text: Latest News Paul Craig Roberts: Trump has surrendered to the real rulers of America Trump's National Security Speech Published 11 months ago on December 20, 2017 By Alex Christoforou 5,280 Views Share Tweet Paul Craig Roberts dissects "Trump's National Security Speech." What do we make of Trump's national security speech? First of all, it is the military/security complex's speech, and it is inconsistent with Trump's intention of normalizing relations with Russia. The military/security complex, using Trump's position as President, has defined Russia and China as "revisionist powers," Washington's rivals who seek to put their own national interests ahead of Washington's unilateralism. Russia and China are "revisionist powers" because their assertion of their national interests limits Washington's hegemony. In other words, Washington does not accept the validity of other countries' interests if those interests are contrary to Washington's interests. So, how does Trump expect to work with Russia and China when he reads a speech that Russia and China seek to "shape a world antithetical to our interests and values." "Our values" means, of course, Washington's dominance. Trump begins by honoring the military, police, Homeland Security, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In other words, "America first" means domination by Washington over the citizenry as well as over foreign countries. Trump then cloaks himself in the American people who "voted to make America great again." Then Trump's speech picks up the Israel Lobby's line about a bad deal with Iran and asserts that previous administrations tolerated ISIS, when in fact they created it and set in upon Libya and Syria. Then he attacks environmental protection and complains of illegal aliens, while ignoring the refugees Washington's wars imposed on Europe. In an era of neoconservative celebration of US world hegemony, Trump accuses his predecessors of losing confidence in America. This is extraordinary. When a country's entire foreign policy is based on the assumption that it is the "exceptional and indispensable country," how is this a loss of confidence? It is massive arrogance and hubris. The problem is not a loss of confidence by the rulers but an overbearing hubris. Then Trump claims that through him, Americans again rule their nation. He says that now Washington is serving the citizens. Looking at the tax bill, he must mean that citizens consist of the One Percent. He next associates making America first with more money for the military. Then he blames Iran for terrorism, something that Iran lives in fear of, but he does not mention Saudi Arabia's support for terrorism or that of the US military/security complex's which encourages terrorism as a weapon against Iran and Russia and as an excuse for its massive budget and power. Trump then claims credit for the Russian/Syrian defeat of ISIS. It has been proved that ISIS is supported and financed by Washington. Trump's claim is even more ridiculous than the previous claims of the Obama regime that the US defeated National Socialist Germany. Russia, which did defeat Germany, was not invited to the anniversary celebration. Trump next demands that the countries we defend pay for it. Who are these countries and who do we defend them from? He can only mean Europe, Canada, Australia, Israel, and Japan. Is Washington defending them from Russia, China, North Korea and Iran or from the terrorists Washington creates, arms, and supplies to overthrow Libya, Syria and whatever countries Washington is successful siccing terrorists on. Apparently, some of these CIA-created terrorist organizations break loose from their creator and conduct operations on their own. So, Washington is a government that creates its own enemies. Trump next brags on the sanctions he has imposed on "the North Korean regime." He doesn't mention, and I would bet he does not know, that Washington has withheld a peace treaty since the 1950s from North Korea. Washington has kept the war status open for 64 years. Having seen the fate of Libya, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia, etc., little wonder North Korea wants nuclear weapons. Trump, standing there threatening the world, says that Washington will take all necessary steps to prevent North Korea from threatening the world. Trump then delivers the establishment's propaganda that unemployment is at an all time low and the stock market at an all time high. So, what is Trump rescuing Middle America from if unemployment is at an all time low? What happened to Trump's case against jobs offshoring? This is nothing but feel-good talk. Trump is repeating the lies because the lies make him look good. What Trump should be doing is pointing out the meaninglessness of the unemployment rate, because it doesn't count the unemployed, only those few who looked for a job in the last 4 weeks. He should be pointing out that the stock market is not a sign of a growing economy but a sign of massive money creation by the central banks of the US, EU, UK, and Japan. The massive printing of money has flooded into paper assets, driving up their price and further enriching the One Percent. Trump says that one leg of the strategy is to "preserve peace through strength." What peace is he talking about? In the past two decades Washington has destroyed in whole or part eight countries and overthrown democratic governments in others. Is Trump equating peace with Washington's wars? No other country has initiated wars and invasions and bombings and aggressive military actions on other countries' borders. Trump says that America is threatened by enemies and to protect us the military will be enlarged. He said he was overturning the "defense sequester," something that clearly does not exist. My conclusion is that Trump has surrendered to the real rulers of America—the powerful interest groups such as the military/security complex, the Israel Lobby, the environmental polluters, Wall Street and the banks "too big to fail." America is a country in which despite the hopes flyover America had in Trump, an oligarchy rules. The American people, regardless of who they elect, have no voice, no input, no representation. The governments of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush were the last governments that were subject to any accountability. With the Clinton regime the United States entered into the age of tyranny. Liked it? Take a second to support The Duran on Patreon! Related Topics:Donald TrumpPaul Craig Robertsnational security speech Up Next CNN grows a conscience, reports on flourishing slave trade in Libya (Video) Don't Miss Russian special forces wipe out ISIS terror cells in North Caucasus (VIDEO) Advertisement You may like EU Army: Fact or Fiction? (Video) Trump Understands The Important Difference Between Nationalism And Globalism Trump DEMOLISHES Macron; Tweets 'Make France Great Again' (Video) Click to comment Leave a Reply This comment form is under antispam protection This comment form is under antispam protection Subscribe Notify of new follow-up comments new replies to my comments Latest The Only Regime Change that Is Needed Is in Washington The only regime change that is needed is in Washington and it would include Jeffrey, Bolton, Haley, Pompeo, and Miller. Published 4 mins ago on November 20, 2018 By Philip Giraldi Authored by Philip Giraldi via The Ron Paul Institute: Secretary Pompeo officiates the Swearing-In Ceremony for Ambassador James F. Jeffrey. Image credit: U.S. Department of State/ flickr) One of the things to look forward to in the upcoming holiday season is the special treats that one is allowed to sample. Fruitcake and nuts are Thanksgiving and Christmas favorites. They usually come in tins or special packages but it seems that this season some of the nuts have escaped and have fled to obtain sanctuary from the Trump Administration. Currently, there is certainly a wide range of nuts available on display in the West Wing. There is the delicate but hairy Bolton, which has recently received the coveted "Defender of Israel" award, and also the robust Pompeo, courageously bucking the trend to overeat during the holidays by telling the Iranian people that they should either surrender or starve to death. And then there is the always popular Haley, voting audaciously to give part of Syria to Israel as a holiday treat. But my vote for the most magnificent nut in an Administration that is overflowing with such talent would be the esteemed United States Special Representative for Syria Engagement James Jeffrey. The accolade is in part due to the fact that Jeffrey started out relatively sane as a career diplomat with the State Department, holding ambassadorships in Iraq, Turkey, and Albania. He had to work hard to become as demented as he now is but was helped along the way by signing on as a visiting fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP), which is a spin-off of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Jeffrey set the tone for his term of office shortly after being appointed back in August when he argued that the Syrian terrorists were ". . . not terrorists, but people fighting a civil war against a brutal dictator." Jeffrey, who must have somehow missed a lot of the head chopping and rape going on, subsequently traveled to the Middle East and stopped off in Israel to meet Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. It has been suggested that Jeffrey received his marching orders during the visit. James Jeffrey has been particularly active during this past month. On November 7th he declared that he would like to see Russia maintain a "permissive approach" to allowing the Israelis to attack Iranian targets inside Syria. Regarding Iran's possible future role in Syria, he observed that "Iranians are part of the problem not part of the solution." What Jeffrey meant was that because Israel had been "allowed" to carry out hundreds of air attacks in Syria ostensibly directed against Iran-linked targets, the practice should be permitted to continue. Israel had suspended nearly all of its airstrikes in the wake of the shoot-down of a Russian aircraft in September, an incident which Moscow has blamed on Israel even though the missile that brought down the plane was fired by Syria. Fifteen Russian servicemen were killed. Israel reportedly was deliberately using the Russian plane to mask the presence of its own aircraft. Russia responded to the incident by deploying advanced S-300 anti-aircraft systems to Syria, which can cover most of the more heavily developed areas of the country. Jeffrey was unhappy with that decision, saying "We are concerned very much about the S-300 system being deployed to Syria. The issue is at the detail level. Who will control it? what role will it play?" And he defended his own patently absurd urging that Russia, Syria's ally, permit Israel to continue its air attacks by saying "We understand the existential interest and we support Israel" because the Israeli government has an "existential interest in blocking Iran from deploying long-range power projection systems such as surface-to-surface missiles." On November 15th James Jeffrey was at it again, declaring that U.S. troops will not leave Syria before guaranteeing the "enduring defeated" of ISIS, but he perversely put the onus on Syria and Iran, saying that "We also think that you cannot have an enduring defeat of ISIS until you have fundamental change in the Syrian regime and fundamental change in Iran's role in Syria, which contributed greatly to the rise of ISIS in the first place in 2013, 2014." As virtually no one but Jeffrey and the Israeli government actually believes that Damascus and Tehran were responsible for creating ISIS, the ambassador elaborated, blaming President Bashar al-Assad for the cycle of violence in Syria that, he claimed, allowed the development of the terrorist group in both Syria and neighboring Iraq. He said "The Syrian regime produced ISIS. The elements of ISIS in the hundreds, probably, saw an opportunity in the total breakdown of civil society and of the upsurge of violence as the population rose up against the Assad regime, and the Assad regime, rather than try to negotiate or try to find any kind of solution, unleashed massive violence against its own population." Jeffrey's formula is just another recycling of the myth that the Syrian opposition consisted of good folks who wanted to establish democracy in the country. In reality, it incorporated terrorist elements right from the beginning and groups like ISIS and the al-Qaeda affiliates rapidly assumed control of the violence. That Jeffrey should be so ignorant or blinded by his own presumptions to be unaware of that is astonishing. It is also interesting to note that he makes no mention of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, knee-jerk support for Israel and the unrelenting pressure on Syria starting with the Syrian Accountability Act of 2003 and continuing with the embrace of the so-called Arab Spring. Most observers believe that those actions were major contributors to the rise of ISIS. Jeffrey's unflinching embrace of the Israeli and hardline Washington assessment of the Syrian crisis comes as no surprise given his pedigree, but in the same interview where he pounded Iran and Syria, he asserted oddly that "We're not about regime change. We're about a change in the behavior of a government and of a state." Actually, the only regime change that is needed is in Washington and it would include Jeffrey, Bolton, Haley, Pompeo, and Miller. And while we're at it, get rid of son-in-law Jared Kushner and his claque of Orthodox Jews, Jason Greenblatt the "peace negotiator" and David Friedman the U.S. Ambassador in Israel. None of them are capable of acting to advance any American national interest, which they wouldn't recognize even if it hit them in the butt. Once they are gone the U.S. can bid the Middle East goodbye and leave its constituent nations to sort out their own problems. Jeffrey's ridiculous prescriptions for the Syrians and Russians are symptomatic of what one gets from a team of yes-men who have latched onto some dystopic ideas and pursued them relentlessly, blinded by what they believe to be American power. Someone should tell them that their antics have made that power a commodity that is dramatically depreciating in value, but it is clear that they are not listening. Liked it? Take a second to support The Duran on Patreon! Continue Reading Latest 'Iron' Mike Pence Stares-Down Putin In APEC Showdown Vice President Mike Pence and National Security Advisor John Bolton were seen shaking hands and chatting with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the sidelines of the ASEAN Summit in Singapore. Published 19 hours ago on November 19, 2018 By Tyler Durden Via Zerohedge… Forget the All-Blacks 'Haka', ignore Foreman-Frasier, Drago-Balboa, and Ortiz-Liddell, the honor of the greatest (or perhaps most awkward) staredown in history now goes to US Vice President Mike Pence… Having been blamed for everything from Trump's election victory to USA soccer team's loss to England last week, Russia faced accusations all weekend and was reportedly confronted by the US contingent over "meddling." As The Sun reports, Pence and Putin "discussed the upcoming G20 Summit and touched on the issues that will be discussed when President Trump and President Putin are both in Argentina for the summit," according to the vice president's press secretary, Alyssa Farah. An NBC reporter tweeted: "New per the @VP's Office—> The VP's office says Vice President Pence directly addressed Russian meddling in the 2016 election in a conversation with Vladimir Putin on Thursday in Singapore. "The conversation took place following the plenary session this afternoon at ASEAN." But, it was the following clash of the titans that caught most people's attention. As the Russian president joined the that Pence shook Putin's 'deadly' hand, met his 'steely KGB-trained' gaze, and desperately tried not to smile or blink for 20 seconds as Putin appeared to chat amicably with the US VP… While Putin has (if his accusers are to be believed) grappled his opponents to death with his bare hands (remember he is a sinister KGB agent and jiu-jitsu expert); we suspect the only thing VP Pence has gripped tightly in his hands is his bible. Sadly, John Bolton then blew the tough guy act (or is he Mike Pence's 'good cop') as he does his best impression of a teenage girl meeting their popstar idol for the first time… Liked it? Take a second to support The Duran on Patreon! Continue Reading Latest Orthodox Churches begin to respond forcefully to Ukrainian situation Two jurisdictions, including one with a difficult history with Russia, move to condemn uncanonical acts in Ukraine. Published 21 hours ago on November 19, 2018 By Seraphim Hanisch Two local jurisdictions within the Eastern Orthodox Church announced their refusal to accept the legitimization of two schismatic groups in Ukraine, a move authorized by the Ecumenical Patriarch, but spurred by powers in the United States and Petro Poroshenko's secularist-oriented Ukraine. On October 11th, 2018, the Ecumentical Patriarch, Bartholomew I of Constantinople, authorized his legates to pronounce two schismatic Orthodox "churches" in Ukraine to be restored to canonical communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, and by extension, across the entire Orthodox world. This move was strongly condemned by the authorities of the Russian Orthodox Church, which has the only canonically accepted church presence in Ukraine, a situation that the Ecumenical Patriarch himself agreed with only a few years ago. Russia moved to break communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, creating a split in the Orthodox Church, but a split that at first risked Russia standing alone in their statement of disapproval of the Ecumenical Patriarchate's actions. For a time the reaction of the other "local" Orthodox Churches was cautious, with the vast majority (excepting only the Greek Church in the USA) coming out in support of the canonical group in Ukraine, but without taking similar action to Moscow. That appears to be changing. On November 12 and 16, respectively, the Churches of Serbia and Poland issued strong statements. They both categorically refused to recognize the Ukrainian schismatic groups and they forbade their clergy to concelebrate with the "clergy" within these groups. The Serbs' statement on this was as follows: "The Assembly does not recognize the mentioned figures and their followers as Orthodox bishops and clergy and, consequently, does not accept liturgical and canonical communion with them and their supporters." The Polish Church made a similar announcement, but with even more force: "The Holy Bishops' Council forbids the priests of the Polish Orthodox Church from having liturgical and prayerful contact with the 'clergy' of the so-called Kiev Patriarchate and the so-called 'Autocephalous Orthodox Church,' which have committed much evil in the past," the statement reads. According to the Polish hierarchs, persons deprived of episcopal and clerical ordination cannot be leaders in establishing peace in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. "Only the observance of the dogmatic and canonical norms of the Church and the preservation of the centuries-old tradition will protect Orthodoxy from severe ecclesiastical consequences on an international scale. The Polish Orthodox Church prays fervently for the unity of the holy Orthodox Church and for peace for the Ukrainian Orthodox Church," the message further reads. And while yet officially under the omophorion of Constantinople, several Greek monasteries on Mount Athos, the Orthodox monastic republic that is the spiritual center of all of Eastern Orthodoxy, inserted special petitions in their services to pray for Metropolitan Onufry and the people of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – that is, the canonical group that is a highly autonomous, or independent, Church while yet under the Moscow Patriarchate. This is an interesting situation because in terms of ecclesial jurisdiction, Mount Athos is actually under the Ecumenical Patriarchate. However, the monasteries there often are known for taking the hardest of hardline stances when even their own Patriarchate takes actions they feel to be wrong: Thousands of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox Christians go on pilgrimage to Mt. Athos, which is under the jurisdiction of Constantinople, every year. However, the Russian Church, of which the Ukrainian Church is an autonomous, self-governing part, broke communion with Constantinople on October 15, which the Ukrainian Church confirmed yesterday, due to unilateral Constantinople's interference in ecclesiastical life in Ukraine. "We know that the majority of the abbots of the Athonite monasteries do not agree with the anti-canonical decisions of the Phanar," Met. Anthony said. "In several monasteries—Greek ones, by the way—they have included a special petition in the Litany of Peace in the morning and evening services: 'For His Beatitude Metropolitan Onuphry with his suffering flock.,'" he explained, adding, "We are very grateful to the Athonites for their brotherly love and prayers." This is a story that it still developing, but the recent moves by Poland and Serbia may be outlining the path that other local Orthodox Churches will take. That move is to deny recognition to the schismatics that Patriarch Bartholomew lifted the anathemas and depositions for. If this step were to be taken by all the local Churches that have expressed support for the canonical Ukrainian Church, the result would be not much different than where the schismatics were on October 10th: Filaret Denisenko's group and Makary's group would indeed have communion with Constantinople, and presumably the Greek Orthodox Church in the USA, but with no one else. This move would be a severe repudiation of the Ecumenical Patriarch's repeated declaration that he has the sole authority to grant autocephaly to anyone anywhere in the Orthodox world (or even to take it away), which is a canonical absurdity. Given the substantial problems that Filaret Denisenko continues to create, such as refusing to be considered only a Metropolitan (this was the Ecumenical Patriarchate's order), and to still consider himself a patriarch, blessing a blasphemous "icon" that is really just a monument to Ukrainian ultra-nationalism and secularism (note the neo-Nazi wolfsangel and machine guns in the upper right of this photo: And given the ideations of Patriarch Bartholomew himself, who is also recently reported to be pushing towards creating unity with the Roman Catholic Church, while acting like a pope himself by insisting that all the local Orthodox Churches will accept his decisions, it does not look like this situation is going to go away by itself. However, by placing the problem of the schismatics squarely in Patriarch Bartholomew's hands (since he created the problem), the pressure created by other churches refusing to concelebrate with the Ukrainian schismatics may be enough to isolate the Ecumenical Patriarchate itself, rather than fulfilling the highly likely goal that the US, Ukraine and Patriarch Bartholomew may have had initially – to isolate Russia and create a situation where Russia is made to look like the bad guy, once again. Liked it? Take a second to support The Duran on Patreon! Continue Reading JOIN OUR YOUTUBE CHANNEL Your donations make all the difference. Together we can expose fake news lies and deliver truth. Amount to donate in USD$: 5 100 Validating payment information... Waiting for PayPal...Validating payment information...Waiting for PayPal... 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The Optimal Sample Rate for Quality Audio
- Evelyn Long
- 1 years ago
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1 The Optimal Sample Rate for Quality Audio By Dan Lavry, Lavry Engineering Inc. May 3, 2012 Imagine that you and a friend were standing at the base of a lone hill in an otherwise flat plain, and you start walking up that hill towards the top. Now imagine that when you reach the top, your friend tries to convince you that you can go higher up the hill if you simply walked twice the distance forward from the base. You would probably pause for a moment, look around, and quickly realize that continuing forward would just take you back down the other side of the hill! This concept of an optimum is not hard to understand, but in digital audio circles more and more people are taking the word of their friend the salesman, who tells them to keep on walking. In this paper, I will cover some of the myths of higher sampling rate and illustrate how higher sampling rates can actually reduce accuracy in audio conversion. Moreover, I will attempt to elucidate the existence of an optimal sample rate and how conversion at higher or lower rates compromises the accuracy of the audio signal. The function of audio conversion is to convert, not to alter the signal. Ideally, an AD converter followed by a DA would bring about NO change in the signal (transparency). It has been said that an AD followed by a DA should approach the behavior of a short wire at audio frequencies. Let s talk about converter accuracy. In reality, good audio performance requires extremely low distortion because the ear is very sensitive and perceptive. Personally; I am for accuracy and do not advocate placing limits on accuracy. In fact, high quality audio converters operating at sample rates no higher than 96 KHz offer results that are very close to the desired theoretical limits. Yet, there are many who subscribe to the false notion that operating above the optimal sample rate can improve the audio. The truth is that there is an optimal sample rate, and that operating above that optimal sample rate compromises the accuracy of audio. To some, this may seem counterintuitive, but is completely proven; whereas most supporters of higher than optimum sample rates offer only subjective results in support. In my paper Sampling Theory 1 I already pointed out that increased speed (bandwidth) reduces accuracy. No one advocates sampling at 10 KHz because that would exclude audio signals above 5 KHz. Clearly, no one knowledgeable in the subject would advocate audio conversion at 100MHz, either. It would bring about poor audio performance due to high distortions, noise and more (which is beyond the scope of this paper). I use these extreme examples to show that sampling can be done too slowly, and it can also be done too fast. There is an OPTIMAL sample rate; fast enough to accommodate everything we hear (the audible range). But exceeding this optimal sample rate will only reduce audio accuracy. There are many circuit related reasons for the tradeoff between speed and accuracy. In the past I pointed to the example of charging a capacitor the longer one waits, the closer the voltage to the target 2. I also mentioned that when feeding OPAMPS (or discrete circuits) with a voltage step, the longer the wait, the closer the output voltage will be to the target. Settling time to an accuracy of.1% is longer than settling time to 1%. I used these examples because they are real issues involving the trade-off between speed and accuracy that one must consider in the design of converters. In this article I am going to add to my previous arguments The target is accurate measurement of the signal as versus the signal value skewed by circuit-induced anomalies. 1
2 It is always unwise and potentially harmful to include signals that are not needed; it is good practice to keep the signals that are needed, while keeping everything else out. For example, a digital audio clock signal needs to be a clean signal, with minimal radio frequency content, and minimal AC line energy or signals other than what is needed. Similarly, a theoretically perfect DC supply has no spikes and no AC content. And for audio, it is best to reject the energy outside of the range of hearing. Of course I want to accommodate the most sensitive ears, and with some serious safety margin. However, even after adding an extra 10 KHz, we are talking about bandwidth no higher than 40 KHz. That is why 88.2 or 96 KHz are preferred rates for audio quality. It has been well documented that acoustic musical instruments generate energy at frequencies far above audibility. In the performance space (before any recording takes place), if there is any mechanism that enable ultrasonic 3 frequencies to impact what we hear, it would require energy transfer from ultrasonic frequencies to the audible range. Therefore, using microphones and gear that cover what we hear enables us to capture and keep ALL the energy we need. We can store it, convert it and at some point play back all that we need. There is no good reason for keeping what we don t hear, because everything we heard in the original performance is already there. Sampling faster enables recording and keeping the energy that we do not hear. At best it will cause no harm. In reality there is a potential that keeping ultrasonic frequencies will cause unwanted audible alterations. One of the more well-known mechanisms for such alterations is imperfect linearity (nonlinearity) in equipment. The type of distortions generated by non-linearity is called intermodulation, and such distortions are rather offensive in nature because the distortion energy is not harmonic. Harmonic distortion tends to alter the timbre, it colors the sound by changing the relative harmonic content. Intermodulation is much worse, it is not related to the sound or its harmonics; thus it takes much less intermodulation distortion to become offensive to the ear. As a practical matter, linearity gets worse and worse as frequency increase. The linearity at the audible range (lower frequencies) is better than the linearity at ultrasonic frequencies. While keeping the unnecessary ultrasonic energy may cause harm, making sure not to include the signals that we don t hear provides protection against such degradation. With none of the un-needed signals to spill over the problem is gone! Most microphones are designed to match the human hearing frequency range, so they don t pick up ultrasonic energy; which is a good thing. It prevents the intermodulation I spoke of earlier from happening. Simply speaking, it is a good idea to keep as much as possible of the part of the energy we need, and to get rid of the energy we don t need (ultrasonic frequencies) as early as possible in the audio chain. Again, ultrasonic energy will at best cause no harm to the sound you need, but it certainly cannot help; and there is another price to pay. With the current higher sample rates, the file size is doubled or even four times larger, and file transfer rates are proportionally longer. Is this price worth paying when you consider that your audio quality may also be compromised by the spilling over of non-musical energy in addition to all of the other inaccuracies due to using a higher than optimal sample rate? Good conversion requires attention to capturing and reproducing the range we hear while filtering and keeping out energy in the frequency range outside of our hearing. At 44.1 KHz sampling the flatness response may be an issue. If each of the elements (microphone, AD, DA and speaker) limit the audio bandwidth to 20 KHz (each causing a 3dB loss at 20 KHz), the combined impact is -12dB at 20 KHz. 3 Ultrasonic- Of or involving sound waves with a frequency above the upper limit of human hearing. 2
3 At 60 KHz sampling rate, the contribution of AD and DA to any attenuation in the audible range is negligible. Although 60 KHz would be closer to the ideal; given the existing standards, 88.2 KHz and 96 KHz are closest to the optimal sample rate. At 96 KHz sampling rate the theoretical bandwidth is 48 KHz. In designing a real world converter operating at 96 KHz, one ends up with a bandwidth of approximately 40 KHz. People that go for wide band special mics are actually leaving an opening for distortions. And equipment makers that tell you that it is good to contain a lot more bandwidth, are like someone trying to sell you twice the rental space that you need. The question is: why, when the extra space cost more? Another analogy is a camera capable of reproducing wavelengths that we don t see at extra cost. There is a potential for some ultra-violet and infrared to reduce the quality of what we do see. Another misconception regarding higher sample rates has to do with the effect of time resolution on stereo location. Sampling does not require a specific time relationship between the sample times and the audio signals. Such a relationship cannot exist; because audio signals are arbitrary (any signal shape within the audio band is possible). There is no such thing as a correct sampling time with respect to the signal. The sampling concept allows perfect capture and reconstruction of the signals as long as the sampling rate is at least twice as fast as the highest frequency contained in the signal to be recorded. There are no restrictions regarding the time at which the samples are taken, as long as the time interval between each adjacent sample is the same. When sampling (and reconstructing) stereo or surround, all the tracks are sampled simultaneously; which ensures that the proper time relationship between channels is maintained. The sample rate does not have ANY impact on the signal timing. Diagram 1A shows the AD conversion of an audio signal in solid red. The sample values in blue. Diagram 1B shows the DA side. The reconstruction samples (blue) are used to "pin down" the signal at sample times. The signal (red dotted line) is reconstructed from those samples. These plots will be referred to as the "Reference Plot. 3
4 Diagram 2A illustrates feeding the AD with a delayed audio signal (relative to the Reference Plots). The sample times are kept the same as in the Reference Plots. The delay results in different sample values for the same audio waveform. Diagram 2B shows that the DA output is timed correctly. The reconstruction is made with sample values that reflect the time delay. The samples pin down the signal time properly. The timing of the reconstructed audio has nothing to do with the position of the samples relative to the waveform. In theory, sampling and reconstruction enable zero timing error between channels. Sample rate has nothing to do with accuracy of stereo time location (audio delay between channels). 4
5 Diagram 3A illustrates the same AD input signal as in the Reference Plot (without a delay). The new sample times (shown in black) are shifted with respect to the sample times in diagram 1A. The Reference Plot sample times are shown in blue for comparison. Diagram 3B show how the reconstruction samples (black) "pin down" the signal at the new sample times. The signal (red dotted line) is reconstructed at the correct time. Sampling the signal at different times does not alter the delay of the audio signal at all. Now, let s visit the myth that faster sample rates changes the timing of an audio signal. Plots 4A and 4B show the Reference Plot signal sampled and reconstructed at a higher rate. The only effect that having more "dots on the curve" has is to enable the capture and reconstruction of ultrasonic frequencies. There is NO IMPACT on the timing of the signal. 5
6 The plot below shows STEREO sampling and reconstruction. As I explain in my paper "Sampling Theory," connecting the dots to generate the "rest of the curve" (the signal between the sample points) can be done perfectly (the correct curvatures); as long as the sample rate exceeds the signal bandwidth by at least a factor of 2. The reconstruction (between the sample dots) is based on filtering. But the reconstructed signal voltage at each sample time is defined directly by the sample value at that time. Given that stereo audio tracks are sampled simultaneously and reconstructed simultaneously, there is no relative time shift between channels. Clearly, the time between samples for a 44.1 KHz system is 22.7μsec. For 384 KHz the time is 2.6μsec. But it does not matter. Decreasing the time between samples does nothing to alter the accuracy of the timing relationship between channels! Proper time location for audio does demand close enough matching of delay between channels. Some people say they can hear μsec differences, others think it is tens of μsec (for the most part, under 22.7μSec). This is not in question. The ERROR is to assume that decreasing the time between samples increases the accuracy of the timing of the audio signal, yielding better matching between channels. The notion that faster sampling yields better stereo location is FALSE, because it is based on an incorrect assumption that timing accuracy increases with sample frequency! Some people claim in error that for double the storage and double the time required for file transfer or download, they will increase converter accuracy and as a result, provide a whole new aspect of audibility that you cannot achieve otherwise. The fact is that they are providing the opposite of what they claimfaster sampling only compromises audio accuracy. Proper use of technology begins with understanding the specific goals. Technology makes it possible for factories to manufacture pills with 10 times the dosage required by humans. Needless to say it is a bad idea, until the day that humans are 10 times larger. Similarly, technology makes it possible to convert audio at 10 times the speed. That too is a bad idea. Marketing will always be looking for ways to sell new gear, but false notions regarding sample rates will remain false until the range of human hearing increases beyond where it has been for thousands of years. 6
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Possibly you help it become a schedule to receive ideal on your Precor proper after a morning stroll (it's always a smart idea to warm up your muscles prior to stretch physical exercises). If a stroll is part of your schedule presently, then 10 to 20 minutes within the exercising devices can movement properly appropriate immediately after.
In essence, this solitary piece of kit provides a multitude of utilizes. And The cash you invest in it could help save you from buying numerous distinct muscle mass stretchers that Focus on specific muscles only. Basically, its superior price could find yourself becoming a deal.
Suppose you may have some muscle-tightening difficulties together with your leg; then, it's superior to go Together with the dedicated Leg/Hamstring Stretching Machine. Conversely, if you need a complete protection of your body healthful, we'd suggest the Absolutely-Overall body machines. Irrespective the choice, it ought to be based upon your sole goal.
Having said that, Ensure that your goal decides the funds. just Feel such as this. There is no level in acquiring a leg/hamstring stretching machine if you want whole-overall body protection. So, be reasonable to adapt for the price range modify.
Keep your outside foot using your outside the house hand and lift the foot up towards your rear end, keeping your thighs and knees collectively.
It's just that you've to pick the very best stretching machine as per your necessities. You can even take into account your medical doctor ahead of selecting one particular kind more than the other. Most machines do have some certifications from doctors and you also don't have to worry about the facet-outcomes both.
When You'll need a mixture of affordable price and good quality overall performance, LifeSpan Stretch Husband or wife Bench is the best shot you can also make. For A reasonable price, it had been able to supply a cushty nonetheless successful stretching practical experience for us, via each of the portions of system.
That is permanently purpose because they position a large priority on relaxed, ergonomic design. All of this provides nearly a background of revolutionary solutions and great customer service which is great to obtain backing your Health and fitness equipment investments.
Stretching for just a couple of minutes per day can strengthen overall performance and suppleness. This simple-to-comply with regimen should help get you started out.
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The Precor 240i helps you to totally stretch A selection of system locations, like your: hamstrings; decreased back, gluteal/hips; inner thigh/groin; hips/legs/back again; higher again; quadriceps and shoulders. This makes it a terrific piece of kit to ensure One's body is absolutely ready for any exercise routine and sufficiently cooled down Later on.
Listed below are 4 leg stretches she suggests to improve versatility and lessen the potential risk of personal injury. Test to carry Each and every extend for about thirty seconds.
In some strategies, we think that this even can make the leg stretching machine a whole lot safer since it doesn't depend on the identical capabilities that Other individuals do.
When you buy a stretch machine, obviously you're going to want to start out working with it instantly. But it really's important to consider and thoroughly look at your aims.