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1 USING INFRARED TEMPERATURE SENSORS TO STUDY TEMPERATURE CHANGES OF PVC DURING FLOW WITH THE INCORPORATION OF MELT ROTATION TECHNOLOGY Stacey Johnson and Brad Johnson Penn State Erie, The Behrend College Abstract Infrared temperature sensors were used to study the effect of mold rotation technology on the plastic melt temperature and shear-burning that commonly occurs with PVC. Inserts were designed and built so that areas of high shear could be introduced during flow through a runner, as well as provide for the incorporation of melt rotation technology. A DOE was used to investigate how factors such as melt temperature, residence time, injection rate, and packing rate affected the temperature at various points along the flow path. It was found that the use of melt rotation technology could allow more uniform temperatures after the point of rotation without causing a larger problem with shear-burning. molecular weight [1]. The other element in both the first and last term of the equation is the velocity vector which is directly controlled by the flow front area and injection flow rate during injection molding. For PVC, relatively large runners and low injection velocities are generally employed to minimize shear-heating [1]. The heat build-up from shear heating occurs just underneath the frozen layer as the plastic flows. The distribution of the velocity causes a high shear in this region which in-turn causes the temperature to increase. A schematic of these distributions is shown in Figure 1. Introduction The sensitivity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to degradation due the integrated thermal input during injection molding is well known by those in the industry. In addition to the time/temperature issues that can cause problems with some other thermoplastics, the sensitivity to shear-work is notable for PVC [1]. During injection molding, this shear-work or shear-heating can be introduced during plasticizing or injection. To minimize shear-heating, the use of low compression ratio screws is common for facilities that specialize in PVC molding. For flow in round runners in injection molds, the energy equation can be reduced to ρρĉ pp vv zz = kk 1 rr + rr ηη(ddvv zz dddd )2 where ρρ = dddddddddddddd, Ĉ pp = Heat Capacity, kk = ttheeeeeeeeee cccccccccccccccccccccccc, TT = temperature, ηη = Shear-rate dependant viscosity, vv = velocity vector, & rr = radial coordinate [2]. The first and last terms in the equation shows that higher viscosities and higher injection velocities will increase the amount of heat energy formed which could then lead to degradation. Additives, such as plasticizers, can ease the heat build-up for flexible PVC by lowering the viscosity. For rigid PVC, the viscosity can be lowered through the use of PVC homopolymer resins of relatively low Figure 1. Typical velocity, shear rate, and temperature distribution through a runner [3]. It is common for the temperature increase in these outer, high shear laminates to be more than 100 C hotter than the inner laminates that are under low shear [6]. A method to manage these hot laminates, primarily to help balance multi-cavity molds, is through the use of melt rotation technology [11]. Figure 2 shows how a level change can convert a side-to-side distribution into a topto-bottom distribution. Figure 2. Illustration of a basic melt rotation to convert a side-to-side shear distribution over to a top-to-bottom [3]. SPE ANTEC Indianapolis 2016 / 1901
2 Figure 3 shows melt rotation technology that will move the high shear outer layers to the middle of the crosssection. In addition to use in balancing runners, this type of rotation has been used to control filling patterns, shrinkage and warpage and, in some cases, improve weld line flexural strain by over 100% [4]. Figure 3. Illustration of a melt rotation configuration to move the high shear laminates from the outer layers to the inner layers [6]. This study will involve creating high-shear laminates on the top and bottom of a flow channel and then using melt rotation technology to turn those hot, high-shear laminates to the center of the flow channel. Because of the fountain flow which occurs during molding (see Figure 4), this hotter material will then come to the surface further downstream. This may be advantageous to get more uniform shrinkage across a part, reduce hesitation in thin areas, or improve weld lines. Materials & Equipment For this study, a clear, high flow grade of rigid PVC was used. A clear grade was desirable in order to be able to see shear-burning and thermal degradation when it occurred. There is also some evidence that less opacity also allows deeper penetration of the IR temperature measurement [8], which should help pick up shear-heating effects. An overall flow length of over 800 mm dictated that a low flow grade be used so that the molding machine did not become pressure-limited during any of the trials. The parts were all molded in a 125 kn clamp molding machine with a 25 mm diameter general-purpose screw with a 34 cm 3 shot capacity, 235 MPa maximum injection pressure, and 245 cm 3 /sec maximum injection flow rate. The machine had closed loop injection velocity control and the ability to use an external signal for V/P (velocity to pressure control) transfer. All in-mold sensor signals were read by an external data collection system which sent a signal to the molding machine for V/P transfer. An existing mold was retrofitted with inserts to make what amounts to an 830 mm long, 5 mm square runner attached to a 115 mm long standard sprue with a 4.8 mm O dimension. It is actually a trapezoidal runner due to the 2 draft angle on the sides for ejection purposes. There are three inserted areas in the layout that is shown in Figure 5. The two high shear areas ( A & C ) are insertable for different thickness that have the same 5 mm width. In addition to being able to run the same 5 mm thickness as the rest of the runner, these areas could be inserted to run with a 2 mm thick or 3 mm thick flow channel. The 2 or 3 mm thickness would extend for 60 mm and then taper for 20 mm on each end back to the 5 mm thick section. Figure 4. Illustration of fountain flow, where the inner laminates flow perpendicular to the flow direction once they reach the flow front. Infrared (IR) temperature measurement was used to obtain the temperature of the plastic during fill. IR temperature sensors have been shown to be capable of measuring subsurface temperature and give an indication of bulk temperature during fill [8]. How deeply the plastic penetrates the surface depends on the material characteristics and the temperature profile through the cross-section of the melt [9, 10]. A value of 7 mm for the penetration depth of PVC has been published [10]. This is deeper than the flow channel used in this study. Sprue Figure 5. Schematic of runner layout showing location of inserts and sensors. SPE ANTEC Indianapolis 2016 / 1902
3 pressure sensors were 4 mm diameter, flush mounted with the cavity surface, and could be installed in any of the 4 positions shown in Figure 5. Figure 6. Moldflow images of the shear rate in the 5 mm thick (left) cross-section and the 2 mm thick (right) crosssection at a flow rate of 40 cm 3 /sec. For both thicknesses the dark blue is zero shear. For the 5 mm thickness the dark red is a shear rate of 2500 sec -1 and for the 2 mm thickness the dark red is sec -1. Figure 6 shows how the thinner inserts would increase the shear in areas A and C in Figure 5. These areas were intended to make the highest temperature occur on the top and bottom of the runner. Two types of sensors were used and placed in positions 1 thru 4 (shown in Figure 5) for different parts of this study, infrared temperature sensors and piezoelectric cavity pressure sensors. The temperature sensors had an infrared detection method using optical fiber and had an 8 ms response time. Both the temperature sensors and the Figure 6. Schematic showing the position of the high shear laminates when flowing from position a to position d for a 0 (straight) angle and a 45 angle in the melt rotation insert. The insert area B shown in Figure 5 is where the adjustable melt rotation insert was installed. As the melt entered and exited the insert there were level changes similar to Figure 2 that would rotate the melt 90. In the center of area B, the melt could rotate the high shear laminates from the outside to the center of the flow crosssection if angled 45 as shown in Figure 3. For this study the angle was either at 45 or 0 (straight) as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 also shows how the melt was rotated. At position a, the high shear laminates were top and bottom after going through the high shear area A and ended up in the same orientation at position d if the 0 (straight) angle was employed or horizontally between the top and bottom at position d if the 45 angle was used. Experimental Procedure Three studies will be discussed. They will be referred to as the pre-doe study, the DOE, and the post-doe study. The pre-doe study was done to confirm that the melt rotation was being achieved as anticipated by purposely shear-burning the PVC and visually observing where the burnt high shear laminates were rotated to. For the pre- DOE there were temperature sensors at positions 1 & 2 and no cavity pressure sensors. The flow was stopped at the end of the second high shear area for the pre-doe. For the DOE, the temperature sensors were in positions 1 & 3 and there were cavity pressure transducers in positions 2 & 4. The post-doe study was done to further investigate the most interesting findings of the DOE. In the post-doe, the cavity pressure sensor in position 2 was replaced with a temperature sensor. A 16-run Placket-Burman, resolution IV design of experiments (DOE) was carried out to investigate the effect of several factors on the temperature change through the runner. The effect of these factors on pressure drop in the runner was also looked at. A list of the factors and the levels used for each run is shown in Table 1. The factors were chosen that were thought to have an effect on the melt temperature or degradation due to viscous flow. Some preexperimenting with the factors was done to find levels that didn t create too much degradation. The high level of barrel temperatures (200 C) was where the material started to show a slight yellow tint due to thermal degradation in the barrel. The combination of the low level of shear thickness (2 mm), which had the highest shear rate, and the fastest flow rates (20 cm 3 /sec) were the only runs which had a slight amount of injection shear-burning. The cycle time was run at either 60 seconds or 90 seconds in order to compare the effect of different residence times in the barrel. SPE ANTEC Indianapolis 2016 / 1903
4 Table 1. DOE factors, factor levels and runs. Table 2. Constant molding conditions for all studies. Parameter Setpoint Mold Cooling 90 C Water Temperature Shot Size 32 cm 3 Screw Speed 100 RPM Back Pressure 0.2 MPa Hold Pressure 0 Hold Time 1 sec Results The pre-doe did confirm that the melt was being rotated as anticipated. Figure 7 shows the shear-burn that occurred at the two different rotations of the adjustable insert and figure 8 shows the burnt layer that was rotated to the center of the melt stream using the 45 rotation. The injection rate was changed to look at the effect of different shear rates. The peak temperatures typically occurred at the transfer from the fast injection rate to the slow pack rate when the runner was almost full. The part was then packed to a set cavity pressure at sensor location 4. The pack rate, velocity switch (between injection and pack) position, and transfer cavity pressure were all included as sensitivity checks but were not believed to be significant prior to the DOE. The last factor, the 0 and 45 angles of the melt rotation insert insert, was the main comparison of interest in this study. For the DOE and post-doe studies, the process that was used was basically that of a 3-stage set-up with cavity pressure transfer where most of fill is accomplished with a relatively fast injection speed which is then transferred to a slow pack speed just prior to the cavity being filled. Previous studies [5,7] have shown that using a sensor at the last place to fill gives very repeatable parts when using this process and using cavity pressure V/P transfer. The pre- DOE did not include a cavity pressure sensor, so V/P transfer was done via screw position. Table 2 shows some of the other process parameters that were held constant for all studies. Figure 7. Shear-burning pattern for the 0 and 45 rotations at an injection rate of 49 cm 3 /sec. Figure 8. Shear-burning horizontally in the center of the flow resulting from the 45 rotation at 49 cm 3 /sec. Data was collected for three different flow rates during the pre-doe: 37, 49, & 61 cm 3 /sec. Figure 9 shows graphs of the temperature at positions 1 and 2 for a flow rate of 49 cm 3 /sec. It can be seen that the position 1 curve was close to the same for both angles of the melt rotation insert, whereas the temperature did not rise as high at position 2 when the 45 angle was employed in the adjustable insert. The difference in the peak temperatures for all three flow rates at both positions is shown in Figure 10. It can be seen that the temperatures increase with flow rate and that the temperature at position 2 is significantly lower when the 45 angle was used. Also of note was the fact that there were shear-burn streaks present at both position 1 SPE ANTEC Indianapolis 2016 / 1904
5 and position 2 for both of the two higher flow rates in Figure 10, but not at the lower flow rate. inserts then, continues to rise until the injection velocity is transferred to a slower pack velocity. Figure 11 shows that the rate of this temperature rise was directly proportional to the injection rate. inserts Figure 9. Graphs contrasting position 1 & 2 temperature for the pre-doe study. Figure 11. Graph showing temperature rise at position 1 for the pre-doe study. The data was overlaid so that the arrival of the melt at the sensor occurred at 0.93 seconds on the x-axis. The estimated effects of the factors used in the DOE on the difference in peak temperature between the end of fill (position 3 ) and before the melt was rotated (position 1 ) are shown in Figure 12. It can be seen that the injection rate (H), melt rotation insert angle (D), and high shear area thickness (B) had the most significant effect on the temperature difference. The average of the difference at the slower injection rate (10 cm 3 /sec) caused about 8 C more temperature difference than the higher injection rate (20 cm 3 /sec), the 45 melt rotation insert angle caused about a 4 C higher temperature difference than the straight inserts, and the 2 mm thick high shear areas caused about a 4 C higher temperature difference than the 3 mm thick. The other factors and interactions (blue bars in Figure 12) were not significant enough to warrant mention here. Figure 10. Graphs showing 95% confidence intervals of peak temperatures for the pre-doe study. In Figure 9, it can also be seen that the temperature rises sharply when the flow front gets to the sensor and, Figure 12. Estimated effect of the DOE factors and interactions on the peak temperature at position 3 minus the peak temperature at position 1. SPE ANTEC Indianapolis 2016 / 1905
6 The other response that was looked at for the DOE was the pressure drop between position 2, just after the melt rotation was completed, and position 4 at the very end of the flow path. Figure 13 shows an example of the pressure curves from run 1 of the DOE. The pressure drop is the difference in the peaks of the two curves and occurred at the transfer from the controlled pack rate to the hold pressure (set at 0). The estimated effects on the pressure drop are shown in Figure 14. Figure 13. Cavity pressure curves for run 1 of the DOE. It can be seen in Figure 14 that the transfer pressure (K), the high shear area thickness (B), the injection rate (H), the velocity switch position (N), and the pack rate (M) were all significant to the pressure drop. A higher pressure drop was obtained when the 26 MPA transfer cavity pressure, the 2 mm high shear area thickness, the 10 cm 3 /sec injection rate, the 2% left to fill transfer, and the 1.5 cm 3 /sec pack rate were used. It is important to note that the melt rotation insert angle (D) had no effect on pressure drop. that did not show the yellow tint. The other DOE factors were also held constant for this study with the 3 mm thickness in shear area A, the 2 mm thickness in shear area B, the 60 second cycle time, the 26 MPa transfer pressure, the 1.5 cm 3 /second pack rate, and transferring to hold when the runner was about 5% from being full. For the post-doe study, four different flow rates were run with each of the two melt rotation insert angles. The peak temperature was found at each position for each combination of injection flow rate and melt rotation insert angle and is shown in Figure 15. It can be seen that the temperatures prior to the rotation were the same regardless of the melt rotation insert angle. Also, the temperature at the end of fill only changed about 4 C when increasing the injection rate from 10 to 60 cm 3 /second when the angle was at 0. The major observation with this graph is that when the 45 angle was used, the peak temperature at the two positions after the melt rotation, 2 and 3, were much closer than when the 0 angle was used. The temperature was 6 to 9 C lower at position 2 and 3 to 10 C higher at position 3 when the 45 melt rotation insert angle was used. Visually, for the post-doe study, minor shear burning was not observed until the 30 cm 3 /second injection rate. The shear-burns that were observed barely reached sensor position 1 at the 60 cm 3 /second injection rate. Figure 15. Graph showing 95% confidence intervals of peak temperatures for the post-doe study. Solid lines are the 0 melt rotation insert angle and dashed lines the 45 melt rotation insert angle. Figure 14. Estimated effect of the DOE factors and interactions on the pressure drop after melt rotation. The post-doe study was run to investigate the temperature change between positions 1, 2, and 3 for each of the two melt rotation insert angles. The barrel temperature was the only other significant factor and was held constant at the low level of 190 C for this study since Discussion of Results When looking at the data generated with the pre-doe, DOE, and post-doe, changing the melt rotation definitely caused changes to the temperature of the plastic. The first difference that was seen in the results was the substantial lowering of the temperature at position 2 when the high shear laminates were rotated to the center of the cross- SPE ANTEC Indianapolis 2016 / 1906
7 section. This is shown graphically in Figures 10 and 15. This difference is most likely due to the fact that as the high shear laminates were rotated to the center, the low shear laminates were rotated to the outside and were not as hot since position 2 is located only 20 mm after the last rotation. The IR sensor will pick up subsurface radiation, but this result appears to indicate that the penetration depth is less than half the thickness of the flow channel (2.5 mm) or that the portion of the intensity emitted from the center layers do not affect the temperature signal as much as the outer layers. This can be contrasted to the post-doe results shown in Figure 15. For this study, the temperature was higher at position 3 (end of fill) for the runs made with the high shear laminates rotated to the center. This difference is most likely due to the fact that the hotter, high shear laminates that were rotated to the center are what come to the surface after the flow front gets far enough from the point of rotation because of fountain flow. The combined effects of the cooler plastic at position 2 and the warmer plastic at position 3 made the temperature change two to three times less when the high shear laminates were rotated to the center of the flow channel. If this reduced temperature difference across a length of flow can be achieved in a plastic part, it could lead to reduced shrinkage variation across the part. The fact that the pressure drop was not affected by the different melt rotations was somewhat surprising. Prior to the experiment, it was hypothesized that the pressure drop may be higher when the high and low shear laminates were switched using the 45 melt rotation insert because the lower temperature, non-oriented laminates would cause a higher viscosity for some distance after the rotation in the new high shear laminates. It appears that this theory is not valid or that something such as the higher temperature in the center counter-acted this effect. Additional sensors between positions 2 and 3 would be needed to further investigate the pressure drop, as well as the temperature change along the flow path. The gradual temperature rise shown in Figure 11, after the melt front passed the sensor, is thought to be the result of shear-heating. The highest shear is beneath the surface and the IR sensors appear to pick up some of this temperature change. This rise continued until the injection velocity was switched to the lower pack speed. As an aside, when this mold was originally run in a machine that didn t have enough injection pressure available, the temperature would stop rising as soon as the pressure limit was hit and the velocity slowed down. Figure 11 shows that this would be expected based on the energy equation in that, as the velocity increased, the energy put into the plastic was higher as evidenced by the higher temperature. The visual examination of the shear burns revealed that when the temperature reached around C there would be shear-burning just under the surface. It should be noted that the 49 and 61 cm 3 /second samples shown in Figure 10 all show shear-burning at both positions 1 and 2 and that the temperature was as low as 234 C with the 49 cm 3 /second sample molded with the 45 flipper. However, the burn at position 2 was in the center of the runner because of the rotation and not in the layers under the surface. Conclusions For the material, geometry, and process set-up conditions used in these studies, the following conclusions can be made. 1. The measured temperature was lowered as much as 9 C directly after rotating the high shear laminates to the center of the flow cross-section and the inner laminates to the outside. 2. The measured temperature was raised as much as 10 C at the end of the flow channel when the high shear laminates were rotated to the center of the flow cross-section and the inner laminates to the outside. 3. Shear-burning was evident under the surface at the sensor location when the measured temperature reached approximately C. 4. Injection flow rate, the angle of the melt rotation insert, and the thickness in the high shear areas all had a significant effect on the temperature difference between the sensor before the melt was rotated and the end of fill. 5. In-cavity v/p transfer pressure, the thickness of the high shear areas, the injection rate, the velocity switch position, and the pack rate were all significant to the pressure drop from the sensor position directly after the melt rotation to the end of fill. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Bohler-Uddeholm Corporation for the donation of stainless steel to make the mold inserts, PolyOne Corporation for the donation of the PVC used in this study, Futaba Corporation for the infrared temperature sensors and calibration equipment, and Beaumont Technologies for designing the melt rotation geometry with patented MeltFlipperTM technology [11]. References 1. Titow, W. (1984). Injection Moulding of PVC. In PVC technology (4th ed., p. 724). London: Elsevier Applied Science. SPE ANTEC Indianapolis 2016 / 1907
8 2. Bird, R. (1977). Material Functions for Polymeric Fluids. In Dynamics of polymeric liquids (Vol. 1, p. 247). New York, New York: Wiley. 3. K.R. Slye, J.P. Coulter, B. Bekisli, and T.J. Skiba, SPE-ANTEC Tech. Papers, 57, (2011). 4. J. Beaumont, C. Stewart, M. Ezzo, SPE-ANTEC Tech. Papers, 51, (2005). 5. B.G. Johnson, and G.A. Horsemanko, SPE-ANTEC Tech. Papers, 47, 445 (2001). 6. Beaumont, J. (2007). Runner and gating design handbook: Tools for successful injection molding (2nd ed.). Munich: Hanser. 7. B. Johnson, Determining Which In-Mold Sensors Should Be Used For V/P Transfer During Injection Molding For Three Different Injection Strategies, SPE-ANTEC Chicago, IL, USA May, [On-Line], Available: 8. G.-Y. Lai and J.X. Rietveld, Role of Polymer Transparency and Temperature Gradients in the Quantitative Measurement of Process Stream Temperatures During Injection Molding via IR Pyrometry, Polymer Engineering and Science, 36, 13, (1996). 9. C. Maier, Infrared Temperature Measurement of Polymers, Polymer Engineering and Science, 36, 11, (1996). 10. W. Obendrauf, G.R. Langecker, W. Friessenbichler, Temperature Measuring in Plastics Processing with Infrared Radiation Thermometers, International Polymer Processing XIII, 1, (1998). 11. John P. Beaumont, Adjustable Melt Rotation Positioning and Method. U.S. Patent 7,780,895, issued August 24, SPE ANTEC Indianapolis 2016 / 1908
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Load-bearing panels and functional aesthetics help personal care company upgrade facility
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Data center trends: green design, technology upgrades
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Accelerate Live! talk: A case for Big Data in construction, Graham Cranston, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger
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Accelerate Live! talk: Applying machine learning to building design, Daniel Davis, WeWork
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Intravitreal corticosteroids for persisting cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery
(results will display both Free Papers & Poster)
Session Details
Session Title: Presented Poster Session: Cataract Surgery Complications and Management
Session Date/Time: Saturday 05/09/2015 | 09:30-10:50
Paper Time: 10:30
Venue: Poster Village: Pod 1
First Author: : I.Casal PORTUGAL
Co Author(s): : M. Furtado M. Macedo M. Gomes M. Lume A. Meireles P. Meneres
Abstract Details
Cystoid macular edema (CME) is a major cause of visual loss after intraocular surgery. Surgery-induced inflammation is mediated by prostaglandins and cytokines. Standard treatment of CME includes topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID) alone or in combination with steroids. Intravitreal steroids injections are usually used in refractory cases. Our purpose is to analyze refractory cases of CME, assess the main risk factors for this condition and treatment response.
Centro Hospitalar do Porto in Porto, Portugal
Retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent intravitreal injections of steroids to treat refractory CME after cataract surgery, in our department, between July/2012 and February/2015. CME was classified as acute, with onset up to 2 months after surgery and chronic , with onset 2 months after surgery. We evaluated systemic and ocular medical history; initial visual acuity(VA) and foveal thickness(FT) measured by optical coherence tomography(OCT); topical treatment performed, type of intravitreal corticosteroid used(intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection-ITAI or dexamethasone implant–OZURDEX®), and number of injections required;adverse reactions; final VA and FT at the end of follow-up. Patients without follow-up were excluded.
12 eyes were included, mean age at diagnose was 67,5 years and 60% were males. Two patients had Rheumatoid Arthritis; 1 had Crohn disease(no known uveitis history);1 had a prior vitrectomy for retinal detachment, 2 with glaucoma under topical prostaglandin and 1 with known past recurrent anterior uveitis. All surgeries were uncomplicated, and CME was acute in 66,6%. Mean initial VA was 0,39(decimal scale) and mean FT 478,2 µm. 8 eyes were treated with ITAI alone and 4 eyes with ITAI followed by OZURDEX®, with a mean of 1,67 injections per patient. The mean final VA was 0,58 and mean FT was 312,5 µm. Increased intra-ocular pressure was found in 2 eyes.
Pseudophakic CME is the most common cause of early unexpected visual loss after cataract surgery. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and history of uveitis, use of prostaglandin analogs and systemic inflammatory/auto immune condition appear to increase risk for CME. There was an association between systemic inflammatory/auto imune disease and the largest number of injections required. In this group we can see an improvement in VA and a significant reduction of mean foveal thickness, with few adverse effects. Intravitreal corticosteroids appear to be an effective second-line treatment in these patients, after failure of topical treatment.
Financial Interest:


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Vixen Chat: Ashley Everett on Dancing With Beyonce and Lessons The Superstar Taught Her
What's the hardest part in keeping up with Beyonce?
She's definitely a hard worker and that forces us to work hard. All that woman knows is work.
Do you ever sleep?
Not really. sleep is definitely a blessing.
How has she changed since she's had Blue Ivy?
Now she has had the baby her priorities are different. She wants to spend more time with her family, because she used to not take days off. But she still works so hard. Even on tour in Europe, we'd have shoots for a video or a song she wanted to release. Nothing has really come out yet, but we've been doing shoots and re-shoots for music videos. We're always doing something.
How was it working with Beyonce when she was pregnant?
When she was pregnant, she was trying to keep it a secret but [we knew]. Everybody had a clue and when she revealed it we were all like "yay!"
Do you guys get to hang with her?
Yes, she hangs out backstage and runs around at rehearsal, she's just adorable.
How far in advance do you have to learn the dances.
Every process is different. Sometimes we know exactly what we need to learn and we have a day or two [to perfect it]. But most times they're creating it as we're learning, so we don't know what it's going to be and that process could be weeks. We worked on the new song "Standing on the Sun" for weeks but we're still changing things til' this day. We worked on "Single ladies" for three weeks trying to master it before the video shoot.
Did you ever think "Single Ladies" would be as big as it became?
No, absolutely not. I had no idea, I was just going along and I don't even think she knew it was going to be as big as it was.
Does it ever become surreal that you're working with Beyonce?
People ask me that all the time. She's still a human being, still a person, she has a heart, emotions, and she's cool. She's actually become like a big sister to me. Of course it's surreal in the sense that she's one of the biggest superstars that we have out right now. But I've gotten to know her; to me she's my boss.
What's your favorite video you've done?
"Single Ladies" is a favorite because it was so major and it did so well. I really like "Ego", but what's your favorite?
My favorite is "Run The World". I watched the documentary, and my hat goes out to you guys because I couldn't imitate it. I can imitate "Single Ladies" and "Get Me Bodied", but "Run The World" is difficult.
It was a long process, it was a three day shoot.
How long did it take you to learn the dance?
That's another one that it was like a workshop for weeks. Kimmie and I are usually there for the creative process with the choreographer. We workshop it, try it out, show it to her. If she likes it, she likes it, if she doesn't she's like "ehh, try something else" and then we keep doing that.
Was that the hardest dance to learn?
There's different levels of hardness. We have choreography that could be hard and situations that could be hard. It was hard to dance in the sand for "Run The World". The H&M commercial was hard because of all of the different elements.
Yes it looks all pretty and fun, but it was hell on that set! We had sand in every crevice you could think of in our body, our ears, our eyeballs, in my hair for weeks. It was a mess and we had four different elements to shoot. We had earth, which was the sand. For water, we were in the salt water and it was in our eyes. We had wind, and the wind felt like we were about to get blown off a cliff. Then you had fire, and fire's just fire of course.
And you had to make it look effortless and beautiful at the same time.
Of course but meanwhile, nobody knows that it was painful and hard.
How do you remember all the performances?
You definitely need a good memory after all these years. We rehearse a lot but we do make mistakes, maybe we just cover them up well. Every night while on tour, we get the show after we do it. We watch it and we correct ourselves, fix our spacing and fix our arms, or whatever needs to be fixed. Beyonce does the same thing.
Photo Credit: Joe Wesley


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DARLINGTON, S.C. (AP) — Authorities say three people have been killed and eight injured after a SUV ran off the side of a road into a ditch in South Carolina.
Highway Patrol Lance Cpl. Judd Jones says all 11 people inside the vehicle were ejected in the wreck around 10 p.m. on a two-lane road in Darlington County.
Jones says the driver was among the dead and no one was wearing a seat belt. He says the eight people injured were taken to the hospital, but he did not have their conditions.
Jones says the 2003 Chevrolet Trailblazer ran off the right side of the road and overturned. He says the cause of the wreck is under investigation.
The coroner's office has not released details about the people who died.


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This morning I met a kid named Steven--met is probably the wrong word; I was walking
across the cul-de-sac in the direction of the mailbox when he popped up from behind a
bush, jerked around and rolled into me in a way that Im convinced actually defied
gravity and several other physical constants. I had seen seizures before, and I was pretty
sure that what I was looking at was something different entirely. After I had force fed
him a few cups of coffee, a Valium and some Kava root, he managed to piece together enough
coherent English to explain that the problem was his birthday. He had begged for a
Playstation for years, and this year his carefully planned platform of whining had finally
paid off. Except that--typical of parents who resort to the bottom line when they have no
operating paradigm--his "loving" folks had decided that the $10 "Spec
Ops" game was a bargain, and probably violent enough to satisfy little Steve. Well, I
found out later from his mother that within minutes of playing this game, the once
balanced child had become the drooling kamikaze attack beast that had tried to roll me
over in the street. Sad really. I sent him home with a beat-up old copy of Twisted Metal
II, and word is that he is improving--slowly, but surely.
It had taken what I have to admit is a more than reasonable amount of time to get around to writing this review. It isnt that Ive been overly busy of late, its just that I have a pathological fear of reliving the game enough to talk about it. But, after several counseling sessions, a pint of Wild Turkey, and a week and a half of guilt debt, I still would rather do anything else. My counselor, however, advises that the only way to get over this is to face it. Plus, Shawn said I had to. So here goes:
We all remember George Bushs 1988 Republican Convention line about "No New Taxes" shortly before he ushered in the biggest Republican tax hikes of the 80s; a lot of us probably remember when Menudo was billed as the "next big thing" months before they disappeared into thrift store obscurity alongside H. R. Puff n Stuff records and live Styx 8-tracks; and probably most of us have seen nuclear arms proliferation referred to in print as "peace insurance". The point is, self-promotion is notoriously unreliable, and in the case of "Special Ops: Covert Patrol" it is probably illegal. The press release starts off by explaining that "all the intense 3-D action, time pressure, and realistic combat will keep you beggin' for more!" and continues on the same self-deluded strain of fantasy for half a page. The only legitimate pieces of info on the sheet are the realease date (May) and the fact that it is Dual Shock compatible. Otherwise, its claims of "realism", "depth", "variety" etc. must have been mixed up at shipping with some completely different game. Somewhere there is a good game with a sheet explaining how whatever game it ended up in is just a miserable excuse to trick kids and parents into forking out a seemingly sure $10 for an unreturnable CD.
Anyway, before I get too off-track I guess I might as well talk about the "game" itself. Shudder...
You take control of a pair of Army Rangers (you can choose between five fairly similar options--Machine Gunner, Grenadier, Sniper, Close Combat, and Rifleman), and drop them into a series of roughly drawn environments (jungle, desert, forest, and arctic) where their ungainly movements will get them killed in a matter of seconds. On the drop ship you have the ability to select between a variety of weapons and items, although the lack of an on-line info system makes the decision more whimsical and arbitrary than one would hope actual Rangers employ. Besides which, it really makes no difference what weapons you take, since the AI refuses to make logical distinctions between them anyway. As soon as the red targeting box lights on one of nearly impossible to see enemies, any machine gun can bring them down from hundreds of yards away--try to get close to them however, and youll need to empty two clips before a bullet magically makes that five foot trip into their stomach. You might think this has something to do with a stealth algorithm or some advanced tactical interface--but no...rolling and crouching have never looked less natural and been less effective. You cant hide behind trees because the AI refuses to map them as obstacles to enemy fire. Night vision goggles help a little bit, but by the time you locate all the enemies around you (remember trees offer no protection) some invisible enemy from miles away has drilled you full of holes. Some of the other items are sort of neat--trip wires and land mines particularly, but rarely seem to work in any way that can be considered predictable.
Perhaps the only really interesting part of this mess of a game is the two-player feature, which lets you switch between two different Rangers in order to have them working on different objectives. However, since the objectives are often vague and overly wacky, its hard to know what to do with even one of your guys. Usually the other Ranger just ends up taking over when the first one dies, only to be shot down seconds later.
Have I mentioned that the game is ugly? Everything about it screams first generation, or PC Freeware from ten years ago. The characters are blocky, ugly, stitled and several times better than the backgrounds. The selectable map is probably the best looking thing on here. Or else the cover art.
Im not going to bother going into any more detail than that because my advice is "DONT BUY THIS GAME, EVEN FOR FREE". It really will drive you insane, or at least piss you off. Its one thing to play a rough looking, mildly enjoyable "cheapie"; its an entirely different thing to play a piece of software with laws of causality that would stupify a soap-opera writer or a veteran lab hamster. In fact, randomly cruel animal testing is the best analogy I can think of for playing this game--if Pavlov had lost all short-term memory and operant consistency, but retained his basic sadistic streak he may well have programmed this game. Dont do it. Just dont. If Take 2 wants to make their $10 line of games marketable, they are going to have to provide at least ten dollars worth of game, especially considering that scores of certifiably good games are available at twice the price.
As for Steven, lets just hope that Take 2 gets it together before the next gift-giving holiday...


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Pre-Sale of the OUKITEL K5000 Starts on October 24
by Oct 24, 2017 5:24 am0
OUKITEL has officially announced that the pre-sale for its latest K5000 smartphone begins on October 24 and will until October 31. During the pre-sale the K5000 will only be priced at $149.99 instead $179.99, a $30 discount from its original price.
As a review, the K5000 is OUKITEL's latest big battery smartphone that also includes several high-end features. It features a large 5.7-inch 18:9 aspect ratio full screen display with a screen resolution of 1440 x 720 pixels. It also features MediaTek MT6750T octa-core processor, 4GB of RAM, 64GB of internal storage, and support for expandable storage up to 128GB via microSD.
It's also equipped with the aforementioned large 5,000mAh battery, a 16-megapixel Sony IMX135 rear camera, a 21-megapixel front-facing camera, a USB Type-C port that supports 9V/2A quick charge, and a rear-mounted fingerprint sensor.
RELATED: OUKITEL K5000 Full Specs Released: Perfect Combination Of "Big" and "Small"
As previously mentioned, the OUKITEL K5000 will be priced at only $149.99 during the pre-sale and will be available in several color options including Brilliant Blue, Jet Black, and Champagne Gold.


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Click here for information on our online payment system.
Click headline for link
School Hours
CHS-7:45-3:00 (early dismissal 12:15)
CMS-7:40-2:50 (early dismissal 12:15)
CIS-8:15-3:15 (early dismissal 12:45)
Henry-8:20-3:20 (early dismissal 12:50)
CECC-8:20-11:40 (AM Classes)
12:20-3:40 (PM Classes)
8:20-3:40 (All Day Classes)
Fall Play
The CHS Theater Department invites you to join them for A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Students will be performing this classic, November 16th and 17th at 7:00 and November 18th at 3:30.
Tickets are $5 for adults and $3 for students.
8th Grade Engineers
It was a busy week of cutting PVC pipe, drilling, and assembling in Mrs. Hill's STEM class.
Clinton Middle Schools students are building an underwater Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV). Through this project, students are learning about a variety of concepts including, robotics, engineering, science and math.
Learning Through Play
Imaginative play is so important for children, and our Early Childhood Center provides some pretty amazing opportunities for our littlest Cardinals.
Students in Ms. Julia's class have been busy preparing for the upcoming holidays at their "Bakers Man Bakery". Through play, students are developing language, social, and problem solving skills. They are learning and don't even know it!
See more pictures here.
AP Biology
The rigorous hands-on learning continues at Clinton High School!
Students in Mr. Tennal's AP (Advanced Placement) Biology class participated in labs this week to create organic polymers that posses life-like characteristics.
See more pictures here.
CSD Mission
4:30 PM - 6:30 PM CMS Boys Basketball @ Warsaw Tournament
5:45 PM - 7:45 PM CMS Girls Basketball @ Warsaw Tournament
7:00 PM - 8:00 PM 2018 Winter Meet the Cardinals
7:00 PM - 9:00 PM CHS Fall Play
7:00 PM - 9:00 PM CHS Fall Play


text: In our current world, social media plays a large role in our ability to connect and share with each other. There is often a reluctance to use these tools within teaching and privacy for our students is always a concern. This workshop will focus on all of the different social media platforms and how to most effectively integrate them into the educational environment. From Facebook to Instagram to Snap Chat to Twitter to YouTube - learn ways that teachers are harnessing the best of what these platforms have to offer and making them work in the classroom. In addition, we will highlight lots of "teacher based" tools that allow educators to safely and effectively change the way our students interact with each other and educational content.


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Stock slide, dollar near five-week high as Powell revives Fed rate fears
FILE PHOTO: A man is reflected in an electronic stock quotation board outside a brokerage in Tokyo, Japan February 9, 2018. REUTERS/Toru Hanai
TOKYO: Asian stocks skidded on Thursday after comments from the Federal Reserve's new chief rekindled fears about the pace of U.S. monetary tightening this year, sending Wall Street tumbling for its worst performance in two years and lifting the dollar.For weeks investors have been on edge, with the recent rout in equities cascading through financial markets amid concerns higher interest rates in advanced economies, led by the United States, could dent world growth.Fed Chairman Jerome Powell, in his first public appearance as head of the U.S. central bank, vowed on Tuesday to prevent the economy from overheating while sticking with a plan to gradually raise interest rates.That was enough to send investors out of stocks, with MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan down 0.35 percent.Australian stocks fell 0.8 percent and Japan's Nikkei dropped 0.85 percent.The losses came amid a broad selloff on Wall Street, where the Dow and S&P 500 capped their worst months since January 2016 overnight.
The Fed's last round of economic projections in December pointed to three rate increases this year, but Powell's testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives' Financial Services Committee, prompted investors to increase bets on four rate increases in 2018.The dollar got a lift on Powell's comments. The dollar index against a basket of six major currencies rose to 90.698 overnight, its highest since Jan. 23 and last stood at 90.681.The index has managed to claw back from a three-year low of 88.253 set in mid-February amid fears of a ballooning U.S. budget deficit and lingering worries that Washington could pursue a weak dollar policy took a toll."The comeback by the dollar could negatively impact crude oil prices and in turn cool inflation expectations. In that case, the equity markets could be forced to undergo significant adjustments," said Makoto Noji, senior strategist at SMBC Nikko Securities in Tokyo.
U.S. crude oil futures stood little changed at US$61.63 per barrel after sliding more than 2 percent overnight.A stronger greenback tends to weigh on commodities including crude, as it makes it more expensive for non-U.S. buyers of the dollar-denominated products.The euro was steady at US$1.2192 and in close reach of a 1-1/2-month low of US$1.2188 plumbed the previous day. The common currency came under pressure after data on Wednesday showed euro zone inflation slowing to a 14-month low and underscored the European Central Bank's caution in removing monetary stimulus.The Australian dollar was flat at US$0.7763 after dipping to US$0.7756, its lowest since late December.Long-term U.S. Treasury yields stood little changed at 2.864 percent after declining about 3 basis points overnight on month-end purchases by investors rebalancing their portfolios and weaker Wall Street shares.(Editing by Shri Navaratnam)
Source: Reuters
Source : http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/stock-slide--dollar-near-five-week-high-as-powell-revives-fed-rate-fears-10001648


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Etsy's What No Mints shop specializes in handmade wall art like this festive felt garland that celebrates the holiday season. The decorative accessory is handmade using wool, stuffing and cotton cord and is adorned with felt-made Christmas tree elements.
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Hannah + Meredith | Green House Love
Hannah & Meredith found me through one of their bridesmaids at another wedding I photographed, and oh man am I thankful. These ladies are every bit as sweet and wonderful as our previous "textversations" had been and the first thing Hannah told me was that they weren't into those "serious" photos that everyone else takes. She knows their love is fun and kind and wanted their photos to reflect that.
We headed out to Family Tree Nursery and then explored downtown Overland Park which was gorgeous and a perfect end to their session with the sun setting. These lovebirds get married at The Pavillion off 40 highway next October!
(Also, the timing of my blog couldn't be more perfect, congrats Australia for passing marriage equality!)