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Sample Project Roles. TechnoServe: Business Solutions to Poverty. Volunteer Consultant Program
- Sybil McGee
- 3 years ago
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1 TechnoServe: Business Solutions to Poverty Sample Project Roles Volunteer Consultant Program Since 2001, TechnoServe has engaged more than 800 volunteer consultants on three to 12-month assignments throughout Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and India. Our program offers volunteer consultants the unique chance to contribute their skills to help those living in poverty, develop more global perspectives, and join an alumni community passionate about transformative change on a global scale. This document provides examples of the typical projects volunteer consultants have tackled. Please use this document as a resource to understand the skills and capabilities frequently required, and how those skills and capabilities are applied on the ground. Please keep in mind that the examples that follow are not exhaustive and that no two projects are exactly alike. Project Categories: 1. Value Chain/Market Assessment 2. Client Services: Business Strategy and Capital Raising 3. Client Services: Operational Efficiency and/or Capacity Building 4. Research, Communications and Marketing 5. Project and Proposal Design 6. Other 1
2 PROJECT TYPE 1: VALUE CHAIN/MARKET ASSESSMENT Sample Project: Dairy Value Chain Assessment and Industry Strategic Plan Location: Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, with travel to peri-urban and rural locations Duration: Five months Project Purpose/Objectives 1. TNS Tanzania s country program is aiming to develop a number of Industry Strategic Plans (ISPs) which will enable us to design our interventions in key sectors. Dairy is one sector for which we need to evaluate and prepare a TNS engagement strategy. 2. TNS is working with Heifer International and the International Livestock Research Institute to implement the East Africa Dairy Development Project (EADD) in targeted districts in Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Coming to the close of Phase 1 of the program, there is an opportunity to scale out to new countries including Tanzania. Development of a comprehensive model of the Tanzania dairy value chain is needed to inform EADD design. EADD will move smallholder women and men farmers out of poverty by improving their participation in the dairy value chain. The vision of success for the EADD is that the lives of 179,000 families or approximately one million people are transformed by doubling household dairy income by 2018 through integrated interventions in dairy production, market access and knowledge application. The dairy ISP will enable TNS to identify priority impact areas where we can best employ our market-oriented approach and competencies to improve the livelihoods and wellbeing of Tanzanian smallholder dairy farmers. Project Description The Volunteer Consultant will be responsible for conducting a thorough study on the dairy industry. The Volunteer Consultant will: Assess the current state of the dairy industry in Tanzania, developing an in-depth understanding of the sector and relevant issues. Produce a thorough analysis of the Tanzania dairy value chain from milk production to transportation and retail, detailing the roles of each segment of the chain and relationships between them, as well as the major players in each segment. Conduct detailed analysis of the capacity, cost structure and key opportunities/constraints for each segment in the chain. Recommend how to increase the competitiveness of the industry and the value chain, and specifically identify value-added opportunities in milk for smallholder farmers in Tanzania. Assess the scope for impact of dairy interventions on poverty and identify priority impact areas for TNS within dairy (e.g. how many smallholder farmers could we impact, what are the types of beneficiary benefits that could be delivered). 2
3 Tasks 1. Structure Project Work Plan Develop work plan and submit to the Tanzania Country Director and Regional Dairy Manager for input and approval. 2. Conduct Desk Research Review previous studies/analyses of the dairy industry and value chain. Identify government, industry and other data sources for the dairy sector in Tanzania and East Africa as a whole, and gather relevant data where possible. Develop and maintain a binder(s) and e-library with all relevant studies and data, and create a comprehensive resource base and list of organizations, individuals, reports and other sources of information. Summarize key takeaways of relevant studies. Analyze existing data to obtain a preliminary estimate of the size of each segment and the relative importance of its major players, in terms of both volumes and revenues. Analyze the model of economics for each segment within the value chain. Compare and contrast revenue and cost structures relative to similar segments of the value chain across the East Africa region. Determine knowledge gaps. 3. Present Preliminary Findings and Structure Primary Research Present preliminary model of the Tanzania dairy industry, identifying key learnings to date and remaining knowledge gaps, to TNS Regional Dairy Manager and TNS Tanzania Country Director. Present research plan and incorporate feedback. 4. Conduct Key Informant Interviews Interview dairy industry stakeholders, including farmers, dairy association representatives, chilling plant managers, raw milk bulking businesses other than those with a chilling plant (e.g. traditional market sites), processors, retailers, the Dairy Board, Business Development Service providers, government ministries, NGOS, and others. Develop and maintain map of value chain stakeholders for future engagement. 5. Produce a Comprehensive Value Chain Model Break out every segment of the chain into distinct components for in-depth analyses of each step in the chain (feed, livestock and other production input markets, milk production/milk bulking, chilling/processing and packing/transportation, retail and consumer). 6. Produce an Industry Strategic Plan for Dairy in Tanzania Submit ISP (Word and PowerPoint documents with supporting documentation in appendices) with: 3
4 - Analysis of the dairy industry, market and value chain, identifying barriers along the value chain. - Historical overview of dairy industry how has the industry developed over the past 50 years, when did it peak and what is the forecast. - Market demand current and future domestic market and export potential. - Current supply summary of current supply landscape including profiles of key players and mapping of industry dynamics. - Cost structure of industry current and potential vs. imports and global best practices. - Analysis of state of supporting industries e.g., inputs, transportation. - Key barriers to growth including an understanding of which of these are addressable by TNS (vs. structural barriers which cannot be addressed in the short term). - Future vision for industry including job creation and goods purchased from rural poor. - Recommendations on how to grow the value of the dairy industry. Expected Deliverables Approved work plan Gaps in knowledge identified, discussed and feedback from Regional Dairy Manager and East Africa Business Development Manager solicited Comprehensive value chain model of the dairy industry in Tanzania - a minimum 25-page summary PowerPoint document with supporting documentation. Comprehensive ISP, PowerPoint and related files. Knowledge transfer sessions with TNS Staff in Tanzania on lessons learned and way forward. Handover pack, including list of key industry stakeholders, interview notes, supporting documents 4
5 PROJECT TYPE 2: CLIENT SERVICES: BUSINESS STRATEGY AND CAPITAL RAISING Sample Project: Peak Trading Client Services Location: Zimbabwe Duration: Four months Project Purpose/Objectives Peak Trading is an agricultural trading business that operates stationary depots as well as mobile buying stations (MBS) in rural areas of Zimbabwe. Peak Trading was selected as an AgroInnovation Zimbabwe winner, receiving a grant of $50,000 as well as $10,000 in technical assistance. As its involvement with remote contract farmers increases, Peak Trading is interested in the support of a volunteer consultant to create a business plan to obtain further funding, to develop a contract farming framework, and to assess the opportunity to build online capabilities for interactions with smallholder farmers. Project Description The VolCon will work together with Peak Trading to develop a detailed business plan and an Excel financial model for use in raising further capital. In addition, the VolCon will support Peak Trading s development of a smallholder farmer data capture system. The tasks will include: 1. Develop detailed multi-year business plan and financial model Detailed market analysis: what are realistic sales targets for Peak Trading based on the number of trucks Peak Trading has at hand? Location analysis and sourcing strategy: how should Peak Trading refine its opportunity identification approach to maximize small farmer and PT profits? Which areas of the country and crops represent the greatest opportunity? Analysis of benefits of contract farming vs. sourcing from open market, both immediately and over time: Does an opportunity exist for Peak Trading to incorporate contract farming into its process? If so, what would such an opportunity look like in scale, location, and structure? How would contract farming be introduced over time? Assessment of value addition opportunities: What opportunities exist for Peak Trading to expand its operations into value-added products? What is the size of the market and the opportunity for 1 or 2 prioritized products? How and when should Peak Trading implement this plan? 2. Develop investment memo based on financial model 3. Develop training material and Peak Trading contract farming extension plan (if contract farming model selected) What are key considerations/success factors for contract farming? What templates (example contracts; M&E templates) can be provided to maximize PT chances of success? Provide 5
6 assistance in developing selection criteria and selecting farmers. 4. Create a data capture/database system to track smallholder farmer performance in the field. 5. Based on Esoko VolCon work, evaluate opportunity for Peak Trading to build its online capabilities and/or participate in wider information sharing platform Review models designed for outreach to smallholder farmers Develop a platform of timing and approach options for Peak Trading to develop online capabilities and/or participate in wider information sharing platform, including costing out each of the options Determine which schedule to implement in partnership with Peak Trading Expected Deliverables Excel-based, five to 10-year financial model, including value-addition module Two to five page investment memo Contract farming recommendations and toolkit Data capture/database system Recommendations on building online capability and implementation plan 6
7 PROJECT TYPE 3: CLIENT SERVICES: OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY/ CAPACITY BUILDING Sample Project: Economic Development Alliance for San Martin Program Peru Location: Tarapoto, San Martin, Peru, located in the northeast of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest Length: Five months Project Purpose/Objectives Among the challenges facing the current cocoa and coffee value chains in San Martin is lack of understanding about: (1) market demands; (2) weak producer organizations with poor cooperative governance and financial management; (3) low producer loyalty and quality control; (4) existence of few businesses that can provide supporting or value adding services (i.e. transport, processing); and (5) frequent arms-length transactions between farmers and both exporters and cooperatives that prevent the creation of shared value between the value chain parties. At the same time, the San Martin region has tremendous opportunities and incentives to develop its cocoa and coffee value chains and tap into related niche markets that command premium prices. To address these needs and opportunities, TechnoServe Peru launched the Economic Development Alliance for San Martin Program, a 3-year, $7 million initiative that seeks to consolidate and accelerate the transition of the San Martin Region into a licit, prosperous and sustainable economy, increasing incomes and employment in a region new to TechnoServe, with a sustainable stewardship of environmental resources. Building on USAID s alternative development efforts in the region, the Program will drive to full potential the currently fragile but promising coffee, cocoa and oil palm value chains in San Martin through three major components: Improve smallholder business group governance and implement best agricultural practices Strengthen linkages to global and high value markets for smallholder business groups Promote small and medium enterprise (SME) creation and growth in value addition, support services and innovation for the region s key value chains Project Description TechnoServe will leverage volunteer expertise to improve the institutional strength and management capacity of smallholder producers as part of a formal or informal group and the SMEs existing or start-ups that provide them with services in order to consolidate San Martin s value chains and transform the region into a reliable and robust marketplace for buyers. Addressing these needs will enable host organizations to increase their bankability to access financing and make necessary investments to improve or expand their operations, leverage the value of well-managed, wellfunctioning producer groups, develop the capabilities to market their goods and access new buyers, and promote the development of an ecosystem of supporting service providers. TechnoServe will field five volunteers for five months each to help strengthen the business and organizational capacity of 30 producer groups or SMEs to assist them in transforming into reliable, 7
8 competitive suppliers of quality agricultural products or services in key value chains. Volunteers will support the host organizations in development of strategies for accessing financing and markets and promoting organizational development and best management practices. They will also work individually with clients to assess their specific needs as related to these areas and support the implementation of corresponding recommendations. Tasks Volunteers focusing on the following three cross-functional areas will be supported by USAID s Farmer to Farmer Program, which has the objective of promoting the provision of U.S. based volunteer expertise to farmers, farmer groups, and agribusinesses in developing and transitional countries: 1. Organizational Strengthening and Improved Business Management The goal of strengthening smallholder producer organizations and SMEs is fundamental to the development objectives for San Martin. TechnoServe is providing organizational training including leadership, good governance, management, transparency to producer organization leaders. In conjunction with this training, reinforcement of business management practices will strengthen organizations capacity to optimally manage their limited resources and conduct sound business decisions that take into account long term goals. Groups that wish to formalize and consolidate will be evaluated and supported in the process as well. To conduct these activities, TechnoServe will deploy one volunteer with relevant experience in business management and start up to: As part of the broader TechnoServe program implementation team, develop and deliver workshops on good governance and management to leaders of producer associations Provide follow-on support in the application of these practices and management tools to at least 10 host organizations 2. Access to Financing In order to upgrade production and pursue new market opportunities, smallholder producers and SME providers of supporting services will require significantly greater access to finance. To serve this need, TechnoServe will work with diverse local financial service institutions, private equity and public sector sources to broker finance with producer organizations and SMEs. While sources of financing are available in the region, there is currently little coordination or support to connect demand and supply, with producers uninformed or unable to access these mainly traditional sources. To enable producers and nascent supporting businesses to access credit, two volunteers under this component will work with the program team on: Identifying and analyzing the supply of financing in the region Determining and segmenting the financial needs of host organizations; and incorporating the needs of non-program organizations with similar attributes Liaising with financial institutions to facilitate or improve the link between their products and producer and business needs; and coordinating with financial entities to develop new financial products as necessary Conducting general training on basic financial management for host organizations and 8
9 other program participants as appropriate Conducting due diligence on the approximately organizations to be selected for individual follow- on coaching Supporting the selected host organizations to prepare their applications for financing Training host organizations to include both SMEs and producer organizations - to work independently with creditors and financial institutions 3. Improving Market Readiness A strategic, market-driven approach underpins all TechnoServe activities in San Martin, driven by a fact-based analysis of the unique market opportunities and constraints faced by smallholder producers. As part of supporting value chain development, TechnoServe will implement a series of activities including business round tables and road shows to attract new private sector partners and buyers to the region and to facilitate market linkages with producers and SME service providers. To make the most of these opportunities and position the region s producers and SMEs as ready and able suppliers of goods and services, two volunteers will assist a minimum of 10 host organizations as follows: Rapid analysis of local, regional and national markets for the value chains with the most economic importance and program participant interest, to ensure volunteers understanding of the local context and opportunities Support the selection of a minimum of 10 host organizations to receive individual support Design marketing strategies, including product positioning Design implementation plans for both the short term with execution to be supported by the volunteer - and the medium term to enable continued implementation of marketing strategies by the host organizations Delivery of group training sessions on topics including web site development and management for SMEs, and identification of markets and negotiation for the broader group of program participants 9
10 PROJECT TYPE 4: RESEARCH, COMMUNICATIONS AND MARKETING Sample Project: Coffee Initiative Sharing Programmatic Lessons Learned Location: Kiglia, Rwanda Duration: Three months Project Purpose/Objectives TechnoServe has agreed with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to develop a set of lessons learned from TechnoServe s Coffee Initiative Phase 1 Project ( ). These lessons learned will be disseminated to global coffee industry stakeholders and the development community, where applicable, in a format that will be concise yet contain sufficient detail to provide useful guidance to the reader. The lessons learned have been selected due to their importance and perceived impact from transferring knowledge beyond TechnoServe staff. The dissemination of these learnings will have an impact on the global coffee industry and development community well beyond the life of TechnoServe s Coffee Initiative project. Tasks Through field visits and interviews with TechnoServe clients, partners and staff, develop short papers, and summary brochures where appropriate, on the following topics: Fixing cooperative governance: a successful partnership between the Rwandan government and TechnoServe Poor cooperative governance practices, whether unintentional (bad investment decisions) or intentional (corruption), discourages farmer participation in cooperatives. In Rwanda, TechnoServe partnered with the Rwandan government to develop a model of implementing accountability and transparency practices in parallel to tackle poor cooperative governance. Accountability was established through performance contracts that incentivized local governments to hold cooperative leaders accountable while TechnoServe s financial transparency sheets provided the information that government officers needed to identify specific cooperative weaknesses. This partnership led to the dramatic turnaround of a number of failing cooperatives and will continue as coffee exporter companies have assumed responsibility for creating annual financial transparency sheets for their supplier cooperatives. A short paper will present recommendations to other East African nations on how to implement this cooperative accountability-transparency model. Increasing the participation of women in rural training programs Many development programs struggle with how to ensure the participation of women in project activities. TechnoServe has been able to effectively recruit women to its agronomy training program at the outset and grow women s participation over time, e.g. Tanzania 20% (year 1) to 37% (year 2). Hiring policies and incorporation of women-friendly approaches have not only helped encourage women s participation in training activities but created job opportunities. 10
11 A short paper will describe the practices implemented and their results that will assist other projects to determine successful approaches to enhance the participation of women in rural communities. Lessons learned on effectively achieving scale in multi-country industry development project Building on the success of a smaller-scale, single-country coffee sector intervention, the Coffee Initiative was launched with the grand ambition of achieving even greater results with X times as many farmers across three countries. Many lessons were learned, some the hard way, related to: opportunities and limitations of replicating a model that works in one country to others; how to balance rapid scale-up for results with long-term high- quality impact; monitoring tools for quality assurance across a disparate geography and managers; rapid recruitment and capacity-building of staff. A short paper will lay out the challenges faced by the coffee initiative when scaling up the project and the risk mitigation approaches that enabled successful implementation. Building human capacity for industry development Launching a large regional project results in many challenges, particularly involving the recruitment and training of more than 300 staff. TechnoServe committed to private and public coffee industry partners at the outset of the project that the project would limit hiring of staff from industry partners. This required TechnoServe to develop innovative approaches to training of fresh graduates and has resulted in the creation of a new cadre of coffee professionals. A short paper will describe the various approaches used to staff recruitment and capacitybuilding; talent management, retention and performance improvement; as well as the ultimate benefits and consequences for the performance of the industry and employment opportunities for young professionals. 11
12 PROJECT TYPE 5: PROJECT AND PROPOSAL DESIGN Sample Project: Business Development and Program Design Location: Accra, Ghana Duration: Six to nine months Project Purpose/Objectives TechnoServe has been striving to improve the lives of smallholder farmers and small business owners in Ghana for 40+ years. In 2012, the organization will be revisiting the role and position TechnoServe plays in the development of Ghana. The goal is to design a future-proof positioning and project portfolio. The Volunteer Consultant will support strategy development, business development and program design for the organization. S/he will work closely with the Country Director and Deputy Country Director for Ghana, in conjunction with TechnoServe staff on existing programs. Key activities will include: Tasks 1. Contributing to the design of the TechnoServe-Ghana funding strategy 2. Developing strategic plans and program designs for selected topics 3. Supporting the marketing and selling of existing rice and cowpea concepts 4. Creating compelling material on TechnoServe-Ghana success stories 5. Other projects as agreed by Country Director and Volunteer Consultant 1. Contributing to the design of the TechnoServe Ghana funding strategy TechnoServe-Ghana works to enhance the lives of Ghanaians through the development of agricultural and small-scale businesses. TechnoServe is now re-defining how it will fund these activities going forward. The Volunteer Consultant will map the donors and nonprofit organizations currently active in Ghana. Furthermore, the Volunteer Consultant will analyze the agri-business industry and funds available for the development of smallholder farmers and small businesses. These analyses will be used to define the TechnoServe-Ghana funding strategy. 2. Developing strategic plans and program designs for selected topics TechnoServe-Ghana has identified a number of areas in the agri-business and entrepreneurship spaces that have development needs TechnoServe can address successfully. Activities include: Entrepreneurship: analyze the causes of the lack of start-ups and entrepreneurship in general in Ghana, and design a program with identified partnerships to address these causes. Making Markets Work for the Poor (M4P): define markets that bear potential for the poor population of Ghanaian society and design strategies to open up these markets. Financial gaps in rural finance: define the ideal state of rural finance in Ghana, analyze the current rural financial system, and perform gap analysis. Suggest potential successful interventions and partnerships. Staple crop enhancement in North Ghana: Analyze constraints in the value chain 12
13 and propose intervention programs. 4. Supporting the marketing and selling of existing rice and cowpea concepts TechnoServe-Ghana has developed program concepts to enhance the value chains of rice and cowpea for smallholder farmers in Ghana. The Volunteer Consultant will assist with the marketing and selling of these concepts to donors in and outside of Ghana. Work may include the tailoring of the concepts to the needs of particular donors as well as presenting the concepts to interested parties. 5. Creating compelling material on TechnoServe Ghana success stories TechnoServe-Ghana has an overview of local success stories that are used for marketing and fundraising purposes. The Volunteer Consultant will develop this into compelling material that can be used with various stakeholders. In particular, TechnoServe-Ghana seeks to develop a new overview of success stories in mining linkages programs. Deliverables Thorough analysis of agri-business industry and funds available for the development of smallholder farmers and small businesses in Ghana. Strategic plans and recommendations for entrepreneurship, M4P, rural finance and/or staple crop interventions in Northern Ghana. Written briefs on all partner, stakeholder and industry expert interviews. PowerPoint decks detailing summary findings and recommendations. Compelling marketing material. 13
14 PROJECT TYPE 6: OTHER Other projects available from time to time may include, but are not limited to: Business plan competition design and implementation Strategic research and analysis Impact assessment/monitoring and evaluation Training curriculum design and delivery Risk assessment and mitigation strategies 14
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The State government has appointed a Deputy Inspector General of Police - Internal Security Division as controlling authority, who has been empowered to issue the licence for running a private security agency.
The office of DIGP-IS is located in the office of Director General and Inspector General of Police, Number 2, Nrupatunga Road, Bangalore. The DIGP-IS office may be contacted to obtain license or to renew the license by paying prescribed fee in form of demand draft.
The fee to obtain or to renew the license is as follows: Rs 5,000 to obtain fresh licence to operate in one district and Rs 5,000 for renewal, Rs 10,000 to obtain fresh licence to operate in more than one and upto five districts and Rs 5,000 for renewal and Rs 25,000 to operate in the whole State and Rs 25,000 for the renewal. For details contact: Controlling Officer, DIGP-IS, DG & IGP Office, Number 2, Police Headquarters, Nrupatunga Road, Bangalore.
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Smith belted an unbeaten 104 from only 56 balls as West Torrens comfortably reached Woodville's 4/158.
It has been a remarkable start to the season for Smith, who has scored 69*, 73, 101, 107, 85* and now 104* for his club this season and has also made two centuries for the Redbacks in the Futures League.
Kensington won a thriller against Sturt after Robert White (52 from 29 balls) and last batter Lloyd Pope scored the winning runs with two balls to spare. Ziggy Kulesza took four wickets in five balls before Sturt was denied the points by the last-wicket stand of 29.
Ben Bullimore made an unbeaten 90 in Glenelg's 4/159 and then Johan Botha (4/3) helped removed Southern District for only 41.
Ben Wakim smashed 76 from 34 balls as Adelaide University passed Adelaide's 6/146 in the 13th over.
Port Adelaide, Prospect and Tea Tree Gully were the other round one Twenty20 winners.Click here for more information, full fixtures, scorecards and statistics on the Premier Cricket website


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December 13, 2006
Jib Jab's Year in Review
The content is fun, but not as revolutionary as some of the their past videos. Although, there's so much there I had to watch twice to get everything.
Technically/Artistically they continue to do really interesting work. The combination of photo-realistic and cartoon art, and the "choreography", is well-done I think.
And my favorite moment in this video is at the very end.Posted by jackhodgson at December 13, 2006 09:11 AM


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The last thing before we get to the actual Windows 7 disc is to download and run the Windows Easy Transfer Wizard.This will allow you to back up all your files and settings to an external hard drive. Launch the wizard and make sure your external drive is plugged in.
Windows Update Agent (WUA) automatically updates itself when it is connected to a Windows Server Update Services (WSUS) server or to Windows Update. I recommend using Macrium Reflect; it's a free download available from Start by gathering all the installation files for all your applications. It will tell you if you need to update your drivers or apps to make them work in 7. Make a copy of your hard drive, just in case things go horribly wrong.Below you'll find all the latest information on both service packs and these other major updates that Microsoft is regularly pushing to its users.As of November 2017, the last major update to Windows 10 is Windows 10 Version 1703, also known as the .If you receive a WU_E_SELFUPDATE_REQUIRED error message when you use the WUA API to perform a scan, download, or install, this error tells you that the version of WUA is out of date.


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What is "Plasticity" in the brain?
- Brain can change to be better or worse
- Ex: change in # or strength of connections
- Ex: change in # or strength of connections
What is Habituation?
- Short-lived "turning down"strength of synaptic connections following benign stimulation
- Ex: initial nausea on roller coaster → ride again and again and it goes away
- Maybe due to dec release of excitatoty neurotransmitters
- Ex: initial nausea on roller coaster → ride again and again and it goes away
- Maybe due to dec release of excitatoty neurotransmitters
What is Adaptation?
- Longer term phenomenon of Habituation
- Long term stimulation leading to structural changes (dec # of synaptic connections between neurons
- Ex: tactile defensiveness → prolonged touch cant reduce defensiveness
- Ex: vestibular therapy → find thing that makes them dizzy and repeat until it goes away
- Long term stimulation leading to structural changes (dec # of synaptic connections between neurons
What is Experience-Dependent Plasticity?
- Associated with learning and memory
- "Turning up" strangth of synaptic connections
- Making a pathway more active!
What is "Long Term Potentiation" (LTP)?
- Formaton of long-term declaritive memories
- "Repetition with intent and results"
What are the mechanisms of Long Term Potentiation (LTP)?
- Conversion of silent synapses to active synapes
- Change in morphology or pre-and post-synaptic membranes (creating increased number of concentrated "synapse" points)
- Possible role of astrocytes
What is Long-Term Depression (LTD)?
- Reverse when no reception in that pathway
- Ex: Not maintaining learning
- Ex: Not maintaining learning
What are the initial responses to axonal injury?
- Retraction of proximal segment
- "Wallerian" degeneration (photo below)
- degeneration of distal segment
- Chromatolysis in cell body of damaged cell
- cell becomes sick
- Possible atrophy of postsynaptic cell membrance
- degeneration of distal segment
- cell becomes sick
What is Sprouting?
What are the two types that occur?
- Regrowth of damaged axons
- 1. Regenerative
- 2. Collateral
- 1. Regenerative
- 2. Collateral
What is Regenerative Sprouting?
Damaged axon regenerates itself
What is Collateral Sprouting?
Cell body damage. Other survivng cell bodies branch out to innervate tissue that lost nerve supply.
What mechanisms of axonal injury in the CNS can be reversed? Which cannot?
- Mechanical (tearing and shearing) → irreversible
- Chemical (ischemia and excitotoxicity) → reversible
What is Recovery of Synaptic Effectiveness?
Asleep neurons, due to edema, wake back up after edema removal
After mechanical damage, what is Denervation Hypersensitivity?
Postsynaptic receptor develops at remaining terminals after destruction of presynaptic terminal.
After mechanical damage, what is Synaptic Hypereffectiveness?
Axon branches are taken out → extra neurotransmitters in surviving axon → release more than normal to try to send signal
After mechanical damage, what is the Unmasking of Silent Synapses?
Activat silent synapse to make it functional
How can we functional reorganize the cerebral cortex?
When something no longer works, lots of repetions remap things in the brain and can bring it back
(ex: monkey and banana pellets - tied good arm behind back and had him use nonfunctioning arm over and over - regained full use of arm)
What is Excitotoxicity?
How does it work?
- Large amoutns of glutamate can excite cell to death.
- Glutamate binds to NMDA receptors - opening Ca++ channels
- Ca++ floods into cell
What are the metabolic effects of brain injury?
- Large amts of glutamate released from dead neurons
- Can exctie cells to death!
- Can exctie cells to death!


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Winter storm postpones games
Schools made announcements on Wednesday
From staff reports
Wednesday, January 3, 2018
The arrival of a winter storm to the area postponed multiple sporting events on Wednesday and Thursday.
On Wednesday, Elizabeth City State University announced that the men's and women's basketball games scheduled Thursday at the Vaughan Center against Livingstone College were postponed.
According to the Livingstone College athletic website, the games will be made up on Monday, Jan. 29.
The women will tip off at 5:30 p.m., while the men's game is slated to start at 7:30 p.m.
Chowan's CIAA men's and women's home basketball games vs. Johnson C. Smith scheduled for Thursday have been postponed.
The contests will be made up on Monday, Feb. 12.
Wednesday's boys and girls basketball games between Gates at Pasquotank and John A. Holmes at Currituck were postponed.
Pasquotank's home games against the Red Barons were postponed late Tuesday night following Gates County Schools announcing that it would be closing the school system on Wednesday.
Currituck officially postponed its non-conference matchups with the Aces on Wednesday morning.
A swim meet at OBX YMCA featuring Manteo, First Flight and Northeastern on Wednesday was postponed.
Perquimans County Schools announced on Wednesday afternoon that the system will be closed Thurday.
That means that Perquimans' road non-conference matchup at Currituck Thursday is postponed.
Camden's boys and girls basketball games against visiting Plymouth that were scheduled for Thursday were postponed.
Washington County Schools announced on Wednesday on its website that the school system will be closed Thursday.
Plymouth is a Washington County public school.
The games are Albemarle Athletic Conference matchups.
Dare County Schools announced on Wednesday afternoon that school system will be closed on Thursday.
That also postpones First Flight's home Northeastern Coastal Conference boys and girls contests against Pasquotank.
Edenton announced on Tuesday that its home basketball games against South Creek Thursday were postponed.
No new dates to play the high school contests have been announced.
The National Weather Service placed northeast North Carolina under a winter storm warning late Tuesday night.
The agency in Wakefield, Virginia is expecting up to 12 inches of snow to fall in the region from late Wednesday night into Thursday morning.


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Customer Reviews
All reviews are from people who have redeemed deals with this merchant.
What You'll Get
Choice of:
- One 60-Minute Facial
- Three 60-Minute Facials
- Five 60-Minute Facials
The Fine Print
Promotional value expires 120 days after purchase. Amount paid never expires. May be repurchased every 30 days. Appointment required. Merchant standard cancellation policy applies (any fees not to exceed the price paid for the voucher). Limit 1 per person, may buy 2 additional as gifts. Limit 1 per visit. Valid only for option purchased. All goods or services must be used by the same person. Merchant is solely responsible to purchasers for the care and quality of the advertised goods and services.
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GLADSTONE Ports Corporation earlier this year found elevated levels of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, also known as PFAS, at Port Central in Gladstone.
GPC said its priority was to confirm the initial groundwater sampling results against the Department of Health's Recreational Water Guidelines.
During the process, the development of a groundwater model was commissioned by GPC to help determine the nature and extent of the issue.
GPC CEO Peter O'Sullivan said the groundwater modelling indicated the groundwater's preferential flow was away from residential areas and towards Ship Creek.
"We have assessed the situation at Ship Creek through two rounds of groundwater sampling, with no elevated levels recorded," he said.
A statement from GPC said there were no current restrictions to recreational activities such as swimming, boating or fishing, around the Port Central area and the port was reviewing the latest information to determine whether further work is required.
"We remain committed to keeping the community and our stakeholders informed throughout this process," Mr O'Sullivan said.
"We are also continuing to work closely with the Queensland Government in ensuring our response puts the health and safety of our community and our environment first."
PFAS includes perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA). These chemicals, according to the Queensland government, were used in fire-fighting foams from the 1970 through to the mid-2000s. Use of the foam occurred at various civil sites including airports, military bases, fuel storage terminals, refineries and ports.
PFAS has also been detected at various other ports, including Mackay and Townsville, which have commenced investigations to ascertain concentrations of the chemicals in groundwater to inform further action.


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Give your Christmas tree a little va vroom with rather stylish Christmas mouse tree decoration.
Give your Christmas tree a little va vroom with rather stylish Christmas mouse tree decoration.
Made in felt with a translucent loop to hang him from your tree.
With gold hat and satchel bag.
Check lead times below the item price. This item will normally be despatched from that date, to worldwide destinations, in accordance with your delivery choice. We will contact you if there is any unexpected delay to this estimate.
• Standard UK P&P £3.95 (small orders).
• UK Express Delivery £6.50
• Other delivery options available, at the checkout stage, including FREE click and collect.
• See Delivery FAQ's for more information.
• Please note the order cut off times for next day and weekend deliveries (generally noon).
Overseas Delivery
Overseas and non mainland UK delivery charges are estimated at check out and we reserve the right to discuss a further charge if appropriate, however will not ship the item until we have your agreement. See our overseas delivery for more details.


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Egan Named President of Institute of Acoustics
William Egan is the new president of the Institute of Acoustics. One of Egan's first tasks will be to lead the Institute's 40th anniversary celebrations which culminate in a special two-day conference at the NEC, Birmingham October 15-16. Speaking as he took over the presidency from Bridget Shield, Egan said, "It may be something of a cliché among Institute members to say that acoustics is in everything we touch and hear, but this is still something that very few people outside the sector, most pertinently those in government, appreciate. That's why I'm
Greensea Names Gilliam COO
subsea community with the highest quality." "This is an exciting time to be part of this innovative team and to create products that are transforming the marine industry," Gilliam said. "My goal in this new role is to progress our product lines and the internal infrastructure necessary to support our rapid growth within the commercial, military and science segments." Gilliam has over 25 years of experience including founding, operating and leading her own marketing and strategic planning company for 14 years. She has worked with companies such as Lucas Arts, NEC, Micron
Women Needed for Shore Programs
Career opportunities for active-duty female Sailors are abundant with the Women Ashore program, Navy detailers said Nov. 12. "There are opportunities for female Sailors to earn their Instructor Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) (9502), their master training specialist qualification, corrections specialist NEC (9575), or even their Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) instructor NEC (9505)," said Chief Yeoman (AW) Anna Masterson, detailer, Shore Special Programs. Currently available billets include: * Instructor Duty at Training Support Center (TSC) Great Lakes


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Brand Label: Guerlain
Available for Purchase Online at Neiman Marcus for $17.50Pin It
Guerlain Rouge G Customizable Lipstick The Mirror Case DetailsCHOOSE YOUR SHADE AND YOUR CASE TO DESIGN YOUR OWN LIPSTICK. In 1870, Guerlain created the lipstick Ne m'Oubliez Pas, "Never Forget Me". Designed by jeweller Lorenz Bumer, the majestic case with the legendary curves now comes in a number of styles. Designer About Guerlain: For the past 170 years, Guerlain has created some of the world's most famous fragrances and show-stopping beauty products. From legendary scents to alluring lips.
Shop other brand label items from Guerlain on FashionStylist.com.
This item was published for sale online by Neiman Marcus on May 22, 2018 3:36 pm and last updated by us October 12, 2018 3:09 pm.
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