This especially applies to paint that was previously opened because color pigments can separate over time. To successfully mix cans of paint, you will want to place a piece of mesh over a 5-gallon bucket.
Avoid Lap Marks. Lap marks are the stripes caused by uneven layers of paint buildup, which occurs when you roll over paint that's already starting to dry. It can also occur when there is too much heat or draft during the drying phase.
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The phylogenetic information carried by a new set of morphological characters in planthoppers: the internal mouthpart structures and test in the Cixiidae model (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)
Internal morphological structures of Cixiidae mouthparts are described and compared in various representatives of the Cixiidae and several other representatives of hemipterans. The morphological study shows that the mouthpart structures have not evolved uniformly and reveals the great disparity of these structures. Particularly, the connecting system of the mouthparts, localisation of salivary canal and shape of the mandibular and maxillar stylets provide together a new set of 17 new characters. A parsimonious analysis to evaluate the phylogenetic interest carried by these 17 selected characters shows that mouthpart structures have not evolved anarchically, but that they indeed carry some phylogenetic information that will be useful to be included in further morphological phylogenetic analysis.
KeywordsFulgoromorpha Cixiidae Mouthparts Internal connecting systems Maxillary locks Food and salivary canals
The Hemiptera are characterised by a deep modification of their buccal apparatus into a rostrum consisting of the labium guiding two pairs of respective mandibular and maxillar stylets allowing their penetration into feedings tissues. For mechanical efficiency, these stylets are morphologically more or less strongly coapted through interlocking devices. This mouthpart connecting system, which has been variously investigated according to the major Hemiptera taxa (Pollard 1968, 1972; Forbes and Raine 1973; Forbes 1977; Cobben 1978), has attracted new recent comparative analysis showing that it consists in a two- or three-locked system between the right and the left maxilla, surrounded by the two mandibles sometimes interlocked with the maxillae and the whole bunch being guided by the labium groove (Brożek and Herczek 2001, 2004; Brożek et al. 2006; Brożek 2006, 2007). Between the maxillary stylets, a dorsal alimentary and a ventral salivary canal are generally present.
A preliminary study of few representatives in some Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha families has shown that the connecting system consists in a three-locked connecting system between the maxillae but also that some diversity in the shape of mandibles and maxillae should be of possible phylogenetic interest (Brożek et al. 2006). However, no further attempts were made to investigate more carefully these structures within a single family, and to evaluate how much these conformations observed were diverse at lower taxonomic levels. More particularly in Cixiidae, these first investigations have shown that the mandibulae were moon-crescent-shaped, of regular form (e.g. larger in cross-section in their mid-part) and joining dorsally and ventrally in a more or less rounded acute ending. A differently shaped system was observed in representatives of Delphacidae, Derbidae, Issidae, Caliscelidae and Lophopidae, which exhibited mandibles more developed ventrally (in cross-section) and with a wide ventral junction area. Moreover, as for Cixiidae, Issidae and Lophopidae maxillae were observed fully surrounded by the mandibles, while they were left freely exposed on their dorsal margin in all the other previously cited taxa and the Achilidae representative (Brożek et al. 2006).
Objectives in this study were therefore (1) to enlarge the scope of the morphological study of the mouthpart connecting system to some other planthopper families in order to better evaluate the interest of this new set of morphological characters for future phylogenetic studies in planthoppers; (2) to select a set of new identified characters and their states that should be useful to document in the future when describing new potential key taxa in the Fulgoroidea or even higher; and (3) to investigate, particularly within one planthopper family, whether any polymorphism of the connecting system is expressed as it is known to occur in Heteroptera for instance (Cobben 1978).
Until now, the Cixiidae monophyly still remains controversial and non-supported (Ceotto and Bourgoin 2008; Ceotto et al. 2008) and new character data sets are necessary to better assess this taxa. This is why the Cixiidae model was chosen as a good candidate to test the phylogenetic signal carried by the character selected in the labium in relation with the published internal classifications of the Cixiidae (Emeljanov 2002; Ceotto and Bourgoin 2008; Ceotto et al. 2008).
Materials and methods
The study of the internal structures of the mouthparts was performed on dry material from the collections of the Museum National d'Historie Naturelle in Paris (MNHN) and of the Department of Zoology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland. The specimens are mainly Cixiidae, but several representatives of other family taxa were also included; all are listed in Appendix together with the species previously studied in other papers.
The internal structures of mouthparts were analysed through cross-section of the subapical labial segment of adult specimens. For scanning microscopy, the basal part of the head with a part of the labium was glued vertically, coated with a 65–70 μm film of gold–palladium and then photographed with a Jeol JSM III scanning electron microscope.
Characters of interest
K1: Stylet bundle shape laterally compressed (higher than wider)/dorsoventrally compressed (wider than higher)/as wide as high/0/1/2
K2: Mandibular–maxillar interlocking device absent/present 0/1
K3: Mandibular axis of greater width perpendicular to the dorsoventral axis/oriented lateroventral/oriented laterodorsal 0/1/2
K4: Mandibles more than two (up to three) times longer than wide/less than two time as wide as long 0/1
K5: Mandibular external margin regularly convex/concave laterodorsally/more complex and irregular 0/1/2
K6: Mandibular external laterodorsal slip absent/present 0/1
K7: Mandibular dorsal tip acute/tapered/flattened short/flattened wide 0/1/2/3
K8: Mandibular ventral tip acute/tapered/flattened short/flattened wide 0/1/2/3
K9: Mandibular dorsal tips not in contact/in contact 0/1
K10: Mandibular ventral tips not in contact/in contact 0/1
K11: Interlocked maxillae in cross-section laterally compressed (oval)/rounded/cordiform/dorsoventrally compressed (oval) 0/1/2/3
K12: Maxillar inner margins parallel to mandibular inner margins in cross-section/rotated left 0/1
K13: Ventral right E maxillar process short/medium/long 0/1/2
K14: Maxillar dorsal margin regularly convex/concave/mixed (convexo-concave) 0/1/2
K15: Maxillar connecting system: three locking system/two locking system 0/1
K16: Mandibular stylets mirror images of each another/not mirror images of each another 0/1
K17: Salivary canal: in the left maxilla/formed by both maxilla/in the right maxilla 0/1/2
Matrix of characters state of internal structures of the mouthparts of the hemipteran groups
Number of characters
Sternorrhyncha: Orthezia urticae
Coleorrhyncha: Xenophyes cascus
Heteroptera: Pentatoma rufipes
Heteroptera: Nepa cinerea
Tettigarctidae: Tettigarcta crinata
Cicadellidae: Ulopa reticulata
Delphacidae: Peregrinus maidis
Achilidae: Achilla marginatifrons
Achilidae: Ballomarius kawandanus
Derbidae: Diostrombus gangumis
Dictyopharidae: Dictyophara europaea
Fulgoridae: Calyptoproctus sp.
Meenoplidae: Nisia nervosa
Ricaniidae: Pochazia antica
Flatidae: Flata pallida
Flatidae: Flatida sp.
Tropiduchidae: Trienopa paradoxa
Caliscelidae: Ommatidiotus dissimilis
Lophopidae: Lophops africana
Tropiduchidae: Numicia hulstaerti
Tettigometridae: Tettigometra sulphurea
Tettigometridae: Hilda sp.
C/Borystheninae: Borysthenes lacteus
C/Bothriocerinae: Bothriocera sp.
C/Brixidiini: Brixidia boukokoensis
C/Brixidiini: Brixidia variabilis
C/Brixiini: Brixia rose
C/Cixiini: Achaemenes lokobenis
C/Cixiini: Cixius nervosus
C/Cixiini: Cixius cunicularius
C/Cixiini: Macrocixius giganteus
C/Cixiini: Tachycixius pilosus
C/Oecleini: Mundopa kotoshonis
C/Oecleini: Myndus taffini
C/Pentastirini: Oliarus kindli
C/Pentastirini: Pentastiridius moestus
C/Pentastirini: Hyalesthes obsoletus
C/Mnemosynini: Mnemosyne camerunensis
C/Mnemosynini: Mnemosyne lamabokensis
C/Pintaliini: Cubana sp.
C/Pintaliini: Pintalia sp.
C/Semonini: Betacixius ocellatus
Stylet bundle
Cross-sections through the stylet bundle in toto (interlocked maxillae surrounded by the two mandibulae) show that in all cixiid studied, the stylet bundle is distinctly dorsoventrally compressed [K1(1)]. In few cases (Borysthenes and Achaemenes), it even appears to be almost twice as wide as high.
Mandibular–maxillar and maxillar–maxillar interlocking systems
In all the specimens examined, the mouthpart interlocking/connecting apparatus consists of a three-locked maxillar–maxillar system—dorsal, median and ventral—between the right (RMx) and the left (LMx) maxilla, surrounded by the two mandibles; the whole bunch surrounded by the labium (Fig. 1). The mandibles (RMd, LMd) are placed laterally with respect to the maxillae. Special device to interlock the mandibles with the maxillae (Fig. 11 [K2(1)], IMMD) was not observed [K2(0)], and the regularly convex external walls of the maxillae are able to slide along the concave internal and smooth surfaces of the mandibles. However, most often, the general shape of the interlocked maxillae prevents their free rotation within the case surrounded by the two mandibular stylets (see further in the "Discussion").
Finally, the two mandibles can be or not in contact both dorsally [K9] and ventrally [K10]. When dorsal tips are flattened, the two mandibular stylets are always dorsally in contact in Cixiidae (Fig. 3b, g–q). Similar junction was not observed in other planthoppers. When dorsal tips are acute or tapered, they might be in contact as in Borysthenes, Brixidia, Bixia, Achaemenes and Betacixius (Fig. 3a, c–f, t) or not as in Pintalia and Cubana (Fig. 3r, s,). Ventrally and whatever their shapes, ventral tips are generally not in contact with Cixiidae excepted in Brixia, Macrocixius, Tachycixius, Mundopa, Myndus and Mnemosyne (Fig. 3e, i–l, p, q).
In cross-section, maxillae in Cixiidae are generally flattened laterally, together representing a more or less oval assemblage [K11(0)] higher than wide (Fig. 3b–d, g–t). The assemblage looks almost rounded [K11(1)] in the cixiid Borysthenes (Fig. 3a) and Achaemenes (Fig. 3f) as well as in some other planthoppers such as the tropiduchid Trienopa (Figs. 7g, 8i) or the flatid Flata pallida (Figs. 7i, 8j) or the caliscelid Ommatidiotus (Fig. 7l). In non-cixiid planthoppers observed, the two interlocked maxillae are also laterally compressed in the Tettigometridae (Figs. 7a, b, 8a, b), Achilidae (Figs. 7c, d, 8c, d) and Lophopidae (Figs. 7p, 9f), but in most cases, they form a cordiform assemblage more acute ventrally than dorsally [K11(2)] (Figs. 7e, f, h, j, k, m–o, 8f–h, k, l, 9a–e). In Nisia and Numicia (Figs. 7e, f, 8f, h), the dorsal margin is distinctly concave [K14(1)].
Between them, the maxillae delimit two canals: the ventral salivary canal (SC) more or less fully included in the right maxilla and the dorsal alimentary or food canal (FC), which is wider and formed by the junction of the two maxillar stylets. These are joined along their entire length through the connecting apparatus. In all cixiids and planthoppers studied, in cross-section, the junction line between the two maxillae runs parallel to the dorsoventral axis [K12(0)].
Maxillar connecting apparatus
- 1.
Four processes form the dorsal lock. On the left maxilla: the upper hooked one (A′) and the lower straight one (B′), and on the right maxilla: the upper straight one (A) and the lower hooked one (B). Between A and B′, A′ and B interlock (Fig. 1).
- 2.
The median lock is formed by three processes: the two hooked processes (C, D) of the right maxilla interlock with a T-shaped process (C′) of the left maxilla (Fig. 1).
- 3.
The ventral lock is formed only by two processes: the hooked E process on the right maxilla interlocks with the slightly hooked E' process on the left maxilla (Fig. 1).
- E process is considered as short [K13(0)] when its tip slightly overlaps the E′ process and does not reach up the base of the C′ process. In this conformation, the salivary canal is more or less equally closed by both the right and the left maxilla (Fig. 4a). This situation is observed in most cixiid species as in Borysthenes lacteus (Figs. 3a, 5a), Bothriocera sp. (Figs. 3b, 5b), Brixidia boukokoensis, B. variabilis (Figs. 3c, d, 5c–e) and Brixia rosae (Figs. 3e, 5f), and some Cixiini as in Cixius nervosus, C. cunicularius, Macrocixius giganteus, Tachycixius pilosus (Figs. 3g–j, 5h–l), the Pentastirini (Oliarus kindli, Pentastiridius moestus, Hyalesthes obsoletus, Figs. 3m–o, 4a), the Mnemosynini (Mnemosyne camerunensis, M. lamabokoensis, Figs. 3p, q, 6g, h) and the Oecleini (Mundopa kotoshonis, Figs. 3k, 6a; Myndus taffini, Figs. 3l, 6b).
A few intermediate situations (Fig. 4b) [K13(1)] were observed in Achaemenes lokobensis (Figs. 3f, 5g) and in Betacixius ocellatus (Figs. 3t, 6f) with a long E process only reaching the base of the C′ process.
E process is hooked and long enough to reach the D process of the right maxilla [K13(2)] (Fig. 4c), and therefore, it encloses the whole salivary canal into the right maxilla [K17(2)] such as in the Pintaliini (Pintalia sp., Cubana sp.; Figs. 3s, r, 6i, j).
The Hemiptera mouthpart connecting system has been scarcely investigated until now and only a few studies have been published on this subject (Cobben 1978; Pollard 1968, 1972; Forbes and Raine 1973; Forbes 1977). Recently, a comparative analysis of the systems has been undertaken (Brożek and Herczek 2004; Brożek et al. 2006; Brożek 2006, 2007). A surprising morphological diversity starts to emerge from these original studies, and a series of character appears to be of interest for further investigations. They will have to be included in morphological data set built for future phylogenetic analysis both from the Hemiptera level down to the family level, at least in planthoppers.
Stylet bundle
Some diversity is observed in other Hemiptera lineages: dorsoventrally compressed in Coleorrhyncha (Brożek 2007), in families of Cicadomorpha (Brożek in prep.) and most basal Heteroptera (Cobben 1978). It is of equal length (as wide as high) in Heteroptera Pentatomomorpha and Cimicomorpha (Brożek and Herczek 2004) or strongly laterally compressed (wider than high) in Sternorrhyncha (Fig. 11 [K1(0)]): Aphididae, Psyllidae and Aleyrodidae (Forbes 1969, 1972; Cobben 1978) and Coccinea (Brożek 2006).
As noted by Cobben (1978), no clear relation can be found between these different shapes of stylet bundle and feeding habits. The fact that all investigated cixiids and most other planthoppers are dorsoventrally compressed might indicate that this character state represents the plesiomorphic state.
Mandibular–maxillar and maxillar–maxillar interlocking systems
For obvious functional reasons, maxillae and mandibulae have to maintain a smooth longitudinal slide between them, but efficiency of the system grows with the closer mechanical coordination of all the stylets due to additional interlocking devices. No such supplementary interlocking device [K2] was noticed between the stylets as it has been reported in many Heteroptera (Cobben 1978; Brożek and Herczek 2004). It would mean that in several cases, the mandibles might rotate around the maxillae at least on a short distance. However, this rotation remains blocked in most cases as soon as the concavity of the external maxilla margins is no more circular or if the maxillae are not symmetrical [K11].
This is particularly the case in most of the cixiids studied here, but also in delphacids, achilids, meenoplids, tettigometrids, tropiduchids, fulgorids, dictyopharids and lophopids representatives (Brożek et al. 2006). Only in the cixiid Borysthenes, and in Flata pallida (Flatidae), Ommatidiotus (Caliscelidae) and Trienopa (Tropiduchidae), circular interlocked maxillae have been observed (Brożek et al. 2006). Some limited rotation of the interlocked maxillae within the mandibular case might be possible for these taxa as also reported by Cobben (1978) for Gerromorpha even if in these taxa the lateral margin of the maxillae is irregular (op. cit. Fig. 143a, 147a, c) and the freedom of the connected maxillae is allowed by a slighter coordination of the mandibles and maxillae.
In other terms, planthoppers have developed a different morphological solution than in Heteroptera for the maxillar–mandibular interlocking system, without additional morphological device but just through a shape modification of their stylets. This planthopper system remains plesiomorphic and is much probably less efficient than the heteropteran one where these maxillar–mandibular locking have evolved.
As already mentioned by Cobben (1978), the mirror image of the two mandibules [K16 (0)] is a general condition for the Hemiptera excepted in the Sternorrhyncha [K16 (1)]. In this respect, and following Cobben hypothesis (1978: 236) that each mandibular stylet have evolved in opposite direction (or that one mandibule has evolved with some special adaptation), planthoppers share a probable plesiomorphic conformation with the other Auchenorrhyncha, Coleorrhyncha and Heteroptera. In planthoppers, they are usually more or less crescent-shaped while they exhibit a high disparity of shapes. In all Cixiidae studied, stylets are regularly convex on their external margin with their wider development passing through an axis perpendicular to the dorsoventral one (Figs. 10a, 11) [K3(0)].
Ventrally or medially enlarged mandibles, as in the Fulgoromorpha (Brożek et al. 2006 and this study) and the Coleorrhyncha (Brożek 2007), and laterally flattened mandibles with undulated internal surface in Heteroptera (Cobben 1978; Brożek and Herczek 2004) represent probably an apomorphic condition with regard to the narrow and laterally flattened mandibles with smooth external and internal surface as one can observe in the Sternorrhyncha (Brożek 2006).
Dorsal and ventral tips of the mandibles vary in shape and in their mode of junction [K7, K8]. It is interesting to observe that in all cixiids, maxillae are almost fully surrounded by the mandibles [K9], while in most other planthoppers studied, the mandibles do not join dorsally, leaving free the dorsal margin of the interconnected maxillae (Fig. 7b, c, e–p). This condition is also general in Sternorrhyncha. As dorsally, the two mandibles might or not join ventrally [K10], even if the mandibles are strongly developed ventrally as in the flatids (Figs. 7i, 8j) for instance. Accordingly, maxillae almost fully surrounded by the mandibular case as in the Cixiidae might represent a synapomorphy for the taxa [K9]. The special case of the Pintalini as observed in Pintalia sp. and Cubana sp. represents probably another evolutionary step.
A tapered or flattened mandibular ventral tips seem to be a derived state in the Fulgoromorpha as not observed elsewhere in Hemiptera. In this respect, the particular condition observed in the one cixiid Borysthenes (acute ventral and dorsal tips) might be considered as autapomorphic reversals for each of these taxa.
In cross-section, maxillae are generally flattened laterally, together representing a more or less oval assemblage [K11(0, 1)] longer than wide (Fig. 3b–e, g–t). As earlier mentioned, this transversal oval shape of the maxillae prevents the free rotation of the interlocked maxillar stylets inside the case formed by the two external mandibular stylets. In the other planthoppers observed, the two interlocked maxillae are also laterally compressed (Tettigometridae, Achilidae, Lophopidae) and in most cases form a cordiform assemblage [K11(2)]. In addition, the ventral development of the left maxillar stylet (E′ process) can also interlock ventrally between the two mandibles as in Tachycixius or Achaemenes where it appears to be more strongly developed. This double system prevents any rotation of the maxillae inside the mandibular case (Fig. 3f). This conformation participates to the interlocking apparatus and to the efficiency of the functionality of the connecting system.
It is interesting to note that in a few taxa as in the meenoplid Nisia (Figs. 7e, 8f) and the tropiduchid Numicia (Figs. 7f, 8h), the dorsal margin of the interlocked maxillae is widely exposed and concave [K14 (1)]. It is not known at present whether a corresponding labial structure exists.
Does the disparity of the mouth structures in observed Hemiptera and particularly planthoppers carry some phylogenetic signal useful for future evolutionary analysis?
In order to test the interest to develop further comparative morphological studies of the mouth structures for phylogenetic analysis, we have run a parsimonious analysis of the selected characters and states for all the taxa included in this study. Each of them represents a tribe in the Cixiidae or another planthopper family by including the previous data from Brożek et al. (2006). This analysis does not suppose to provide a phylogeny hypothesis of these taxa but rather to test whether the mouthpart complex allows some classification of these taxa into already recognised groups or whether the morphological message is too complex due to too much homoplasy, and therefore uninformative at this hierarchical level analysis. In other terms, this approach allows to observe and analyse the phylogenetic information of this set of characters restricted to the mouthparts as quoted in the matrix of Table 2, not being disturbed by the noise of the homoplasy carried by any other characters that will have been introduced into a parsimonious congruency analysis including other character sets. As one could expect it, the analysis did not produce any reliable result (too much taxa, too few characters) and resulted with strong polytomies. However, using Mesquite, we forced the tree topology to recover a classical Hemiptera phylogeny as in Bourgoin and Campbell (2002). On the base of a Sternorrhyncha Euhemiptera basal division and a polytomious Euhemiptera: Heteroptera, Coleorrhyncha, Cicadomorpha and Fulgoromorpha, the most parsimonious solution was therefore looking for within the Fulgormorpha and the Cixiidae.
K3: all planthoppers except Cixiidae, Tettigometridae and the achilid Ballomarius exhibit mandibular stylets more developed ventrally than dorsally.
- K7: all planthoppers including Cixiidae have a plesiomorphic mandibular dorsal tip tapered (Fig. 12). Within Cixiidae, Bothriocerinae, Oeclini and Pentastirini have a mandibular dorsal tip wide and flattened, while it remains short and flattened in all Cixiini.
- K8: all planthoppers except Cixiidae, Achilidae, Tettigometridae and Derbidae have a mandibular ventral tip tapered. In all other planthopper families, it is wide and flattened. A probable homoplasic conformation, flattened short is approached in Bothriocerinae and Oeclini (Fig. 13).
K9: the mandibular case dorsally closed by joined mandibulae with the dorsal margin of maxillae not freely exposed represents a probable synapomorphy for all Cixiidae, excepted form the Pintalini where the dorsal margin of the mandibulae is not regularly convex (K5).
The study has revealed an unexpected disparity of the mouthparts in the representatives of the different tribes of the Cixiidae, but also between them and some other planthopper families more generally. It shows the interest to investigate further these morphological diversities for future phylogenetic studies in planthoppers. Accordingly, a new set of identified characters and their states has been established (Table 1) to be documented in potential key taxa in the Fulgoroidea in the future. It is likely that it will have to be completed when more species will be examined.
The overall result does not contradict what it is generally admitted for the phylogeny of Fulgoromorpha (Bourgoin et al. 1997; Urban and Cryan 2007; Song and Liang 2013) and Cixiidae (Emeljanov 2002; Ceotto and Bourgoin 2008; Ceotto et al. 2008) even if none of these papers agrees together. The grouping together of most Cixiidae excepted in the Pintalini (which seems to exhibit several autapomorphies within the Cixiidae) versus the other planthoppers is congruent with a monophyletic Cixiidae taxa, as proposed by Emeljanov (2002) and Ceotto and Bourgoin (2008).
The study has shown that the evolution of the mouthpart structures does appears neither uniform nor anarchic, and that their study, extended to more taxa in other planthopper taxa, should deliver additional phylogenetic information that will be useful for future morphological phylogenetic studies of this group.
In the future, it will be interested to investigate further if these data, together with other mouthpart structures such as the recently studied labium sensilla in planthoppers (Brożek and Bourgoin 2013), could be linked to some possible diet structures or explain shift in patterns of trophic relationships as it has been observed in planthoppers (Attié et al. 2008).
We would like to thank the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris for the support in this study.
- Attié M, Bourgoin T, Veslot J, Soulier-Perkins A (2008) Patterns of trophic relationships between planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) and their host plants on the Mascarene Islands. J Nat Hist 42(23):1591–1638CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- Bourgoin T, Steffen-Campbell JD, Campbell BC (1997) Molecular phylogeny of Fulgoromorpha (Insecta, Hemiptera, Archaeorrhyncha). The enigmatic Tettigometridae: evolutionary affiliations and historical biogeography. Cladistics 13:207–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- Brożek J (2007) Labial sensillae and the internal structure of the mouthparts of Xenophes cascus (Bergroth 1924) (Peloridiidae: Coleorrhyncha: Hemiptera) and their significance in evolutionary studies on the Hemiptera. Monogr Aphis Hemipterous Insects Lublin 13:35–42Google Scholar
- Brożek J, Bourgoin T (2013) Morphology and distribution of the external labial sensilla in Fulgoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera). Zoomorphology 132:33–65. doi: 10.1007/s00435-012-0174-z PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- Brożek J, Herczek A (2004) Internal structure of the mouthparts of true bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Pol J Entomol 73(2):79–106Google Scholar
- Brożek J, Bourgoin T, Szwedo J (2006) The interlocking mechanism of maxillae and mandibles in Fulgoroidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha). Pol J Entomol 75:239–253Google Scholar
- Ceotto P, Bourgoin T (2008) Insights into phylogenetic relationships within Cixiidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha): cladistic analysis of a morphological dataset. Syst Entomol 33:484–500CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ceotto P, Kergoat GJ, Rasplus J-Y, Bourgoin T (2008) Molecular phylogenetics of cixiid planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha): new insights from combined analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 48:667–678PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cobben RH (1978) Evolutionary trends in Heteroptera. Part II. mouthpart–structures and feeding strategies. Meded Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 78:5–401Google Scholar
- Emeljanov AF (2002) Contribution to classification and phylogeny of the family Cixiidae (Hemiptera; Fulgoromorpha). Denisia 4:103–112Google Scholar
- Forbes AR (1969) The stylets of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Can Entomol 101:31–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Forbes AR (1972) Innervation of the stylets of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola (Homoptera: Psyllidae) and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Entomol Soc B C 69:27–30Google Scholar
- Forbes AR (1977) Mouthparts and feeding mechanism of aphids. In: Harris KF, Maramorosch K (eds) Aphids as virus vectors. Academic Press, New York, pp 83–103Google Scholar
- Forbes AR, Raine J (1973) The stylets of the six-spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Can Entomol 105:559–567CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Goloboff P, Farris J, Nixon K (2008) T.N.T. tree analysis using new technology. Program and documentation, available at http://www.zmuc.dk/public/phylogeny/tnt
- Leopold RA, Freeman ThO, Buckner JS, Nelson DR (2003) Mouthpart morphology and stylet penetration of host plants by the glassy winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata, (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Arthropod Struct Dev 32:189–199PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- Pollard DG (1968) Stylet penetration and feeding damage of Eupteryx mellissae Curtis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on sage. Bull Entomol Res 58:55–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Copyright information
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

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Employment rises for South African textile sector
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Employment levels in the clothing, textile, footwear and leather (CTFL) sectors in South Africa have increased, according to the quarterly employment survey (QES.)
Following a few years of job losses, the CTFL industry in South Africa had started to witness stability in the industry last year. According to data from the latest QES for Q1 2015, there has been a YoY increase of 1.5% in the number of employees across the CTFL industry from March 2014 to March 2015. In absolute numbers, CTFL employees increased from 87,386 to 88,657.
In the 12-month period, the highest increase in the number of employees was in the leather sector, which saw employees increase by 4.5%. In second place was the footwear sector where employment rose by 3.3%, followed by the textile sector which has 1.5% more employees. The clothing sector followed last with an increase of 0.8% in its employees.
On a quarter-on-quarter basis, the CTLF industry saw a 1.5% increase in the number of employees from December 2014 to March 2015. The highest quarterly increase was in the leather sector, which went up 3.9%. Next was the textile sector, which rose by 2.9%, followed by the clothing sector which increased by 1.5%. The footwear sector registered a decline in the number of employed by 3.8% over the last quarter.
Southern African Clothing & Textile Workers' Union hailed the development in a statement, calling it an endorsement of the government's support for the industry and its own campaign increasing for jobs in the industry.
Michael van Wyk, lead partner at Deloitte, said, "The employment increase could be a result of a number of factors relating to government, global economy and the private sector. Over the past few years, there have been initiatives and incentives driven by government (DTI) to assist in driving the competitiveness of the South Africa manufacturing and textiles industries. These programmes aimed at building and improving capacity, quality and competitiveness in textile related industries/sectors."
"In addition to this, the decreasing value of the rand creates a bit of breathing space for local manufacturers and imports become more expensive in Rand terms – it is however NB that local manufacturers should not develop business models based on a declining exchange rate – we need to become globally competitive, based on cost, quality and reliability of supply chain."
"I think there has been a certain amount of consolidation in some sectors of the textile industry, which does make those left, a little bit stronger in terms of scale and ability to negotiate," van Wyk added.
By: Kristy Jooste


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Coffee with Coffman yields insight into his political transformation as a congressman
Author: Joey Bunch - September 19, 2017 - Updated: September 19, 2017
U.S. Rep. Mike Coffman, an Aurora Republican, smiles at the conclusion of a debate conducted entirely in Spanish on Oct. 4, 2016, in Denver. (Photo by Ernest Luning/Colorado Politics) Mike Coffman showed up without an aide and ordered iced tea, 10 minutes early for a coffee meeting with a reporter in downtown Denver Monday afternoon. […]


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The Resnick Collection Notecard Set
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This boxed notecard set celebrates the exhibition Eye for the Sensual: Selections from the Resnick Collection at LACMA. The box top features Jean-Marc Nattier's Portrait of Madame de Maison Rouge and cards include this plus Louise Élizabeth Vigée-LeBrun's Portrait of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, Henri Nicolas Van Gorp's The Joy of Motherhood (Punchinello), and Michel Garnier's A Young Woman in the Arcade of the Palais-Royal.
The box itself is designed to be useful long after the cards are gone.
- Five each of 4 designs, plus 20 envelopes
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Responsible for the strategic development and execution of
programming of the Design Thinking Initiative. Work collaboratively
with the Faculty Director and the Design Thinking Advisory Board in
the development, coordination, and implementation of curricular,
co-curricular, and campus and community outreach efforts for
capacity building in design thinking amongst students, faculty and
staff; oversee associated space programming needs, dissemination of
resources, methods, and outcomes; student advising and associated
teaching. Work with the Development Office on fund-raising
Provide leadership and direction for all aspects of the Design Thinking Initiative in collaboration with the Faculty Director and Advisory Board. Develop and teach design thinking courses and workshops for students at the introductory and advanced levels (normally, one 4-credit course per semester and one 1-credit January term course); design and implement faculty and staff development opportunities for capacity building in design thinking; work collaboratively with existing units at the College to support integrative learning, innovation and leadership efforts; serve on relevant institutional advisory boards when appropriate; design and track assessment data related to all design thinking initiatives; provide support to faculty who are integrating design thinking methodologies into their coursework; write and edit annual reports and research papers in collaboration with the Faculty Director; work with Development Office on fund-raising initiatives.
Hire and supervise student design interns/partners; supervise the Design Thinking Prototyping Studio Coordinator in his/her work to support creative collaboration and prototyping; coordinate with Program Director for Conway Innovation & Entrepreneurship Center in supervising and guiding shared administrative assistant regarding ordering, tracking expenditures, and event planning; coordinate with Program Director for Conway Innovation & Entrepreneurship Center in supervising and guiding shared communications coordinator regarding campus-wide publicity and communications related to design thinking, including managing social media presence, website redesign and maintenance. Monitor spending and adherence to budgets.
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Skills: Experience working collaboratively with diverse constituencies (in person and virtually); experience with design thinking facilitation and capacity building with applications in design for social innovation; have a strong commitment to liberal arts education and relevant teaching experience; familiarity with low and high fidelity modes of making (within the realms of rapid prototyping and digital technologies); the ability to execute effectively and efficiently several key projects simultaneously. Must be able to work independently, have strong organizational and planning skills, excellent writing and oral communications skills. Excellent interpersonal skills, ability to interact effectively with people of all backgrounds and multiple units on campus; ability to exercise sound judgment; creativity and vision are required.
Complete applications should include a cover letter, curriculum vitae with link to a digital portfolio of practice, personal statement articulating a vision for how the principles of design thinking might be integrated most powerfully into an interdisciplinary undergraduate liberal arts college environment, and names and contact information for three references.
Smith College is an EO/AA/Vet/Disability Employer. Women, minorities, veterans, and individuals with disabilities are encouraged to apply.


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|Nelson EducationSchoolMathematics 4
Lesson 5 - Multiplying 3 Digits by 1 Digit
To encourage students to have fun on the Web while learning about Multiplying 3 Digits by 1 Digit, here are some games and interactive activities they can do on their own or in pairs.
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Student Book pages 246-247
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Merseyside fire officials are investigating Merseyside's tower blocks to see whether the cladding used on London's Grenfell Tower has been used anywhere in the region.
At least 17 people died in the blaze that tore through the 24-storey tower on Wednesday. The death toll is expected to rise further.
The cause of the fire and the reason for its rapid spread are not yet known, but residents who escaped the building say the cladding on the outside of the building went "up like a matchstick".
Today a spokesman for Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service said: "We are currently investigating whether this particular type of cladding is in use in Merseyside."
And he added: "We are intending prioritising inspections on high rise premises in Merseyside and we will be introducing this imminently."
There are many tower blocks in Merseyside, which were often built by councils and later transferred to social housing providers.
The details of any cladding added to those blocks would be checked by councils when developers applied for planning permission.
The fire service carries out inspections of premises under fire safety laws. High rise premises are generally inspected every three years, though can be inspected more often if concerns are raised.
The spokesman added: "In the light of the terrible events in London we are undertaking a complete review of our inspection processes."
Liverpool housing giant: We didn't use that cladding
Liverpool Mutual Homes (LMH) recently reclad two of its tower blocks – and has written to tenants to reassure them that the cladding was NOT the same type used at Grenfell Tower.
It said: "LMH's recently refurbished block at Marwood Towers was improved using cladding of the highest fire retardant rating standard with appropriate 'fire-stops' used at each floor level. This is not the same cladding used at Grenfell Tower.
"Additionally, all homes and communal areas were fitted with heat and smoke sensors linked to the communal fire alarm system, together with a fire sprinkler system installed in homes and throughout the block. Fire doors have been fitted with automatic closure mechanisms to ensure tenant safety in the unlikely event a fire should occur.
"Similarly, Baden House was improved in December 2011. As with Marwood Towers, the cladding used was of the highest fire retardant rating standard and is not the type used at Grenfell Tower.
"LMH undertakes a regular fire safety inspection programme at all its communal areas and in the wake of the tragedy in London will continue to review those assessments in accordance with best practice."
Runcorn tower owner: We're investing in fire safety
Halton Housing owns one tower block – Churchill Mansions in Runcorn. It says the last Cheshire Fire Service inspection of the block was within the last year.
Nick Atkin, group chief executive at Halton Housing, said: "Halton Housing takes our responsibilities as a landlord very seriously, especially concerning fire safety. We have made considerable additional investment to Churchill Mansions to increase fire safety standards'.
Cladding fears
A Parliamentary report raised concerns about the fire risk of cladding as far back as 2000, it has emerged.
The Environment, Transport and Regional Affairs Committee launched an inquiry after a blaze tore through a 14-storey block of flats in Irvine, Ayrshire, in June 1999, killing an elderly man.
It concluded that cladding should be non-combustible or not pose an unacceptable level of risk to tenants.
TV architect George Clarke, who lives near Grenfell Tower, said: "There's a new cladding system put on the outsides (of the block of flats) that looks like a new skin. There's an air gap, an insulation behind that; to me that looks like a fantastic chimney for the fire to rage around."
London Fire Brigade said the cause of Tuesday night's fire in north Kensington is not yet known.
But the parliamentary report said: "We do not believe it should take a serious fire in which many people are killed before all reasonable steps are taken towards minimising the risks.
"We believe that all external cladding systems should be required either to be entirely non-combustible, or to be proven through full-scale testing not to pose an unacceptable level of risk in terms of fire spread."
Flammable cladding has been blamed for helping to spread severe fires elsewhere in the world, including a blaze at the Lacrosse tower block in Melbourne, Australia, in 2014.
It was caused by a cigarette on an eighth-floor balcony and the quickly spread vertically up the building.


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Teri McCans
Teri McCans
Millstone, New Jersery - United States
My experiences have shown me the best and worst of humanity. They have filled me with incredible sadness, joy, shame, and pride. Through my experiences in the military and as a firefighter, I have experienced firsthand the intersection of tragedy and beauty. My artwork is an attempt to process this dichotomy; to give order, cleanliness, and detail to chaos.
My compositions explore strained conflicts between stability vs. fragility, strength vs. weakness, and male vs. female. I translate my personal response to conflict through a meticulous control of color, a clean aesthetic, and a deliberate use of negative space.
Although I use a variety of media, I gravitate towards watercolor. Because of its calming and near-medicinal characteristics, it serves as a counterpoint to these themes. My presentation acknowledges the beauty that surrounds these conflicts and makes the work accessible.
Teri McCans was born in Freehold, NJ and now lives and creates in Millstone, NJ.
Teri draws significant inspiration from her two overseas combat tours in Iraq and ongoing service as a firefighter. These experiences give her a unique perspective on the world and affect her work profoundly.
Teri transforms her interpretations into a visual language that is accessible yet befitting the worlds complexity. She finds immense joy when her work connects to those not accustomed to the world of Art. Although her work is influenced from personal narrative; her use of color, shape, and form is universal and recognizable.
Her early work reflected her upbringing in one of New Jerseys oft-ignored rural areas. She examined the effect of nature on human emotion with the sensibility of one who has seen the destructive inverse of this relationship.
An avid world-traveler, her style continues to evolve as she derives inspiration from the many cultures she encounters. Teri hopes to elaborate on her experiences and continues to explore how environments impact and shape people.
2013 The Essence of Abstraction, Agora Gallery, Chelsea NY
2011 Community Arts, The SpringHill Marriot, Ewing, New Jersey
2011 The World As We Know It, The Straube Center, Pennington, New Jersey
2011 The Way Out is Through, Ewing, New Jersey
2011 TCNJ Student Exhibition, Space 112, Ewing, New Jersey
2011 Nothing New Here, Space 112, Ewing, New Jersey
2010 Source, Space 112, Ewing, New Jersey
2010 Movement: A Paraphrase, Space 112, Ewing, New Jersey
2014 Artwork Network, Denver, CO
2014 Colorida Gallery, Lisbon, Portugal
2012 - 2013 Agora Gallery, Chelsea, NY
2012 - 2013 SOMI Gallery, Flemington, NJ


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Goldman Sachs Upgrades Large U.S. Banks
Posted by InTheMoneyStocks.com Wednesday, May 20, 2009, 08:00PM ET
Read 284 timesGoldman Sachs Upgrades Large U.S. BanksGoldman Sachs upgraded large U.S. banks to neutral due to substantial capital raised by the banks and prospect for strong gains into the second quarter. Analysts say the leveraged loss cycle for large banks may be over saying that the stress test included $100 billion of capital at big banks cutting leverage.
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Global Airless Packaging Market Analysis & Forecasts 2017-2023, With an Expected CAGR of 6.4% - ResearchAndMarkets.com
DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Jun 11, 2018--The "Global Airless Packaging Market Analysis (2017-2023)" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.
The Global Airless Packaging Market size is expected to reach $6.1 billion by 2023, rising at a market growth of 6.4% CAGR during the forecast period.
An airless packaging system is a non-pressurized device used in dispensing pump, and also provides high restitution rate & low wastage, avoiding backflow of air in the system. Airless packaging products have witnessed rapid adoption due to growing demand for natural and organic products, growing sales volume of homecare products, and growing applications of personal care & food & beverages. Additionally, government regulations and legislations pertaining to reducing pollutants and growing awareness about eco-friendly products is expected to contribute to the market growth. However, high production cost associated with the airless packaging products is expected to be a threat to the market growth.
Based on Packaging Type, the Airless Packaging market segments the market into Bottles & Jars, Bags & Pouches, Tubes, and Others. Based on Material Type, the market report segments the market into Plastics, Glass, and Others. Based on End User, the Airless Packaging market segments the market into Personal Care, Healthcare, Home Care, and Others. Based on Regions, the Airless Packaging market segments the market into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Latin America, Middle East & Africa.
Companies MentionedA-B-C Packaging Machine Corporation Alba Group AptarGroup, Inc. Fusion Packaging HCP Packaging Co. Ltd. Libo Cosmetics Company, Ltd. LUMSON SPA Quadpack Industries SA Raepak Ltd. Silgan Holdings Inc.
Key Topics Covered:
1. Market Scope & Methodology
2. Market Overview
3. Global Airless Packaging Market
4. Global Airless Packaging Market by Material Type
5. Global Airless Packaging Market by End User
6. Global Airless Packaging Market by Region
7. Company Profiles
For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/hgxcds/global_airless?w=4
View source version on businesswire.com:https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180611005475/en/
CONTACT: ResearchAndMarkets.com
Laura Wood, Senior Manager
For E.S.T Office Hours Call 1-917-300-0470
For U.S./CAN Toll Free Call 1-800-526-8630
For GMT Office Hours Call +353-1-416-8900
Related Topics:Packaging
SOURCE: Research and Markets
Copyright Business Wire 2018.


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We exist to provide knowledge and points of view not represented elsewhere. Here we'll discuss and analyze politics, social issues and finance... We cut through PC & SP corporate media BS to provide Truth about the Nation, the World and where its headed... Keyword below to browse our 2510+ postings as of mid Nov 2018; ~*~ Founded: Sept 6, 2010.. ** We're 100% Ad free-- We sell Nothing.. We seek no $$.. Agenda: Educate and Inform.
Keyword below to browse our 2510+ postings as of mid Nov 2018; ~*~ Founded: Sept 6, 2010.. ** We're 100% Ad free-- We sell Nothing.. We seek no $$.. Agenda: Educate and Inform.
Thursday, May 19, 2011
Job Hunt: Selling yourself, not your soul
Person B: "Hi, good thanks. Sorry, I can't... can you find me a job?"
Person A: "Sorry, I can't.. know someone who can find me a job?"
Person B: "Sorry, I don't... do you...?"
Person C: "Hey- nice to meet you both... Can you find me a job?"
I found another terrible article giving advice about finding employment and the soul-selling steps one needs to take to achieve it. This one from CNN.com:
"How to Find a Job in 2011"
Five months late for a header like that but we'll overlook it...
So, let's break it down (article in blue font)
"Good news: The job market is improving and employers are starting to hire again. But the rules of landing a job have changed."
Ok, let's stop a moment- The first sentence in this fluff piece is an outright lie. Unemployment officially is at 9% (unofficially at 17%) The previous month, official unemployment was 8.8%- thus if more people are out of work today than yesterday, how is the job market 'improving'?
"There's still a lot of competition out there. If you want to get a foot in the door, you'll need to use every tool available to you... Submitting your résumé and cover letter is not going to get you a job... So what works? Experts say making connections, adapting to each potential employer and promising results are the only ways to get hired... Networking is the only game in town right now..."
Hmm, And what is networking? I mean Really- what is networking?
Networking is deeply phony, insincere people of all walks of life staying in general contact with one another in the off-chance, one of these 'leads' can turn up something for their personal benefit and advantage. This can be to obtain a good job or to get into a certain type of school. The networker doesn't actually want to socialize with his/her 'marks' in any meaningful human interaction way. Just get the name and number to add to the rolodex.
Hi/Bye.. Hi/Bye.. Hi/Bye..
The rest of the article went on strategizing the type of people to cozy up to, and how to be persistent at it. Then it ends with a little scare tactic, saying if you do not do what the article says, you will be looking for a job for a long time.
I will not fib- unfortunately there's a little bit of truth to it-- that for some people, the only way they can get ahead is by hoping others can open doors for them that otherwise they couldn't open themselves. But if you are better than that, there are other ways to make yourself known to employers. For instance:
1) "Creme rises to the top" - if you are Very good at what you do and are Very knowledgeable, hard working, etc., you will eventually find work because you will have something very valuable behind you- a good reputation. Employers always want quality people and even in a recession, will pay a good salary for a truly good 'asset'.
2) "Free samples" - Ever go by the food court of a mall and someone offers you a free sample of teriaki chicken or such? You taste it, like it and eventually find yourself ordering it at future food court visits. If you have skills or traits which allow you to provide 'free samples' to prospective employers, that is far more likely to attract interest in you than a basic resume or kissing another's rear end to give out a good word about you.
3) "When you smile, the world smiles with you" - Employers are not fools. They know insincerity and phony friendliness for a purpose. America for the most part is a service-sector society. That means we really don't create much- we just sell things to one another. If you are a genuinely friendly person who sincerely likes people, you have an amazing advantage over others in a job hunt. Remember, everyone has a college degree, work experience and all that.. But you'd be surprised how few people are genuinely warm, charismatic and without agendas. If you're one of them, let that side of you Shine.
Look, true success in life is based on individual achievement. We all have gifts which make each of us special and when you can tailor those gifts to the type of job or career you wish to pursue, you will have a leg up on the common brown-nosers. One will never be a success, no matter what they make in salary or where they attend school if they need the connections of others to get a position that could not be achieved on merit.
Posted by Susquehanna at Thursday, May 19, 2011
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VeggieTales Interactive Storybook Collection Now Available on iPad Via Storypanda and Big Idea Entertainment Agreement
Jan 17, 2014, 08:30 ET
VANCOUVER, British Columbia, Jan. 17, 2014 /PRNewswire/ --Storypanda Digital Publishing announced today that they have entered into an agreement with Big Idea Entertainment, a subsidiary of DreamWorks Animation to bring the entire Veggiecational book catalogue of the popular children's series 'VeggieTales' to the iPad using Storypanda's unique interactive storytelling delivery system.
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20140117/PH48216-a)
(Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20140117/PH48216-b)
Children have been learning with Larry the Cucumber and Bob the Tomato for decades and this alliance provides today's tech savvy kids the same opportunity. The collection includes five educational titles, covering the subjects of the alphabet, numbers, colors, shapes and telling time, all within a simple to use VeggieTales bookshelf app. The first three books in the series released on the iPad by Storypanda are VeggieTales: Bob and Larry's ABC's, Junior's Colors and How Many Veggies?
The Storypanda team has adapted the VeggieTales series to allow kids to change elements of the books as they read, create and share each story. They can swap in different fonts, colors, characters, and props to create new and engaging stories that enrich the learning process.
"This collaboration with VeggieTales ® solidifies Storypanda's position as a leader and innovator in the digital publishing space" says James Chutter, Storypanda co-founder and Chief Creative Officer, "We continue to work with incredible partners on bringing their established characters to life and look forward to sharing the VeggieTales characters with a whole new audience."
The agreement is the second large scale publishing collaboration Storypanda has entered into in recent weeks. They recently announced an agreement with Peanuts Worldwide LLC to produce a series of titles within their proprietary story delivery system. Additional past publishing partners have included Anorak, Sleeping Bear Press, Hachette and over 100 independent authors and illustrators.
To read, create and share with VeggieTales, you can now purchase Bob and Larry's ABC's, Junior's Colors and How Many Veggies? for $2.99 each by downloading them from the iTunes Store on the iPad. All five books will be available in a VeggieTales bookshelf app in Spring 2014.
About Storypanda Digital Publishing
Storypanda Digital Publishing is a kids interactive and media company that builds products and tools to help kids become content creators not just content consumers. Its first product Storypanda Books allows kids and their parents to read, create and share interactive stories on the iPad. Storypanda has helped create over 10,000 stories and the company has partnered with some of the biggest kids media brands. The team comes from an extensive background in video game development and digital media; having worked for companies like Nintendo, Disney, Microsoft, Electronic Arts, Activision and more.
About DreamWorks Animation
DreamWorks Animation creates high-quality entertainment, including CG animated feature films, television specials and series and live entertainment properties, meant for audiences around the world. The Company has world-class creative talent, a strong and experienced management team and advanced filmmaking technology and techniques. DreamWorks Animation has been named one of the "100 Best Companies to Work For" by FORTUNE® Magazine for five consecutive years. In 2013, DreamWorks Animation ranks #12 on the list. All of DreamWorks Animation's feature films are produced in 3D. The Company has theatrically released a total of 27 animated feature films, including the franchise properties of Shrek, Madagascar, Kung Fu Panda, How to Train Your Dragon, Puss In Boots, and The Croods.
Media Contact:
Veronica Howes
Marketing Manager
Read more news from Storypanda.
SOURCE Storypanda


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At six and a half months, my exclusively breastfed son seemed to take an curiosity in meals and exhibited other signs of readiness. By their first birthday, infants should be capable to eat most family meals and join in family meals. When it involves fluids, baby can now even have full-fats cow's milk from a cup. It's gentle, at the right temperature, and baby is conversant in it. Encourage child to open her mouth large. Every child is a person, but there are three clear signs that, collectively, present your child is ready for stable foods alongside breast milk or formula. Both my daughters began with do-it-yourself natural vegetables at 6 months, and I echo the remark from Mandy.
You'll save a lot of money on baby meals payments and, by eating a brilliant healthy diet your baby will be happier and healthier, and your tremendous healthy baby will save you money on physician payments 🙂 !! For vegetarian infants who should not breast fed use an toddler components (or observe-on formula from six months). NUTRITIP: Milk Plus.Consider strong meals for baby an addition to, not a substitute for breastmilk or system , which are more nutritionally balanced than any strong food. For more info on how food allergic reactions are caused by too-early introduction of strong meals, see page 33. After six months, cows milk may be used, but solely to mix feeds or as an ingredient in foods (e.g. on breakfast cereals, as a sauce or in milk based desserts equivalent to custard).
Her children have been weaned within the 70s, so all kinds of ages, the oldest being three months, so by six months we were all self-feeding anyway. I know this information is simply flawed and dont know why I even started rice cereal, being that I eat paleo, and try to avoid grains myself. If breastfeeding is just not an possibility, use a retailer-purchased iron-fortified infant formulation for the primary 9 to 12 months. You may wish to strive using a drinking cup with a spout during the second six months. Yes, I wouldn't recommend rice/grains for baby's first meals (per my video.) Soft fruits and effectively-cooked vegetables are much better suited for their developing digestion. The protective protein IgA, which coats the infant's intestines and prevents the passage of harmful allergens, does not attain peak manufacturing till around seven months of age.
Whole or chopped nuts are troublesome to chew and, to avoid choking, ought to never be given to infants or younger children as much as 5 years. BLW is the strategy of meals supply not the food plan itself – any potential allergic reactions or intolerances will emerge whichever approach you wean the child. Today, nevertheless, there is no convincing proof that avoiding these meals during early childhood will assist prevent meals allergy symptoms. Many pathogenic bacteria (including ) want Iron to survive and the missing Iron could also be a way of defending baby from these bacteria as he or she starts eating solids. After six months, you might wish to combine an element of baby-led weaning alongside spoon feeding and that is tremendous. These indicators happen at completely different instances for different babies, but most babies will present indicators by around six months.
This desk will provide you with some ideas about the texture of meals which can be good on your child at this stage of consuming. Therefore, for every pound of body weight, your baby requires about 2 ounces of milk. This can also be a good time for you to think about the foods you eat and luxuriate in healthy foods collectively as a family. Some exclusively breastfed infants of 6 months of age or so, dislike infant cereal. This is what I did with my first child as a result of I did not know any higher, and this is the recommendation that many new mothers get day by day for baby food. And no I do no FORCE my baby to eat, she does not eat MORE as a result of it's on a spoon.


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|October 9, 1972
|Career information
|NFL Draft
|1996 / Round: 3 / Pick: 66
|Professional teams
|Career stats
|Games played
|Games started
|Fumble recoveries
|Stats at NFL.com
|Career highlights and awards
Roman Dissake Oben (born October 9, 1972] in Cameroon) is an American football offensive tackle who retired in 2008. He co-hosted the New York Giants pre and post game show on WFAN in the fall as well as being a college football analyst for SportsNet New York Big East football coverage. Oben handles sideline reports for Sports USA Radio Network during the national radio coverage of some of college and pro football's most exciting games. In January 2010 Oben joined CBS Outdoor as an Account Executive while still being actively involved in many charity,community,and civic organizations. Oben was formerly Vice President of Development for The Corporate Playbook but remains as senior consultant. In February 2009 Oben was appointed by Morris County, NJ to serve as chairman for the local Democratic Party in Kinnelon, New Jersey. The Head Start Program of Dover, NJ added Roman Oben as its newest board member in October 2009.
Oben rocognized the importance of educating parents and high school student-athletes on the recruiting process and gives evening seminars as educational speaker for National Collegiate Scouting Association
Roman Oben has been inducted to the Athletic Hall of Fame at Gonzaga College High School, Fork Union Military Academy and the University of Louisville
At the age of four he moved with his mother to the United States and they settled in Washington, D.C. In high school Oben played for Gonzaga College High School and spent one year at Fork Union Military Academy. His wife's name is Linda.
A two-sport college athlete, Oben played college football at the University of Louisville, and was a four-year letterman in football and three year letterman in track and field. In football, he was an All-National Independent first team selection as a junior. In track and field, he placed at the Metro Conference Championship on the shot put. Oben was also Vice President of his collegiate chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Inc.
Previously Oben has started over ninety percent of his games played in his twelve year NFL career for the New York Giants, Cleveland Browns and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was also the starting left tackle on Tampa Bay's 2002 Super Bowl champion team.
In 2004, the Chargers traded a fifth round pick in the 2005 NFL Draft to the Buccaneers for the rights to Oben. Oben was used with the pick obtained from the Giants in the Rivers-Manning trade. Oben quickly became a fixture at the left tackle position and after bouncing back from a career threatening foot injury he spent the 2007 season as more of a player-mentor as a reserve on the Charger's young offensive line.
As a leader on and off the field, Oben has remained committed to helping athletes make the transition into the workplace. While serving as the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) team representative for three teams over seven years, Oben was integral in drafting a resolution that ensures NFL Player Programs pay for continued education for retired players and as an active team representative, Oben was a charter member of the NFLPA Benefits Committee that ensured future medical coverage for all NFL players. Oben has been honored for his outstanding work with Big Brothers/Big Sisters San Diego where he was recognized as the 2007 Man of the Year. Oben earned his bachelor's degree in economics from the University of Louisville in 1995 and was one of the only NFL players over a ten year year span to take graduate courses each off-season in order to earn his master's degree in public administration from Fairleigh Dickinson University in 2001 when he played for the Cleveland Browns.