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Frances Ilene Loudin Molokach
Selma – Frances Ilene Loudin Molokach, age 78, died Monday morning, June 25, 2018 in UNC Johnston Health. Born February 3, 1940 in Washington County, PA to the late Melven Earl and Lucille Edna Hawkins Loudin, she was the widow of John Stephen Molokach. Frances was a long-time member of the Live Oak Baptist Church.
A graveside service will be conducted at 3:00 p.m. Friday in Selma Memorial Gardens.
Surviving are her sons, John S. Molokach, Jr. and wife Janet of Selma and Henry Bragg and wife Ola of Bellmawr, NJ; daughters, Donna Pomianowski of Cleveland, TN and Sandra Hitt and husband Kenneth of Copper Hill, VA; ten grandchildren and one great granddaughter.
In lieu of flowers the family asks that memorial contributions be made to the Live Oak Baptist Church, 1555 Live Oak Church Road, Selma, NC 27576.


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Similar products
Zniper Arrow Rest$99.99
Customer Reviews
Customer Reviews
Read 5 Customer ReviewsWrite Your Own Review
- Very good rest Review by Jacob K
Value Quality Price
Previous to using this rest I was using the Bear Hair rug and plate to shoot off the shelf. While I do enjoy the simplicity of shooting off the shelf I can not express enough about the consistency advantage in changing to this rest. No more mysterious flyers, and better long range accuracy mostly related to the available better site picture (I shot bare bow) also super simple to set up, threads are made of steal. I can not think of a one bad thing to say about this rest.
(Posted on 5/10/18)
- Positive result Review by Jay
Quality Price Value
The rest is my favorite of three rests I have tried. I love its durability, and most of all, its appearance. It does the job, and after a short sight adjustment due to this rest, I have consistent arrow flight. Getting ready to buy a replacement head, as i have put about 10,000 shots through this rest in the past few months, and it is wearing thin.
(Posted on 5/23/16)
- Nice rest Review by Bob
Value Quality Price
Works well on my Hoyt Excel. Wearing a groove into it after a couple months, but that's probably due to my poor tuning skills. I'm ordering a replacement head for when the first wears out. I'd buy another of these in a heartbeat.
(Posted on 9/6/15)
- awsome Review by LOs
Quality Price Value
this is a great simple rest that i use on my compound bow , cant beat it !
(Posted on 11/28/13)
- Nicely Made Review by JPHONGER
Quality Price Value
The quality of the threads is very good. Not sure if this is the right rest for my purposes, but am using it now and feel it is a nicely made and quality product. No surprises, it does what it was meant to do.
(Posted on 5/31/13)

subset: commoncrawl


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SOURCE: Allied Energy Group, Inc.
March 14, 2007 09:30 ET
BOWLING GREEN, KY -- (MARKET WIRE) -- March 14, 2007 -- Allied Energy Group, Inc. (PINKSHEETS: AGGI) announced today that it has successfully drilled the first of three
wells in a 3-well coalbed methane drilling program located in Rogers
County, Oklahoma.
The Company moved a drilling rig on location last week and began drilling
the Stanford #2-3 (first of three wells) on the Company's leasehold near
the town of Talala located in Rogers County, Oklahoma. On Monday, the
drilling reached total depth after passing through several coal seams that
appear to have commercial amounts of natural gas.
"The Stanford #2-3 has an estimated 5-7 feet of potentially productive zone
and indications of gas in the Mulky, Croweburg, and Rowe coal seam
formations," said Steve Stengell, Allied's Sr. Vice President of
Operations. "We are currently moving to the 2nd location and expect to
reach total depth by the weekend", added Stengell.
Based on this area's production history and Allied's results to date, the
Company's medium-range objective is to achieve gross well production of
1,700 MCFD from 38 wells as early as summer 2007. At average market prices
in the area, this would translate into total production revenues of
approximately $9,350 per day before deducting line charges, royalties,
taxes and operating expenses. The Company has varying interests in each of
the properties it is developing where these 38 wells are located. No
assurances can be given that such production will be achieved or revenues
About Allied Energy Group
Allied Energy Group, Inc. (PINKSHEETS: AGGI) is an independent energy
development firm primarily engaged in the exploration, development, and
production of oil and natural gas in the continental United States. The
company relies upon its industry partners, well operators, geologists,
petroleum engineers, seismic specialists, and financial analysts whose
combined industry experience is essential to the success of each project.
Allied Energy Group's strategic focus is the development of oil and natural
gas reserves. As the fuel of choice to meet the growing demand for a
clean-burning domestically produced fuel, the company firmly believes its
natural gas exploration strategy should provide substantial growth to the
company for the years to come.
For more information: www.alliedenergy.com
Certain statements in this release and the attached corporate profile that
are not historical facts are "forward-looking statements" within the
meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such
statements may be identified by the use of words such as "anticipate,"
"believe," "expect," "future," "may," "will," "would," "should," "plan,"
"projected," "intend," and similar expressions. Such forward-looking
statements involve known and unknown risks including but not limited to
geological and geophysical risks inherent to the oil and gas industry,
uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results,
performance or achievements of the Company to be materially different from
those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The Company
may have varying degrees of working interest ownership in each well and/or
prospect. Thus, gross revenue projections may not be equal to what is
distributed net to the Company. The Company's future operating results are
dependent upon many factors, including but not limited to the Company's
ability to: (i) obtain sufficient capital or a strategic business
arrangement to fund its expansion plans; (ii) build the management and
human resources and infrastructure necessary to support the growth of its
business; (iii) competitive factors and developments beyond the Company's
control; and (iv) other risk factors inherent to the oil and gas industry.
Company Contact:Steve StengellAllied Energy Group, Inc.2800 Griffin Dr,Bowling Green, KY. 42101Phone: 866-256-5836Fax: 800-251-9322Website: www.alliedenergy.comEmail: email@example.com
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Has anyone ever placed a drupal install on Dreamhost? I imagine it is the same as putting drupal on any hosting platform. I don't see why Dreamhost would have a problem with it either.
ps – so far Dreamhost is awesome in my opinion I don't see any reason to use anyone else


text: In documents that request FCC approval of the transfer of control of broadcast and other licenses held by NBC Universal (NBCU) to Comcast, the merger partners touted the public interest benefits of the proposed $30 billion transaction, as they offered a smorgasbord of voluntary commitments that are intended to alleviate the concerns of critics of the merger. These concerns include the effects of the transaction on program access, the journalistic independence of NBCU networks and stations, and the migration of educational and governmental programming to digital tiers. The FCC is expected to take up to a year to review the merger, which would create the largest producer and distributor of video programming in the nation. Describing the deal as a "contentfocused joint venture," Comcast and NBCU promised that the combined entity (which is slated to operate under the NBCU name) would advance the FCC's goals of diversity, localism and competition and would pose "no cognizable risk of harm in any market." Responding to charges that Comcast-NBCU would have the incentive to discriminate against competitive multichannel video program distributors (MVPDs) that seek access to the merged company's huge stable of program assets, Comcast and NBCU told the FCC that they would extend voluntarily the application of "key components" of the FCC's program access rules when negotiating with MVPDs on rights to retransmit stations owned and operated by NBCU and Telemundo. Such a step, said Comcast and NBCU, "will benefit consumers by lessening uncertainties concerning continued carriage of popular broadcast programming" that was spotlighted in recent retransmission disputes pitting Time Warner Cable against News Corp. and Mediacom against Sinclair Broadcasting. While promising to maintain the journalistic independence of news programming offered on NBCU stations, Comcast and NBCU also pledged, among other things, to (1) refrain from migrating public access, educational and governmental (PEG) channels to digital cable tiers until Comcast digitizes its entire cable system, (2) add two independently-owned channels to its digital lineup each year for the next three years, and (3) continue to offer Comcast cable customers access to more than 15,000 video on demand (VOD) offerings at no additional charge and to expand that VOD lineup to 20,000 within three years of merger approval. The companies also urged the FCC to condition merger approval upon their adherence to these pledges as they reminded the FCC of its conclusion in the 2004 order approving the merger of News Corp. and DirecTV that the union of a broadcaster and an MVPD does not "present horizontal combination issues."


text:
Search for Homes
Buyer/Seller Info
Beautiful Lannon Stone home on double West Allis lot. Arched front door. Leaded glass windows. Hardwood floor in living room plus natural fireplace. French windows. Plaster crown molding. Dining room features hardwood floor, corner china cabinets and French leaded glass windows. Family room off of living room. 3 plus bedrooms. Great location. Furnace and A/C unit were new 2009. Serviced 2018. Water heater new 2018.Roof was new 2001 with 30 year shingle.


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Quickvisio chad
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text:
The Back 40 – Outdoor Stage
Licensed, All Ages & Family Area
Proudly Sponsored by:
Molson Brewery
Location of Event: West of the Track
Committee Contacts: Sarah Kroekenstoel & Deanna Porco
Join us all weekend at the "Outdoor Stage" for a refreshing beverage and to sit down and enjoy some live music inside of our licensed area.
The Outdoor Stage located in the South end of the grounds near the track. It's the best place to meet up with old friends, take a load off, and relax out of the Sun.
There are multiple musical acts to choose from from upbeat country music in the evening to live acoustic entertainment in the afternoons for the whole family!
Entertainment Line Up
Thursday June 2 –
7:00PM – KX96 Presents Kick Off Concert with Headliner George Canyon (opening Act: Greg Williams)
Friday June 2 –
Saturday June 3 –
12:00PM – Birds of Prey Demonstration
1:30PM – Pet Show
2:30PM – Birds of Prey Demonstration
4:30PM – Birds of Prey Demonstration
9:30PM – Leah Daniels is playing in the Back 40 Saturday night at 9:30. Meet Leah after the show! CD's, t-shirts and her brand new album,"The Story" will be available for sale!
Sunday June 4th –
11:00AM – Birds of Prey Demonstration


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Below you will find a list of the boat stores in Rio Linda, CA. These 18 boat stores are organized by their distance from Rio Linda. The closest businesses to Rio Linda are D C R Propeller Company on Watt Ave (North Highlands) and Tru Pitch on Myrtle Ave (Sacramento) in the category Boat Propellers, Delta Breeze Marine Service on Orange Grove Ave (North Highlands) and Sunny's Electric Marine on El Camino Ave (Sacramento) in the category Boat Equipment & Supplies and Capitol Yamaha on Auburn Blvd (Sacramento) in the category Motorcycle & Motor Scooter Dealers.
1. beachcalifornia sitemap a-lCatalina Express Flyer Boat Tour Catalina Island · CATAMARAN RESORT HOTEL on Mission Bay, San Diego, California · Disneyland's California Adventure ...
Things to do in Rio Linda CA
Rio Linda Hotels
Rio Linda Attractions
Rio Linda Shopping
Rio Linda Restaurants
Rio Linda Events
North Highlands
Foothill Farms
North Sacramento
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Electronics Stores
Fur Stores
Gift Shops
Health Food & Diet
Hobby Stores
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Home Stores
Motorcycles & Motorsports
Music Stores
Musical Instruments
Nurseries & Garden Centers
Pet Stores & Services
Printing & Copying
Shoe Stores
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Toy & Game Stores
Variety Stores
Video Stores
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text:
Trading forex with a Martingale money management system will almost inevitably lead to blowing up an account. I've written about this inevitable martingala inversa forex charts repeatedly over the past six months. At the risk of beating a dead horse, I figured that visual proof would alleviate any lingering hopes once and for all.
Recall that Martingale systems aim to never lose money. Instead of accepting losses and moving on, a Martingale betting strategy doubles the previous bet. Whenever a win finally does occur, all losses up until that point are wiped out. The trade also gains the same amount of profit that the original trade hoped to capture. The goal of the exercise is to focus on the risk of ruin rather than the profits accrued. As time goes on, the likelihood of ruin increases with the number of trades placed.
A trade is each time a new transaction enters. It does not matter whether or not the last trade was a winner or a loser. Fifty trades on most Martingale systems corresponds to anything from several days to several weeks. Placing 50 trades shows what most traders know. The returns look fairly nice at that point.
The risk of wiping out the account looks meek at 8. The total risk is more apparent, although many traders fall victim to the lure of quick, large returns. If it all looks too easy at this point in time, that's because it is. Going out to 1,000 trades, which I roughly ballpark as the amount of trades an average expert advisor might complete in 9 months to a year, is where the inevitable result is obvious.
A tiny handful of traders are floating huge returns. As the number of trades increases from 1,000 to 2,000 to 10,000, the tiny fraction of accounts left eventually dwindles down to zero. The reason is that a loss would eventually occur. That loss would wipe out all gains to date, plus result in a loss relative to where you started. Using a Martingale sytem isn't my favorite either.


text:
The history of the car began in 1955. As part of the prospective work has created a new tower tank Centurion. Its design Centurion Tower guessed, but mostly in terms of design aft. First of all, it is evident in the almost complete absence of artillery poppies, which at Centurion occupied most of the frontal projection. This solution is allowed to make the nose of the tower much sloping, which significantly affected the snaryadostoykosti. As the weapons provided for 105mm gun L7. TTX and screenshots of the game models look here.
The Centurion Action X only envisaged the development of the tower chassis was used by the current modifications Centurion. The program produced two towers. First, fully equipped, it has been installed on the chassis Centurion Mk.7 and passed the program of sea trials. As far as we know, to this day, this machine did not live. Instead, lived the second tower, built to test fire. She received minimal damage and is now demonstrated in an open area Tank Museum Bovington.
Further experiments deal on the program Centurion Action X has not moved, but this activity is not completely gone. Not much sadness, the developers of the tower it slightly redesigned, the result was a tower FV4202. If someone will tell you that these towers are very different from each other, can easily be shown in this loser finger drive him and mocked him. In fact, the changes were limited to the elimination of flap on the left side of the tower, the installation of a new box to the left of spare parts and a small alteration fodder niche, which was a little more spacious. That's all, the frontal part of the roof, and with all their equipment migrated from Centurion Action X unchanged.
mask, or rather it is virtually nonexistent.
forehead, as compared to the Centurion strongly oblique.
Installing the coaxial machine gun.
board flap, a characteristic detail of tanks family Centurion.
Stern and side, the similarity with the overall design of the tower there is Centurion.
The roof of the tower. Kombashenki not, but the picture is absolutely identical with the FV4202.
little guts. Not so long ago there was a lot of comments on video Nicholas Moran, saying that overseas the tanks in museums follow, but we all bad. Dear dolbodyatly, stick your opinion themselves in a place where the sun never shine. If you have not seen what it looks like half the tanks of any large tank museum in the world, better keep their opinions to themselves clever and nobody showed. For the same technique in Kubinka For the most part give in terms of the state of a lot of points ahead. The tank can be kicked outside, but inside this Achtung happening that horror. And it is not the fault of the current leadership Bovington, Saumur and other museums, they have something just well done and try to bring the car in order. The question that the military all over the world are the same. And if Kubinka tanks placed in a hangar in the early '70s, then it happened abroad for 15-20 years later. With all the ensuing consequences.
(c) 2015 [1,999,110] Aces gg [1,999,112]


text:
My baby is very unsettled when he's feeding. Should I change the teat? He's 11 weeks and he's feeding with MAM bottles size 3 is from 4+ months.
My baby is very unsettled when he's feeding. Should I change the teat? He's 11 weeks and he's feeding with MAM bottles size 3 is from 4+ months.
We've just changed ours to size 3 as he was getting really fussy on a size 2 teet xx
My boy is 3 Months 😊
Sorry I'm rambling..I just never know what to do for the best!!
Ours took a good few feeds to get used to he size 2 teets as he was gagging from drinking so quickly but he did get used to them 😊
I may try them again tomorrow as she can't stay on newborn teats forever! Fingers crossed it helps her wind as well!
Let me know how is working mummy.
I was thinking the same tonight while feeling my lb he takes forever to feed, he needs to stop more regularly as he's taking in to much air where he's sucking to get it out, it's not flowing quick enough for him then he becomes fussy and frustrated. I may buy a pack and see if it makes a difference. He was on size 2 teats at 4 weeks. X
Thank you for reply! And let me know if you change the teat how is going on
I think tommee tippee size 3 is 6 months+ And size 2 is 3mnths+. We've been on size 2 from about 6 weeks and wish I did it sooner because he went from taking 3-4 oz to 5-6 oz within a week. I think he was getting bored when he could get it out fast enough. Try them anyway and if it's not good for you then you have them for when you need them. Does mam have a variflow which are from birth but a fast flow? Another thing is to use milk thickener if it's just slightly too fast and reduce that as he gets used to the new teat.


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Hi I'm Chelsea Castillo
ASL interpreter-in-training, actress, a cappella nerd, and I'm a Mormon serving a mission in the Indiana Indianapolis mission.
About Me
Ello! I'm a college student studying to become an American Sign Language interpreter. I love cats. According to my friends, I'm like a kitten - fun sized, full of energy, and I love taking naps. I also love Disney - people that know me call me a Disney princess. I also love singing, and I'm in an a cappella group.
Why I am a Mormon
I am a Mormon because living the gospel brings a happiness to my life that nothing else could fill. It is a gospel surrounded around families and how important it is to have families. I was adopted and raised into the LDS church, however, I have for myself received my own Testimony and know for myself that this Church is true. Nothing can bring more joy than being the tools in the hands of our Father in Heaven. I'm so grateful for my family and also for the knowledge that I can be with them forever. It makes me so happy to know that when my future husband and I get married, we will be sealed together in the temple, for time and all eternity. It gives life and life after death so much more meaning and importance. I know I am a child of God, and that my Heavenly Father (and Mother) know me and love me.
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I am currently serving a full time mission for my church. I have always had a desire to share the gospel with people, and over the years, I've become less shy about it. I try to be the best example for the little children I take care of and teach each Sunday. I want everyone I know to have the opportunity to have the gospel bless their lives.


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Should your seriously interested in fishing Capt.Keith is your man!! My household of 6 went out with him and introduced home an abundance of fine eating fish and I also…
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76 inch round dining table – The focus of each dining room must be the dining table. Without its presence, the dining room is basically just a game – believe musical seats: a lot of seats in a circle, with nothing at the center. If this was the case, then quick! Grab a chair or you are going to be left to eat while standing. Starting to see why dining tables create such an impact in our everyday lives? Let's face it, without them we would not manage to have a nice family dinner, or even entertain guests at a house party.
Fortunately, dining tables are available at practically any furniture shop or online furniture retailer. They also come in many different finishes, materials and features; hence the number of possibilities available to you is infinite. But with this many options, deciding which table for can get confusing. So here is a little list of things to cover when searching for a dining table.
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Believe it or not, furniture manufacturers actually offer different types of tables. However, how does one differ from another when they appear to become more or less the same; four legs holding up a horizontal table top. Thankfully, there are ways to distinguish one style of table to another.
The Accent Table. All these are standard dining tables, however very ornately designed to provide a sense of timeless romance. The kind you may imagine inside the palaces or mansions of your favourite storybook.
The Breakfast Bar is another kind of table. These are often smaller in size than standard dining tables; nonetheless, some have quite interesting characteristics which make them unique in their own right. By way of example, it is not uncommon to see breakfast bars with locking casters for added mobility and convenience. Some will also have cubbies and racks for added storage.
The Cocktail Table (otherwise called a Coffee Table) may also be thought of as a kind of table. But many of us choose not to eat many foods on them, instead utilize them in the front of the sofas and couches to place our drinks.
The types of formal dining tables may vary by design and the number of individuals that are seated. Most can seat more than your regular Breakfast Bar. In reality, formal dining tables have a tendency to seat anywhere from four to eight individuals. Also available are the extended dining tables which seat many men and women. If you ever watch a movie about early times of kings and queens, you may notice them.
This brings us to our next point when looking for tables. Always be certain to have the room in your dining room. You don't ever want to get stuck with a dining table which takes up so much space, it does not leave space for dining seats.
There is still a whole lot more to know more about the dining table. But in the event that you would like to receive the skinny, then you are going to have to await 'A Closer Look at Dining Tables, pt. Two'. For now however, I hope this article has given you a much better idea as to why Dining Tables are such an important part in our everyday lives.
Originally posted 2017-10-08 21:24:29.


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Active brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been detected by -fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–positron emission tomography (PET) combined with computed tomography (CT)12.3.–4 in adults and neonates, as well as animals. It has been reported that human BAT activity is related to cold-induced thermogenesis,5 body weight,5 and glucose tolerance.6,7 Furthermore, daily cold exposure increased the BAT activity in healthy individuals,5,8,9 obese individuals,10 and patients with type 2 diabetes.7 Thus, BAT is expected to be a potential tool to combat obesity and lifestyle-related diseases.
Most epidemiological studies related to BAT have been informed by work in oncology and used in thermoneutral conditions. These data showed that BAT activity was higher in women, younger individuals, and lean patients, as well as under conditions of lower ambient temperatures (AmT).1220.127.116.11.16.–17 However, since these data were collected for the diagnosis of cancer, data on healthy adults were lacking, and the mean age was biased toward patients older than 60 years of age. In addition, the measurements were conducted under thermoneutral conditions, wherein the FDG uptake might have been underestimated.1,18 Indeed, the -positive BAT ratio is variable; in studies involving cancer patients without cold exposure, the ratio was found to be extremely low ().1220.127.116.11.16.–17,19,20 However, in younger healthy individuals, who were exposed to cold, the ratio was much higher ( to 100%).3,6 With regards to the effect of AmT on the activation of BAT, the results are conflicting with one study demonstrating that the rise in the BAT activity was delayed by a few months in association with a beginning in the decline in the AmT11 and the other study stating that BAT activity was higher in early winter than late winter or early spring.21
Matsushita et al.6 and Yoneshiro et al.22 showed that functional BAT could be epidemiologically evaluated using cold-stimulated , in relatively healthy younger adults. They demonstrated that BAT activity was also negatively correlated with age, body fatness, and glucose metabolism. However, there were no sex differences in the BAT activity;6,22 this was inconsistent with results of the aforementioned oncology studies, in which experimental cold exposure was not utilized. Thus, the difference in the sensitivity, between men and women, to mild outdoor cold exposure might be prominent in oncology studies.
In general, the near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy () method can evaluate the total hemoglobin concentration [total-Hb], which is an index of the blood volume or tissue vasculature. Therefore, this method can be used for vascular density evaluations, wherein BAT is expected to exhibit a higher density than that exhibited by white adipose tissue. Recently, we demonstrated, in humans, that the [total-Hb], determined by , under thermoneutral conditions, is positively correlated with cold-induced parameters, only in the supraclavicular region, which potentially contains BAT deposits.23 As we found no difference between the [total-Hb] at 27°C and at the end of a 2-h-long exposure to cold conditions at 19°C, we were able to measure the [total-Hb] for the estimation of the vascularity of BAT, using , without conditions of cold exposure. Collectively, the method is expected to be suitable for evaluating BAT density (BAT-d) in men and women, which is equivalent to the active BAT intensity or the amount of BAT, as determined by with cold exposure.2324.25.–26 As the method was introduced only in 2015, there are no data on the relationship of BAT with age, sex, anthropometrical parameters, and environmental factors. To verify the usefulness of , there is a need to accumulate evidence on analogous data with regards to with cold exposure. It is also important to obtain new evidence on human BAT-d, through epidemiological studies, using , as otherwise, measurement would be impossible, owing to several limitations such as the lack of accessibility to the relevant device and radiation exposure.
Thus, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to confirm the relationship between BAT-d, determined through the use of , and anthropometrical parameters, such as body fatness, to determine the differences in BAT-d, in terms of age and sex. We also aimed to identify influencing factors, such as seasonal fluctuations in the AmT on BAT-d, in Japanese individuals, across a wide age range.
Volunteers were recruited through advertisements on posters or direct contact in three different areas—Hokkaido, Shiga Prefecture, and Tokyo, Japan. After the participants arrived at the laboratory, the following parameters were measured: BAT-d, height, body weight, percentage of body fat (%BF), visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat thickness in the supraclavicular region, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR). The room temperature was regulated from 23°C to 27°C by the use of an air conditioner and heater. In addition, data on the AmT and day length, in each region, were obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency27 and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,28 respectively. The study design and protocols were approved by the institutional review boards of Ritsumeikan University and Tokyo Medical University, in accordance with the ethical principles contained in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. These studies were conducted in the cold weather season (December, January, February, and March) from 2013 to 2017.
The 504 participants recruited for this study were aged over 20 years. Most of them were physically active, at a recreational level, but those who participated in regular athletic sports training more than two days per week () were excluded. Three participants were excluded because of an intake of capsinoids, which are reported to activate and recruit BAT.5,24 In addition, 54 participants were excluded because the VFA in 16 of them was under , which was a measurement limitation of using bioelectrical impedance analysis (EW-FA90; Panasonic, Osaka, Japan); the remaining 38 did not agree to undergo VFA measurements. Finally, we analyzed 413 volunteers (185 men and 228 women), aged 20 to 85 years (Table 1).
Table 1
Participant profiles.
|All (n=413, M/W=185/228)
|Twenties (n=75, M/W=41/34)
|Thirties (n=76, M/W=44/32)
|Forties (n=110, M/W=48/62)
|Fifties (n=56, M/W=26/30)
|Sixties (n=40, M/W=16/24)
|Older than 70 (n=56, M/W=10/46)
|Age (year)b
|43.0 (33.0 to 58.0)
|23.0 (21.0 to 25.0)
|34.5 (32.0 to 37.0)c
|43.0 (40.0 to 46.0)c,d
|54.5 (52.0 to 57.0)c,d,e
|65.0 (61.3 to 67.0)c,d,e,f
|75.0 (73.0 to 79.0)c,d,e,f,g
|Height (cm)b
|164.1 (157.7 to 170.1)
|167.8 (162.0 to 173.0)
|167.0 (161.1 to 173.6)
|165.2 (157.9 to 172.4)
|163.8 (157.8 to 170.6)
|158.1 (155.5 to 166.6)c,d,e
|152.8 (149.1 to 160.2)c,d,e,f,g
|Body weight (kg)b
|60.2 (53.5 to 70.5)
|60.3 (54.8 to 69.4)
|62.2 (56.1 to 72.3)
|62.6 (53.5 to 72.6)
|64.1 (53.5 to 72.2)
|58.4 (53.4 to 64.3)
|54.1 (47.1 to 62.7)c,d,e,f
|Body surface area ()b
|1.70 (1.50 to 1.80)
|1.70 (1.60 to 1.80)
|1.70 (1.60 to 1.90)
|1.70 (1.50 to 1.90)
|1.70 (1.53 to 1.80)
|1.60 (1.50 to 1.70)d
|1.50 (1.40 to 1.68)c,d,e,f
|BMI ()b
|22.5 (20.7 to 24.5)
|21.6 (20.1 to 23.0)
|22.2 (20.9 to 24.2)
|22.8 (20.6 to 25.5)
|23.5 (20.6 to 25.2)
|23.1 (21.2 to 24.7)
|23.2 (21.5 to 25.2)
|%BF (%)b
|26.8 (20.6 to 32.3)
|20.4 (14.1 to 27.1)
|23.8 (20.4 to 28.3)
|27.1 (20.6 to 31.1)c
|28.4 (23.9 to 34.5)c,d
|29.9 (24.2 to 33.9)c,d
|32.6 (28.8 to 36.1)c,d,e
|VFA ()b
|47.0 (30.0 to 76.0)
|32.0 (21.0 to 44.7)
|43.6 (28.2 to 75.0)
|49.7 (30.0 to 82.1)c
|65.1 (31.3 to 88.9)c
|62.5 (47.3 to 80.8)c
|51.5 (37.0 to 78.3)c
|Subcutaneous fat thickness in supraclavicular region (cm)b
|0.10 (0.07 to 0.21)
|0.19 (0.07 to 0.22)
|0.09 (0.07 to 0.18)
|0.11 (0.07 to 0.24)
|0.09 (0.07 to 0.21)
|0.12 (0.07 to 0.25)
|0.08 (0.06 to 0.11)g
|SBP (mm Hg)a
|120.0 (108.0 to 132.0)
|114.5 (103.0 to 122.3)
|116.0 (105.0 to 126.0)
|117.0 (106.0 to 130.0)
|123.5 (112.3v132.0)c
|127.0 (113.3 to 138.0)c
|134.0 (121.8 to 151.3)c,d,e,f
|DBP (mm Hg)a
|73.0 (65.0 to 81.0)
|65.0 (59.0 to 71.0)
|72.0 (64.0 to 79.0)c
|76.0 (66.5 to 83.5)c
|77.5 (68.0 to 86.8)c,d
|76.0 (69.8 to 84.3)c
|76.5 (67.8 to 83.0)c
|HR (bpm)b
|71.0 (64.0 to 79.0)
|67.0 (63.0 to 75.0)
|69.0 (63.0 to 78.0)
|71.0 (65.0 to 80.0)
|74.0 (65.3 to 82.0)
|72.0 (62.5 to 79.0)
|74.0 (69.0 to 86.0)c
|BAT-positive rate (%)
Note: Values are expressed as median (interquartile range). M/W, men/women; BMI, body mass index; %BF, percentage of body fat; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; and BAT, brown adipose tissue. BAT-positive was defined as a [total-Hb] value more than 74.0 μM.23
One-way ANOVA was performed to test for chronological differences.
Krusukal–Wallis test was performed to test for chronological differences.
P<0.05 versus twenties.
P<0.05 versus thirties.
P<0.05 versus forties.
P<0.05 versus fifties.
P<0.05 versus sixties.
Measurement of Anthropometric and Circulatory Parameters
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as follows: body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (). We calculated the body surface area using the DuBois equation: body surface area () = height (cm)0.725 body weight (kg) . The %BF was estimated by a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan (Lunar Prodigy; GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) or the multifrequency bioelectric impedance method (Inbody 720 Body Composition Analyzer; Biospace, Seoul, Republic of Korea). The VFA, at the abdominal level of L4-L5, was estimated using 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (Signa HDxt; GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) or a bioelectrical impedance analysis (EW-FA90; Panasonic, Osaka, Japan). The subcutaneous fat thickness at supraclavicular region was measured by B-mode ultrasonography (Vscan Dual Probe; GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Horten, Norway). The subcutaneous fat thickness was measured by the investigator using the attached distance measuring system and calculated as the mean value for three points (Fig. 1). SBP, DBP, and HR were measured by an automated sphygmomanometer (HBP-9020; Omron Healthcare, Kyoto, Japan).
Brown Adipose Tissue Density Measurements
The BAT-d, evaluated by the [total-Hb] using (TRS-20; Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Japan), was measured for 1 min at 23°C to 27°C. The probes were placed on the skin of the supraclavicular region that potentially contained BAT, and participants were required to remain in a sitting position during the measurements, as previously described.2324.25.–26 Compared with visible light wavelengths, NIR wavelengths (700 to 3000 nm) show lesser scattering and, consequently, better penetration into biological tissue. However, light absorption by water limits tissue penetration above the 900-nm wavelength; thus, the 650- to 900-nm range is suitable for measurements.29 Accordingly, we used NIR wavelengths of 760, 800, and 830 nm to evaluate oxy-hemoglobin concentration, deoxy-hemoglobin concentration, and [total-Hb]. With the 3-cm probe used in this study, light can reach a mean depth of 2 cm,30 where BAT is potentially located.31
The tissue was illuminated using a -core-diameter optical fiber by the pulsed light generated from picoseconds light pulses, with 100-ps full width at half-maximum, a 5-MHz repetition rate, and an average power of of each wavelength. The emitted photons penetrated the tissue and were reflected to a 3-mm-diameter optical bundle fiber, through which they were sent to a photomultiplier tube for single-photon detection and a signal processing circuit for time-resolved measurement. Using the nonlinear least-squares method, the digitized temporal profile data from an in-vitro sample or tissue were fitted with a theoretical temporal profile, derived from the analytical solution of the photon diffusion theory with a semi-infinite homogeneous reflectance model. After convolution with the instrumental response function, the time response of the instrument itself could be compensated for, and the absorption coefficient values and reduced scattering coefficient values, at 760, 800, and 830 nm, were obtained using the least-squares fitting method. Then, the absolute [total-Hb] was calculated as the sum of oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations.23,29 The system collected data every 10 s. The coefficient of variation for repeated measurements of the [total-Hb] was 4.9%.23
Our previous study indicated that a cutoff value of [total-Hb] for distinguishing BAT negativity from BAT positivity (evaluated by FDG-PET/CT) resulted in the best prediction accuracy of 82.8%, with a sensitivity of 75.0%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 64.3%.23
Average Ambient Temperature During the Day and Day Length
To examine the effect of AmT and day length on BAT-d, data on the average AmT during the day and day length were obtained from the Japan Meteorological Agency27 and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,28 respectively. We collected data from the area nearest to where each participant lived—Hokkaido, Shiga Prefecture, or Tokyo. We searched for data on the day of measurement and 2, 4, and 6 weeks prior to the measurement day. We also calculated the average AmT and day length during the 2 and 4 weeks before, 4 and 6 weeks before, and 2, 4, and 6 weeks before the measurement day.
Statistical Analyses
Data are expressed as either mean standard error (SE) or median with interquartile range. If normality was detected by the Shapiro–Wilk test, we used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test for chronological differences in the anthropometric and circulatory parameters, with post hoc testing using the Tukey's test. If normality was not detected, the Krusukal–Wallis test was conducted, and then, the Bonferroni's test was used if there was a significant difference. The Jonckheere–Terpstra test was conducted to reveal the trend of the chronological changes in the BAT-positive ratio. Correlations were assessed using Kendall's correlation coefficient. The independent associations of age, sex, and BAT-d with body fatness were estimated using stepwise multiple regressions; in a similar manner, age, sex, AmT, and day length, as predictors of BAT-d, were tested. To conduct the analyses, the categorical variables were set at "0" for women and "1" for men. The correlation coefficient between the nominal scale and ratio scale was shown as the correlation ratio. Following the stepwise multivariate regression analysis of the independent associations of age, sex, AmT, and day length with BAT-d, analysis of covariance was conducted to investigate the relationship between BAT-d and AmT, adjusting for %BF and VFA. The range of the AmT was divided into fourths and then further divided equally. A two-way ANOVA was used to test the interactions (sex chronological group) and main effects (sex and chronological group), adjusting for BMI, %BF, and VFA. If there was a significant interaction or main effect, the sex or chronological differences in the variables were analyzed using Bonferroni's test. All analyses were performed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 24, IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan) and was considered statistically significant.
The [total-Hb] in the supraclavicular region was measured in a total of 413 participants using , during the cold weather season, in Japan. The participants had a median age of 43.0 (33.0 to 58.0) years, BMI of , and %BF of 26.8% (20.6% to 32.3%) (Table 1). As shown in Table 1, the BAT-positive ratio was 33.9% in all the participants (140/413), and it tended to significantly decrease with age; it was more than 50% in those in their twenties (43/75) but less than 20% in those in their sixties (6/40) and those older than 70 years (10/56).
To assess the impact of BAT-d, age, and sex on body fatness, we conducted univariate and multivariate analyses. The univariate regression analysis showed that BAT-d, age, and sex significantly was correlated with BMI, %BF, and VFA, respectively (Table 2). The multivariate regression analysis revealed that BAT-d and sex were determinants of BMI, %BF, and VFA, but age did not affect BMI (Table 2).
Table 2
Independent associations of age, sex, and BATs with body fatness.
|Univariate regression
|Multivariate regression
|Standardized β
|Age (years)
|Age (years)
|Age (years)
Note: BMI, body mass index; %BF, percent body fat; and BAT, brown adipose tissue. The categorical variables were set at "0" for women and "1" for men, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the nominal scale and the ratio scale was shown as the correlation ratio.
After controlling for BMI, %BF, and VFA, we observed chronological and sex differences in the BAT-d. As shown in Fig. 2, the BAT-d of participants who were in their sixties was significantly lower than that of those in their twenties. A significant interaction (sex chronological group) was noted, as was the presence of a significant main effect in the chronological group but not in terms of sex (Fig. 2). A significant sex difference was observed only among those in their twenties (Fig. 2). The BAT-d of participants older than 50 years was significantly decreased compared to that of men in their twenties (Fig. 2).
To assess the factors influencing BAT-d, univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted. The univariate analysis showed sex, age, the mean AmT 6 weeks before the measurement day, and the average AmT during the 4 and 6 weeks before to be significant determinants of BAT-d; however, the multivariate regression analysis revealed that age and the average AmT during the 4 and 6 weeks before the measurement day remained determinants of BAT-d (Table 3). Although some of the AmT indices were significantly correlated with BAT, there was no significant correlation between BAT and day length (Table 3).
Table 3
Independent associations of age, sex, outdoor temperature, and day length with BAT.
|Univariate regression
|Multivariate regression
|Standardized β
|Age (years)
|Mean outdoor temperature on measurement day (°C)
|Mean outdoor temperature two weeks prior to measurement day (°C)
|Mean outdoor temperature four weeks prior to measurement day (°C)
|Mean outdoor temperature six weeks prior to measurement day (°C)
|Average temperature between two and four weeks before (°C)
|Average temperature between four and six weeks before (°C)
|Average temperature between two, four, and six weeks before (°C)
|Day length on measurement day (h)
|Day length two weeks prior to measurement day (h)
|Day length four weeks prior to measurement day (h)
|Day length six weeks prior to measurement day (h)
|Average day length between two and four weeks before (h)
|Average day length between four and six weeks before (h)
|Average day length between two, four, and six weeks before (h)
Note: BAT, brown adipose tissue. The categorical variables were set at "0" for women and "1" for men, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the nominal scale and the ratio scale was shown as the correlation ratio.
As a significant result, following multivariate regression analysis, we investigated the relation between BAT-d and the average AmT during the 4 and 6 weeks before the measurement day after controlling for %BF and VFA. The BAT-d, when measured at temperatures lower than 3.7°C of the average AmT, during the 4 and 6 weeks before the measurement day, was significantly higher than that measured at temperatures higher than 5.0°C (Fig. 3).
In the present cross-sectional study, we applied to evaluate the BAT-d in 413 Japanese individuals, aged 20 to 85 years. Our study has three main findings. First, we confirmed that BAT-d was negatively correlated with body fatness. Second, older age was associated with decreased BAT-d, with positive activity rates of BAT observed in those in their fifties and sixties, and those above 70-years old at 25.0%, 15.0%, and 17.9%, respectively. Third, the average ambient lower temperature, during the 4 and 6 weeks prior to the measurement day, under free-living situations, was associated with an elevation in the BAT-d. In particular, the [total-Hb], at an average AmT lower than 3.7°C, during the 4 and 6 weeks prior to the measurement day, was higher than that observed at temperatures higher than 5.0°C.
The positive rate of BAT observed in our study (33.9%), as determined in the same manner as the measurements,23 was comparable or slightly lower than that obtained in a Japanese study, which used with cold exposure (41.4%).22 The reason for the relatively lower rate could be the fact that our study included elderly adults, with a median age of 43.0 years, whereas the previously conducted study predominantly included those in the age range of 20 to 40 years (median age of 26.0 years).6 In fact, the positive rates of BAT observed in the participants in their twenties (57.3% versus 53.0%), thirties (46.1% versus 39.5%), and forties (29.1% versus 26.9%) were similar to those noted in another study.22 The finding of the positive rate of BAT among those in their fifties (25.0%), sixties (15.0%), and adults over the age of 70 years (17.9%) is new, in Japanese settings.
We showed that body fatness parameters were negatively correlated with BAT-d, which is consistent with the results of various studies that used , regardless of the presence of cold exposure.6,1415.16.–17,19,20 Although we should consider the possibility that the BAT-d was affected by subcutaneous fat thickness,26 the subcutaneous fat thickness in the supraclavicular region is within a very narrow range and has little effect on the measured parameters. For instance, the fat thickness in the supraclavicular region ranged from 0.6 to 2.5 mm when evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography in this study. This corresponds to an attenuation of the NIR signal by of the assumed 0-mm fat layer thickness.32 After the elimination of the effect of confounder factors, using stepwise multiple regressions, the relationship between BAT-d and BMI, %BF, and VFA was obtained.
Findings on the sex differences in terms of BAT are controversial.6,1314.15.16.–17,19,21 BAT activity was found to be higher in women, in many oncology studies.1314.15.16.–17,20 However, no sex differences were found in studies with cold exposure.6,22 The oncology studies had very large sample sizes but did not include cold exposure, whereas the studies using with cold exposure had relatively small sample sizes. In this study, we evaluated BAT-d in 413 individuals, using , which is equivalent to with cold exposure. As a result, the fact that BAT-d is higher in women was not confirmed. Further studies are necessary to assess sex differences in terms of BAT.
This is the first study to demonstrate that the average ambient lower temperature, during the 4 and 6 weeks prior to the measurement day, under free-living situations, is associated with an elevation in the BAT-d. Laboratory studies showed that daily cold exposure (10°C to 17°C, 2 to ), when dressed in unnaturally light clothing (t-shirt with underwear), for 10 days to 6 weeks, promoted BAT recruitment,5,89.–10 and the results of these previous studies might provide a hint for the consideration of our result. Cohade et al.11 showed a rise in the monthly prevalence of BAT activity during the winter, but the rise was delayed by a few months, in relation to the beginning of a decrease in the AmT. Kim et al.21 showed that BAT activity was higher in early winter than later winter or early spring. The temperature at which some cold exposure studies were carried out at can be equivalent to a degree in our cold season. However, since the type of clothing could have varied and the duration of the daily cold exposure in unknown, it is difficult to compare the results of our study with those of other studies. Despite the undetermined duration of the daily cold exposure needed to increase functional BAT activity/mass, in this study, we found that the [total-Hb], at an average AmT lower than 3.7°C, during the 4 and 6 weeks prior to the measurement day, was higher than that at temperatures higher than 5.0°C. This observation suggests that BAT-d increases during the 4 and 6 weeks after the average AmT drops to or 5°C. A larger variation in the [total-Hb], at a lower temperature, indicates differences in the individual sensitivity to the exposure to cold environments; participants with a low BAT-d could be insensitive while differing sensitivities could have been present among those with a high BAT-d. Because we could not acquire relevant longitudinal data, we are uncertain of the effects of an increase in the outside temperature on BAT-d. However, according to a thermogenic capsinoid supplementation study conducted to increase BAT-d,24 the cessation of supplementation during an increase in the outside temperature decreased BAT-d. Therefore, we speculate that BAT-d would gradually decrease several months later, when the outside temperature increases during spring. Further studies, with a longitudinal design and larger sample size, are needed, along with the monitoring of the degree and duration of daily cold environments, to determine the critical AmT cutoff value needed to recruit functional BAT under free-living situations.
There was no significant correlation between BAT density and day length, in this study. Contrary to our results, one previously conducted study showed, in its univariate analysis, that a shorter day length was positively correlated with BAT activity.12 However, that study did not include cold exposure before measurements;12 therefore, the AmT, which is related to day length, on the measurement day, may be confounded. Although Ouellet et al.15 also demonstrated, through an univariate analyses, the presence of a significant relationship between day length and BAT activity, the relationship was not significant in the multivariate analyses.
The validity of evaluating BAT-d using has been verified in previously conducted studies.23,24 We reported a significant relationship between BAT-d, as evaluated by the [total-Hb] using , and BAT activity, as evaluated by . We have already shown that, in younger individuals, the [total-Hb] can be increased, and that the degree of the increase in BAT-d and BAT activity is almost similar (48.8% and 46.4%, respectively) after daily thermogenic capsinoid ingestion,24 which is known to increase BAT-d and/or mass. We also found that the [total-Hb] tended to decrease during the 8-week follow-up period, after capsinoid treatment.24
Precise determination of the volume of interest is difficult using the NIR spectroscopic (NIRS) method. On the basis of a continuous wave NIRS study in the milk model by Chance et al,33 if we assume the volume of interest to be a rotation body of the ellipse revolving across 180 deg or a hemisphere with a 3-cm optode separation, it can be estimated to be . However, as a banana-like pattern has been reported for photon migration,34 the above assumption might be inappropriate. Moreover, according to a recent study, the mean depth of the light penetration with a 3-cm optode separation using would be ,30 which is greater than half of the emitter–detector separation reported in many previous studies.29,33,34 Although is noninvasive, uncomplicated, less expensive than PET/CT, and free of radiation exposure, for the evaluation of tissue oxygenation, in humans,23 further studies on the volume measured using are needed.
Although several studies have reported an increase in the BAT activity in younger individuals, the question of whether BAT activity can be increased in individuals with a lower BAT-d and/or advancing age remains unresolved.3536.–37 In this study, we found that even some individuals over their fifties had BAT-positive rates of 15% to 25%, and this suggests the possibility to maintain and/or increase the BAT-d even in relatively older individuals. However, the effect of genetic predispositions cannot be ruled out for individuals with a higher BAT-d.
This study has several limitations. It included a relatively small number of participants, although some other studies on BAT also involved only a small sample size. The presence of selection bias and variation in the age distribution cannot be ruled out. The cross-sectional design has the inherent disadvantage of defining causality. We did not evaluate BAT activity using the well-established, standardized method, although several studies have validated the use of .
In conclusion, the results of this cross-sectional study showed that a decrease in BAT-d is associated with advancing age and the lower AmT was associated with an increase in the BAT-d through the use of , in a wide age range of participants. Our results are consistent with those of previously conducted studies. In particular, the average AmT, which was lower than 4°C or 5°C during the 4 and 6 weeks prior to the measurement day, might be a determining factor for increasing BAT-d. As the study sample of this cross-sectional and exploratory study was too small to draw a conclusion, further studies are needed to identify the factors that affect BAT-d, which take into consideration genetic predisposition and environmental factors, such as clothing, physical activity levels, and nutritional factors.
This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15H03100. The authors wish to acknowledge the volunteers who participated in this study.
Sayuri Fuse is an appointed assistant professor in the Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University. She received her PhD in medicine from Tokyo Medical University in 2017. Her research interests include exercise physiology and brown adipose tissue (BAT).
Shinsuke Nirengi is a postdoctoral researcher at the National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center. He received his PhD in sport and health science from the Ritsumeikan University in 2015. His research interests include BAT, exercise physiology, and biomedical optics.
Shiho Amagasa is a PhD student at Tokyo Medical University. Her research interests include physical activity and sedentary behavior, exercise epidemiology, and lifestyle-related disease prevention.
Toshiyuki Homma is an associate professor at the Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Daito Bunka University. He has received a Young Investigators Award, Eighth Congress of European College of Sports Science in 2003. He received his PhD from Tokyo Medical University in 2005. His specialization is exercise physiology. His current major research interest is effective training for sports performance and health from a perspective of muscle energy metabolism.
Ryotaro Kime is a senior lecturer at Tokyo Medical University. He has conducted research on muscle oxidative metabolism using near-infrared and phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopies with Professor Britton Chance. He has received research awards, such as a Young Investigators Award, Fourth Congress of European College of Sport Science in 1999. His research expertise is exercise physiology and control of muscle oxidative metabolism.
Tasuki Endo is a PhD student at Tokyo Medical University. His research interests include exercise physioloty and biomedical optics.
Naoki Sakane received his MD degree from Jichi Medical School in 1989. He received PhD in medicine from Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine in 1999. Currently, he is working as a division director at Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization. His research interests include brown adipose tissue, beta3-adrenoceptor polymorphism, and beta3-adrenergic agonists, as well as diabetes prevention and diabetes education.
Mami Matsushita received her PhD in nutrition from Tenshi College, Japan, in 2015. She is an assistant professor and registered dietitian in the Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing and Nutrition Tenshi College. Her research interests include BAT and obesity-related diseases prevention.
Masayuki Saito received his PhD in biochemistry from Osaka University, Japan, in 1970. His main research field is the patho-physiology of energy metabolism and obesity, with special references to BAT. Currently, as an emeritus professor of Hokkaido University, he is working on human BAT, particularly focusing on some food ingredients activating BAT and reducing body fatness.
Takeshi Yoneshiro is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California. His research interests include the control of energy expenditure and adiposity with special reference to metabolic function of BAT in humans.
Yuko Kurosawa is a senior lecturer at Tokyo Medical University. She has received a postdoctoral award at the Cincinnati Translational Neuroscience Symposium 2007 and Best Poster Award of the International Creatine-2015 Conference. Her research expertise is creatine metabolism in brain and skeletal muscles.
Takafumi Hamaoka has conducted research on muscle oxidative metabolism using near-infrared and phosphorus-magnetic resonance spectroscopies with Professor Britton Chance. He has received research awards, such as a Young Investigators Award, First Congress of European College of Sports Science in 1996. His research expertise is exercise medicine, control of muscle oxidative metabolism, and evaluation of human adipose tissue.


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October 21, 2016 – The university community gathered last night to recognize the exceptional teaching and scholarship of three professors – one each from the Main, Law Center and Medical Center campuses – and to announce promotions of more than 30 faculty members.
The President's Award for Distinguished Scholar-Teachers is awarded every year at Fall Faculty Convocation. Last night it went to Darlene Howard, the Davis Family Distinguished Professor of psychology; Donald Langevoort, the Thomas Aquinas Professor of Law; and Dr. Anton Wellstein, professor of oncology and pharmacology at Georgetown's Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center.
"It's a privilege to honor each of you today for your commitment to the highest standard of academic excellence," said Georgetown President John J. DeGioia. "These colleagues have each made an extraordinary impact on our community with the integration of ambitious research and outstanding engagement with our students."
Learning and Memory
Howard received her medal for investigating which cognitive and neural systems decline and which are spared in the course of healthy aging.
The National Institute on Aging has consistently funded her research, which focuses on implicit learning and memory.
She also serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Experimental Psychology; Learning, Memory, and Cognition; Experimental Aging Research; and Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition.
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The Georgetown community recognized Langevoort for his excellence in teaching courses on contracts, securities regulation and holding seminars on securities issues and corporations.
He is the co-author of Securities Regulation: Cases and Materials (Aspen Publishers, 2013) and the author of Insider Trading: Regulation, Enforcement and Prevention (West Group, 2002).
The legal scholar also has written extensively on corporate and securities law and legal ethics, work cited in opinions issued by U.S. Supreme Court justices and that continues to shape discussions of insider trading and securities litigation reform.
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Wellstein's cancer research focuses on factors in the development of new blood cells released from tumor cells as molecularly defined therapeutic targets.
He investigates clearer paths to developing targeted therapies for a variety of cancers and their subtypes and has written extensively on signaling and biomarkers in cancer for numerous scholarly publications.
Each presidential awardee received a medal for the excellence of their contributions to research, scholarship and teaching.
"This medal was designed to recognize those faculty among us who excel both in research accomplishments and teaching effectiveness," said Georgetown Provost Robert Groves. "They therefore teach us every day that these two sides of an academic are not in conflict, but can be jointly achieved. We hold them up as models for us all."
Humanities' Lagging Budget
Dr. David Skorton, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and a distinguished professor at Georgetown, delivered the keynote address on the aims of education during the convocation.
Skorton, leader of the nation's largest research and museum complex with a global network of more than 19 museums and galleries, said the humanities have always lagged behind in funding when compared to the sciences.
"It is obvious when you look at the size and pattern of funding for the budgets for the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts," he said, noting that the NEH budget is less than 1 percent of the federal budget for scientific research and less than one-tenth of 1 percent of the federal research and development budget.
"I don't mean to minimize the importance of science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine," said Skorton, who started his career as a physician and also served as president of Cornell University. "There is no question that we need those disciplines to help us understand the world within us and around us."
He added that a broad-based education is key to important for our people and our nation as a democracy.
"We need people who can have a broader perspective, who can think laterally, who can solve problems," he said.


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January 31, 2011
Class Action
Reflects complaints, answers, motions, orders and trial notes entered from Jan. 1, 2011.
Additional or older documents may be available in Pacer.
A TD Ameritrade Inc. client has filed a putative class action against the brokerage, claiming it breached its customer agreement when it failed to tell her she was entitled to money from a class action securities suit.
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