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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29129081707944273162018-09-16T20:40:51.998-07:00Center for CurrencyKeating Willcoxhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2912908170794427316.post-59826383366067291322015-05-16T08:30:00.003-07:002015-05-16T08:30:53.978-07:00I sent all sorts of ideas to the Greek parliament. No response. And now Greece is crawling back into 3rd world status. Oh, well.

Keating Willcoxhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2912908170794427316.post-58478103463026847852012-02-26T11:33:00.001-08:002012-02-26T11:33:52.997-08:00State representatives on Friday advanced legislation to launch a study into what Wyoming should do in the event of a complete economic or political collapse in the United States. House Bill 85 passed on first reading by a voice vote. It would create a state-run government continuity task force, which would study and prepare Wyoming for potential catastrophes, from disruptions in food and energy supplies to a complete meltdown of the federal government. The task force would look at the feasibility of Wyoming issuing its own alternative currency, if needed. And House members approved an amendment Friday by state Rep. Kermit Brown, R-Laramie, to have the task force also examine conditions under which Wyoming would need to implement its own military draft, raise a standing army, and acquire strike aircraft and an aircraft carrier. The bill's sponsor, state Rep. David Miller, R-Riverton, has said he doesn't anticipate any major crises hitting America anytime soon. But with the national debt exceeding $15 trillion and protest movements growing around the country, Miller said Wyoming — which has a comparatively good economy and sound state finances — needs to make sure it's protected should any unexpected emergency hit the U.S. Several House members spoke in favor of the legislation, saying there was no harm in preparing for the worst. "I don't think there's anyone in this room today what would come up here and say that this country is in good shape, that the world is stable and in good shape — because that is clearly not the case," state Rep. Lorraine Quarberg, R-Thermopolis, said. "To put your head in the sand and think that nothing bad's going to happen, and that we have no obligation to the citizens of the state of Wyoming to at least have the discussion, is not healthy." Wyoming's Department of Homeland Security already has a statewide crisis management plan, but it doesn't cover what the state should do in the event of an extreme nationwide political or economic collapse. In recent years, lawmakers in at least six states have introduced legislation to create a state currency, all unsuccessfully. The task force would include state lawmakers, the director of the Wyoming Department of Homeland Security, the Wyoming attorney general and the Wyoming National Guard's adjutant general, among others. The bill must pass two more House votes before it would head to the Senate for consideration. The original bill appropriated $32,000 for the task force, though the Joint Appropriations Committee slashed that number in half earlier this week. University of Wyoming political science professor Jim King said the potential for a complete unraveling of the U.S. government and economy is "astronomically remote" in the foreseeable future. But King noted that the federal government set up a Continuity of Government Commission in 2002, of which former U.S. Sen. Al Simpson, R-Wyo., was co-chairman. However, King said he didn't know of any states that had established a similar board. Contact capital bureau reporter Jeremy Pelzer at 307-632-1244 or jeremy.pelzer@trib,com Read more: http://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/wyoming-house-advances-doomsday-bill/article_af6e1b2b-0ca4-553f-85e9-92c0f58c00bd.html#ixzz1nWBkXgLOKeating Willcoxhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2912908170794427316.post-30198447945542240202012-02-11T06:30:00.000-08:002012-02-11T06:30:02.388-08:00Login With Facebook | Login With Twitter | Login | Register Business Insider Money Game Home Tech/Media Finance Politics Entertainment Advertising Sports Life Strategy More Events BI Intelligence Money Game Home Economy Markets Investing ETFs Hive Tape PR Contributors Documents Jobs UBS Asks: Has Greece Already Been Printing 'Quasi-Drachmas'?! Joe Weisenthal In a note from this week, UBS economist Stephane Deo asks: Is Greece (already) printing its own money? Deo centers on two areas: The first is the expanding balance sheet of the Greek central bank via the ELA (Emergency Liquidity Assistance) a scheme by which the national central banks help in keeping the domestic banking industry solvent. The other focus area is a little more intriguing and arcane. He asks specifically: Are quasi-drachmas being issued? Quasi-drachmas? Well what he's referring to is a scheme whereby the state has paid hospital suppliers in the form of domestically issued bonds: The Greek state hospitals accumulated arrears to suppliers during the period from 2005 to 2010. In May-June 2010, the Greek government decided to put an end to this practice and decided to take up this outstanding debt (law 3867/2010). In the following months, all the accumulated debt of public hospitals and the healthcare system from 2005 to mid 2007 was settled on a cash basis. The amount was EUR1.5bn for the years 2005 and 2006, with an additional EUR240 million for the first half of 2007. A total of EUR5.6bn accumulated between 2007 and 2010, was settled with zero coupon bonds. This was the creation of the "Pharma-Bonds". These financial instruments are bonds, and have all the characteristics of Hellenic Republic Bonds: they bear international securities identification numbers (ISINs); they are negotiable on the Athens Exchange and they rank pari passu with other Greek debt. The government, in one of its press releases, notes that "bondholders who choose to discount these bonds at the banks will crystallise a 19% discount versus their original claim." We would argue, however, that they are more than just another bond issued by the Greek government. To be specific, they seem to us very akin to what economists call quasi-monies. These quasi-monies have appeared in a number of cases, usually put in place by government to find an escape valve out of nominal fiscal rigidities in the face of a financing issue. This especially happens in a case of a government of a monetary union that cannot print money to fund its deficit. Deo goes onto compare these "Pharma-Bonds" to the famous IOUs issued in California in 2009, when the state no longer had the cash to pay some employees and vendors. Argentina did something similar during its famous debt crisis -- creating quasi money vehicles when it could no longer literally create money. And in the case of Greece, the pharma-bonds seem unusually money-like, in that they can be deposited with a bank, which can them pledge them as collateral for real cash. He concludes: If a country issues a bond as repayment, even temporarily, for a supplier, then there is no withdrawal of money from the private sector as no-one purchases the bond with cash. It is a form of barter in which the vendor provides a good to the administration and receives a financial instrument created ex nihilo from the same government. This is quite complex and tortuous, but at the end of the day it is not that far away from money printing in Greece. (Via @dutch_book) Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/ubs-asks-has-greece-already-been-printing-quasi-drachmas-2012-2#ixzz1m5DpWo9GKeating Willcoxhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2912908170794427316.post-50173986774224376242011-11-17T10:43:00.000-08:002011-11-17T10:56:12.771-08:00wikipedia - Complementary currency (CC) is a currency meant to be used as a complement to another currency, typically a national currency.[1] Complementary currency is sometimes referred to as complementary community currency (CCC) or as community currency. The term local currency, describing a complementary currency which is limited to a single locality, is sometimes used interchangeably with complementary currency. There are, however, some complementary currencies which are regional or global, such as the Community Exchange System, WIR and Friendly Favors, or the proposed global currency terra.[2]
Contents
 [hide]

 1 Types of complementary currencies
 2 Purposes
 3 Complementary currencies
 4 Example of a fully funded complementary currency
 5 Major activists
 6 See also
 7 References
 8 External links

[edit] Types of complementary currencies

Complementary currencies describe a wide group of exchange systems, currencies or scrips designed to be used in combination with standard currencies or other complementary currencies. They can be valued and exchanged in relationship to national currencies but also function as media of exchange on their own. Complementary currencies lie outside the nationally defined legal realm of Legal tender and are not used as such. Rate of exchange, scope of circulation and use in combination with other currencies differs greatly between complementary currency systems, as is the case with national currency systems.

Some complementary currencies incorporate value scales based on time or the backing of real resources (gold, oil, services, etc.). A time-based currency is valued by the time required to perform a service in hours, notwithstanding the potential market value of the service.

Some complementary currencies take advantage of demurrage fees, an intentional devaluation of the currency over time, like negative interest. This stimulates market exchanges in the devaluating currency, propagates new participation in the currency system and forces the storage of wealth (hoarding) ability usually reserved for currency into more permanent and better value holding tools like (property, improvement, education, technology, health, equity securities, etc.) all of which are sheltered from the currency based demurrage fees.

Other experimental complementary currencies use high interest fees to promote heavy competition between participants, and the removal of wealth from long term wealth holding structures (natural/material wealth, property, etc.) to aid in the process of rapid industriaization, mass production, automation and competitive innovation.[citation needed]

Monetary speculation and gambling are usually outside the design parameters of complementary currencies. Complementary currencies are often intentionally restricted in their regional spread, time of validity or sector of use and may require a membership of participating individuals or points of acceptance.
[edit] Purposes

Complementary currencies are often designed intentionally to address specific issues or problems.[3] Most complementary currencies have multiple purposes and/or are intended to address multiple issues. They are very useful for communities that do not have access to financial capital, and can be useful for adjusting peoples' spending behavior.[4] The 2006 Annual Report of the Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems presented a survey of 150 complementary currency systems in which 94 respondents said that "all reasons" were selected, among cooperation, micro/small/medium enterprise development, activating the local market, reducing the need for national currency, and community development.[5]

In the current economic climate, some local money projects can also be promoted as

 low carbon, by encouraging localisation of trade and relationships
 lifeboat currencies
 encouraging use of under-used resources
 recognising the informal economy

[edit] Complementary currencies

Beginning in the 1960s, the first advocates of complementary currencies, especially in Canada, did not think of CC as working contra to our national currencies.[citation needed] This is why certain leaders of this movement were careful to use the term 'complementary'. They used it to emphasize the importance of working in cooperation with governments and the tax system, businesses, unions, associations, charities, the banks and all forms of democratic capitalism—as partners in the above-ground economy.
[edit] Example of a fully funded complementary currency

The Toronto dollar system is fully funded by (i.e. backed by) Canadian dollars. Participating merchants are free to exchange the Toronto dollars for Canadian dollars.

In addition to being supported by any number of social activists, including philosophers, clergy, artists, etc., it is fully supported by a growing number of political leaders, past and present, including, over the years, several mayors of Toronto.[citation needed]
[edit] Major activists

Some major complementary currency activists are Bernard Lietaer and British economist Hazel Henderson. Lietaer has argued that the world's national currencies are inadequate for the world's business needs, citing how 87 countries have experienced major currency crashes over a 20 year period, and arguing for complementary currencies as a way to protect against these problems.[6] Lietaer has also spoken at an International Reciprocal Trade Association (IRTA) conference about barter.[7]
[edit] See also

 Calgary Dollar
 Chiemgauer
 Digital gold currency
 Ithaca Hours
 Lewes Pound
 Margrit Kennedy
 Sectoral currency
 Silvio Gesell
 Stroud pound
 Time Banking
 WIR Bank
 Ven (currency)
 Bitcoin
 CyclosKeating Willcoxhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2912908170794427316.post-10168754916637128412011-11-17T10:42:00.001-08:002011-11-17T10:42:26.406-08:00http://www.law.gwu.edu/MediaGuide/Profile.aspx?id=1737

Lewis Solomon is the best known expert on private currencies.Keating Willcoxhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2912908170794427316.post-75647959312798920502011-11-17T10:38:00.000-08:002011-11-17T10:41:34.226-08:00http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/04/how-to-start-your-own-private-currency/73327/

How to Start Your Own Private Currency
By Derek Thompson

Apr 5 2011, 8:40 AM ET 18

It's not as complicated as it sounds. All you need is a system other people can understand and, most importantly, trust.

590 gold standard certificate.png
Here's a nightmare scenario shared by some mainstream investors, goldbugs and Ron Paul devotees: The year is 2013. Inflation has the U.S. economy in a stranglehold. International investors are fleeing to the far corners of the globe. The dollar is in a free fall, and Americans are scurrying to protect their wealth. What do you do?

Start your own currency.

The Money ReportIt sounds complicated, but really it's as simple as three steps. First, amass a bank of stuff. Let's say gold. Second, decide on a sensible unit for your new currency. Let's say one "Derek Dollar" token is worth a gram of gold. Third, convince a critical mass of people to use it so that "Derek Dollars" are redeemable not just within my group of friends, but among shops and merchants around the world. Voila, we've got our own private currency.

No gold? No problem. The easiest way to start a currency is to draw up an I.O.U. system that allows your friends to trade hours of work. Hundreds of shops in Ithaca, NY, accept "Ithaca HOURs," a local currency backed, not by gold, but by man-hours. I spend an hour mowing an Ithaca lawn and receive a paper note for one HOUR. I walk to the barber's, hand him the piece of paper, and he cuts my hair. Now my neighbor's grass is shorter, my hair is kempt, and my barber is one HOUR richer. And it's all thanks to transactions that might not have happened were it not for a private currency.

japan sidebar.pngThe success of Ithaca HOURS shows you don't need to be a conspiracy theorist to see the virtue of private currencies. Maybe you want to create a new revenue stream that stays within your community (see right). Maybe you see a currency shortage and want a new way to grease exchanges. Maybe you want to buy goods in a virtual world like Second Life. Or maybe you want a fast, frictionless currency and you've found thousands of consumers who want the same thing.

WHAT MAKES MONEY WORK?

U.S. dollars, like most modern money, are backed by a promise, not a metal. Rather than support the currency with towers of gold bricks, Washington issues the currency by "fiat," or by decree. The good news about fiat is it allows us to create more money -- trillions more --when the economy tanks. The bad news is that, like any promise, fiat currency relies on the faith of its users and investors. The history of fiat currencies is a mixed bag of century-long successes and infamous failures, from ancient China to modern Zimbabwe where inflation hit 90 sextillion percent in 2008. (Yes, that's sextillion. With 21 zeros.)

But how can a government-backed Zimbabwe currency be utterly worthless, while a pixelated pile of gold on the game World of Warcraft can be worth more than the computer screen that creates the pixels?

One clue to the answer lives in one of the most common words for money: credit. It comes from "credo," the Latin for "I believe." Money is all about trust. It's doesn't particularly matter whether your currency is backed by something concrete (like gold), something specific (like hours of labor) or something invisible (like a government's promise to accept that money as payment for taxes). What matters is that people agree to accept it in exchange for goods and services.

"Imagine that we are on a gold standard and a severe drought hits," economist Nick Blanchard explained to me in a useful example. "Suddenly water is in extremely high demand relative to gold, and everyone would be happy to rid themselves of bullion for water. Would you say that the dollar derives its value from gold, or the fact that people will accept it to buy water? The gold price of water is a floating exchange rate as much as is the dollar price of yen."

"The real value of any currency comes from the reasonable assumption that when you demand goods and services, the paper/metal/lint/whatever in your pocket will be accepted in exchange for that thing," he continued. "Currency loses all its value when people no longer want it in exchange for what you want."

AN EXISTENTIAL CRISIS

Architects of private currencies face a chicken-egg challenge. To make a new currency popular among users, you have to sign up retailers. To make it popular among retailers, you have to sign up users.

The most interesting currency facing this existential crisis is BitCoin, a computer-generated currency that is famously traded among a couple hundred computer geeks and merchants. "The only thing valuable about BitCoin is that there are other nerdy internet denizens that will accept it for payment for things," Blanchard said.

BitCoin is backed by neither metals nor man-hours, yet each coin is worth nearly a dollar due to demand for the scarce BitCoins that have been released among the network of users. BitCoin is currently legal and active. But some worry it could face a fate like E-Gold, the bullion-backed online currency that quickly became a favorite of global crooks and money launderers. Its founder was sentenced to house arrest.

"Anything can serve as a currency and ultimately the winners will possess the characteristics that people demand: portable, fungible, easily divisible, and reasonably scarce," said John Matonis, editor of The Monetary Future blog and an outspoken advocate for private currencies. "Coins did serve that function, but a coin cannot be jammed through a broadband connection and molecularly transported. We must evolve now."

The excitement over private currencies -- whether from the goldbug fringe, the software geeks, or the econoblogger nerds -- boils down to an old-fashioned belief in competition. Currencies are like any other good or service. Monopolies can hurt the market. Government control can breed inefficiency. Maybe we should stop worrying and learn to love the BitCoin.

 I don't mean to be rude, but it's pretty clear that you don't understand how bitcoins work. The "bitcoin company" cannot be hacked because there is no bitcoin company. Everything is maintained inside a decentralized network with no single point of failure. Also, bitcoins cannot be counterfeited. This is cryptographically guaranteed. Now, there are attacks that can be launched against the network if more than 50% of the network is owned by a malicious party, but this isn't a problem unique to bitcoins. For example, if 50% of the population decided they wanted to wreak havoc on our fiat currency, then I'm sure quite a bit of damage could be done.

 Here's a short video that gives a very brief intro to bitcoins: http://www.weusecoins.com Unfortunately, the technical explanation is a little hand-wavy, but that's because there's not really a simple explanation as to how it works. You'll have to know a bit about public key cryptography to understand it, but there's a more in depth explanation here: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Int... And, if you're interested, here's a list of the known attacks that can be launched against the network: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Att...
 8 people liked this.Keating Willcoxhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-2912908170794427316.post-58785773679670370432011-11-17T10:23:00.000-08:002011-11-17T10:25:54.912-08:00Center for CurrencyThis Blog is open to anyone and is not moderated. Please refrain from obscene language and personal attacks. The Center for Currency features articles, books, ideas, and videos about national currencies, local currencies, and private currencies. Thanks for participating.Keating Willcoxhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com


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Retired Air Force Col. Robert Sayles Brundage, 65, a veteran of World War II and a former vice president of the C.E.R. Geonuclear Corp. in Las Vegas, died Jan. 1 at a hospital in Carson City, Nev., after a heart attack.
Col. Brundage, who was born in Western Spring, Ill., grew up in Washington. He graduated from the old Central High School and American University. He later earned a degree in physics at the University of Texas.
He enlisted in the old Army Air Corps in 1942, became a pilot and was shot down over Germany during World War II. He was a prisoner of war in Germany. After the war, he was stationed at Andrews Air Force Base until his retirement in 1965.
In 1966, Col. Brundage moved to Las Vegas and joined C.E.R. He retired a second time in 1979 and moved to Carson City.
He was a member of the American Nuclear Society.
His marriage to Marjorie S. Brundage ended in divorce.
Survivors include his wife, Lisa, of Carson City; three daughters by his first marriage, Stephanie Brundage of Miami, Jennifer Wagner of Greenbelt, and Kimberley Brown of Washington; two sons by his first marriage, Geoffrey, of Gaithersburg, and Gregory, of Las Vegas; a son by his second marriage, Christopher, of Carson City; two sisters, Mary Jeannette Patterson of Alexandria, and Susan Gross of New York City, and seven grandchildren.
The family suggests that expressions of sympathy be in the form of contributions to the American Heart Association.


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42 inch Ceiling Fan Light with pull chain
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Original Research ARTICLE
Assessment of Potential Herb-Drug Interactions among Nigerian Adults with Type-2 Diabetes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, University College London School of Pharmacy, London, UK
It is becoming increasingly evident that patients with diabetes do not rely only on prescription drugs for their disease management. The use of herbal medicines is one of the self-management practices adopted by these patients, often without the knowledge of their healthcare practitioners. This study assessed the potential for pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions (HDIs) amongst Nigerian adult diabetic patients. This was done through a literature analysis of the pharmacokinetic profile of their herbal medicines and prescription drugs, based on information obtained from 112 patients with type-2 diabetes attending two secondary health care facilities in Nigeria. Fifty percent of the informants used herbal medicines alongside their prescription drugs. Worryingly, 60% of the patients taking herbal medicines did not know their identity, thus increasing the risk of unidentified HDIs. By comparing the pharmacokinetic profile of eight identified herbs taken by the patients for the management of diabetes against those of the prescription drugs, several scenarios of potential HDIs were identified and their clinical relevance is discussed. The lack of clinical predictors points toward cultural factors as the influence for herb use, making it more difficult to identify these patients and in turn monitor potential HDIs. In identifying these possible interactions, we have highlighted the need for healthcare professionals to promote a proactive monitoring of patients' use of herbal medicines.
Herbal medicines are becoming an increasing component of Western pharmacotherapy mostly due to the perception that "natural" means "safe" (Brantley et al., 2014). As a result, a large number of patients with diabetes use them alongside their prescription drugs in disease management (Argáez-López et al., 2003; Kumar et al., 2006; Hasan et al., 2009); with evidence suggesting a higher use amongst those with more severe diabetic conditions (Nahin et al., 2012). One reason for this might be because of the difficulty in attaining adequate glycaemic control in type-2 diabetic patients despite existing pharmacotherapy, due to the steady decline in beta cell function (Robertson et al., 2004). Poor glycaemic control increases the risk of diabetic related complications ensuing in more complex treatment plans which the patients have to deal with for a long time. This characteristic of the disease lends itself as a condition whose patients are likely to seek out alternative forms of treatment (Chang et al., 2007). Unfortunately, this high prevalence is accompanied by poor communication between patients and clinicians. In the US for instance, patients with diabetes were identified as the least likely to inform healthcare practitioners of their use of herbal medicines (Saydah and Eberhardt, 2006).
With the use of herbal medicine becoming more widespread, a lot of focus has been given to evaluating them for possible herb-drug interactions (HDIs), particularly pharmacokinetic interactions since pharmacodynamic interactions are often easier to identify and monitor. Efforts have also been made to collate existing information about herbal medicines as a guide to healthcare practitioners, and as a means of forestalling potentially clinically relevant HDIs (Ulbricht et al., 2008; Williamson et al., 2013). These resources are however lacking in information about medicinal plants used in African countries, despite its proportionately high frequency of use.
The implications of clinically relevant HDIs can have far-reaching effects for most African populations, such as Nigeria, with an inadequate healthcare system (Anyika, 2014). By anticipating potential toxicities or possible herb-drug interactions, clinically relevant HDIs with significant risks can be avoided. To address this issue, a fieldwork study to identify the herbal medicines used by diabetic patients in Nigeria in their disease management was carried out. The objective of the study was to assess the potential for pharmacokinetic HDIs amongst this "at risk" group based on available information about herbal medicines and the pharmacokinetic profile of the prescribed drugs used by the patients.
Research Design and Methods
Place of Study and Data Collection
A fieldwork study was conducted in August and September 2012 in the Pharmacy departments of two secondary health care facilities—the General hospital in Lagos Island and Central hospital in Benin City—two urban cities in the southern part of Nigeria. The study-including the proposed questionnaire to be administered—was approved by the ethics committee of UCL (Ethics Application 4124/001); and prior consent was also obtained from the ethics committee of both hospitals.
During the study period, every prescription that was identified as having one or more oral hypoglycaemic drugs during the "prescription assessment stage" was assigned to the interviewer for drug dispensing and counseling and possible inclusion of the patient in the study. Each patient was thereafter given a brief description of the study. However, only patients who gave their verbal consent to be asked additional questions relating to their use of herbal medicines, based on a semi-structured questionnaire were included. These questions were asked while drugs were being dispensed and medication counseling was given to the patients afterwards.
Information obtained from the questionnaire include demographic background of respondents including age and sex, information on the identity of the herbs and prescription drugs used (where available) either for diabetes or other co-morbidities as well as the monthly cost of prescription. Herbal medicines as described in this study include the following: supplements containing extracts of medicinal plants, un-standardized herbal preparations from herbalists, herbal preparations made by the patients themselves using plant parts purchased in herbal markets or collected from their own gardens.
No samples of herbal medicines were collected as part of the study. The identity of the herbal medicines used, were provided by the patients either as local names or its common name in English. Various literature sources were consulted to determine the botanical names of plants from their given local names. Verification of their local names were done by Mr. Ibrahim Muazzam, an ethnobotanist and staff of the department of medicinal plant research and traditional medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) and by staff of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) in Ibadan and assignment of the correct botanical names was done based on www.plantlist.org.
Assessment of the potential HDIs was done by analysing the prescription drugs and herbal medicines used by the patients against published information about any known pharmacokinetic effects to identify possible overlapping effects that might pose a risk.
Statistical Analyses
The descriptive and inferential statistics to determine measures of frequency and relationship between variables were carried out using IBM SPSS statistical package (version 22, IBM U.S.A.). Chi square test was used to test the association of herb use with patients' background characteristics, such as gender, age groups, presence of co-morbidities, and cost of monthly prescription. A significant relationship between variables was identified if p < 0.05.
Patients' Background Characteristics and Health Status
A total number of 112 patients with type-2 diabetes, 37 from Central hospital Benin-city and 75 from General hospital Lagos gave their consent and were interviewed for the study. A summary of the background characteristics of the interviewed patients is given in Table 1. Five age categories were created: < 30 years, 31–45 years, 46–60 years, 61–75 years, and >75 years. Most of the patients were aged between 61 and 75 years (50.9%), followed by those between 46 and 60 years (34.8%).
More than 70% of the patients had one or more chronic co-morbidity alongside their diabetes, the most common of which was hypertension. The other identified co-morbidities were arthritis, arteriosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia and neuropathy (Table 1). Fifty percent of the patients took herbal medicines alongside their prescription drugs either for diabetes, for one of the co-morbidities or for the management of diabetes-related side effects, such as erectile dysfunction. Fourteen patients had recently discontinued their use of herbal medicines. For those who gave reasons, three said it was "based on advice by their doctor," two said it was "due to perceived side effects," and one patient was "disappointed at its lack of efficacy."
Relationships between Variables and Predictors of Herbal Medicine Use
Approximately 50% of all patients used herbal medicines alongside their prescription drugs, and this percentage was the same for both males and females. Almost 60% of those who used herbal medicines were older patients aged between 61 and 75 years (Table 1). This is possibly because the highest number of patients with type-2 diabetes fell within that age group. As such, there was no statistically significant association between age and herb use (x2 = 1.555, df = 4, p = 0.817).
Given that the inherent characteristics of the individual (age and sex) were not a predictor of herb use, we hypothesized that the presence of one or more chronic co-morbidity as well as a high monthly prescription cost could be an incentive for patients to use herbal medicines as evidenced by the study carried out by Nahin et al. (2012). Although there were more herb users within the group of patients with two or more chronic co-morbid conditions than the group with only one or none at all, this relationship was not statistically significant (x2 = 3.041, df = 3, p = 0.385). For the monthly cost of prescription, a higher number of patients who spend less money for their drugs (<10,000 naira) used herbs than those who had to pay more, but this relationship was also not statistically significant (x2 = 4.643, df = 3, p = 0.2). Thus, the choice of herbal medicine use was independent of the presence of co-morbidities or the monthly cost of prescriptions.
In trying to understand the divergent relationship between number of co-morbidities and monthly cost of prescription with herb use, it was observed that the prescription cost was not necessarily dependent on the number of co-morbidities the patient was being treated for, but on the medications on the patient's prescription. For instance, a patient with only diabetes may have been prescribed gliclazide by his/her doctor, which is more expensive than other types of sulphonylureas. On the other hand, another patient having diabetes alongside other co-morbidities might be prescribed a cheaper sulphonylurea, such as glibenclamide as well as other non-expensive medications for their co-morbidities resulting in lower prescription costs. Thus, a patient with more co-morbidities may not necessarily have higher prescription costs. At the same time, based on the results of the study, patients with more drugs on their prescription due to co-morbidities or those with the need to spend more money on their prescription drugs were not more likely to use herbs than those without. As a result, the presence of diabetic complications wasn't identified as a predictor for herb use among patients with type-2 diabetes.
Pharmacological Management of the Patients
A summary of the drugs used in the pharmacological management of diabetes in the interviewed patients is given in Table 2. Eighty percent of the patients were prescribed more than one medication for their diabetes. This is in addition to the drugs prescribed for other existing co-morbidities. These results corroborate other studies that have shown inadequate blood glucose control with monotherapy in patients with type-2 diabetes. Thus, despite the lack of an association between the presence of co-morbidities or number of medications and the use of herbal medicines as expected, diabetic patients could still be high risk candidates for HDIs since they are likely to be on a multiple drug regimen of orally administered drugs.
Table 2. Tabular summary of the pharmacological management of the patients' based on their prescribed hypoglycaemic agents.
Less than 10% of the patients interviewed used insulin either singly or in combination with an oral hypoglycaemic agent for their diabetes management. This isn't surprising as despite the proven efficacy of insulin in blood glucose control, its level of compliance and/or acceptance amongst patients with type-2 diabetes is still low due to its relatively higher cost compared to oral hypoglycaemic drugs and unpreferred mode of administration. Additional factors which are unique to Nigeria and other developing countries include limited availability and unreliable storage facilities, given that constant power supply isn't guaranteed. Thus, despite the decreased risk of pharmacokinetic interactions with insulin, patients are still unlikely to use it as an alternative.
Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Profile of Herbal Medicines Used by Patients
Out of the 56 patients who admitted to using herbal medicines alongside prescription drugs for their disease management, < 40% were aware of their identity. For these patients, they either grew the herbs themselves in their gardens or they purchased them from herbal markets. The remaining 60% were unaware of the identity of the herbal medicine used, primarily because these were unlabeled preparations (often multi-component) given to them by herbalists, whose constituents were not disclosed. A number of patients however said they were not very interested in finding out the identity as long as the preparation was effective. They considered herbal medicines to be relatively "safe" compared to conventional medicines. For this cohort of patients, the risk of HDIs would be greater as they wouldn't be able to provide any information to their physicians/healthcare practitioners that can enable them provide appropriate advice with regards to its efficacy and/or safety.
Twelve medicinal plants were identified among the patients who knew the composition of the herbal medicines which they used for their disease management (Table 3). An extensive review of plants used in diabetes management in Nigeria, including information about their interactions with known pharmacokinetic parameters had previously been carried out by the authors (Ezuruike and Prieto, 2014); and this was used for the literature analysis. Camellia sinensis was the only plant mentioned by the patient which was not in the review. An independent literature search carried out for this did not however yield any published data on studies evaluating its possible interaction with known pharmacokinetic parameters.
Table 3. Tabular summary of the medicinal plants used by the patients and their pharmacokinetic profile.
For all of the 12 identified plants, pharmacological evidence validating their traditional use in diabetes management have been published. As shown in Table 3, eight of the identified plants have also been shown to interact with known pharmacokinetic parameters, with a potential to cause HDIs when co-administered with prescription medicines. In addition, three of the plants—Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Picralima nitida (Stapf) T. Durand and H. Durand, and Terminalia catappa L. have been known to cause specific organ toxicities in large doses (Table 3).
Assessment of Potential Herb-Drug Interactions
Table 4 gives a summary of the pharmacokinetic effects of the different drugs prescribed to the interviewed patients. In particular, the table highlights overlapping effects with some of the identified herbal medicines on enzymes and/or proteins that are common targets for drug interactions. This assessment shows that based on available information, all of the prescribed drugs may interact with one or more of 7 out of the 12 identified herbs (Table 4).
Table 4. Map of the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between the prescribed drugs and the herbal medicines used by the patients.
Concurrent use of Albemoschus esculentus (okro) with metformin is a case to highlight, given that the potential HDI is based on in vivo experimental evidence and because of the extensive use of the drug by diabetic patients. Although the experiment was carried out only with metformin, given that AE decreases intestinal absorption, it could also affect any other co-administered drug. Persea americana (Avocado) leaves, Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf), and Mangifera indica (mango) leaves interfere with the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump and/or cytochromes 1A2 and 3A4 and could subsequently affect any drugs dependent on these enzymes and/or transporter. In addition, it can be seen from the table that mango leaves have the potential to interact with almost all the drugs in the table, since every drug is either metabolized by CYP 3A4 or is a substrate for P-gp. Finally, ingestion of Ocimum gratissimum (scent) leaf, Picralima nitida (akuamma) plant, and/or Terminalia catappa (tropical almond) could enhance the adverse hepatic effects of pioglitazone and atorvastatin.
With the above information, a practical assessment of potential HDI is herein carried out for one of the interviewed respondents "X," a 41 year old lady who was taking the squeezed extract of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) regularly as well as an overnight decoction of Mangifera indica (MI) and had the following drugs on her prescription—Metformin 1 g twice daily, Glimepiride 4 mg daily, Lisinopril 2.5 mg daily, Atorvastatin 20 mg daily, and Aspirin 75 mg daily. A combination of the inhibitory effects of VA and MI on P-gp efflux activity as well as the ability of metformin to decrease P-gp expression (Kim et al., 2011), could bring about an overall increase in the plasma concentration of atorvastatin beyond the expected level, given that atorvastatin is a known P-gp substrate. Atorvastatin is however also dependent on CYP3A4 enzyme activity for metabolism to its active metabolite (Lennernäs, 2003). With significant CYP3A4 inhibition by MI, the clinical effect of atorvastatin would not be seen despite its high plasma concentration given that the metabolite is the pharmacologically active entity.
With this knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of her herbal medicines as highlighted in Table 3; and based on the information provided in Table 4, a recommendation to discontinue the use of MI would be provided for this patient in this case so as not to affect the therapeutic benefits of atorvastatin given that its metabolism is absolutely essential to its effect. On the other hand, there might not be a need to discontinue her use of VA unless its effect on P-gp is going to result in a significant increase in the plasma concentration of atorvastatin. For this, a dosage adjustment may then be required particularly where clear evidence of the medicinal plant has been shown.
The increased use of herbal medicines by patients alongside their prescription drugs has raised concerns for HDIs, which may be clinically relevant. By introducing a new and different approach to the results of our field study, we have carried out an investigation into the possible risks of pharmacokinetic HDIs amongst patients with diabetes in Nigeria; as well as a practical example with one patient of how such an assessment can be carried out given available information. One of the key findings of our study was that over 50% of diabetic patients in Nigeria use herbal medicines alongside their conventional drugs for their disease management, which highlights the large number of patients at risk of HDI and the need for such assessments. More worrying is that of this high number, more than 60% are unaware of the identity of the herbal medicines being taken which in turn highlights a complete ignorance of the risks of HDIs.
None of the observed variables—age, gender, cost of disease management, and presence of co-morbidities was identified as a predictor of herbal medicine use; and therefore could not be used as a means of easily identifying patients at risk of HDIs. Based on the study carried out by Nahin et al. (2012), we had expected an association between the number of co-morbidities (which directly relates to disease severity in the patient) and the use of herbal medicine. The absence of this, even though our study identified more users of herbal medicine amongst patients with two or more co-morbidities, could therefore attribute non-clinical factors as predictors of herb use.
Previous studies have indeed shown that the use of herbal medicines by an individual is very closely linked to his/her cultural health beliefs (van Andel and Westers, 2010). This is also directly related to one's perception about the health benefits of herbal medicines. A patient is therefore more likely to use herbal medicine if such practice is common in his/her family and if he/she is convinced of its efficacy. Thus, the sources of influence and people's personal opinion about herbal medicine could provide better prediction of herb use within a population. Given that these factors are not in themselves directly or clinically measurable, it further highlights the need for proactive approaches from healthcare practitioners to enhance increased communication with patients about their use of herbal medicines. One limitation to our study was the absence of information about non-clinical/cultural variables of the patients, such as educational background, demography, occupation and beliefs; as these would have enabled a better assessment of their influence on the use of herbal medicines.
An analysis of the drugs commonly prescribed to patients with diabetes show that most of these are substrates or modulators of known pharmacokinetic parameters commonly implicated in drug interactions. Studies have shown that the risk of harmful drug interactions increases with the number of drugs given to a patient (Fakeye et al., 2008). Similarly, the risk of HDIs is greatly increased for those patients taking herbal medicines who are on more than one prescription drug (Patsalos et al., 2002). The analysis done in Table 4 was only carried out for the drugs used by the patients for diabetes and diabetic-related co-morbidities. However, the complexities of potential drug interactions could increase further when one begins to consider medications for malaria or an antibiotic for an infection as well as multivitamins that diabetic patients may also be taking alongside.
We recently conducted an extensive review of medicinal plants used in diabetes management in Nigeria. One of the findings of the study was the paucity of information on investigations into pharmacokinetic interactions of commonly administered herbal medicines, compared to experiments validating its pharmacological activity (Ezuruike and Prieto, 2014). Given the high percentage of use, the complex composition of most herbal medicines and the chronic nature of the disease, there is a high risk of unidentified HDIs amongst patients with diabetes. This makes a case for the need for researchers to re-direct their focus into evaluating commonly used medicinal plants for both their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects.
We have also shown how a true assessment of the risk of HDIs can be possible with the knowledge of a patient's herbal medicine. Healthcare practitioners who are aware of their patients' use of herbal medicines and its identity can more easily monitor them for any possible interactions using available information, such as that presented in Tables 3, 4. In addition to the expectation of an enhanced therapeutic effect for herbal medicines which are being taken for the same indication as the prescription drug (increased hypoglycaemia as in the case of diabetes); one should also be on the lookout for any associated pharmacokinetic interactions. Such information could result in possible dose adjustments to accommodate the added benefit of the herbal medicine, or a complete withdrawal if harmful. This is even more important for HDIs involving the inhibition or induction of cytochrome enzymes which are required for drug conversions to the more active metabolites or the elimination of pharmacologically active compounds. Clinically relevant drug interactions have been identified between the anti-hypertensive drug losartan and grapefruit juice (GFJ), because of the inhibitory effects of GFJ on CYP 3A4 and the dependence of the former on CYP3A4 for conversion to its active metabolite E3174 (Zaidenstein et al., 2001).
It is important to mention here that the availability of reliable data is required to adequately determine the HDI liability of herbal medicines. As with the case of GFJ and losartan above, this was validated by evidence from the clinical study. However, data obtained in vitro is very often required to plan and undertake a robust clinical assessment. In addition, it has now been shown that given the availability of in vitro data, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation tools can be used as an alternative means for the quantitative prediction of HDIs without the need for clinical studies (Brantley et al., 2014; Gufford et al., 2015).
Unfortunately, the high percentage of users of unidentified herbal medicines due to non-disclosure by herbalists makes the task of therapeutic monitoring of herbal medicines difficult, an issue that is unlikely to be immediately tackled. This is because traditional medicine practitioners/herbalists who prepare the herbal preparations themselves insist that it is a "family secret" of which a disclosure will rob them of their business (Ogbera et al., 2010). They are therefore often rightly reticent to reveal all the ingredients of their remedies, because of the history of "bio-piracy" by companies seeking to patent and profit from their knowledge without sharing benefits (Willcox and Bodeker, 2010). This non-disclosure is a limitation to the integration of traditional medicine in conventional healthcare systems. For this reason, patients should be advised on the importance of knowing the identity of their herbal medicines especially as this would enable a proper identification of those with true therapeutic benefits.
Given the increasing prevalence of herbal medicine use alongside prescription medicines for disease management, this is the first time a study has been carried out specifically looking to identify potential HDIs amongst diabetic patients in Nigeria. We identified a high percentage (50%) of patients who use herbal medicines, and by so doing are exposed to a number of pharmacokinetic interactions. The lack of clinical predictors point toward non-measurable cultural factors influencing the use of herbal medicines by Nigerian adult diabetic patients. The identified pharmacokinetic HDIs are therefore highlighted here as a template for HDI assessment as well as to facilitate a more proactive monitoring by healthcare professionals.
Author Contributions
UE researched data and wrote the manuscript. JP contributed to the discussion and reviewed/edited the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
UE is grateful to the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK for the award of a DFID (Department for International Development) sponsored Award number NGCS-2010-306 and to the Rick Cannell trust for the award of a travel grant to carry out the study.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2016.00248
ALT, Alanine transaminase; AST, Aspartate transaminase; CYP, Cytochrome P450; GSH, Glutathione; GST, Glutathione-S-transferases; HDI, Herb-drug interactions; P-gp, P-glycoprotein.
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Khatun, H., Rahman, A., Biswas, M., and Islam, A. U. (2011). Water-soluble fraction of Abelmoschus esculentus L. interacts with glucose and metformin hydrochloride and alters their absorption kinetics after co-administration in rats. ISRN Pharm. 2011:260537. doi: 10.5402/2011/260537
Kim, H. G., Hien, T. T., Han, E. H., Hwang, Y. P., Choi, J. H., Kang, K. W., et al. (2011). Metformin inhibits P-glycoprotein expression via the NF-κB pathway and CRE transcriptional activity through AMPK activation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 162, 1096–1108. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01101.x
Kouitcheu Mabeku, L. B., Kouam, J., Paul, A., and Etoa, F. X. (2008). Phytochemical screening and toxicological profile of methanolic extract of Picralima nitida fruit-rind (Apocynaceae). Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 90, 815–828. doi: 10.1080/02772240701747556
Kumar, D., Bajaj, S., and Mehrotra, R. (2006). Knowledge, attitude and practice of complementary and alternative medicines for diabetes. Public Health 120, 705–711. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.04.010
Lennernäs, H. (2003). Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 42, 1141–1160. doi: 10.2165/00003088-200342130-00005
Lin, C.-C., Hsu, Y.-F., Lin, T.-C., and Hsu, H.-Y. (2001). Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of punicalagin and punicalin on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats. Phytother. Res. 15, 206–212. doi: 10.1002/ptr.816
Nahin, R. L., Byrd-Clark, D., Stussman, B. J., and Kalyanaramani, N. (2012). Disease severity is associated with the use of complementary medicine to treat or manage type-2 diabetes: data from the 2002 and 2007 National Health Interview Survey. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12:193. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-193
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Oga, E. F., Sekine, S., Shitara, Y., and Horie, T. (2012). P-glycoprotein mediated efflux in Caco-2 cell monolayers: the influence of herbals on digoxin transport. J. Ethnopharmacol. 144, 612–617. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.001
Ogbera, A., Dada, O., Adeleye, F., and Jewo, P. (2010). Complementary and alternative medicine use in diabetes mellitus. West Afr. J. Med. 29, 158–161. doi: 10.4314/wajm.v29i3.68213
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Ulbricht, C., Chao, W., Costa, D., Rusie-Seamon, E., Weissner, W., and Woods, J. (2008). Clinical evidence of herb-drug interactions: a systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration. Curr. Drug Metab. 9, 1063–1120. doi: 10.2174/138920008786927785
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Keywords: herb-drug interactions, diabetes, Nigeria
Citation: Ezuruike U and Prieto JM (2016) Assessment of Potential Herb-Drug Interactions among Nigerian Adults with Type-2 Diabetes. Front. Pharmacol. 7:248. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00248
Received: 03 March 2016; Accepted: 27 July 2016;
Published: 10 August 2016.
Edited by:Adolfo Andrade-Cetto, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico
Reviewed by:Thomas Efferth, University of Mainz, Germany
Daniel Shriner, National Human Genome Research Institute, USA
Copyright © 2016 Ezuruike and Prieto. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Jose M. Prieto, email@example.com


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A number of significant historical events have occurred in...
Johnny Mize (1913-1993)
A member of the Baseball Hall of Fame, first baseman Johnny Mize was one of the most prolific home run hitters in the game's history. Graceful at the plate, the 6-foot-2-inch Mize was immortalized as the "Big Cat."
John Robert "Johnny" Mize was born on January 7, 1913, in Demorest (in Habersham County). Piedmont College. Invited to join the team, Mize played his first college game when he was only fifteen. He broke into the majors on April 16, 1936, with the St. Louis Cardinals and soon became one of the most feared sluggers in the National League. As a Cardinal, he captured home run titles in 1939 (28) and 1940 (43). Later, as a member of the New York Giants, he won two additional home run crowns: fifty-one in 1947 (an honor he shared with Ralph Kiner of Pittsburgh) and forty in 1948.
Mize joined the American League's New York Yankees in 1949. As a pinch hitter and part-time first baseman, he helped lead the Yankees to five consecutive World Series titles (1949-1953). Mize retired after the 1953 campaign with 359 lifetime home runs; 2,011 hits; 1,337 runs batted in; and a .312 career batting average. In contrast to most sluggers, especially today's long ball artists, Mize rarely struck out, fanning only 524 times over the course of his career. On six occasions he hit three home runs in one game—a record. He was enshrined in the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1973 and the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1981.
After living for several years in Florida, Mize moved back to Demorest in 1974, settling in his old family home. He died there on June 2, 1993, and is buried in nearby Yonah Cemetery.
The Johnny Mize Athletic Center and Museum, located on the campus of Piedmont College, is named in his honor.
Media Gallery: Johnny Mize (1913-1993)
Further Reading
Arthur Daley, Kings of the Home Run (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1962).
Johnny Mize with Murray Kaufman, How to Hit (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1953).
George Plimpton, Out of My League (New York: Harper and Row, 1961).
Johnny Mize with Murray Kaufman, How to Hit (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1953).
George Plimpton, Out of My League (New York: Harper and Row, 1961).
Cite This ArticleHill, John P. "Johnny Mize (1913-1993)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. 09 December 2016. Web. 14 November 2018.
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By Kelly Pickerel Faith Technologies, in partnership with Schneider Electric, is engineering and building the largest, most advanced microgrid in the Midwest to power the Gordon Bubolz Nature Preserve using renewable energy. The new 18,000-square-foot, state-of-the-art environmental center is expected to be complete and open to the public in January 2018. Faith Technologies is partnering with The Boldt Company on the construction of the building.
The Gordon Bubolz Nature Preserve, located in Appleton, Wisconsin, is a 725-acre non-profit nature preserve that connects the community to nature for a healthier, stronger and more sustainable future. The microgrid will include photovoltaic solar, a hydrogen fuel cell,
Read Full Article Here
For more great articles: Solar Power World


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Tequila Mobile Case Study
Sell more. Manage better.
Tequila Planet for Android comes with a light-weight and easy to integrate SDK. The SDK enables developers not only to use Tequila Planet's effective IAP billing to sell virtual goods in 80+ countries worldwide but also to keep in touch with their users as their games get distributed across Tequila's network of traffic partners.
Developers can easily cross-sell users between their own games, configure "like us on Facebook" ads and keep in touch with players by posting messages directly in front of user eye-balls. As the Tequila Planet client is HTML5 based, it is a fully online experience which is 100% remotely managed. Developers can decide what do they want to display to their users and when.
Get discovered. Guaranteed.
Once integrated, the Tequila Planet enabled games will be marked "ready for sale" across the Tequila Planet Distribution Network which consists of major media customers, mobile portals, OEM partners and third party app stores. Tequila Mobile will push the games across all the stores and Developers will notice a massive increase in traffic and IAP revenues from day one of distribution.
More details at www.tequilaplanet.net
Campaign Summary
Google Maps partnered with a leading mobile gaming app for a native advertising campaign designed to drive brand awareness, engagement, and app downloads. A Google Maps-branded topic on the QuizUp app allowed users to compete against each other to answer geography questions which integrated Google Maps imagery. At the end of the game, users were prompted to download Google Maps. The campaign successfully created a non-disruptive mobile advertising solution.
Objective and Context:
The rapid rise of mobile apps and games has created unique opportunities for brands to effectively engage today's consumer. By forming partnerships with up-and-coming apps, brands become more relevant and able to speak with consumers on their terms. Google wanted to use these insights to get iOS users who did not have the Google Maps app to engage with its brand. Brand research showed that many people mistakenly believed they had the Google Maps app installed when they were actually using Apple Maps.
Target Audience:
The campaign's focus was on getting iOS users between the ages of 20 and 40 to engage with the Google Maps brand, specifically targeting high-consumption mobile users. The demographic targeting was broad because Google Maps is a product everyone can use, and mobile gamers have become synonymous with mobile users. Approximately 73 percent of the campaign's target audience plays online games at least once per month.
Creative Strategy:
Google built a partnership with Plain Vanilla, an app development company, to introduce a branded gaming element into the already-successful QuizUp gaming app. QuizUp — the fastest-growing game in App Store history — sees players from around the world face off in a series of themed quizzes. As QuizUp's first advertiser, Google created a branded quiz topic called "Earth from Above," which let users test their geography skills on mobile or tablet. This created an environment where users could be exposed to Google Maps imagery and features, with goals of driving awareness, brand engagement, and installs for Google Maps.
Overall Campaign Execution:
The entire campaign was executed in the mobile space; Google had never previously partnered with an app on an activation with this level of integration.
Mobile Execution:
A native integration created specifically for mobile, the "Earth from Above" quiz on QuizUp introduced 1,000 questions that prompted players to battle head-to-head in real time based on a clue given using Google Maps' satellite imagery. Players were challenged to quickly identify cities, geographic features, historical monuments, and popular landmarks from around the world. At the end of the game, users received a prompt to download the Google Maps app for iPhone or iPad.
By integrating content into the QuizUp game, Google could speak to consumers on their terms and at the right time. The gaming activation seamlessly demonstrated some of the features that make Google Maps unique, particularly on a mobile device.
Results (including context, evaluation, and market impact)
Google deemed the campaign a success with the following metrics from the first two weeks of the integration:
- More than 2.5 million games started
- More than 950,000 unique players
- A six- to seven-minute average session length, the equivalent of 2,604 days of brand engagement for Google Maps
- A 2.9 percent click-through rate for users who saw the call to action to download the Google Maps app


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10 Days of Whole30
Well guys, if you don't follow me on social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram) then you probably don't know that I'm doing Whole30. If you do follow me on social media, you're definitely aware because I've been talking about it nonstop. Sorry, not sorry.
For those of you who don't know what Whole30 is … here ya go. Whole30 is considered an elimination diet, so for 30 days, you pretty much cut out all the good stuff. Dairy, sugar, grains and alcohol. You can get more info on the Whole30 website and if you're going to do it, I HIGHLY recommend buying the book. It's vital.
I've been trying to eat dairy/sugar free since 2018 started but until Whole30, I had NO idea that there is literally sugar in everything. In my bacon, in my non-dairy creamer, in my TOMATO SAUCE! That was definitely hard to come to terms with as I emptied my fridge out before I started the program. Instead of being long-winded and telling you ALL the things and because I'm on Day 10, I'm going to give you ten things/tips I've learned in the first 10 days of Whole30.


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Field Sales Management software and Mobile Sales App
View live field sales activity. Eliminate call reports. Place orders from the field.
View live field sales activity. Eliminate call reports. Place orders from the field.
Skynamo mobile sales app tracks and analyses sales rep activities and provides sales history, stock, pricing, and promotion information, so reps cut admin and sell more.
2018 Top 10 Finalist in FNB Innovation Awards industry disruptor. Watch their video overview of Skynamo.
Skynamo is built for manufacturers, wholesalers and distributors across all industries – below are just a few examples.
Our mobile sales app for the food and beverage industry gives your reps the ability to provide you with vital data, in real-time, about what's happening in the field.
"We waste less time doing administration, and our internal expenses have decreased, because we use less stationery. We now have the picture and the pricing of the product visible on the tablet. Our sales representatives look more professional – they no longer enter a store with bulging folders and waste time searching through wads of paper for prices for any of our 900 line items."
Our mobile sales app gives your sales reps information on the top ordered products as well as products your customers have never ordered, these insights give them an edge over your competitors.
"Our sales force are loving the app. It has improved their selling ability when they're on the road, and I think they enjoy the advanced nature of the app."
Our mobile sales app enables your reps to place orders for products at multiple prices, including buy one get one free and further discounted rates.
"The app is a fantastic tool, but two features that have been complete game-changers for us are Skynamo Business Analytics which we use to draw insights and the integration with Pastel (our accounting software) to pull live stock levels, pricing and invoices from the field."
Skynamo Sales App features a product catalogue which enables sales reps to show their customers the latest stationery and supplies in an effective and impressive way.
"Skynamo has aided us to continuously share information between field sales reps and internal sales support staff and has reduced the amount of time spent doing paperwork."


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Office of Grants & Contracts Accounting May 2008. Activity Reporting Presentation. Activity Reporting Overview. The purpose of activity reporting is to provide documentation to support the salary disbursements (expenditures) and commitments made to Federal grants and contracts.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Inform covered employees when the Online Activity Reports are available for certification.
Ensure that the reports are electronically submitted to GCA by the stipulated due date.
Effort coordinator and employee need to resolve any significant variances between an employee's reported effort and their actual distribution of payroll charges by project.
Maintain adequate documentation for changes to an employee's salary distribution that will meet all audit requirements.
Inform GCA (Randy Trussell) if the Effort Coordinator changes.
1. Sponsored & University Projects
2. Cost Sharing
Hogan & Hartson LLP, Ernst & Young, SECA October 2004
~$566,000 determined to be unallowable
~$1.8 million set aside due to inadequate documentation
DHHS Office of Inspector General Audit Report, August 2004
Hogan & Hartson LLP, Ernst & Young, SECA October 2004
Hogan & Hartson LLP, Ernst & Young, SECA October 2004
We had a 100% return rate for activity reports last fiscal year
Contact Info:
Randy Trussell email@example.com
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text: In case you?�ve at any time labored with the object model or an entity partnership diagram, the labeled home graph product will appear to be common. my patients be worried about washing their hair as well regularly, but they really need to scrub it extra often!??Goh claims. and Instagram are seriously effective methods to attach, and because of t… Read More


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User Profile
Recent Activity
7 Local Things We Miss
Forgot about Hi-Fi Kenny. Also, the Lucky 13 Fishing Show and Ron Buchli's (sp?) sports columns in the L-T.
7 Local Things We Miss
1. Suburpia
2. UMS and Trucker's Union (when they were neighbors)
3. Trader and Trapper, the closest thing to a meat market near upper campus
4. Book Peddler.
George (the proprietor of the latter) always had a pipe in his mouth and WPR on the radio.
When I was in college, it was just off Water Street and his albums were 50 cents. I would buy an armful of good ones and sell them for a dollar each at Trucker's Union before they banned me!


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Empirical isochrones and relative ages for young stars, and the radiative-convective gap
Mayne, N.J.
Naylor, Tim
Littlefair, SP
Saunders, ES
Jeffries, RD
Date issued
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Oxford University Press (OUP) / Royal Astronomical Society
We have selected pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars in 12 groups of notional ages ranging from 1 to 35 Myr, using heterogeneous membership criteria. Using these members we have constructed empirical isochrones in V, V−I colour–magnitude diagrams. This allows us to identify clearly the gap between the radiative main sequence and the convective PMS (the R–C gap). We follow the evolution of this gap with age and show that it can be a useful age indicator for groups less than ≃15 Myr old. We also observe a reduction in absolute spreads about the sequences with age. Finally, the empirical isochrones allow us to place the groups in order of age, independently of theory. The youngest groups can be collated into three sets of similar ages. The youngest set is the ONC, NGC 6530 and IC 5146 (nominally 1 Myr); next Cep OB3b, NGC 2362, λ Ori and NGC 2264 (nominally 3 Myr); and finally σ Ori and IC 348 (nominally 4–5 Myr). This suggests Cep OB3b is younger than previously thought, and IC 348 older. For IC 348 the stellar rotation rate distribution and fraction of stars with discs imply a younger age than we derive. We suggest this is because of the absence of O-stars in this cluster, whose winds and/or ionizing radiation may be an important factor in the removal of discs in other clusters.
NJM is funded by a UK particle physics and astronomy research council (PPARC) studentship. The INT is operated on the island of La Palma by the Isaac Newton Group in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. This publication makes use of data products from the 2MASS, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. We would also like to thank S. Dahm and G. Herbig for the provision of extra data.
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Oxford University Press via the DOI in this record.
Vol. 375 (4), pp. 1220-1240