text:
Think, Randall! Just concentrate and think. You can DO this, Randall. You made almost 700 great comics and you are going to give up now? No fucking way! Bring on the Munroe Genius, man, bring it on like you do every monday, wednesday, and friday without fail. Come on.
Make a comic about something you like. What do you love? Lots of things. Aaagh, think. Sex! You like sex. And nudin' it up. Lots of naked folks, that's good. Good! You can work with this. Sexy times.
What do your readers like? Ugh, they are all a bunch of nerds. All they do is play nerd games and have nerdgasms and shit. What can I throw them to make them like this comic? What nerd games are out there?
wait. some of your readers just like math. FUCK. What can I do for them? fuuuuuuck. dammit. Gotta think of something.
And how can I combine these ideas? There must be a way. There must. You didn't become king of the internet by haphazardly smacking together random different ideas.
Today's xkcd makes comedy history by providing a slight variant on that theme. Instead of "in bed" [havin' sex], he adds "without clothes" [havin' sex]. Different words, yes; different idea, no. Apparently, some people think it is funny to take nerdy games (or in the end, not even real games, like Conway's Game of Life) and make 'em naked. But that's stupid.
Apparently, some people are dumb enough that you can literally just stick a "guaranteed Komedy Gold formula" in from of them and they will take your bait. Because it is literally a formula: Take the game name, and add "strip" in front of it. THE END. This works equally well for any game. Strip Bible Trivia? Strip Plants vs. Zombies? Strip Russian Roulette [which is funnier than anything randall mentioned]? All of these are exactly as funny at the ones in the list. If the point of the comic is to say that some of these are less common than others, that's equally stupid. Because the results are exactly what you would expect. If it turned out to be different - lots of people playing strip prisoner's dilemma, for example - then it might be funny. But as it is, he's just saying, "hey look, fewer people get naked playing chess by mail than playing beer pong" and I go "DUHHHHH, what other brilliant insights have you got, Mr. NASA?" "
This is also another in a long list where Randall gives us notoriously-innacurate google results for something, as a way to try to prove some point he is making. See also: Silly ways to die, kiss more people, the right number of girls for the right number of cups, etc (update: and ninja turtles, if you read the methodology). It's a silly way to present data for a number of reasons, but my favorite is the one Sam pointed out here: you'll get a lot of results for "strip
Why did he choose N to be his ratio variable? N should refer to the total sample size, ie, the denominator. Right?
In other news, Dinosaur Comics celebrated its 7th birthday yesterday with what I thought was the funniest comic in months (and a rare comic that had its funniest line at the very end), while over in Achewood Heights someone also made me laugh really, really hard. Did anyone make an hourly comic yesterday, on hourly comic day? Let us know and share a link. I made one but I am not going to link to it, it did not turn out that well.


text:
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How should we direct your call?

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
muscle(redirected from iliocostal muscle of loins)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
Muscle fibers range in length from a few hundred thousandths of a centimeter to several centimeters. They also vary in shape, and in color from white to deep red. Each fiber receives its own nerve impulses, so that fine and varied motions are possible. Each has its small stored supply of glycogen, which it uses as fuel for energy. Muscles, especially the heart, also use free fatty acids as fuel. At the signal of an impulse traveling down the nerve, the muscle fiber changes chemical energy into mechanical energy, and the result is muscle contraction.
Some muscles are attached to bones by tendons. Others are attached to other muscles, or to skin (producing the smile, the wink, and other facial expressions, for example). All or part of the walls of hollow internal organs, such as the heart, stomach, intestines, and blood vessels, are composed of muscles. The last stages of swallowing and of peristalsis are actually series of contractions by the muscles in the walls of the organs involved.
Involuntary muscles are those not under the control of the conscious part of the brain; they respond to the nerve impulses of the autonomic nervous system. They include the countless short-fibered, or smooth, muscles of the internal organs and power the digestive tract, the pupils of the eyes, and all other involuntary mechanisms.
Voluntary muscles are those controlled by the conscious part of the brain, and are striated. These are the skeletal muscles that enable the body to move, and there are more than 600 of them in the human body. Their fibers are grouped together in sheaths of muscle cells. Groups of fibers are bundled together into fascicles, surrounded by a tough sheet of connective tissue to form a muscle group such as the biceps. Unlike the involuntary muscles, which can remain in a state of contraction for long periods without tiring and are capable of sustained rhythmic contractions, the voluntary muscles are readily subject to fatigue.
Cardiac muscles (the muscles of the heart) are the third kind; they are involuntary and consist of striated fibers different from those of voluntary muscle. The contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle continues at a rhythmic pace until death unless the muscle is injured in some way.
Muscles enable the body to perform different types of movement. Those that bend a limb at a joint, raising a thigh or bending an elbow, are called flexors. Those that straighten a limb are called extensors. Others, the abductors, make possible movement away from the midline of the body, whereas the adductors permit movement toward the midline. Muscles always act in opposing groups. In bending an elbow or flexing a muscle, for example, the biceps (flexor) contracts and the triceps (extensor) relaxes. The reverse happens in straightening the elbow.
A muscle that has contracted many times, and has exhausted its stores of glycogen and other substances, and accumulated too much lactic acid, becomes unable to contract further and suffers from fatigue. In prolonged exhausting work, fat in the muscles can also be used for energy, and as a consequence the muscles become leaner.
mus·cle(mŭs'ĕl), [TA]
muscle/mus·cle/ (mus´'l) an organ which by contraction produces movement of an animal organism.
muscle (m)
MUSCLEAbbreviation for:
Multi Station Clinical Examination (OSCE)
mus·cle(mŭs'ĕl) [TA]
Synonym(s): musculus.
muscle(mus'el ) [L. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse]
The three general classes of muscle cells (myocytes) are skeletal (striated), cardiac (striated), and smooth; most of the muscle in humans is skeletal. A typical muscle has a central portion called the belly and two or more attachment ends with tendons; the more stationary of the attachments is called the muscle's origin, while the more movable attachment is called the muscle's insertion. See: illustration
abdominal muscles
abducens muscle, abducens oculi
abductor muscle
abductor digiti minimi muscle
abductor pollicis brevis muscle
adductor muscle
adductor brevis muscle
adductor longus muscle
adductor magnus muscle
adductor pollicis muscle
agonist muscle
anconeus muscle
antagonist muscleAgonist muscle.
antigravity muscles
appendicular muscle
arrector pili muscleArrector pili.
arm muscle
articular muscle
arytenoid muscle
auditory muscles
axial muscle
back muscle
biceps brachii muscle
biceps femoris muscle
bipennate muscle
brachialis muscle
brachioradialis muscle
buccinator muscle
cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic motor axons. In addition, cardiac muscle: is stimulated by blood—borne molecules, can conduct electrical impulses from cell to cell, and can independently generate rhythmical contractions. Cardiac muscle, which is found only in the heart, cannot be controlled consciously.
chest wall muscle
chewing muscleMastication muscle.
ciliary muscle
constrictor muscle of pharynx
core muscle
corrugator muscle
cremaster muscle
cricoarytenoid muscle
cricothyroid muscle
deep neck muscle
deltoid muscle
detrusor muscle
diaphragm muscle
digastric muscle
erector spinae muscle
extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
extensor digitorum muscle
extensor digitorum brevis muscle
extensor digitorum longus muscle
extensor hallucis longus muscle
external intercostal muscles
external oblique muscle
external pterygoid muscleLateral pterygoid muscle.
extraocular muscleAbbreviation: EOM
extrinsic muscleAbbreviation: EM
muscles of facial expression
muscles of facial expression
fibularis muscles
fibularis longus musclePeroneus longus muscle.
fixation muscle
flexor carpi radialis muscle
flexor carpi ulnaris muscle
flexor digitorum longus muscle
flexor digitorum profundus muscle
flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
flexor hallucis longus muscle
flexor pollicis brevis muscle
flexor pollicis longus muscle
foot muscles
frontalis muscle
fusiform muscle
gastrocnemius muscle
gemellus muscle
genioglossus muscle
gluteus maximus muscle
gluteus medius muscle
gracilis muscle
hamstring muscles
hand muscles
Hilton muscleSee: Hilton, John
hyoglossus muscle
iliacus muscle
iliopsoas muscle
inferior oblique muscle
inferior rectus muscle
infraspinatus muscle
internal intercostal muscles
internal pterygoid muscleMedial pterygoid muscle.
intrinsic muscle
involuntary muscle
laryngeal muscle
lateral pterygoid muscle
lateral rectus muscle
latissimus dorsi muscle
leg muscles
levator ani muscle
levator palpebrae muscle
lumbrical muscle
masseter muscle
mastication muscle
medial pterygoid muscle
medial rectus muscle
mentalis muscle
mimetic muscles
multipennate muscle
mylohyoid muscle
nasalis muscle.
neck muscles
nonstriated muscleSmooth muscle.
obturator muscle
opponens pollicis muscle
orbicular muscle
orbicularis oculi muscle
orbicularis oris muscle
muscles of the palate
palmaris longus muscle
papillary muscle
pectinate muscle
pectoralis major muscle
pectoralis minor muscle
peroneus longus muscle
pharynx and tongue muscles
piriformis muscle
platysma muscle
postaxial muscle
postural musclesAntigravity muscles.
preaxial muscle
procerus muscle
pronator teres muscle
psoas major muscle
pterygoid muscle
puborectalis muscle
quadriceps muscle
rectus abdominis muscle
rectus femoris muscle
red muscle
muscle of respiration
rhomboid muscle
rotator cuff muscles
sartorius muscle
scalene muscle
semimembranosus muscle
semitendinosus muscle
serratus muscle
serratus anterior muscle
shoulder muscles
skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is innervated by somatic (as opposed to autonomic) motor axons at a synaptic structure called a motor endplate, where acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter. Most skeletal muscles can be controlled consciously, and skeletal muscle is sometimes referred to as voluntary muscle. Skeletal muscle cells contract more forcefully than smooth or cardiac muscle cells.
Skeletal muscle got its name because it usually attaches at one end to bone. Skeletal muscle is by far the most common type of muscle in the body and it plays a major role in normal metabolism, e.g., after a meal, excess glucose is removed from the blood stream primarily by skeletal muscle.
smooth muscle
Smooth muscles are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic motor axons; they are also stimulated by blood-borne molecules. Smooth muscles cannot be consciously controlled, and this form of muscle tissue is called involuntary muscle. Smooth muscle cells contract more slowly than skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.
somatic muscle
sphincter muscle
sphincter muscle of urinary bladder
stabilizer muscle
stapedius muscle
sternocleidomastoid muscle
striated muscleSee: table
subscapularis muscle
superior oblique muscle
superior rectus muscle
supraspinatus muscle
synergistic muscles
temporalis muscle
tensor fascia lata muscle
tensor tympani muscle
teres major muscle
teres minor muscle
thenar muscle
thigh muscles
thyroepiglottic muscle
tibialis anterior muscle
tibialis posterior muscle
tonic muscle
trapezius muscle
triangular muscle
triceps muscle
triceps brachii muscleTriceps muscle.
tricipital muscle
twitch muscle
unipennate muscle
unstriated muscleSmooth muscle.
uterine muscleSee: myometrium
vastus intermedius muscle
vastus lateralis muscle
vastus medialis muscle
vocalis muscle
voluntary muscle
|Length (in/m)
|Thickness (in/m)
|No striation
|Marked striation
|Effects of cutting related nerve
|Regulation of heart rate is lost
|Complete paralysis
muscleA tissue consisting of large numbers of parallel elongated cells with the power of shortening and thickening so as to approximate their ends and effect movement. Up to 50% of the body weight consists of muscle, most being attached to bone in such a way that muscle contraction causes joints to bend (flex) or straighten (extend). Muscle fibres convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. There are three kinds of muscle—striped (striated) or voluntary muscle; smooth or involuntary muscle occurring in the walls of arteries, the intestines and the urinary tract; and heart muscle (MYOCARDIUM), a network (syncytium) of muscle fibres that contract regularly and automatically without external stimulus.
musclethe fleshy part of any animal that consists of tissue made up of highly contractile cells which serve to move parts of the body relative to each other.
A muscle is composed of many fibres or muscle cells. In STRIATED MUSCLE, each cell contains a bundle of MYOFIBRILS each exhibiting a banding pattern and being made up of a number of SARCOMERES arranged end to end. The sarcomere is the unit of contraction and the banding visible over its surface results from the longitudal filaments which make up the myofibril being of two types, thick (dark) and thin (light). These filaments overlap as shown in Fig. 225. The thick filaments are composed of the protein MYOSIN and the thin filaments of ACTIN. H.E. Huxley and K. Harrison found that on contraction, the light zones (I-BANDS) were comparatively narrow; on relaxation of the muscle the I-bands were broad. Where very strong contraction takes place the H-zone disappears and the thin filaments overlap.
Huxley and Harrison proposed the sliding filament hypothesis, to account for their observations. Bridges occur between thick and thin filaments and in contraction the bridges pull thin filaments past the thick ones using a ratchet mechanism. Some filaments are retained in this 'pulled past' position whilst others detach then reattach and repeat the 'pulling past' action. ACTOMYSIN is formed at the point of contact of bridge and thin filament. For each bridge to go through its cycle of attachment, contraction and reattachment, the splitting of one molecule of ATP is required, the cycles occurring between 50 and 100 times per second. The supply of ATP comes from MITOCHONDRIA between the fibrils. Calcium ions are released from vesicles in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, by the ACTION POTENTIAL passing along the surface of the fibre and these split the ATP. Troponin activated by the calcium displaces tropomyosin, which prevents myosin bridges from binding with actin fibrils. Once binding takes place this activates ATPase and on hydrolysis of ATP the bridge goes through its cycle of movement.
musclecontractile soft tissue, responsible for all significant active movements and force-generations in an animal body. Divisible into three classes: (1) skeletal or voluntary muscle the class of muscle acting, in almost all body locations, to move one bone relative to another, the more superficial skeletal muscles being visible under the skin in all but the most obese subjects; (2) cardiac muscle the type unique to the heart; (3) smooth muscle composing the actively adjustable components of the walls of blood vessels and of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Skeletal and cardiac are the striated muscles; cardiac and smooth share the property of being involuntary. See also muscle fibres, muscle fibre types, myofibrils; Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7.
musclefibrous contractile tissue, stimulation of which allows movement of body parts or alterations in function of various organs (see Table 1 and Table 2; muscular tissue; see named individual muscles)
|Muscle origin
|Muscle insertion
|Hip only
|Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Psoas major
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus (deep quarter)
Obturator externus
Obturator internus
|Body of pubis
Body and inferior ramus of pubis
Inferior ramus of pubis
Lumbar vertebrae
Iliac fossa
Body and superior ramus of pubis
Obturator membrane
Internal surfaces of ileum, pubis
Ischium, sides of sciatic notch
|Linea aspera of posterior femur
Linea aspera of posterior femur
Lower medial femur, adductor tubercle
Lesser trochanter
Femur, inferior to lesser trochanter
Posterior area of lesser trochanter
Anterior area greater trochanter
Lateral area greater trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity of femur
Greater trochanter
Trochanteric fossa
Medial area greater trochanter
Medial area greater trochanter
|Hip and knee
|Biceps femoris (long head)
Tensor fasciae lata
Rectus femoris
Gluteus maximus (superior three-quarters)
|Ischial tuberosity
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial tuberosity
Body and inferior ramus of pubis
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior one-quarter of iliac crest
Anterior ileum
Posterior area of ileum and sacrum
|Head of fibula
Posterior-area medial tibial condyle
Upper one-quarter medial tibia
Upper one-quarter medial tibia
Upper one-quarter medial tibia
Lateral condyle tibia via iliotibial tract
Patella, via quadriceps tendon
Lateral condyle tibia via iliotibial tract
|Knee only
|Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Biceps femoris (short head)
|Anterior upper femur and tendon of adductor magnus
Anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur
Greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
Linea aspera
Lateral condyle of femur
|Superior and medial surfaces of patella and capsule of knee joint
Superior surface of patella and suprapatellar bursa
Superior and lateral surfaces of patella and capsule of knee joint
Head of fibula
Posterior surface of upper tibia
|Knee and ankle
|Lateral surface of lateral condyle and posterior surface of medial femoral condyle
Posterior surface of lateral femoral condyle
|Calcaneum, via Achilles tendon
Calcaneum, via Achilles tendon (acts with gastrocnemius)
|Ankle only
|Soleal line and middle one-third of medial border of tibia and posterior surface of upper one-third fibula
|Calcaneum, via Achilles tendon
|Ankle and tarsus
|Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus tertius
|Lateral surface of upper two-thirds of lateral fibula
Lateral surface of lower two-thirds of lateral fibula
Lateral surface of upper one-half of tibia and local interosseous membrane
Upper one-half of tibia, fibula and local interosseous membrane
Anterior surface of distal one-quarter of fibula
|Base of first metatarsal and lateral side of medial (first) cuneiform
Base of fifth metatarsal
Base of first metatarsal and inferomedial aspect of medial (first) cuneiform
Medial (first) cuneiform, inferior aspects of all tarsal bones (except the talus) and bases of second, third and fourth metatarsals
Dorsal shaft of fifth metatarsal
|Tarsus and toes
|Extensor digitorum brevis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexor accessories (quadratus plantae)
Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi
|Superior and anterior surfaces of the calcaneum
Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity
Plantar, medial and lateral aspects of calcaneum
Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and flexor retinaculum
Calcaneal tuberosity
|Dorsum of proximal phalanx of hallux, and extensor expansions of toes 2–4
Plantar, middle phalanges of toes 2–5
Tendon flexor digitorum longus
Medial side of proximal phalanx of hallux
Lateral side of proximal phalanx of fifth toe
|Toes only
|Dorsal interossei
Plantar interossei
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
|Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1–5
Medial sides of metatarsals 3–5
Digital tendon slips of flexor digitorum longus
Medial plantar aspect of the cuboid
Bases of 2–4 metatarsals and transverse plantar ligament of 2–4 metatarsophalangeal joints
Base of fifth metatarsal
|Lateral side of toes 2–4 and medial side toe 2
Medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges of toes 3–5
Extensor expansions toes 2–5
Medial and lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of hallux
Lateral side of base of proximal side of hallux
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of toe 5
|Movement about joint
|Muscle causing the movement
|Nerve supply to muscle
|Hip flexion
Psoas major
Rectus femoris
Tensor fasciae lata
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
|Ventral rami of L1 and L2
Ventral rami of L1 and L2
Superior gluteal
|Hip extension
|Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris, long head
Adductor magnus, ischial part
|Inferior gluteal
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
Tibial part of sciatic nerve
|Hip adduction
|Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Quadratus femoris
Ventral rami of L4, L5 and S1
|Hip abduction
|Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fasciae lata
Obturator internus, in flexion
|Superior gluteal
Superior gluteal
Superior gluteal
Ventral rami of L5 and SI
Ventral rami of L5 and S1
|Medial rotation of leg at hip
|Tensor fasciae lata
Gluteus minimus
Anterior fibres of gluteus maximus
Adductors longus, brevis and magnus
|Superior gluteal
Superior gluteal
Superior gluteal
Superior gluteal
Ventral rami L1 and L2
|Lateral rotation of leg at hip
Gluteus maximus
Obturator internus
Obturator externus
Quadratus femoris
Piriformis, in flexion
Inferior gluteal
Ventral rami of L5, S1 and S2
Ventral rami of L5, S1 and S2
Ventral rami of L4, L5 and S1 Ventral rami of L5, S1 and S2
|Knee flexion
Biceps femoris, long head
Biceps femoris, short head
|Sciatic (tibial)
Sciatic (tibial)
Sciatic (tibial)
Common peroneal
|Knee extension
|Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Rectus femoris
Gluteus maximus
Tensor fasciae lata
Inferior gluteal
Superior gluteal
|Lateral rotation of leg = medial rotation of thigh in knee flexion
|Biceps femoris, long head
Biceps femoris, short head
Gluteus maximus
Tensor fasciae lata
Common peroneal
Inferior gluteal
Superior gluteal
|Medial rotation of leg with knee flexed
|Medial rotation of leg with knee extended
|Sciatic (tibial)
Sciatic (tibial)
|Ankle plantarflexion
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Superficial peroneal
Superficial peroneal
|Ankle dorsiflexion
|Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
|Deep peroneal
Deep peroneal
Deep peroneal
Deep peroneal
|Subtalar and midtarsal inversion
|Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
|Deep peroneal
Deep peroneal
|Subtalar and midtarsal eversion
|Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus tertius
|Superficial peroneal
Superficial peroneal
Deep peroneal
Deep peroneal
|1 Toe plantarflexion (MTPJ; IPJ)
|Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor hallucis brevis
Medial plantar
|2–5 Toes plantarflexion (MTPJs; IPJs)
|Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor accessorius (quadratus plantae)
Flexor digitorum brevis
Lateral plantar
Medial plantar
Medial plantar, toe 2; lateral plantar toes 3–5
Lateral plantar
|1 Toe dorsiflexion
|Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor hallucis brevis
|Deep peroneal
Deep peroneal
|2–5 Toes dorsiflexion
2–4 Toes dorsiflexion
|Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor digitorum brevis
|Deep peroneal
Deep peroneal
|Toe abduction (away from midline of foot = adduction toward midline of body)
|Toe 1
Toes 2–4
Toe 5
|Abductor hallucis
Dorsal interossei
Abductor digit minimi
|Medial plantar
Lateral plantar
Lateral plantar
|Toe adduction (toward the midline of foot = abduction away from midline of body)
|Toe 1
Toes 2–5
|Adductor hallucis*
Plantar interossei
|Lateral plantar
Lateral plantar
Note: Primary action of muscles is printed in normal type; muscles that give some contribution to this action are printed in italics .
The nerve supply to the lower limb (lower leg and foot) is derived from the sciatic and femoral nerves. Dysfunction or compromise of either of these nerves causes marked motor, sensory and autonomic effects in the lower leg and foot.
MTPJ, metatarsophalangeal joint; IPJ, interphalangeal joint.
abducens muscle See lateral rectus muscle.
adducens muscle See medial rectus muscle.
agonistic muscle A muscle that performs the desired movement, or does the opposite to an antagonistic muscle. Example: the left lateral rectus is the agonistic muscle when the left eye turns to the left. See antagonistic muscle.
antagonistic muscle A muscle that opposes the action of another. Example: the right superior rectus muscle is the contralateral antagonist of the left superior oblique. See agonistic muscle; synergistic muscles.
Brücke's muscle See ciliary muscle.
ciliary muscle The smooth (unstriated and involuntary) muscle of the ciliary body. In a meridional section of the eye it has the form of a right-angled triangle, the right angle being internal and facing the ciliary processes. The posterior angle is acute and points to the choroid, the hypotenuse runs parallel with the sclera. Some of its fibres have their origin in the scleral spur at the angle of the anterior chamber, while other fibres take origin in the trabecular meshwork. The fibres radiate backward in three directions: (1) Fibres coursing meridionally or longitudinally more or less parallel to the sclera and can be traced posteriorly into the suprachoroid to the equator or even beyond. They end usually in branched stellate figures known as muscle stars with three or more rays to each. These fibres represent Brücke's muscle. (2) Other fibres course radially. These fibres lie deep in the longitudinal fibres from which they are distinguished by the reticular character of their stroma but are often very difficult to separate from the circular fibres. (3) The circular fibres (Müller's muscle) occupy the anterior and inner portion of the ciliary body and run parallel to the limbus. As a whole, these fibres form a ring.Innervation to the ciliary muscle (mainly parasympathetic fibres derived from the oculomotor nerve) is provided through the short ciliary nerves and stimulation causes a contraction of the muscle. However, a small amount of sympathetic supply is also believed to act and relax the muscle. Blood supply to the ciliary muscle is provided by the anterior and long posterior ciliary arteries. Contraction of the ciliary muscle causes a reduction in its length thus causing the whole muscle to move forward and inward. Consequently the zonule of Zinn, which suspends the lens, relaxes. This leads to a decrease in the tension in the capsule of the lens allowing it to become more convex and thereby providing accommodation. Syn. Bowman's muscle. See mechanism of accommodation; adrenergic receptors; ciliary body; scleral spur; Helmholtz's of accommodation theory; zonule of Zinn.
muscle cone A structure formed by the sheath of the four recti muscles as they pass forward from their common origin at the apex of the orbit in the fibrous ring called the annulus of Zinn (and around the optic nerve) to be inserted into the sclera around the eyeball. Some authors consider the muscle cone to include the superior oblique muscle. See annulus of Zinn.
dilator pupillae muscle Smooth (unstriated and involuntary) muscle whose fibres constitute the posterior membrane of the iris. This muscle extends from the ciliary body close to the margin of the iris where it fuses with the sphincter pupillae muscle. Contraction of the dilator pupillae muscle draws the pupillary margin towards the ciliary body and therefore dilates the pupil. This muscle is supplied by the sympathetic fibres in the long ciliary nerves and by a few parasympathetic fibres. See adrenergic receptors; sphincter pupillae muscle; mydriatic.
elevator muscle's See inferior oblique muscle; superior rectus muscle.
external rectus muscle See lateral rectus muscle.
extraocular muscle's The striated (voluntary) muscles that control the movements of the eyes. There are six such muscles: four recti muscles (lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus and inferior rectus) which move the eye more or less around the transverse and vertical axes, and two oblique muscles (inferior oblique and superior oblique) which move the eyes obliquely. The muscles are composed of striated fibres of varying length, mostly running parallel to the direction of the muscle and united by fibrous connective tissue. They have a greater ratio of nerve fibres to muscle fibres than other striated muscles of the body. The fibre thickness varies from 3 to 50 μm, although functionally there seem to be two main types of fibres, the fast and the slow fibres. The former are the thickest and probably responsible for the fast movements of the eyes (saccades) and the latter consist of thin fibres. The tendons (bands of connective tissue) at one end of each extraocular muscle are attached to bones. This is the origin of the muscle. At the other end of the muscle the tendon is attached to the eye and this area is called the insertion. The substance proper of the muscle is called the belly. Contraction of a muscle occurs in the direction of its constituent fibres and causes a shortening of the muscle. Consequently the eye turns in a given direction depending upon which extraocular muscle is contracting. Contraction results from nervous impulses arriving at the motor end-plate (the junction between an axon and a striated muscle fibre) of the muscle through one of the ocular motor nerves. This causes a neurotransmitter substance to be discharged in the microscopic gap between the end-plate and a muscle fibre. These muscles also possess specialized receptors called muscle spindles, which are small groups of muscle fibres that are provided with both a sensory and a motor nerve supply. There are between 12 and 50 in each muscle. The muscle spindles provide a constant and continuous monitoring of the degree of tension of the muscle itself. Syn. extrinsic muscles; oculorotary muscles. See cholinergic; felderstruktur fibres; motor unit; strabismus surgery; motility test; three-step test.
extrinsic muscle's See extraocular muscles.
eyelid retractor muscle's See levator palpebrae superioris muscle; Müller's palpebral muscles.
Horner's muscle A thin layer of fibres that originates behind the lacrimal sac from the upper part of the posterior lacrimal crest (a ridge on the lacrimal bone which borders the fossa for the lacrimal sac). The muscle passes outward and forward and divides into two slips surrounding the canaliculi. It then becomes continuous with the pretarsal portions of the orbicularis muscle of the upper and lower lids and with the muscle of Riolan. Horner's muscle may be involved in tear drainage through action on the lacrimal sac. Syn. pars lacrimalis muscle; tensor tarsi muscle. See muscle of Riolan.
inferior oblique muscle (IO) One of the extraocular muscles, it takes its origin at the antero-medial corner of the floor of the orbit. It passes underneath the inferior rectus in a backward direction (making an angle of about 50º with the sagittal plane of the eye), then under the lateral rectus to be inserted by the shortest tendon of all extraocular muscles on the posterior, temporal portion of the eyeball, for the most part below the horizontal meridian, some 5 mm away from the optic nerve. It is innervated by the oculomotor nerve and it extorts (main action), elevates and abducts the eyeball when the eye is in the primary position. Combined with the action of the superior rectus muscle, it directs the eye upward (Fig. M15). See Bielschowsky's head tilt test; three-step test.
inferior rectus muscle (IR) This is the shortest of the four recti muscles. It arises from the lower part of the annulus of Zinn, runs forward, downward and outward (making an angle of about 23º with the sagittal plane) and inserts into the inferior portion of the sclera about 6.5 mm from the corneal limbus. It is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve and it depresses (main action), adducts and extorts the eyeball when the eye is in the primary position (Fig. M15). See annulus of Zinn; Müller's palpebral muscles; Bielschowsky's head tilt test.
inferior tarsal muscle See Müller's palpebral muscles.
internal rectus muscle See medial rectus muscle.
intraocular muscle's The smooth (unstriated and involuntary) muscles found within the eye. They are the ciliary, the dilator pupillae and the sphincter pupillae muscles. Syn. intrinsic muscles. See cholinergic.
lateral rectus muscle (LR) One of the extraocular muscles, it arises from both the lower and upper parts of the annulus of Zinn which bridge the superior orbital fissure. The muscle passes forward along the lateral wall of the orbit, crosses the tendon of the inferior oblique muscle and inserts into the sclera about 6.9 mm from the corneal limbus. It is innervated by the abducens nerve and it abducts the eyeball when the eye is in the primary position (Fig. M15). Syn. external rectus muscle; abducens muscle. See annulus of Zinn; check ligament.
levator palpebrae superioris muscle Striated muscle that arises from the under surface of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone above and in front of the optic canal. It passes forward below the roof of the orbit and above the superior rectus muscle and terminates in a tendinous expansion or aponeurosis (also called levator aponeurosis), which spreads out in a fan-shaped manner so as to occupy the whole breadth of the orbit and thus gives the whole muscle the form of an isosceles triangle. From the inferior surface of the aponeurosis arises a thin sheet of smooth muscle fibres called Müller's palpebral muscle (or superior tarsal muscle) which inserts into the posterior margin of the superior tarsal plate and into the superior fornix of the conjunctiva. These smooth muscle fibres are innervated by sympathetic nerves from the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and assist in elevating the upper eyelid. The fibres of the aponeurosis are attached to the anterior margin of the superior tarsal plate while some fuse with bundles of the orbicularis oculi muscle to attach to the skin. These latter sets of fibres produce the horizontal skin crease of the upper eyelid. The striated levator aponeurosis is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve and elevates the upper eyelid. Its antagonist is the orbicularis muscle. See orbicularis muscle.
medial rectus muscle (MR) One of the extraocular muscles, it arises from the medial part of the annulus of Zinn. It passes forward along the medial wall of the orbit and is inserted into the sclera about 5.5 mm from the corneal limbus. It is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve and it adducts the eyeball when the eye is in the primary position (Fig. M15). Syn. internal rectus muscle; adducens muscle. See annulus of Zinn; check ligament.
Müller's muscle See ciliary muscle.
Müller's palpebral muscle's Smooth muscles of the eyelids. The superior one (also called superior tarsal muscle) originates from the under surface of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and passes below to insert into the upper margin of the tarsal plate of the upper eyelid. The inferior one (also called inferior tarsal muscle) originates from the muscular fascia covering the inferior rectus muscle. It extends upward and inserts into the bulbar conjunctiva and the lower margin of the tarsal plate of the lower eyelid. Müller's palpebral muscles are innervated by sympathetic fibres and help in lifting the upper eyelid and depressing the lower eyelid. They are sometimes referred to as the eyelid retractors.
oculorotary muscle's See extraocular muscles.
orbicularis muscle A thin oval sheet of striated muscle that surrounds the palpebral fissure, covers the eyelids and spreads out for some distance onto the temple, forehead and cheek. It consists of three portions: (1) The marginal or ciliary portion (muscle of Riolan). (2) The palpebral portion (also called the pars palpebralis muscle) which is the essential part of the muscle and is confined to the lids and may itself be divided into pretarsal portion whose fibres lie in front of the tarsal plates, and the preseptal portion whose fibres extend from the tarsal plates to the orbital margin. The palpebral portion is used in closing the eye without effort or in reflex blinking. (3) The orbital portion (also called the pars orbitalis muscle) which is found in the eyebrow, the temple, the forehead and the cheek. This portion of the muscle is used to close the eye tightly and the skin of the forehead, temple and cheek is drawn towards the inner side of the orbit. The orbicularis muscle is innervated by the facial nerve. Syn. sphincter oculi muscle. See ectropion; Horner's muscle; levator palpebrae superiotis muscle; muscle of Riolan; myokymia.
pars ciliaris muscle See muscle of Riolan.
pars lacrimalis muscle See Horner's muscle.
pars orbitalis muscle See orbicularis muscle.
pars palpebralis muscle See orbicularis muscle.
pupillary muscle's The dilator pupillae and the sphincter pupillae muscles.
muscle of Riolan The ciliary portion of the orbic-ularis muscle, it consists of very fine striated muscle fibres which lie in the dense tissue of the eyelids near their margin. It is continuous with Horner's muscle and encircles the eyelid margins mainly between the tarsal glands and the eyelash follicles. Its action is to bring the eyelid margins together when the eyes are closed. Syn. pars ciliaris muscle. See Horner's muscle; orbicularis muscle.
sphincter oculi muscle See orbicularis muscle.
sphincter pupillae muscle Smooth, circular muscle about 1 mm broad, forming a ring all round the pupillary margin near the posterior surface of the iris. It is innervated by parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve that synapse in the ciliary ganglion and by a few sympathetic fibres. Its contraction produces a reduction in the diameter of the pupil. See miotics; dilator pupillae muscle; pupil light reflex.
muscle spindle See extraocular muscles.
superior oblique muscle (SO) This is the longest and thinnest of the extraocular muscles. It arises above and medial to the optic foramen on the small wing of the sphenoid bone. It passes forward between the roof and medial wall of the orbit to the trochlea (which is in the form of a pulley made of fibrocartilage) located at the front of the orbit where it loops over and turns sharply backward, downward and outward (making an angle of about 55º with the sagittal plane), passes under the superior rectus and inserts into the sclera just behind the equator on the superior temporal portion of the eyeball. It is innervated by the trochlear nerve and it intorts (main action), depresses, and also abducts the eyeball when the eye is in the primary position (Fig. M15). See trochlear fossa; Bielschowsky's head tilt test; three-step test.
superior rectus muscle (SR) One of the extraocular muscles, it arises from the upper part of the annulus of Zinn. It passes forward and outward (making an angle of about 23º with the sagittal plane) and inserts into the sclera about 7.7 mm from the corneal limbus. It is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve and elevates (main action), adducts, and also intorts the eyeball when the eye is in the primary position (Fig. M15). See annulus of Zinn; Bielschowsky's head tilt test.
synergistic muscle's Muscles having a similar and mutually helpful action as, for example, the inferior rectus and superior oblique muscles in depressing the eyeball. See Table M5.
superior tarsal muscle See Müller's palpebral muscles.
tarsal muscle's See Müller's palpebral muscles.
tensor tarsi muscle See Horner's muscle.
yoke muscle's Muscles of the two eyes which simultaneously contract to turn the eyes in a given direction. Example: the medial rectus of the right eye and the lateral rectus of the left eye when turning the eyes to the left. See Hering's law of equal innervation; motility test; version.
|Table M5 Agonistic, antagonistic and synergistic extraocular muscles
|ipsilateral antagonist
|ipsilateral synergist(s)
|contralateral synergist
|lateral rectus
|medial rectus
|superior oblique
|medial rectus
|inferior oblique
|medial rectus
|lateral rectus
|superior rectus
|lateral rectus
|inferior rectus
|superior rectus
|inferior rectus
|inferior oblique
|inferior oblique
|inferior rectus
|superior rectus
|superior oblique
|superior oblique
|superior oblique
|inferior oblique
|superior rectus
|inferior rectus
|inferior oblique
|superior oblique
|inferior rectus
|superior rectus
|Table M6 Innervation and action of the six extraocular muscles
|action in the primary position
|medial rectus
|oculomotor (III)
|lateral rectus
|abducens (VI)
|inferior rectus
|oculomotor (III)
|superior rectus
|oculomotor (III)
|inferior oblique
|oculomotor (III)
|superior oblique
|trochlear (IV)
|*Bold characters indicate main action.
|Table M7 Intraocular muscles of the eyeball (unstriated muscles)
|name of muscle
|nerve supply
|sphincter pupillae
|parasympathetic via oculomotor nerve
|constricts pupil
|dilator pupillae
|sympathetic via trigeminal nerve
|dilates pupil
|parasympathetic via oculomotor nerve
|controls shape of lens in accommodation
|Table M8 Yoke muscles
|right eye
|left eye
|lateral rectus
|medial rectus
|to the right
|medial rectus
|lateral rectus
|to the left
|superior rectus
|inferior oblique
|up and to the right
|inferior rectus
|superior oblique
|down and to the right
|superior oblique
|inferior rectus
|down and to the left
|inferior oblique
|superior rectus
|up and to the left
|*The directions refer to those of the patient.
|Table M9 Dimensions of the four recti muscles
|muscle length (mm)
|insertion distance from limbus (mm)
|tendon length (mm)
|lateral rectus
|medial rectus
|inferior rectus
|superior rectus
mus·cle(mŭs'ĕl) [TA]
Synonym(s): musculus [TA] .
n the muscle consisting of three bands and composing the wall of the cheek between the mandible and the maxilla; it causes the cheek to stay tight to the teeth and the lip corners to pull inward. It is often known as the "cheek muscle."
n a tiny smooth muscle at the junction of the cornea and sclera, consisting of two groups of fibers: circular fibers, which exert parasympathetic control through the oculomotor nerve and the ciliary ganglion, and radial fibers, which exert sympathetic control. Ciliary muscles are responsible for accommodation for far vision through flattening of the lens.
n an extrinsic tongue muscle that originates from the genial tubercles of the mandible and extends inside the tongue. It aids in tongue extension and prevents respiratory obstruction.
n suprahyoid muscle attached to the superior surface of the hyoid bone. This muscle, which is used for mastication and swallowing, originates on the genial tubercles of the mandible and extends along the floor of the oral cavity. See also deglutition; mastication; muscle, hyoid.
n an extrinsic tongue muscle that originates from the hyoid bone and extends on the lateral surface of the body of the tongue. It depresses the tongue during mastication and speech.
n the muscle whose superior head attaches to the sphenoid bone and whose inferior head attaches to the pterygoid plate. This muscle moves the jaw from side to side. Also known as the
external pterygoid muscle.
n the muscle in the chin that originates in the incisive fossa and is inserted into the skin of the chin; it lifts the lower lip and wrinkles the skin of chin.
n the muscle that encircles the oral cavity; it encompasses both fibers proper to the lips as well as the adjacent facial muscles. Also known as the "kissing muscle" for its puckering role, it is intimately involved in the opening and closing of the oral cavity.
n the interior palate muscle that serves to raise and lower the posterior part of the tongue.
n the muscle that extends from the soft palate to the walls of the laryngopharynx and the thyroid cartilage to form the posterior facial pillars; it is used during swallowing to cover the opening of the nasopharynx by moving the palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall.
n the muscle that extends from the clavicle and shoulder, along the neck, to the mandible and the muscles surrounding the oral cavity; it allows the corners of the oral cavity to be pulled down in a grimace and the skin of the neck to be raised into ridges and depressions.
n infrahyoid mus-cle that runs from the sternum to the thyroid cartilage and depresses the larynx and the thyroid cartilage for mastication and swallowing. See also deglutition; mastication; muscle, hyoid.
Patient discussion about muscle
Q. What are muscle cramps caused from? I am a 30 year old woman and am pregnant. I keep on getting a muscle cramps on the back on my lower leg. It really hurts! What is causing it and how can I prevent it?
No one knows for certain what causes leg cramps in pregnancy, though there are some theories: Deficiencies in salt, calcium, magnesium and vitamin C or changes in blood circulation.
To prevent it make sure to stretch your muscles before bed and if you do get a cramp, immediately stretch your calf muscles: Straighten your leg, heel first, and gently flex your toes back toward your shins. It might hurt at first, but it will ease the spasm and the pain will gradually go away.
Q. Why do my muscles sometimes burn when I'm exercising? I do exercise twice a day. Why do my muscles sometimes burn when I'm exercising?
Muscle cells take up glucose (muscle glycogen) and convert them into lactic acid, which the mitrochondria in the cells then use for energy. The old theory was that lactic acid was a waste product that hindered performance. New scholarship on this actually shows that lactic acid is a SOURCE of fuel, not a "dead end as far as energy production is concerned."
Much of this new thinking has come from research performed by Dr. George Brooks at the University of California - Berkely. You can read more here: http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/04/19_lactate.shtml
Researchers also now believe that muscle acidosis (that burning sensation during exercise)is not caused by increases in lactate within the muscle, but rather by a completely separate reaction when ATP is h
Q. What can I do to build muscle and develop immunity? I'm Mickey, 21. My height is 5'5" and I weigh 176 lbs. I love out door games especially soccer. I have poor immunity that I get sick very often. What can I do to build muscle and develop immunity?


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Mad. Sq. Art: Sandra Gibson & Luis Recoder Exhibition
Saturday, March 23, 2013
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This event repeats every day between 3/1/2013 and 4/5/2013.
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Madison Square Park Conservancy's Mad. Sq. Art announces a new installation to inaugurate the spring 2013 season: Topsy-Turvy: A Camera Obscura Installation (2013) by New York-based artists Sandra Gibson and Luis Recoder. On view from March 1 – April 5, 2013, Topsy-Turvy will reimagine one of the world's oldest moving image devices into a life-sized 10-foot by 10-foot structure. Park visitors will be able to enter the interactive, large-scale installation, which will utilize the physical properties of light to capture images of the surrounding Flatiron District in real time. This centuries-old artistic medium will alter how visitors experience the park and engage with the various elements of New York City's urban landscape through a new and exciting lens.
Southern End in Madison Square Park
Directions to this location
Event Organizer
Madison Square Park Conservancy
Contact Number
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|Home | UK Postcode area map | UK dialling codes | UK weather map | UK Postcode search using the OS OpenSpace map | Free Map Downloads
Choose from the following list of Opticians in Burntwood, Staffordshire
|List of local Opticians, click any of the results below for more details and location map of the Optician in Staffordshire:
Colin Lee Opticians, Burntwood WS7 0DW WS7 0DW
David Stidwill Optometrist, Burntwood WS7 8AG WS7 8AG
Information about the data used to compile this directory:
The information presented here is derived from a database of all 6,185 opticians (ophthalmic establishments) in England and the point location of those which could be accurately geo-referenced. It shows the static point locations of opticians which were operating in December 2006.
It is important to note that the data provide information about the location of ophthalmic establishments and not a count of opticians or ophthalmic staff in England. Details of mobile optical practices, that visit homes, day centres and residential care homes and ophthalmic hospitals (secondary care) are not included in this dataset.
The data form a subset of information collected from a database of all public health service establishments in England. This was the best data source available for the location of primary care services, in December 2006. This is maintained by NHS Connecting for Health (formerly National Health Service Information Authority, NHSIA). This does not include data from Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which are maintained by their own teams.


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*Tyler Perry is a filmmaking machine, popping out movie after movie; year after year.
Forbes named him one of entertainment's highest paid men, grossing more than $130 million.
His success, however, isn't without its shortfalls, haters, and criticisms.
In the November issue of Essence, the Atlanta based Madea creator explained his Kim Kardashian casting choice for "The Marriage Counselor."
"My hand to God, I didn't know who she was," he said.
Hard to believe it, but what can you say.
Anyway, Kardashian was recommended by his producer because her because of her huge following.
Regardless of the negativity, Kim did an exceptional job in the movie, Tyler says. Besides, the gig was a positive point for her image.
Tyler's message will always remain the same, despite who is cast for the part. His goal is to tell uplifting stories for audiences across age and color lines.
In case you're wondering what it's about, "The Marriage Counselor," which hits theaters next March, tells the story of a counselor who falls in love with one of her clients.
Other stars in the film include Vanessa Williams, Brandy Norwood, Lance Gross and Jurnee Smollett.


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Placing an Order: Please check the dimensions of your entrance/door to your premise before buying, so that there is no problem in getting the product inside at the time of delivery. In such a situation, we will not be able to accept return or cancellation requests. Certain items require no assembly and can be used as-is. For this, please check the item details. Wherever we assist with assembly, the carpenter visits will be scheduled along with the delivery of the item.
On Delivery: For all items that are expected to stand, ensure that they stand steady and are straight. An unevenness of up to 5 mm happens due to differences in surfaces and floor levels and is an accepted industry standard. In order to balance the item, bushes will have to be installed. For any such case, please report this to our Customer Support team and we will handle it from there. If your product has a layer of dust, or lacks in shine, rubbing it with a cloth will help. This is an accepted method of cleaning the surface of a furniture to make it shine.
Damages: WoodenStreet's delivery arrangements to your home have been designed to ensure a zero-damage and hassle-free experience. Please contact us immediately if:
Cancellations: We accept cancellations within 12 hours from the time of placing an order, before the product enters the manufacturing phase.
All products, manufactured by Wooden Street, are subject to a warranty period of one year against manufacturing defects. Any product which is misused, neglected, improperly set up or otherwise damaged shall not be covered under the warranty.
Note: For the customer residing in Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, etc would need to submit a scanned copy of their ID Proof and special forms in order to pass the product/s at the respective state border.
All the local delivery taxes like Octroi, Special State Taxes, Army Cantonment Areas, etc needs to be paid by the customer additionally at the time of delivery.
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Sheryl Fink
As IFAW's Director of Wildlife Campaigns in Canada, Sheryl's primary focus is ending the commercial seal hunt in Canada. Sheryl also works on other animal welfare issues affecting wildlife within the country. She has been active in campaigns to educate the public on the threats facing Canada's polar bears, the live capture of marine mammals for captivity, the exotic pet trade and commercial exploitation of animals and ecological sustainability.
Sheryl has observed the commercial seal hunt in Canada for over 20 years, documenting the hunt from the air and on the ice, to provide ongoing evidence of its cruelty and wastefulness. Her campaign work to end the hunt has included, appearing on national television, leading public demonstrations, and providing testimony before politicians in Canada, the European Union and Namibia.
Sheryl is frequent lecturer on seal hunting at conferences, drawing upon her experience with IFAW and her background as a biologist having worked in the field with harp, hooded and grey seals. She is also a regular invited speaker at public events to raise awareness of the cruelty inherent in the commercial seal hunt.
She has authored many of IFAW's submissions to the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans, commenting on proposed changes to the Marine Mammal Regulations which negatively affect the seals and demanding improvements in the management of Canada's commercial seal hunt. Sheryl also authored documents submitted by IFAW to inform the European Commission in their assessment of the potential impact on the EU of a ban on products derived from seals and contributed to the amicus brief submitted by several NGOs in support of the EU ban before the World Trade Organization..
While the Seal Programme is Sheryl's main focus, she has also been active in campaigns to educate the public on ecological sustainability and the issues surrounding the exotic pet trade and commercial exploitation of animals.
Researcher, International Marine Mammal Association (an IFAW affiliate organization)
Bachelor of Science (BSc, Hons), Wildlife Biology, University of Guelph, Canada
IFAW publications
• Seals and Sealing in Canada (Annual Publication)
• Canada's Commercial Seal Slaughter. 2009
• Gaining Ground: In Pursuit of Ecological Sustainability.2006. IFAW/University of Limerick. (Associate Editor)
• Fink, S. and B. Beresford. 2002. Amphibians and Reptiles as Exotic Pets. IFAW. 13pp
• Author or co-author of most of the seal publications presently on the IFAW website:
Interviews/News Articles
Canadian government sacrifices cats and dogs for seal hunt (online article)
Seal Hunt has Repercussions for Canadians and the Economy (online article)
Press contact
To schedule an interview with Sheryl Fink, contact:
Res Krebs
Communications Officer,
IFAW Canada
Tel: +1(416) 669 3459
Email: email@example.com
Related articles:
Huffington Post: Animal welfare issues weigh heavily on voters' minds during Canada's 2015 election – Read more.
Toronto Sun: "Biologist has brains, beauty, and brawn" – Read more.
Law 360: European Union's Court of Justice upholds ban on import and sale of seal products, despite appeal from Canada's aboriginal community — Read more.


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- 1 JAX-RS: A RESTful API for JPA
- 1.1 Overview
- 1.2 Using JPA-RS
- 1.3 Persistence Unit Operations
- 1.4 Entity Operations: /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/*
- 1.5 Entity operations on relationships: /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{entity}/{id}/{relationship}
- 1.6 Query Operations
- 1.7 Single Result Queries
- 1.8 Base Operations
- 1.9 Metadata Operations
- 1.10 Entity Representation
- 1.11 Future Development
JAX-RS: A RESTful API for JPA
History Date Author Description 01/10/11 dclarke Initial Version
|Oct 1, 2011
|Initial Version
|Nov 9, 2011
|Moved to wiki for community review and feedback.
|Jan-Mar, 2012
|updates and additions to REST API descriptions
This specification will define a RESTful API for dealing with JPA. The intent is to simplify how JPA persistence units can be accessed using REST with JSON or XML formatted messages. A JPA-RS runtime will provide access to all persistence units packaged in the same application that it is running in as well as any dynamic persistence unit that is provisioned within it.
Using JPA-RS
JPA-RS comes in two parts and is available starting with our 2.4.0 release.
- Server side - The majority of code is written in EclipseLink and should be run server-side there are two ways you can get this functionality
- If you are on a server that distributes with the full EclipseLink jar or on our 2.4.0 or 2.4.1 release, no changes are needed
- If you are on our 2.4.2 or a later release and on a server that uses our OSGi bundles, you will have to ensure that you have the org.eclipse.persistence.dbws bundle (e.g. GlassFish ships with the OSGi bundles. You will need to ensure our org.eclipse.persistence.dbws bundle is available to GlassFish)
- Client Side - A small web-fragment called org.eclipse.persistence.jpars is used to enable JPA-RS. This web-fragment should be included with your application.
Although there is no reason the web service cannot be enabled on any fairly recent container that contains Jersey, initial development and testing was done on GlassFish 3.1.2 and this description will assume you are using GlassFish 3.1.2 or better.
JPA-RS uses "/persistence" as its path. (i.e. The base URL for JPA-RS for a particular application is: http://<server>:<port>/<applicationName>/persistence)
Persistence Unit Operations
The JPA-RS URI structure then requires a persistence unit name: /persistence/{unit-name}. Assuming this is a valid persistence unit in the given JPA-RS application context the following high level operations are available.
- BASE /persistence/{unit-name}
- ENTITY: /persistence/{unit-name}/entity
- QUERY: /persistence/{unit-name}/query
- SINGLE_RESULT_QUERY: /persistence/{unit-name}/singleResultQuery
- METADATA: /persistence/{unit-name}/metadata
Data Formats: JSON or XML
This REST interface deals with XML and JSON representations of the data equally well. The caller is responsible for using the HTTP header values to indicate the format of the content it is sending (Content-Type = application/json or application/xml) as well as indicating the format of the result it expects (Accept = application/json or application/xml). NOTE: In many REST utilities the accept value is defaulted to application/xml making it the users responsibility to configure this value explicitly.
Messages related to JPA-RS operations are logged to a logger called org.eclipse.persistence.jpars. Most messages are logged at the FINE level. Exception stacks are logged at FINER.
Messages related to operations withing EntityManagers, EntityManagerFactories and JAXBContexts are logged in the same manner as other EclipseLink logging.
Deployment Requirements
Weaving is required for several features to work (providing relationships as links, editing relationships, dealing with LAZY x-1 relationships). You should either deploy to a Java EE compliant server or statically weave you classes.
Note: Lazy x-1 relationships are only supported when using JPA RS's default mapping strategy which returns those mappings as links by using read-only mappings for the JSON/XML support and providing the links through a weaved attribute.
Entity Operations: /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/*
Entity operations are those performed against a specific entity type within the persistence unit. The {type} value refers to the type name (descriptor alias).
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}/{id}
- Refresh = GET + Header(Refresh)
- {id} is currently defined as a string
- e.g. http://localhost:8080/persistence/ExamplePU/entity/Foo/1
- Produces: JSON or XML
- Response
- OK, Payload: Entity
- NOT_FOUND if Entity does not exist
EntityManager.find API:
public <T> T find(Class<T> entityClass, Object primaryKey); public <T> T find(Class<T> entityClass, Object primaryKey, Map<String, Object> properties);
Composite Key
Composite keys are supported. In the initial implementation, the character '+' will be reserved and not available for use in fields that represent keys. Composite keys will be separated using the '+' character and should be specified in an order cooresponding to java default sorting of the attribute names.
Imagine this entity:
- Foo
- idB=1
- idA=2
The URL to find this entity would be as follows:
Notice that the '2' comes before the '1' because "idA" comes before "idB" when sorted in java.
Result Caching
Default EclipseLink and HTTP caching will be enabled and configured through standard means.
The EntityManager.refresh operation can be invoked using the find with the query hint for Refresh. See the Query section of the document for how to use hints.
Navigating into the attributes of an Entity (e.g. get the Address entity associated with a particular employee in a single URL) is initially only supported to one level:
e.g. /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}/{id}/{relationship} will work
/persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}/{id}/{relationship}/{index}/{relationship2} will not
To make use of Entities with relationships, the persistence unit classes MUST be weaved. JPA-RS relies on Fetch groups to implement its relationships maintenance. PUT/POST operations on relationships for non-weaved classes is an error condition
Relationships are, by default, represented as links. Reading and writing to relationships is done through that link. See the Relationships section below.
Private-Owned(orphan removal in JPA) relationships are inlined and hence an object model with only Private-Owned relationships does not need to be weaved.
- PUT /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}
- Consumes: JSON or XML
- Payload: Entity
- Produces: JSON or XML
- Response:
- Payload: Entity returned by Persist
PUT is required to be itempotent. As a result, it will fail if called with an object that expects the server to provide an ID field. Typically this will occur if the metadata specifies a generated key and the field that contains that key is unpopulated.
- POST /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}
- Consumes: JSON or XML
- Payload: Entity
- Produces: JSON or XML
- Response:
- Payload: Entity returned by Merge
- DELETE /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}{id}
- {id} is currently defined using HTTP query parameters
- e.g. http://localhost:8080/persistence/ExamplePU/entity/Foo?id=1
- Response
Entity operations on relationships: /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{entity}/{id}/{relationship}
To get the values of a relationship
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}/{id}/{relationship}
- {id} is currently defined as a string
- {relationship} is the JPA name of the relationship
- e.g. http://localhost:8080/persistence/ExamplePU/entity/Foo/1/myRelationship
- Produces: JSON or XML
- Response
- OK, Payload: Entity or List of Entities
- NOT_FOUND if Entity does not exist
To add to a list or replace the value of a X-1 Relationship
- POST /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}/{id}/{relationship}{partner}
- For unidirectional relationships {partner} is not required
- For bi-directional relationships, you must provide the name of the attribute that makes up the opposite side of the relationship.
- e.g. To update an Auction.bid where the opposite side of the relationship is Bid.auction use the following:
- Consumes: JSON or XML
- Payload: Entity with the new value
- Produces: JSON or XML
- Response:
- Payload: Entity with added element
To remove a specific entity from the list or null on an X-1 Relationship
- DELETE /persistence/{unit-name}/entity/{type}/{id}/{relationship}
- Consumes: JSON or XML
- Payload: Entity to be removed
- Response
- Payload: Entity with added element
Query Operations
- Named Query: GET /persistence/{unit-name}/query/{name}{params}
Named Query
Named queries doing reads can be run two ways in JPA. Both are supported in the REST API.
List of Results
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/query/{name}<parameters><hints>
- <parameters> are specified using HTTP matrix parameters
- <hints> are specified using HTTP query parameters and with the key being the name of the EclipseLink query hint
- e.g. http://localhost:8080/persistence/ExamplePU/query/Foo.findByName;name=myname
- e.g. http://localhost:8080/persistence/ExamplePU/query/Foo.findByName;name=myname?eclipselink.jdbc.max-results=500
- Produces: JSON or XML
- Response
- Payload: List of Entities
Update/Delete Query
- POST /persistence/{unit-name}/query/{name}<parameters><hints>
- <parameters> are specified using HTTP matrix parameters
- <hints> are specified using HTTP query parameters and with the key being the name of the EclipseLink query hint
- e.g. http://localhost:8080/persistence/ExamplePU/query/Foo.deleteAllByName;name=myname
- e.g. http://localhost:8080/persistence/ExamplePU/query/Foo.updateName;name=myname?eclipselink.jdbc.max-results=500
- Produces: application/octet-stream
- Response
- Payload: Number of entities updated or deleted in
Single Result Queries
Single Result
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/querySingleResult/{name}<parameters><hints>
- <parameters> are specified using HTTP matrix parameters
- <hints> are specified using HTTP query parameters and with the key being the name of the EclipseLink query hint
- e.g. http://localhost:8080/persistence/ExamplePU/querySingleResult/Foo.findByName;name=myname
- Produces: JSON or XML
- Response
- Payload: Entity
Base Operations
List Existing Persistence Units
- GET /persistence
- Produces: JSON
- Response
- Payload: List of Persistence Unit Names and links to metadata about them
[ { "rel": "auction", "type": "application/json", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/metadata" }, { "rel": "DataAppLibraryPU", "type": "application/json", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/DataAppLibraryPU/metadata" } ]
Call a Session Bean
- POST /persistence
- payload: A SessionBeanCall JSON or XML object containing the following information:
- jndiName: The JNDI name of the SessionBean
- methodName: The name of the SessionBean method to call
- context: (optional) The JPA RS context to use to unmarshall parameters and marshall return values. If not provided, return values are returned as is
- parameters: A list of parameter Object with the following information
- typeName: The name of the java class of the parameter, or the name of the entity type in JPA RS
- value: The value of the parameter
- payload: A SessionBeanCall JSON or XML object containing the following information:
- Produces: */*
- Response
- NOT_FOUND is the context is not found or the Session bean cannot be found on lookup
- OK on succes with:
- Payload: Return value of SessionBean method
Metadata Operations
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/metadata
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/metadata/entity/{type}
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/metadata/query
List Types in a Persistence Unit
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/metadata
- Produces: JSON
- Response
- OK, Payload: List of Types with links to more detailed metadata
- NOT_FOUND if persistence unit is not found
{ "persistence-unit-name": "auction", "types": [ { "rel": "User", "type": "application/json", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/metadata/entity/User" }, { "rel": "Auction", "type": "application/json", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/metadata/entity/Auction" }, { "rel": "Bid", "type": "application/json", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/metadata/entity/Bid" } ] }
List Queries in a Persistence Unit
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/metadata/query
- Produces: JSON
- Response
- OK, Payload: List of all available queries
- NOT_FOUND if persistence unit is not found
[ { "query-name": "User.all", "reference-type": "jpars.app.auction.model.User", "jpql": "SELECT u from User u", "link-template": { "rel": "execute", "method": "get", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/query/User.all/{parameters}" } }, { "query-name": "User.updateName", "reference-type": "jpars.app.auction.model.User", "jpql": "UPDATE User u SET u.name = :name WHERE u.id = :id", "link-template": { "rel": "execute", "method": "post", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/query/User.updateName/{parameters}" } } ]
Describe a specific entity
- GET /persistence/{unit-name}/metadata/entity/<type>
- Produces: JSON
- Response
- OK, Payload: Details about the entity and available operations on it
- NOT_FOUND if persistence unit is not found
{ "name": "User", "type": "jpars.app.auction.model.User", "link-templates": [ { "rel": "find", "type": "application/json", "method": "get", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/entity/Bid/{primaryKey}" }, { "rel": "persist", "type": "application/json", "method": "put", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/entity/Bid" }, { "rel": "update", "type": "application/json", "method": "post", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/entity/Bid" }, { "rel": "delete", "type": "application/json", "method": "delete", "href": "http://localhost:8080/HenleyAvatarModel/jpa-rs/auction/entity/Bid/{primaryKey}" } ], "attributes": [ { "name": "id", "type": "java.lang.Integer" }, { "name": "name", "type": "java.lang.String" } ], "queries": [ { "query-name": "User.all", "reference-type": "jpars.app.auction.model.User", "jpql": "SELECT u from User u" }, { "query-name": "User.updateName", "reference-type": "jpars.app.auction.model.User", "jpql": "UPDATE User u SET u.name = :name WHERE u.id = :id" } ] }
Entity Representation
Entities in JPA-RS are represented in two ways.
- As JPA Entities - The mappings the JPA Entities must be represented in the typical EclipseLink JPA fashion using either annotations or xml files. These mappings will be used to interact with the data source.
- As JAXB/JSON - No specific mapping information is required here. By default, JPA-RS will use the JAXB-specification-defined defaults to map to JAXB/JSON. (EclipseLink's JAXB implementation provides a JSON option that we leverage here). You can optionally provide JAXB annotations on the classes to alter the way the objects are mapped. Additionally, the persistence unit property "eclipselink.jpa-rs.oxm" can be specified in your persistence unit's persistence.xml to specify xml-defined JAXB mappings.
In general, JAXB default mappings are sufficient to allow information exchange using JSON/JAXB. There are, however, some special cases when dealing with relationships.
Bi-directional Relationships and Cycles
Bi-directional Relationships are quite typical in JPA and easy to represent in a database using foreign keys. They are much more difficult to represent in a default manner in a JSON or XML document using JAXB. EclipseLink's JAXB implementation provides a way to define an inverse relationship. Inverse relationships are not specifically written to XML/JSON, but are populated when the JSON/XML is unmarshalled. EclipseLink takes advantage of that functionality when it finds bidirectional relationships as follows:
- JPA bidirectional relationships are defined to have an owning side and a non-owning side. JPA mapping provides a "mapped-by" attribute that defines which is which. JPA-RS defaults the owning side to be an inverse relationship. As a result, when an object with a owned-relationship is read or written that relationship will be ignored.
Imagine the following pseudo code:
@Entity ClassA{ @Id int id @OneToOne(mappedby="myA") myB } @Entity ClassB{ @Id int id @OneToOne myA }
- A1 with id=1 and myB = B1
- B1 with id=11 and myA = A1
The following JSON cooresponds to those objects:
A { id:1 } B { id:11 myA { id: 1 } }
Cycles are more difficult to detect and JPA-RS requires that users provide JAXB mapping that allows us to resolve cycles.
Pass By Reference/ Pass By Value
JPA-RS allows relationship objects to be passed either by value or by reference.
To pass an object by value, simply create typical JSON/XML that represents the object. The following JSON passes myA by value:
B { id:11 myA { id: 1 } }
To pass an object by reference, a link is used. The link represents the JPA-RS call necessary to get that object. The following JSON passes myA by reference:
B { id:11 myA { _link:{ href: "http://localhost:8080/app/persistence/pu/entity/A/1" method: "GET" rel: "self" } } }
Lists can mix and match items represented by reference and by value.
JPA-RS read operations currently return all relationships by reference.
Sample JSON
The following provides some sample JSON that can be sent to JPA-RS in a regulat-expression-like syntax.
<code> { numericAttribute: 1 stringAttribute: "auction1" dateAttribute: 12-09-16 singleRelatedItem: RELATED_ITEM? listRelatedItem: { RELATED_ITEM* } } RELATED_ITEM = { numericAttribute: 11 stringAttribute: "myName" } OR _link { rel="self", href=LINK_HREF, method="GET" }
XML representation mimics the JSON representation. Sample XML and Schemas to come.
Future Development
When using EclipseLink's multi-tenancy features developers can choose to isolate their tenant's data by schema/table (@Multitenant(TABLE_PER_TENANT) - EclipseLink 2.4) or within a shared table (@Multitenant(SINGLE_TABLE) - EclipseLink 2.3). In order to access a persistence unit that supports concurrent access by multiple tenants the persistence context must specify tenant discriminator values within its properties. To support this usage within JPA-RS the tenant identifier values will be supplied using matrix parameters within the persistence unit portion of the URI.


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i hate these types of "comics". For one thing, I am sick of them. There was the one where he talked about kissing people. There was that one about death. There was that made up one about where people are searching for what. Just a few weeks ago there was that naked games one.
The worst, though, was when we had a comic that proved that "2 girls 1 cup" was a more popular phrase than putting other numbers the the "x girls y cups" formula. HOLY SHIT! it's only like there was a popular internet meme about "2 girls 1 cup" and there WASN'T ONE for "6 girls 5 cups." Why is anyone surprised by this?
The corresponding graphs in today's comic are "[x bottles of beer on the wall," "there are [x]lights," "drink [x] glasses of water a day" and "I got [x] problems." All of these have a common phrase they are associated with where a single specific number is used for X. Of course "I got 99 problems" will be an outlier. That's cause no one has written a popular song called "I got 39 problems"! What's the point? Maybe for "there are [x] lights" the point is that the nerd reference to star trek has permeated the internet enough that 4 is actually an outlier, but still, when your point is "star trek nerds spend a lot of time online" I can hardly care.
Anyway, that only takes us through 4 of the 10 graphs. Let's talk about the other 6. Tell me if you see a pattern:
-Number of girl- or boyfriends
-Age and lack of boyfriends (oddly, no corresponding one for girlfriends, here)
-penis length
-What middle or high school grade one is it
-bra size
Do you see what I mean? It's weirder because he doesn't actually draw attention to it in the comic - these are interspersed with the others. But the point is still: High schoolers, sexyparts, needing a boyfriend. Doesn't that make anyone else...a little creeped out?
What I really hate about these google comics is that they really, truly, have no point. You'll note that with these comics, Randall never actually tells you what you should think about any of this, never interprets the data he gives you. He just presents it. That's because, I think, he respects the scientific method enough to realize that the data he is showing you is woefully unscientific. Google results vary wildly depending on who is doing them (based on what links you've clicked on before, where you are, etc) and anyway, the number of times something is said online is indicative of very little beyond the number of times that this is said online. It tells you nothing about how people actually use that phrase in real life. Sometimes, if you are very careful, you can extrapolate more from the data, but Randall doesn't even try. He just presents the facts as being interesting on their own, which - sorry! - they are not.
Actually, not only is the data not interesting, it's not even accurate. People were arguing, quite violently, about this in the comments, so I chose one and decided to check.
I decided to look at one of the more illogical ones, the one that searched for "I'm
if X = 17 : 8,790
if X = 18 : 9,940
if X = 19 : 5,910
I'm not going to bother with the others because I am lazy. I am sure some are right, I am sure that some are wrong. He's got a lot of numbers there. But it makes me think that Randall just made up some of these, which really is just sad. You can't find lame google searches on your own, so you make up boring results? Quite a good job you've got there. Quite a good job.
you have so much to be proud of
I totally forgot to link to this the other day, but a certain Suit made of Chainsaws seemed to be taking a direct shot at xkcd the other day. Given that it came the day after the "i know two things with the word ring in them" comic, and that it is basically an "I know two things with the word code in them" comic, I think it's pretty clearly about xkcd in particular. Also, xkcd shirts cost $48.


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News » News 2013
(CA) Holiday Wishes from EarlyMusicNews.org
As the 2013 year draws to its end, we would like to wish all, the very best of wishes in the new year and a most exciting and fulfilling 2014 concert year.
We would also like to remind you, that, without your financial support, many early music groups would not be able to offer their rich concert programmes to your community. Please consider donating generously to your local early music group(s).
Marc Paré
(US) ArtsJournal's Article: "How The Romans Celebrated The Holidays" (Dr Matthew Nicholls, 23 Dec 2013)
From a recent Arts Journal Newsletter article
"When opening your presents or enjoying a night out this Christmas spare a quick thought for the Romans. We owe much of our festive fun to them.
The Romans celebrated the winter festival of Sigillaria on 23rd of December, part of their Saturnalia¹ festivities. ...
(CA) The Record.com Article: Sarah Granskou and Trevor Ewert (bowmaker), residents at Joseph Schneider House Museum
Location: Joseph Schneider House Museum, Kitchener Ontario, CA
"He [Trevor] and Granskou are this year's folk artists-in-residence at the Joseph Schneider Haus in Kitchener. ... ... Granskou and Ewert are woodworkers, musicians, performers and teachers...
(CA) Nota Bene Baroque Players News: "WLU Music Students Chosen for New Baroque Mentorship Program" (26 Nov 2013)
Location: Waterloo Ontario, CA
(From a recent article in the Kitchener-Waterloo "The Record" newspaper (by Valerie Hill))
""The idea, it just came to me," said Baumgartel, a violinist with Nota Bene and an instructor at Wilfrid Laurier University. "Our job in Nota Bene will be to provide a platform for them to play things they don't get a lot of opportunity to play at school."
For this inaugural program, Baumgartel invited two Laurier students, though future mentorships will be open to any music student. ...
(US) Harmonia Early Music: "Music For Bass Instruments" (Nov.4 2013 edition)
"This hour, we'll spend time with composers who played and loved to write for the bass instruments—those you can't fit in the overhead compartment of an airplane! ...
(US) Real Clear Arts Blog: "Choose Your Tools To Explore Gothic Ivories"
" ... It was, probably, the little figures not the ivory they were made of that drew interest, but I thought of them when I learned recently about a project at the Courtauld Institute in London — in a task begun in 2008, it's cataloging all known ivory sculptures made made in Western Europe ca. 1200-ca. 1530, as well as neo-Gothic pieces, and the other day it added 700 pieces to the online database. This created a mini-storm of interest. ...
(UK) Handel House "Brook Street News" Newsletter
From a recent "Brook Street News" newsletter (01 Nov 2013)
Catch up on events being held at Handel House; the Brook Street News newsletter highlights events being held at Handel House as well as other local and international events. You will not be disappointed of the music events …
(US) Smithsonian Magazine: "We Might Soon Know What Ancient Greek Music Actually Sounded Like"
(CA) Tafelmusik Returns to Newly Renovated Trinity-St. Paul Centre
(US) Unquiet Thoughts: "Saturday morning quotes 3.19: Singing with the lute"
(US) New York Times Article: "Unleashing the Potential of the Strings" (by Corinna da Fonseca-Wollheim, 30 Aug 2013)
(ES) Papeles de Música: "Discovered a manuscript of Bach in Weissenfels" (Posted on 2013/06/11 by Cristina Martí)
"A manuscript of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) has been discovered by researcher Peter Wollny in a collection in Weissenfels. ...
(US) Unquiet Thoughts Blog: "Saturday morning quotes 3.5: Ideas old and new" (Ron and Donna Mignarda, 15 Jun 2013)
"Occasionally we run across interesting historical snippets scribbled by highly-opinionated observers of the contemporary culture of a different age, and we are compelled to share them despite the unpleasant reality check."
(US) Harmonia Mundi Catalogue
Have you taken a look at Harmonia Mundi's catalogue lately? You may find their catalogue format quite easy to navigate and will also find many new titles of early music interest.
(UK) The Guardian: "The Globe plans 'authentic' illumination for its new indoor Jacobean playhouse ..." (Jonathan Jones "On Art" Blog, 23 April 2013)
"The Globe theatre is planning to illuminate performances in its new indoor Jacobean playhouse, due to open in January 2014, by candlelight – and is recruiting a company of child actors like the ones satirised in Shakespeare's Hamlet. ...
(US) Unquiet Thoughts Blog: Saturday morning quotes 2.47: Dowland complaints (13 Apr 2013)
(From the latest instalment of the "Unquiet Thoughts blog)
John Dowland (1563 – 1626) is famous as the greatest exponent of English music for solo lute, and as a composer of some of the best surviving music for lute and voice. He is also known as a world-class Miserablist. ...
(US) Unquiet Thoughts Blog: "Saturday morning quotes 2.45: Audiences" (March 30, 2013)
"At the end of the 13th century, Johannes de Grocheo wrote that the motet was "not intended for the vulgar who do not understand its finer points and derive no pleasure from hearing it: it is meant for educated people and those who look for refinement in art"...