text:
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Translation by Heidi Sylvia Volf & Daniella Volf
After the Great War, Romania found itself with a considerable increase in territory, doubling its size and population. Bessarabia, formerly a Russian province, is one of its annexations.
Leova, a town of 4,000 inhabitants, is a sub-prefecture of the department of Cahul in Bessarabia, situated on the banks of the Prut, which formerly separated Romania and Russia.
The Prut River has its source in the Carpathians in the region of Galicia. In Leova, it is a beautiful river with calm waters, which has already traveled two thirds of its 800-kilometer course. Its basin is not very broad, constricted between that of the Seret, which receives its water from the Carpathians, and that of the Dniester, into which flow most Bessarabian streams. At Easter, when the snow melts, the Prut swells excessively and spreads over its surrounding prairies; it becomes a vast river, several hundred meters wide. It recedes slowly back into its bed, with a few remaining swamps the only witnesses to its flooding. Never dry, even in the heart of summer, the Prut is essentially navigable almost throughout its course. From Czernowitz, a few kilometers from its source, it is buoyant and used for conveying the famous lumber of the Carpathians, to less-forested areas.
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It supplies the market of Galati, situated on the Danube a few kilometers from its confluence with the Prut, with corn and wheat. The waters of the Prut are silty because they carry the Yellow Earth found throughout the country. Its course is a series of meanders, some of which, abandoned, are now swamps or wetlands used for agriculture. In Leova, the convex side of the Prut, where the wetlands are, is Moldavia; it possesses a forest, the only one in the region, and beautiful gardens cleverly irrigated by huge horse-driven water wheels that channel the silty water of the Prut. On the concave side, the Bessarabian side, the river wears away at a little cliff of yellow earth, half crumbled, for a hundred meters or so. In the shelter of a hill where stand the mossy headstones of the old Jewish cemetery, is the port: wooden docks and warehouses of earth and crumbled bricks. Further on, the river runs among the meadows and provides a kind of beach where in the summer young and old come to bathe; the horses too, although downstream waters are officially reserved for them. On New Year's Day, pious Jews turn their pockets inside out to shake out the dust that symbolizes the sins of the past year.
The landscape does not have the typical monotony attributed to an Eastern European country or to a corner of the Russian steppe. The great Ukrainian plain, that of the Black Earth, only begins on the other side of the Dniester, in Podolia. Here, there are soft hills separated by dry ravines. The soil is composed of a thick layer of alluvium, yellow earth that is very fertile, but also very brittle, dissolved by the slightest rain when there is a slope only protected by the grassy vegetation typical of the steppe. The steppe, like Champagne and other parts of the French countryside, designates a landscape without forest, one of large plains where grasses and thistles grow, but also fields of wheat, barley and corn. In Leova, the steppe has been completely cultivated. Any undulations in the land wear quickly; crumbling cliffs, ever-moving ravines, and grassy slopes are dotted, after rainstorms, with barren patches produced by landslides and erosion.
The climate is Continental, with a harsh winter that includes snow, and a spring thaw that results in swelling streams.
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Summer is dry, but punctuated by violent storms. In autumn, rains extinguish the dust and heat.
Across the land are seen fields of corn, millet, barley, and oats; wheat is rarer. Slopes that receive a lot of sun are planted with grapevines; beautiful prairies blanket dewy valleys, while the area immediately
|1 - The Surroundings of Leova
surrounding the Prut is left fallow with wild shrubbery often used by nesting storks. Corn accounts for a large portion of the diet of people as well as livestock, with the leaves and stems replacing foraged-for grasses since the cultivation of clover and alfalfa is uncommon in Bessarabia. The grapes (Chasselas, Muscat) are of good quality, locally consumed, and result in mediocre wine; there are, in Leova, around ten vineyards. Sunflowers decorate the fields of corn and barley; their roasted seeds delight the Bessarabians.
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This region also produces vegetables, with less variety than in France. The homemaker has at her disposal potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, peppers, melons, and watermelons. However, green beans, peas, lettuce, endive, chicory, and other plants that we eat in salads are not commonly cultivated. Fruit is also abundant: pears, apples, cherries, black cherries, plums, and small peaches. There are multiple and delicious ways to make jam. It is customary to offer a visitor a glass of water and some jam, presented in a tiny pedastaled glass saucer.
Amidst this rich agricultural region, the Prut is an important trade route. In Leova, wheat and corn are shipped to Galati where the international brokers are located. Trade along the river is now suffering from the competition of the railway, which is faster and allows for the shipping of merchandise in smaller quantities, while chartering a boat on the Prut is usually prohibitively expensive. Originally, the train station was to be built in Leova, but fortunately, it was constructed 15 kilometers to the east, near the village of Iargara. Despite this distance, the station is used to transport a portion of Leovan goods, as the railroad can take them directly to international ports, bypassing the hefty duties imposed by the International Commission of the Danube en route to Constanta, a Romanian port on the Black Sea. In the port of Leova, there is heavy trafficking of timber, coming in on rafts from the Carpathians of Bukovina.
The river and the rail are the only two modes of safe travel and conveyance in this part of Romania. In fact the road... does not exist! There is but a simple dirt track through the vast steppe of corn and wheat, which is difficult to discern when no other travelers are upon it. The trace of a previous vehicle is recognizable as deep ruts left in the mud as there is no paving. Trajan, alas! and not Julius Caesar, conquered Dacia.
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These dirt tracks crossing marshes and meadows are washed away with the slightest rain.
|The typical Bessarabian house
The roads must constantly be repaired. Wide and shallow ditches are dug on either side of the dirt tracks to provide more dirt to repair the roads.
These dirt tracks crossing marshes and meadows are washed away with the slightest rain.
|Bessmedresh. The synagogue of the merchants
However, the rain can turn these ditches into lakes, worsening the ability to travel by road. When it's dry one travels amidst a cloud of dust, when it rains the car gets stuck in the mud up to the bumper.
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Like a caravan trail in the middle of the Sahara, the Bessarabian road is dotted with dead horses and sheep, which decay in the hot July sun. To travel by car is folly ten months out of the year.
Leaving Leova by car, the day after a heavy rain, to go to Kishinev a hundred miles away; a trip that was to take four hours took me, painfully, after seven hours, into a muddy ditch 30 kilometers from where we left. A sturdy pair of Bessarabian oxen drew us out with some difficulty. We then had to take shelter at the inn and leave at dawn the next day to find, after repeatedly nearly flipping over, a real road, the one from Husi to Kishinev, where we finally arrived after a journey of twenty hours!
The bridges with which one negotiates ravines and streams are made of badly-jointed planks with no room for two cars to pass. The bridge over the Prut has been washed away by recent flooding and has not yet been replaced. One must content oneself with a raft. On similar roads it is pointless to look for signposts. Farmers and tradesmen do not need them as they already know their way. As for tourists, other common facilities are either absent or so unaccommodating that there is perhaps no point. Such is the state of the roads within 50 kilometers of Leova in any direction. An over-ambitious sign that reads, Ghidul Turistului, si Automobili stului, and indicates a state road to Moldavia, from Husi to Falciu, and passes within 5 kilometers of Leova, is in reality but a path made of pot holes. The Company of Romanian Railways has achieved a monopoly on public buses, establishing regular services that link the main towns and nearby railway stations. A highway improvement project is under consideration, which will perhaps make road travel a less dramatic experience.
Horse-drawn carriages are the vehicle of choice in Leova, which boasts only four cars! Even the bicycle is rarely seen. The typical peasant conveyance is a rectangular box of sorts, mounted on four wheels and drawn by two or three horses. The phaetons are luxury vehicles, used exclusively by tourists and wealthy locals. Typical speeds vary, depending on the weather, between 5 and 10 kilometers per hour.
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Certainly the region, and in general Bessarabia and Romania, more populous than many of our [French] provinces, will not improve their economic development without improving their highways. It is not paving stones that are lacking; Regina Maria, a big German village located 20 kilometers from Leova has all its houses built with a sort of millstone; thus a simple tarmac could be created without great expense.
|2- Leova and Romania
The origin of Leova is uncertain; the name appears to be of Russian origin. Perhaps there was a large estate belonging to a Pomiechtchik by the name of Leova (Leon?). The age of one of the cemeteries however, indicates a human presence long before the Russian occupation. In any case, Leova, at first Turkish-Moldavian, then ceded by Turkey to the Czar in 1812, became again Turkish-Moldavian in 1855, and finally stayed under Russian rule from 1877 to 1918, when Bessarabia then became Romanian.
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Like all little centers of these agricultural Eastern Europe countries, Leova relies on commerce with its neighbors. Being the main town of a district, it performs some of the administrative tasks of the Department of Cahul.
At the top of the social hierarchy is found the wealthy grain trader, who ships boats laden with corn and wheat to Galati, not only from Leova where he has his home and offices, but from other villages on the banks of the Prut. To his profits he will not hesitate to add loan services, such as advances on the potential sale price of crops. The sale price of goods can fluctuate a lot and someone must step in to stabilize the financial situation. The merchant protects himself against bad luck by demanding huge interest rates from farmers, based on an annual percentage instead of monthly, which the farmer must pay even if he borrows for only a few weeks. The fortunes of these potential potentates depend on demands from customers and other dealers who may become desperate after a bad harvest. Prices fall, the farmer in his misery can no longer pay his debts in money or in goods; creditors can be ruined more radically than the farmers as at least the farmers keep their homes and fields. The State, which is based on peasant labor, will cancel a farmer's debt. However, this results in some small banks being unable to survive. Small grain dealers who trade at the Iargara station seriously threaten the big grain merchants and diminish the importance of Leova. In addition to this faltering aristocracy, there are also a few millers, the only manufacturers in the area.
The petty bourgeoisie, starved by years of economic instability, includes doctors, pharmacists, haberdashers, tailors, hat-makers, cloth merchants, carpenters, vintners, and the many officials of the police, the administration of the sub-prefecture, and the tax and justice offices.
Bessarabia is not industrialized enough to have factories other than outside a few in big cities like Kishinev and Izmail. There is therefore no real proletariat in Leova. Some low-paid employees who work for grain dealers or tailors are able to approach this social class. Most of these poor artisans have a standard of living lower than that of the laborers in Western Europe.
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Fifteen hundred farmers, who number less than the townspeople, occupy the large suburb of Frumosica as well as some cottages near the fields.
|The cemetery crucifix with the
icons and the attributes of Christ
Cities in Bessarabia always contain a large proportion of peasants which, together with the absence of roads and sophistication in construction, makes them look very rustic.
The large properties of Czarism have partly disappeared. Romania, to avoid the Agrarian Revolution and Bolshevism, divided among the poor peasants the properties of the Pomiechtchiks, setting individual property size to a maximum number of hectares, often exceeded in reality. At the time of partition, some managed to skillfully work around the law by granting to each of their children hectares, which added together, allowed the family to reconstruct its previous holdings in their entirety.
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The typically small property holdings as well as the old-fashioned farming techniques further stall the development of modern agricultural methods possible only with large estates, individual or collective.
The marshes and swamp-related illnesses of the Prut did not invite human habitation along the banks of the river. Thus, the houses are grouped a few hundred meters to the east, parallel to the Prut, in a wide street lined with small shops, home for centuries to Jewish merchants. This street extends north becoming an ill-defined path, lined with the thatched cottages of Romanian peasants, which form the suburb of Frumosica. To the south lies the neighborhood of the poor Jewish artisans, called in Judeo-German, Gassel (the little street). In the west, towards the steppe, the rich Jewish grain dealers have populated Trajan Street.
The streets are like the roads, mere paths, badly defined, either flooded or full of dust. The ground, fortunately, has a slope and is quite permeable. Water is quickly absorbed and the fetid puddles that form when it rains do not remain for long. A task of modernization has been undertaken in recent years. Sidewalks were constructed on the main street and acacia trees were planted. Unfortunately, this concern did not extend to the street surface itself, which has not improved. The street is a common grazing area for geese and pigs that wallow at ease and for large bands of crows from the steppe that fill the air with their mournful cries. No sewers, no gutters. On a rainy day, a large stream zigzags down the middle of the street and one must protect one's feet with rubber galoshes, that is if one dares to leave the house at all.
The houses are scattered along the roads, surrounded by a green canopy of acacia trees, vacant lots, yards, and sheds. The limited density per square kilometer of the village is the biggest obstacle to an urban plan. The houses consist only of a ground floor. There is only one two-story house in the whole city, and it is considered a curiosity. The rich and poor, whether artisans, merchants, or farmers, live in buildings of this very simple, but often very comfortable, architecture.
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The Bessarabian peasant's house was born from the ground. It is built entirely of earth, a sandy loam which comes directly from the steppe. Mixed with chopped-up straw and water, this clay is molded in wooden frames and then hardened under the summer sun. The foundations of the houses are not deep and the homes do not have basements. The walls of clay are not reinforced with stone or wood and the mortar is also made of silty earth.
|3 - Leova
With variations in weather, walls of this mixture acquire a certain hardness over time. Thus, homes are built, but not covered by a roof, suffering for several months the combined action of sun and rain in order to cure the structure. The roof is made of reed, which is the thickness of straw, producing the picturesque rusticity typical of Bessarabian villages. Today, the reeds are being replaced by thin strips of wood. To avoid overloading the fragile walls, the roof is supported by wooden pillars flanking the front of the house. A ledge of earth goes around the house and serves as a bench of sorts, a prispa. The walls are then coated with a layer of smooth mud, which is then painted white or blue.
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This method of construction is widespread in Leova and not only found among the peasants. It is very economical, but its fragility precludes any possibility of building structures consisting of more than one story. Leovan brick is not fully-fired and is more brittle than most, as such, it is not much stronger than the mixture used to build homes. As houses cannot extend in height, they extend in length and width. One goes from a shed, to the peasant cottage, to the home of the rich merchant with its multiple blocks of buildings. Only now, a zinc roof has replaced the reed, the windows are wide and numerous, and floorboards replace the clay. Whether it is a peasant or bourgeois home, from the outside it is unassuming. However, inside there is often a comfort we rarely find in the homes of the richest and most sophisticated of our own countries [those of Western Europe].
Cold winters explain the care that goes into building effective stoves. Each room contains a high brick fireplace where wood or corn husks are burned. The bricks of the fireplace effectively radiate heat. The double windows prevent the cold winter wind from entering the house and are often stuffed with cotton-wool or rags. Wallpaper is unknown; the walls are whitewashed or more often covered with decorative patterns using a mechanical process. Large colorful rugs are spread over the poor-quality wooden floorboards and beautiful fabrics are hung on the walls. Among the rich peasants, Casa Mare is a luxurious reception parlor.
In the middle of the yard, or under the house but not accessible through it, is the cellar, a narrow gallery of masonry several feet underground.
The isolation of the town is due to the ample countryside surrounding it. Kishinev is one day away, Cahul and Husi a half day trip. Residents are forced to live closed-in on themselves, which contributes to their sense of individuality.
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1. The Jews
In Leova, the majority of the population is Jewish; about 2,500 Jews in a population of 4,000 inhabitants. This is not just a religious sect, citizens of the Mosaic tradition, as in France. Nor is it a race that has preserved over thousands of years the physical characteristics of a people from Syria, if we suppose that these people ever had any racial unity. The Jews here are a relatively recent ethnic formation, a people.
|The process of brick-making
The religion of this neo-Jewish people is the Israelite religion, but its language is a German dialect. All the races of Central and Eastern Europe are united in him, augmented by common characteristics, due to the social habits that have resulted in a single anthropological type.
The Yiddish. This group was formed in the thirteenth century in the vast plains that stretch from the Oder to the Don. Around a core of several thousand Germans of Jewish religion, driven from the banks of the Rhine, gravitated several millions of men from the lands of Poland and Tartary. Not only were the indigenous Jews, speaking Polish, Russian, or Tartar quickly assimilated, but so were some foreigners, who, detached from the Christian and Islamic masses which were still profoundly pagan, were attracted by Israelite proselytism.
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Ethnic pride and a claim of racial purity are recent phenomena among the Jews; they are the result of persecution. Even today, the most traditional Jews marry Christian women, provided that they embrace Judaism. In Leova last year, a blonde Walloon from Liege, a farmer's daughter, married a Jewish merchant and was then given the Hebrew name Sarah! The community presents phenotypes both Germanic and Slav, Nordic and Eastern European anthropologists would say, next to brown individuals appearing to be of a Mediterranean descent. It is very easy to recognize a Jew, just as one can distinguish a peasant from a merchant or a manual laborer from an intellectual. However, this is a physical characteristic common among men: exaggerated ears. The only real way of distinguishing is through the language, Yiddish or Judeo-German. Hebrew was a dead language at the time of Jesus, who spoke Aramaic. Later, Jews spoke the language of the countries where they lived, Latin and Greek, and later Germanic and Romance languages??.
Jews in the Rhineland, driven there by the Crusaders, who settled in the twelfth century on the banks of the Vistula, spoke the German dialect of their Christian compatriots, the Franconian medieval variety of Middle High German. It was for centuries the language of this ethnic unity, which migrated towards the vast Polish-Lithuanian state, the vanguard of the Drang nach Osten [yearning for the East]. Polish, Lithuanian, and Ukrainian regions are still, in the twentieth century, the heart of the Judeo-German group that has spilled over into neighboring countries such as Hungary, Romania, and Greater Russia. Under the influence of Slavic culture, accent, and intonation, the Franconian dialect altered and terms from Talmudic instruction infused the vocabulary with many Hebrew words and phrases. By the early eighteenth century, the language was sufficiently transformed to be designated by the term Yiddish, which means Jewish in this new Germanic dialect. This distinguishes it from literary German, like Alsatian, and from all other German dialects, as it is written with special characters, those of Hebrew, a Semitic alphabet not easily transcribed into an Indo-European language.
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Much literature is written in Yiddish, the only German dialect to fully escape the linguistic unification begun by Luther.
The Yiddish of Leova. Yiddish has an infinite number of varieties. The Yiddish of Bessarabia is very different from that of Vilna in which is printed books and newspapers, and which has remained very German. In Leova, Germanic vocabulary is drowned amidst a crowd of Russian, Romanian, and Hebrew terms, as the Jews there commonly speak Russian, Romanian, and sometimes Hebrew, in addition to Yiddish.
|The cliff and the Prut
Here is a sentence in Yiddish, transcribed in Latin characters with German spelling, you be the judge:
Es is du assach Iden in Leova: Soschrem, Schenkers, Schnaders oder Schisters. Die Gojem arbten inseire Felder von Papschois, Weitz en Kirn.
[Translation] There are many Jews in Leova: merchants, vintners, tailors, or shoemakers. The Gentiles work in their fields of corn, wheat, and rye.
This example shows us that the Jews retained the biblical term of Goy to designate the people among whom they live. This translates into French as Gentil, from the Latin Gentes or Nations; it is the exact meaning of the word, which is not pejorative. However, the ethnic name Id is but a deformation of the German Jude. Assach (many) and Soschrem (merchants) are distorted Hebrew words; Schenkers (vintners) and Papschois (corn) are borrowed from Russian and Romanian. There would be some interesting studies for philologists and geographers here.
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It is difficult to predict the future of Yiddish, particularly in Leova. The people have a mentality similar to that of the French before [Jean de] Joinville [1224-1317, historian of medieval France, author of widely-read Vie de St. Louis]. This language of potential literary talent is still considered a dialect; only Hebrew gets all the honors. This is due to the influence of the religious environment, Zionist circles especially. The situation is paradoxical: one studies at school a dead and unhelpful language, while one knows nothing of the everyday language; the mother tongue is condemned to the status of a mere jargon.
Education. The Jewish School, sponsored by an association of worship and culture called Tarbut (in Hebrew, Culture), includes primary classes. The secondary classes, up to [roughly] the ninth grade, having eliminated some years ago. Basic education is given in Hebrew, but one also learns Romanian and notions of Latin, French, and German. This school, founded in the early years following the birth of Zionism, is of no use to those who are not going to Palestine, which is why the Romanian School is increasingly frequented by Jewish students, who, not knowing the Hebrew alphabet, will not read or write Yiddish. It was to reconcile the attendance of the State School and the knowledge of the mother tongue that Judeo-German began to be written with the Latin alphabet, more rational and economical. This movement is gradually spreading in Jewish centers in Romania, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Language education in Yiddish is frowned upon by the Romanian authorities, as it could strengthen the power of the Jewish minority. It is also not favored by Jewish Zionists or traditionalists. Besides, in Leova, the days of any Jewish school are numbered as only the State School is free.
Social Composition of the Community The bulk of trade and craft is in the hands of the Jews. Some are engaged in agriculture or cultivation of the vine. Land owners are rich, while the poor remain exclusively urban. The predominance of the Jews is marked in the electoral college, despite the surrounding Moldavian hamlets. The current mayor, a National Liberal, is Romanian, but his two predecessors, a National Agrarianist and a Iorguist [moderate conservative], were Jews.
The community is of ancient origin, and it is perhaps to this that Leova owes its foundation and surely its development and commercial importance. The old Jewish cemetery, abandoned for half a century, contains gravestones from the eighteenth century, the oldest monuments of this earthen town.
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Some families are practically indigenous, having no memory of their origins, while others came from Iasi, Balti, Podolia, and the Crimea, all having left Poland long ago. Family names are German or Judeo-German and indicate commercial or craft occupations, such as Eisenhandler, ironmonger; Schafer, shepherd; Kutscher, coachman; Fischmann, fish-seller; Fruchtmann, fruit-seller. Some are nicknames borrowed from flora and fauna: Naiberg, Grinberg, Apel, and Resonblatt. All these names also exist in German Christian communities, and are used by genuine Aryans. This is why in Judeo-Slavic countries, where one's identity is both Jewish and German, there is confusion. Hitler and his minister Rosenberg are seen in many families as renegade Jews, their names seeming typically Semitic from Posen to Odessa. Exclusive to Jews are a dozen surnames formed with the Romanianized Slavic suffix of vici, son, and Judeo-German first names like Bar, bear, Hirsch, deer, Leib, lion, Selig happy; such as Barcovici, Herschcovici, Leibovici, Seligcovici, etc.
Religious Life Anyone who has read the novels of [travel writer Jean] Tharaud [1877 1952] would expect to find Leova full of bearded Jews, their temples covered with curls, their heads shaved and covered with a velvet cap. If such customs ever existed here, they no longer do. Men and women follow the fashion of Bucharest and Paris. Religious life is not very intense; however, it is unusual to find among adults someone who has entirely abandoned the Law of Moses. This law, precise regarding daily life and culinary practices, is accommodated with a simple yearly visit to the synagogue. The synagogue is also a symbol of solidarity throughout the whole community, religious or not, against the potential Christian enemy. There are four synagogues: two for the rich, where one must pay for membership, Die Groisse Schil and Dus Bessmedresch; and two for the poor, Schnadersche Schil, the Synagogue of Tailors. Democracy reigns under the sign of David.
Politics Romanticism, antisemitism, the Great War, and national politics, as in Jewish communities in Western Europe, resulted in the birth of a nationwide secular Judaism.
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It soon divided into various movements fighting for hegemony in the community. The Zionists here are numerous and active, among them the Betharists (Brith Trumpeldor) which consist of a youth organization with fascist tendencies, a subsidiary of the Jabotinsky Revisionist Party. The Betharists are opposed by the Gordonists, young Social Democratic Zionists. All Zionists are Jewish nationalists who want to make Hebrew, a dead language for twenty centuries, a modern language to replace Yiddish, Judeo-Spanish, and other dialects spoken by Jews, but of non-Semitic origin, in order to revive a sense of Jewish nationality, be recognized as a national minority in the Jewish communities around the world, and enjoy the broadest of rights in Palestine.
The Yiddishites, less numerous and unorganized politically, strive for, in Romania as in all of Eastern Europe, the strengthening of the national German-Jewish minority and the Yiddish language. They have no interest in Hebrew, which they consider a religious language, or in Palestine, which they consider a foreign country. The Yiddishites are regarded negatively by the Romanian government as centralizing and assimilationist, especially since their ideology finds a great deal of support with political officials of the U.S.S.R. In the absence of local Jewish deputies, Zionist or not, the Yiddishites of the community of Leova must vote for Romanian candidates of either the National Agricultural Party or the National Liberal Party. These parties are strongly supported by Jewish families in the process of Romanian assimilation. An active intellectual life is manifested by the youth. Artistic and theatrical evenings are frequently given by touring theatrical troops. Contemporary world literature is well known through countless translations into Yiddish or Hebrew, which compensate for the lack of literature initially written in these still emerging languages.
Jewish Youth and Crisis As in France, the lack of opportunities in commerce and industry requires the youth to pursue diplomas of ever higher and higher learning so as to find work. In most cases, Jews cannot be civil servants; jobs in the Post Office, Public Education, the Police, and the Justice system, as well as Public Education, are occupied only by Christians, mostly Romanian. This exclusion from public sector jobs deprives the Leovan petty bourgeoisie of opportunities that would naturally be available to it in the West.
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Intellectuals must limit themselves to professionally-licensed careers such as those of physician, pharmacist, or engineer.
The antisemitism of Romanian students makes life difficult for Jews in Iasi and Bucharest. To fight against career congestion, the Romanian government has decreed a quota for most medical schools, that is to say, a maximum number of students that can enroll each year. This numerus clausus is especially bothersome for Jews who have greater difficulty being accepted to these schools than do Christians, even though there is no law encouraging any kind of discrimination. For these reasons, Jewish students of Leova prefer, if they can afford it, to enroll in the universities of France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Italy. Some leave never to return, hoping in a future abroad that their ethnicity prevents them from claiming in their homeland. There is also the lure of Paris and France due to tales of prosperity and success created by expatriates, who even if their situation is miserable, will not admit they should not have left their home country.
Many young people educated in Jewish schools do not receive high school diplomas and are forced to restrict their educational choices to institutions that do not require a [roughly equivalent to a high-school] diploma, such as the Toulouse Institutes of Agriculture and Chemical and Electrical Engineering. There are in Leova, about ten people who have studied at the University of Toulouse, Toulouse being the best known French city after Paris. Naples and Milan in Italy, and Prague in Czechoslovakia are also well-known. Those who do not settle abroad, return in possession of a diploma that will enable them to enter as associates into the family business. Rare indeed are those who manage to use their engineering qualifications or licenses; only doctors have not studied for diplomas in vain. The father's dream of having a son involved in industry or commerce has faded; the diploma, however, may allow its possessor to marry well. A son-in-law with a professional diploma is something so sought after that even before finishing his studies, a young man may become engaged with the understanding that his studies will now be paid for by his future father-in-law, who is only too happy to have found a suitor for his daughter. An unmarried status is considered shameful among the Jews. These early engagements are an old custom, medical students having replaced the students of the Talmud.
Palestine is, after the West, the favorite place of emigration. To obtain a passport for Palestine, one must have available capital, which is rare among migrants, or be Halutz, that is to say, a Pioneer.
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The Halutz must first study on a model farm in Bessarabia, and then he can go to the land of Israel after pledging to farm there for several years. Their commitment having been fulfilled, many Halutzim prefer, admittedly, the more exciting life found in Jerusalem or Tel Aviv, to the solitude of working isolated farmland.
As for those who are too poor to go to France and who have not been called to a particular vocation, a hopeless life opens before them. They can go to find work in Ploiesti or in Bucharest, the only two industrial centers in this part of Romania, but again, there are few employment opportunities. Leova, which does not manufacture any particular goods, and whose commercial importance is decreasing, is having trouble feeding a growing population, with many families consisting of four or five children. Resigned to their destiny, young people find work in their father's shop without hope of improving their living conditions. The contrast between the culture, tastes, and aspirations of young people and the low standard of living in which they are obliged to remain, leaves an indelible impression on the French traveler throughout Bessarabia.
Jews and Christians Relations between Jews and Christians are good in spite of the restraint imposed on both sides by older generations. There was never a ghetto in Bessarabia, although the Jews, like all minorities, have a tendency to group themselves in order to better resist any potential aggression. The financial security that some have achieved living a rural life in the community of Leova has given the Jews an air of assurance and convivial countryside hospitality. This is very unlike the impression of mysterious fearfulness one has of Polish and Lithuanian Jews, who live under gray skies, crowded into the unhealthy Jewish communities of large cities. Commonly used terms still retain a trace of the semi-hostility in which the older generations lived. The young Christian peasant, often brutal and quarrelsome, is to the Leovan Jew, a Schegitz, a Hebrew term that can be translated as boorish or uncouth, a term also often applied to the whole of Christian youth. In Romanian and in Russian, the word Jew has a derogatory connotation that it does not have in other languages ??like French and German, which is why the term Hebrew is preferred when speaking to a person one does not wish to offend. In other cases, the term Jew and its derivatives are followed by derogatory adjectives and suffixes. In spite of this, marriages between secular Jews and Christians are increasing.
[Page 21]
The differences that still exist are due to social as well as ethnic or religious considerations. It was once said that the Jew of Romania was hated by the Romanian peasant because of his origins and his Germanic language, that origin being unknown to the Jew himself. His language, although Germanic, is known to the peasants of the Romanian-Russian steppe by the term Hebrew. The few German peasants settled in southern Russia and Bessarabia know only that their Swabian dialect and the Hebrew of grain merchants in the nearby town are related. The German peasants, although Calvinist or Lutheran among the Orthodox, iconoclasts among the worshippers of images, are regarded by all Christian and Jewish neighbors as good people, though a little naive.
Relations between the Israelite and Christian officials and merchants are excellent, but this is much less the case with the rural masses who feel the same towards them that every peasant feels towards a city dweller, even when the city dweller is poorer than he is. In the primitive spirit of the peasant, the Christian merchant is a Christian merchant, while the Jewish merchant is simply a Jew. Thus laborers, craftsmen, and merchants have repeatedly blamed Jews for the atrocities committed on the farmers by merchants and speculators both Jewish and Christian, who, with the more or less overt complicity of the Russian authorities, are happy to find in Jews an outlet for anger and misery and a popular scapegoat for the sins of misadministration.
The non-Jewish population is composed of a thousand peasants and Romanian officials and a few hundred Greeks, Ukrainians, Roma, and Russians.
The Romanians Romanian officials are from the Old Kingdom (Moldavia and Wallachia), thus they are foreign to the local community. This is why they indiscriminately frequent the milieus of Romanians, Russians, and Jews, particularly the latter, whose social status is closer to their own.
The peasants are, as on the other side of the Prut, Moldovans or Moldavians. The terms Romanian and Roumanian are neologisms created by intellectuals of the nineteenth century to denote the ethnic group of neo-Latin peoples of Eastern Europe.
[Page 22]
These are still not common terms in everyday language. The Moldavians of Leova speak Moldavian, one of three Romanian dialects. These dialects are not very different from each other, and the Romanian of Bucharest is understood without difficulty by Bessarabian peasants. The uniformity of the Romanian language is probably due, as in Spain, to a late differentiation of dialects owing to a relatively recent migration from the Carpathians, which has formed the nation and language of Romania. The vocabulary and syntax probably still reflect Latin, but the emphasis is very Slavic-ized and has nothing in common with the accents of the Romance languages ??of the West. There is no common physical characteristic among the Moldavians of Leova, their race is not homogeneous. Their costumes consist of the disheartening banality of modern costumes; the hand embroidery that adorns the peasant blouses in Wallachia and Transylvania is unknown. In the summer, the peasant wears a small felt hat, and in the winter an Astrakhan hat (cucima) that resembles the cap of an apothecary. The shoe (opinca) is very simple and handmade by the peasant, who most often will go barefoot in the summer. In the winter, he wears large leather boots.
The Moldavian peasant eats mamaliga everyday: this is a dish of corn, a porridge-like mixture hand-rolled into little balls, which are then dipped into melted butter and eaten with quark.
The Romanian State School includes primary and secondary classes, up to the [roughly equivalent] ninth grade. It is attended by Romanians, Greeks, and Russians, as well as a growing number of Israelites.
The church of Leova was built four years ago out of low-quality brick. It replaced a wooden chapel. Its style is commonplace, with some reminiscences of Byzantine and Wallachian architecture. The cemetery, poorly maintained, as is typical of a country churchyard, is indicated by a large wooden crucifix on which are hung icons and attributes of the carpenter of Nazareth, including a ladder, a hammer, and pliers!
The Greeks The edges of the Black Sea, the Crimea, and Sarmatia have always attracted the Greeks who were the first grain merchants. Today, in Southern Bessarabia, the astute Greeks have to reckon with competition from the Jews. They settle higher up the Prut in Galati and Braila and sometimes establish themselves permanently in Leova.
[Page 23]
The senator of the Department of Cahul, who resides in Leova, is a Greek by the name of Antipas, like the famous Greek figure of antiquity. Most of his compatriots are grain or wine merchants. The Greeks quickly assimilate with the Romanians, some of them are also Wallachs from Macedonia.
The Slavs Ukrainians and Russians are few in Leova, they came to settle there during the time of Russian rule. The original provenance of the people of Bessarabia is unknown. Pan-slavists contend that the Slavs are original to the area; Romanian academics, such as Mr. Iorga [1871 1940, academic, politician, and founder of the moderately conservative Democratic National Party], are of the opposite view and invoke Trajan and the Roman Emperors as the area's original population. It seems that among the current populations of Bessarabia, the Moldavians have been in the area the longest, but their arrival on the banks of the Prut only goes back to the twelfth century. Previously, the Russians of Kiev and Halych fought the Asian hordes, who in the fourth century repressed the Daco-Romanians in the Carpathian Mountains. This area has been perpetually populated by both nomadic and sedentary populations, and it is futile for each to claim they are indigenous, although these claims are supported by distinguished university professors.
The Bohemians Romania, Hungary, and Spain are the countries that contain the most numerous tribes of wandering people called Gitanes in Spain, Egyptians in England, and Tziganes in Central and Eastern Europe. In France, we call them Bohemians because the first tribes that we saw in the Middle Ages, came from Bohemia, but they gave themselves the name of Romanichel. There are two kinds of Bohemians in Leova, the sedentary and the nomadic. The first are barely distinguishable from Moldavians, as they gradually adopted Moldavian customs and language. Roma musicians are the best interpreters of popular Romanian music, as there is no distinctly Tzigane music. They travel in small groups and organize simple concerts in the cafés of the village.
Nomads make periodic visits to Leova, to the dismay of residents who fear for their hen-houses and crops. They have retained very Oriental features, and they are it seems, of Indian origin. Their hair is blue-black and their complexions olive. The women are solemn-looking and often of a stunning beauty.
[Page 24]
Their trailers are covered with a roof of woven straw. When the tribe sets up camp, they do so facing the public square, leading their horses to public pastures and sometimes to private ones!
The Russian Influence The Russian imprint on Leova is still noticeable. Like in all of Bessarabia, the Russian language is still commonly spoken, not only among the Russians, who are few in number, but among the Jews and Romanians. Even without the benefit of government support, the Russian language, spoken by millions of men, can easily outweigh the Romanian language, spoken by some ten million citizens.
Russian newspapers published in Kishinev are read by as many citizens as are the newspapers published in Romanian or Yiddish.
The ideas of the new Russia enter this Russian-speaking environment with relative ease. The older generation is less influenced. There are also some merchants in Leova who fled Russia in the years following the Revolution. Among the youth, some are less hostile to revolutionary ideas; some have even crossed the Dniester illegally and are now established in the Soviet Union in the Jewish republic of Birobidzhan on the banks of the Amur in Eastern Siberia or in the Republic of Moldavia a few kilometers from Bessarabia. These are exceptions, and it is conceivable that Bolshevik propaganda has had little success with artisans and merchants, who make up the majority of the people of Leova.
The Future. The center of growth for Leova and the rest of the region remains the ports on the lower Danube, those of Braila, Izmail, Reni, and most of all Galati, indispensable outlets for the fertile plains of southern Bessarabia. It is via these Romanian ports and cities that this heterogeneous population, midway between the Carpathians and the Ukraine, will be able to claim full integration into the ethnic and economic whole that is Greater Romania.
JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of
the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material
for verification.
JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions.
Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited.
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Updated 27 Jun 2012 by LA


text:
Test C9530-510: IBM Certified System Administrator - MQ V9.0
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To assess your current skill level and readiness for Test C9530-510 - IBM Certified System Administrator - MQ V9.0, you can take a Web-based assessment test.
Passing this assessment test does not result in achieving a credential. It is designed to provide diagnostic feedback on the Examination Score Report, correlating back to the test objectives, showing how you scored on each section of the test.
- Number of questions: 65
- Time allowed in minutes: 90
- Passing score: 68%
- Language: English
- Test Fee: 30
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
What progress has the Safe Motherhood Initiative made since it was launched 20 years ago? These 2 reports (a full review and an executive summary) provide an overview of the positive trends and achievements of the last 20 years as well as challenges and opportunities which exist today in the field of safe motherhood.
The full report also includes in-depth country profiles of Bolivia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malawi, Mali and Tanzania as well as info on international advocacy and media attention; development agency and donor commitment to safe motherhood; financial trends and allocations; and the development of national policies and programs for safe motherhood.
Available for download (English only).
Safe Motherhood- A Review
Safe Motherhood - A Review- Executive Summary


text:
John Bolliger Winchester Model 70
The rifle shown here is the first in the new Bolliger Legacy Series of rifles. It is crafted around a Winchester Model 70 Classic left-hand action and features a Krieger cut-rifled barrel with a full-length rib and quarter-rib, front sling swivel, and front sight ramp, all integral to the barrel. It also features extended tangs top and bottom and a Bolliger custom trap grip cap. Bolliger stocked the rifle with a stick of exhibition grade Turkish walnut, adding a custom fleur de lis pattern and checkering at 26 lines per inch. Mike Dubber executed the fabulous engraving. Photo courtesy Eric Gordon
This photo gallery is an excerpt from Tom Turpin's Modern Custom Guns, 2nd Edition, and features just a sliver of the great custom gun content you'll find in the full-color book. Click Here to snag your copy!


text:
Emergency dispatches
Sept. 26
No dispatches.
10:07 p.m. — Hillsboro ambulance was called to the 100 block of north Madison Street in Hillsboro where a man had reportedly fallen down stairs. In a second dispatch the man was reported to be walking, conscious, and breathing. He was transported to Hillsboro Community Hospital by 10:23 p.m.
2:47 p.m. — Marion ambulance was called to the 200 block of Eisenhower Drive, Marion, for an elderly female suffering from chest pains. The patient was transported to St. Luke Hospital by 3:06 p.m.
4:59 a.m. — Peabody ambulance responded to a woman in her 60s having issues breathing in the 400 block of North Vine Street. The woman was reported to be doing better at 5:04 a.m. She was transported by 6:17 a.m., although it was unclear through transmissions where she was taken.
5:23 p.m. — Peabody ambulance responded to a male in his 40s feeling dizzy and light headed. The man was transported by 5:27 although it was unclear through transmissions where he was taken.
10:06 p.m. — Hillsboro ambulance informed dispatch of man in his 80s experiencing sudden weakness at a Tabor College football game. They said they were going to transport him to Hillsboro Community Hospital.
4:21 a.m. — Marion ambulance responded to man in his 80s suffering from high fever in the 00 block of Lakeshore Drive. He was transported to St. Luke Hospital by 4:52 a.m.
11:20 a.m. — Marion ambulance performed a non-emergency transport from St. Luke Hospital to Wesley Medical Center. They were back in Marion by 3:16 p.m.
11:52 a.m. — With Marion ambulance in route to Wichita, a responder checked at the house of a woman in her 70s whose medical alert pendant went off.
4:39 p.m. — Hillsboro ambulance performed a non-emergency transport to St. Luke Hospital in Marion.
9:49 p.m. — Hillsboro Fire Department responded to a call of a man fallen against his door at Parkside Homes in Hillsboro and he could not be reached. Hillsboro Fire Department reported everything was fine by 9:59 p.m. and that they had helped the man.
10:15 p.m. — Peabody ambulance responded to a male in his 20s suffering from constant seizures at Peabody Care Center. He was transported to Newton Medical Center by 11:08 p.m..
9:01 a.m. — Lincolnville rescue, Marion rescue, and Tampa fire were called to a one-car rollover accident on U.S. 56/77. The dispatcher informed Marion County responders that a Dickinson County ambulance was on the way. The accident victim was transported by Dickinson County ambulance to Herington Municipal Hospital. All responders were clear of the scene by 9:43 a.m.
9:24 a.m. — Marion ambulance performed a non-emergency transport from St. Luke Hospital to Newton Medical Center. The ambulance was back in Marion by 11:23 a.m.
1:47 p.m. — Lehigh and Hillsboro fire were called to an unauthorized burn of trash on Chisholm Trail Road north of 320th Road near Lehigh. Both fire trucks were back at the station by 3:06 p.m.
2:40 p.m. — Hillsboro ambulance performed a transport to University of Kansas Medical Center.
Last modified Oct. 3, 2012


text:
Fits: LX, EX, EX-L, EX-L RES
Bring your music collection along for the ride. Honda Music Link™ connects your Apple® iPod® directly to your vehicle's audio system for optimal sound quality and seamless control. With Honda Music Link connected, use the audio system's controls to play and search for music on your iPod®. When you arrive at your destination, simply disconnect and go – Honda Music Link charges the iPod® battery while you drive. Music Link 1.0 is no longer available as a new accessory. The information for Music Link 1.0 is to support current owners.Music Link 1.0 software can not be upgraded to 2.0.
Please refer to this website for more information http://musiclink.honda.com/


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The modifications made to your gastrointestinal tract will require permanent changes in your eating habits that must be adhered to for successful weight loss. What is most important is that you adhere strictly to your bariatric surgeon's recommended guidelines.
Food Choices
Understanding the impact of foods on your body is very important. Bariatric surgery provides an individual with a tool to assist with weight loss and to maintain the weight loss long term. Changing what foods are consumed and reducing the amount of food consumed are very important to the success after bariatric surgery. Long-term weight loss is possible as long as the individual learns to make lifestyle changes and learns to use their bariatric surgery as a tool.
Our program promotes a very low calorie diet. The consumption of protein, fruits, vegetables, and very low calorie beverages aids in healthy weight loss and long-term maintenance after bariatric surgery.
You need to consume adequate lean protein every day. Protein is needed to promote healing after surgery and to prevent muscle loss during weight loss. Protein is a vital nutrient that is needed by all parts of your body. Every 1-oz serving contains about 7 grams of protein. Meat and meat substitutes vary in the amount of fat they contain, which influences the amount of calories each serving contains. We recommend lean proteins such as chicken, turkey, egg whites, and fish. We do not recommend fatty proteins such as bacon, sausage (polish, bratwurst, kielbasa), breakfast sausage, luncheon meats, hot dog, cheese (American, cheddar, Colby, Monterey jack, Swiss), and peanut butter. These all contain protein BUT are high in fat!
Vegetables contain important nutrients, such as carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and fiber. Each non-starchy vegetable serving contains 5 grams (g) carbohydrate, 2g protein, no fat, 1 to 4g fiber, and only 25 calories. One serving equals 1/2 cup of cooked vegetables or 1 cup of raw vegetables. Purchase fresh or frozen rather than canned vegetables. They have less salt.
Select whole fruit. It has more fiber and is more filling than fruit juice. Each serving of fruit contains 15 grams of carbohydrate, no protein or fat, and has about 75 calories.
Do not drink and eat at the same time. You are encouraged to drink right up to the point you put the first bite of food in your mouth but then you must stop drinking. Please wait one hour before you start to drink your fluids. Drinking and eating at the same time defeats the purpose of being able to eat a small amount of food to feel satisfied after surgery as the food will be flushed through the stomach instead of being delayed. We recommend 64 ounces of very low calorie beverages per day. Fluids are very important to prevent dehydration. If your urine is dark or your mouth is dry, you are not drinking enough. Do not drink high calorie drinks such as milk shakes, soda, alcoholic beverages, and juices. Avoid carbonated beverages because they may stretch the stomach pouch and cause discomfort. Reduce caffeine; caffeine is an appetite stimulant.
effects of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are easily converted to sugar in our bodies, which is then stored as fat. Eating a high carbohydrate diet is a common cause of weight gain. High carbohydrate foods increase blood sugar levels, which causes a rise in insulin levels, which, in turn, can lead to food cravings and increased physical hunger. Many carbohydrate-based foods are high in calories, sugar and fat and low in vitamins and minerals. These foods add "empty" calories to our diet. After surgery, eating a high carbohydrate diet can cause you to become full on carbohydrate foods, preventing you from being able to eat adequate amounts of protein.
going back to work
The LapBand, Sleeve Gastrectomy, and Gastric Bypass are performed laparoscopicly. Healing time for laparoscopic surgery is much shorter than an open surgery. Recovery time is also shorter. Patients return to work on average 2 to 6 weeks after surgery; depending upon which surgery they have and the type of work. Keep in mind patients are not only walking the day of their surgery but are instructed to walk when they are at home to help the healing process and prevent complications.
family planning & pregnancy
Fertility may be increased with weight loss. Women of childbearing age are strongly advised to use the most effective forms of birth control during the first 24 months after weight loss surgery. We strongly discourage women from purposefully attempting to become pregnant for the first two years after surgery since we want both you and the baby to be healthy and safe. The added demands pregnancy places on your body and potential for fetal damage make this a most important requirement. Once a stable weight is reached, many women go on to conceive and deliver healthy babies.
long-term follow-up
Follow-up care does not mean just the first year after bariatric surgery. Long-term follow-up care is vital. Follow-up allows for close monitoring and counseling of patients on their progress, giving them the best chance for long-term success. Weight loss surgery involves lifestyle changes that are not easy to make and even harder to maintain.
Complications can arise after the first year and require the special skills and knowledge of the bariatric surgeon and dedicated team of specialists. Nutritional and metabolic problems can be easily treated or avoided with long-term follow-up care.
support groups
All of our patients are encouraged to attend support groups both preoperatively and postoperatively. Several support groups are held weekly at different scheduled times and locations. These meetings are confidential and led by a staff member. You will have the opportunity to ask questions, and learn how postoperative patients perceived the operative process and adjusted to behavioral changes (i.e., smaller portions, increased time chewing, avoiding fat, carbohydrates, and sugar). A support group provides you with a group of people that have gone through the same experience you are about to undergo. Similar experiences are shared and friendships may be formed.
Patients who attend support group meetings are more likely to have successful weight loss both initially and long-term. The biggest advantage of support group is in helping a patient realize they are not alone. A support group can also help a patient develop new skills to relate to food and social situations that involve food choices.
You may find that you go through different stages of change during the entire surgical weight loss process. You may fluctuate from denying that you needed surgery, to considering behavioral changes and preparing for change. Even at maintenance, you will continually meet new challenges. Other patients and staff can help motivate you as you proceed on your weight loss journey.


text:
Geevo necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 120 diseños de 38 diseñadores freelance.
Geeves Scaffolding Ltd
My name is Tim Geeves and I am setting up a new scaffolding company in Wellington New Zealand. We will provide access solutions to a range of clients from large commercial to medium construction companies and smaller scale residential projects, so a wide section of the market. We are aiming for a efficient professional service with the difference being our people and our very high standards of service.
That is where we will outshine the other outfits around. In terms of the message we are trying to convey through the logo some words that might be handy are, Precision, Professional, Reliable, efficient.
Most of our work is large steel scaffolds on the outside of buildings.
As previously stated our market is large commercial, medium commercial, smaller scale residential. So this means large to medium sized construction companies, building owners, local building construction companys, and home owners.
These guys generally look for reliability, someone who turns up to do a job when they say they will. They want a scaffolding company that takes care of their property so a logo that conveys the idea of a careful, efficeint and reliable service would be helpful.
The main colours I want used in the logo are Hi Visibility (safety) Orange (main) and white and black. I want it to be very modern with a very professional appeal. I Think it will look good if it has got straight lines horizontal and vertical to replicate a scaffold. (But not essential if it doesn't work). Here is a link to the company that provides our scaffolding equipment. http://www.layher.co.nz
Have a browse through this website to be familar with the gear we use and if you want it to be a part of your logo design.
My Byline to go under the title Geeves Scaffolding is 'Precision from the ground up'. This has to be somewhere in the logo thanks.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
CHAMPAIGN — Newly approved tuition increases at the University of Illinois mean that four years of college on the flagship campus will top $100,000 for many students.
CHAMPAIGN — In-state students enrolling this fall at the University of Illinois' flagship campus will have to pay more than $100,000 for four years on campus.
University trustees on Thursday in Chicago approved increases in tuition, housing and other costs at all three campuses. Those increases will push the total expense into six figures for students starting classes next fall at the Urbana-Champaign campus. Current students at the university's three campuses won't be affected because Illinois law guarantees that public-university students will pay the same rate of tuition their first four years in school.
The 1.7 percent boost in tuition, university officials said, is in line with a policy started by trustees three years ago to hold increases to the rate of inflation. It also matches last year's increase, which was the smallest since 1994. Increases in recent years had been as high as 9 percent.
This year's increases, university officials say, are needed to keep up with the university's own rising costs for labor and other expenses and to make up for relatively low levels of state funding. The state provides about 30 percent of the university's $5.6 billion budget. Tuition makes up just over 19 percent.
"The proposed increases allow us to hold down student costs, therefore enabling us to improve access and affordability," Christophe Pierre, the university's vice chancellor for academic affairs, told trustees before they voted. "At the same time, this modest increase will bring in additional revenues to the university and will allow us to continue investing in academic quality."
Trustees approved the increase without comment, but rising costs were clearly on their minds.
During a discussion about six-year graduation rates at the University of Illinois-Chicago, trustee Ricardo Estrada asked the campus' vice chancellor for academic affairs, Lon Kaufman, about cutting down the time students spend in school to save them money.
"(Given) the increasing cost of education at publics and privates, when do we start talking about four-year graduation rates instead of six-year graduation rates?" Estrada asked.
Kaufman said summer classes could help cut down the time required for a degree, but summer financial aid is often hard to come by.
Starting with the fall semester, the annual tuition for in-state students will be $12,036 in Urbana-Champaign, $10,584 in Chicago and $9,405 in Springfield.
Annual housing costs would increase to $10,180 in Urbana-Champaign, $10,518 in Chicago and $10,650 in Springfield.
The Urbana-Champaign campus is the university's largest with 44,900 students — about 58 percent of the 78,100 total — and, in terms of tuition, its most expensive.
The combination of tuition and housing plus almost $1,500 in student fees, a yet-to-be-set health insurance fee that this year is $254 and the $1,200 the university estimates undergraduate students spend on textbooks will put the total bill for a year on campus just over $25,000. That cost will be more for students in more expensive majors such as engineering and far more for out-of-state students.
Illinois' Urbana-Champaign campus has some of the highest tuition and fees in the Big Ten.
During the current school year, only Penn State was more expensive at $16,992 a year, compared with the average $15,258 at Illinois, according to University of Illinois data.


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Posts: 1093
Posted: Tue Oct 08, 2013 3:00 pm
Post subject: Feeding Frenzies
Hi Gerritt,
The feeding frenzies can add excitement to the mix. I was out SUPping the day before on the Angulo and went out about 1/2 mile to watch the Humpback whale. Watched it breaching from about 200 meters. I had pre-warned myself that if anchovies started flying out of the water to paddle like crazy as a whale could be coming up from underneath. I did see one incident of this, but it was about 30 meters away and as I watched waiting to see if a whale's head was coming out of the water, three sea lions popped up. So not a whale that time. Then in the Capitola anchorage there were two groups of sea lions, one of about 25 and one of about 20 members. They are overlapping and side-by-side as they swim corralling the anchovies. The group of 25 turned and were coming right towards me. I got a little concerned as I could see there teeth and they were looking right at me and not indicating they were going to turn. I started saying loudly and deeply, "Hey now! Hey now!" and they turned right at the edge of my board and had the water in such a turmoil, it was hard to keep my balance and stay on the board. At least none came on board.
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Joined: 23 Aug 2007
Posts: 954
Posted: Wed Oct 09, 2013 10:28 am
Post subject: Candelstick time, Oct th
Nice day at the stick with 6.0 Firelight + 100L in up and down conditions, a good ten people out and a little gift of powered up sailing from 4:45 to 5:45.
Today probably windier: the season slumbers on ...
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Posts: 4072
Location: East Bay
Posted: Wed Oct 09, 2013 3:30 pm
Post subject:
Berk Tuesday 6.0, maybe 16-22, pretty solid from 2:45 to 4, then a slow die to zip.
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Posts: 1093
Posted: Fri Oct 11, 2013 8:49 pm
Post subject: New Brighton to Pleasure Point & Back
I launched at New Brighton State Beach sailing my Angulo 10-10 Sail/SUP with an Ezzy 7.0 Cheetah. Wind was measured pre-launch at 2 to 11 knots, coming from the southwest.
I headed out on a starboard tack going SSE. It was going the only direction that I could if I wanted to head up the coast, which I did. I had seen a humpback whale out about ¼ mile prior to launching. It was still there. I watched as it blew and arch its back out of the water as it fed on anchovies. The water out there was red from the various critters and birds gorging themselves on the anchovies. The whale surfaced about 50 meters off my starboard bow and went under going from my right to my left. I sailed on figuring if it held to its present direction it would surface to my port side so I was watching in that direction. Anchovies started to fly out of the water about 30 meters away and then the whales head came up gulping them in. Sea gulls were following this activity trying to pick up on the stunned and injured anchovies that did not make it down the whales gullet.
I sailed on and tacked to head up the coast. Came in about half way to Capitola, tacked out and came in off of the Capitola wharf. As I entered the anchorage the water went from the red to the green-blue that is more normally representative of the bay in that area. I was surprised at not seeing any sea lions or harbor seals. The sea lions had been doing conga lines and gorging on the anchovies in previous days. I thought they might all be at home with tummy aches from having overeaten.
There were a couple of SUPs off of the wharf that had paddled downwind and now turned around were trying to go upwind. It appeared to be a struggle. The wind was swinging more westerly as well, making it more gusty and up and down as it came off of the cliffs.
I sailed in to off of Privates and checked for swell to ride. Not much there and tough to catch with the wind lighter near the cliffs. Sailed up to Pleasure Point and found that with the tide as high as it was the swell was not forming the perfect surfing waves that usually occur there as it was reflecting off of the stuccoed cliffs and creating a hodge podge of wave action that was not dissimilar from moguls on a ski run. It was so bad there was only one surfer out. Only one surfer out at Pleasure Point is practically unheard of. I tried to catch the swell and get some rides anyway.
The swell would come in as I watched for it out by the kelp bed. It was tough to do good wave selection as the water was in such turmoil. I would pick one that I thought might develop, fall off wind a bit so as to be on a beam reach and try to catch the wave as it developed a proper face. Proper faces were essentially non-existent, as the swell was covered with lumps and bumps and counter waves. But catch some I did. And I would ride them in a ways, jibe, and head back out to the kelp bed in search of another ride. This seemed to be a bit of a chore compared to normal as the sea was so confused and the wind not all that steady. But after a while I realized that I was actually enjoying it as I was doing it over and over. Then I caught a nice one that reared up well and was about 4 feet on the face. Rode it in to under the cliff and found I had hardly any wind there. Decided that with that little wind and being as late as it was that maybe it was time to head back to New Brighton. Also, it is always nice to quit after a good ride rather than bad.
I headed outside the kelp as the wind was better out there. Then jibed and made an almost direct line back to New Brighton, aiming for Pot Belly Beach. I was able to catch the swell and wind swell and move right along. By the time I got off of the Capitola wharf the wind was subsiding and the going became a bit slower, but still making relatively good time. Then the wind decreased proportionately as I neared New Brighton. Barely pulled up to the beach before the wind died. What good timing!
Along the way as I headed back, I had seen anchovies flying out of the water but nothing surfacing right after. I did see one pod of dolphins. And a tern that had a marauding gull grab its beak as it flew along, apparently having just caught an anchovy and they both almost crashed into the water. The pelicans were sending up little geysers all over as they dove for anchovies. Looked like you were in Yellowstone with geysers here and there and everywhere. The terns could dive and go completely under water to catch an anchovy. The pelicans, with their long necks could reach far under water as they crashed into it, even though their bodies stayed on the surface. The gulls just tried to steal whatever they can get from the others.
Busy day on the bay where I play.
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Joined: 23 Aug 2007
Posts: 954
Posted: Fri Oct 11, 2013 11:03 pm
Post subject: Re: Candelstick time, Oct 11th
Stick delivers with nicely powered 5.0 sailing. Started with 85 but grabbed the 100 after a while. Wind died around 4:45-5:00 but than came back stronger. When I left after 6pm still going strong with 4 sailors still out.
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Joined: 16 Jun 2010
Posts: 255
Posted: Sun Oct 13, 2013 3:11 pm
Post subject: Bodega, Sat. Oct. 12
Arrived while it was still light, figuring that the wind chime come up at any time. It finally did. Four others showed up. I went out on 5.7 and was o/p in gusts to the point of being unpleasant. Lulls were deep though. Glad I went out.
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Joined: 18 Jun 2000
Posts: 1093
Posted: Mon Oct 14, 2013 10:00 pm
Post subject: Natural Bridges 10-14-2013
Sailed Natural Bridges on Monday. Wind was juuuuusssstttt on the threshold of planing, so most of the time I was not. One of those teaser winds. Plus I gained a few pounds so no longer can plane at 14 knots. I kept thinking it would come up a little stronger like it had on previous days. It did not.
So a 135 L Naish Titan and a 7.0 Ezzy Cheetah were just a little too small.
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Joined: 23 Aug 2007
Posts: 954
Posted: Sat Oct 19, 2013 9:55 am
Post subject: Stick 10-18-2013
The Stick is doing what it does best: reliable wind at the beginning and end of the season. Very nice session from around 3:30 to 6.0. Started light and only outside but quickly filled in. I was very nicely powered up with a 6.0. Only five people out. Fred, Bob, Dan and Devin who started with his 9.0 or so and had to grab a 6.5 when the wind picked up.
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Joined: 06 May 1998
Posts: 575
Location: Redwood City, CA
Posted: Sat Oct 19, 2013 12:57 pm
Post subject: Gazos 10/18/13
I needed a sesh and Gazos delivered. I drove down the coast due to favorable fog pattern and encouraging forecasts from iWindsurf. I passed by Gazos noting it looked pretty windy. Waves were nothing to waist high. I stopped at Waddell and it was light inside. 11 mph on the beach per my iPhone. So, back to Gazos. 5.7 and 84 liters (my light wind set up at 160#'s) was plenty. Backside and frontside beach break fun. One other guy joined me late, but he was struggling on a 4.9 Banzai. Not epic, but just what the doctor ordered.
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Joined: 16 Jul 2002
Posts: 66
Posted: Sat Oct 19, 2013 10:23 pm
Post subject: Gazos 10/19/13
Gerritt, thanks for the heads up on Gazos! I really needed to get on the water today.. it had been more than a month. I headed to the coast hoping something would happen. Heading north NB was sunny but very light inside, DP was fogged in, WD was clear with a few kiters out, but still pretty light.
Gazos had decent wind, the one kiter was finishing up when I arrived. 6.2 & 117L for me (I'm 200#'s), planed the whole time. Waves were nothing but it was great to be on the water at the coast on a beautiful day!
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