text:
Albion boss Chris Hughton believes it is vitally important his side bounce back quickly, following their first Championship defeat of the season on Saturday.
Hughton saw his side slip to a 3-0 defeat to Middlesbrough in their top-of-the-table clash at the Amex. That ended Brighton's 21-game unbeaten start and also saw them drop a place to third.
Albion return to action on Boxing Day when they make the trip to Brentford, for a 1pm kick-off. The Bees recently appointed Dean Smith as boss and Hughton feels it is important his men get their promotion push back on track.
He said: "I think it's vastly important we come away from Brentford with something.
"We have set such a high standard so far this season but we knew it was always going to be difficult to keep that run going.
"So, this is the challenge that we face now going into the game on Saturday after suffering our first loss.
"It's great testament to this group for going unbeaten as long as we did but these are the challenges and after Brentford, we will have another tough game, then the same after that.
"This is something we have experienced all season but so has every other club.
"Our ambition is to be challenging and the only way to do that is making sure you get enough good results, so it's very important we bounce back."
Centre-back Uwe Hünemeier will miss the trip to Brentford with a groin strain but fellow defender Lewis Dunk is back from a one-game ban.
The trip to Griffin Park will come too soon for Sam Baldock and Kazenga LuaLua, while Gaetan Bong is set to return late January and Liam Rosenior in late February.
Don't miss out on all the latest breaking news where you live.
Here are four ways you can be sure you'll be amongst the first to know what's going on.
1) Make our website your homepage
2) Like our Facebook page
3) Follow us on Twitter
4) Register with us by clicking on 'sign in' (top right corner). You can then receive our daily newsletter AND add your point of view to stories that you read here.
And do share with your family and friends - so they don't miss out!
Always the first with your local news.
Be part of it.


text: Adult NurseFull-TimeTHIS IS BELONGINGEveryone wants to belong to something. A football team, a family, a close-knit group of friends. The sense of belonging you find in the Army is next level. When you've trained together, side by side, learned things no classroom can teach you. When you've lived together and worked together, it creates a bond like no other. A bond that lasts a lifetime, and sees you through whatever life throws at you.Nurses are vital to keeping the Army running, whether helping soldiers in the field or providing medical care to their families. We need to keep our people as fit and healthy as possible – that's where we need you. You'll join Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, where you'll learn to deal with the injuries and illnesses that come with military life. You'll also be free to train and specialise in a key area with the Army supporting you all the way. Best of all, you'll be part of a highly skilled and friendly team. And you'll do it all while travelling the world and gaining valuable skills and civilian recognised qualifications along the way.As a Nurse in the Army, you could be sent to a modern UK hospital or out to a field hospital where you will be trained to work in challenging environments with minimal equipment. Conditions on operations can be difficult but we'll teach you how to cope. Wherever you are, you'll be fully trained to give first rate nursing care in all kinds of situations. LEARN NEW SKILLSAs a Registered Adult Health Nurse in the Army, you'll come across a range of health problems unique to military life. You'll also work with all kinds of people, including soldiers and civilians, both in the UK and abroad. WORLD-CLASS TRAININGWhen you join the Army you'll be trained in basic military skills – like outdoor survival and how to fire your weapon. You then begin a Military Practice Course. Once you're trained, we'll send you to a Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit (MDHU). Here, you'll get experience through a rotation programme and begin life as an Army Nurse. You'll learn new transferable skills in your chosen speciality that will not only enhance your military career, but stand you in good stead if you later decide to return to civilian life.GAIN QUALIFICATIONSThe Army can help you gain a range of qualifications. These could include:• Supporting Learning and Assessment in Practice (SLAiP)• You will have the opportunity to specialise in: o Primary Health Care (to Advanced Practice)o Emergency Nursing, Critical Careo Burns & Plastics, Trauma & Orthopedicso Sexual Healtho General Medicineo General Surgery. SHOW PEOPLE WHAT YOU'RE CAPABLE OFWe'll be behind you every step of the way as you move up the ranks. Right from the start, you'll get the support and encouragement you need to make a success of your career. Work hard and you could get promoted, which will mean more responsibility and extra pay. And along the way, you'll pick up qualifications that are recognised by civilian employers. BELONG TO SOMETHING THAT MATTERSYou should be:• Regular Army age: 17.6 - 35.6 years• Army Reserve age: 17.9 - 49.11 yearsQualifications you'll need:• To serve in the Regular Army, you need to be registered with the NMC. You can join as a newly qualified nurse and complete your preceptorship with us in your first year, or join with prior experience.Interests you'll have• Helping people• Office work• Fixing things• Decision making & responsibility• Technology• Leading & managing people• Working outsideOur next deadline for application is the 30th June 2019, with further opportunities ongoing throughout the year.FIND WHERE YOU BELONG >

subset: commoncrawl


text:
As Kate Middleton turns 30, the world will be poring over the latest images of the royal couple attending the premiere of Steven Spielberg's epic film War Horse, and the style icon didn't disappoint, using elegant lace and minimal black accessories to give a flawless red carpet appearance. Even the rain couldn't dampen Kate's spirits… or make her perfect hair go frizzy. Hmph.
Posts Tagged: Kate Middleton
Jan 12


text:
We are going to be switching to a new updated, faster, reliable server to there will be a short lag during the changeover again. Hopefully this will be the last one and it should eliminate the time out's and the pages flickering when you go to a post.
Thanks for being great members of the forum.


text:
Meet singles in Penycae
You found us! Fantastic! Welcome to eHarmony's Penycae, Wrexham Wrecsam dating page. Now you're here there's no rush, take a look around. All the profiles you see on this page are eHarmony singles from around Penycae who we're already helping to discover a more meaningful online dating experience.


text: Jim Lux wrote: > Precisely.. the FORTRAN compiler can make use of real hot rod hardware > (think of vector processors) without you, the coder, having to be much > aware of it. This is quite important to making things work well. Abstract the hardware. Hide it from the user. Make the compiler "smart" or something like that. Its a SMOP ... > > > >> In some cases the C (or C++) can be much, much easier to write and think >> about because it lets you craft arbitrary objects that match the problem >> instead of taking a much smallser set of built in objects that can be >> handled efficiently and them matching them, however crudely, to the >> problem. C++ extends the latter still further, at still greater cost in >> efficiency (although in many cases it can be programmed to be relatively >> efficient, as can the C for that matter). > > > The usual argument is that so what if the computational efficiency is > lower, Moore's law means that raw computing horsepower gets cheaper so > fast, it's better to be able to code "something" that works quickly, > saving money on expensive software weenies... (You can buy a lot of > computers for the $250K/yr a body costs you) If your need for speed increases faster than Moore's law will give you performance for, or if you buy into the notion that there may in fact be some fundamental physical limits on Moore's law due to the nasty combination of thermodynamics (stability of small structures with respect to temperature, and resistance of same to defect formation), and quantum mechanics (those 30-40nm structures are getting awfully close to the deBroglie wavelength of a 300K electron, about 7nm (hopefully RGB will take me to task if I messed up that calculation) ...) ... We may run out of room in this expansion unless we to a technological shift. > And this works if you are only going to run that task once. Once you > start doing it over, and over, and over again, (or the task gets *very* > large, computationally), then more efficient languages start to be more > important. Heck... more efficient hardware as well! [...] >> And then, as you note, there are really different languages -- APL, >> LISP, TCL, mathematica, python, perl -- languages where one "can" often >> program anything you like, but where the language itself is very, very >> far from the machine code produced and very, very difficult to optimize. > > But these are all really "scripting" languages.. here's a sequence of > things to do...where the things tend not to be all the same Erp... APL as a scripting language ... LISP as a scripting language (yeah, scheme) ... Ok, more to the point, these are all higher level (mostly non-compiled, though Perl does in fact compile to an internal representation, and I thought LISP compiled ...). One can do some pretty serious computing with "mere scripting languages". Most of these offer higher levels of abstraction so you don't have to deal with details that you might not want to. >> Basically, if you use one of them for a problem, you are acknowledging >> that you don't much care about the low level efficiency of the language, >> but that instead you REALLY care about how hard the program is to write, >> how tightly it fits the problem. Yup, for the most part. Though some supposedly high level abstract languages make this far harder and more verbose than it should be. [...] >> I can exert even more control than I usually do by inlining assembler or >> using pointers even more heavily than I do. > > > Pointers? Anathema! I'll bet you even do things like topological sorts > and other stuff out of Knuth, instead of nice clean matrix math. If you > don't know how big your arrays are and how many you need before you > start, then you don't understand your problem well enough. Dynamic > allocation is a sign of weak will, or worse. Egad man... have you not heard of the abuses of the fortran equivalence statement? > We are piling the wood for the auto da fe right now... Ah... humor .... -- Joseph Landman, Ph.D Founder and CEO Scalable Informatics LLC, email: landman at scalableinformatics.com web : http://www.scalableinformatics.com phone: +1 734 786 8423 fax : +1 734 786 8452 or +1 866 888 3112 cell : +1 734 612 4615


text:
I'm new to the site and joined to voice my opinion about the Roman Catholic Gregorian Calendar and how it totally rules our lives!
I started a petition at the White House's "We The People" site to get rid of this damn thing.
The petition is at http://wh.gov/lgu5i.
So, please take a look at it and sign it if you agree with it. Then please forward the URL to anyone you can think of and post it on the social sites/networks.
Let's make this go viral and make the Catholic Church start squirming!
Views: 743
I'd prefer a petition to force all bibles to have an R-rating or X-rating warning on them.
Michael -
Even though your idea about calendars didn't go over so well, please know that you are welcome here and there are many, maybe most, who have the same feelings about Catholicism as you do - including me. I think you will find many discussions that interest you.
You may find others who are also enthusiastic about your idea. Even if not, I hope you look around the site and know that you are welcome here including by the people who are commenting on your post.
There are some very active Texans on Nexus too.
I like your kind responses Sentient.
Michael, I was unfamiliar with the "Papal Bull", so looked it up on Wiki. I'm still don't fully understand it, but if getting rid of the Gregorian Calendar hurts the Catholic Church, It sounds like a good idea.
Other than the religious aspect, I think the Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar is an improvement. However, personally, I prefer the International Fixed Calendar (also known as the 13 Month Calendar), especially if the first day of the week were Monday.
I've always been bothered by different months having different number of days, so I prefer they all have 28, or any fixed number. I can never remember which months have 30, & which 31. I always have to use the rhyme "Thirty days....except Febuary....", where I change the ending to "which is all fucked-up".
if getting rid of the Gregorian Calendar hurts the Catholic Church
Since it really has nothing to do with Catholicism. I doubt it will hurt.
I've always been bothered by different months having different number of days, so I prefer they all have 28, or any fixed number.
Or you could just look at a calendar. This calendar might make months easier to remember but, it is less accurate.
I also prefer the 13-month proposed International Fixed Calendar over the Hanke-Henry calendar for the same reason, the International fixed calendar has every mmonth with exactly the same number of days.
But even better, a somewhat long time ago I invented my own calendar, which is even better, the "four quarter eight day week calendar"! You would divide the year into four 91 day quarters. The first day of the year could be on one of the equinoxes or solstices. The 7 day week was invented by religion but the 8-day week would let us have a 5 day work week and a 3 day weekend every week. The ancient Romans had an 8-day week.
The 365th day of the year would always be an intercalendary day outside the normal weekly cycle, and on leap years the 366th day would also be intercalendary. A two year cycle would happen by default so that the 1st quarter would start on the first day of the week, the second quarter would start on the 4th day of the week, the 3rd quarter starts on the 7th day of the week, the 4th quarter starts on the 2nd day of the week, the 5th quarter starts on the 5th day of the week, the 6th quarter starts on the 8th day the 7th quarter starts on the 3rd day of the week, the 8th quarter starts on the 6th day of the week, and the 1st quarter of the first year of the cycle starts on the 1st day of the week again. This way you can predict which named day of the week any given numbered date is, and every month is 91 days.
The time of the holidays would be redefined in terms of how many days after the previous equinox or solstice, or, for example, Thanksgiving could be defined as the 9th weekend after the fall equinox or 8th or 10th weekend or whichever time society decides or votes on.
Unfortunately, we'd likely get a LOT of resistance from Christians (and Jews and Muslims) to any proposal that alters the seven-day weekly cycle even once or twice a year. They wouldn''t want the "seventh day" of rest and/or worship to move to different days of the week, and become a weekday most of the time.
This discussion prompted me to read a little about calendar reform proposals, and I found out that Joseph Hertz, the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom in the early 20th century, successfully organized opposition to the World Calendar, which would have inserted Worldsday and Leapyear Day holidays outside the regular weeks.
A couple of calendars that strictly maintain the seven-day cycle are the Hanke-Henry Permanent Calendar (which Michael is advocating), and Symmetry454.
© 2019 Atheist Nexus. All rights reserved. Admin: The Nexus Group. Powered by


text:
The IUCN Regional Office for West Asia (ROWA) covers the region of West Asia including the countries of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Palestine, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Yemen.
IUCN ROWA aims to be active in all of the 13 countries in various conservation and sustainable development activities. The critical issues facing the region are:
- Land degradation, aridity and desertification
- Unsustainable water extraction and use
- Biodiversity and habitat loss, and species extinction.
- Threats to sensitive marine ecosystems through pollution, habitat destruction, introduction of invasive alien species, and unplanned coastal development.
Moreover, some of these countries face severe consequences of conflict and warfare along with its associated large-scale human suffering, destruction of infrastructure, and environmental degradation leading to a critical need of post-conflict environmental reconstruction.
IUCN ROWA's role is to coordinate activities on major issues in the overall region, such as: water, biodiversity, protected areas, and environmental legislation. As though environmental priorities are intimately associated with poverty, equity, climate change, security and conflict, mainstreaming conservation efforts with the development agenda becomes very crucial. Our mandate is to work supportively, and in collaboration with our members and partners, including NGOs and governments, to achieve a new paradigm for sustainable development based on the concept of people centered development.
IUCN key role is to share critical conservation knowledge with all of our members and partners. Our current focus is to provide services which bring "value-added" to the ongoing activities of members and partners, while also building awareness of the IUCN ROWA region and its special strengths.


text:
Homeland Security to use Twitter and Facebook?
One of the stories making its way around the web this morning is that of the Associated Press obtained a draft by the Homeland Security Department for a plan that would reduce the current five color terror alert system and replace it with only two levels of warnings, elevated and imminent.
It would also allow for the use of Facebook and Twitter to relay terror warnings to the public.
Does anyone else see problems with the last bit of this plan?
The document itself is reportedly marked "For Official Use Only" and is dated April 1st. Taking that into consideration, it is possible (in my mind) that someone may have been pulling a fast one within the office. That's my hope, at least, where the use of Facebook and Twitter are concerned in regards to relaying information or warnings to the public at large.
There's not only the potential for abuse by prank playing co-workers (as the graphic hints at) but there's also the fact that many people have a hard time believing anything they may read on Twitter or Facebook as being actual fact. There are those of us who just assume anything related to world news via those mediums is a prank or someone trying to get a rise out of their friends.
Plus, seriously, how do you actually go about getting fans or followers for a Homeland Security account?


text:
Janet Hamlin / AFP - Getty Images
This courtroom sketch shows alleged 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed as he holds up a piece of paper during a court recess at his hearing on Monday at the U.S. Navy base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
Updated at 5:20 p.m. ET: The self-professed mastermind of the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the United States, which resulted in the deaths of 2,976 people, appeared before a military judge at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba on Monday after months of delays due to scheduling conflicts, religious observances, an Internet outage and a tropical storm.
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed shocked some observers by appearing with a long, full beard that had been dyed bright reddish-orange. He appeared before Judge Army Col. James Pohl for the start of a week of pretrial hearings, along with co-defendants Ali Abdul Aziz Ali, a Pakistani; Mustafa Al Hawsawi, a Saudi; and Walid Bin Attash and Ramzi Binalshibh, two men from Yemen.
Unlike their last appearance in court in May, which was disrupted several times by the defendants, the five men sat quietly at the defense table, under the watchful eyes of military guards and several family members of the 9/11 victims, The Associated Press reported. All seemed to be cooperating with their attorneys. Mohammed read legal papers. Two others responded politely to the judge when they were asked questions, according to the AP.
All the defendants wore white robes and turbans, and spoke openly with one another throughout the course of the day.
The men, being prosecuted in a special military tribunal for war-time offenses, are charged with conspiring with al-Qaida, attacking civilians and civilian targets, murder in violation of the laws of war, destruction of property, hijacking and terrorism. All five could face the death penalty if convicted.
Associated Press
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the alleged Sept. 11 mastermind, is seen shortly after his capture in Pakistan in this photo taken on March 1, 2003.
The families of people killed in the Sept. 11 attacks were invited to military installations in New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maryland and New York City to watch the pretrial hearings on closed-circuit television, NBCNewYork.com reported.
Getting the terror suspects to this point has been a years-long process mired in political and legal arguments over the defendants' rights, the use of evidence that may have been derived through torture, and the proper venue for the proceedings. The actual trial is expected to be at least a year away.
The pretrial hearings this week will cover a series of motions filed by the various defense teams, dealing primarily with secrecy issues and the detainees' rights.
The most controversial issue, which was not taken up by the end of the first day, is a challenge to the government's gag order on any information gained during interrogation of the detainees. The ACLU and more than one dozen news organizations filed a motion to oppose to government's gag order. The government maintains the order is necessary to protect classified intelligence-gathering techniques.
Defendants may skip hearings
On Monday, prosecutors and lawyers spent hours arguing the most preliminary of issues, including whether the defendants have to be in court at all, with one attorney saying the hearings may dredge up bad memories of their harsh treatment in CIA detention.
Defense attorney Capt. Michael Schwartz argued that the detainees should not be forced to come to court because the process of forcibly removing them from their cells is traumatic and reminiscent of harsh interrogation techniques.
Watch the most-viewed videos on NBCNews.com
Schwartz said that if the court was considering forced cell extraction it had to talk about torture.
"No we don't," the judge said quickly.
"I think we do," Schwartz said.
"I'm telling you I don't think that's relevant in this issue. That's the end of that, move on to something else," Pohl retorted.
But Schwartz persisted, saying he needs to address the issue of torture.
"No you don't," the judge said more forcefully this time, adding that the defense does not have the opportunity to make an argument that he sees as irrelevant.
After a prolonged and heated back-and-forth, the detainees were granted the right to waive their attendence at the hearings at least until jurors are assembled for the actual trial, but they must sign a waiver each day they choose not to attend.
Toward the end of the day, the judge asked each of the five detainees a series of questions to ensure they understand their new rights to waive attendance at their sessions.
Binalshibh answered each of his questions in imperfect English, veering into a perplexing discussion about escaping from Guantanamo and alleging unfair treatment from his guards.
Stay informed with the latest headlines; sign up for our newsletter
When asked whether he understands that the trial could ultimately continue even if he is not present, Binalshibh looked perplexed, saying, "that is a very wide word, can you be concrete?"
"I'm not implying that I think you are going to escape," the judge said, adding that if that were to happen, the trial could continue without him being there.
"Escaping from custody?" Binalshibh asked.
"I'm not saying you're going to," the judge said, asking again whether he understands that the trial could continue without him. Binalshibh seemed to smile as he said, "Yes I do."
Guantamo guards make things 'difficult'
He raised concerns about the fact that guards would be sent to bring him to the hearings, though, saying, "dealing with the guard is very difficult. They didn't report everything so correctly. Problems with guards can misreporting all things."
"Some guard when you have problem with them they can make it very difficult for us," he said.
Despite President Obama's vow to shut down Guantanamo Bay, the nation's most expensive prison is undergoing some costly new updates that would allow the facility to remain open for years. NBC's Michael Isikoff reports.
When the judge recommended reporting any problems to his attorney, Binalshibh said, "Where can I call him? There is no time to contact him. Very difficult communication for us."
Mohammed answered his questions through his interpreter. He looked down and answered simply "yes" to every question, until at the end when asked whether he understands he doesn't have to attend the sessions.
"Yes, but I don't think there is any justice in this court," he said through his interpreter.
The court was in session for about five total hours, with several breaks throughout the day. It then adjourned until 9 a.m. ET. Tuesday.
Pohl was also expected to hear requests from news organizations on limiting closed courtrooms for secret sessions and be asked to decide whether the U.S. Constitution governs tribunals held at the U.S. base in Cuba.
The testy exchanges occurred during a hearing that was otherwise calm and orderly, in stark contrast to the chaotic 13-hour arraignment hearing in May, when defendants made defiant outbursts and refused to answer the judge's questions or listen through earphones to an Arabic-English translation of the proceedings. In those proceedings, one of the men was briefly restrained and two of them stood up to pray at one point.
Subsequent hearings had been pushed back for various reasons.
A hearing in July was postponed to allow the defendants to observe the holy month of Ramadan. Hearings in August were delayed when an Internet outage left the lawyers unable to access their electronic legal documents. That hearing was later canceled altogether as Tropical Storm Isaac approached. The storm caused no damage to the base.
A hearing scheduled for late September was also delayed because the work space for the defense lawyers was shut down due to a rat infestation and mold, which lawyers claimed were making them sick, Reuters reported.
Pohl ruled on Oct. 5 there would be no further postponements to the hearings.
An earlier attempt to try the five men at Guantanamo ended when the Obama administration tried to move the trials to New York City, where two of the hijacked planes slammed into the World Trade Center.
That was abandoned under pressure from Congress and from New Yorkers, and the charges were re-filed in Guantanamo.
Reuters and The Associated Press contributed to this report.
More content from NBCNews.com:
- Skateboarders, riot cops clash after movie premiere
- Police: Two held after tot's drive-by shooting
- Musician in Jerry Lee Lewis' band killed in Memphis shooting
- Worker cooked to death at Bumble Bee seafood plant
- Search for UNH student's body temporarily put on hold
- Lemonade stand vs. cancer: Boy raises $80,000 to aid research
- Video: Musical prodigy, 7, next Mozart?
Follow US news from NBCNews.com on Twitter and Facebook


text: David Mathog wrote: > > Or is chilled water too cold for direct use in cooling > computer equipment? (For nstance, causing condensation > problems.) I'm not sure that you'd be using pure chilled water to cool your CPUs directly. Apple's liquid cooled Mac uses some kind of alcohol, I think. Since air cooling dominates today, there are also transitional technologies to consider. A mixed air/water cooling scenario involves a water-cooled rear door to cool the hot air coming out of a rack; this doesn't cause condensation if that the liquid is not too cold. See http://www.designnews.com/article/CA500772.html for an example: Altix systems can dissipate ~8KW per rack, so they use a water cooled rear door, which works with chilled liquid of just under 60 deg. F. Just in case any condensation happens anyway, they added a drain feature to the rack. Given the rapid increases in packaging density (e.g. blade servers with power densities much higher than SGI's Altix), I'm pretty sure that large computer installations will want liquid cooling. Making this transition is a challenge today, but within a few years, more plumbing will be needed in high end computer rooms. Sincerely, Josip


text:
Table of Contents
> Neutropenia
Also listed as:
Kostmann syndrome, Agranulocytosis
Related Terms
Author information
Integrative therapies
Integrative Therapy Quick Links:
Amaranth oil
Arginine (L-arginine)
Black currant
Bovine colostrum
Cat's claw
Gamma linolenic acid (GLA)
Maitake mushroom
Qi gong
Rose hip
Tai chi
Thymus extract
Vitamin A
Vitamin B6
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Related Terms
AIN, autoimmune disease, blood disease, blood disorder, chemotherapy, congenital, congenital neutropenia, cyclic, cyclic neutropenia, immune disorder, febrile neutropenia, granulocytes, hematological autoimmune disorder, hematological disorder, immune system disorder, Kostmann disease, Kostmann's syndrome, low neutrophils, neutropaenic, neutropaenia, neutropenic, neutrophil granulocytes, neutrophils, primary autoimmune neutropenia, primary immune neutropenia, SCN, secondary autoimmune neutropenia, severe congenital neutropenia, white blood cells.
Neutropenia is defined as a low number of neutrophil granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, in the body. White blood cells serve as the body's primary defense mechanism against infection and disease. In a healthy body, neutrophils make up 50-60% of circulating white blood cells. Neutropenic patients have an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) that is lower than 1,500 cells per microliter of blood.
Therefore, patients with neutropenia are more susceptible to disease and infection. Severe cases of neutropenia may even become life threatening.
Mild neutropenia usually causes no symptoms. Severe neutropenia increases the risk of infection, especially in the lungs, kidneys, blood, and/or skin.
Neutropenia can be acute (lasting less than three months) or chronic (lasting longer than three months). The condition occurs when the bone marrow does not produce enough neutrophils or an increased number of neutrophils are destroyed in the body. For instance, neutropenia is a common side effect of chemotherapy.
About three out of every one million individuals are diagnosed with agranulocytosis, (the complete loss of neutrophils) every year, and about one out of every one million people is diagnosed with drug-induced neutropenia annually.
Individuals who experience infections during severe, prolonged episodes of neutropenia have an increased risk of fatality. Morbidity also correlates with the length of time elapsed before the first dose of antibiotics is administered for a neutropenic fever (which accompanies an infection). Serious medical complications, like infection, occur in about 21% of patients with cancer and neutropenic fever.
Morbidity usually involves infections during severe, prolonged episodes of neutropenia.
Infections associated with neutropenia are treated with antibiotics. Other symptoms of the disease may be treated with blood transfusions, recombinant G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor), recombinant G-CSF (granulocytes colony-stimulating factor), corticosteroids, splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) or bone marrow transplant.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
CancerSymptoms.org. Prevention of Neutropenia. .
National Institutes of Health (NIH). .
Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. .
Neutropenia Support Association. About Neutropenia. .
Smith TJ, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH et al. 2006 Update of Recommendations for the Use of White Blood Cell Growth Factors: An Evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3187-205. Epub 2006 May 8.
Decreased production in bone marrow
: Neutrophil ganulocytes are primarily produced in the bone marrow. However, hereditary disorders (like congenital neutropenia or cyclic neutropenia), cancer, certain medications, radiation, Vitamin B12 deficiency or folate deficiency may result in a decreased production of these cells.
Increased destruction
: If a significant number of neutrophil granulocytes are destroyed, it may also result in neutropenia. For instance, neutropenia is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia typically occurs three to seven days after chemotherapy drugs are administered and continues for several days before recovering to normal levels. Conditions like aplastic anemia may also result in neutropenia.
Marginalization and sequestration
: Hemodialysis may lead to neutropenia.
Some neutropenic patients, especially those with acute neutropenia, may be asymptomatic or experience mild symptoms. The disease is usually discovered when a patient has developed severe infections or sepsis.
Common symptoms of neutropenia include: skin rash, mouth ulcers, abscesses, thrush, periodontal disease, lymphadenopathy, mucous membrane abnormalities, fever, frequent infections, diarrhea, burning sensation when urinating, unusual redness/pain/swelling around a wound, sore throat, shortness of breath and chills.
Some patients may be asymptomatic or experience mild symptoms. A complete blood count (CBC) test is usually conducted to determine how many and what types of cells are in the blood. Neutropenic patients have an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) that is lower than 1,500 cells per microliter of blood.
In serious cases, a bone marrow biopsy may be performed. During the biopsy, the patient is given a local anesthetic, and a sample of bone marrow is removed with a needle. The sample is then analyzed in the laboratory to determine whether or not the bone marrow is producing a sufficient number of neutrophils.
Treatment for neutropenia depends on the cause. Any infection should be diagnosed and treated. According to the 1997 guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, neutropenic fever should be treated with empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately. Treatment generally lasts between five to seven days.
According to the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, vancomycin should be administered if
Staphylococcus aureus
infections are suspected. Delays in starting treatment are associated with higher mortality. Treatment generally lasts between five to seven days.
In rare cases when the condition is life threatening, treatment may include blood transfusion, medicines to stimulate white blood cell production and intravenous immunoglobulin (antibodies donated from blood samples).
Neutropenia is a common side effect of chemotherapy in cancer patients. According to the 2006 recommendations from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, blood cell growth factors should be administered to prevent febrile neutropenia when the risk of febrile neutropenia is 20% or higher. Recombinant G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) or G-CSF (granulocytes colony-stimulating factor) has been used to stimulate white cell blood production. However, some patients have developed leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome following treatment with G-CSF.
Corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapies may be administered in cases of autoimmune neutropenia.
In some cases, white blood cells collect in the spleen, causing it to enlarge. Possible treatment may include splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen).
In rare situations a bone marrow transplant may be necessary.
Integrative therapies
: Currently, there is a lack of scientific data on the use of integrative therapies for the treatment or prevention of neutropenia. The integrative therapies listed below should be used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare provider, and should not be used in replacement of other proven therapies or preventive measures.
Good scientific evidence
: For more than 2,000 years, the roots of ginseng have been valued in Chinese medicine. Several studies suggest that ginseng may be an effective agent for immune system enhancement. Additional high quality research is needed before a conclusion be made.
Avoid with known allergy to plants in the Araliaceae family. There has been a report of a serious life-threatening skin reaction, possibly caused by contaminants in ginseng formulations.
: Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that are sometimes called friendly germs. They help maintain a healthy intestine and help the body digest foods. They also help keep harmful bacteria and yeasts in the gut under control. Most probiotics come from food sources, especially cultured milk products. Research suggests that probiotics, especially those in milk or food, may be an effective agent for immune system enhancement. However, commercially produced yogurt may not be as effective. More studies are needed, particularly with yogurt, to give recommendations.
Probiotics are generally considered safe and well-tolerated. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to probiotics. Use cautiously if lactose intolerant. Caution is advised when using probiotics in neonates born prematurely or with immune deficiency.
: Zinc formulations have been used since ancient Egyptian times to enhance wound healing. Zinc appears to be an essential trace element for the immune system, but research on the effect of zinc supplementation on immune function is scant and mostly focuses on patients with specific diseases. Zinc gluconate appears to exert beneficial effects on immune cells, improving CD3 and CD4 counts and increasing CD4/CD8 ratios in children. There are relatively few studies that examine zinc levels and the effects of zinc supplementation on the health of the elderly population. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made.
Zinc is generally considered safe when taken at the recommended dosages. Avoid zinc chloride since studies have not been done on its safety or effectiveness. Avoid with kidney disease. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence
Amaranth oil
: Amaranth is grown in Asia and the Americas and harvested primarily for its grain, which is used as a food source for bread, pasta, and infant food. Limited evidence suggests that amaranth may stimulate the immune system when combined with a heart-healthy diet in patients with heart disease and high cholesterol. However, additional studies of amaranth alone are needed to determine if it is effective for immunomodulation.
Amaranth is generally considered safe. Avoid if allergic or sensitive to amaranth. Use cautiously with diabetes, low blood sugar, low blood pressure, immune system disorders, or kidney disorders. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Arabinogalactans belong to a group of carbohydrates called polysaccharides. When consumed in the diet, arabinogalactan comes from the wood of the larch tree (
species) and is approved for use as a dietary fiber by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Early research has suggested that arabinogalactan may cause immune stimulation; however, its effect on immunity in healthy volunteers is not clear. More evidence is needed.
Avoid if allergic or sensitive to arabinogalactan or larch. People who are exposed to arabinogalactan or larch dust may have irritation of the eyes, lungs, or skin. Use cautiously in people with diabetes, digestive problems, or immune system disorders, and in people who consume diets high in fiber or low in galactose. Arabinogalactan should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Arginine (L-arginine)
: L-arginine helps maintain the body's fluid balance (urea, creatinine), and aids in wound healing, hair growth, sperm production (spermatogenesis), blood vessel relaxation (vasodilation), and fights infection. Preliminary study results suggest that arginine may cause immunomodulation. More studies are needed to confirm these results.
Avoid if allergic to arginine or with a history of stroke or liver or kidney disease. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. Use cautiously if taking blood-thinning drugs (like warfarin or Coumadin®) or blood pressure drugs or herbs or supplements with similar effects. Blood potassium levels should be monitored. L-arginine may worsen symptoms of sickle cell disease. Caution is advised in patients taking prescription drugs to control sugar levels.
: In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), astragalus is commonly found in mixtures with other herbs. Western herbalists began using astragalus in the 1800s as an ingredient in various tonics. Astragalus has been suggested as an immune system stimulant in preliminary laboratory and animal research, and in traditional accounts. Reliable human studies are lacking. High quality human research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Avoid if allergic to astragalus, peas, or any related plants or with a history of
bark-induced asthma. Avoid with aspirin or aspirin products or herbs or supplements with similar effects. Avoid with inflammation or fever, stroke, transplant, or autoimmune diseases. Stop use two weeks before and immediately after surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with a risk of bleeding. Use cautiously with bleeding disorders, diabetes, high blood pressure, lipid disorders, or kidney disorders. Use cautiously with blood-thinners, blood sugar drugs, or diuretics or herbs and supplements with similar effects. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Beta-carotene is a member of the carotenoids, which are very colorful (red, orange, yellow), fat-soluble compounds. They are naturally found in many fruits, grains, oil, and vegetables, including green plants, carrots, sweet potatoes, squash, spinach, apricots, and green peppers. Preliminary research of beta-carotene for immune system enhancement shows mixed results. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be drawn.
Avoid if sensitive to beta-carotene, vitamin A or any other ingredients in beta-carotene products.
Black currant
: The black currant shrub is native to Europe and parts of Asia and is particularly popular in Eastern Europe and Russia. There is currently a lack of information in humans on the effectiveness of black currant seed for immunomodulation.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to black currant, its constituents, or plants in the Saxifragaceae family. Avoid with hemophilia or in those taking blood thinners, unless otherwise recommended by a qualified healthcare provider. Use cautiously with venous disorders or gastrointestinal disorders. Use cautiously if taking MAOIs (antidepressants) or vitamin C supplements. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Bovine colostrum
: Bovine colostrum is the pre-milk fluid produced from cow mammary glands during the first two to four days after birth. Bovine colostrum confers growth, nutrient, and immune factors to the offspring. Bovine colostrum contains immunoglobulins or antibodies that are released into the bloodstream in response to infections. These immunoglobulins may help improve immune function and may be effective in treating immune system deficiencies. More evidence is required before a firm conclusion can be made.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to dairy products. Use bovine colostrum with caution. Toxic compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and dichlordiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) have been found in human colostrum and breast milk. Thus, it is possible that these agents may be found in bovine colostrum. Avoid with, or if at risk of developing, cancer. Use cautiously with immune system disorders, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) or if taking medications, such as anti-diarrheal agents (e.g. immodium), insulin, or CNS agents (amphetamines, caffeine). Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Cat's claw
: Cat's claw is widely used in the United States and Europe, and it is one of the top herbal remedies sold despite a lack of high-quality human evidence. Preliminary research of cat's claw for immune system enhancement shows mixed results. Further research is needed before a conclusion can be drawn.
Avoid if allergic to Cat's claw or
plants or plants in the Rubiaceae family such as gardenia, coffee, or quinine. Avoid with a history of conditions affecting the immune system (such as AIDS, HIV, some types of cancer, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus). Use cautiously with bleeding disorders or history of stroke, or if taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Stop use two weeks before and immediately after surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with bleeding risks. Cat's claw may be contaminated with other
species. Reports exist of a potentially toxic, Texan grown plant,
Acacia gregii
being substituted for cat's claw. Avoid if pregnant, breastfeeding, or trying to become pregnant.
: Copper is a mineral that occurs naturally in many foods, including vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains, fruits, shellfish, avocado, beef, and animal organs, (e.g. liver and kidney). Copper is involved in the development of immune cells and immune function in the body. Severe copper deficiency appears to have adverse effects on immune function, although the exact mechanism is not clear.
Avoid if allergic/hypersensitive to copper. Avoid use of copper supplements during the early phase of recovery from diarrhea. Avoid with hypercupremia, occasionally observed in disease states, including cutaneous leishmaniasis, sickle-cell disease, unipolar depression, breast cancer, epilepsy, measles, Down syndrome, and controlled fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (a unique form of secondary diabetes mellitus). Avoid with genetic disorders affecting copper metabolism such as Wilson's disease, Indian childhood cirrhosis, or idiopathic copper toxicosis. Avoid with HIV/AIDS. Use cautiously with water containing copper concentrations greater than 6mg/L. Use cautiously with anemia, arthralgias, or myalgias. Use cautiously if taking oral contraceptives. Use cautiously if at risk for selenium deficiency. The U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 1,000 micrograms for pregnant women. The U.S. RDA is 1,300 micrograms for nursing women.
: Echinacea is a perennial herb that has been used to treat a variety of medical conditions. Echinacea has been studied alone and in combination preparations for immune system stimulation. It remains unclear if there are clinically significant benefits. Additional studies are needed in this area before conclusions can be drawn regarding safety or effectiveness.
Avoid if allergic to echinacea, its constituents, or any members of the Asteraceae/Compositae family (ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies). Use cautiously in patients prone to atopic reactions and in those with hemochromatosis and diabetes. Some natural medicine experts discourage the use of echinacea by people with conditions affecting the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, some types of cancer, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, and rheumatologic diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus). Use parenteral preparations of echinacea
(no longer approved for use in Germany) cautiously. Use tinctures cautiously with alcoholic patients or in patients taking disulfiram or metronidazole. Avoid using echinacea in patients presenting for anesthesia. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Gamma linolenic acid (GLA)
:Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) is a dietary fatty acid that is found in many plant oil extracts. Few clinical trials have investigated the effect of GLA on immune responses in healthy human subjects. GLA, as blackcurrant seed oil, may offer some benefits. Further study is required to determine if GLA is beneficial for immune enhancement.
Use cautiously with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding like anticoagulants and anti-platelet drugs. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Goldenseal is one of the five top-selling herbal products in the United States. Goldenseal is sometimes suggested to be an immune system stimulant. However, there is little clinical evidence in this area. More research is needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to goldenseal or any of its constituents (like berberine and hydrastine). Use cautiously with bleeding disorders, diabetes, or low blood sugar levels. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Maitake mushroom
: Maitake mushrooms (
Grifola frondosa
) are fungi that can be eaten. Maitake has been used both as a food and for medical conditions. Beta-glucan extracts from maitake have been studied for immune stimulation. Additional high quality research is needed to make a conclusion.
Maitake has not been studied thoroughly in humans, and its effects are not well known. Because it has been used historically as a food, it is thought that low doses may be safe. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to maitake or its constituents. Use cautiously with low blood pressure, diabetes, or low blood sugar. Use cautiously if taking blood pressure medications, antidiabetic agents, immunostimulants, immunosuppressants, or interferons. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: The main goal of massage is to help the body heal itself. Touch is fundamental to massage therapy and is used by therapists to locate painful or tense areas, to determine how much pressure to apply, and to establish a therapeutic relationship with clients. Preliminary evidence suggests that massage therapy may preserve immune function. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.
Avoid with bleeding disorders, low platelet counts, or if taking blood-thinning medications (such as heparin or warfarin/Coumadin®). Areas should not be massaged where there are fractures, weakened bones from osteoporosis or cancer, open/healing skin wounds, skin infections, recent surgery, or blood clots. Use cautiously with a history of physical abuse or if pregnant or breastfeeding. Massage should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for medical conditions. Massage should not cause pain to the client.
: Many forms of meditation have been practiced for thousands of years throughout the world, with many techniques originating in Eastern religious practices. Preliminary research reports increased antibody response after meditation. Further study is needed to better determine if meditation affects immune function.
Use cautiously with underlying mental illnesses. People with psychiatric disorders should consult with their primary mental healthcare professionals before starting meditation and should explore how meditation may or may not fit in with their current treatment plans. Avoid with risk of seizures. The practice of meditation should not delay the time to diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies, and should not be used as the sole approach to illnesses.
: Once considered a sacred herb in Celtic tradition, mistletoe has been used for centuries for high blood pressure, epilepsy, exhaustion, anxiety, arthritis, vertigo (dizziness), and degenerative inflammation of the joints. A few small trials found mistletoe to be promising as an immunostimulant in individuals with the common cold. Further study is needed to determine if mistletoe is effective for immunomodulation.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to mistletoe or to any of its constituents. Anaphylactic reactions (life threatening shock) have been described after injections of mistletoe. Avoid with acute, highly febrile, inflammatory disease, thyroid disorders, seizure disorders, or heart disease. Use cautiously with diabetes, glaucoma, or if taking cholinergics.
Qi gong
: Qi gong is a type of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that is thought to be at least 4,000 years old. It is traditionally used for spiritual enlightenment, medical care, and self-defense. There is some evidence suggesting that internal Qi gong may help with treatment of immune deficiencies. However, the evidence is still unclear, and further research is needed to understand how Qi gong may potentially benefit immune function. Based on preliminary study, Chan-Chuang Qi gong therapy may be used to treat leukopenia (low white blood cell count) in breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Further study is warranted.
Qi gong is generally considered to be safe in most people when learned from a qualified instructor. Use cautiously with psychiatric disorders.
: Reflexology involves the application of manual pressure to specific points or areas of the feet called "reflex points" that are believed to correspond to other parts of the body. Some research suggests that self-administered reflexology may be beneficial for immune enhancement. Additional study is needed in this area.
Avoid with recent or healing foot fractures, unhealed wounds, or active gout flares affecting the foot. Use cautiously and seek prior medical consultation with osteoarthritis affecting the foot or ankle or with severe vascular disease of the legs or feet. Use cautiously with diabetes, heart disease, unstable blood pressure, cancer, active infections, past episodes of fainting (syncope), mental illness, gallstones, kidney stones, or with a pacemaker. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding. Reflexology should not delay diagnosis or treatment with more proven techniques or therapies.
Rose hip
: Rose hips are the fruits that develop from the blossoms of the wild rose plant. It is unclear if rose hips affect immune function. More studies are needed in this area.
Avoid if allergic to rose hips, rose pollen, their constituents, or members of the Rosaceae family. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulant or anti-platelet aggregating agents, anticancer agents, anti-HIV medications, anti-inflammatory agents, antilipemics, aluminum-containing antacids, antibiotics, salicylates or salicylate-containing herbs, or laxatives. Use cautiously in patients who are avoiding immune system stimulants.
: Lentinan, a constituent of shiitake, has been shown to modulate the immune system in some studies. However, there is currently a lack of reliable human evidence supporting the use of lentinan or shiitake for immunomodulation. Additional study is needed in this area.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to shiitake mushrooms. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Tai chi
: Tai chi is a system of movements and positions believed to have developed in 12th Century China. Tai chi techniques aim to address the body and mind as an interconnected system and are traditionally believed to have mental and physical health benefits to improve posture, balance, flexibility, and strength. Tai chi may increase the body's immune response in older adults. For example, patients receiving varicella vaccines and who practiced tai chi showed increased immune responses. Although early study is promising, more study is needed to better determine if tai chi is effective for immune system stimulation.
Avoid with severe osteoporosis or joint problems, acute back pain, sprains, or fractures. Avoid during active infections, right after a meal, or when very tired. Some believe that visualization of energy flow below the waist during menstruation may increase menstrual bleeding. Straining downwards or holding low postures should be avoided during pregnancy, and by people with inguinal hernias. Some tai chi practitioners believe that practicing for too long or using too much intention may direct the flow of chi (
) inappropriately, possibly resulting in physical or emotional illness. Tai chi should not be used as a substitute for more proven therapies for potentially serious conditions. Advancing too quickly while studying tai chi may increase the risk of injury.
Thymus extract
: Thymus extracts for nutritional supplements are usually derived from young calves (bovine). Preliminary evidence suggests that thymus extract increases white blood cell counts. Additional study is needed to determine if thymus extract is effective for immune system stimulation.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to thymus extracts. Use bovine thymus extract supplements cautiously due to the potential for exposure to the virus that causes "mad cow disease." Avoid use with an organ transplant or other forms of allografts or xenografts. Avoid with thymic tumors, myasthenia gravis (neuromuscular disorder), or untreated hypothyroidism. Avoid if taking hormonal therapy or immunosuppressants. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding; thymic extract increases human sperm motility and progression.
Vitamin A
: Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin A deficiency may compromise immunity, but there is no clear evidence that additional vitamin A supplementation is beneficial for immune function in patients who are not vitamin A deficient.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin A. Vitamin A toxicity may occur if taken at high dosages. Use cautiously with liver disease or alcoholism. Smokers who consume alcohol and beta-carotene may be at an increased risk for lung cancer or heart disease. Vitamin A appears safe in pregnant women if taken at recommended doses; however, vitamin A excess, as well as deficiency, has been associated with birth defects. Use cautiously if breastfeeding because the benefits or dangers to nursing infants are not clearly established.
Vitamin B6
: Major sources of vitamin B6 include: cereal grains, legumes (beans), vegetables (like carrots, spinach, peas), potatoes, milk, cheese, eggs, fish, liver, meat, and flour. Vitamin B6 has been shown to be important for immune system function in older individuals. One study found that the amount of vitamin B6 required to reverse immune system impairments in elderly people was more than the current recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Well-designed clinical trials on vitamin B6 supplementation for this indication are needed before a conclusion can be made.
Vitamin B6 is likely safe when used orally in doses not exceeding the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Avoid if sensitive or allergic to any vitamin B6 product ingredients. Some individuals seem to be particularly sensitive to vitamin B6 and may have problems at lower doses. Avoid excessive dosing. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Vitamin D
: Vitamin D is found in many foods, including fish, eggs, fortified milk, and cod liver oil. The sun also helps the body produce vitamin D. Preliminary human evidence suggests that vitamin D and its analogues, such as alfacalcidol, may act as immunomodulatory agents. High quality clinical studies are needed to better understand the effects of vitamin D on immunomodulation.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin D or any of its components. Vitamin D is generally well-tolerated in recommended doses; doses higher than recommended may cause toxic effects. Use cautiously with hyperparathyroidism (overactive thyroid), kidney disease, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and histoplasmosis. Vitamin D is safe in pregnant and breastfeeding women when taken in recommended doses.
Vitamin E
: Vitamin E exists in eight different forms ("isomers"): alpha, beta, gamma and delta tocopherol; and alpha, beta, gamma, and delta tocotrienol. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans. Studies of the effects of vitamin E supplementation on immune system function have yielded mixed results. Further research is needed before a clear conclusion can be drawn.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin E. Avoid with retinitis pigmentosa (loss of peripheral vision). Use cautiously with bleeding disorders or if taking blood thinners. Avoid doses greater than the recommended daily level in pregnant women and breastfeeding women.
Fair negative scientific evidence
: DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands. It is suggested by some textbooks and review articles that DHEA may be effective for immune system stimulation. However, current scientific evidence does not support this claim.
Avoid if allergic to DHEA. Avoid with a history of seizures. Use cautiously with adrenal or thyroid disorders or if taking anticoagulants or drugs, herbs, or supplements for diabetes, heart disease, seizure, or stroke. Stop use two weeks before and immediately after surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with bleeding risks. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Lycopene is a carotenoid found in human serum, and skin, liver, adrenal, lung, prostate, and colon tissue. It has been proposed that lycopene and other carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, may stimulate the immune system. However, several studies of lycopene supplements and tomato juice intake in humans do not report effectiveness for immune stimulation.
Avoid if allergic to tomatoes or to lycopene. Due to a lack of conclusive data, avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Neutropenia is a common side effect of chemotherapy in cancer patients. According to the 2006 recommendations from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, blood cell growth factors should be used to prevent febrile neutropenia when the risk of febrile neutropenia is 20% or higher. Recombinant G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) or G-CSF (granulocytes colony-stimulating factor) has been used to stimulate white cell blood production.
Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN)
: Autoimmune neutropenia is most common among infants and young children. This form occurs when the body identifies the neutrophils as enemies and produces antibodies to destroy them. This type usually becomes less severe within about two years.
AIN is further classified as either primary or secondary. In primary AIN, neutropenia is the only abnormality. In secondary AIN, other pathologies occur, including systemic autoimmune disease, infections and malignancy. Secondary AIN is extremely rare in infants.
Congenital neutropenia
: Congenital neutropenia (neutropenia at birth) is a rare form of the disease, which is usually discovered soon after birth. Individuals with this disease may experience premature loss of teeth and subsequent gum infections
The most severe form of chronic congenital neutropenia, known as Kostmann's syndrome, is genetically heterogeneous. In most cases, an autosomal dominant mutation in the ELA2 gene causes the disease.
The gene responsible for many cases of the autosomal recessively inherited congenital neutropenia is HAX1. In this case, both parents have to be carriers of the recessive trait in order for the child to have congenital neutropenia. If both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance that the child will have the disorder.
Some evidence suggests that mutations in neutrophils' elastase or in other genes linked to the syndromic forms of neutropenia disrupt its intracellular trafficking. The mutations may also initiate the unfolded protein response.
Other evidence suggests that there is an increase in apoptosis (cell death) of neutrophil precursors. However, these findings are controversial because some of the scientific data was falsified and retracted from publication.
Cyclic neutropenia
: Cyclic neutropenia usually occurs every three weeks and lasts for about three to six days at a time. This form is frequently present among several members of the same family. In almost all cases, cyclic neutropenia is the result of autosomal dominantly inherited mutations in ELA2 gene, which encodes neutrophils' elastase.
: Many different types of drugs can cause neutropenia and agranulocytosis. Researchers estimate that about 75% of all cases of agranulocytosis in the United States are related to medication. Anti-neoplastic drugs suppress the bone marrow's production of neutrophils, which may lead to the disorder. Other drugs like clozapine, procainamide and anti-thyroid medications (like methimazole and sulfasalazine) can lead to the destruction of white blood cells. About 6-10% of drug-induced agranulocytosis cases are fatal.
Idiopathic neutropenia
: Neutropenia is considered idiopathic when the disorder cannot be attributed to any other disease or condition. This form is rare, and it often causes life-threatening infections in both children and adults.
Mild neutropenia
: When an individual's ANC is greater than 1,000, but lower than 1,500, the condition is considered mild. Individuals with mild neutropenia have a slight risk of developing infections.
Moderate neutropenia
: When an individual's ANC is greater than 500, but less than 1,000, the condition is considered moderate. Individuals have a moderate risk of developing infections.
Severe neutropenia (Kostmann's syndrome)
: When an individual's ANC is less than 500, the condition is considered severe. Individuals with severe neutropenia have a serious risk of developing infections, especially in the lungs, kidneys, blood and skin because these organs are exposed to the most bacteria. If this condition is accompanied by a fever, it is known as febrile neutropenia. Severe cases of neutropenia may result in agranulocytosis, which is the complete loss of neutrophils.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.


text:
My Account
Contact Us
About Us
News & Features
Reference Library
Conditions & Allergies
Health & Wellness
Vitamins & Minerals
Functional Foods
Children's Health
Adolescent's Health
Women's Health
Men's Health
Senior's Health
Better Nutrition
Healthy Recipes
Ingredient Glossary
Table of Contents
> Adenovirus
Related Terms
Signs and symptoms
Integrative therapies
Author information
Risk factors
Types of the disease
Future research
Integrative Therapy Quick Links:
Blessed thistle
Green tea
Vitamin A
Related Terms
AAV vectors, acute respiratory disease, adeno-associated virus vectors, ARD, cancer, cystic fibrosis, gastroenteritis, gene therapy, genetic disease, meningitis, respiratory infection.
Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90 to 100 nanometers) viruses that contain double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA consists of two strands of a series of nucleotides shaped like a twisted ladder. This structure is referred to as a double helix, and it contains an individual's genetic code.
Adenoviruses were first described in 1953 but were not named until 1956 when they were found to occur in the adenoids. To date, 49 distinct types of adenoviruses have been linked to human infection and more than 120 adenoviruses are known to infect mammals, birds, and reptiles. Each of these viruses produces a unique immune response. Therefore, if an individual develops immunity to one type of virus after an infection, he or she can still become infected with one of the other types. Adenoviruses are unusually stable and can survive for prolonged periods outside the body.
Adenoviruses often cause respiratory illness but may also cause other diseases, such as gastroenteritis (an intestinal infection that may cause diarrhea), conjunctivitis (an infection of the eye surface), cystitis (a bladder infection), skin rash, and meningitis (an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). The degree of infection ranges from mild to severe. For example, an adenovirus-caused respiratory infection may range from a mild cold to pneumonia. Major complications, such as pneumonia and meningitis, are more likely to occur in patients with a compromised immune system, i.e., patients with HIV/AIDS or patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer.
Adenoviral infections are much more common in children than adults and are responsible for 10% of acute respiratory infections in children. They are also a common cause of diarrhea in this age group.
The adenovirus has been used extensively as a vector in gene therapy. Vectors are organisms that transfer a disease from one organism to another without becoming infected themselves. Adenoviruses are ideal vectors because of their ability to efficiently transfer genetic material from one cell to another. Gene therapy is a process by which genes are injected into the bloodstream to treat a disease. The goal of gene therapy is to replace a defective gene with a normally functioning one. For example, if a cell that normally produces insulin cannot produce it because of a defective gene, the injected gene can perform that function.
Gene therapy at appropriate dosage and usage appears to be both safe and effective. Side effects of adeno-associated vectors appear to be caused by a combination of the vector choice, the vector dose, and the specific product produced for the therapy. Side effects that have been reported with gene therapy include liver damage, nausea, mental confusion, and a drop in blood cell count.
Gene therapy with adeno-associated vectors has potential to treat a wide variety of diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and cystic fibrosis.
Signs and symptoms
Adenoviruses often cause respiratory illness but may also cause other diseases, such as gastroenteritis (an intestinal infection that may cause diarrhea), conjunctivitis (an infection of the eye surface), cystitis (a bladder infection), skin rash, and meningitis (an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
The degree of infection ranges from mild to severe. For example, an adenovirus-caused respiratory infection may range from a mild cold to pneumonia. Major complications, such as pneumonia and meningitis, are more likely to occur in patients with a compromised immune system, i.e., patients with HIV/AIDS or patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer.
Adenovirus infections can be identified by a number of methods, including antigen detection, blood analysis (serology), virus isolation, and polymerase chain reaction. Antigens are substances recognized by the body as foreign and to which the body produces an immune response. The body's response to an antigen is the production of an antibody to fight the infection. Antigen detection identifies the presence of an adenovirus antigen in the body. Serology is the examination of the blood to determine the presence of antibodies to a virus. Virus isolation is a process whereby a virus from a blood sample is grown in chick embryos to produce many copies of the virus. Polymerase chain reaction is another method of producing multiple copies of a virus in a laboratory.
Adenovirus typing is often done via hemagglutination inhibition or neutralization (inactivation) with a type-specific antiserum. Hemagglutination inhibition is a test in which a virus-specific antibody is mixed with a patient's blood and virus particles. The degree to which the blood cells clump together (agglutinate) indicates the level of an individual's immune response to the virus. An antiserum is a solution that contains substances that fight against infection. The presence of an adenovirus in an individual does not indicate an active infection. An adenovirus can be excreted for prolonged periods, even months to years, after acquiring the virus.
Major complications, such as pneumonia and meningitis, are more likely to occur in patients with a compromised immune system, i.e., patients with HIV/AIDS or patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer.
Although most adenovirus infections are minor, some can be serious. Even minor infections can cause missed work or school and the treatment of adenoviruses increases healthcare costs.
Despite the fact that they are not ill, carriers of adenoviruses have the ability to spread the organism for months and even years. These individuals thus present a threat to those susceptible to developing adenovirus infections.
: In contrast to antibiotics for a bacterial infection, virus-specific treatment for an adenovirus infection is currently unknown. Vaccines have only been developed for acute respiratory disease (ARD) in military recruits. Most adenovirus infections are not severe and can be managed by treating symptoms, getting rest, and assuring adequate fluid intake to avoid dehydration.
New adenovirus-caused illnesses are now appearing. These viruses are mutations of previous forms of the virus. They produce typical adenovirus illnesses and can infect individuals who are immune to previous forms of the virus. Treatment options beyond supportive care, such as hydration, rest, and medication for relief of symptoms, are limited.
Gene therapy
: Gene therapy may help in the treatment of a number of diseases. It is a process whereby genes are injected into the bloodstream to treat a disease. The goal of gene therapy is to replace a defective gene with a normally functioning one. For example, if a cell that normally produces insulin cannot produce it because of a defective gene, a normally functioning gene can be injected to replace the defective one.
Adenoviruses can be used as vectors of genetic material into a cell. When used in this capacity, they are known as adeno-associated (AAV) vectors. This genetic material can correct genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis. AAV vectors can also aid in the treatment of nongenetic diseases, such as heart disease, by restoring the function of damaged cells.
Integrative therapies
: Currently there is insufficient evidence available on the safety and effectiveness of integrative therapies for the prevention or treatment of adenovirus infections. The therapies below have been studied for their effect on various viral infections, should be used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare provider, and should not be used in replacement of other proven therapies.
Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence
: Limited available evidence suggests that alizarin may improve various herpes infections. Additional study is needed before a firm recommendation can be made. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to alizarin or any plants in the Rubiaceae family. Alizarin may be toxic and should not be handled for long periods of time, rubbed in the eyes, or eaten. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Astragalus products are derived from the roots of
Astragalus membranaceus
or related species, which are native to China. In traditional Chinese medicine, astragalus is commonly found in mixtures with other herbs, and is used in the treatment of numerous ailments, including heart, liver, and kidney diseases, as well as cancer, viral infections, and immune system disorders. Anti-viral activity has been reported with the use of astragalus in laboratory and animal studies. Limited human research has examined the use of astragalus for viral infections in the lung, heart (pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis), liver (hepatitis B and C), cervix (papilloma virus), and in HIV disease. Studies have included combinations of astragalus with the drug interferon, or as a part of herbal mixtures. However, most studies have been small and poorly designed. Due to a lack of well-designed research, firm conclusions cannot be drawn.
Avoid if allergic to astragalus, peas, or any related plants, or with a history of
bark-induced asthma. Avoid with aspirin or aspirin products or herbs or supplements with similar effects. Avoid with inflammation (swelling) or fever, stroke, transplant or autoimmune diseases (like HIV/AIDS). Stop use two weeks before surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with a risk of bleeding and avoid use immediately after these procedures. Use cautiously with bleeding disorders, diabetes, high blood pressure, lipid disorders or kidney disorders. Use cautiously with blood-thinners, blood sugar drugs, or diuretics or herbs and supplements with similar effects. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Blessed thistle
: Blessed thistle leaves, stems, and flowers have traditionally been used in "bitter" tonic drinks and in other preparations taken by mouth to enhance appetite and digestion. Evidence of activity of blessed thistle against herpes viruses, influenza, or poliovirus is currently lacking in available preliminary research. Effects of blessed thistle (or chemicals in blessed thistle called lignans) against HIV are not clear. Human research of blessed thistle as a treatment for viral infections is lacking.
Avoid if allergic to blessed thistle, mugwort, bitter weed, blanket flower, chrysanthemum, coltsfoot, daisy, dandelion, dwarf sunflower, goldenrod, marigold, prairie sage, ragweed,
or any plants of the Asteraceae or Compositae families. Use cautiously with peptic ulcer disease. Avoid with a history of bleeding diseases or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or if taking drugs for blood thinning, stroke, stomach diseases, or to control stomach acid. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. Stop use two weeks before surgery/dental/diagnostic procedures with bleeding risk and do not use immediately after these procedures.
: Cranberry is popular as a food, and is often consumed as relish, sauce, jam, juice, or dried berries. Limited laboratory research has examined the antiviral activity of cranberry. Reliable human studies supporting the use of cranberry in this area are currently lacking. Avoid if allergic to cranberries, blueberries, or other plants of the
genus. Sweetened cranberry juice can affect blood sugar levels. Use cautiously with history of kidney stones. Avoid more than the amount usually found in foods if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Early research showed that increased experiential involvement (an indication of focusing taking place) did not have an effect on antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus. More studies in the area of immune function and antibody production are required before a recommendation can be made in this area.
Green tea
: Preliminary research suggests that green tea decreases viral load in carriers of the HTLV-1 virus. Additional well-designed controlled research is needed before a recommendation can be made for or against use of green tea in the treatment of HTLV-1 carriers. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to caffeine or tannin. Use cautiously with diabetes or liver disease.
: Historically, sorrel has been used as a salad green, spring tonic, diarrhea remedy, weak diuretic, and soothing agent for irritated nasal passages. Sorrel has been used with other herbs to treat bronchitis and sinus conditions in Germany since the 1930s. There is currently a lack of well-conducted published studies that demonstrate antiviral or antibacterial activity of sorrel. In available laboratory study, sorrel did not demonstrate activity against herpes simplex virus-1, herpes simplex virus-2, HIV,
E. coli
Proteus morganii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. vulgaris
Serratia marcescens
, or
Staphylococcus aureus
Avoid with a known allergy to sorrel. Avoid large doses of sorrel because there have been reports of toxicity and death, possibly due to oxalates found in sorrel. Tinctures contain high levels of alcohol and should be avoided when driving or operating heavy machinery. High alcohol sorrel formulations may also cause nausea or vomiting when taken with the prescription drugs metronidazole (Flagyl®) or disulfiram (Antabuse®). Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: The rhizome (root) of turmeric (
Curcuma longa
Linn.) has long been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat gastrointestinal upset, arthritic pain, and "low energy." Evidence suggests that turmeric may help treat viral infections. However, there is currently not enough human evidence in this area. Well-designed trials are needed to determine if these claims are true.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to turmeric, curcumin, yellow food colorings, or plants belonging to the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family. Use cautiously with a history of bleeding disorders, immune system deficiencies, liver disease, diabetes, hypoglycemia, or gallstones. Use cautiously with blood-thinners, such as warfarin (like Coumadin®), and blood sugar-altering medications. Avoid in medicinal amounts if pregnant or breastfeeding. Turmeric should be stopped prior to scheduled surgery.
Vitamin A
: The role of vitamin A in the prevention, transmission, or treatment of HIV is controversial and not well established. A clear conclusion cannot be formed based on the available scientific research. Vitamin A supplementation has also been suggested to help prevent NoV infection in children and reduce the symptoms associated with NoV infections. Additional research is needed in this area.
Transmission of adenoviruses may occur by direct contact, fecal-oral transmission, and sometimes via contact with infected water. Direct contact transmission is preventable by using good hygiene practices, such as hand washing. Fecal-oral (hand to mouth) transmission is preventable by hand washing after using the restroom or changing an infant's diapers. Waterborne transmission is preventable by maintaining appropriate chlorine levels in swimming pools and by not sharing personal items such as towels.
Some individuals are healthy carriers of adenoviruses, meaning that they are "colonized" with the virus in their tonsils, adenoids, or intestines. These individuals can shed the virus for months or even years and may therefore be the source of illness for others.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
Araki K, Ahmad SM, Li G, et al. Retinoblastoma RB94 enhances radiation treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;14(11):3514-9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Adenoviruses. .
Kaneko H, Maruko I, Iida T, et al. The possibility of human adenovirus detection from the conjunctiva in asymptomatic cases during nosocomial infection. Cornea. 2008 Jun;27(5):527-30.
Kitagawa M, Aonuma M, Lee SH, et al. E2F-1 transcriptional activity is a critical determinant of Mdm2 antagonist-induced apoptosis in human tumor cell lines. Oncogene. 2008 Jun 2.
Kunigal S, Lakka SS, Joseph P, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition down-regulates radiation-induced nuclear factor-kappa B activity leading to apoptosis in breast tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;14(11):3617-26.
Laham FR, Jewell AM, Schoonover SL, et al. The search for adenovirus 14 in children in Houston, Texas. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 May 22.
Levicoff EA, Kim JS, Sobajima S, et al. Safety assessment of intradiscal gene therapy II: effect of dosing and vector choice. Spine. 2008 May 23.
Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. .
Navid F, Mischen BT, Helman LJ. Low dose histone deacetylase inhibitor, depsipeptide (FR901228), promotes adenoviral transduction in human rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Sarcoma. 2004;8(1):25-30.
Oshima Y, Ouchi N, Sato K, et al. Follistatin-like 1 Is an Akt-regulated cardioprotective factor that is secreted by the heart. Circulation. 2008 Jun 2.
Paduch DA. Viral lower urinary tract infections. Curr Urol Rep. 2007 Jul;8(4):324-35.
Tsuruta Y, Pereboeva L, Breidenbach M, et al. A fiber-modified mesothelin promoter-based conditionally replicating adenovirus for treatment of ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jun 1;14(11):3582-8.
Zhong L, Li B, Mah CS, et al. Next generation of adeno-associated virus 2 vectors: point mutations in tyrosines lead to high-efficiency transduction at lower doses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 May 29.
Adenovirus infections are caused by adenoviruses, which are medium-sized (90 to 100 nanometers) viruses that contain double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA consists of two strands of a series of nucleotides shaped like a twisted ladder. This structure is referred to as a double helix, and it contains an organism's genetic code.
Risk factors
Adenoviral infections are much more common in children than adults and are responsible for 10% of acute respiratory infections in children. They are also a common cause of diarrhea in this age group.
Major complications, such as pneumonia and meningitis, are more likely to occur in patients with a compromised immune system, i.e., patients with HIV/AIDS or patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer.
Types of the disease
To date, 49 distinct types of adenoviruses have been linked to human infection and more than 120 adenoviruses are known to infect mammals, birds, and reptiles. Each of these viruses produces a unique immune response. Therefore, if an individual develops immunity to one type of virus after an infection, he or she can still become infected with one of the other types. Adenoviruses are unusually stable and can survive for prolonged periods outside the body.
Ongoing research is being conducted in the areas of adenovirus infection and gene therapy with adeno-associated (AAV) vectors. New AAV vectors are being produced and used in clinical trials. These new generation vectors have the potential to be more effective with lower dosage. High-priority areas of research include cystic fibrosis and heart disease.
Adenovirus infections
: A number of researchers are focusing on adenoviruses in children because of their increased infection level. One recent study was done in response to recent outbreaks of severe respiratory disease in children.
Lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) are infections of the bladder or the urethra that are usually caused by bacteria. However, a recent study noted an increased incidence of UTIs caused by viruses, including adenoviruses. The study pointed out the need for further research into why adenoviral bladder infections are on the rise.
Gene therapy
: Researchers are investigating the use of AAV vectors for the treatment of cancer. Some cancers under current study include rhabdomyosarcoma, an aggressive cancer of skeletal muscles, as well as breast, ovarian, and head and neck cancers. The goal of AAV vector therapy is to inactivate or kill cancer cells. Often AAV vectors are used in combination with traditional forms of cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiation.
AAV vectors are well-suited for gene therapy. They have not been known to cause disease in humans or animals, they do not cause an immune or inflammatory response in moderate dosages, and they remain in the host organism for a long time after introduction. In the future, AAV vectors may be able to deliver toxic substances to cancer cells or to infect and kill cancer cells.
Although it is generally believed that gene therapy with adeno-associated vectors does not trigger an immune response, large vector doses have been reported to do so. The injection of a foreign protein, such as an adenovirus, which has the potential to multiply and possibly mutate within the body, has some risk.
Although gene therapy with AAV is promising, to date it has had limited success in treating diseases such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and heart disease. Current therapies have not been proven to cure any of these diseases. In some cases, symptoms may have been reduced and survival increased.
Future research
Because of the emergence of different and more virulent strains of adenovirus as a result of mutations in the virus, research will continue to focus on developing more effective ways of diagnosing and treating adenovirus-caused infections.
Future gene therapy research with adeno-associated (AAV) vectors has shown potential. Past and current research on AAV vectors has used AAV serotype 2, which is a specific type of virus, as a model. Combined with a better understanding of AAV biology, other types of the virus can be developed in an effort to identify more clinical applications of AAV gene therapies. In addition, these vectors may be more effective and have fewer side effects.
Many AAV vectors are in phase I clinical trials and some, such as those used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, have progressed to stage II clinical trials. It is hoped that this research will ultimately lead to cures for various diseases.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
32 Kainehe St.
Kailua, HI 96734
808-261-8890 (fax)
Email Our Store
Driving Directions
About Us
Reference Library
Healthy Recipes
My Email Subscription
Contact Us
Privacy Policy
Terms of Use
All contents © Copyright 1999-2019 Genius Central and The Source Natural Foods. All rights reserved. This internet site is hosted by Genius Central, a Web site service provider to natural health stores nationwide. Genius Central and The Source Natural Foods have no means of independently evaluating the safety or functionality of the products offered by their suppliers and affiliates and thus can neither endorse nor recommend products. Information presented is of a general nature for educational and informational purposes only. Statements about products and health conditions have not been evaluated by the US Food and Drug Administration. Products and information presented herein are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease. If you have any concerns about your own health, you should always consult with a physician or other healthcare professional. Your use of this site indicates your agreement to be bound by our
Terms and Conditions


text:
Although I'm sure many of you know about this already, it's a revelation in the concept of news - REAL news reports from REAL people on the scene every where in the world. Fantastic idea and gripping to watch because it's not reporters - it's you and me "reporting" the news!
For Lawrence King, Matthew Shepherd, for us, for you and for them - every year in the US there is a National Day of Silence in schools where those with courage and honor do not speak for the entire day. To show that gay IS normal and that the lives of little Larry King and Matt Shepherd DID matter.
One of the best sources of gay news and information, based in the UK!!
News and lifestyles for the gay community in the UK and Ireland
Are you a news junkie? If you are and you're sick of all the death, war and homophobia, or even if you're not, Happy News is a site that gathers all the happy news stories from around the world!
This is a really interesting site for you news freaks out there! The science behind the news is what this site is all about.
This is the PERFECT site if you are interested in this year's or ANY historical years US presidential election!
An ad hoc coalition of African American leaders fighting for our right to equality and justice.
This year more than any other, it is essential that each of us casts our vote in the November election. Rock The Vote is a great website to help everyone become registered. After the debacle of 2000, we now realize that each and every vote counts.
Tracking the influence of private money in the presidential campaign - this site give you the deep down dirty on where the dough is coming from.
Media Matters for America is a Web-based, not-for-profit progressive research and information center dedicated to comprehensively monitoring, analyzing and correcting conservative misinformation in the U.S. media.
Progressive Review's slogan is "Discreetly observing our 40th year of alternative journalism". A fascinating read - enjoy!
The Daily Gay newspaper online - full of News and Issues, Entertainment, Health, Style, Money, etc. etc. - something for everyone.
One of a half dozen glossy, high quality gay print magazines - with an often hilarious in your face outlook on life! Worth a subscription, but if not certainly a visit!
The International Lesbian & Gay Assocation works around the world to advance the cause of gay rights and gay dignity. Gay rights are human rights!
Banned from advertising at the superbowl for their 'controversial' stance in support of America, MoveOn is a great site for anybody who wants to see an end to the Bush disaster!
Want to find out how many times - and how often - Bush is lying? Or any politician? Fact Check seperates reality from political fantasy!!
For more than a decade the only political organization whose sole purpose is electing out gay and lesbian officials throughout the US. In this all important election year they deserve our support more than ever!
This site begins with an F and ends with a K. –Clean it up Mr., we're not talking about that word!! Fark is a cool site where readers submit funny or interesting news articles from across the web.
The premier legal organization fighting for our rights throughtout the United States. Czech out their site for the latest news and information on our legal battles or support them if you see fit!
One of the oldest and largest gay lobbying and politically active organizations in the US. During an election year or any time they deserve our support!
The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation is the leading advocacy organization in the US fighting for the proper portrayol of our community by the media. A great resource for information and a great organization to support!
The leading proponent of our civil rights and equality in the US. To make a difference, volunteer or support the Human Rights Campaign today!
For 30 years The Advocate has been the number 1 gay & lesbian newsmagazine in America. Always at the forefront of reporting about and defending our rights, Advocate.com continues the tradition and should be reviewed daily for breaking gay news and insightful articles.
With the blessings of family, friends and local government, a gay couple were married yesterday at Asbury Park's City Hall. It was the first government-sanctioned same-sex marriage in New Jersey.
Continued on Page 61


text:
Piper Perabo — Crush of the Day
We all knew Piper Perabo was hot back in the early aughts, when she was starring in small indie flicks and making appearances in family movies. But the crush-worthy actress is red-hot these days with a popular TV show and a role in one of the year's most anticipated movies.
Perabo stars in the hit USA series 'Covert Affairs' and she also appears in the new sci-fi/action adventure flick 'Looper,' which opens in theaters today.
The 31-year-old was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Drama Series for her work on 'Covert Affairs.'
The Dallas, TX native, who is instantly recognizable thanks to her full lips and small but athletic body, is set to star in the upcoming thriller 'Red Machine,' opening next year.


text: "...we had almost 400 guests at our wedding, and nearly everyone was on the dance floor. When "Spring Love" started playing, some of our guests began breakdancing, including the boyfriend of one of my girlfriends. I don't think anyone knew that he danced at all! I loved the shocked expressions on everyone's faces." —Melinda, married October 9 in Lancaster, PA. See more dance floor shenanigans in the full slideshow.


text:
1 product
Canada Weather Gear Button Detail Parka Jacket - Burgundy
Regular price $199.99 Sale price $59.99 Save $140.00
- Button Detail Women's Parka Jacket
- Model Wears: Small
- 100% Polyester
- Machine Wash According To Instructions On Care Label
Cozy up this winter with our new collection of women's parka jackets to keep you warm and on-trend. The perfect throw-on-and-go, our faux fur hooded parkas are a wardrobe must have for the layering season. Our collection of parka jackets are sure to get you the style points while serving as the essential winter coat you need to combat the chill. Shop our collection of women's parka jackets online and in-store in Canada at Fairweather.
Standard Shipping over $50 (2-6 business days) - FREE
Standard Shipping up to $49.99 (2-6 business days) - $7.99
Enjoy FREE Standard Shipping on orders over $50, before taxes and after all discounts and coupons have been applied. Express shipping is currently unavailable.
Orders placed between Monday-Friday (excluding holidays) will be processed within 1-2 business days. Orders placed on weekends or holidays will be processed the next business day. We ship to all Canadian provinces via Canada Post. We do not accept USA orders at this time.
*Please note: During sale and holiday periods, you may experience extended processing times up to 5 business days.


text:
Roasted Brussels Sprouts with Pine Nuts & Blue Cheese
I've become completely addicted to roasted Brussels Sprouts this season!
Just trim, cut in half, place in a pan with olive oil and roast at 400 for 15 minutes, stirring regularly to keep them from sticking and burning.
The pine nuts and blue cheese crumbles made this a glorious Christmas side dish! Vegans - skip the cheese and add a little toasted sesame oil!
I've been roasting my Brussels Sprouts with shallots or garlic cloves too! And a touch of hard apple cider (the beverage not the vinegar) or white wine makes a pleasantly sweeter result.