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TI HDMI Design Guide. HDMI Design Guide. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 1
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1 HDMI Design Guide June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 1
2 Introduction This application note presents design guide lines helping users of the HDMI 3:1 mux-repeater, TMDS341A, to utilize the full performance of the device through careful printed circuit board (PCB) design. The paper provides recommendations for-, and explains important concepts of some main aspects of highspeed PCB design. These subjects, presented in the following order, are: layer stack, differential traces, controlled impedance transmission lines, discontinuities, routing guidelines, reference planes, vias and decoupling capacitors. Layer stack The pin-out of the TMDS341A is tailored for the design in HDMI receiver circuits. Each side of the package provides a HDMI port, featuring four differential TMDS signal pairs, thus resulting in three input- and one output port. The remaining signals comprise the supply rails, Vcc and ground, and lower speed signals such as the I 2 C interface, Hotplug-detect and the mux-selector pins. HDMI OUT TMDS-signals Vcc GND I2C & CTRL signals TMDS341A HDMI 3 HDMI 2 HDMI 1 Fig. 1. The TMDS341A pin-out is tailored for HDMI receiver applications A minimum of four layers are required to accomplish a low EMI PCB design. Layer stacking should be in the following order, (top-to-bottom): TMDS signal layer, ground plane, power plane and control signal layer mils Layer 1: High-speed, differential (TMDS) signal traces Layer 2: Ground plane Layer 1: Layer 2: Ground Layer 3: Vcc1 High-speed, differential signal traces mils 5-10 mils Layer 3: Power plane Layer 4: Vcc2 Layer 5: Ground Layer 4: Low-frequency, single-ended traces Layer 6: Fig. 2. Recommended 4- or 6- layer stack for a receiver PCB design Low-frequency, single-ended traces Routing the high-speed TMDS traces on the top layer avoids the use of vias (and the introduction of their inductances) and allows for clean interconnects from the HDMI connectors to the repeater inputs and from the repeater output to the subsequent receiver circuit. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 2
3 Placing a solid ground plane next to the high-speed signal layer establishes controlled impedance for transmission line interconnects and provides an excellent low-inductance path for the return current flow. Placing the power plane next to the ground plane creates additional high-frequency bypass capacitance. Routing the slower speed control signals on the bottom layer allows for greater flexibility as these signal links usually have margin to tolerate discontinuities such as vias. If an additional supply voltage plane or signal layer is needed, add a second power / ground plane system to the stack to keep it symmetrical. This makes the stack mechanically stable and prevents it from warping. Also the power and ground plane of each power system can be placed closer together, thus increasing the highfrequency bypass capacitance significantly. Differential Traces HDMI uses transition minimized differential signaling (TMDS) for transmitting high-speed serial data. Differential signaling offers significant benefits over single-ended signaling. In single-ended systems current flows from the source to the load through one conductor and returns via a ground plane or wire. The transversal electromagnetic wave (TEM), created by the current flow, can freely radiate to the outside environment causing severe electromagnetic interference (EMI). Also noise from external sources induced into the conductor is unavoidably amplified by the receiver, thus compromising signal integrity. Differential signaling instead uses two conductors, one for the forward-, the other one for the return current to flow. Thus, when closely coupled, the currents in the two conductors are of equal amplitude but opposite polarity and their magnetic fields cancel. The TEM waves of the two conductors, now being robbed of their magnetic fields, cannot radiate into the environment. Only the far smaller fringing fields outside the conductor loop can radiate, thus yielding significantly lower EMI. E H t Fringing fields Fringing fields Coupled fields Fringing fields Fig. 3. TEM wave radiation from the large fringing fields around a single conductor and the small fringing fields outside the closely coupled conductor loop of a differential signal pair Another benefit of close electric coupling is that external noise induced into both conductors equally appears as common-mode noise at the receiver input. Receivers with differential inputs are sensitive to signal differences only, but immune to common-mode signals. The receiver therefore rejects common-mode noise and signal integrity is maintained. To make differential signaling work on a PCB, the spacing of the two traces of a differential signal pair must be kept the same across the entire length of the trace. Otherwise variations in the spacing will cause imbalances in the field coupling, therefore reducing the cancellation of the magnetic fields and leading to increased EMI. In addition to larger EMI, changes in conductor spacing cause the differential impedance of the signal pair to change, thus creating discontinuities in an impedance - controlled transmission system which leads to signal reflections compromising signal integrity. Besides consistent spacing, both conductors must be of equal electrical length to ensure their signals reach the receiver inputs at the same time. Figure 4 shows the + and the - signals of a differential pair during logic state changes for traces of equal and different length. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 3
4 + signal logic state changes + signal noise-pulses during logic state changes - signal - signal previous switching point Fig. 4. Traces of different electrical length cause phase shifts between signal, generating difference signals that cause serious EMI problems For traces of equal length both signals are equal and opposite. Their sum must therefore add to zero. If the traces differ in electrical length, the signal on the shorter trace changes its state earlier than the one on the longer trace. During that time both traces drive currents into the same direction. Because the longer trace, which is supposed to act as return path, continues to drive current, the current of the early driving, shorter trace must find its return path via a reference plane (power or ground). When adding both signals the sum signal diverts from the zero level during the transition phase. At high frequency these difference signals appear as sharp transients of considerable magnitude, showing up on the ground plane, causing serious EMI problems. Note that the width of the noise pulses is equal to the phase shift between the two signals, and can be translated into a time difference for a given frequency. This time difference, also known as intra-pair skew, is specified by HDMI for a receiver with 0.4 T BIT for a TMDS clock rate of 225 MHz, which translates to 178 ps maximum. For an HDMI transmitter the specification calls for 0.15 T BIT for a TMDS clock rate of 225 MHz, which translates to 66 ps maximum. Because the generation of a pixel requires the synchronous transmission of the four differential TMDS signal pairs, (3 data + 1 clock), must reach the receiver at the same time. Ideally all four signal pairs should be therefore of equal electrical length to ensure zero time difference. HDMI however, allows for a maximum interpair skew, the time difference between signal pairs, for a receiver of 0.2 T CHARACTER ns, yielding a total of 2.67 ns for a TMDS clock of 225 MHz. For an HDMI transmitter the specification calls for 0.2 T CHARACTER resulting in 888ps. Controlled Impedance Transmission Lines Controlled impedance traces are used to match the differential impedance of the transmission medium, e.g. cables, and the termination resistors. Differential impedance is determined by the physical geometries of the signal pair traces, their relation to the adjacent ground plane and the PCB dielectric. These geometries must be maintained across the entire trace length. Figure 5 depicts the parameters relevant for impedance calculation for both, Microstrip traces, (outer layer traces), and stripline traces, (traces within the layer stack, typically sandwiched by two ground planes). t W s ε r W d h t W s W d Microstrip Stripline Fig. 5. Physical geometries of differential traces To calculate the trace geometries in Figure 5 for a 100 Ω differential impedance TMDS signal pair, the closedform equations 1 6 can be applied. Microstrip Stripline June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 4
5 Ω = 0.96 s h s 2.9 Z Ω = (1) 1) Z [ ] DIFF 2 Z e 4) [ ] h DIFF 2 Z e h 0.8 W + t 2) Z [ Ω] = ln (2) 0 5) Z [ Ω] = ln ε r Z ε h (3) 0 ε 0.8 W + t 0 r 0 r 3) W [ mils] = h e 1.25 t 6) 60 W [ mils] = h e 1.25 t r Z ε (1) For loosely coupled striplines, s > 12 mils, the number might be replaced with (2) For W < 2h the maximum error is 3% (3) For best accuracy keep b t > 2W and b > 4t, where b is the dielectric thickness between ground planes With regards to the distance between a different signal pair and its environment, Figure 5 shows a trace X that is not associated with the current flow in the adjacent + and - conductors. X can be a trace of another signal pair, a ground shield trace or a TTL/CMOS trace. For adjacent signal pairs and shield traces make distance d 3 s. Running the shield trace (preferably ground), on one side potentially creates an imbalance that can increase EMI. Ground trace shields should have a scattering of vias to the underlying ground plane. Note! At first glance the equations above represent an inexpensive way to attain the trace geometries. However, these functions are based on empirical data and represent good approximations at best. The actual accuracy might vary significantly and various sources even cite possible errors of up to ± 10%. A more accurate, and in the long term cheaper approach, is the use of a 2D or better field solver, which is a software tool that solves Maxwell's Equations and calculates the electric and magnetic fields for an arbitrary cross-section transmission line. From these, it also calculates the electrical performance terms, such as characteristic impedance, signal speed, crosstalk and differential impedance. Some field solvers can also calculate the current distributions inside conductors. The advantage a 2D field solver wields over an approximation is the flexibility to consider almost any arbitrary cross-section geometry. In addition to the firstorder terms such as line width, dielectric thickness and dielectric constant, second-order terms such as trace thickness, solder mask and trace etch back can be considered. Discontinuities Discontinuities are locations in the signal path where the differential trace impedance deviates from its specified value, (of 100 Ω ± 15% for HDMI), and assumes either higher or lower impedance values. Discontinuities cause signal reflections due to impedance mismatch compromising signal integrity. These are primarily the result of changes in the effective trace width or in the line-to-line spacing caused either by unavoidable transitions in the trace geometries along the signal path or by poor routing of the signal traces. Potential locations for discontinuities are: - where the solder pads of the HDMI connector meet the signal traces - where signal traces meet vias, component pads of resistors, or IC-pins - 90 o bends in signal traces - where a signal pair is split to route around an object Discontinuities are detected during differential impedance, TDR, tests. A TDR, (Time-domain reflectometer), is an electronic instrument used to characterize and locate faults in metallic conductors. A TDR transmits a fast rise time pulse along the conductor. If the conductor is of uniform impedance and properly terminated, the entire transmitted pulse will be absorbed in the far-end termination and no signal will be reflected back to the TDR. But where impedance discontinuities exist, each discontinuity will create an echo that is reflected back to the reflectometer (hence the name). Increases in the impedance create an echo that reinforces the original pulse while decreases in the impedance create an echo that opposes the original pulse. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 5
6 The resulting reflected pulse that is measured at the output/input to the TDR is displayed or plotted as a function of time and, because the speed of signal propagation is relatively constant for a given transmission medium, can be read as a function of trace length. Fig. 6. TDR display revealing the locations of discontinuities The goal in PCB design must be to minimize discontinuities wherever possible, thus eliminating reflections and maintaining signal integrity. Following a minimum set of routing guidelines helps avoiding unnecessary discontinuities. The remaining, unavoidable discontinuities should be lumped, that is their areas should be kept small and placed together as close as possible. The idea is to concentrate the points of reflection to a certain area rather than having them distributed across the entire signal path. The magnitude of the discontinuities seen using a TDR are directly effected by the edge rate of the pulse used by the TDR. The faster the TDR edge the more discontinuities will show up and the larger the impedance spike will appear. With the HDMI specification they have defined the edge rate that is to be used to be 200ps. Figure 6 illustrates this point. The lower line on the graph was taken using a 30ps edge rate and the upper line was taken with a 200pf filter. The discontinuities created by the SMA launch onto the TPA board that show up on the low line are completely invisible when the 200ps edge rate filter is applied. Routing Guidelines Guidelines for routing PCB traces are necessary when trying to maintain signal integrity and lower EMI. Although there seems to be an endless number of precautions to be taken, this section provides only a few main recommendations as layout guidance. 1) Reduce intra-pair skew in a differential trace by introducing small meandering corrections at the point of mismatch. 2) Reduce inter-pair skew, caused by component placement and IC pinouts, by making larger meandering correction along the signal path. Use chamfered corners with a length-to-trace width ratio of 3 to 5. The distance between bends should be at least 8 to 10 times the trace width. 3) Use 45 o bends (chamfered corners), instead of right-angle (90 o ) bends. Right-angle bends increase the effective trace width, which changes the differential trace impedance creating a small discontinuity. A 45 o bends is seen as an even smaller discontinuity. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 6
7 L W D TMDS341A Fig. 7. Skew reduction via meandering using chamfered corners 4) When routing around an object, route both trace of a pair in parallel. Splitting the traces changes the line-to-line spacing, thus causing the differential impedance to change and discontinuities to occur. Fig. 8. Routing around an object 5) Place passive components within the signal path, such as source-matching resistors or ac-coupling capacitors, next to each other. Routing as in case a) does create wider trace spacing than in b); however, the resulting discontinuity is limited to a far narrower electrical length. Fig. 9. Lumping discontinuities 6) When routing traces next to a via or between an array of vias, make sure that the via clearance section does not interrupt the path of the return current on the ground plane below. Fig. 10. Avoiding via clearance sections 7) Avoid metal layers and traces underneath or between the pads of the HDMI connectors for better impedance matching. Otherwise they may cause the differential impedance to drop below 75 Ω and fail your board during TDR testing. Traces Power plane Ground plane Edge fingers Fig. 11. Keeping planes out of the area between edge-fingers 8) Use the smallest size possible for signal trace vias and HDMI connector pads as they have less impact on the 100 Ω differential impedance. Large vias and pads can cause the impedance to drop below 85 Ω. 9) Use solid power and ground planes for 100 Ω impedance control and minimum power noise. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 7
8 10) For 100 Ω differential impedance use the smallest trace spacing possible, which usually is specified by your PCB vendor. Make sure that the geometries in Figure 5 are: s < h, s < W, W < 2 h, and d > 2 s. Even better, use a 2D field solver to determine the trace geometries more accurately. 11) Keep the trace electrical length between the HDMI connector and the TMDS341A as short as possible to minimize attenuation. 12) Use good HDMI connectors whose impedances meet the specifications. 13) Place bulk capacitors, (i.e. 10 µf), close to power sources, such as voltage regulators or where the power is supplied to the PCB. 14) Place smaller 0.1 µf or 0.01 µf capacitors at the device. Reference Planes The power and ground planes of a high-speed PCB design must usually satisfy a variety of requirements. At DC and low frequencies they must deliver stable reference voltages, such as Vcc and ground, to the supply terminals of integrated circuits and termination resistors. At high frequencies reference planes, and in particular ground planes, serve numerous purposes. For the design of controlled impedance transmission systems the ground plane should provide strong electric coupling with the differential traces of an adjacent signal layer. As mentioned earlier, close coupling causes the magnetic fields to cancel, thus minimizing EMI through reduced TEM wave radiation of the remaining fringing fields. To accomplish close coupling place the ground plane next to a high-speed signal layer. Fig. 12. Field coupling within a microstrip structure Although differential signaling ideally does not require separate current return paths, there will always be some form of common-mode noise currents capacitively coupling into the closest reference plane, (which ideally is a ground plane). Providing a continuous, low-impedance return path for these current therefore requires the reference planes to be of solid copper sheets, free from voids and crevices. Layer stacks with multiple power systems can benefit from reference planes that are stitched with vias. Here ground planes of different layers are connected through a number of vias placed at regular intervals across the board. Similar is valid for the stitching of like power planes. For stitched reference planes it is therefore important that the via clearance section, (or anti pads in the case of ground vias), don t interfere with the path of the return current. In the case of an obstacle the return current will find its way around it. However, by doing so, the current s electromagnetic fields will most likely interfere with the fields of other signal traces introducing crosstalk. In addition, this obstacle will adversely affect the impedance of the traces passing over it. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 8
9 circuit trace load driving gate high-speed return current return path around obstacle hole in ground plane Fig. 13. Return current paths in solid versus slotted ground planes Vias The term via commonly refers to a plated hole in a printed circuit board. While some application require throughhole vias to be wide enough to accommodate the leads of through-hole components, high-speed board designs mainly use them as trace routing vias when changing signal layers, or as connecting vias to connect SMT components to the required reference plane and also to connect reference planes of the same potential to each other, (recall the via stitched ground plane of the previous section). Layers connecting to a via do so by making direct contact with a pad surrounding the via, (the via pad). Layers that must not connect are separated from the via by a clearance ring. Every via has capacitance to ground which can be approximated using the following equation: 1.41 εr T D C = D D where D2 = diameter of clearance hole in ground planes, [in]. D1 = diameter of pad surround via, [in]. T = thickness of printed circuit board, [in]. ε r = dielectric constant of the circuit board. C = parasitic via capacitance, [pf]. Because the capacitance increases proportional with size, trace vias in high-speed designs should be as small as possible to avoid signal degradation caused by heavy capacitive loading. When connecting decoupling capacitors to a ground plane, or interconnecting ground planes, the via inductance becomes more important than its capacitance. The magnitude of this inductance is approximately: 4 h L = 5.08 h ln + 1 d where L = via inductance, [nh]. h = via length, [in]. d = via diameter, [in]. Because this equation involves a logarithm, changing the via diameter does little to influence the inductance. A big change may be effected by changing the via length or by using multiple vias in parallel. Therefore connect decoupling capacitors to ground by using two paralleled vias per device terminal. For low inductance connections between ground planes use multiple vias in regular intervals across the board. Although it is highly recommended not to change layers of high-speed traces, if the necessity still occurs ensures a continuous return current path. Figure 14 on the left shows the flow of the return current for a single layer change and on the right for a multiple layer change June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 9
10 Signal current Signal current Return current Ground plane Ground plane Return current Ground plane Fig. 14. Return current paths for a single- and a multiple layer change The ability for the current flow to change from the bottom to the top of the ground plane is provided by a metallic laminate of the inner of the clearance ring. Thus, when a signal passes through a via and continues on the opposite side of the same plane, a return current discontinuity does not exist. Changing a signal trace from one layer to another by crossing multiple reference planes complicates the design of the return current path. In the case of two ground planes a ground-to-ground via must be placed near the signal via to ensure a continuous return current path, (right diagram in Figure 14). If the reference planes are of different voltage potentials, such as the power- and ground planes in Figure 15, the design of the return path becomes messy as it requires a third via and a decoupling capacitor. The return current flow begins at the bottom of the power plane, where it is closest to the signal current. It then flows through the power via, across the decoupling capacitor into the ground via and returns on top of the ground plane. Decoupling Capacitor Signal current Ground plane Return current Power plane Fig. 15. Return current paths for a single- and a multiple layer change Current return paths comprising multiple vias and decoupling capacitors possess high inductance, thus compromising signal integrity and increasing EMI. If possible, avoid changing layers during high-speed trace routing, as it usually worsens board performance, complicates design and increases manufacturing cost. Decoupling Capacitors Decoupling capacitors provide a local source of charge for ICs requiring a significant amount of supply current in response to internal switching. Insufficient decoupling causes a lack of supply current required which may June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 10
11 prevent the IC from working properly resulting in signal integrity data errors to occur. This requires them to provide low impedance across the frequency range of interest. To accomplish that, a common approach is to distribute an array of decoupling capacitors evenly across the board. In addition to maintaining signal integrity decoupling capacitors serve as EMC filters preventing high-frequency RF signals from propagating throughout the PCB. When connecting a capacitor between the power and ground planes we are actually loading the power supply with a series resonant circuit, whose frequency dependent R-L-C components represent the equivalent circuit of a real capacitor. Figure 16 shows the parasitic components of an initial equivalent circuit and their conversion into a series resonant circuit. R L C ESL ESR C ESL R S R D C D Fig. 16. Capacitor losses modeled by a series resonance circuit The leakage resistance R L represents the loss through leakage current at low frequencies. R D and C D indicate the losses due to molecular polarization, (R D ), and dielectric absorption, (C D ). R S depicts the resistance in the leads and the plates of the capacitor. The three resistive losses are combined into one equivalent series resistance, ESR. As in the ESR case, the equivalent series inductance, ESL, combines the inductance of the capacitor plates and the internal leads. Note that the capacitor connecting vias, although low in impedance, contribute a significant amount to the series inductance. Therefore, reduce via inductance by using two vias per capacitor terminal. Figure 17 shows the progression of capacitor impedance, Z, versus frequency for a 10 nf capacitor. At frequencies far below the self resonance frequency, SRF, the capacitive reactance is dominant. Closer to SRF the inductive reactance gains influence trying to neutralize the capacitive component. At SRF the capacitive and inductive reactance cancel and only the ESR is effective. Note that the ESR is frequency dependent and in contrast to popular believe does not reach its minimum at SRF. The impedance Z however does. 1nF 0.1nF 0.01uF Fig. 17. Capacitor impedance versus frequency The reason why the paralleling of capacitors in a distributed decoupling network works is because the total capacitance increases to = C n, where n is the number of decoupling capacitors used. And C TOT with = 1 ( ω C), the capacitor impedance is reduced to 1 ( n ω C) X C X C X L = for frequencies below SRF. Similar holds true for the inductance. Here L TOT = L n and because = ω L the impedance decreases to X L = ω L n for frequencies above SRF. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 11
12 Designing a solid decoupling network must include lower frequencies down to DC, which requires the implementation of large capacitors. Therefore, to provide sufficient low impedance at low frequencies, place 1 µf to 10 µf tantalums at the output of voltage regulators and at the point where power is supplied to the PCB. For the higher frequency range place several 0.1 µf or 0.01 µf ceramics next to every high speed switching IC. Summary Without claiming to be complete, this paper tried to cover the main aspects of high-speed PCB design. Despite the enormous amount of technical literature, seminars, newsletters and internet forums on the subject, this document s intend is to provide PCB designers with design guidelines in a very comprehensive way. Following the recommendations presented will help accomplishing an EMC compliant board design in the shortest time possible. June 2007 High-Speed Interface Products 12
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The 2nd Edition Primer Lesson Book introduces the keyboard, note values, and the grand staff. Students play in C 5-finger scale patterns, develop recognition of steps and skips, and learn letter names independent of finger number. Musicianship is built through the use of dynamics and coloristic experimentation with the pedal. The book is organized into units which represent the major concepts and skills. As new units are introduced, earlier concepts and skills are constantly reviewed.

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The winners of the 2002-2004 Grand Prix receive awards in Venice
Friday 13 May 2005 at the prestigious headquarters of the Scuola Grande di S. Giovanni Evangelista in Venice they held the 2002-2004 Grand Prix awards ceremony, the sixth edition of the international architecture competition promoted and organized by Casalgrande Padana. After the welcoming speech by architect Giancarlo Sfriso, on behalf of the P.P.C. Architects Guild of Venice, which sponsored the event, the podium was taken by Franco Manfredini, chairman of Casalgrande Padana, who reminded everyone how this totally singular competition is unique in terms of both the way it is held and the inspiration upon which it is based. "Ever since the very first competition that was held back in 1990-1991 the goal has been to present, not simply a contest dealing with theoretical considerations, but a real test conducted on the concrete terrain provided by the actual use of the materials produced by our company in the various construction contexts." Shopping centers, executive centers, public buildings and services, industrial and residential construction, tile façades, exterior paving and tiled swimming pools: for every edition the Grand Prix organizers select projects carried out in every part of the world, comparing different sorts of experiences which provide interesting food for thought and analysis in order to evaluate the progress made in terms of design research in the various fields of architectural endeavor considered. "The occasion represents a coming together which generates a truly constructive dialogue between two different areas of expertise: that of a manufacturing company on the one hand, and that of architectural designers and engineers on the other, people involved in improving and rendering more beautiful and comfortable the environment, for both individuals and the society at large. A dialogue, debate and collaboration that is always useful, but especially interesting and stimulating when it's a question of making the most of an evolved ceramic tile product like Granitogres, Marmogres or Pietre Native, materials that stand out for their technical characteristics and with physical properties that make them highly suitable for applications even in major construction projects and contexts featuring a high level of aesthetic content in addition to their functional aspects." The importance of dialogue and discussion among the various players in the design and construction process was also underscored by Prof. Francesco Dal Co who, during the course of his talk, highlighted the difficult Italian situation. As a matter of fact, our country is demonstrating an alarming backwardness when it comes to the construction of major projects and infrastructures that are considered to be of crucial strategic
importance for the social and cultural development of the country, not to mention the economic growth. When it comes to confronting and, most importantly, resolving the problems pertaining to the transformation the cities, land management and the construction of major architectural projects (museums, train stations and airports etc.) we are fully twenty-five years behind the rest of Western Europe. In the late Fifties the designers of the PanAm Building in New York were inspired by the example of the Pirelli Building in Milan; we used to provide models that inspired the rest of the world. But today, while in Madrid, right next to the Prado Museum, they are constructing and inaugurating important museum complexes, in Italy it takes us six years just to decide whether or not to provide a new entrance for the Uffizi Museum. In order to overcome this critical impasse, it's not enough to count on innovation, architectural culture and the usual way of getting things done in Italy, we must revamp and redefine the role of the client, both public and private. The meeting continued with the talk given by
The sixth edition of the Grand Prix international architecture competition, promoted and organised by Casalgrande Padana, saw the participation of more than 150 designers coming from twenty-two countries, with more than 220 proposals of a high qualitative level, demonstrating how ceramic material is becoming more widespread and exploited in architecture. The works submitted were assessed by a selected international jury, chaired by Franco Manfredini Chairman of Casalgrande Padana and composed of Alfonso Acocella Architect, Florence (I) (Professor at the Faculty of Architecture, University of Ferrara) Gilda Bojardi director of the journal "Interni", Mondadori, Milan (I) Pierre Colboc Architect, Paris (F) ("Grand-Prix de Rome") Adalberto Dal Lago Architect, Milan (I) (Studio Holding Plan, Milan) Franco Frison Architect, Belluno (I) Biagio Furiozzi Architect, Florence (I) (Professor at the Faculty of Architecture, University of Florence) Bengt Lundsten Architect, Helsinki (FIN) (Professor at the Institute of Technology of Helsinki) Angelo Silingardi Architect, Reggio Emilia (I) (Chairman of the Order of Architects at Reggio Emilia; Director of the Centro Cooperativo Progettazione, Reggio Emilia)
architect Adalberto Dal Lago who, on behalf of the panel of judges, pointed out how, over the course the various editions, the Grand Prix has taken on a more international scope, developing significantly in terms of prestige and qualitative level. In a parallel manner Casalgrande Padana has also grown over the years as a world leader in the production and sale of ceramic tiles for the building sector, registering annual sales increases well above the average for the tile sector. As company chairman, Manfredini pointed out, "in 2004, when the entire industry on an international level was experiencing a period of stagnation, Casalgrande Padana posted a healthy increase of 9%. Active in more than 70 countries around the world, the company's sales were also up for the first four months of this year, increasing fully 10% over the previous year, marking a clear departure from the sorts of performance figures being posted by the rest of the sector." The reasons for this success are to be sought in the intrinsic properties of the elements found in porcelain stoneware products like Granitogres, Marmogres and Pietre Native, environmentfriendly materials manufactured in industrial facilities operating according to environmental and energy policies that strongly stress sustainability as witnessed by the declarations of suitability issued by the certification authorities in compliance with ISO 14001 and EMAS directives. The awards ceremony continued with the announcement of the winners which took place in the magnificent setting of the Scuola Grande di S. Giovanni Evangelista. The sixth edition of the Grand Prix included the presentation of over 220 projects submitted by 167 designers from twenty-two different countries. On the whole, very fine works and all deserving of recognition, a situation that "made it difficult to select the best ones and thereby assign the awards". The event symbolically concluded with the official opening of the seventh edition of the Grand Prix competition, which will terminate at the end of 2006. As always, for a project to be entered in the competition, it must have been completed by that date and not have been entered in one of the previous competitions. And, finally, as he expressed his thanks to all the participants, Franco Manfredini also wanted to remind the audience of the motto recently added to the Casalgrande logo, "Pave your way", continuing to explain, "a slogan that figuratively sums up the goal of our company mission, i.e. to contribute with our products and services to the improvement of the environment in which contemporary society lives".
grand prix 2002 > 2004 CASALGRANDE PADANA RIVISTA DI SEGNI E IMMAGINI MAGAZINE OF GRAPHICS AND DESIGNS REVUE DE SIGNES ET D'IMAGES ZEITSC...
Published on Apr 1, 2011
grand prix 2002 > 2004 CASALGRANDE PADANA RIVISTA DI SEGNI E IMMAGINI MAGAZINE OF GRAPHICS AND DESIGNS REVUE DE SIGNES ET D'IMAGES ZEITSC...


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Mac Daniel's Advice
To Err is Human, to Correct Divine: Feedback on Manuel Mejia Jr's Four Old Macs
Manuel Mejia Jr - 2002.02.25
Low End Mac has some loyal readers in the far-off Aloha State. This feedback to my "Tools of the Trade" article was so informative that I had the email post fully reprinted for the LEM readership.
- From: TC
- To: firstname.lastname@example.com
- Subject: Four Old Macs article
Mr. Manuel Mejia Jr,
I enjoyed your article on being a productive user of old Macs, nothing inspires like people who actually practice what they preach <g>. I did want to let you know of two errors that I saw. First, System 7.0.1* does support graphical browsers. MacWeb 1.00A3.2, 1.1.1E, and 2.0 support GIFs, as does NCSA Mosaic 1.0.3, maybe the LC can handle Mosaic 3.0 as well. More "modern" browsers include Netscape 1.12, 2.02 and versions of Internet Explorer (3.0 or earlier, I think). Just be sure that you have added the Thread Manager and the Drag and Drop Manager, since they are required to use iCab as well.
System 7.0.1w/thread manager can be found here:
Apple's Drag and Drop Manager is available on their FTP site:
- Mac_Drag_and_Drop_1.1.sea.bin
- Mac_Drag_and_Drop_1.1.txt
Of course, it might be easier to go with a cut down version of System 7.5 instead. Gamba's website has the article on how to trim down System 7.5 and 7.5.3 down to almost System 7.1 size if you wanted to run earlier versions of AOL's Instant Messenger; however, I do not remember if the requirements were a 68020 or 68030 processor to run AOL's IM software, but it might be worth a try. Use Fetch or Anarchie and grab an older version from AOL's FTP site. AOL's IM software requires at least System 7.1 - which really irritated me seeing how 7.0.1 is free and 7.1 is not - until I found the Gamba article on shrinking System 7.5 to a smaller size. Still, you stated in your article that you use a shell account, so why not just use System 6.0.8 to save space and get the speed boost? You could even use BBEdit Lite 3.5.1 to edit HTML under System 6; of course, then you wouldn't be able to use those graphical web browsers.
I tested MacWeb, Mosaic, Netscape 1.12 and 2.02 on "Huny" (my SE/30) booted from a System 7.0.1* System setup, and they work fine, albeit with pictures all in black in white. Netscape 2.02 works better than 1.12 in dealing with most websites. I suggest allocating at least 4.75 MB of RAM to it and at least 5 MB of hard drive space for the cache. Just be sure to leave images turned off for faster browsing and click on just the images of the pictures that you really want to see. Of course, you could just use Wannabe for the fastest browsing and download the pictures and use Jade, JPEGView, GIFconverter, etc. to look at the pics. The only drawback is that you do not have the hard drive space for a graphical browser.
- This is very useful information to the LEM WWW crowd.MMJR
The second error is stating that ZTerm 0.9 doesn't work under System 7.6.1, because I use it on a PB Duo 280 running System 7.6.1 with no problems. It might be because you're running a 68k version on a PowerPC. Download the PPC version and see if you still have problems.
Latest PPC version of ZTerm (currently 1.1b6) can be found here:
- I stand corrected on this matter. MMJR
A 1 GB hard drive (just be sure to specify 1 inch or 1/3 height SCSI 50 pin drive) can be had for under $20 here:
And the performance boost from a bigger faster hard drive is fantastic.
Speaking of performance boost, here's an excerpt from Darek's Dirty Little Secrets webpage:
The Mac OS Disk Cache - Use It!
Reprinted by permission.
One of the first things I check when I'm using someone else's Mac and sitting through painfully slow boot times and product launch times is the Disk Cache setting in the Memory control panel. Much like old 16-bit versions of Windows 3.x, the Mac OS, even the latest Mac OS 9, uses a static fixed size disk cache. Unfortunately, the default value is set to either 32K or 96K (depending on the machine), which is woefully inadequate. It amazes me how many Macintosh users don't ever bother to change that default setting!
If you read the Windows disk cache topic above, you'll know that too much disk cache is a bad thing. So is too little. On a typical hard disk with hundreds of folders and thousands of files, it takes far more than 32K or 96K to cache the basic file structure information. Every time you display a disk directory, every time you launch an application or open a document, this information has to be scanned.
I've found that a bare minimum setting for the Disk Cache should be at least 256K. This is suitable for low memory Macs, such as 4 megabyte Mac Classic machines or 8 megabyte Macintosh II class machines. This larger cache setting doesn't eat up too much system memory, but allows for much faster boot times. Because every system extension, every control panel, every single file that needs to be loaded during boot will cause the Mac OS to scan through the disk directory structure.
On larger machines, a setting of 512K or 1024K is adequate. Above this size, as on Windows, it's a case of diminishing returns.
So to set your Disk Cache, boot up Mac OS (any version up to 9.x), go to the Control Panels, run the Memory control panel, and set the Disk Cache size. Then close the control panel and restart the Macintosh.
- I never thought much about disk cache until I read this. I have since altered my disk cache settings to 384k and noted speed improvements on my old Macs. MMJR
I hope all of this helps. Once again, I really enjoyed your article and hope that more people share their stories about using "Trailing Edge Technology" for productive work. TC
- The "Trailing Edge of Technology" is a very nice term and motto for LEM. Aloha MMJR
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|Celso supports curfew for children in plenary
|Monday, 02 October 2017 16:54
District II Congressman Celso L. Lobregat is supporting the bill which was approved by House committee on welfare of children chaired by Rep. Divina Grace Yu (1st District, Zamboanga del Sur) imposing curfew on children and fining parents or guardians of violators.
Lobregat said that this bill is very important considering that all cities and provinces are having juvenile problems and with a growing number of youth offenders either victims of such consequences for staying outside of their residences even in wee hours of the night.
"This bill is relevant, and even here in Zamboanga City, we need it considering the growing number of minors who recently became victims of sexual abuse, physical attack and even get killed at night," Lobregat said.
The unnumbered bill titled "Safe Hours for Children Act" prohibits parents or guardians from letting children loiter, roam around, meander or sleep in any public place from 10 p.m. to 5 a.m. without lawful purpose or justifiable reason. It aims to ensure the safety and self-esteem of children, prevent them from being used to commit crime, and protect them from abuse and exploitation.
Congressman Lobregat said that parents or guardians of children violating the Act for the third time or succeeding offenses shall pay a fine of P500 to P1,000 or render community service for five to 10 days, or both.
Exempted from the law are children chaperoned or accompanied by either parent or guardian; travelling or commuting between school and abode; engaged in an authorized employment activity or going to or returning home from the same without any detour or stop; involved in an emergency; attending an official school, religious, recreational, educational, social, community, or other organized activity sponsored by the government, school or other private civic organization; going to or returning home from such activity without any detour or stop; or dismissed from their classes late in the evening, said Lobregat.
Children reached out by virtue of the Act shall be brought to the barangay office concerned for verification, record and counselling. The bill requires barangay officials to refer to the Local Social Welfare and Development (LSWD) children found in streets, sidewalks, parks, markets, premises of malls or establishments, or any public places during curfew not later than eight hours from the time they are found. They should also immediately notify the parents or guardians of the child.
The bill provides that the LSWD immediately endorse the care of a child found during curfew hours to the Barangay Council for the Protection of Children or the Barangay Violence against Women and Children desk officer.
The bill prescribes proper conduct for law enforcers when apprehending curfew violators. The law enforcer should present proper identification to the child and explain in simple language or dialect understandable to the child why he or she is being brought to the barangay office.
The solon said that law enforcers are prohibited from using vulgar or profane words; displaying or using any firearm, weapon, handcuffs, or other instruments of force; and using unnecessary force or intimidation on the child unless absolutely necessary and only after all other methods of control have been exhausted or have failed.
Any public officer tasked to implement the Act but violates it shall be punished with imprisonment of one month to six months, and temporary suspension from public service. The violator shall also be held administratively liable under existing applicable laws.
Lobregat said that the Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC), in consultation with the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), shall come up with a protocol to set the standard and provide a common framework for the conduct of reach-out to children found during the curfew hours. The protocol procedures shall be in accordance with Republic Act No. 9344 or the Juvenile Justice Act, as amended by RA 10630.
The Department of Interior and Local Government, in consultation with the Liga ng mga Barangay sa Pilipinas, CWC, National Youth Commission and DSWD shall promulgate the implementing rules and regulation of the Act. – Dexter Yap


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International Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
Volume 2011, Article ID 319757, 17 pages
Insights into DNA Platination within Unusual Structural Settings
WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
Received 15 September 2011; Accepted 24 November 2011
Academic Editor: Stephen Ralph
Copyright © 2011 Stephanie Harvie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Supplementary Material
Figure S1 shows the change in 1H chemical shifts, ∆δ1H, for the assigned resonances of the aromatic protons associated with the ODN d(GCGsAGC) as a function of sample temperature. A clear melting transition occurs from duplex to single stranded form in the same way as that reported for the unsubstituted ODN d(GCGAGC) [Reference 30], indicating that the presence of phosphorothioate in the backbone does not alter the physical melting characteristics of the duplex or the tendency of the sequence to form a duplex structure containing a tandem sheared GA mismatch at the centre of the structure.


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Show Less
Intercultural Communication as a Clash of Civilizations
Al-Jazeera and Qatar's Soft Power
Tal Samuel-Azran
Intercultural Communication as a Clash of Civilizations argues that Al-Jazeera is not an agent of globalization, as is widely argued, but a tool used by the Qatari government to advance its political as well as Islamist goals. This book also maps the Western tendency to reject the network outright despite Al-Jazeera's billion-dollar investments designed to gain entrance into Western markets; it shows empirically that this rejection is similarly rooted in religious, cultural and national motives. This book asserts that the main outcome of Al-Jazeera's activities is the promotion of religious and cultural conflicts. The network persistently portrays global events through the prism of conflicting religious and cultural values – propelling a clash of civilizations as per Samuel P. Huntington's well-known thesis.
Show Summary Details
About the author
Tal Samuel-Azran (Ph.D., University of Melbourne) is Associate Professor and the Head of the International Program at the Sammy Ofer School of Communications at the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya. His research has been published in American Behavioral Scientist and Computers in Human Behavior, among others, and he is the author of Al-Jazeera and US War Coverage (Peter Lang, 2010).
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Education and Prevention
Westborough Youth and Family Services' goal is to provide educational programming and information which will enhance the lives of children and families in Westborough.
Handouts and resources on a number of mental health and parenting issues are available in our office. Hot-line numbers, referral information and assistance accessing state programs are also provided upon request.
WYFS offers various programs to Westborough residents including:
American Red Cross Babysitter Training
This class is taught by a Red Cross Certified Instructor. It's offered several times a year and is designed for students 11 years and older. In addition to learning babysitting essentials, first aid and basic business skills, participants will receive Red Cross Certification.
Click here to visit our Babysitting webpage.
Youth Diversion Program
This program was developed to offer youths exhibiting at-risk behavior an alternative to court involvement, or the opportunity to reduce suspension from school activities for a violation of the school's Chemical Health Policy. Referrals are often made by the Westborough Police Department or the School Department but also may be made by parents when they are experiencing problematic behaviors in their adolescent.
Click here for more information.
National Depression Screening Day
We offer screenings in depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder on the first Thursday of October each year. Screenings at other times during the year are available by appointment.
Click here to visit our Depression Screening webpage.
We also have an online depression screening available here.
Hot Summer Nights
A weekly, structured activity-based program providing kids ages 10-16 with recreational activities during the summer break. Activities have included a basketball tournament, rock climbing, day trips, movie nights and more.
Click here to visit our Hot Summer Nights webpage.
YMCA Family and Community Partnership
Our Young Family Programfocuses on providing support and educational opportunities for families with pre-school age children. We work with the YMCA Family and Community Partnership (YFCP), a Family Network, to promote child literacy, offers parenting training and information on pre-kindergarten and kindergarten transitions, and facilitate collaboration between early education and care providers and the community. The YFCP also offers a free indoor play space in Marlborough for families with pre-school age children.
Click here to visit their website.
MetroWest Adolescent Health Survey
Since 2006, the MWAHS has been administered to all Westborough High School students every other year to monitor trends in health and risk behaviors and identify emerging health issues at the local and regional levels. The latest survey was conducted in the fall of 2016.
We have summaries of local Westborough data and Metro West data on our website here. It is also located on the Westborough High School webpage here.
Stay Safe Stay Smart
Staying safe is about skills and awareness. This 4 week class will introduce girls ages 14-18 to information and skills that will help them to assess personal safety and take steps to protect themselves. Contact us for more details.


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19-Oct-2016 18:11
It was an opportunity to surrender a bit of what was mine, to make even one other person feel good about themselves." Stewart elaborated that she tried to keep her romance with the British actor, 30, private, but the constant media attention made that difficult.
"When I was dating Rob, the public were the enemy — and that is no way to live," she explained. Stewart and Pattinson called it quits on their four-year relationship in July 2012 after Us Weekly published exclusive photos of the actress kissing her Snow White director Rupert Sanders.
"It wasn't this grand statement, 'I was so confused! ' I have not been struggling." Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson arrive at the premiere of Summit Entertainment's "The Twilight Saga: Eclipse" during the 2010 Los Angeles Film Festival at Nokia Theatre L. Stewart and Pattinson later gave their love another try, but ended things once again in 2013. Vincent, singer Stéphanie "Soko" Sokolinski and her current girlfriend, Stella Maxwell.
The Remember Me actor, meanwhile, is engaged to singer FKA Twigs.
"I wasn't hiding anything," the Café Society actress, 26, told the newspaper for a story published on Sunday, March 5.
"I didn't talk about my first relationships that went public because I wanted things that are mine to be mine.
The revision promoted the leader's plans for a controversial citizen's assembly to be elected on July 30 and tasked with rewriting Venezuela's 1999 constitution and bypassing the opposition-led legislature.
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My digital is the same.
My experience with my 5 year old from a few pages back: Today we've had another game with her 10 year old cousin, which was even more fun and exciting for her - they both came 1st and 2nd I'm sure your 5 year old will love it
My 5 year old has never really got into games other then bits of iPad and DS stuff, but she's mega competitive and loves board games so thought she'd try this Shes just got 4 stars on her own, beating me and her Mum and through the whole game was giddy with excitement with every star, until she then won and ran around the house screaming I'm the winner and jumping up and down. Her 1st tooth also fell out today so is excited for tooth fairy, it's the best day ever apparently
What time do preloaded games normally unlock? Hoping to get a go of Mario Party at midnight...
Yoku's Island Express
bimbam replied to bradigor's topic in DiscussionThink you hold the button rather than press it, just hold it as you approach one when it goes all slow mo
Yeah you'd think so but Nintendo, I think it just means it will automatically backup from the next time you play and save a game, or you could manually do it through the OS one by one. So no bulk upload either automatically or manually, unless I've missed something
Do you mean after doing a save or just as in all your games automatically doing it from the start? If the second I thought this, think it doesn't automatically do them all at the start and you have to back them up manually one by one
Anyone got Human Fall Flat? Videos look like it could be good in co-op but has anyone tried it?
Do/did your parents game?
bimbam replied to Illyria's topic in DiscussionIt was my dad who got me into gaming, but no idea why as he hasn't been into it before it since. Bought me a C64 and I remember playing Fiendish Freddy Big Top of Fun a lot with him Other than that there was a random time when mum and dad told me in the morning they'd played my Tekken game when I was in bed, thought they were messing about but they described how they'd pulled of Laws XOX triple kick thing and seemed legit No idea how they booted it all up
This new video is brilliant, looks like an actual meaty game with fun multiplayer stuff, can't wait to go through the building process again most of all though:
Mario + Rabbids Kingdom Battle
bimbam replied to HarMGM's topic in DiscussionDoes the DK DLC include any new multiplayer stuff or just a new SP campaign? Really hoping for more MP content but searching online doesn't seem to mention anything
Yeah same, was just trying to grab the Captain Toad demo
One small thing that I think would have helped a bit with the E3 Direct is Nintendo realising making Wario Ware collection (and Luigis Mansion 1 for that matter) for 3DS was a stupid idea and moving it to Switch instead. For a console pushed for local multiplayer I wish it had more party sort of games, Mario Party is a start but putting Wario Ware on 3DS instead of Switch and not having a Switch Sports is a bit of a missed opportunity I think - those 2 and Smash would be insane at Christmas
Unravel Two - Available right now.
bimbam replied to Mr Do 71's topic in DiscussionEnjoyed the 1st one on PS4 but I'm Switch only these days so disappointed it's not coming to that, especially now it's the perfect co-op sort of game that me and the Mrs like Do we know why not on Switch, could it come at some point?
Absolutely love this. Bought a 2nd set of joycon as well so me and my 5 year old daughter had a right laugh racing & fighting with 2 RC cars Have now just finished the motorbike, the game itself is actually really good and controls perfectly with the bike handles The whole making part is just so satisfying, everything perfectly clicks into place, the software guide is brilliant, and the finished Toy-Con feel so solid and work perfectly, you really feel quite chuffed when it's finished and you get to try out the game for it Just a great package, seems like great value to me Cant decide between house or piano next


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July 6th, 2018
The Characteristics of Medical Marijuanna CardCategory: Uncategorized, Author: cathy, Popularity: 1% [?]
The Characteristics of Medical Marijuanna Card
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Carbon Golden River available in several scents. This coal is aromatic and is recommended especially for hookahs to enhance the taste of tobacco (can also be used to burn incense in grain for example)
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Jenn Sterger's TV show thrown off air
Jenn Sterger's TV show has been thrown off the air.
The former New York Jets hostess has been featured in "The
Daily Line," but Versus has canceled the irreverent sports show
Article continues below ...
for low ratings. Its run ends Thursday.
Sterger manager Phil Reese tells The Associated Press on Friday
the decision is "unfortunate" but "part of the business."
Sterger allegedly was sent lewd photos and inappropriate text
messages by Brett Favre when he was the Jets' quarterback in 2008.
Sterger has not yet met with NFL investigators, although her
manager has said she is leaning toward doing so.


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Reviews by Eezbooks
Prayers of a Stranger
On 12/30 Eezbooks wrote: Not so much a Christmas journey, as a journey of the heart. The story of a woman with a great job and husband, but who has been shutting out life for the past twelve months because of the stillborn death of her first child. This story really touched my heart because I have a friend who had gone through ... Esther uploaded hope springs.jpg
Hope Springs
On 8/16 Eezbooks wrote: I loved this book! Realistic characters, real life struggles, and finding moments to let go and let God work in their lives. All of these situations are written in a highly readable and easy to relate to storyline that focuses around the town of Hope Springs and one family whose matriarch lives there. ... Hope Springs by Kim Cash Tate
The Truth About the Lordship of Christ
On 5/16 Eezbooks wrote: John Macarthur is the pastor of a mega church and author of many many books. From the opening of this book, Pastor Macarthur makes no excuses for his Reformed Theology (and very strongly Calvinistic)approach to an in depth study of the Bible. I am not of Calvinist or reformed theology background in my ... the truth about the lordship of christ
Here's Lily
On 4/16 Eezbooks wrote: Lily is an awkward sixth grade who gets teased a lot. Throughout the story there is a lot of teasing, some malicious some in fun while Lily finds new self-confidence through modeling classes. Lily finds that while her unique looks make her get picked on, they are also what make her special. The story ... here's lily! an awkward but realistic young girl
No Place Like Holmes
On 4/4 Eezbooks wrote: This is the first book in a series about a young boy who uses deductive reasoning to solve mysteries just like Sherlock Holmes. He also trusts God in everything he does and is respectful of his elders. This book is well written and has enough Sherlock Holmes references thrown in to delight the traditional ... No Place Like Holmes
Knitting Knee-Highs
On 5/2 Eezbooks wrote: Is a colorful and inspiring book on knitting socks! With twenty different patterns and many more ways in which to change or customize the socks, this book is great for the intermediate knitter who is looking to make unique gifts or a pair of beautiful socks. I thought it would have been nice to have ... Knitting Knee Highs
Johann Sebastian Bach
On 4/20 Eezbooks wrote: Ask anyone if Johann Sebastian Bach was talented and I think they would answer yes. However, to see Bach in the placement of his times is to reveal a new side to Bach and the way he viewed the world. I think this author brings to new life aspects of Bach's life. Johann Sebastian Bach was a genius, ... Johann Sebastian Bach
The Final Summit
On 4/11 Eezbooks wrote: In this sequel to the book "The Traveler's Gift", the protagonist is a man who has achieved everything, lost it all, and rebuilt his life over again. But when his wife dies he finds himself contemplating what is left for him to live for. Written as fiction, this book also blends part historical ... Final Summit
The Sacred Journey
On 3/28 Eezbooks wrote: This book in the Ancient Practices Series, seeks to convince its audience that pilgrimage, in a very real and physical sense, is something every Christian should attempt to do. Drawing from history and different religions, the author shows the reader why man was made to wander. For the Christian, wandering ... Sacred Journey


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Today on "It's My House" we shall take a look at how governments are financed via House Hijacking. Municipal governments are corporations that are in business to make a profit. Some (not all) governments have a very ravenous appetite for money and in their hunger they will even devour the citizens whom they are suppose to serve.
We shall take a look at the methods that many goverments use to take homes away from people, in a cold blooded fahsion.
During this discussion we shall take a look at the players involved in assisting the government House Jack your real estate holdings, so that their bank accounts are full..
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