text:
Las Vegas' bids for getting NCAA champion occasions hit snag
A possible landmark change in the NCAA's stance versus placing champion occasions in Nevada now seems to be on hold.
Next month, the NCAA Board of Governors will think about an official proposal from UNLV and the Mountain West to stage three NCAA champion occasions in Las Vegas from 2019-22.
Separate from those is a proposition to play the entire ladies's Sugary food 16 down to the Last Four in Vegas. That would have to be authorized by different NCAA entities.
Several sources have actually told CBS Sports the possibility of those quotes being approved have reduced of late. Since the NCAA continues to be a complainant fighting a New Jersey law passed in 2014 allowing sports betting within the state, that's.
Far, New Jersey has stopped working on every front to carry out the law. In addition to the NCAA, plaintiffs battling the law include the NFL, NBA, NHL and Major League Baseball, in addition to the Department of Justice
The United States Supreme Court is in the process of deciding whether it will hear New Jersey's appeal in the event. West Virginia, Louisiana, Mississippi and Wisconsin have also submitted briefs with the court in assistance of New Jersey.
Simply put, it's a case of bad optics for the NCAA at this time. Sources say the association would be reluctant to authorize championship occasions in Nevada while it battles sports gambling in New Jersey.
The NCAA's veteran policy has actually been to withhold championships from states that permit sports betting. The week started with the Oakland Raiders announcing a relocation to Las Vegas. The brand-new T-Mobile Arena in the city will be the home of the expansion Golden Knights of the NHL next fall.
Numerous conferences play their postseason conference basketball competitions in the city. This past season, North Carolina and Kentucky satisfied in T-Mobile for a neutral-site video game.
College types believed the momentum for NCAA events in Nevada-- specifically Vegas-- was inescapable.
" This is rhetorical," stated Jim Livengood, who retired as UNLV's athletic director in 2013 and is now a consultant for Las Vegas Events, an occasion management business which has worked on the bid, "however would not you believe that if there was an issue with NFL, it wouldn't pertain to Nevada?"
The in-depth bid for several champion occasions in the state of Nevada is believed to be the very first of its kind to be thought about by the NCAA.
" We're held to a different standard," stated UNLV ADVERTISEMENT Tina Kunzer-Murphy, who has long defended NCAA occasions. "We have the greatest [betting] regulative standard in the country. With hockey being available in and the remarkable Raiders, there is absolutely more info no excuse for this being available in."
An effective quote would essentially open up the NCAA to Las Vegas after years of the association avoiding the gaming Capital. The propositions consist of Las Vegas hosting a males's basketball local in T-Mobile Arena as well as wrestling and men's ice hockey nationwide champions.
If the board does not authorize the bids, Nevada would be shut out up until at least the next quote cycle start in 2023.
" We're going to miss out on that four-year window," Livengood stated. "The awful feature of that is it's not about Vegas, however the experience the student-athletes and teams could have."
In early March, Gonzaga won the West Coast Conference tournament, held in Las Vegas.
It has actually been just recently the NCAA apparently moved its position regarding staging championship events in Nevada, which legalized sports gambling in 1949.
In December 2015, NCAA president Mark Emmert noted "what frequently seems to be a hypocritical position," by the association relating to Las Vegas. At that time, he forecasted there would be "robust discussion" amongst the NCAA membership regarding Nevada.
Social mores have changed. Four Division I conferences stage their postseason college basketball tournaments in Las Vegas (Pac-12, WAC, West Coast and Mountain West). Those events aren't governed by the NCAA.
" [Our fans] most likely would not take a trip there if it wasn't in Vegas," stated Gonzaga coach Mark Couple of, whose group plays each year in the West Coast Conference competition. "It will be exciting to have an NFL team down there. I'm sure Las Vegas has been waiting on that."
When it comes to the concern about Sin City's vices, Couple of stated, "Betting is all over. [Why stress about Vegas] when it remains in our own front backyard and garden?"
The NCAA board will consider the most recent Nevada proposal on April 25. That is after the NCAA Council meets April 12-14 when it would submit a recommendation.
" I believe it was tracking well," one high-ranking NCAA authorities stated of Nevada. "I believe we have actually had these test pilots being out there a lot, conference champions that have actually managed it well.
" It appears like a logical place when you take a look at that area of the nation. It's available. There are simple flights."
Due to the fact that of the lack of locations in that region, western cities haven't been applying to host NCAA guys's tournament sites. From 2008-16 the West Regional rotated between Anaheim (Honda Center), Los Angeles (Staples Center) and the Phoenix area in every year however one (2010, Salt Lake).
This month, the West Regional was played in San Jose, California. Till today in Glendale, Arizona, a real Western city hasn't played host to the Last 4 considering that 1995 (Seattle).
Nevada is one of four states nationwide to allow sports wagering. In a strange one-off, the NCAA did allow the females's basketball West Regional to be played in Las Vegas in 1991.
It is thought there has actually been no revenue-sport champion occasion played in the state ever since.
" There will at some point be NCAA championship events held in Nevada," Livengood said. "That's going to happen. It's not an if, it's a when."
The NCAA's veteran policy has actually been to keep champions from states that enable sports wagering. The week started with the Oakland Raiders announcing a move to Las Vegas." We're held to a various requirement," said UNLV AD Tina Kunzer-Murphy, who has long battled for NCAA occasions. 4 Division I conferences stage their postseason college basketball tournaments in Las Vegas (Pac-12, WAC, West Coast and Mountain West)." There will sometime be NCAA championship occasions held in Nevada," Livengood stated.


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Welcome to this warm and wonderful home! The home draws you in from first sight, sitting at the end of a cul-de-sac with its new roof and exterior paint. Step inside and you'll immediately feel at home. You are greeted in the entry with vaulted ceilings which create an immediate drama welcoming you. The updated kitchen boasts solid surface countertops, a gas range and an eating space. The kitchen is open to the family room warmed by a wood fireplace. The backyard can be accessed from the family room. It has a great yard including a large deck, a fire pit, garden area, flower beds and still grass left to play in! On the second floor are three bedrooms and two full bathrooms while a fourth conforming bedroom can be found in the basement with its own 3/4 bathroom. This is an opportunity you won't want to miss!
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Straighter teeth in six months?
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Meet our team
Paul Megahey BDS
GDC number: 70807
Paul Megahey qualified in 1995 from QUB.
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In 2004 he took over Ormeau Dental Care. Quality, caring, respect and empathy have seen the practice grow to the six surgeries it is now.
He continues to increase his knowledge and skill range through post-graduate lectures and courses.
He has been a dental trainer with the Medical & Training Agency since 2009, working with dentists in their vocational training year.
Paul is a certified PADI scuba diver and enjoys surfing and spending as much time with his family as possible.
Heather Megahey
Practice Manager
Heather Megahey qualified as a dental nurse in 1990. She worked in a dental practice in Armagh for fourteen years before moving to Belfast.
Heather and Paul Megahey took over Ormeau Dental Care in 2004. They have worked hard in building up the practice over the years.
Heather is a busy mother of two beautiful girls but enjoys keeping a hands on approach to Ormeau Dental Care.
She loves running with the family dog Lucy and enjoys Zumba, Body Pump and Yoga at the gym, but most of all she enjoys cooking and spending time with her family.
Una Devlin
GDC number: 226980
Una graduated from Dundee University in 2012 and joined the practice immediately thereafter.
She completed her postgraduate MJDF qualification in 2014.
Her postgraduate training has also involved injectable procedures such as botox and fillers and this is an area of practice she particularly enjoys.
In her spare time, Una enjoys travelling, reading and walking.
Alan Cassidy
GDC number: 83272
Alan graduated from Dundee Dental School in 2004, and worked in general practice in Carnoustie, Scotland. Having returned to Northern Ireland in 2005, he joined the practice as an associate.
Currently a trainer with the Northern Ireland Medical & Dental Training Agency he has a particular interest in endodontic's and crown and bridge work. When not in surgery, Alan can be found on the golf course or spending time with his young family.
Niamh Barr
GDC number: 243992
Niamh graduated from QUB in 2013 and has worked in Ormeau Dental Care since Out of work Niamh plays water polo and loves to go travelling and enjoys cooking
Peter Gillanders
Sarah Kerr GDC Number: 250792
Peter qualified from QUB in 2014 and has worked at Ormeau Dental Care ever since.
He continues to develop his dental knowledge and skills through post graduate lectures, courses and attending specialist practices.
Peter has a successful rowing career and represented Ireland at both Junior and senior level at Home Internationals and also represented GB universities at European level.
He enjoys travelling and frequently spends time in County Donegal
Sarah Kerr
GDC number: 113354
Sarah qualified as a dentist in July 2007 in QUB.
She done her vocational training in Edinburgh and stayed there for an additional year.
Sarah done some travelling and worked in community and private practices in Melbourne, Australia. Since then she has returned home and has enjoyed practice back in Northern Ireland.
Sarah joined Ormeau Dental Care in 2014. She enjoys all aspects of family dental care and has furthered her career in facial aesthetics
She enjoys all aspects of family dental care and has furthered her career in facial aesthetics. Outside of work she enjoys Pilates, swimming and spending time with family and friends.
Eoghan McKenna
GDC number: 244029
Eoghan graduated from QUB in 2013. He worked in general practice in London before becoming a DCT in Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, following his return to general practice in 2015. Eoghan has worked at Ormeau Dental Care since 2016.
He is a member of the faculty of dental surgery (Glasgow).
When not in the clinic Eoghan can be found violin in hand playing music.
Dental Nurses
Emma Coyle
GDC number: 183747
Emma qualified as a dental nurse in 2009.
She obtained her dental radiography qualification in 2011. Since 2015 Emma has moved away from dental nursing and has moved into the management side of the practice.
In her spare time Emma enjoys going for walks, reading and enjoys spending time with family and friends.
Catherine Campbell
GDC number: 200830
Catherine Campbell has been working as a Dental Nurse for two and a half years, having obtained her National Certificate in May 2010.
She hopes to begin studying for her Dental Sedation Certificate in September. She attended Newtownbreda High School from 1999 – 2004.
Outside of work she enjoys listening to music and watching rugby.
Lisa Burt
GDC number: 132405
Lisa qualified as a dental nurse in 1993. She has obtained her post graduate courses in sedation and special care dentistry.
Lisa is an animal lover. Out with work Lisa enjoys doing upcycle work and has a market at St. George's
Cherelle Fitzsimons
GDC number: 268078
Cherelle qualified as a dental nurse in 2016.
Outside of work Cherelle enjoys socialising with friends and family and loves shopping
Rebecca McCrystal
GDC number: 268070
Rebecca qualified as a dental nurse in 2016. She thoroughly enjoys all aspects of dentistry and hopes to go to do post graduate courses in the future.
When not in work Rebecca enjoys spending time with family and trips to the cinema
Mairead Heaney
Head Reception
Mairead came to the practice with many years of experience as front desk dental office receptionist. She manages calls, appointments, and all sorts of administrative tasks for the practice.
She enjoys travelling to England to spend time with her daughter and grandchildren. She is a member of the National Trust and likes doing Suduko puzzles and playing Quell in her free time.
Mairead McKiernan
Mairead joined the practice as a receptionist in 2010. She enjoys this role as she gets to meet new people every day. It makes the job interesting and really sociable.
When not in work she enjoys spending time with her young family and going to the gym. Mairead is also a keen camogie player and has previously been called up to Antrim Senior Camogie team.
Find Us
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Get in touch
324 Ormeau Rd,
Co Antrim,
028 9049 1367
Cookie Policy
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Ormeau Dental Care © 2013, 324 Ormeau Road, Belfast


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rwbaird.com | Help
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Meet the Staff
Douglas E. Cramer, ABOC, NCLE
Board Certified Optician
Contact Lens Examiner
Founder- Emeritus
A professional optician since 1982, Doug has worked in all aspects of the optical field. These previous experiences in Opticianry, Optometry and Ophthalmology are the foundation on which Michigan Optical was founded. Extensive contact lens training at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia and ophthalmic medical optics at Baylor College of Medicine - Cullen Eye Institute- Houston, has enabled Doug to fit even the most complicated contact lens cases. He is Board Certified by the American Board of Opticianry and National Contact Lens Examiners, Professional Registered Opticians, Fellow of National Academy of Opticianry, Fellow of Contact Lens Society of America, Member of Opticians Association of America, Current member and past Board of Director for the Opticians Association of Michigan, Chairman of the Board - City of Walker DDA.
Doug has been married for over 35 years to Lori. They have three sons and two grand-children. They reside in Grand Valley with their two cats, Fonzie and Angel.
Ashley Tholen, OD
Dr. Tholen provides comprehensive eye care ranging from routine examinations to full-scope optometry to patients of all ages, including children as young as 6 months. Her experience includes fitting a variety of contact lenses, post-operative care, managing pathology, and treating myopia progression and amblyopia. Dr. Tholen received her Doctor of Optometry from Illinois College of Optometry and is a graduate of University of Iowa.
Jessica LeFaive
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Jennifer Cramer
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Bio to follow.............................................
Julie Johnson
Optician / Contact Lens Technician
Julie Johnson joined our team in September 2017. She comes with 9 years of optical experience. Prior to that she worked several years as a licensed agent in the insurance industry. Julie enjoys interacting with patients. Her roles include customer service, pre-testing, imaging, contact lens training, frame/lens selection, fitting and dispensing glasses. Julie enjoys spending time with family and traveling anywhere sunny and warm. She loves to perform. You may occasionally spot her on local TV commercials or singing around West Michigan with her band.
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511 Wilson Ave. NW
Grand Rapids, MI 49534
(616) 301-866
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Skip to comments.Archaeologists discover possible ruins of ancient Sodom in the Holy Land
Posted on 10/03/2015 9:00:26 PM PDT by 2ndDivisionVet
The long-lost Biblical city of Sodom a city that the Bible claims was destroyed by God because of its immorality may finally have been found. Archaeologists have uncovered a slew of monumental structures and artifacts in a Jordan Valley mound known as Tall el-Hammam offering evidence of a city-state that is believed to have thrived during the Bronze Age when other Holy Land cities were being abandoned or were in decline.
Based on the location, dates of occupation, and the remains of other ancient cities nearby, archaeologists think it's the best candidate yet for what was once Sodom. "Tall el-Hammam seemed to match every Sodom criterion demanded by the text," Steven Collins, head of the archaeology team, said. In accordance with texts that say Sodom was the largest, the site at Tall el-Hammam is "at least five to 10 times larger than all the other Bronze Age sites in the entire region," Collins said.
The city is believed to have prospered during the Early and Middle Bronze Ages (between 3500 and 1540 B.C.), Popular Archaeology says, and is strategically located along water sources and trade routes, suggesting that it was a central hub during its time. The city-state is flanked by walls and fortifications that archaeologists say would have required "millions of bricks" and "large numbers of laborers" to build.
Excavated evidence suggests that the city came to a "sudden, inexplicable end" at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, Popular Archaeology says. For the last 700 years, the area has been largely uninhabited by humans.
"strategically located along water sources and trade routes, suggesting that it was a central hub during its time."
Vaguely similar to San Francisco.
It was the pillar of salt with
a big booty that gave it away.
I thought it was near Hollywood & Vine....
Thanks 2ndDivisionVet.
There were 5 cities in the valley area where Sodom was.
Thanks 2ndDivisionVet.
Stop it! You're teasing me.
Jude 7
"Even as Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire."
"The timing of this is not coincidental."
I was thinking the same thing.
Gay tourism expected to increase...
The bible discibes it as the area of slim pits i.e. asphalt.
Not too far underneath the soil. Tar/bitumen/oily type stuff.
Some have hypothesized that explosions actually started from the ground, and launched all the fiery stuff into the air, and then it all came back down on them. Would make sense as there was probably more than enough natural gas in all that stuff to be used as projectile fuel.
Except that isn't what the Book says. Since the Book says that God rained fire and brimstone from the sky; that's what STARTED it. The fired from heaven would then have ignited the petroleum products.
For another instance of fire coming out of the sky, check out Elijah's showdown on Mt. Carmel.
The Sodomites moved to a site on the Potomic River
My Bible - that shows maps of Biblical lands - has Sodom under the Dead Sea. Of course, only God knows for sure...
Raining fire from the sky doesnt mean it could not have come from somewhere on earth. An eyewitness account would not be lying that they saw it rain down from the sky, but not see where it came from.
Not a big deal, just a discussion more than anything.
If it gives you a buzz to make a scripture passage say something other than its clearly intended meaning; knock yerself out.
If fire had erupted from the earth, up into the air, and rained down upon the ground, the scripture would have said it that way. God is not the author of confusion.
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text:
The Year 2000 problem, also known as the Y2K problem , the Millennium bug , the Y2K bug , or Y2K, is a class of computer bugs related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for dates beginning in the year 2000. Problems were anticipated, and arose, because twentieth-century software often represented the four-digit year with only the final two digits—making the year 2000 indistinguishable from 1900. The assumption of a twentieth-century date in such programs caused various errors, such as the incorrect display of dates and the inaccurate ordering of automated dated records or real-time events.
In 1997 the British Standards Institute (BSI) developed standard DISC PD2000-1 [2] defining "Year 2000 Conformity requirements" as four rules: (1) No valid date will cause any interruption in operations; (2) Calculation of durations between, or the sequence of, pairs of dates will be correct whether any dates are in different centuries; (3) In all interfaces and in all storage, the century must be unambiguous, either specified, or calculable by algorithm ; (4) Year 2000 must be recognised as a leap year.
It identifies two problems that may exist in many computer programs. First, the practice of representing the year with two digits became problematic with logical error(s) arising upon "rollover" from xx99 to xx00. This had caused some date-related processing to operate incorrectly for dates and times on and after 1 January 2000, and on other critical dates which were billed "event horizons". Without corrective action, long-working systems would break down when the "... 97, 98, 99, 00 ..." ascending numbering assumption suddenly became invalid.
Secondly, some programmers had misunderstood the Gregorian calendar rule that determines whether years that are exactly divisible by 100 are not leap years, and assumed the year 2000 would not be a leap year. Years divisible by 100 are not leap years, except for years that are divisible by 400. Thus the year 2000 was a leap year.
Companies and organisations worldwide checked, fixed, and upgraded their computer systems to address the anticipated problem. [65]
Very few computer failures were reported when the clocks rolled over into 2000. It is not known how many problems went unrecorded. [4]
Y2K is a numeronym and was the common abbreviation for the year 2000 software problem. The abbreviation combines the letter Y for "year", and k for the SI unit prefix kilo meaning 1000; hence, 2K signifies 2000. It was also named the "Millennium Bug" because it was associated with the popular (rather than literal) roll-over of the millennium, even though most of the problems could have occurred at the end of any ordinary century.
The Year 2000 problem was the subject of the early book, Computers in Crisis by Jerome and Marilyn Murray (Petrocelli, 1984; reissued by McGraw-Hill under the title The Year 2000 Computing Crisis in 1996). The first recorded mention of the Year 2000 Problem on a Usenet newsgroup occurred on Friday, 18 January 1985, by Usenet poster Spencer Bolles. [67]
The acronym Y2K has been attributed to David Eddy, a Massachusetts programmer, [9] in an e-mail sent on 12 June 1995. He later said, "People were calling it CDC (Century Date Change), FADL (Faulty Date Logic). There were other contenders. Y2K just came off my fingertips." [68]
The problem started because on both mainframe computers and later personal computers, storage was expensive, from as low as $10 per kilobyte, to in many cases as much as or even more than US$100 per kilobyte. It was therefore very important for programmers to reduce usage. Since programs could simply prefix "19" to the year of a date, most programs internally used, or stored on disc or tape, data files where the date format was six digits, in the form MMDDYY, MM as two digits for the month, DD as two digits for the day, and YY as two digits for the year. As space on disc and tape was also expensive, this also saved money by reducing the size of stored data files and data bases. [69]
Many computer programs stored years with only two decimal digits; for example, 1980 was stored as 80. Some such programs could not distinguish between the year 2000 and the year 1900. Other programs tried to represent the year 2000 as 19100. This could cause a complete failure and cause date comparisons to produce incorrect results. Some embedded systems, making use of similar date logic, were expected to fail and cause utilities and other crucial infrastructure to fail.
Some warnings of what would happen if nothing was done were particularly dire:
The Y2K problem is the electronic equivalent of the El Niño and there will be nasty surprises around the globe. — John Hamre, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense [11]
Special committees were set up by governments to monitor remedial work and contingency planning, particularly by crucial infrastructures such as telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that the coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering, [12] it was only the safe passing of the main "event horizon" itself, 1 January 2000, that fully quelled public fears. Some experts who argued that scaremongering was occurring, such as Ross Anderson, Professor of Security Engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, have since claimed that despite sending out hundreds of press releases about research results suggesting that the problem was not likely to be as big a problem as some had suggested, they were largely ignored by the media. [12]
Programming problem
The practice of using two-digit dates for convenience predates computers, but was never a problem until stored dates were used in calculations.
The need for bit conservation
In the first half of the 20th century, well before the computer era, business data processing was done using unit record equipment and punched cards, most commonly the 80-column variety employed by IBM, which dominated the industry. Many tricks were used to squeeze needed data into fixed-field 80-character records. Saving two digits for every date field was significant in this effort.
In the 1960s, computer memory and mass storage were scarce and expensive. Early core memory cost one dollar per bit. Popular commercial computers, such as the IBM 1401, shipped with as little as 2 kilobytes of memory. Programs often mimicked card processing techniques. Commercial programming languages of the time, such as COBOL and RPG, processed numbers in their character representations. Over time the punched cards were converted to magnetic tape and then disc files, but the structure of the data usually changed very little. Data was still input using punched cards until the mid-1970s. Machine architectures, programming languages and application designs were evolving rapidly. Neither managers nor programmers of that time expected their programs to remain in use for many decades. The realisation that databases were a new type of program with different characteristics had not yet come.
There were exceptions, of course. The first person known to publicly address this issue was Bob Bemer, who had noticed it in 1958 as a result of work on genealogical software. He spent the next twenty years trying to make programmers, IBM, the government of the United States and the ISO aware of the problem, with little result. This included the recommendation that the COBOL PICTURE clause should be used to specify four digit years for dates. [2] Despite magazine articles on the subject from 1970 onward, the majority of programmers and managers only started recognising Y2K as a looming problem in the mid-1990s, but even then, inertia and complacency caused it to be mostly unresolved until the last few years of the decade. In 1989, Erik Naggum was instrumental in ensuring that internet mail used four digit representations of years by including a strong recommendation to this effect in the internet host requirements document . [2]
Saving space on stored dates persisted into the Unix era, with most systems representing dates to a single 32-bit word, typically representing dates as elapsed seconds from some fixed date, which causes the similar Y2K38 problem.
Resulting bugs from date programming
Storage of a combined date and time within a fixed binary field is often considered a solution, but the possibility for software to misinterpret dates remains because such date and time representations must be relative to some known origin. Rollover of such systems is still a problem but can happen at varying dates and can fail in various ways. For example:
- The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program had a very elementary Y2K problem: Excel (in both Windows and Mac versions, when they are set to start at 1900) incorrectly set the year 1900 as a leap year for compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3. [2] In addition, the years 2100, 2200, and so on, were regarded as leap years. This bug was fixed in later versions, but since the epoch of the Excel timestamp was set to the meaningless date of 0 January 1900 in previous versions, the year 1900 is still regarded as a leap year to maintain backward compatibility.
- In the C programming language, the standard library function to extract the year from a timestamp returns the year minus 1900. Many programs using functions from C, such as Perl and Java, two programming languages widely used in web development, incorrectly treated this value as the last two digits of the year. On the web this was usually a harmless presentation bug, but it did cause many dynamically generated web pages to display 1 January 2000 as "1/1/19100", "1/1/100", or other variants, depending on the display format.
- JavaScript was changed due to concerns over the Y2K bug, and the return value for years changed and thus differed between versions from sometimes being a four digit representation and sometimes a two-digit representation forcing programmers to rewrite already working code to make sure web pages worked for all versions. [2] [2]
- Older applications written for the commonly used UNIX Source Code Control System failed to handle years that began with the digit "2".
- In the Windows 3.x file manager, dates displayed as 1/1/19:0 for 1/1/2000 (because the colon is the character after "9" in the ASCII character set). An update was available.
- Some software, such as Math Blaster Episode I: In Search of Spot [2] which only treats years as two-digit values instead of four, will give a given year as "1900", "1901", and so on, depending on the last two digits of the present year.
Date bugs similar to Y2K
4 January 1975
This date overflowed the 12-bit field that had been used in the Decsystem 10 operating systems. There were numerous problems and crashes related to this bug while an alternative format was developed. [2]
9 September 1999
Even before 1 January 2000 arrived, there were also some worries about 9 September 1999 (albeit less than those generated by Y2K). Because this date could also be written in the numeric format 9/9/99, it could have conflicted with the date value
9999 , frequently used to specify an unknown date. It was thus possible that database programs might act on the records containing unknown dates on that day. Data entry operators commonly entered 9999 into required fields for an unknown future date, (e.g., a termination date for cable television or telephone service), in order to process computer forms using CICS software. [2] Somewhat similar to this is the end-of-file code
9999 , used in older programming languages. While fears arose that some programs might unexpectedly terminate on that date, the bug was more likely to confuse computer operators than machines.
Leap years
Mostly, a year is a leap year if it is evenly divisible by four. A year divisible by 100, however, is not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar unless it is also divisible by 400. For example, 1600 was a leap year, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not. Some programs may have relied on the oversimplified rule that a year divisible by four is a leap year . This method works fine for the year 2000 (because it is a leap year), and will not become a problem until 2100, when older legacy programs will likely have long since been replaced. Other programs contained incorrect leap year logic, assuming for instance that no year divisible by 100 could be a leap year. An assessment of this leap year problem including a number of real life code fragments appeared in 1998. [65] For information on why century years are treated differently, see Gregorian calendar.
Year 2010 problem
Some systems had problems once the year rolled over to 2010. This was dubbed by some in the media as the "Y2K+10" or "Y2.01K" problem. [65]
The main source of problems was confusion between hexadecimal number encoding and binary-coded decimal encodings of numbers. Both hexadecimal and BCD encode the numbers 0–9 as 0x0–0x9. But BCD encodes the number 10 as 0x10, whereas hexadecimal encodes the number 10 as 0x0A; 0x10 interpreted as a hexadecimal encoding represents the number 16.
For example, because the SMS protocol uses BCD for dates, some mobile phone software incorrectly reported dates of SMSes as 2016 instead of 2010. Windows Mobile is the first software reported to have been affected by this glitch; in some cases WM6 changes the date of any incoming SMS message sent after 1 January 2010 from the year "2010" to "2016". [9] [10]
Other systems affected include EFTPOS terminals, [65] and the PlayStation 3 (except the Slim model).
The most important occurrences of such a glitch were in Germany, where upwards of 20 million bank cards became unusable, and with Citibank Belgium, whose digipass customer identification chips failed. [65]
Year 2038 problem
The original Unix time datatype (
time_t ) stores a date and time as a signed long integer (on 32-bit systems a 32-bit integer) representing the number of seconds since 1 January 1970. During and after 2038, this number will exceed 2 31 − 1, the largest number representable by a signed long integer on 32-bit systems, causing the Year 2038 problem (also known as the Unix Millennium bug or Y2K38). As a long integer in 64-bit systems uses 64 bits, the problem does not realistically exist on 64-bit systems that use the LP64 model.
Programming solutions
Several very different approaches were used to solve the Year 2000 problem in legacy systems. Three of them follow:
- Date expansion
- Two-digit years were expanded to include the century (becoming four-digit years) in programs, files, and databases. This was considered the "purest" solution, resulting in unambiguous dates that are permanent and easy to maintain. However, this method was costly, requiring massive testing and conversion efforts, and usually affecting entire systems.
- Date re-partitioning
- In legacy databases whose size could not be economically changed, six-digit year/month/day codes were converted to three-digit years (with 1999 represented as 099 and 2001 represented as 101, etc.) and three-digit days ( ordinal date in year). Only input and output instructions for the date fields had to be modified, but most other date operations and whole record operations required no change. This delays the eventual roll-over problem to the end of the year 2899.
- Windowing
- Two-digit years were retained, and programs determined the century value only when needed for particular functions, such as date comparisons and calculations. (The century "window" refers to the 100-year period to which a date belongs). This technique, which required installing small patches of code into programs, was simpler to test and implement than date expansion, thus much less costly. While not a permanent solution, windowing fixes were usually designed to work for several decades. This was thought acceptable, as older legacy systems tend to eventually get replaced by newer technology. [65]
Documented errors
Before 2000
- On 28 December 1999, 10,000 card swipe machines issued by HSBC and manufactured by Racal stopped processing credit and debit card transactions. [12] The stores relied on paper transactions until the machines started working again on 1 January. [65]
On 1 January 2000
When 1 January 2000 arrived, there were problems generally regarded as minor. [33] Consequences did not always result exactly at midnight. Some programs were not active at that moment and problems would only show up when they were invoked. Not all problems recorded were directly linked to Y2K programming in a causality ; minor technological glitches occur on a regular basis. Some caused erroneous results, some caused machines to stop working, some caused date errors, and two caused malfunctions.
Reported problems include:
- In Sheffield, United Kingdom, incorrect risk assessments for Down syndrome were sent to 154 pregnant women and two abortions were carried out as a direct result of a Y2K bug (miscalculation of the mother's age). Four babies with Down syndrome were also born to mothers who had been told they were in the low-risk group. [70]
- In Ishikawa, Japan, radiation-monitoring equipment failed at midnight; however, officials stated there was no risk to the public. [71]
- In Onagawa, Japan, an alarm sounded at a nuclear power plant at two minutes after midnight. [71]
- In Japan, at two minutes past midnight, Osaka Media Port, a telecommunications carrier, found errors in the date management part of the company's network. The problem was fixed by 02:43 and no services were disrupted. [32]
- In Japan, NTT Mobile Communications Network ( NTT DoCoMo), Japan's largest cellular operator, reported on 1 January 2000, that some models of mobile telephones were deleting new messages received, rather than the older messages, as the memory filled up. [32]
- In Australia, bus ticket validation machines in two states failed to operate. [33]
- In the United States, 150 Delaware Lottery racino slot machines stopped working. [33]
- In the United States, the US Naval Observatory, which runs the master clock that keeps the country's official time, gave the date on its website as 1 Jan 19100. [34]
- In France, the national weather forecasting service, Météo-France, said a Y2K bug made the date on a webpage show a map with Saturday's weather forecast as "01/01/19100". [33] This also occurred on other websites, including att.net, at the time a general-purpose portal site primarily for AT&T Worldnet customers in the United States.
On 1 March 2000
Problems were reported but these were mostly minor. [72]
- In Japan, around five percent of post office cash dispensers failed to work.
- In Japan, data from weather bureau computers was corrupted.
- In the UK, railway self-service ticket machines ("Quickfare") printed tickets bearing the date "00 JNR 00" for 3 months until mid March 2000. These were incompatible with newly installed Automatic Ticket Gates (ATGs) at Reading railway station.
- In the United States, the Coast Guard's message processing system was affected.
- At Offutt Air Force Base south of Omaha, Nebraska, records of aircraft maintenance parts could not be accessed.
- At Reagan National Airport, check-in lines lengthened after baggage handling programs were affected.
- In Bulgaria, police documents were issued with expiry dates of 29 February 2005 and 29 February 2010 (which are not leap years) and the system defaulted to 1900. [73]
On 31 December 2000 or 1 January 2001
Some software did not correctly recognise 2000 as a leap year, and so worked on the basis of the year having 365 days. On the last day of 2000 (day 366) these systems exhibited various errors. These were generally minor, apart from reports of some Norwegian trains that were delayed until their clocks were put back by a month. [35]
Government responses
Although only two digits are allocated for the birth year in the Bulgarian national identification number, the year 1900 problem and subsequently the Y2K problem were addressed by the use of unused values above 12 in the month range. For all persons born before 1900, the month is stored as the calendar month plus 20, and for all persons born after 1999, the month is stored as the calendar month plus 40. [36]
The Dutch Government promoted Y2K Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs) to share readiness between industries, without threat of antitrust violations or liability based on information shared.
Norway and Finland
Norway and Finland changed their national identification number, to indicate the century in which a person was born. In both countries, the birth year was historically indicated by two digits only. This numbering system had already given rise to a similar problem, the " Year 1900 problem ", which arose due to problems distinguishing between people born in the 20th and 19th centuries. Y2K fears drew attention to an older issue, while prompting a solution to a new problem. In Finland, the problem was solved by replacing the hyphen ("-") in the number with the letter "A" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already "+"). In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0–499 to 500–999.
The Ugandan government responded to the Y2K threat by setting up a Y2K Task Force. [37] In August 1999 an independent international assessment by the World Bank International Y2k Cooperation Centre found that Uganda's website was in the top category as "highly informative". This put Uganda in the "top 20" out of 107 national governments, and on a par with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Japan, and ahead of Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland which were rated as only "somewhat informative". The report said that "Countries which disclose more Y2k information will be more likely to maintain public confidence in their own countries and in the international markets." [38]
United States
In 1998, the United States government responded to the Y2K threat by passing the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act, by working with private sector counterparts in order to ensure readiness, and by creating internal continuity of operations plans in the event of problems. The effort was coordinated out of the White House by the President's Council on Year 2000 Conversion, headed by John Koskinen. [67] The White House effort was conducted in co-ordination with the then-independent Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and an interim Critical Infrastructure Protection Group, then in the Department of Justice, now in Homeland Security.
The US Government followed a three-part approach to the problem: (1) Outreach and Advocacy (2) Monitoring and Assessment and (3) Contingency Planning and Regulation. [40]
A feature of US Government outreach was Y2K websites including Y2K.GOV. Presently, many US Government agencies have taken down their Y2K websites. Some of these documents may be available through National Archives and Records Administration [67] or the Wayback Machine.
Each federal agency had its own Y2K task force which worked with its private sector counterparts. The FCC had the FCC Year 2000 Task Force. [40] [67]
Most industries had contingency plans that relied upon the internet for backup communications. However, as no federal agency had clear authority with regard to the internet at this time (it had passed from the US Department of Defense to the US National Science Foundation and then to the US Department of Commerce), no agency was assessing the readiness of the internet itself. Therefore, on 30 July 1999, the White House held the White House Internet Y2K Roundtable. [67]
The U.S. Government also established a Center for Year 2000 Strategic Stability, as a joint operation with the Russian Federation. It was a liaison operation designed to mitigate the possibility of false positive readings in each nation's nuclear attack early warning systems. [67]
United Kingdom
The British government made regular assessments of the progress made by different sectors of business towards becoming Y2K-compliant and there was wide reporting of sectors which were laggards. Companies and institutions were classified according to a traffic light scheme ranging from green "no problems" to red "grave doubts whether the work can be finished in time". Many organisations finished far ahead of the deadline.
International co-operation
The International Y2K Cooperation Center (IY2KCC) was established at the behest of national Y2K coordinators from over 120 countries when they met at the First Global Meeting of National Y2K Coordinators at the United Nations in December 1988. IY2KCC established an office in Washington, D.C. in March 1999. Funding was provided by the World Bank, and Bruce W. McConnell was appointed as director.
IY2KCC's mission was to "promote increased strategic cooperation and action among governments, peoples, and the private sector to minimize adverse Y2K effects on the global society and economy." Activities of IY2KCC were conducted in six areas:
- National Readiness: Promoting Y2K programs worldwide
- Regional Cooperation: Promoting and supporting co-ordination within defined geographic areas
- Sector Cooperation: Promoting and supporting co-ordination within and across defined economic sectors
- Continuity and Response Cooperation: Promoting and supporting co-ordination to ensure essential services and provisions for emergency response
- Information Cooperation: Promoting and supporting international information sharing and publicity
- Facilitation and Assistance: Organizing global meetings of Y2K coordinators and to identify resources
IY2KCC closed down in March 2000. [67]
Private sector response
- The United States established the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act , which limited the liability of businesses who had properly disclosed their Y2K readiness.
- Insurance companies sold insurance policies covering failure of businesses due to Y2K problems.
- Attorneys organised and mobilised for Y2K class action lawsuits (which were not pursued).
- Survivalist-related businesses (gun dealers, surplus and sporting goods) anticipated increased business in the final months of 1999 in an event known as the Y2K scare . [67]
- The Long Now Foundation, which (in their words) "seeks to promote 'slower/better' thinking and to foster creativity in the framework of the next 10,000 years", has a policy of anticipating the Year 10,000 problem by writing all years with five digits. For example, they list "01996" as their year of founding.
- While there was no one comprehensive internet Y2K effort, multiple internet trade associations and organisations banded together to form the Internet Year 2000 Campaign. [67] This effort partnered with the White House's Internet Y2K Roundtable.
The Y2K issue was a major topic of discussion in the late 1990s and as such showed up in most popular media. A number of "Y2K disaster" books were published such as Deadline Y2K by Mark Joseph. Movies such as Y2K: Year to Kill capitalised on the currency of Y2K, as did numerous TV shows, comic strips, and computer games.
Fringe group responses
A variety of fringe groups and individuals such as those within some fundamentalist religious organizations, survivalists, cults, anti-social movements, self-sufficiency enthusiasts, communes and others attracted to conspiracy theories, embraced Y2K as a tool to engender fear and provide a form of evidence for their respective theories. End-of-the-world scenarios and apocalyptic themes were common in their communication.
Interest in the survivalist movement peaked in 1999 in its second wave for that decade, triggered by Y2K fears. In the time before extensive efforts were made to rewrite computer programming codes to mitigate the possible impacts, some writers such as Gary North, Ed Yourdon, James Howard Kunstler, [75] and Ed Yardeni anticipated widespread power outages, food and gasoline shortages, and other emergencies. North and others raised the alarm because they thought Y2K code fixes were not being made quickly enough. While a range of authors responded to this wave of concern, two of the most survival-focused texts to emerge were Boston on Y2K (1998) by Kenneth W. Royce, and Mike Oehler's The Hippy Survival Guide to Y2K .
Y2K was also exploited by some prominent and other lesser known fundamentalist and Pentecostal Christian leaders throughout the Western world, particularly in North America and Australia. [76] Their promotion of the perceived risks of Y2K was combined with end times thinking and apocalyptic prophecies in an attempt to influence followers. [76] The New York Times reported in late 1999, "The Rev. Jerry Falwell suggested that Y2K would be the confirmation of Christian prophecy - God's instrument to shake this nation, to humble this nation. The Y2K crisis might incite a worldwide revival that would lead to the rapture of the church. Along with many survivalists, Mr. Falwell advised stocking up on food and guns". [9] Adherents in these movements were encouraged to engage in food hoarding, take lessons in self-sufficiency, and the more extreme elements planned for a total collapse of modern society. The Chicago Tribune reported that some large fundamentalist churches, motivated by Y2K, were the sites for flea market -like sales of paraphernalia designed to help people survive a social order crisis ranging from gold coins to wood-burning stoves. [9] Betsy Hart, writing for the Deseret News reported that a lot of the more extreme evangelicals used Y2K to promote a political agenda in which downfall of the government was a desired outcome in order to usher in Christ's reign. She also noted that, "the cold truth is that preaching chaos is profitable and calm doesn't sell many tapes or books" [9] These types of fears and conspiracies were described dramatically by New Zealand-based Christian prophetic author and preacher Barry Smith in his publication, "I Spy with my Little Eye", where he dedicated a whole chapter to Y2K. [9] Some expected, at times through so-called prophecies, that Y2K would be the beginning of a worldwide Christian revival. [78] It became clear in the aftermath that leaders of these fringe groups had cleverly used fears of apocalyptic outcomes to manipulate followers into dramatic scenes of mass repentance or renewed commitment to their groups, additional giving of funds and more overt commitment to their respective organizations or churches. The Baltimore Sun noted this in their article, "Apocalypse Now - Y2K spurs fears", where they reported the increased call for repentance in the populace in order to avoid God's wrath. [9] Christian leader, Col Stringer, in his commentary has published, "Fear-creating writers sold over 45 million books citing every conceivable catastrophe from civil war, planes dropping from the sky to the end of the civilised world as we know it. Reputable preachers were advocating food storage and a "head for the caves" mentality. No banks failed, no planes crashed, no wars or civil war started. And yet not one of these prophets of doom has ever apologised for their scare-mongering tactics." [78] Some prominent North American Christian ministries and leaders generated huge personal and corporate profits through sales of Y2K preparation kits, generators, survival guides, published prophecies and a wide range of other associated merchandise. Christian journalist, Rob Boston, has documented this [76] in his article "False Prophets, Real Profits Religious Right Leaders' Wild Predictions of Y2K Disaster Didn't Come True, But They Made Money Anyway".
The total cost of the work done in preparation for Y2K is estimated at over US$300 billion ($417 billion today, once inflation is taken into account). [2] [9] IDC calculated that the US spent an estimated $134 billion ($186 billion) preparing for Y2K, and another $13 billion ($18 billion) fixing problems in 2000 and 2001. Worldwide, $308 billion ($428 billion) was estimated to have been spent on Y2K remediation. [9] There are two ways to view the events of 2000 from the perspective of its aftermath:
Supporting view
This view holds that the vast majority of problems had been fixed correctly, and the money was well spent. The situation was essentially one of preemptive alarm. Those who hold this view claim that the lack of problems at the date change reflects the completeness of the project, and that many computer applications would not have continued to function into the 21st century without correction or remediation.
- Expected problems that were not seen by small businesses and small organisations were in fact prevented by Y2K fixes embedded in routine updates to operating system and utility software that were applied several years before 31 December 1999.
- The extent to which larger industry and government fixes averted issues that would have more significant impacts had they not been fixed, were typically not disclosed or widely reported. [51]
- It has also been suggested that on 11 September 2001, the New York infrastructure (including subways, phone service, and financial transactions) were able to continue operation because of the redundant networks established in the event of Y2K bug impact [68] and the contingency plans devised by companies. [68] The terrorist attacks and the following prolonged blackout to lower Manhattan had minimal effect on global banking systems. [68] Backup systems were activated at various locations around the region, many of which had been established to deal with a possible complete failure of networks in the financial district on 31 December 1999. [68]
Opposing view
The contrary view asserts that there were no, or very few, critical problems to begin with. This view also asserts that there would have been only a few minor mistakes and that a "fix on failure" approach would have been the most efficient and cost-effective way to solve these problems as they occurred.
- Countries such as South Korea and Italy invested little to nothing in Y2K remediation, [68] yet had the same negligible Y2K problems as countries that spent enormous sums of money. [68]
- The lack of Y2K-related problems in schools, many of which undertook little or no remediation effort. By 1 September 1999, only 28% of US schools had achieved compliance for mission critical systems, and a government report predicted that "Y2K failures could very well plague the computers used by schools to manage payrolls, student records, online curricula, and building safety systems". [68]
- The lack of Y2K-related problems in an estimated 1.5 million small businesses that undertook no remediation effort. On 3 January 2000 (the first weekday of the year), the Small Business Administration received an estimated 40 calls from businesses with computer problems, similar to the average. None of the problems were critical. [68]
- The absence of Y2K-related problems occurring before 1 January 2000, even though the 2000 financial year commenced in 1999 in many jurisdictions, and a wide range of forward-looking calculations involved dates in 2000 and later years. Estimates undertaken in the leadup to 2000 suggested that around 25% of all problems should have occurred before 2000. [68] Critics of large-scale remediation argued during 1999 that the absence of significant reported problems in non-compliant small firms was evidence that there had been, and would be, no serious problems needing to be fixed in any firm, and that the scale of the problem had therefore been severely overestimated. However, this can be countered with the observation that large companies had significant problems requiring action, that Y2K programmers were fully aware of the variable timescale, and that they were working to a series of earlier target dates, rather than a single fixed target of 31 December 1999. [51]
See also
- The Deep Impact space mission was lost when its internal clock reached exactly 2 32 one-tenth seconds since 2000 on 11 August 2013, 00:38:49.
- IPv4 address exhaustion, problems caused by the limited allocation size for numeric internet addresses
- ISO 8601, an international standard for representing dates and times, which mandates the use of (at least) four digits for the year
- Perpetual calendar, a calendar valid for many years, including before and after 2000
- Year 10,000 problem, about computer software that cannot accept five digit years
- YEAR2000, a configuration setting supported by some versions of DR-DOS to overcome Year 2000 BIOS bugs
- 512k day: an event in 2014, involving a software limitation in network routers.


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If you have any questions about Edaville, or need assistance with anything please feel free to reach out. You can reach us via e-mail, phone, or snail mail.
View the map above to find your favorite Rides, Attractions, Food, Shops and Amenities!
Strap in tight for a truly Cranky experience. The ride up might be smooth, but as you near the ground, get ready to bounce up and down!
Head back in time as you walk through the gates of Dino Land. Keep an eye out for Edaville's very own Paleontologists, as they will point you in the right direction for a self guided tour, through a prehistoric land featuring over 23 life size animatronic dinosaurs. But! Beware, T Rex's are lurking, everywhere.
Dino Land also features Dino Blast and Bone Shaker!
During the month of October, Dino Land turns into Edaville's famous, Pumpkins AGLOW, a magical pumpkin experience, featuring thousands of carved pumpkins!
Hop aboard Bertie's Bus Tours and buckle up! Enjoy a whirl-around up to 28 feet high and feel like you can touch the sky. Riding the bus has never been so much fun!
View our ticketing options including; daily admissons, season passes and VIP upgrades.


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In its final approval for the launch of a new BBC channel for Scotland, OFCOM has revealed a difference of opinion with MG/BBC Alba, the Gaelic channel.
Ofcom's slide rules predict an audience share of 2.42% in Scotland for the new channel. The Alba management complained they would lose viewers - and "a loss to BBC Alba will be
an absolute loss of public value in many respects, due to the unique role that the Gaelic
television channel fulfils. MG ALBA also argued that, although it was not reliant on commercial funding, the loss of
audience to BBC Scotland could put at risk the amount of funding made available from the
Scottish Government, which in turn would impact on the amount of content investment."
Ofcom noted BARB does not report viewing for BBC Alba, "therefore we have only estimated BBC Alba's share in Scotland based on available data (c.0.9%).... we estimate that BBC Alba could lose about 2.3% of its viewing hours."
So, says Ofcom, Alba's potential loss of public value is moderate, and "an increased choice in content representing and portraying
different aspects of Scotland, its communities and its people is likely to be beneficial for audiences."
Wednesday, June 27, 2018
There's Scottish and Scottish
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We all knew there would be casualties when the heroes of The Walking Dead decided to mount an offensive against the Saviors, but in the Sunday, November 12, episode, the abstract knowledge became real in the worst way. After an overconfident Ezekiel (Khary Payton) walked his forces into a death trap, almost no one from the Kingdom was left alive â and that was only in the first five minutes of the most devastating episode so far this season.
Here are all the terrible things that happened in the latest dispatch from AMCâs zombie drama.
The Kingdom Falls
You had to love King Ezekielâs gusto in the lead up to the conflict with the Saviors, but alas, all the hammy psych-em-up speeches in the world were no match for a hail of actual bullets. An overhead group shot of the Kingdomâs army in a pre-battle embrace segued seamlessly to a much grimmer one: the same soldiers lay dead in a pile, killed protecting their king. And Ezekiel, badly injured and emotionally wrecked, was left to scramble through the field of rapidly reanimating corpses that used to be his most loyal subjects. Donât worry, guys ⦠it gets much, much worse.
Delusions of Grandeur
At first, it looked like a single surviving Kingdom soldier would be Ezekielâs saving grace â only for a bespectacled, balding Savior to shoot the man and then lead His Majesty back toward the compound, taunting him all the while. The guy called Ezekiel âa meaningless con man in a costumeâ suffering from âdelusions of grandeurâ â which was a hell of a harsh judgment coming from a man who looked like an underachieving escapee from the Scumbag Stephen King cosplayerâs convention. Worse, Ezekiel clearly took the spectacled scumbagâs insults to heart. Jerry (Cooper Andrews) showed up with his battle-ax to save the day (and create the episodeâs most memorable shot, in which the Saviorâs cleaved torso was split in two to reveal Ezekiel on the other side), but the whole experience left Zeke prepared to give up the whole âkingâ thing entirely â even though Jerry made it clear that the royal fantasy is a powerful motivator for everyone, not just the man on the throne.
âYour Majesty,â he said, only to have Ezekiel interrupt: âYou donât need to call me that.â
Jerry looked exasperated. âDude? Yes, I do.â
Carolâs Choice
Meanwhile, Carol (Melissa McBride) survived the carnage outside the compound and went on alone to try to complete the mission, killing several Saviors in a quest to keep them from getting weapons to the Sanctuary. But after a firefight in the parking lot, she was forced to make a choice: take out the escaping Saviors or rescue Ezekiel and Jerry from a zombie onslaught outside the fence. She chose to save her friends â although she sure took her time debating it. Fortunately, Rick (Andrew Lincoln) and Daryl (Norman Reedus) were able to pick up the ball where she dropped it, arriving just in time to chase down the truck and give Action Hero Rick his big chance to have a slap fight in a moving vehicle.
Heavy Is the Head That Wears the Crown
With nothing left of the Kingdomâs army but Carol, Jerry, and Ezekiel, the three struggled to make their way through the zombie-infested forest to safety â a journey made that much more difficult by the fact that Ezekiel spent the entire time having an existential crisis and yelling at the others (in his normal voice, not his king voice) to leave him behind.
It all came to a head in a creek bed full of sewage-drenched walkers, where Ezekiel tried to make a last heroic stand so his friends could get away. But instead, a different hero emerged to make the ultimate sacrifice: Shiva, whose whereabouts was an open question all episode long, leapt out of the forest with teeth bared. But because The Walking Dead hates us and wants us to be miserable (and also probably because the CGI tiger was a serious drain on their production budget), Shiva, the powerful and glorious predator, was no match for six waterlogged walking corpses with no muscle tone. (RIP, Shiva.)
And when Ezekiel walked back through the gates of the Kingdom, there would be no scenery-chewing speeches about remaining hopeful in the face of defeat. Not now, and maybe not ever again.
The Walking Dead airs on AMC Sundays at 9 p.m. ET.


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