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Focal lengthening in assertions and confirmations
- Corey Davidson
- 1 years ago
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1 Focal lengthening in assertions and confirmations Gilbert Ambrazaitis Linguistics and Phonetics, Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University Abstract This paper reports on duration measurements in a corpus of 270 utterances by 9 Standard Swedish speakers, where focus position is varied systematically in two different speech acts: assertions and confirmations. The goal is to provide information needed for the construction of a perception experiment, which will test the hypothesis that Swedish has a paradigmatic contrast between a rising and a falling utterance-level accent, which are both capable of signalling focus, the falling one being expected in confirmations. The results of the present study are in line with this hypothesis, since they show that focal lengthening occurs in both assertions and confirmations, even if the target word is produced with a falling pattern. Introduction This paper is concerned with temporal aspects of focus signalling in different types of speech acts assertions and confirmations in Standard Swedish. According to Büring (2007), most definitions of focus have been based on either of two intuitions : first, new material is focussed, given material is not, second, the material in the answer that corresponds to the wh-constituent in the (constituent) question is focussed (henceforth, Question-Answer definition). In many cases, first of all in studies treating focus in assertions, there is no contradiction between the two definitions; examples for usages of focus that are compatible with both definitions are Bruce (1977), Heldner and Strangert (2001), or Ladd (2008), where focus is defined, more or less explicitly, with reference to new information, while a question-answer paradigm is used to elicit or diagnose focus. In this study, focus is basically understood in the same sense as in, e.g. Ladd (2008). However, reference to the notion of newness in defining focus is avoided, since it might seem inappropriate to speak of new information in confirmations. Instead, the Question-Answer definition is adopted, however, in a generalised form not restricted to wh-questions. Focus signalling or focussing is then understood as a highlighting of the constituent in focus. Focus can refer to constituents of different size (e.g. individual words or entire phrases), and signalled by different, e.g. morphosyntactic, means, but only narrow focus (i.e. focus on individual words) as signalled by prosodic means is of interest for this paper. For Swedish, Bruce (1977) demonstrated that focus is signalled by a focal accent a tonal rise that follows the word accent gesture. In the Lund model of Swedish intonation (e.g. Bruce et al., 2000) it is assumed that focal accent may be present or absent in a word, but there is no paradigmatic contrast of different focal accents. However, the Lund model is primarily based on the investigation of a certain type of speech act, namely assertions (Bruce, 1977). This paper is part of an attempt to systematically include further speech acts in the investigation of Swedish intonation. In Ambrazaitis (2007), it was shown that confirmations may be produced without a rising focal accent (H-). It was argued, however, that the fall found in confirmations not merely reflects a non-focal accent, but rather an utterance-level prominence, which paradigmatically contrasts with a H-. Therefore, in Ambrazaitis (in press), it is explored if and how focus can be signalled prosodically in confirmations. To this end, the test sentence Wallander förlänger till november. ( Wallander is continuing until November. ) was elicited both as an assertion and as a confirmation, with focus either on the initial, medial, or final content word. An example for a context question eliciting final focus in a confirmation is Until when is Wallander continuing, actually? Until November, right?. As a major result, one strategy of signalling a confirmation was by means of a lowered H- rise on the target word. However, another strategy was, like in Ambrazaitis (2007), to realise the target word with a lack of a H- rise, i.e. with falling F0 pattern (cf. Figure 1, upper panel). The initial word was always produced with a rise, irrespective of whether the initial word itself was in focus or not. Initial, pre-focal rises have been widely observed in Swedish and received different interpretations (e.g. Horne, 1991; Myrberg, in press; Roll et al., 2009). For the present paper, it is sufficient to note that an initial rise is not necessarily associated with focus.
2 st st medial rise (n=20) normalised time normalised time medial fall (n=17) initial rise (n=38) medial fall (n=17) final fall (n=16) Figure 1. Mean F0 contours of the three content words in the test sentence Wallander förlänger till november ; breaks in the curves symbolise word boundaries; time is normalised (10 measurements per word); semitones refer to an approximation of individual speakers base F0; adapted from Ambrazaitis (in press). Upper panel: two strategies of focus signalling on the medial word in a confirmation. Lower panel: Focus on the initial, medial, and final word in a confirmation; for medial and final focus, only the falling strategy is shown. That is, in confirmations with intended focus on the medial or the final word, one strategy was to produce a (non-focal) rise on the initial, and two falling movements, one each on the medial and the final word. As the lower panel in Figure 1 shows, the mean curves of these two cases look very similar; moreover, they look similar to the pattern for initial focus, which was always produced with a rising focal accent. One possible reason for this similarity could be that medial or final focus, in fact, were not marked at all in these confirmations, i.e. that the entire utterance would be perceived as lacking any narrow focus. Another possibility is that all patterns displayed in Figure 1 (lower panel) would be perceived with a focal accent on the initial word. Informal listening, however, indicates that in many cases, an utterance-level prominence, indicating focus, can be perceived on the medial or the final word. Thus, future perception experiments should test whether focus can be signalled by the falling pattern found in confirmations, and furthermore, which acoustic correlates of this fall serve as perceptual cues of focus in confirmations. Prior to that, the acoustic characteristics of the falling pattern need to be established in more detail. It is known for a variety of languages that prosodically focussed words in assertions are not only marked tonally, i.e. by a pitch accent, but also temporally, i.e. by lengthening (e.g. Bruce, 1981, Heldner and Strangert, 2001, for Swedish; Cambier-Langeveld and Turk, 1999, for English and Dutch; Kügler, 2008, for German). Moreover, Bruce (1981) suggests that increased duration is not merely an adaptation to the more complex tonal pattern, but rather a focus cue on its own, besides the tonal rise. The goal of this study is to examine the data from Ambrazaitis (in press) on focus realisation in assertions and confirmations in more detail as regards durational patterns. The results are expected to provide information as to whether duration should be considered as a possible cue to focus and to speech act in future perception experiments. The hypothesis is that, if focus is signalled in confirmations, and if lengthening is a focus cue independent of the tonal pattern, then focal lengthening should be found, not only in assertions, but also in confirmations. Furthermore, it could still be the case that durational patterns differ in confirmations and assertions. Method The following two sections on the material and the recording procedure are, slightly modified, reproduced from Ambrazaitis (in press). Material The test sentence used in this study was Wallander förlänger till november ( Wallander is continuing until November ). In the case of a confirmation, the test sentence was preceded by ja ( yes ). Dialogue contexts were constructed in order to elicit the test sentence with focus on the first, second, or third content word, in each case both as an assertion and as a confirmation. These dialogue contexts consisted of a situational frame context, which was the same for all conditions ( You are a police officer meeting a former colleague. You are talking about retirement and the possibility to continue working. ), plus six different context questions, one
3 for each condition (cf. the example in the Introduction). While the frame context was presented to the subjects exclusively in written form, the context question was only presented auditively. For that, the context questions were pre-recorded by a 30-year-old male native speaker of Swedish. Recording procedure and subjects The data collection was performed using a computer program, which both presented the contexts and test sentences to the subjects and organised the recording. First, for each trial, only the frame context was displayed on the screen in written form. The subjects had to read the context silently and to try to imagine the situation described in the context. When ready, they clicked on a button to continue with the trial. Then, the pre-recorded context question was played to them via headphones, and simultaneously, the test sentence appeared on the screen. The subject s task was to answer the question using the test sentence in a normal conversational style. The subjects were allowed to repeat each trial until they were satisfied. Besides the material for this study, the recording session included a number of further test cases not reported on in this paper. Five repetitions of each condition were recorded, and the whole list of items was randomised. One recording session took about 15 minutes per speaker. Nine speakers of Standard Swedish were recorded (5 female) in an experimental studio at the Humanities Laboratory at Lund University. Thus, a corpus of 270 utterances relevant to this study (6 conditions, 5 repetitions per speaker, 9 speakers) was collected. Data analysis A first step in data analysis is reported in Ambrazaitis (in press). There, the goal was to provide an overview of the most salient characteristics of the F0 patterns produced in the different conditions. To this end, F0 contours were time and register normalised, and mean contours were calculated in order to illustrate the general characteristics of the dominant patterns found in the different conditions (cf. examples in Figure 1). The F0 patterns were classified according to the F0 movement found in connection with the stressed syllable of the target word, as either falling or rising. In order to obtain duration measurements, in the present study, the recorded utterances were segmented into 10 quasi-syllables using spectrograms and wave form diagrams. The boundaries between the segments were set as illustrated by the following broad phonetic transcriptions: [ʋa], [ˈland], [əɹ], [fœ], [ˈlɛŋː], [əɹ], [tɪl], [nɔ], [ˈvɛmb], [əɹ]. In the case of [ˈland] and [ˈvɛmb], the final boundary was set at the time of the plosive burst, if present, or at the onset of the post-stress vowel. It has been shown for Swedish that focal lengthening in assertions is non-linear, in that the stressed syllable is lengthened more than the unstressed syllables (Heldner and Strangert, 2001). Therefore, durational patterns were analysed on two levels, first, taking into account entire word durations, second, concentrating on stressed syllables only. In both cases, the analyses focussed on the three content words and hence disregarded the word till. For each word, two repeated-measures ANOVAs were calculated, one with word duration as the dependant variable, the other for stressed syllable duration. In each of the six ANOVAs, there were three factors: SPEECH ACT (with two levels: assertion, confirmation), FO- CUS (POSITION) (three levels: focus on initial, medial, final word), and finally REPETITION (five repetitions, i.e. five levels). All data were included in these six ANOVAs, irrespective of possible mispronunciations, or the intonation patterns produced (cf. the two strategies for confirmations, Figure 1), in order to obtain a general picture of the effects of focus and speech act on duration. However, the major issue is whether focus in confirmations may be signalled by a falling F0 pattern. Therefore, in a second step, durational patterns were looked at with respect to the classification of F0 patterns made in Ambrazaitis (in press). Results Figure 2 displays mean durations of the three test words for the six conditions (three focus positions in two speech acts). The figure only shows word durations, since, on an approximate descriptive level, the tendencies for stressed syllable durations are similar; the differences between durational patterns based on entire words and stressed syllables only will, however, be accounted for in the inferential statistics. The figure shows that the final word ( november ) is generally produced relatively long even when unfocussed, i.e. longer than medial or initial unfocussed words, reflecting the well-known phenomenon of final lengthening. Moreover, the medial word ( förlänger ) is
4 ms Wallander förlänger november ass 1 ass 2 ass 3 con 1 con 2 con 3 Figure 2. Mean durations of the three test words for the six conditions (ass = assertion; con = confirmation; numbers 1, 2, 3 = initial, medial, final focus), pooled across 45 repetitions by 9 speakers. generally produced relatively short. However, influences of position or individual word characteristics are not treated in this study. The figure also shows that each word is produced longer when it is in focus than when it is pre-focal or post-focal (i.e. when another word is focussed). This focal lengthening effect can, moreover, be observed in both speech acts, although the effect appears to be smaller in confirmations than in assertions. For unfocussed words, there seem to be no duration differences between the two speech acts. These observations are generally supported by the inferential statistics (cf. Table 1), although most clearly for the medial word: A significant effect was found for the factors SPEECH ACT and FOCUS, as well as for the interaction of the two factors, both for word duration ([fœˈlɛŋːəɹ]) and stressed syllable duration ([lɛŋː]); no other significant effects were found for the medial word. According to post-hoc comparisons (with Bonferroni correction), [fœˈlɛŋːəɹ] and [lɛŋː] were realised with a longer duration in assertions than in confirmations ( in both cases) only when the medial word itself was in focus. In assertions, both the word and the stressed syllable were longer when the word was in focus than when another word was in focus ( for all comparisons). In confirmations, the general result was the same (entire word: focal > post-focal (p=.016); focal > pre-focal (p=.003); stressed syllable: focal > post-focal (p=.023); focal > pre-focal (p=.001)). The situation is similar for the final word, the major difference in the test results being that the interaction of FOCUS and REPETITION was significant for word durations (cf. Table 1). Resolving this interaction shows that significant differences between repetitions only occur for final focus, and furthermore, that they seem to be restricted to confirmations. A possible explanation is that the two different strategies of focussing the final word in confirmations (rise vs. fall) are reflected in this interaction (cf. Figure 3 below). As in the case of the medial word, post-hoc comparisons reveal that both [nɔˈvɛmbəɹ] and [vɛmb] were realised with a longer duration in assertions than in confirmations ( in both cases) only when the final word itself was in focus. Also, the entire word is longer when in focus than in the two post-focal conditions, i.e. the initial or medial word being focussed (assertions: in both cases; confirmations: p=.018 for final vs. initial focus, p=.007 for final vs. medial focus). The picture is, however, different when only the stressed syllable is measured. In confirmations, no significant differences are found for [vɛmb] in the different focus conditions, while in assertions, the duration of [vɛmb] differs in all three focus conditions (final focus > medial focus (p=.001); Table 1. Results of the six repeated-measures ANOVAs: degrees of freedom (Greenhouse-Geisser corrected where sphericity cannot be assumed), F-values, and p-values. Factor REPETITION was never significant; no interactions besides the one shown were significant, an exception being FOCUS*REPETITION for [nɔˈvɛmbəɹ] (F(8,64)=2.21; p=.038). SPEECH ACT FOCUS SP. ACT * FOCUS [vaˈlandəɹ] [fœˈlɛŋːəɹ] [nɔˈvɛmbəɹ] [land] [lɛŋː] [vɛmb] F(1,8)=9.15 p=.016 F(1.13,9.07) =19.25 p=.001 n.s. F(1,8)=17.36 p=.003 =39.13 =20.82 F(1,8)=36.33 =34.57 =28.03 F(1,8)=26.59 p=.001 F(1.03,8.26) =16.57 p=.003 =3.75 p=.046 F(1,8)=73.23 =36.92 =22.59 F(1,8)=25.99 p=.001 =25.94 =31.06
5 final > initial (); medial > initial (p=0.19)). Finally, for the initial word, the interaction of FOCUS and SPEECH ACT was not significant for word duration (cf. Table 1). That is, [vaˈlandəɹ] was produced longer in assertions than in confirmations, both when in focus and in pre-focal position (cf. also Figure 2). Post-hoc tests for FOCUS show that [vaˈlandəɹ] is realised with a longer duration when the word is in focus than when focus is on the medial (p=.011) or final word (p=.003). However, when only the stressed syllable is taken into account, the interaction of SPEECH ACT and FOCUS is significant (cf. Table 1). As shown by post-hoc comparisons, the situation is, however, more complex than for the interactions found for the other words: First, [land] is realised longer in assertions than in confirmations not only when the initial word is in focus (p=.002), but also when the final word is in focus (p=.029). Second, in assertions, the duration of [land] differs in all three focus conditions (initial focus > medial focus (p=.015); initial > final (p=.036); final > medial (p=.039)), while in confirmations, [land] is significantly longer in focus than in the two pre-focal conditions only (initial > medial (p=.005); initial > final (p=.016)), i.e. no significant difference is found between the two pre-focal conditions. In the analysis so far, all recordings have been included irrespective of the variation of F0 patterns produced within an experimental condition. As mentioned in the Introduction, confirmations were produced with either of two strategies, as classified in Ambrazaitis (in press) as either rising (presence of a (lowered) H- accent on the target word), or falling (absence of a H- accent on the target word), cf. Figure 1. This raises the question as to whether the focal lengthening found in confirmations (cf. Figure 2) is present in both the rising and the falling variants. Figure 3 displays the results for confirmation in a rearranged form, where the F0 pattern is taken into account. For the medial word, Figure 3 indicates that, first, the word seems to be lengthened in focus even when it is produced with a falling pattern (cf. förlänger in conditions medial fall vs. final fall, final rise, and initial rise ), and second, the focal lengthening effect still tends to be stronger when the word is produced with a rise ( medial fall vs. medial rise ). However, for the final word, focal lengthening seems to be present only when the word is produced with a rise. Finally, the initial word seems to be ms initial rise (38) Wallander förlänger november medial fall (17) medial rise (20) final fall (16) final rise (27) Figure 3. Mean durations of the three test words in confirmations, divided into classes according to the intended focus position (initial, medial, final word) and F0 pattern produced on the target word (rise, fall); n in parentheses. lengthened not only when it is in focus itself, but also when medial or final focus is produced with a fall, as compared to medial or final focus produced with a rise. Discussion The goal of this study was to examine the durational patterns in a data corpus where focus was elicited in two different speech acts, assertions and confirmations. It is unclear from the previous F0 analysis (cf. Figure 1 and Ambrazaitis, in press) whether focus was successfully signalled in confirmations, when these were produced without a rising focal accent (H-). The general hypothesis to be tested in future perception experiments is that focus in confirmations may even be signalled by a falling pattern, which would support the proposal by Ambrazaitis (2007) that there is a paradigmatic utterancelevel accent contrast in Standard Swedish between a rising (H-) and a falling accent. The present results are in line with this general hypothesis, since they have shown that focal lengthening can be found not only in assertions, but also in confirmations, although the degree of focal lengthening seems to be smaller in confirmations than in assertions. In fact, the speech act hardly affects the duration of unfocussed words, meaning that speech act signalling interacts with focus signalling. Most importantly, the results also indicate that focal lengthening may even be found when the target word is produced with a falling F0 pattern, although no inferential statistics have been reported for this case. In fact, in these cases, duration differences seem to the more salient than F0 differences (cf. medial fall and final fall in Figures 1 and 3).
6 This summary of the results, however, best matches the durational patterns found for the medial word. Heldner and Strangert (2001) conclude that the medial position is least affected by factors other than the focal accent itself, e.g. final lengthening. Based on the present results, it seems obvious that even the duration of the initial word is influenced by more factors than focus, since even if the initial word is pre-focal, its duration seems to vary depending on whether the medial or the final word is focussed (when only stressed syllable is measured), or, in confirmations, whether medial or final focus is produced with a fall or a rise. More research is needed in order to reach a better understanding of these patterns. In part, durational patterns of initial words could possibly be related to the role the initial position plays in signalling phrase- or sentence prosody (Myrberg, in press; Roll et al., 2009). Finally, for the final word, the evidence for focal lengthening in confirmations is weaker, a tendency opposite to the one found by Heldner and Strangert (2001) for assertions, where final words in focus tended to be lengthened more than words in other positions. In the present study, no focal lengthening was found for the final word in confirmations when the word was produced with a falling pattern. However, the relative difference in duration between the final and the medial word was still larger as compared to the case of intended medial focus produced with a fall (cf. the duration relations of medial fall and final fall in Figure 3). Some of the duration differences found in this study are small and probably irrelevant from a perceptual point of view. However, the general tendencies indicate that duration is a possible cue to perceived focus position in confirmations and thus should be taken into account in the planned perception experiment. Acknowledgements Thanks to Gösta Bruce and Merle Horne for their valuable advice during the planning of the study and the preparation of the paper, to Mikael Roll for kindly recording the context questions, and, of course, to all my subjects! References Ambrazaitis G. (2007) Expressing confirma- tion in Swedish: the interplay of word and utterance prosody. Proceedings of the 16 th ICPhS (Saarbrücken, Germany), Ambrazaitis G. (in press) Swedish and German intonation in confirmations and assertions. Proceedings of Nordic Prosody X (Helsinki, Finland). Bruce G. (1977) Swedish word accents in sentence perspective. Lund: Gleerup. Bruce G. (1981) Tonal and temporal interplay. In Fretheim T. (ed) Nordic Prosody II Papers from a symposium, Trondheim: Tapir. Bruce G., Filipsson M., Frid J., Granström B., Gustafson K., Horne M., and House D. (2000) Modelling of Swedish text and discourse intonation in a speech synthesis framework. In Botinis A. (ed) Intonation. Analysis, modelling and technology, Dordrecht: Kluwer. Büring D. (2007) Intonation, semantics and information structure. In Ramchand G. and Reiss C. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Interfaces, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cambier-Langeveld T. and Turk A.E. (1999) A cross-linguistic study of accentual lengthening: Dutch vs. English. Journal of Phonetics 27, Heldner M. and Strangert E. (2001) Temporal effects of focus in Swedish. Journal of Phonetics 29, Horne M. (1991) Why do speakers accent given information? Proceedings of Eurospeech 91: 2nd European conference on speech communication and technology (Genoa, Italy), Kügler F. (2008) The role of duration as a phonetic correlate of focus. Proceedings of the 4 th Conference on Speech Prosody (Campinas, Brazil), Ladd D.R. (2008) Intonational phonology 2 nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Myrberg S. (in press) Initiality accents in Central Swedish. Proceedings of Nordic Prosody X (Helsinki, Finland). Roll M., Horne M., and Lindgren, M. (2009) Left-edge boundary tone and main clause verb effects on syntactic processing in embedded clauses An ERP study. Journal of Neurolinguistics 22,
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Journal of Immunology Research
Volume 2014, Article ID 392170, 10 pages
Protection against Experimental Melioidosis following Immunisation with a Lipopolysaccharide-Protein Conjugate
1Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
2Fleet Bioprocessing Ltd., Pale Lane Farm, Hartley Wintney RG27 8DH, UK
3College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
Received 18 December 2013; Revised 14 March 2014; Accepted 2 April 2014; Published 7 May 2014
Academic Editor: Louise Pitt
Copyright © 2014 Andrew E. Scott et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
How to Cite this Article
Andrew E. Scott, Sarah A. Ngugi, Thomas R. Laws, et al., "Protection against Experimental Melioidosis following Immunisation with a Lipopolysaccharide-Protein Conjugate," Journal of Immunology Research, vol. 2014, Article ID 392170, 10 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/392170.


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While picking up roadside litter, I had the idea to pass along a few courtesy tips for you folks. These will be relayed to you in no particular order of importance. It all has to be picked up.
In steep terrain, throw to the upside of the road.
Empty all twist top containers and screw lid back on.
Both adult and child diapers should be placed in a tight plastic sack, so they won't take on more water.
Those jugs with urine in them should not have the lid too tight so they can easier be undone. Containers must be empty to reduce the weight in the trash bag.
When throwing beer bottles at road signs, pick the uphill side of the road and where there are no rocks, so when you miss it, it is less likely that they will be broken.
The smokeless tobacco cans don't weather very well and they separate, which doubles the effort to pick them up. So, you will want to pitch them in a more open area.
Compact discs can be a real irritation, but rather than just pitching them, keep them in the vehicle with you and periodically just stare at them and stay worked up.
The items that blow out are another story. Just don't let that bother you much because someone else will just pick it up.
The people who read this probably won't need the advice, but they could possibly pass it on verbally to someone who would find it enlightening.
Phil Wimer
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Adirindhi Movie: Adirindhi movie is a dubbed version of Tamil movie Mersal and it is a romantic action entertainer written and directed by Atlee. Vijay, Kajal Aggarwal, Nithya Menen and Samantha Ruth Prabhu are played the main lead roles along with S. J. Surya, Vadivelu, Sathyaraj, Kovai Sarala, Rajendran, are seen in supporting roles in this movie.(Do Check: Robo 2.0 Audio Launch Full Show Live Video | Photos | Updates)
Vijay Adirindi Movie Review
Adirindi Movie Review: Adirindhi is a Tamil Actor Vijay Film, First of all, the visuals give Adirindi a spectacle vibe that needs to be seen on the big screen. The background score by AR Rahman is amazing and most importantly, there is more in guessing the story. When all these factors come together it is usually a recipe for perfect commercial entertainment. Adirindi Will provide to become a success for Tamil star Vijay in Telugu.
Vijay does a great job in his roles, with his and Nithya Menen's performances being the highlight of the film. GK Vishnu's cinematography deserves a mention, because of other than Vijay's screen presence and the screenplay, it is the visuals that keep the viewer engaged.
Story Plot: An Indian doctor living in Europe comes back home to solve a healthcare threat that is looming large over the country and in the process unravels the mystery of his father's death and taking revenge for his father death.
More than the story and drive, it is Vijay who holds the movie with his mass acting. He is also effective in crucial emotional scenes.
Adirindi Movie Rating & Public Talk:
Adirindi Movie Rating: 3.5/5
Plus Points:
- Vijay's Triple role
- Cinematography
- Production Value
- Message
- Minus Points:
- Lengthy flashback
- Editing
Verdict: Overall Tamil Dubbed Film Adirindi is a good Action Entertainer. Actor Vijay all three roles connects to his fans strongly and also conveys his political stand boldly. Each frame, dialogue, action, and reaction celebrates the actor, and what he does best. It is out and out one-man show of 'Thalapathy' Vijay.
For More Latest Film Reviews Follow: THE HUNT NEWS


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2 metres long Cotton Check fabric
Listing #: 1662931172
Wellington City, Wellington, NZ
View Count: 12
Listing Detail Tabs
Cotton blue check fabric with red & green flower in some squares.
Width - 115cm
From a smoke & pet free house
Width - 115cm
From a smoke & pet free house
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Industry News
Home Medical Supply Company Medsupplyshop.com Announces an Independence Day Sale.
Medsupplyshop.com is starting a storewide sale this Wednesday for Independence Day on rollators, wheelchairs, overbed tables, and more.
July 3, 2012 - PRLog -- Independence Day this year at Medsupplyshop.com brings with it a Thanksgiving spirit. In honor of our forefathers the home medical supply company will be having a discount on all items.
Beginning July 4th and going through July 9th all items will be 8% off by using the coupon code "JLY4" in checkout.
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Do you have a comfort movie/book?
By JannaLee
@JannaLee (660)
September 24, 2008 9:09am CST
Do you have a book or DVD that eases your pain, or calms your spirits every time you read or watch it? Similar to Will Smith's Shrek film in "I am Legend". Do you have one?
4 responses
@sutanhartanto (4132)
• Indonesia
29 Sep 08
watching 'the simpsons', i always feel ease and relieved. watching the movie, i will immediately feel at home (though i always at home LOL) i like all the simpsons' member, especially homer simpson. yes, he is a little bit stupid, and i don't think i will like to have a father like him, but i feel like know him for long time. the other movie comforting me is the godfather part one. the theme song is very nice. it's directed very well and brando's performance is incomparable. watching the up and down in their family, the problem the had to face with other mafioso, i feel that my own problem is less difficult and much more manageable. and the third movie is entrapment. connery and zeta-jones is a perfect couple. and the last scene in the train station is the best part of the movie. the love story implied in the movie make life sounds more promising.
@wolfie34 (26792)
• United Kingdom
29 Sep 08
A comfort movie for me would have to be a comedy, to make me laugh and forget about my sorrows, or blues, Shrek is brilliant I agree. I prefer to watch Golden Girls that is so funny and has me laughing no matter how many times I see each episode and there is a UK comedy called One Foot In The Grave and that too makes me laugh. I don't really have a comfort book, but sometimes when I want to escape reality I will jump into fantasy like Harry Potter for example.
@makingpots (11922)
• United States
27 Sep 08
Watching The Sound of Music eases most things that ail me. I just love that movie, the history, the scenery, the music and the upliftingness of it. When I just need to laugh I pull out When Harry Met Sally. Love it.
@mittalroy07 (118)
• India
24 Sep 08
use this trick go outside look at the sky probably at cloudy area try to focus at birds for4-5 minutes u will be relaxed


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From Our Editors
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Bruce Walter Alspach, MD
Bruce Alspach was born in Buffalo on February 3 1922 and came to St. Andrew's with his brother Philip in the 1930s. In his senior year, 1940, Bruce was elected Head Prefect. After high school, Bruce enrolled at Tulane studying medicine and graduated in 1946. After completing his internship in New Orleans he began his military service as a Captain in the US Army Medical Corps. He spent two years on active duty, serving in California at the army's Lompoc correctional facility. In 1949 he continued with his postgraduate training at Bellevue psychiatric hospital in New York. Bruce obtained his license to practice medicine and hung out his shingle in Miami in 1952 and has remained in practice there for over 50 years now. In 1969 he accepted the position of clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Miami.


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Readers' average rating:
Phoenix Unbound by Grace Draven
The Krael Empire is a brutal and corrupt kingdom, reminiscent of the Roman Empire, with leaders who are intent on expanding its borders by conquering its neighbors. Inside its borders, life is nightmarish for those of its people who get the short end of the stick … like Gilene and Azarion. Gilene is a young woman from a small village with a deep secret, known only to the other villagers. She has a magical affinity for fire, as well as the ability to create illusions, where she takes on the appearance of someone ― or something ― else. These powers come in handy each year when the Krael emperor and empress hold the Rites of Spring, forcibly collecting women from each village to be a "Flower of Spring." The name glosses over the actual fate of these women: they spend a night being raped by the kingdom's enslaved gladiators, and the next day th... Read More
Laini Taylor, who wrote the YA fantasy Daughter of Smoke & Bone, and was shortlisted for the National Book Award for Lips Touch: Three Times, has a great smile, a winning way...Read More
Readers' average rating: Pattern Recognition William Gibson William Gibson's Pattern Recognition was published in 2003 and it marks the first of what has come to be known as...Read More
Welcome to another Expanded Universe column where I feature essays from authors and editors of fiction, poetry, and non-fiction, as well as from established readers and reviewers....Read More
We're interested in your thoughts about the books we review, and we know this information will be helpful to other readers, so we're asking YOU to rate books...Read More
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Phoenix Unbound: Fantasy romance in a grim and gritty world
Readers' average rating:
The People's Republic of Everything: An experimental collection
Readers' average rating:
Reposting to include Marion's new review.
The People's Republic of Everything by Nick Mamatas
I don't know if I simply wasn't in the right mood for Nick Mamatas' short-story collection The People's Republic of Everything (2018), or if I'm not the right audience for his preferred themes and overall style, but this book and I just could not mesh.
There was one story, "Tom Silex, Spirit-Smasher," which gripped my attention and had everything I look for in short fiction. The story focuses on Rosa Martinez, whose elderly grandmother might — through quirks of legality regarding her first marriage and the question of ownership of her first husband's pulp publications — own the rights to a series of stories revolving around psychopomp... Read More
Thoughtful Thursday: Fourth Annual Speculative Fiction Haiku Contest
Time for our fourth annual SPECULATIVE FICTION HAIKU CONTEST! Anyone can do this!
As a reminder, here are the rules:
For haiku, the typical subject matter is nature, but if you decide to be traditional, you must give it a fantasy, science fiction, or horror twist. We expect to be told that the peaceful wind you describe is blowing across a landscape of an unfamiliar, distant planet. And if your poem is about a flower, we hope that elegant little touch of beauty is about to be trampled by an Orc. We welcome the sublime as well as the humorous, the pedestrian along with the momentous.
Though you may use the traditional three-line haiku following a 5-7-5 syllable pattern, feel free to break that pattern. Many poets who write English haiku adhere to other expectations:
Written in three lines, though sometimes in two or f... Read More
Untouched by Human Hands: Sheckley's stories are sharp and insightful
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Untouched by Human Hands by Robert Sheckley
After reading Robert Sheckley's Dimension of Miracles, I was eager to read more of his work. That novel was intelligent, creative, thought-provoking, and entertaining. So I picked up Untouched by Human Hands, a collection of Sheckley's short stories published in the 1950s in the various pulp magazines.
My edition is the audiobook produced by Skyboat Media and read by Gabrielle de Cuir, Stefan Rudnicki, and Harlan Ellison. It's almost 6 hours long. The stories are:
"The Monsters" (Fantasy & Science Fiction Magazine, March 1953) — This is a first contact story in which friendly humans arri... Read More
WWWednesday: November 14, 2018
I chose Polygon's obituary of Stan Lee, the creator of what we now call the Marvel universe, over the many articles. Lee passed away on November 12, at the age of 95. Lee's impact on the American culture will take decades to fully reveal itself, but the ugliness of the past two years, with elder abuse charges and restraining orders, are only a blip in the long life of a man who has given each of us indelible memories and heroes with whom we can identify.
Insider compiled all of Stan Lee's cameos over the years.
The ma... Read More
Deathstalker: Rebellion: More of the same
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Deathstalker: Rebellion by Simon R. Green
This review may contain spoilers for the first DEATHSTALKER book, Deathstalker.
Owen Deathstalker, Hazel d'Ark, Ruby Journey, Jack Random, and assorted others are still plotting rebellion against The Iron Bitch who rules the galactic empire. Everyone in this motley group has a different idea about how a galactic government should work, but they all agree that their empress must go, so they begin by hacking into the empire's bank account and using the funds to instigate rebellions on a few different planets.
Nobody likes the empress, but she still has loyal supporters who protect her. These people are either too scared to cross her, or they are benefiting financially from their relationship with her. Also, there's bee... Read More
Lies Sleeping: The newly-promoted wizarding detective returns
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Lies Sleeping by Ben Aaronovitch
Peter Grant, our favourite semi-competent detective cum wizard-in-training, returns in Lies Sleeping (2018), the seventh book in Ben Aaronovitch's RIVERS OF LONDON series. The Faceless Man has been unmasked and is on the run, and it is now up to Peter and the inimitable Detective Chief Inspector Nightingale (slash last officially sanctioned English Melvin the Wizard) to apprehend him.
(Fair warning: some spoilers for preceding books will follow.)
London is once more under threat and there can only be one man behind it. Readers will remember that the Faceless Man was finally unmasked as Martin Chorley, who, in true Vader-style, managed ... Read More
The Monster Baru Cormorant: An intellectually stimulating read
Readers' average rating: Comment Reviews for this post are disabled. Please enable it first
The Monster Baru Cormorant by Seth Dickinson
The Monster Baru Cormorant (2018) by Seth Dickinson is one of those push-me-pull-me books. I admired it more than I enjoyed it. I found it stimulating rather than engaging. I thought it overly talky but liked the level of intellect in the conversation. I could reason out the characters' assumed emotional states (I think), but never really felt them. I was pushed. I was pulled. Inevitable spoilers (some big ones) for book one, The Traitor Baru Cormorant ahead.
After a brief scene that will make a lot mo... Read More
SFM: Palmer, Schultz, Gregory, Goh, McKee
Short Fiction Monday: Our weekly exploration of free and inexpensive short fiction available on the internet. Here are a few stories we've read that we wanted you to know about.
"Thirty-Three Percent Joe" by Suzanne Palmer (2018, free online at Clarkesworld, $2.99 Kindle magazine issue)
Science fiction humor is very hard to pull off, and rarely works for me. This Suzanne Palmer story is a radiant exception. Palmer hits a grand-slam with a human soldier who has 33% of his body replaced with smart parts, including a heart, one arm, part of the lower intestine and a spleen. An implanted Central Control Unit manages all of the implants, and their mission is to keep Joe alive. There are a couple of problems. One is that, while Joe is a good s... Read More
A Town Divided by Christmas: A humorous mix of science and romance
Readers' average rating:
A Town Divided by Christmas by Orson Scott Card
The scientific method collides with southern small town culture and a local mystery in Orson Scott Card's charming and insightful novella A Town Divided by Christmas (2018). Two post-doc academics ― Dr. Delilah (Spunky) Spunk, an economist, and Dr. Elyon Dewey, a geneticist ― are sent to Good Shepherd, North Carolina to do a genetic and sociological study. The hope is that by studying a relatively genetically isolated population, they can prove or disprove the theory that certain people carry a "homebody marker": a genetic tendency to remain in their native community or return to it. Spunky, the more personable of the two, is charged with interviewing the townspeople and convincing them to give genetic samples; Elyon ("that mo... Read More


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But birds flock together anyway. And theres certainly no shortage of house finches. There does seem to be more evidence that feeding birds and having bird-friendly backyards does more good than it does harm, Greig said. In spite of some built-in limitations, Greig said feeder-monitoring projects like FeederWatch (feederwatch.org) still have scientific value. They can help generate data on how bird populations are changing, for instance, or generate observations on dominance and predation rates at feeders. Scientists can then use that to craft experimental studies to explore the questions in more depth and try to figure out the causal relationships. The trick is not to generalize, because different species may respond in different ways to bird feeding. Backing up a bit, does start-stop feeding hurt the birds? Probably not, said Greig. As far as we know, birds will have an assortment of places theyre checking for food within their expanded winter territory.no data
For the original version including any supplementary images or video, visit http://www.vnews.com/On-Winter-Birdfeeders-Many-Questions-7165300
Infectious pink eye can easily spread from one person to another. Patients typically experience intermittent bouts of itching, tearing, redness and mild eyelid swelling. Never share towels or handkerchiefs, and throw away tissues after each use. http://goodchristiansimmons.holyfamilyschooljasper.com/2017/01/02/almost-all-people-with-diabetes-show-signs-of-retinal-damage-after-about-20-years-of-living-with-the-condition/Other facial clues to the aetiology of conjunctivitis include the presence of herpes labials or a dermatomal vesicular eruption suggestive of shingles. Can Pam Physician. 2009;5511:1071-5. Conjunctivitis summary benchmarks for Preferred Practice Pattern guidelines. If the inflammation has resolved, the antibiotic should be discontinued. Disinfect all surfaces, including counter tops, sinks, and doorknobs.


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After Amitabh Bachchan, Shah Rukh Khan, Gauri Shinde, Anil Kapoor, Sonam Kapoor, Boney Kapoor Telugu star Nagarjuna's wife also wrote a heartfelt note for Sridevi.
Telugu actor Nagarjuna's wife Amala Akkineni in her Facebook post also raised a series of question shedding light on the right to privacy of celebs.
Amala Akkineni in her social media post also criticised media for their insensitive reporting of Sridevi's death. Earlier, renowned Bollywood celebrities including Amitabh Bachchan, Farhan Akhtar, Vidya Balan and others expressed anger over the way of coverage of Sridevi's death by media.
Criticising the TV channels for suggesting various conspiracy theories on the cause of her death, Farhan posted a cryptic tweet where he wrote, "There's no bottom in the barrel of the graceless."
While Vidya Balan said, "May they let you rest in peace...."
Amitabh Bachchan wrote on Twitter, "Get back to love…it is the only sustainable!!"
The Indian ambassador to UAE also reacted on the media coverage of Sridevi's death.
Here is the Facebook post:


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Bird Photos / Golden-crowned SparrowLast Update: 12/29/2010
This rare visitor was found among a group of White-throated and White-crowned Sparrows in a hedgerow at Chesapeake Farms in Kent County, MD. I saw it on December 28th, 2010. The bird only came out a couple of times while I was watching. It was not a very cooperative photo subject.