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Last month, my family and I went on a week's vacation in Paris. That's right, Paris, France, home of the Mona Lisa and birthplace of the croissant. With its' dramatic wide boulevards, miles of shops and restaurants, triumphant arches and epic churches, it's fair to say that on the surface of things, Paris does not have much in common with our tiny fishing village on Cape Cod.
But scratch a little deeper and there are similarities, so many that I may start calling Woods Hole the Paris of Cape Cod.
So here we go, countdown style, starting with number five, the things Paris and Woods Hole have in common:
5) IT'S COLD, BUT NOT CROWDED IN MARCH. Both Paris and Woods Hole are damp in March, prone to spring flurries of snow and dominated by people in rubber boots, blown backwards umbrellas and the scowl that comes from winter lasting longer than desired. Endure the chilly weather, and visit both places without the crowds. Here on Cape Cod that means empty beaches, crystal clear waters, open sky and views for miles. In Paris, you can jostle into the Louvre in less than 10 minutes, and see the Mona Lisa with 100 people rather than 1,000. Love it!
4) KILLER PASTRY SHOPS. OK, Paris has thousands of patisseries competing with each other for the finest tarte citron and mousse au chocolat. But, here in Falmouth, we have Pie in the Sky bakery offering sweet treats all year long, and the new Maison Villatte, serving French delicacies like croissant au chocolat and palmiers. Don your bakers hat and let the Parisian bake off begin!
3) SCULPTURE GARDENS. Sure, Paris boasts Rodin, Braque and Brancusi… but here in Woods Hole, we have a pretty cool collection of outdoor sculpture. Check out the placement of simple mill stones in Spohr Gardens, which like the famous Jardin des Tuileries, is not to be missed in spring plus the collection sprinkled around the MBL on Water and MBL Streets. Coming soon? A bronze of Rachel Carson, the famous environmentalist who wrote "Silent Spring," expected in Waterfront Park. Take that, Gay Paris!
2) BIKES EVERYWHERE. Paris has embraced the bicycle, offering municipal bike rental stations called velib, and creating bike lanes to green up the city. This is also true here in Woods Hole, where the former train tracks into town have been converted to a dedicated bike path running along beaches, past cranberry bogs and though ancient forests. Hear, hear to forward-thinking municipalities everywhere.
Drumroll, please….The number one thing that Paris and Woods Hole have in common is:
1) BATEAU MOUCHES. The River Seine is packed with ferries and transport ships, called bateau mouches, some for tourists but many plying the river for trade as they have for eons. Woods Hole is no different, with a deep water harbor that brought whaling ships here in the 18th century, scientific research vessels in the 19th and 20th. Ferries also run constantly here, connecting Woods Hole like a tether to the island of Martha's Vineyard. The allure of pragmatic boat travel is central to both locales, and ties us to our sister city.
So there you have it people… why Woods Hole is the Paris of Cape Cod. If you are having trouble guessing which photo is which, you are not alone, because that is how similar the two places are!
What do you think?


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Eight months ago, I made some predictions about the future of ebooks. Let's see how I'm doing.
1. Ebook readers will be available in stores for less than $99.
Probably. We're on track for this. Kindle just went down to $139. By the holidays, I'm still confident we'll hit $99. I also said that they'll be available in retail stores, and I was correct. Best Buy and Target are selling ereaders, and others will no doubt follow suit.
2. Amazon will adopt Epub standard format.
Maybe. Hasn't happened yet. But I am trying to talk them into releasing SHAKEN as an epub. They've already decided to release it without DRM, which is a huge milestone.
3. Ebook readers will improve.
Yes. The new Kindles boast 50% better contrast, and Nooks have a color touch screen bar. But one trend also seems to be the opposite of my prediction--many ereaders are devolving, losing 3G capability, in order to cut the cost.
4. Ebooks will go multimedia.
Yes. Besides the Vook, a reader just pointed me HERE.
5. A third party etailer will rise to prominence.
Probably. The industry is still dominated by the big three, Amazon, B&N, and Sony. But Kobo and Borders are now in the game, and Smashwords is growing. In fact, I just got my second quarter report from Smashwords, and learned I've sold over 2000 ebooks (1500 of these on the Nook.) And this hasn't even begun to hit its stride yet. I predict earning an extra $20,000 a year from these new platforms.
6. Estributors will become common.
Yes. Andrew Wylie, anyone?
7. Print publishers will get savvy.
Maybe. Haven't seen any real evidence of this yet, though. However, I recently sold the audio rights to many of my self-pubbed ebooks, so certainly the audio publishers are getting savvy.
8. Ebook bestsellers will emerge.
Yes. Lots of indie authors, me included, hit the bestseller lists.
9. Print books will be packaged with an ebook version.
Maybe. Hasn't happened yet, but might. I have released one on my ebooks, THE LIST, in print. We'll see how it does.
10. Exclusivity.
Yes. I've done it. Wylie's authors have done it.
11. I'll continue to pay my mortgage with ebook sales.
Yes. But my prediction was too weak. I'm paying all of my bills with ebook sales. In fact, in the last six weeks, I earned $21,000 on Kindle.
That's not a typo. That's $3500 a week. At that rate, it's $182,000. Add the $20,000 from other platforms, and we can call it an even $200k.
As for my predictions, I was right on 6 of 11, and I'm sure the $99 price point will hit. That puts me at about 63%. Not perfect, but better than anything the print industry has predicted. Plus, there are still five months left in the year, so perhaps my percentage will go up.
Armed with information garnered during the last eight months, I'm ready to make some new predictions.
1. A bestselling author will self-publish an original ebook novel.
This probably won't happen in 2010, but it will happen eventually. Someone is bound to give it a shot.
2. Bankruptcy.
Some major print publishers and booksellers will go out of business. This is sad, but it will happen.
3. The media will catch up.
Kindle and iPad have been media darlings for a while, and the news wire is buzzing about an ebook future, but there really hasn't been much talk about ebook authors. The only real acknowledgment by the publishing industry--who should be paying attention to what I'm doing--was a poorly researched article by Publisher's Weekly structured as an attack piece.
That's slowly changing. In the past few weeks, ebook authors (including yours truly) have been written about in the Wall Street Journal, The Huffington Post, and most recently, Newsweek.
4. Print Publishers Won't Get Savvy.
I admit, my prediction that they would get savvy was more of a hope than an actual feeling. But these last eight months haven't shown publishers improving their game. In fact, they seem to be making more mistakes than before. The agency model was an epic fail. High prices are an epic fail. Trying to grab ebook rights not specified in contracts is a big box of fail.
Recently, the publisher for my Jack Daniels novels told me they were going to package them as an omnibus edition, all six in one ebook. I got excited about this, thinking they were finally getting with the program, telling them that six novels for $9.99, or better yet, $7.99, would really spike my sales.
Then they told me the ebook omnibus is going to retail at $34.99.
(Head slap, then sigh) Isn't any of the Big Six reading my damn blog?
5. E-pubbed authors will jump to self-pubbed print.
Both Lee Goldberg and I are using Amazon's CreateSpace to release some of our ebook bestsellers in print, and by Fall all of my ebooks will be available in dead tree versions, priced at $12 for a trade paperback. While I don't see this as being a huge cash cow (I'll still earn more from a $2.99 ebook sale than a $11.99 paperback sale), I find it interesting that the stigma of self-publishing is fading fast.
In the recent past, I've consistently come out against self-pubbers, because POD usually resulted in an expensive, inferior, non-returnable product, and once an ISBN gets attached, those low numbers follow you via Bookscan, making it even harder to land a big book deal with a major publisher, or get your book into brick and mortar stores.
These days, I don't care about landing a big book deal with a major publisher, and am fine with low print numbers. Print has become a subsidiary right.
How will I do on these new predictions? Check back in eight months, and we'll see.
In the meantime, I'm working on several new super-secret ebook projects, including a horror novel with three other bigshot authors, an eighth Jack Daniels book, and a spy novel, among other things.
I've never been busier as a writer. And for the very first time in my career, I'm able to make a decent living at it.
Life is good.
Saturday, July 31, 2010
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Upcoming: Sangokushi War Road to Rasetsu Chapter 3 Tournament Oct 2010
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Craig veteran returns from Afghanistan
Craig — Craig veterans welcomed home one of their own Saturday morning.
Sgt. Sterling Wilkey returned from Afghanistan last week, and VFW Post 4265 celebrated his return Saturday. He was deployed in July 2012.
It was Wilkey's second tour of duty abroad after a stint in Iraq from 2004 to 2005. And while he said his time in Afghanistan did not contain as much enemy fire as in Iraq, he had plenty more to worry about back home.
Between his tours, Wilkey became a husband and a father. This time, it was difficult to leave behind his wife, Aubrey, and daughter, Madison, who is finishing up kindergarten.
"I was single when I came home from Iraq," Wilkey said. "I really just had myself to worry about out there. But this time, I was thinking about my wife and daughter. I know it was hard on them to see me go, especially my daughter because she thought it meant I didn't want to be there."
But upon his return, there were no hard feelings. Wilkey flew into Utah, and said it was a great homecoming.
Awaiting the veterans returning with Wilkey, "there were 25 pregnancies and so 27 new kids, so it was pretty cool coming off the plane," he said. "I couldn't find Maddy at first, but eventually the people parted, she heard my voice, and her face just lit up."
The activity at Post 4265 was nothing special Saturday morning, just cake and coffee to celebrate a veteran's return and to let Wilkey know his service was appreciated. But it was another bonus to a great week, he said.
"I'm not a native here — I was born in central Utah — but I can see the patriotism in Craig from stuff like this," Wilkey said. "I'm not a native son, but I feel like I've been adopted into the community as a son. It's amazing to feel this welcome."
Wilkey said an unknown person picked up his tab for dinner at the Tin Cup Grill, and he was thankful for that gesture, one he had never received.
He's ready to get back to family life now. Wilkey said he has about 2 1/2 years until his 20 years are finished, but he should be able to stay in Craig aside from National Guard drill obligations. He's looking forward to spending time with his family.
"I love him, and when he got off the plane, it made me really happy," Madison said. She added they are looking forward to going bowling, swimming and checking out the movie theater together.
Nate Waggenspack can be reached at 970-875-1795 or email@example.com
Craig police arrest 19-year-old on domestic violence charge: On the Record — May 23
7:00 a.m. Near the intersection of First Street and U.S. Highway 40, police in Craig responded to a property damage crash call. Officers investigated an accident between two pickup trucks.


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He gave his mother, Mrs. H. E. Huehn as his next-of-kin. He was a bank clerk and had served 3 months with the Queen's Own Rifles before enlisting.
Ira was sent to the PPCLI (Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry) which co-incidentally is the unit my youngest son served in as an infantry soldier from 2000-2005.
Sadly Ira was killed in action at Sanctuary Wood less than a year after he went to war. His death is recorded as 4 June 1916
A search of Ancestry revealed that Ira's parents were Henry and Minnie and that he had older sisters Ethel and Lydia
|photo found by Annette F.
Ira's father died in October 1914 and his poor mother lost her husband and only son in a two year span.
This blog post is meant as a tribute to Ira and all those who fight and have fought for our country.
|Ira Huehn's Death Medal
|Ira Huehn's WW1 Medal - front
|Ira Huehn's WW1 Medal - back


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Anderson County High School graduate Ryan Ratliff placed fifth in his first collegiate track and field meet for the University of Kentucky.
Competing in the Kentucky Invitational at the Nutter Field House last Friday, Ratliff cleared 6-04.25, tying teammate Todd Nibbs for fifth place in the meet that attracted teams from the SEC, ACC, Big East and OVC.
The Wildcat track team returns to action on Friday, Jan. 27 in the Rod McCravy Memorial meet, also at the Nutter Field House.
Anderson County High School graduate Kemper Rogers, now playing soccer for Midway College, completed her freshman year by being named second team All-KIAC by the conference coaches. Rogers played forward and mid-field for the Midway team.
Single-game tickets for Kentucky women's basketball's 18 exciting home games, including eight against Southeastern Conference opponents and back-to-back "Pack the House" games vs. Louisville and Duke, are on sale now.
Single-game reserved tickets are available at a cost of $7 for all ages. General admission tickets for adults are also $7 while single-game general admission tickets for seniors and children (18 and under, 65 and over) are $4. Age 5 and under are admitted free.
Expectations are high for the University of Kentucky women's basketball team. Despite the loss of Southeastern Conference player of the year Victoria Dunlap, the Wildcats return most of the team that won 25 games last year, have guard Amber Smith back after sitting our last year with an injury and have signed one of the nation's best recruiting classes. Kentucky had four McDonald's All-Americans on the roster.
Team Black got a run-scoring single with two outs in the bottom of the ninth to win the Seventh Annual Cols' World Series, defeating Team White, 1-0, on Saturday at Gary Wright Field in Danville. The win is the fifth straight by Team Black.
Playing a five-inning game due to the number of pitchers available, the teams found themselves in a pitchers' duel after a 13-8 score in game one of the series.
Anderson County High School senior Elizabeth Mason has committed to play soccer at Centre College. She publicly announced the decision during a ceremony at the school last Wednesday.
With Centre competing at the NCAA Division III level, Mason will not receive any athletic scholarship money. Any financial aid will be academic or need-based. She did, however, sign a letter of commitment with the school.
Asbury University claimed its second KIAC Softball Tournament championship Saturday with a 4-3 victory over Indiana-Southeast. The tournament was held at Berea College. With the win, the Eagles earned a berth to the NAIA National Championship in Gulf Shores, Ala. beginning on Thursday, May 19.
It was a big weekend for Anderson County's Turpin family during the Mid-South Conference baseball and softball tournaments.
Jeremy Turpin, a sophomore infielder, collected three hits, walked twice and drove in two runs as St. Catharine upset top-seeded Campbellsville 9-3 on Friday night. He had another hit in an 8-7 win over the University of the Cumberlands, but was 0-for-3 with a walk as St. Catharine fell to Shawnee State, 8-4 in the winner's bracket final Sunday.
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The Anderson News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Lawrenceburg, KY and the surrounding area.


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Man on Trial in Sioux Falls for Alleged Sex Trafficking
SIOUX FALLS - A man accused of running an online prostitution ring in southeastern South Dakota is on trial in federal court in Sioux Falls.
Prosecutors allege that Carl Campbell used violence and coercion to bring both minors and adults into the operation. Campbell's attorney says people involved in the ring were willing participants.
The Argus Leader reports that Campbell is charged with sex trafficking by force, fraud or coercion; sex trafficking of a child; interstate transport for sex trafficking; and obstruction of sex trafficking enforcement. He could spend the rest of his life in prison if convicted.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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MIDDLEBURY — Forth 'N Goal co-owner Dan McIntosh was talking about how much he enjoys 6 a.m. two-mile swims in Lake Dunmore along with other members of the Middlebury Muffintops swimming club.
It was so beautiful out there this past Wednesday, Dan said, he wanted to get his father and fellow Muffintop, Don McIntosh, to take a break and watch the mist drifting across the water.
"We were out there and the lake was like glass, and it was gorgeous," said Dan, 48. "I stopped halfway just to look at the scenery."
There's a classic scene near the end of "The Big Lebowski" — the best bowling movie ever — where The Dude (Jeff Bridges) and Walter (John Goodman) stand on an ocean cliff. They've clambered out there to spread the cremated ashes of Donnie, their recently deceased friend and bowling partner.
But it's windy out there. When Walter releases Donnie's remains after a hilariously inappropriate soliloquy, the breeze blasts the ashes directly onto The Dude's face — where they stick into a pasty mask.
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We might be all mourning another Newtown-style gun tragedy, this one near Atlanta, if it weren't for the bravery and calm of a school clerk named Antoinette Tuff. She had just sat down at a desk, taking the place of another secretary at Ronald E. McNair Discovery Learning Academy, when 20-year-old Michael Brandon Hill entered the school. Dressed in black and armed to the teeth, the would-be gunman appeared extremely agitated and ready to inflict harm.
9/6 Hartford at MUHS 7 p.m.
9/6 Mt. Abe at Winooski 7 p.m.
9/7 Fairfax at OV 1 p.m.
Field Hockey
9/3 Mt. Mansfield at MUHS 4 p.m.
9/3 Colchester at Mt. Abe 4 p.m.
9/4 OV at Springfield 4 p.m.
9/5 MUHS at Hartford 4 p.m.
9/6 OV at Woodstock 4 p.m.
9/7 U-32 at Mt. Abe 10 a.m.
White-tailed deer hunting is an integral part of Vermont's heritage. The Vermont Constitution has guaranteed the right to hunt and fish since 1777, nearly 200 years before other states adopted similar provision. There's even a white-tailed deer on the state flag.
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Please see our
Event Info page for a more detailed list of events, times, ticket information and a printable Manatee
Festival Guide as well as a Printable Manatee Activity and Coloring Book for the kids!
The Manatee Festival uses the funds raised through its annual festival to benefit friends of Blue Spring State Park, Dare Programs and other area organizations.
Additional funds will be used for (4) $1000 educational scholarships. Scholarships will be awarded to
students who are enrolling in college, or to students who are already enrolled in college, preferably
for environmental studies. Preference will also be given to students who live in the West Volusia
area. The Manatee Festival will award additional scholarships to area students based on the availability
of funds.
Click Here to download the 2019 Scholarship Intro Letter and Application (pdf)
The Festival is a Fund Raiser for the Orange City Community. The proceeds will benefit "Friends of Blue Spring State Park", Educational scholarships, and other Greater Orange City Organizations.


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LAS VEGAS – Two females are "top candidates" to become NBA referees in 2012-13, Joe Borgia, the vice president of referee operations, said Monday.
Lauren Holtkamp and Brenda Pantoja are both WNBA officials who worked the semifinals of the National Basketball Development League playoffs. If chosen for a partial schedule or the entire season, they would join veteran Violet Palmer as the only active female ref in the NBA.
"They're top candidates," Borgia said at summer league. "In fairness to the other refs, I can't go any farther than that."
A decision on the staff of approximately 60 officials is expected in early September. The number of openings is uncertain, although it is believed no one from the 2011-12 lineup has retired and that Bennett Salvatore, one of the top referees, will be returning after missing all last season with injuries.


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Posted on Feb 19, 2016
High Blood Pressure and Seniors and In Home Help
High blood pressure typically has no signs or symptoms and can be dangerous for elderly if left unattended for a long period of time. High blood pressure can be caused by other medical problems or as a result of other medications taken. Obesity, family history, smoking, and long term periods of stress are major risk factors for high blood pressure. As we age, we become even more susceptible to blood pressure issues.
Learning to combat high pressure can include visiting a doctor to have the condition properly diagnosed. If simply visiting the doctor makes a senior loved one nervous, be sure to let the clinic know so they can find ways to properly diagnose. The morning of the blood pressure screening, remind your senior loved one to avoid coffee, wear short sleeves, and absolutely no smoking before the test. It is important to get a correct diagnosis to properly treat high blood pressure and to prevent further damage to the body.
While there are medications that can help to reduce high blood pressure, there are other ways to help make your senior loved one feel better and lower any stress they may feel on a daily basis. If obesity seems to be a cause for the high blood pressure condition, encourage your loved one to start in small steps toward weight loss. A thirty minute walk around the neighborhood or inside the local shopping mall on poor weather days is a great way to start the journey toward better health. If your loved one is a heavy smoker, perhaps talking with them about the many benefits of quitting smoking will inspire them to give it up for good.
Time spent with those we love is wonderful in reducing stress and boosting overall sense of wellbeing for our senior loved ones. While they might not have the typical day-to-day rush of routine and tight schedule-keeping, it can still feel stressful to spend more time alone than they have grown accustomed to. Take the time to stop in for a visit or have a casual conversation by telephone whenever possible. The little bit of laughter and feeling of being included will help a senior loved one to feel less separated and important in your family's life.
If you would like to learn more about caring and consistent in home help and the many benefits of professional elderly care or dementia and Alzheimer's care, call Senior Helpers of Clearwater to speak to a senior care specialist today 727-210-1414! The compassionate senior care specialists at Senior Helpers can also guide you through the process of receiving the Veterans Administration Aid and Attendance Benefit if your elderly loved one is a veteran. In home senior care allows your loved one to stay in the comforts of their own home for as long as possible while receiving the level of care they need. Senior Helpers of Clearwater provides a wide range of services including Alzheimer's and dementia care, personal assistance, companionship, and so much more to all areas of Largo, Seminole, and St. Petersburg.


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Turkic languages, group of closely related languages that form a subfamily of the Altaic languages. The Turkic languages show close similarities to each other in phonology, morphology, and syntax, though Chuvash, Khalaj, and Sakha differ considerably from the rest. The earliest linguistic records are Old Turkic inscriptions, found near the Orhon River in Mongolia and the Yenisey River valley in south-central Russia, which date from the 8th century ce.
Turkic languages are distributed over a vast area in eastern Europe and Central and North Asia, ranging, with some interruptions, from the Balkans to the Great Wall of China and from central Iran (Persia) to the Arctic Ocean. The core area, between the 35th and 55th parallels, includes a western section comprising Asia Minor, northern Iran, and Transcaucasia, a central West Turkistan (Russian) section to the east of the Caspian Sea, and an East Turkistan (Chinese) section beyond the Tien Shan. The northern area extends from western Russia to northern Siberia. States in which Turkic languages are spoken include Turkey, Russia, Azerbaijan, northern Cyprus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, China, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Romania, Lithuania, and, because of recent industrial migration, several western European countries.
The Turkic languages may be classified, using linguistic, historical, and geographic criteria, into a southwestern (SW), a northwestern (NW), a southeastern (SE), and a northeastern (NE) branch. Chuvash and Khalaj form separate branches.
The southwestern, or Oghuz, branch comprises three groups. The West Oghuz group (SWw) consists of Turkish (spoken in Turkey, Cyprus, the Balkans, western Europe, and so on); Azerbaijani (Azerbaijanian; Azerbaijan, Iran); and Gagauz (Moldova, Bulgaria, and so on). The East Oghuz group (SWe) consists of Turkmen (Turkmenistan and adjacent countries) and Khorāsān Turkic (northeastern Iran). A southern group (SWs) is formed by Afshar and related dialects in Iran and Afghanistan.
The northwestern, or Kipchak, branch comprises three groups. The South Kipchak group (NWs) consists of Kazakh (spoken in Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, and so on), its close relative Karakalpak (mainly Karakalpakstan), Nogay (Circassia, Dagestan), and Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, China). The North Kipchak group (NWn) consists of Tatar (Tatarstan, Russia; China; Romania; Bulgaria; and so on), Bashkir (Bashkortostan, Russia), and West Siberian dialects (Tepter, Tobol, Irtysh, and so on). The West Kipchak group (NWw) today consists of small, partly endangered languages, Kumyk (Dagestan), Karachay and Balkar (North Caucasus), Crimean Tatar, and Karaim. The Karachay and Balkars and Crimean Tatars were deported during World War II; the latter were allowed to resettle in Crimea only after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. Karaim is preserved in Lithuania and Ukraine. The languages of the Pechenegs and the Kuman are antecedents of modern West Kipchak.
The southeastern, or Uighur-Chagatai, branch comprises two groups. The western group (SEw) consists of Uzbek (spoken in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Xinjiang, Karakalpakstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Afghanistan). An eastern group (SEe) comprises Uighur and Eastern Turki dialects (Xinjiang, China; Uzbekistan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan). Eastern Turki oasis dialects are spoken in the Chinese cities of Kashgar, Yarkand, Ho-T'ien (Khotan), A-k'o-su (Aksu), Turfan, and so on; Taranchi in the Ili valley. Yellow Uighur (spoken in Kansu, China) and Salar (mainly Tsinghai), the latter of Oghuz origin, are small and deviant languages. Old Uighur and Chagatai are antecedents of the modern SE branch.
The northeastern, or Siberian, branch comprises two groups. The North Siberian group (NEn) consists of Sakha and Dolgan (spoken in Sakha republic [Yakutia]), differing considerably from mainstream Turkic owing to long geographic isolation. The heterogeneous South Siberian group (NEs) comprises three types. One is represented by Khakas and Shor (both written) and dialects such as Sagay, Kacha, Koybal, Kyzyl, Küerik, and Chulym (spoken in the Abakan River area). The second type is represented by Tyvan (Tuvan; spoken in Tyva [Tuva] republic of Russia and in western Mongolia) and Tofa (northern Sayan region), both written languages. The third type includes dialects such as Altay (a written language), Kumanda, Lebed, Tuba, Teleut, Teleng, Tölös, and others (northern Altai, Baraba Steppe), some being rather similar to Kyrgyz.
Two strongly deviant branches exhibit both archaic features and innovations: Chuvash, originating in Volga-Bolgar, is spoken in and around Chuvashia (Russia) along the middle course of the Volga; Khalaj, descended from the Old Turkic Arghu dialect, is spoken in central Iran.
Linguistic history
The Turkic languages are clearly interrelated, showing close similarities in phonology, morphology, and syntax. Historically, they split into two types early on, Common Turkic and Bolgar Turkic. The language of the Proto-Bolgars, reportedly similar to the Khazar language, belonged to the latter type. Its only modern representative is Chuvash, which originated in Volga Bolgarian and exhibits archaic features. Bolgar Turkic and Common Turkic differ in regular phonetic representations such as r versus z and l versus š—e.g., Chuvash śer versus Turkish yüz 'hundred'; Chuvash śul versus Turkish yaš 'age.' Chuvash and Common Turkic are not mutually intelligible. Of the Common Turkic languages, Khalaj displays a greater number of archaic features than any other language.
The linguistic history of the Turkic languages can be followed in written sources from the 8th century on. Attempts at interpreting earlier materials as Turkic (e.g., the identification of Hunnic elements in Chinese sources from the 4th century ce) have failed. The Uighur, Oghuz, Kipchak, and Bolgar branches were already differentiated in the oldest known period. In subsequent centuries, Turkic underwent further divergence corresponding to its gradual diffusion. From the Eurasian steppes, Turkic-speaking groups penetrated other regions: the Uighur migrated toward eastern Turkistan, the Kipchak toward the Pontic steppes, and the Oghuz mainly southeastward, toward Iran, Anatolia, and so on. Some varieties proved amazingly expansive. From the 13th century on, Turkistan and Tatarstan were extensively Turkicized. Of the Iranian languages of Central Asia, practically only Tajik survived. The displacements of linguistic groups also led to mixture and leveling of Turkic varieties. Several areas, notably the Oxus region and Crimea, developed into major contact areas.
Language contacts
Turkic has been influenced by a number of different contact languages. Old Turkic exhibits Indo-Iranian and Chinese borrowings, and all subsequent varieties have liberally adopted loanwords. Arabic and Persian elements are numerous in all Islamic languages, especially in those of the early sedentary groups. Mongolian loanwords occur from the 13th century on, notably in varieties of nomadic groups. Interaction with the Mongolian language has been especially strong in such areas as southern Siberia. Turkic and Iranian have interacted closely for many centuries, particularly in Central Asia, leading to a profound Iranian impact on Uzbek and an even stronger Uzbek impact on Tajik dialects. Persian influence on the Turkic dialects of Iran and Afghanistan is still considerable. Several languages deviating from the normal type—Chuvash, Khalaj, and Sakha—have both preserved archaic features and acquired new ones through contact. Part of the divergence is due to Iranian, Slavic, and Uralic influence. Although the adoption of French, Italian, and other Western loanwords began in the early years of the Ottoman Empire, European vocabulary has grown more important in modern times. Many Eastern languages, notably the literary languages that developed in the former Soviet Union, did so under Russian dominance and partly under bilingual conditions, and in this process they acquired numerous Russian loanwords and loan translations. The Turkic languages of China are influenced by Chinese vocabulary.
Literary languages
Turkic literary languages have emerged in different cultural centres. The older ones can be broadly determined as Uighur, Oghuz, and Kipchak or as mixtures of elements from these branches. Beginning in the 15th century, more distinct literary languages developed, in part as points of departure for modern languages (e.g., Ottoman for Modern Turkish or Chagatai for Uzbek and Modern Uighur). The old Kipchak literary languages, however, ultimately vanished and lack direct modern successors.
The literary languages of the "Old Turkic" period may be divided into Old Turkic proper, Old Uighur, and Qarakhanid. The earliest known records of Old Turkic proper are inscriptions on stone stelae erected in the 8th century in the Orhon River valley (Mongolia) in honour of certain rulers of the Old Turkic empire. This language is also represented in somewhat later inscriptions and manuscripts. The Old Kirghiz inscriptions found in the Yenisey River valley are linguistically similar. Old Uighur developed in the Tarim River basin beginning in the 9th century, and it flourished for several centuries. While similar to Old Turkic proper, it displays a certain dialectal variation and several chronological stages. It is recorded in numerous manuscripts that reflect a rich literature of predominantly religious (Buddhist, Manichaean) nature. Qarakhanid, the first Islamic Turkic literary language, developed in the 11th century in eastern Turkistan under the Qarakhanid dynasty. It is based on pre-Islamic Turkic but influenced by Arabic and Persian.
The "Middle Turkic" period, which began in the 13th century, embraces several regional written languages: Khwārezmian Turkic, Volga Bolgarian, Old Kipchak, Old Ottoman, and Early Chagatai. Khwārezmian, used in the 13th–14th centuries in the empire of the Golden Horde, is based on the old language, but mixed with Oghuz and Kipchak elements. Volga Bolgarian is preserved in inscriptions on tombstones (13th–14th centuries). The main record of Old Kipchak is the Codex Cumanicus, compiled in the 14th century by Christian missionaries. Kipchak dictionaries and grammars were written in Egypt and Syria under the Mamlūk dynasty. In the smaller khanates that emerged at the disintegration of the Golden Horde (15th century), Old Kipchak remained in use. It persisted in Crimea until the 17th century, and essentially the same literary language was used in the khanate of Kazan. Old Anatolian Turkish, the antecedent of Ottoman Turkish, developed in Anatolia beginning in the 13th century, initially under the influence of Central Asian traditions. An Azerbaijani literary language began to develop in the 15th century. A Turkmen equivalent in the 14th century soon came under Chagatai influence. Early Chagatai, used in the 15th–16th centuries in the Timurid realm, was based on Qarakhanid-Khwārezmian traditions but relied more on local elements.
A later period includes Middle and Late Ottoman, Azerbaijani, Late Chagatai, and others. Ottoman is the leading language, with a rich literature comprising a variety of forms and styles. Azerbaijani reached a high level of development in the 16th century. Chagatai continued to play a major role, mixing with local elements in, for example, eastern Turkistan and the khanate of Kazan and among the Turkmen. Local forms later eventually ousted Chagatai in eastern Turkistan, the Volga region, and also, until the Ottoman dominance in the 17th century, on the Crimean Peninsula. There are also south Russian Armeno-Kipchak records (i.e., Kipchak Turkic records written by Armenians) dating from the 16th and 17th centuries.
The modern period comprises 23 written languages: Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkmen, Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatar, Kumyk, Karaim, Tatar, Chuvash, Bashkir, Nogay, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Uighur, Altay, Khakas, Shor, Tyvan, Tofa, and Sakha. Some of them—Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Kazan Tatar, Crimean Tatar, Uzbek, and Karaim—had a literary form before the 20th century. Modern Turkish replaced Ottoman at the beginning of the century and also influenced Azerbaijani. A rather pure Turkmen literary language had reemerged in the 18th century and remained in use until a new one based on spoken Turkmen was introduced after 1917. Several literary languages had started to develop in the 19th century: Kazan Tatar, also used by the Bashkir and other groups, Chuvash, Crimean Tatar, Kazakh, and Kumyk. After 1917, certain languages thus continued pre-Soviet written traditions. Uzbek- and Taranchi-based "New Uighur" took the place of Chagatai in Turkistan. In the 1920s and '30s, Kyrgyz, Bashkir, Karakalpak, Karachay-Balkar, Nogay, Tyvan, Altay, Khakas, and Shor were established as literary languages and received a written form.
The first known script is the "runic" one, an original invention based on Semitic patterns. Besides the Brāhmī and Manichaean scripts, the Uighur used a script of their own, developed from the Sogdian cursive script. It was used among Central Asian Turks long after the victory of Islam, in such places as the Golden Horde khanate and Timurid courts. The Syriac Estrangelo script was used by Turkic-speaking Nestorians (13th–14th centuries).
The Arabic script was generally introduced after the adoption of Islam. It was used by all Turkic peoples until the early 1920s and is still used in China and Iran, not to mention the Arab countries. In China, an attempt was made to promote a Pinyin romanization for Uighur and Kazakh, but traditionalists resisted and the effort failed in the 1980s.
The Greek and Armenian alphabets have occasionally been used by minorities. Hebrew script was used for many centuries by the Karaites, believers of the Hebrew Bible (or Old Testament). The Sakha and Chuvash languages were written with modified Russian alphabets before the 20th century. Some languages (e.g., Teleut) were occasionally written in scripts created by missionaries. The Mongolian alphabet was to some extent used in the Altai region.
In the 1920s, Roman alphabets were introduced for Soviet Turkic languages, and a "Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet" was created. In 1928, a Roman script was also introduced for Turkish. From the late 1930s until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, however, modified forms of the Cyrillic script were compulsory for all Soviet Turkic languages. The graphic representations differed considerably across languages, and the systems were often changed. Thus, certain languages were first written in Arabic, then in Roman, and then in Cyrillic script. Others were first written in Cyrillic, then in Roman, and finally in Cyrillic script again. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, a return to Roman script has begun or is being considered for several languages, including Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uzbek. Where the "Common Turkic Alphabet"—consisting of the Turkish script plus special letters—has been introduced, it is used alongside the Cyrillic script.
The Ottoman, Azerbaijani, Uzbek, and Tatar languages had had considerable supraregional validity up to the 20th century, but thereafter they were basically restricted to their respective national (or, in the case of Tatar, regional) territories. The new regional languages were based on local dialects and were established without coordination of the various projects. The variety of scripts that were introduced hindered written communication, and language reforms had similar effects. As a result of reforms culminating in the 1920s, the strongly de-Turkicized Ottoman language with its many Arabic-Persian elements finally gave way to a less foreign norm. Despite long disputes and resistance, an essentially new literary language emerged, the older one soon becoming obsolete. Though the aim had been to establish a genuine Turkish language, radical reformers often resorted to artificial means, such as the creation of neologisms that were incomprehensible outside Turkey. Soviet Turkic languages also underwent changes, adopting Russian elements, but mostly maintaining the established Arabic-Persian vocabulary. Lacking common-language planning and close contact situations, the Turkic languages thus continued to develop independently. The social importance of many languages was reduced, for example, by Russian dominance or by (as happened in Iran) a ban on the public use of Turkic. With the rapid political changes of the late 20th century, however, the use of Turkic languages, especially in Central Asia, once again began to increase.
Linguistic structure
Turkic word structure is characterized by possessing rich possibilities of expanding stems by means of relatively unchangeable and clear-cut suffixes, of which many designate grammatical notions. Thus, kız-lar-ım-a 'to my daughters' is composed of kız 'daughter' and plural (-lar), possessive (-ım 'my'), and dative (-a 'in') suffixes. The transparent and regular morphology is subject to sound harmony. Thus, words tend to consist of syllables produced with either a back or a front tongue position. Most suffixes vary according to the preceding syllable, containing either back or front sounds. The Turkish primary stem kül 'ash' yields words that contain only front consonants and vowels—e.g., kül-ler 'ashes,' kül-ler-i 'its ashes,' kül-ler-in-den 'from its ashes'—whereas kul 'slave' yields words that contain back sounds only—e.g., kul-lar 'slaves,' kul-lar-ı 'his slaves,' kul-lar-ın-dan 'from his slaves.' Besides this "palatal harmony," most languages also adopt a "labial harmony" between syllables with respect to rounded and unrounded vowels—e.g., pul-u 'his stamp' versus pil-i 'his battery.' Harmony rules, which may also be applied more or less to loanwords, vary across languages, labial harmony being most developed in Sakha and Kyrgyz. In Karaim, Gagauz, and Uzbek dialects and others, Slavic or Iranian influence has caused harmony to be phonetically differently realized, though harmony is far from lost.
Word stress, mostly consisting of high pitch, tends to fall on the last syllable in modern Turkic languages. Several eastern languages still tend toward initial stress, which probably corresponds to an older state.
The nominal morphology comprises case, plural, and possessive suffixes. The cases include a genitive ('of'), dative ('to'), definite accusative, locative ('in, at, on'), ablative ('from'), and sometimes equative ('like'), terminative ('until'), comitative ('with'), and so on. Possessive suffixes (such as 'my') exist alongside free possessive pronouns (used for emphasis). There are no definite articles and no grammatical genders—e.g., Turkish o 'he, she, it.' Nouns and adjectives are generally not distinguished morphologically. Superlatives are formed with particles meaning 'most' (Turkish en iyi 'best'), comparatives with particles or suffixes meaning 'more' (Uzbek yaxširåq, Turkish daha iyi 'better') or simply with the ablative added to the standard of comparison (Kumyk qardan suwuq 'colder than snow' [literally 'snow-from cold']). Intensive adjectives are formed with reduplication—e.g., Turkish kap-kara 'quite black' (kara 'black'). Numerals include cardinals, ordinals, collectives (Kazakh bes-ew 'a group of 5'), distributives (Turkish on-ar '10 each'), and sometimes approximatives (Tatar un-lap 'about 10'). Nouns following cardinals normally appear in the singular—e.g., Turkish iki uçak 'two airplane.'
The complex verbal morphology exhibits numerous simple and compound aspect-tense categories. Suffixes express such notions as negation, passive, reciprocal, reflexive, and causative, and they combine to produce long derived stems—e.g., Turkish seviştirilme 'not to be caused to love each other.' Personal suffixes indicate subjects—e.g., Kyrgyz kele-biz 'we come.' Infinite forms include verbal nouns, verbal adjectives (participles), and verbal adverbs (converbs). Postverbial constructions with auxiliary verbs placed after converbs may specify the manner of action—e.g., Uzbek ålip kel- 'bring' (literally 'taking come'), Kumyk oxup yiber- 'start reading' (literally 'reading send').
Postpositions, corresponding to English prepositions, are placed after the words they mark functionally—e.g., Turkish benden sonra 'after me' (literally 'I-from after'), ev(in) önünde 'in front of the house' (literally 'house-of front-its-at'). Conjunctions are used less frequently in Turkic languages than in English, and they are often borrowed—e.g., Turkish ve 'and,' ama 'but,' çünkü 'for' (each borrowed from either Arabic or Persian). There are no native subordinative conjunctions or relative pronouns.
Attributes do not agree in number or case with their heads—e.g., Turkish büyük evlerde 'in the big houses' (literally 'big house [-plural]-in,' without any markers on the adjective). In genitive constructions, a genitive suffix mostly marks the possessor and a possessive suffix the possessed object—e.g., Uzbek ådäm-ning üy-i 'the man's house' (literally 'man-of house-his'). Instead of 'have' verbs, adjectives meaning 'existent' and 'nonexistent' are used—e.g., Turkish ben-de para var (literally 'I-at money existent') 'I have money,' para-m yok (literally 'money-my nonexistent') 'I have no money.'
In the elaborate sentence construction system of Turkic languages, subordinated clauses are formed with verbal nouns that take plural, case, and possessive suffixes and mostly correspond to that-clauses—e.g., Uzbek båläning kelgänini bilämän 'I know that the child has come' (literally 'child-of having-come-his know-I'). Clauses formed with participles correspond to English relative clauses—e.g., Uzbek kelgän bålä 'the child that has come' (literally 'having-come child'). Converb clauses determine other verbal constructions—e.g., Turkish gülerek girdi '[she or he] entered laughing' (literally 'laugh-ing enter-ed' [-erek '-ing,' -di '-ed']). In older and in several modern languages, converb clauses may create long chains of constructions within a single sentence.
Normally, the subject begins a clause and the predicate core ends it, whereas objects and adjuncts precede the elements they determine. These rules may result in sentences such as Turkish Ali, denize yakın evin içinde oturan ailenin gelecek ay buradan ayrılacağını bize bildirdi 'Ali told us that the family living in the house near the sea will leave this place next month' (literally 'Ali sea-to near house-of inside-its living family-of come-future month here-from leaving-future-its-accusative we-to inform-ed-he').Lars Johanson
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Altaic languages: The Turkic languagesThe term Turkish properly refers to the language spoken in Turkey and to the literary, written forms of that language. The term used by scholars for the language group it belongs to is Turkic.…
Islamic arts: Turkic languagesA great deal of the Muslim literature of Central Asia is written in Turkic languages, which include Uzbek, Tatar, and Kyrgyz. Its main cultural centres (Samarkand, Bukhara, Fergana) became part of the…
China: AltaicThe Turkic language branch is by far the most numerous of the three Altaic branches. The Uighur, who are Muslims, form the largest Turkic-speaking minority. They are distributed over chains of oases in the Tarim and Junggar basins of Xinjiang and mainly depend on irrigated agriculture…
Russia: The Altaic groupTurkic speakers dominate the Altaic group. They live mainly in the Central Asian republics, but there is an important cluster of Turkic speakers between the middle Volga and southern Urals, comprising the Bashkir, Chuvash, and Tatars. A second cluster, in the North Caucasus region, includes…
Arctic: Linguistic affiliationsThe Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus language families together compose the Altaic family. In the Siberian north, languages of the Turkic type are represented only by the Sakha and by surrounding peoples such as the Dolgan who—though of Tungusic origin—have adopted the Sakha (Yakut) language. Apart from…
More About Turkic languages13 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- major reference
- classification
- comparison to Chuvash
- linguistic affinities with Paleosiberian languages
- Soviet language policy
- Afghanistan
- Arctic
- Central Asia
- China
- Europe


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Dorothea Dix (1802-87)
Dorothea Dix was the most influential asylum reformer of the 1800s. She was born into poverty in Maine in the United States. At the age of 15 she became a teacher and founded her own school for girls in Boston, Massachusetts aged 20. Running the school and caring for a sick relative occupied her young adulthood. During several periods when tuberculosis stopped her working she wrote children's books and textbooks. While recuperating in England in 1836-37 she befriended a grandson of moral treatment pioneer William Tuke, and discovered the work of French physician Philippe Pinel. An inheritance during this trip freed her from the need to teach, and on returning to America she dedicated herself to improving conditions for people with mental health problems.
Dix began her humanitarian work in 1840 in Massachusetts. She visited poorhouses and prisons in hundreds of towns, where she found individuals chained or caged in appalling conditions. Dix shared these horrific stories with influential reformers, newspaper editors and government officials. Within two years Massachusetts lawmakers provided funds to establish a state asylum. Dix continued crusading in a dozen other states. She travelled over 10,000 miles and established six public asylums by the end of 1845.
Dix focused on the US government in 1848. She aimed to establish a national fund for the care of people with mental health problems. But the president vetoed the proposal in 1854, so Dix returned to the UK and targeted asylum conditions in Scotland. In 1857 the British government funded improvements to Scottish asylums. Dix also toured Europe to investigate mental health care. She then returned to the US, and was superintendent of US Army nurses during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1866. The rest of her life was spent travelling the country convincing politicians, private donors and foreign diplomats to establish asylums and improve the care of mentally ill men and women.


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It's been a whirlwind month with everything on the cards from a Federal election, state bus industry events, new bus technology and even some butter chicken. But first … a...+MORE
IT'S IS NO easy 'feat' when you indeed need big 'feet' to fill the shoes of a successful predecessor, but that's just what Volvo's more powerful B8R chassis needed to do. About...+MORE
FROM THE PAST issue's look at OEM telematics systems used in this region, following the two Swedes we now check out the two Germans: Mercedes-Benz and MAN.+MORE
EXCLUSIVE: One of Mercedes-Benz's star performing and popular coach chassis finds a likely bed-fellow in the new Irizar i6S. We took a first look at this unique combination...+MORE
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Editors' note (September 27, 2012): Barnes & Noble has cut the price of the Nook Tablet line: the 8GB Nook Tablet is now $179, the 16GB is $199. Prospective buyers should note that Barnes & Noble is planning to launch two new Nook Tablets in early November 2012.
Editors' note 2: Thanks to the release of recent high-quality tablets, the overall score of the Barnes & Noble Nook Tablet has been adjusted down from 7.4 to 7.3.
When it comes to tablets, $50 can make a big difference, especially when you're trying to break the $200 price barrier. Which is why Barnes & Noble has come out with a $199 model of its Nook Tablet that matches the specs of the $199 Kindle Fire while retaining one key differentiating hardware feature between the two products: an expansion slot for adding more memory.
To get to $199--down from $249 for the 16GB Nook Tablet--Barnes & Noble trimmed the onboard RAM from 1GB to 512MB (the Kindle Fire has the same amount of RAM) and internal memory from 16GB to 8GB (the Kindle Fire also has 8GB of built-in memory). Everything else, including design and rated battery life, remains unchanged.
I'm not going to go into all the features of the Nook Tablet--you can read the full review of the 16GB version to get the details--but what I will say is that I didn't notice all that much of a performance difference between the two Nook models. Where the extra RAM comes into play is when you have multiple apps open, and I noticed a slight speed edge in the 16GB Nook Tablet when I opened e-books and apps. As you can see from the video below, it's not a major difference--I'm talking a second or even a fraction of second.
If you have a lot of apps open at the same time, the extra RAM does come in handy, but in my tests, I just didn't see a significant difference in how the two tablets operated. Netflix streaming movies and television shows looked and played equally well on both devices (Netflix video looks really good on Nook Tablets) and Web pages loaded equally fast. To reiterate, the performance boost you get from stepping up to the 16GB model is very slight (both models have the same processor).
Nook storage changes
In announcing the $199 8GB Nook, Barnes & Noble also introduced some changes to how much personal content you can store in the internal memory on the device.
One of our biggest disappointments with the original 16GB Nook Tablet was that--while it was ostensibly twice as capacious as the 8GB Kindle Fire--only 1GB of its space was accessible for side-loaded user content. So, unless you invested in a microSD expansion card, you couldn't drag and drop a lot of music and movies for those times where streaming Netflix or Pandora won't cut it, such as when you're on a long flight.
With the 8GB Nook Tablet, 4GB is now user-accessible. That adds a significant amount of space for those aforementioned personal files (videos, music, PDFs, EPUB, whatever). Yes, it's still limited, but unlike the space-challenged Kindle Fire, you can always add that microSD card for up to 32GB more.
The only catch is that "Barnes & Noble content" (apps, books, magazines, games, and the like) is limited to 1.5GB. With apps and magazines getting beefier, that could mean more uninstalling and reinstalling (or redownloading) as space gets tight.


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A Phylloscopus Leaf Warbler was first observed on Rote in 2004 by Colin Trainor, who managed to get very decent sound-recordings of a "breezy, rising and falling whistle". Further observations and photographs in 2009 by Belgian birders Philippe Verbelen and Veerle Dossche revealed that the bird has a strikingly long bill and differs in coloration from the neighbouring Timor Leaf Warbler. Based on DNA analysis the population has now been described by a group from Singapore as a separate species Rote Leaf Warbler, in Nature no less. Voice does not seem to distinguish it from closely related Leaf Warblers.
Rote Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus rotiensis
What is xeno-canto?
xeno-canto is a website dedicated to sharing bird sounds from all over the world. Whether you are a research scientist, a birder, or simply curious about a sound that you heard out your kitchen window, we invite you to listen, download, and explore the bird sound recordings in the collection.
But xeno-canto is more than just a collection of recordings. It is also a collaborative project. We invite you to share your own bird recordings, help identify mystery recordings, or share your expertise in the forums. Welcome!
Latest News
The XC dataset on GBIF has been updated. More than 2000 of you (fantastic number!) share about 343000 recordings in their collection of thousands of biodiversity metadatasets. Thanks for sharing everyone!
You all know James Bradley for his great recordings, mostly from East Africa. Now, he has reviewed and drastically improved the XC maps for over 250 species that occur in Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. As a little example, check out the map of Retz's Helmetshrike.
All kudos to James for this majestic effort! In the process, we have set up a way to handle batches of improved map cut-outs using some standards and guidelines.
We would love to do more similar projects, especially for other parts of Africa, as well as Asia. This is not for the faint-hearted: a deep knowledge of the birds of a country or region is required, as is some computer literacy, access to local literature, and a sense of biogeography. Any takers, please drop us a line at email@example.com.
Thanks for your kind words Rolf, and for the opportunity to contribute to these maps!
For those interested in checking out some updated East Africa distributions, maps edited include those for species classed as forest dependent birds of Kenya and Uganda (Bennun et al. 1996).
2 replies :: Your reply
The distribution maps are an integral part of XC thanks to the continued efforts of one man: Rolf de By. For many years now he's kept about 10000 maps up-to-date, fixing errors, catching up with taxonomic changes... Rolf has helped XC to sort out all kinds of other things as well, so we felt we really had no other option than to ask him to formally join the team. And he accepted! So from now on it is Bob, WP, Sander, Jonathon & Rolf.
Thanks & congratulations to Rolf. The maps are so valuable that I often come on XC just to see the maps and that combined with where recordings have taken place is a special type of data.
Good to hear. The maps are terrific!
2 replies :: Your reply
.... after a number of trials we think we've now succesfully changed the upload limit to 128MB. For the moment, still mp3 only. Use highest possible bitrates....!!
Latest Additions
- XC476607: Grey Partridge by Jarek Matusiak from Poland
- XC476606: Eurasian Hoopoe by Anders During from Sweden
- XC476605: Grey Partridge by Jarek Matusiak from Poland
- XC476604: Grey Partridge by Jarek Matusiak from Poland
- XC476603: Grey Partridge by Jarek Matusiak from Poland
- XC476602: White-fronted Scops Owl by Ding Li Yong from Malaysia
- XC476601: Grey Partridge by Jarek Matusiak from Poland
- XC476600: Helmeted Friarbird by Ding Li Yong from Indonesia
- XC476599: Alpine Leaf Warbler by Ding Li Yong from China
- XC476598: Eurasian Scops Owl by Richard Schnürmacher from Slovakia
- More...
Great work!
Latest Mysteries
- XC476582 by Jeff Dyck from Canada
- XC476557 by Matthew L. Brady from Indonesia
- XC476554 by Gerda van Deelen from Netherlands
- XC476553 by Gerda van Deelen from Netherlands
- XC476552 by Matthew L. Brady from Indonesia
- XC476550 by Gerda van Deelen from Netherlands
- XC476546 by Matthew L. Brady from Indonesia
- XC476538 by David Hollie from United States
- XC476367 by Frédéric Cazaban from France
- XC476329 by Tristan Lowery from United States
- More...
Latest Articles
- IOC updates december 2018 by Willem-Pier Vellinga
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- Mimicry of Western Bonelli Warbler by the Common Redstart in Northern Europe by Jacques Comolet-Tirman
- IOC updates 23 July 2018 by Willem-Pier Vellinga
- New website using XC - Northern Birdsong by Stein Ø. Nilsen
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Johnson Li-Lenovo Flagship Store
At Design Interviews
Interview with Johnson Li : Frank Scott: What is the main principle, idea and inspiration behind your design?. Johnson Li : Lenovo Flagship Store is created to bring its customer to embark on a journey of senses. The sight is completed with simple yet sophisticated design, where neutral meets occasional highlights. The matt corian tabletop with a base made with wood, white-grey paneling wall provide warm and friendly touch feeling, natural stone tile lines the floor creates historical image; a perfect mixture of sound brought to life by Dolby in the TV area, and the entire journey is not complete without the Smell and Taste of Le-Coffee served in store to customers. .Frank Scott: What has been your main focus in designing this work? Especially what did you want to achieve?. Johnson Li : Lenovo considers Flagship Store as a destination to its customers, a place where learning and sharing happens, a platform to test products,and a place where service is provided to bring value to its customer- not only as a place for buying & selling. Design intends to build a brand new image with a combining Chinese traditional cultures and latest leading technology elements,as well as the surroundings and the special needs of visitors were carefully taken into consideration. .Frank Scott: What made you design this particular type of work?. Johnson Li : Interactive installation is a combination of high definition camera and facial recognition application. Movements captured with random message appear to accompany the captured image, and an easy step of scanning QR code, customer can share their image and message of the store on their chosen social network. Hence, turning the traditional brick-and-mortar store to a 24-hour shopping experience. .Frank Scott: What are some of the challenges you faced during the design/realization of your concept?. Johnson Li : Lenovo has an excessive variety of products, it made categorization difficult for both the store and the customer. To help ease the confusion and to make the instore experience customer friendly, products are categorized by its value seen by the customer. Instead of serial numbers, each product group is labled with phrase that clearly portrays it's value to the customer. For example, laptop is labled into 4 different groups, they are: Pioneer & Flagship, Performance, Convertable and Everyday. Each phrase has a clear indication of the kind of laptop you'll find within this group. .
Johnson Li-Lenovo Flagship Store Images:
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Locally filmed 'Red Zone' pilot passed over at CBS
CBS's locally filmed drama pilot "Red Zone," also known as "Field of Play," will not move forward, the network confirmed Wednesday.
From "Revenge" producer Nikki Toscano, the action pilot followed Holden Weller ("Without a Trace's" Anthony LaPaglia), a small town high school football coach and former CIA operative who is pulled back into the action when a terrorist attack rocks Washington, DC.
Kim Dickens, Shanley Caswell, Amiee Garcia, Graham Rogers, Kevin Rahm and "Under the Dome's" Samantha Mathis costarred.
The pilot episode shot throughout the area in March and early April, most notably taking over Ashley High School for seven days of filming. While on site, crews changed the name of the school to read "Finnley High School" on all visible signage and shot football sequences in the school's stadium.
The production also used a retail space inside Independence Mall to film a Smithsonian museum exhibit, where Weller's students visit before the terrorist attack.
News of "Red Zone's" demise comes after yesterday's announcement that fellow locally filmed series, ABC's "Secrets & Lies," will air 10 p.m. Thursdays next spring after the popular drama, "Scandal."


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John Huh was showered with plenty of accolades last season.
Huh, a 2008 Crescenta Valley High graduate, won one tournament and participated in a pair of major championships before being named the PGA Rookie of the Year.
For his impressive body of work, Huh earned the right to take part in all four major championships this season.
His first test comes Thursday, when he tees off in the 77th edition of The Masters Tournament at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Ga.
"I feel lucky to be included in this field and I really appreciate the opportunity to tee off," said Huh, who will tee off at 7:12 a.m. PDT and will be grouped with Michael Thompson and John Sendon. "The best players are here and I'm just going to try to go out and hopefully put together four solid rounds.
"This course is one of a kind. My practice rounds this week were good. It's a course that plays a little longer than some of the others and you also have to have a great short game. Right now, I feel like my game is getting better each week."
The par-72 course extends 7,435 yards.
Huh, who helped the Falcons capture Pacific League championships in 2006 and 2007 and played briefly on the Korean Tour, has participated in 11 tournaments this season. He's made the cut in six of them, giving him a ranking off 112th on the PGA Tour money list at $263,113. He most recently finished 72nd at the Valero Texas Open in San Antonio on Sunday.
"It's kind of hard to compare this year to last year," said Huh, who played in the British Open and PGA Championship last season. "You are always experiencing new things and trying to get better."
He registered a two-round score of 148 and missed the cut by five strokes at the British Open at Royal Lytham & St. Annes Golf Club in Lancashire, England. Huh turned in a better effort at the PGA championship in which he tied for 66th and took in $15,100 after making the cut at Kiawah Island Resort Ocean Course in Kiawah, S.C.
Huh, 22, will tee off at 10:08 a.m. Friday in the second round. The tournament will wrap up Sunday with a purse of $8 million. Bubba Watson won the event last season.


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Fairway Ranked #4 in VA Purchase VolumeApril 24, 2019 2:21 pm
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Leslie Rice
Quartered, drawn and hung: Adam Cullen on public display
- Medium
- synthetic polymer paint on black velvet (five panels)
- Read label text
Until 1870 the punishment for those convicted of high treason in England was: "That they should…be drawn to the Common place of Execution upon hurdles, and there to be hanged by the necks, then cut down alive, their privy-members cut off, and bowels taken out to be burnt before their faces, their heads to be severed from their bodies, and their bodies divided into four parts, to be disposed of as the King should see fit."
Such events were huge public spectacles. Usually, the dismembered remains were prominently displayed around the city, or in more famous cases in various parts of the country, to act as a deterrent to others.
Cast as an enfant terrible of Australian art, Adam Cullen "is often presented as an example to others – though not always in a positive manner, which is why he seemed an appropriate subject for such treatment," says Leslie Rice regarding his artistic dismemberment of Cullen. "This work plays with the conventions of portraiture and it's historical raison d'etre – to accord the sitter some kind of immortality, a presence beyond death."
Rice and Cullen share a predilection for Art that portrays a darker aspect of human nature. "Civilised societies are responsible for the highest cultural achievements and the most barbarous forms of corporal punishment," says Rice.
A colourful and controversial artist, Cullen is a popular Archibald finalist who won the Prize in 2000 with a portrait of actor David Wenham.
Born in Sydney in 1976, Rice completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts at the National Art School in 2005 and the NAS Honours course in 2006. He currently teaches third year painting there. He won the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize in 2007 and was a finalist in the Blake Prize for Religious Art in 2006 and 2007.


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I should be working on Challenge #3, but ever since entering the Willow Bird Baking Challenge #1, I sort of can't stop making these wonderful "Morning Rolls". The challenge brought out some unique flavors I would have never thought of. See for yourself. And now that I've seen them I want to try them! Starting with Julie's original version- Almond Coconut.
I only changed a couple of things in Julie's dough. Number 1. I added an egg. and number 2. I used butter instead of shortening. I wasn't all that happy with how my dough proofed the first time, although the flavor was out of this world, so I added a little more yeast as well. And as for the filling, it was very close to Julie's. I used a mixture of almond meal and sugar instead of almond paste 'cause that's what I had on hand. Otherwise I followed Julie's recipe and the results were phenomenal! The rolls were totally scrumdillyumtious! Sweet, tender, buttery, I want them for breakfast every morning! But then again, I'm a grown up and I want to fit into my pants, maybe every weekend.
OK, next time I want to try Eric's Ricotta Honey Dill buns and then LeAndra's Orange Cranberry Cardamon and then...
Coconut Almond Morning Rolls
(adapted from Willow Bird Baking)
1 tablespoon active dry yeast
1/4 cup warm water
pinch sugar
2 tablespoons white vinegar
2 cups milk minus 2 tablespoons
2/3 cup butter, cut into small pieces
5 cups flour
3 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon baking powder
1 egg
2 tablespoons melted butter, for after baking
1 cup melted butter
1 cup sugar
2 cups almond meal or almond flour
2 cups sweetened flaked coconut
1 1/2 cups confectioners sugar
3-4 tablespoons milk
In a small bowl combine warm water, yeast and sugar. Mix and set aside in a warm place to proof. Combine milk and vinegar, set aside. In a large bowl combine flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda and salt. With a pastry cutter or your hands, cut in the butter until you have pea sized pieces. Combine yeast mixture, milk and egg. Add to flour mixture and mix until your dough forms. Knead a few times and then transfer dough to a large buttered bowl. Cover the top of the bowl with plastic wrap and put in to the fridge to rise overnight.
Butter 2 9X13 inch baking dishes. Turn out dough on a floured board. (Unless you have a really big board you may want to roll half the dough at a time). Roll dough into a rectangle about 1/4 of an inch thick. Brush the dough with melted butter and sprinkle with sugar, coconut and almond meal. Starting at the long end roll the dough away from you to create a big log. Cut the log in half and and cut each half in half again. Cut each section into thirds to get 12 fairly even rolls. Repeat for the other half of the dough. Place the rolls in the prepared baking dishes, cover with plastic wrap and a clean dish towel. Let the rolls rise for 1 to 1 1/2 hours until they double in bulk. Preheat your oven to 400 degrees shortly before your rolls are ready to go in. Bake for 15-20 minutes until rolls are golden brown. Remove from oven and brush with melted butter. Return to oven for another minute. Mix confectioners sugar with milk and pour over warm rolls.


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Tools for Learning Artificial Intelligence
These tools are for learning and exploring concepts in artificial intelligence. They were developed at the Laboratory for Computational Intelligence at the University of British Columbia under direction of Alan Mackworth and David Poole. They are part of the online resources for Artificial Intelligence: Foundations of Computational Agents. If you are teaching or learning about AI, you may use these tools under the terms of use. Feedback is welcome.
Site Map:
These tools were designed and written by Saleema Amershi, Nicole Arksey, Mike Cline, Wesley Coelho, André Gagné, Byron Knoll, Janine Li, Kevin O'Neill, Mike Pavlin, Kyle Porter, Joseph Roy Santos, Shinjiro Sueda, Leslie Tung, Audrey Yap, and Regan Yuen, under the guidance of Giuseppe Carenini, Cristina Conati, Peter Gorniak, Holger Hoos, Jacek Kisyński, Alan Mackworth, and David Poole.
Copyright © 1999 - 2010 S. Amershi, N. Arksey, G. Carenini, M. Cline, W. Coelho, C. Conati, A Gagné, P. Gorniak, H. Hoos, J. Kisyński, B. Knoll, J. Li, A. Mackworth, K. O'Neill, M. Pavlin, D. Poole, K. Porter, J. Santos, S. Sueda, L. Tung, A. Yap, and R. Yuen.
For questions about the overall AIspace project please email info [at] aispace [dot] org. Email help [at] aispace [dot] org for questions about the tools and webmaster [at] aispace [dot] org for comments about the website.Unique visitors:
|Main Tools: Graph Searching | Consistency for CSP | SLS for CSP | Deduction | Belief and Decision Networks | Decision Trees | Neural Networks | STRIPS to CSP


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Kinda like we still get it with Vicious Token?
I am grinding completion for gold and I love to go purist with every new class to see if I can beat all the dungeons that way. I take Bet on Boss because the gold grind is already heinous as it is... and I feel a bit slighted losing Purist badge on something that in no way benefits the run.


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Location: Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management ResearchTitle: Fall-grown oat forages: cultivars, planting dates, and expected yields Author
|Coblentz, Wayne
|Bertram, Michael - University Of Wisconsin
Submitted to: Experiment Station Bulletins
Publication Type: Experiment Station
Publication Acceptance Date: 3/1/2012
Publication Date: 3/8/2012
Citation: Coblentz, W.K., Bertram, M.G. 2012. Fall-grown oat forages: cultivars, planting dates, and expected yields. Experiment Station Bulletins. Vol. 14. No. 3.
Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: For the dairy industry, the options for producing a late-summer emergency forage crop are limited, mostly because the growing season is relatively short. Recent work conducted at Prairie du Sac (WI) has demonstrated that some cereal grains (primarily oats) planted in early August will joint, elongate, and produce a visible seedhead before winter, while others, such as winter wheat or rye, remain vegetative (do not joint) until the following spring. If maximizing the production of emergency fall forage is a critical management goal, oat cultivars are preferred selections, and they can be expected to produce a 2:1 yield advantage over wheat cultivars that remain vegetative until spring. Recent research results show that the very late-maturing, forage-type oat cultivar ForagePlus is likely to maximize yields when planting dates are extended as late as the first week of August. However, if planting dates are delayed beyond the first week of August, it is likely that more rapidly maturing grain-type cultivars will produce greater yields before winter than forage-type cultivars. With good management techniques, producers can expect yields of DM ranging from 4000 to 6000 lbs DM/acre, but yields may vary across years and/or locations. Rapid germination and emergence is an important key to maximizing yields. During most years, significant depressions of yield will be observed if establishment is delayed beyond the first week of August, and it is difficult to recommend planting dates later than about August 15, especially within central Wisconsin.


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April 15, 2009
13 comments:
Nice read Al. I was going to put up a thank you to Yayo's top employee on Vitriol's site as well, but got sidetracked. He deserves to be mentioned but his name was Miguel :) Hope you're doing well buddy!
- April 15, 2009 at 12:38 PM
- alex said...
you guys are welcome to come back anytime! next time we should have a place for you to sleep (if necessary).
hugs from vegas.
- April 15, 2009 at 1:09 PM
this is not a full blown report!f
- April 15, 2009 at 2:36 PM
i know this is totally irrelevant to this post, but my boyfriend really loves you guys and i'm trying to look for anger on vinyl for him for his birthday. it's may ninth, and he has a pretty cool record collection and i know he'd love to have it on vinyl.
if you could help me out or point me in the right direction, i'd appreciate it.
you guys make amazing music and i love you. your lyrics speak to me like no other. thank you.
- April 18, 2009 at 10:47 AM
- DANGERS said...
Gaydee (Katie?)...
As much as I'd love to get your hands on that record, I myself only have one copy and can't really help you out. Sometimes people have them for sale on this messageboard: www.b9board.com You can do a search for our name and it will come up in record lists sometimes.
Thank you for the kind words.
We appreciate it.
We hope the new record makes you like life a bit more when it comes out.
al / dangers
- April 18, 2009 at 6:47 PM
yes, it's katie. thank you for actually getting that! most people think it's something weird.
thank you for your help, i found a couple but we'll see how much they turn out to be. i'm not so rich, myself.
i'm going to see you guys on the fifteenth at che with graf. so fucking excited.
and i can't wait for your new album. it will light up my life :D
- April 19, 2009 at 11:23 AM
i miss you all so much, come back (vegas) and I am crashing your couch (AL) soooooooooooon!!1!!1!3282944
- April 19, 2009 at 12:00 PM
al! good news! i found someone on the b9 board who said they had it, so i messaged them and i am now getting it for thirty bucks. this pleases me. thank you for all your help and taking the time to consider my want. i really appreciate it.
thanks again.
- April 19, 2009 at 8:21 PM
- DANGERS said...
Tracy: You don't have to sleep on a couch! There is a guest bed in the living room.
Katie: If I could afford to pay you $15 to bring that LP price back into the stratosphere I would. Come introduce yourself at the Che. I'll be nice and then constantly forget that I met you for the rest of my life.
- April 19, 2009 at 10:07 PM
hahaha, he said make him an offer, and i thought he was going to want even more than thirty, so i just said thirty, and i can hardly afford it but it is a birthday gift, so i thought i'd go out on a limb.
i'll keep reminding you that you met me and we'll go from there.
- April 20, 2009 at 10:25 AM
I am moving out soon (may30th), I am expecting a house warming gift or gifts from you all! hahaha
WE MISS NEIL, he can visit us all the time
since he liked vegas so much.
where's your brodozer???
- April 22, 2009 at 12:54 PM
- Jon Vinson said...
Put the location for the Reno show!!
- April 28, 2009 at 11:01 PM
what kind of shirts are you guys using for your merch?
- April 29, 2009 at 2:47 AM


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dopeboy206 wrote:@peachesenregalia I didn't make those beats. Those were just mixtape stuff I did..
And you think that video of Decipher was terrible..? Watch the video and listen to his bars and the background matches with everything he said..And it was straight bars with no hooks
It's just the same old shit. Nothing even remotely new or inventive or original in there. Dreadful.
Also, this 'straight bars with no hooks' thing, I'm assuming you mean no chorus or main theme that gets returned to after each stanza? Yeah, that doesn't do anything for me. Not sure why that's impressive.


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Extended AbsenceJune 26, 2003
If you have read Tim's summary, you'll have discovered that I too am joining the growing ranks of those getting themselves committed wed this summer.
After a year and a half of a long distance relationship, the countless flights back and forth between Vancouver and San Francisco, and way too much money given to our respective phone companies, April and I will finally be together.
All things Zen and CSS and design and blue will go on hold for a few weeks. I'm off to enjoy the east coast weather, by way of San Diego. Keep the world spinning for me, and stay your lovely selves. Ta.
Reader Comments
Congratulations and Best Wishes to you both. :)
Congrats from another Vancouverite! Marriage rocks! Barb and I have been married for a year and 10 months and its the best!
And before you know it, you'll find yourself wed for 5 years and guessing where the time went. Which I happen to be doing today on our lustrum ;-)
Congratulations Dave. When your back we should hook up for a congratulatory beer.
Congratulations on your wedding. Many happy returns as they say…
And thanks loads for the inspiration provided by CSS Zen Garden. It is a stunning piece (or should I say, they are stunning pieces) of work.
I am developing a site for my son's school where I do a lot of technical volunteer work. With the CSS Zen Garden, Jeffrey Zeldman's book and Eric Meyer's books, you add to the giants on who's shoulders I am now able to stand.
Congrats, Dave!
I'll be joining the married set later this summer myself. Hope you have a great time whilst away, and remember to go outside once in a while! :)
Congrats. We are getting married soon, Saturday in fact, as well.
A very heartfelt congrats Dave (and you too Chester) have a good time on the honeymoon!
Congratulations, best of luck to both of you.
congratulations! honeymoons are fun–i've only had one, though ;)
Congratulations to you, Dave — best of luck, and best wishes.
- e
Congratulations. Got married myself last fall. The best wedding advice given to me was:
Have fun.
Well I did the whole marriage plunge last summer. I hope yours lasts longer than mine. Currently legaly seperated. Now, I naturally have a jaded view of marriage.
I have been a lurker in these parts. Couldnt get enough of your lovely designs.
Just wanted to step in and say Congrats.
*back to lurker mode*
Was going to drop you a note after reading Tim's post, but this works! Congratulations – may you two experience a lifetime of happiness together.
Congrats Dave. If you manage your wedding like your website you will be in for a long happy journey.
congratulations dave, though I find this trend extermely disturbing – i too am getting hitched this summer. web folks – go forth and prosper.
Get married in Vegas!!! I did 6 months ago - No regrets. I got the package from Little White Wedding Chapel with a live video streaming broadcast. There's something unique about doing the whole wedding "process" online and getting an email from the chapel confirmation your registration. Even our registry was online.
My advise: Keep your marriage like your website - Forgiving to the past, open to constructive criticism, and flexible for whatever the future holds.
Congrats! from way down in the Springfield, Missouri realm. My advice is: don't sweat the small stuff.
Later this summer I'll be announcing my new weblog/marriage administrative software called "MarriableType", the perfect tool for managing your weblog AND your marriage! It will have a full feature set including customizeable tagging, highlighted syntax, argument mediation, and validators for 1)Excuses for forgotten dates and 2)Reasons for buying new toys for yourself instead of considering both you and your partner.
All joking aside though, best of luck. Yay!
Congratulations - I also had the experience of a long distance romance, I was in the Falkland Islands and she in Wisconsin. Between the cost of keeping in touch and the beer drank during our extended chats, I was making a loss so after 3 months I quit my job and moved to Wisconsin and married her. I hope that you have every bit as much success with your forthcoming union as we have.
Just passed 20 years this February and after all that time I heartily recommend the step you're taking and congratulate you on finding a lovely gal who can tolerate you. She must be a gem!
All kidding aside, I wish you all the best for a long lifetime of happiness and joy together. There is nothing as satisfying as being able to share your life with one you love as your love changes shade and depth over the years.


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Monday, July 1, 2013
High West's Barreled Boulevardier
High West is both a distiller and a bottler/blender. They've also done something fairly unique in bottling barrel aged cocktails. I'm a big fan of High West's 36th Vote Barreled Manhattan, so I was excited to hear they were releasing a second barrel aged cocktail. A Boulevardier is a bourbon Negroni, a combination of bourbon, bitter liqueur (usually Campari) and sweet vermouth. The High West version combines two parts bourbon, one part Vya sweet vermouth and one half part Gran Classico, a Swiss amaro (using more bourbon and less bitter than is typical). The bourbon is a six year old low-rye recipe bourbon from MGPI in Indiana. It is then aged in bourbon barrels for four to six months.
High West sent me a sample of the Barreled Boulevardier along with a non-aged version to compare.
High West, The Barreled Boulevardier, 36% abv ($50)
The Boulevardier has a pleasant herbal flavor. The botanicals from the vermouth mix well with the bourbon. The bitterness of the amaro is much more understated than in most Negronis I've had (which are usually made with Campari). It really doesn't hit until the finish which has just a slight bitterness mixed in with the herbs.
Unaged, this was too sweet for me, but the barrel aging seems to mute the sweetness and bring out the spice.
This is a very nice cocktail and definitely worth trying for the cocktail fans out there.
2 comments:
Whether by design or happenstance (or a bit of both!) Mr. Perkins has become the most cutting-edge figure in American whiskey, and his examples are now being followed by many others.
Blending straight whiskeys of different types, to the point of including scotch, has become much more commonplace after his lead, as has the barrel aging of various cocktails. That, plus he's distilling his own stuff, and who knows what we'll see from that?
I'm pretty sure he's not even close to being done with his creative madness yet!
- July 4, 2013 at 9:41 AM
I believe Dave Perkins (High West) and Don Outterson (Woodstone Creek) are two of the most innovative creators of new categories of American spirits out there. Dave has the advantage of a much larger production facility, Don is transitioning from his back-room distillery to one where he can actually produce more than one barrel at a time (and be able to price accordingly). Others will follow soon, I know. And I can't WAIT to see what the next decade brings!
- July 4, 2013 at 12:41 PM


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To achieve high levels of certainty with CFD it is essential to generate high quality meshes starting from CAD data. High productivity workflows and optimization necessitate that meshing must be easily automated and robust.
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