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World's fair, large international exhibition of a wide variety of industrial, scientific, and cultural items that are on display at a specific site for a period of time, ranging usually from three to six months. World's fairs include exhibits from a significant number of countries and often have an entertainment zone in which visitors can enjoy rides, exotic attractions, and food and beverages. Since the mid-19th century more than 100 world's fairs have been held in more than 20 countries throughout the world. Generally speaking, these events are called world's fairs in the United States, international (or universal) expositions in continental Europe and Asia, and exhibitions in Great Britain. The term expo has also been applied to many expositions in various locations.
World's fairs are governed and regulated by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE), a Paris-based organization established in 1928. Its objective is to bring order to exposition scheduling and to make clear the rights and responsibilities of the host city and participants. The original convention that established the BIE and set up guidelines for expositions has been revised a number of times, but as of the early 21st century a large exposition, termed a "registered exhibition," could be held once every five years, and one smaller exposition, called a "recognized exhibition," could be held during the interval.
Early national exhibitions
The English national fairs of the 18th century, which combined trade shows with carnival-like public entertainment, were among the forerunners of the modern world's fair. In addition, the Society for the Arts (later called the Royal Society for the Arts and, subsequently, the RSA), established in London in 1754, produced a series of competitive art shows that included industrial arts—various technological innovations ranging from spinning wheels to cider presses.
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the French began hosting industrial exhibitions. These came under the authority of the national government, whose aim was to assist French manufacturers in competing against the British in the international marketplace. The British, confident that their products were superior, never emulated this idea. Instead, the mechanics' institutes in Great Britain began sponsoring exhibitions in the 1830s. These institutes were created to bring scientific education to craftsmen and factory workers, and their exhibitions displayed tools and other labour-saving mechanical devices that were based on the latest scientific inventions. The exhibitions of the mechanics' institutes also featured entertainment and exotic displays, such as so-called "genuine historical relics" of sometimes dubious authenticity, as well as fine arts shows that mingled works by local and national artists.
The Great Exhibition and its legacy: the golden age of fairs
The era of the modern world's fair began with Britain's Great Exhibition (formally, the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations; often called the Crystal Palace Exhibition), held in London's Hyde Park in 1851. It came about through the efforts of Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert—who, because of his Continental background, had a special understanding of the potential value of an exhibition showcasing Britain to an international audience—and through Parliament's adoption of free trade, which, it was hoped, would lead to more sales of British goods abroad. A royal commission chaired by Prince Albert planned the exhibition and held a competition for a building design. Ultimately, however, the commission rejected all the entries submitted and instead chose a design by Joseph Paxton, a greenhouse builder. Paxton's iron-and-glass structure, dubbed the Crystal Palace, delighted the public and doubtless contributed to the success of the exhibition.
The exhibits on display at the Crystal Palace included scientific and technological marvels from many different countries as well as works of art and craftsmanship. Some six million people attended the exhibition, which earned a substantial profit. (A fund that was created with the profits still provides fellowships to British students in fields such as engineering and industrial design.)
The legacy of the Crystal Palace was immense. Its critical and financial success ensured that world's fairs would continue to be held. The period between 1880 and World War I was a golden age of fairs, with more than 40 international expositions held in locations as varied as Australia (Melbourne, Victoria, 1888; and Hobart, Tasmania, 1894–95), Guatemala (Guatemala City, 1897), and Hanoi (1902–03; then located in French Indochina, now the capital of Vietnam).
In the United States, fairs were inspired by the experience of those who attended and participated in the early fairs in Europe. Although mechanics' institutes existed in the United States in the 19th century, their occasional exhibitions do not appear to have had much influence on the planners of the earliest American international expositions. One of the very first of these followed in the footsteps of the Great Exhibition. The Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, more commonly known as the New York Crystal Palace Exhibition, was held in 1853–54 in an iron-and-glass structure in Bryant Park. It showcased the same types of displays as its London counterpart but also included an especially impressive sculpture collection. Despite the fair's promise, however, attendance never measured up to expectations, and it ended with a substantial monetary loss. It would be more than 20 years before another exposition was held in the United States.
Not to be outdone by London's Crystal Palace, fair organizers in Paris held the first in a long series of international expositions in 1855. The exposition occupied a larger space and included exhibits from more countries than the Crystal Palace, and it presented several new features, such as reduced admission prices on Sundays and a separate fine arts pavilion that contained some 5,000 works by artists from 29 countries. Although it lost money, the 1855 Paris exposition left such a positive legacy that the government sponsored subsequent expositions in 1867, 1878, 1889, and 1900, each attracting a larger attendance than the previous one.
By the 1870s the international exposition movement had become sufficiently well established that the planners of the centennial commemoration of America's Declaration of Independence concluded that a world's fair would be the most appropriate type of celebration. Consequently, the U.S. Centennial Exhibition was held in Philadelphia in 1876. Its critical success and attendance of just under 10 million were enough to offset a large financial loss, and it inspired a rush of world's fairs in the United States, especially in the South, over the next 40 years.
The Philadelphia centennial exhibition was particularly noteworthy in showing off the products of the early Industrial Revolution in America. Fairgoers were amazed by the 700-ton Corliss engine, the largest steam engine ever built, and by new inventions such as the telephone, the typewriter, and the mechanical calculator. In addition, the exposition hosted the first international art exhibition in the United States and was the first to spread exhibits out over several large, topically designated pavilions, a practice that soon became standard. Some 24 states erected their own pavilions as well, an idea repeated at many later fairs.
Although there were many important expositions in the last decades of the 19th century, the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 was arguably the most significant world's fair in U.S. history and one of the most important in the history of world expositions. Coming soon after the spectacular 1889 exposition in Paris, where the Eiffel Tower was the main attraction, the World's Columbian Exposition, in the minds of its organizers, had to be bigger and more important than its Parisian predecessor. Chicago's managers never found a signature structure to surpass the Eiffel Tower (although the Ferris wheel did make its debut at the Chicago fair), but they did create an exposition whose architecture shaped the country's style for the next 25 years and whose exhibits were more impressive than anything seen before. Moreover, the exposition introduced the concept of the midway, a lively entertainment zone, a feature that soon became a staple of virtually all future expositions.
The World's Columbian Exposition marked the peak of the golden age of fairs. It was more spectacular than anything that had preceded it, and, with the possible exception of the great Exposition Universelle (Paris, 1900), no later exposition matched its splendour or its influence. Still, a major international exposition was held almost annually somewhere in the world between 1893 and 1916, when World War I brought a temporary end to the movement. Some, like St. Louis (1904) and San Francisco (1915), were large and showy. Others, like the Jamestown Exhibition—held in Norfolk, Virginia (1907), for the 300th anniversary of the Jamestown Colony—were smaller and marked important historical anniversaries. Still others, like London's Franco-British Exhibition (1908), signified bilateral friendship. In addition, some smaller countries hosted expositions to mark their emergence onto the international scene, such as the Belgian expositions in Liège (1905) and Brussels (1910).
The world's fairs held in the United States during this golden era tended to have characteristic differences from those held in Europe. U.S. participation in European fairs was privately managed. The absence of government involvement carried over to the organization of expositions in the United States, where federal aid was confined to U.S. government pavilions and exhibits. European fairs were, to a far larger extent, government enterprises. Another difference was that American fairs much more readily included entertainment venues in the form of rides, exotic attractions, and, by the 1890s, so-called foreign or native "villages" that showed fairgoers the way of life of groups from Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific islands, who were generally presented as belonging to, in the parlance of the time, "primitive" societies. By the first decade of the 20th century, fairs in Europe also had adopted these types of entertainment attractions.
Modernism and Cold War rivalries
After World War I, fairs never regained the cultural status they had enjoyed before the war. Fewer were held, and many of them were not artistically or commercially successful. With improved transportation and communication networks, fairs had less to offer people who could now see movies or hear radio programs about foreign lands or even travel relatively easily to visit them firsthand. Nonetheless, there were expositions worthy of note during this time. The Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in 1925, made the architectural and design style known as Art Deco highly popular for the next 15 years. The British Empire Exhibition in Wembley (1924–25), the Exposition Coloniale Internationale in Paris (1931), and the Exposition Universelle et Internationale in Brussels (1935) showcased the overseas empires of these three countries at a time when rumblings of independence were just beginning to be heard from their colonies.
Two American expositions of the 1930s deserve special mention. The Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago (1933–34) and the New York World's Fair (1939–40) were both exciting examples of Art Deco architecture and fairs designed to take fairgoers' minds off the Great Depression by suggesting the wonderful future that awaited them once the hard times were over. While the hopefulness of the New York World's Fair was cut short by the outbreak of World War II in Europe, the iconic Trylon and Perisphere structures from that fair remain fixtures in popular culture that are associated with happier times.
As the Cold War grew out of the devastation of World War II in Europe and the Pacific, world's fairs became staging grounds for displays of U.S.-Soviet rivalry. At the expositions in Brussels (1958) and Montreal (1967), the main focus of attention was on the comparison between the pavilions of the rival countries, and critics and politicians analyzed them endlessly. Although the Soviet Union did not participate in the 1962 Century 21 Exposition in Seattle, that exposition's emphasis on science and space exploration had overtones of Cold War competition.
The largest exposition of this era was the New York World's Fair of 1964–65, which adopted "Peace through understanding" as its theme. While one might have expected there to be a strong Cold War atmosphere at that fair, this was not the case. The BIE had refused to sanction the fair because of the organizers' refusal to follow its guidelines. Thus, official foreign participation was limited to newly independent Asian and African countries, while other countries were represented by private commercial interests.
By 1970, the year of the Japan World Exposition at Ōsaka, some of the tension of the Cold War had moderated. Both the United States and the Soviet Union touted their space programs in their pavilions, but the real focus of the exposition was on the host country and its remarkable recovery just 25 years after the end of World War II. The exposition, which attracted a then-record number of visitors—more than 60 million—was clear evidence that Japan had regained its place among the world's leading nations.
Later years
Fairs since 1970 have tended to enlighten visitors about a particular theme, often environmental in nature, rather than celebrate a historical anniversary or a colonial empire. Many were smaller fairs held in smaller cities: Spokane, Washington, U.S. (1974), with a general environmental theme; Okinawa, Japan (1975–76), on the oceans; Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S. (1982), on international energy issues; New Orleans (1984), on rivers; Tsukuba, Japan (1985), on housing; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (1986), on transportation and communications (and also in celebration of the city's centennial); Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (1988), on leisure; Taejŏn (Daejeon), South Korea (1993), on sustainable development; and Lisbon (1998), also on oceans. There were few departures from the issue-oriented theme. The expositions of 1992 in Genoa, Italy, and Seville, Spain, commemorated the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's first voyage to America. The fair in Hannover, Germany, in 2000 marked the end of the 20th century, but a set of ideas known as the Hannover Principles, first promulgated in 1992 by the architectural firm of William McDonough in preparation for the exposition, argued that future expositions should focus on the realistic presentation of contemporary social and environmental problems and their possible solutions.
While fairs became less frequent in the 21st century because of the increasing costs of staging them and because the BIE was imposing tighter regulations, there were two significant events in the first decade of the century. In Japan, Aichi prefecture hosted an exposition near the city of Nagoya in 2005, and five years later Shanghai produced China's first major exposition. The Aichi fair, which billed itself as a "green exposition," concentrated on preserving natural areas in and around its site and in reusing or recycling as many of its structural elements as possible. Expo Shanghai 2010, held in one of the world's largest cities, quite naturally chose the theme "Better city, better life" and, with a reported 73 million visitors, easily broke Ōsaka's attendance record. Subsequent expositions—in 2012 (Yŏsu, South Korea), on the importance of the world's oceans and coastlines; in 2015 (Milan), on food and resource consumption; and in 2017 (Astana, Kazakhstan), on the future of energy—were all relative successes but came nowhere near the attendance numbers of Expo Shanghai.
Although some critics have denounced world's fairs as extravagant and irrelevant in the world of the early 21st century, others have asserted that, by moving away from the old theme of "technological utopianism" and toward a focus on social and environmental issues as suggested by the Hannover Principles, fairs can continue to be worthwhile for visitors as well as for host cities and countries.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Western architecture: After World War IIAt the New York World's Fair (1964) the Spanish pavilion by Javier Carvajal was a building of merit. There were also several notable examples at Montreal's Expo 67: the West German pavilion by Frei Otto, the United States pavilion by R. Buckminster Fuller, and the startling Constructivist apartment house,…
Alvar Aalto: Early workworld's fairs (Paris, 1937; New York City, 1939–40) further enhanced Aalto's reputation as an inventive designer of free architectural forms. In these designs, both chosen in competition, he continued to use wood for structure and for surface effects. Also during this period, in 1938, the…
mechanics' institute
Mechanics' institute, a voluntary organization common in Britain and the United States between 1820 and 1860 for educating manual workers. Ideally such an institute was to have a library, a museum, a laboratory, public lectures about applied science, and courses in various skills, but few had all of these. Mechanics…
Crystal Palace
Crystal Palace, giant glass-and-iron exhibition hall in Hyde Park, London, that housed the Great Exhibition of 1851. The structure was taken down and rebuilt (1852–54) at Sydenham Hill (now in the borough of Bromley), at which site it survived until 1936.…
FairFair, temporary market where buyers and sellers gather to transact business. A fair is held at regular intervals, generally at the same location and time of year, and it usually lasts for several days or even weeks. Its primary function is the promotion of trade. Historically, fairs displayed many…
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Business has been so brisk at the world's most profitable toymaker that Lego last year did something unusual: It began looking for ways to discourage customers from buying its products.
The Danish company scaled back its advertising efforts amid a 25 percent rise in annual sales, according to Reuters. It simply couldn't make enough toys to satiate demand in North America, and needed a break while it boosted capacity at its factories and increased its workforce by nearly 25 percent.
"We feel we need to invest, to build some breathing space," John Goodwin, Lego's chief financial officer, told Reuters.
Lego, a family-owned...


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Background checks: Do they work?
The federal background check system for gun buyers is porous, ineffective, and hampered by a lack of cooperation from the states.
And that's what the system's supporters have to say.
Story Continued Below
(Also on POLITICO: W.H. gun push narrows to background checks)
For critics, it's much more than that. They warn that even if the system can be perfected — and there's growing consensus in Washington, D.C., that the time has come to authorize certain basic and largely non-controversial improvements — it will do nothing to reduce gun violence.
President Barack Obama called on Congress to implement universal background checks as part of the gun-control proposals he unveiled in the wake of the Dec. 14 shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., where 20 children and six others were killed.
"It's time for Congress to require a universal background check for anyone trying to buy a gun," Obama said. "If you want to buy a gun — whether it's from a licensed dealer or a private seller — you should at least have to show you are not a felon or somebody legally prohibited from buying one. This is common sense."
Recent polling indicates that nearly everybody agrees — a CBS/New York Times poll put support for universal background checks at 92 percent, including 85 percent among those living in a household with an National Rifle Association member. Even Sen. Joe Manchin (D-W.V.), a hunter and gun rights advocate who has an "A" rating from the NRA, said on Thursday that he was working with lawmakers — and the NRA — on a bill to update and improve the check system.
"I'm working on a bill right now with other senators — Democrats and Republicans — we're trying to get it, and looking at a background check that basically says that if you're going to be a gun owner, you should be able to pass a background check to be able to get that, with exceptions," Manchin told the MetroNews station in West Virginia. "I'm working with the NRA, to be honest with you, and talking to them."
The effort to repair the system stems from widespread agreement that it's rendered nearly useless because of two key problems: A giant-sized loophole exists in that some private sellers aren't required to do checks; and many states aren't providing the feds with the vital needed information to maintain a meaningful database of those who, legally, have no right to purchase firearms. In particular, this pertains to mental health problems and drug use.
"Most Americans support background checks, but they … have very little clue about what that means," said David Kopel, a gun law expert and adjunct Constitutional law professor at the University of Denver. "When you phrase something in an attractive way like 'universal background checks,' who wouldn't be for it? But if you get into the details, there's a bit more grey-area."
The FBI denied 72,659 attempted gun buys in 2010, based on red flags raised by the background check system, according to the most recent data available from the Department of Justice. That's just 1.2 percent of the more than 6 million applications. The most common reasons: nearly half were felony indictment or conviction; 19 percent were fugitives; and 11 percent were those who had violated state laws. The rejection rate has been essentially unchanged over the years. (There is a right to appeal.)


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- Series hub: Grizzlies vs. Spurs
HANG TIME SOUTHWEST — The Memphis Grizzlies' six-year rise from bottom-of-the-barrel in the West to playing for the conference crown is a story of intuition, perseverance, patience and, some might rightfully say, vindication for general manager Chris Wallace.
"I never looked for vindication. That's not something that motivates me," Wallace said. "Winning takes care of all issues in this league. We felt we had to take chances."
Hired by former Grizzlies owner Michael Heisley to remake a 22-win team that was of no competition, popularity-wise, for John Calipari's Memphis Tigers, Wallace put his vision in motion. When the team takes the court Sunday afternoon to begin the Western Conference finals against the old standby San Antonio Spurs, the Memphis roster will include not one player from the day Wallace took control.
Rudy Gay, the last survivor, was dealt to Toronto in late January.
The first move for Wallace back in 2007 was drafting Mike Conley, now considered one of the most underrated point guards in the league. Conley was the No. 4 overall draft pick after Portland selected Greg Oden and Kevin Durant fell into Seattle's lap and Atlanta tapped Al Horford.
The next move came on Feb. 1, 2008 and will go down as the franchise's moment of truth. At that moment, however, it was perceived more like the moment of ultimate doom.
Wallace agreed to a trade that unleashed shockwaves of ridicule from, yes, the media, but also shockingly from within the league. The backlash, Wallace said, was so fierce that it damaged the team's ability to conduct business in its own city as it set out to sell critical sponsorships and arena suites for the following season.
"People [potential clients] would list off all the big-name people [in the NBA] that had ridiculed us," Wallace said. "It was like running the 100-meter dash with a 20-pound leg weight."
Everyone knows the deal: Pau Gasol to the Lakers for his chubby, unheralded younger brother Marc Gasol, bust Kwame Brown, Javaris Crittenton and a couple first-round draft picks. Stunning criticism crushed Wallace for getting fleeced while being backhandedly credited for handing the post-Shaquille O'Neal Lakers the keys to certain championships.
"I expect the media to shoot from the hip and not study the deal. That's to be expected," Wallace said. "I just shook my head. I had never seen that kind of response from inside the league. I don't deny that was the assist for two Lakers championships, but we had to shake things up. We had never won a playoff game. We had been in the 20s [wins] and there was complete apathy in our market. Calipari and the Tigers were roaring at the time.
"When we went around the league, we weren't going to get a tit-for-tat deal. We wanted to bring our salary structure down, get assets and draft picks. And no one else had a Marc Gasol."
Marc Gasol attended high school in Memphis as Pau was becoming the franchise's all-time leading scorer. At 18, he returned to Spain to begin his professional career in the Spanish ACB league, largely considered the world's second-most competitive league. In 2007-08 he was tearing it up.
"He was trending up so much at the time. He was on pace to be the ACB MVP," Wallace said. "I said it at the time, I felt like the little boy crying wolf. There was no question Pau was going to flourish next to Kobe and could win several titles, but this deal couldn't be judged for several years."
Wallace said what puzzled him most about the barrage of criticism was the lack of knowledge among media and league insiders regarding the 7-foot-1 Marc Gasol, who went on to become the MVP.
"It's not like he was playing in Mongolia," Wallace said. "He was playing in the ACB."
Gasol, about 20 pounds lighter these days at 260, blossomed into a 2012 All-Star and is the 2013 Defensive Player of the Year. He's become an offensive force, honing a dangerous post game with an old-school mid-range set shot. He's averaging 18.3 ppg and 7.9 rpg while averaging 40.3 mpg during the franchise's most successful postseason run.
Gasol's low-post partner Zach Randolph came next in a deal in 2009. Wallace was in the right place at the right time, nabbing Randolph for Quentin Richardson. Randolph, who had had his issues at previous stops,had become expendable after just 39 games with the Clippers because L.A. was set to draft Blake Griffin with the No. 1 pick and wanted to clear out the power forward position.
Tony Allen was picked up in the summer of 2010. Darrell Arthur has been a constant presence off the bench since being acquired on draft day in 2008. Greivous Vasquez, the 28th pick in 2010, was flipped for key reserve Quincy Pondexter. Sixth man Jerryd Bayless was signed as a free agent last summer.
"We were winning 20 games a year just four or five seasons ago," Conley said. "Management did a great job getting guys in, guys that care. We've worked every day, kind of fell down the radar and now we're here."
So much has gone right leading to this historic moment for the Grizzlies franchise that it would seem clear-cut that Wallace has a long-term home with Memphis. But with new ownership having taken over at the start of the season, both Wallace and coach Lionel Hollins — a raging success story in his own right as he's developed an initially young group of players into a hard-working defensive juggernaut emblematic of the city itself — are uncertain of their futures.
Hollins has coached all season on the final year of his deal. Wallace said he has years left, but has no guarantees.
"I hope to be able to stay here," Wallace said.


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iluvk9 wrote:So, being me, I felt I had to tell the other dogs what happened. I believe they sensed something was wrong with him. It was probably the first time the three of them just calmly sat with me as I talked. I am sure part of it was them just reading my emotional state, but I am glad I did it.
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Creating and Managing Child Processes
PHP has no native support for threads, which makes it difficult for developers coming from thread-oriented languages such as Java to write programs that must accomplish multiple tasks simultaneously. All is not lost, though: PHP supports traditional Unix multitasking by allowing a process to spawn child processes via pcntl_fork() (a wrapper around the Unix system call fork()). To enable this function (and all the pcntl_* functions), you must build PHP with the --enable-pcntl flag.
When you call pcntl_fork() in a script, a new process is created, and it continues executing the script from the point of the pcntl_fork() call. The original process also continues execution from that point forward. This means that you then have two copies of the script running—the parent (the original process) and the child (the newly created process).
pcntl_fork() actually returns twice—once in the parent and once in the child. In the parent, the return value is the process ID (PID) of the newly created child, and in the child, the return value is 0. This is how you distinguish the parent from the child.
The following simple script creates a child process:
#!/usr/bin/env php <?php if($pid = pcntl_fork()) { $my_pid = getmypid(); print "My pid is $my_pid. pcntl_fork() return $pid,
this is the parentn"; } else { $my_pid = getmypid(); print "My pid is $my_pid. pcntl_fork() returned 0,
this is the childn"; } ?>
Running this script outputs the following:
> ./4.php My pid is 4286. pcntl_fork() return 4287, this is
the parent My pid is 4287. pcntl_fork() returned 0, this is
the child
Note that the return value of pcntl_fork() does indeed match the PID of the child process. Also, if you run this script multiple times, you will see that sometimes the parent prints first and other times the child prints first. Because they are separate processes, they are both scheduled on the processor in the order in which the operating system sees fit, not based on the parent–child relationship.
{mospagebreak title=Closing Shared Resources}
When you fork a process in the Unix environment, the parent and child processes both have access to any file resources that are open at the time fork() was called. As convenient as this might sound for sharing resources between processes, in general it is not what you want. Because there are no flow-control mechanisms preventing simultaneous access to these resources, resulting I/O will often be interleaved. For file I/O, this will usually result in lines being jumbled together. For complex socket I/O such as with database connections, it will often simply crash the process completely.
Because this corruption happens only when the resources are accessed, simply being strict about when and where they are accessed is sufficient to protect yourself; however, it is much safer and cleaner to simply close any resources you will not be using immediately after a fork.
Sharing Variables
Remember: Forked processes are not threads. The processes created with pcntl_fork() are individual processes, and changes to variables in one process after the fork are not reflected in the others. If you need to have variables shared between processes, you can either use the shared memory extensions to hold variables or use the "tie" trick from Chapter 2, "Object-Oriented Programming Through Design Patterns."
Cleaning Up After Children
In the Unix environment, a defunct process is one that has exited but whose status has not been collected by its parent process (this is also called reaping the child process). A responsible parent process always reaps its children.
PHP provides two ways of handing child exits:
pcntl_wait($status, $options)—pcntl_wait() instructs the calling process to suspend execution until any of its children terminates. The PID of the exiting child process is returned, and $status is set to the return status of the function.
pcntl_waitpid($pid, $status, $options)—pcntl_waitpid() is similar to pcntl_wait(), but it only waits on a particular process specified by $pid. $status contains the same information as it does for pcntl_wait().
For both functions, $options is an optional bit field that can consist of the following two parameters:
WNOHANG—Do not wait if the process information is not immediately available.
WUNTRACED—Return information about children that stopped due to a SIGTTIN, SIGTTOU, SIGSTP, or SIGSTOP signal. (These signals are normally not caught by waitpid().)
Here is a sample process that starts up a set number of child processes and waits for them to exit:
#!/usr/bin/env php <?php define('PROCESS_COUNT', '5'); $children = array(); for($i = 0; $i < PROCESS_COUNT; $i++) { if(($pid = pcntl_fork()) == 0) { exit(child_main()); } else { $children[] = $pid; } } foreach($children as $pid) { $pid = pcntl_wait($status); if(pcntl_wifexited($status)) { $code = pcntl_wexitstatus($status); print "pid $pid returned exit code: $coden"; } else { print "$pid was unnaturally terminatedn"; } } function child_main() { $my_pid = getmypid(); print "Starting child pid: $my_pidn"; sleep(10); return 1; ?>
One aspect of this example worth noting is that the code to be run by the child process is all located in the function child_main(). In this example it only executes sleep(10), but you could change that to more complex logic.
Also, when a child process terminates and the call to pcntl_wait() returns, you can test the status with pcntl_wifexited() to see whether the child terminated because it called exit() or because it died an unnatural death. If the termination was due to the script exiting, you can extract the actual code passed to exit() by calling pcntl_wexitstatus($status). Exit status codes are signed 8-bit numbers, so valid values are between –127 and 127.
Here is the output of the script if it runs uninterrupted:
> ./5.php Starting child pid 4451 Starting child pid 4452 Starting child pid 4453 Starting child pid 4454 Starting child pid 4455 pid 4453 returned exit code: 1 pid 4452 returned exit code: 1 pid 4451 returned exit code: 1 pid 4454 returned exit code: 1 pid 4455 returned exit code: 1
If instead of letting the script terminate normally, you manually kill one of the children, you get output like this:
> ./5.php Starting child pid 4459 Starting child pid 4460 Starting child pid 4461 Starting child pid 4462 Starting child pid 4463 4462 was unnaturally terminated pid 4463 returned exit code: 1 pid 4461 returned exit code: 1 pid 4460 returned exit code: 1 pid 4459 returned exit code: 1
{mospagebreak title=Signals}
Signals send simple instructions to processes. When you use the shell command kill to terminate a process on your system, you are in fact simply sending an interrupt signal (SIGINT). Most signals have a default behavior (for example, the default behavior for SIGINT is to terminate the process), but except for a few exceptions, these signals can be caught and handled in custom ways inside a process.
Some of the most common signals are listed next (the complete list is in the signal(3) man page):
Signal Name
Default Behavior
Child termination
Interrupt request
Terminate process
Kill program
Terminate process
Terminal hangup
Terminate process
User defined
Terminate process
User defined
Terminate process
Alarm timeout
Terminate process
To register your own signal handler, you simply define a function like this:
function sig_usr1($signal) { print "SIGUSR1 Caught.n"; }
and then register it with this:
declare(ticks=1); pcntl_signal(SIGUSR1, "sig_usr1");
Because signals occur at the process level and not inside the PHP virtual machine itself, the engine needs to be instructed to check for signals and run the pcntl callbacks. To allow this to happen, you need to set the execution directive ticks. ticks instructs the engine to run certain callbacks every N statements in the executor. The signal callback is essentially a no-op, so setting declare(ticks=1) instructs the engine to look for signals on every statement executed.
The following sections describe the two most useful signal handlers for multiprocess scripts—SIGCHLD and SIGALRM—as well as other common signals.
SIGCHLD is a common signal handler that you set in applications where you fork a number of children. In the examples in the preceding section, the parent has to loop on pcntl_wait() or pcntl_waitpid() to ensure that all children are collected on. Signals provide a way for the child process termination event to notify the parent process that children need to be collected. That way, the parent process can execute its own logic instead of just spinning while waiting to collect children.
To implement this sort of setup, you first need to define a callback to handle SIGCHLD events. Here is a simple example that removes the PID from the global $children array and prints some debugging information on what it is doing:
function sig_child($signal) { global $children; pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, "sig_child"); fputs(STDERR, "Caught SIGCHLDn"); while(($pid = pcntl_wait($status, WNOHANG)) > 0) { $children = array_diff($children, array($pid)); fputs(STDERR, "Collected pid $pidn"); } }
The SIGCHLD signal does not give any information on which child process has terminated, so you need to call pcntl_wait() internally to find the terminated processes. In fact, because multiple processes may terminate while the signal handler is being called, you must loop on pcntl_wait() until no terminated processes are remaining, to guarantee that they are all collected. Because the option WNOHANG is used, this call will not block in the parent process.
Most modern signal facilities restore a signal handler after it is called, but for portability to older systems, you should always reinstate the signal handler manually inside the call.
When you add a SIGCHLD handler to the earlier example, it looks like this:
#!/usr/bin/env php <?php declare(ticks=1); pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, "sig_child"); define('PROCESS_COUNT', '5'); $children = array(); for($i = 0; $i < PROCESS_COUNT; $i++) { if(($pid = pcntl_fork()) == 0) { exit(child_main()); } else { $children[] = $pid; } } while($children) { sleep(10); // or perform parent logic } pcntl_alarm(0); function child_main() { sleep(rand(0, 10)); // or perform child logic return 1; } function sig_child($signal) { global $children; pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, "sig_child"); fputs(STDERR, "Caught SIGCHLDn"); while(($pid = pcntl_wait($status, WNOHANG)) > 0) { $children = array_diff($children, array($pid)); if(!pcntl_wifexited($status)) { fputs(STDERR, "Collected killed pid $pidn"); } else { fputs(STDERR, "Collected exited pid $pidn"); } } } ?>
Running this yields the following output:
> ./8.php Caught SIGCHLD Collected exited pid 5000 Caught SIGCHLD Collected exited pid 5003 Caught SIGCHLD Collected exited pid 5001 Caught SIGCHLD Collected exited pid 5002 Caught SIGCHLD Collected exited pid 5004
Another useful signal is SIGALRM, the alarm signal. Alarms allow you to bail out of tasks if they are taking too long to complete. To use an alarm, you define a signal handler, register it, and then call pcntl_alarm() to set the timeout. When the specified timeout is reached, a SIGALRM signal is sent to the process.
Here is a signal handler that loops through all the PIDs remaining in $children and sends them a SIGINT signal (the same as the Unix shell command kill):
function sig_alarm($signal) { global $children; fputs(STDERR, "Caught SIGALRMn"); foreach ($children as $pid) { posix_kill($pid, SIGINT); } }
Note the use of posix_kill(). posix_kill() signals the specified process with the given signal.
You also need to register the sig_alarm() SIGALRM handler (alongside the SIGCHLD handler) and change the main block as follows:
declare(ticks=1); pcntl_signal(SIGCHLD, "sig_child"); pcntl_signal(SIGALRM, "sig_alarm"); define('PROCESS_COUNT', '5'); $children = array(); pcntl_alarm(5); for($i = 0; $i < PROCESS_COUNT; $i++) { if(($pid = pcntl_fork()) == 0) { exit(child_main()); } else { $children[] = $pid; } } while($children) { sleep(10); // or perform parent logic } pcntl_alarm(0);
It is important to remember to set the alarm timeout to 0 when it is no longer needed; otherwise, it will fire when you do not expect it. Running the script with these modifications yields the following output:
> ./9.php Caught SIGCHLD Collected exited pid 5011 Caught SIGCHLD Collected exited pid 5013 Caught SIGALRM Caught SIGCHLD Collected killed pid 5014 Collected killed pid 5012 Collected killed pid 5010
In this example, the parent process uses the alarm to clean up (via termination) any child processes that have taken too long to execute.
Other Common Signals
Other common signals you might want to install handlers for are SIGHUP, SIGUSR1, and SIGUSR2. The default behavior for a process when receiving any of these signals is to terminate. SIGHUP is the signal sent at terminal disconnection (when the shell exits). A typical process in the background in your shell terminates when you log out of your terminal session.
If you simply want to ignore these signals, you can instruct a script to ignore them by using the following code:
pcntl_signal(SIGHUP, SIGIGN);
Rather than ignore these three signals, it is common practice to use them to send simple commands to processes—for instance, to reread a configuration file, reopen a logfile, or dump some status information.
{mospagebreak title=Writing Daemons}
A daemon is a process that runs in the background, which means that once it is started, it takes no input from the user's terminal and does not exit when the user's session ends. Once started, daemons traditionally run forever (or until stopped) to perform recurrent tasks or to handle tasks that might last beyond the length of the user's session. The Apache Web server, sendmail, and the cron daemon crond are examples of common daemons that may be running on your system. Daemonizing scripts is useful for handling long jobs and recurrent back-end tasks.
To successfully be daemonized, a process needs to complete the two following tasks:
Process detachment
Process independence
In addition, a well-written daemon may optionally perform the following:
Setting its working directory
Dropping privileges
Guaranteeing exclusivity
You learned about process detachment earlier in this chapter, in the section "Creating and Managing Child Processes." The logic is the same as for daemonizing processes, except that you want to end the parent process so that the only running process is detached from the shell. To do this, you execute pnctl_fork() and exit if you are in the parent process (that is, if the return value is greater than zero).
In Unix systems, processes are associated with process groups, so if you kill the leader of a process group, all its associates will terminate as well. The parent process for everything you start in your shell is your shell's process. Thus, if you create a new process with fork() and do nothing else, the process will still exit when you close the shell. To avoid having this happen, you need the forked process to disassociate itself from its parent process. This is accomplished by calling pcntl_setsid(), which makes the calling process the leader of its own process group.
Finally, to sever any ties between the parent and the child, you need to fork the process a second time. This completes the detachment process. In code, this detachment process looks like this:
if(pcntl_fork()) { exit; } pcntl_setsid(); if(pcntl_fork()) { exit; } # process is now completely daemonized
It is important for the parent to exit after both calls to pcntl_fork(); otherwise, multiple processes will be executing the same code.
Please check back next week for the conclusion of this article.


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I think so. To me, living large is about the breadth and width of my life, not about how high I can pile up stuff. If that is how you want to live large, you'll find a lot of
Nobody wants to be poor. It's a dangerous and constrained position to be in. But there are people out there (me, for instance) who are relatively happy to live at a fairly low st
When people talk about voluntary simplicity (or living a frugal lifestyle under any of its many names), they often do so in terms of deprivation. The descriptions are all about doing without stuff. To me, that's completely wrong. [more]
The first person I met who practiced voluntary simplicity didn't call it that, and I didn't understand what she was doing until many years later. [more]
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Anthony Sneed: New Exhibit, Print; Donates Print Sales To SF LGBT Center
Photos courtesy of Anthony Sneed's official website.
This is a good week to be a fan of artist Anthony Sneed. His first Bay Area solo show "Grand Illusion" opens this weekend – July 9, 2011 at Shooting Gallery in San Francisco, CA (which is located at 839 Larkin Street). The opening reception will take place from 7 – 11 pm and Anthony Sneed will be in attendance. "Grand Illusion" will run through July 30, 2011.
In conjunction with "Grand Illusion," Sneed has teamed up with Paper Monster to release a limited edition print of his work. Anthony Sneed has graciously offered to donate the full portion of proceeds from print sales to San Francisco's LGBT Community Center at the closing of the show.
The print is available online through Paper Monster, and a framed edition will be available to view in the gallery Tuesday-Saturday, 12-7 p.m. throughout the month of July.
The prints are 22.5 x 34 inches, in a closed edition of 50 and are available for $130, through Paper Monster (www.papermonster.net).
Please help support this effort by reposting this information, using the appropriate channels, to help create awareness and participation in the project.


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Apple angling to transform TV?
Talks with CBS, Disney
Apple is reportedly talking with CBS and Disney in its search for content partners for a planned US subscription-based television service.
Word of the discussions comes from "people familiar with the matter," according to a report (subscription required) in Tuesday's Wall Street Journal.
Details of the much-rumored service haven't yet solidified even to the level of "sketchy" - and, of course, Apple isn't talking.
Even in a country in which TiVO has become a verb and cable-based video-on-demand services are proliferating, most television is still viewed on a scheduled basis. An Apple offering built from the ground up as a viewer-controlled subscription or pay-per-view service could change that.
Cable companies rake in hefty monthly fees from bundling hundreds of channels in "basic" and "premium" packages, but most viewers settle on a few favorites. Devotees of Playboy en Espanol, for example, may have never tuned in to Showtime Women - but they pay for both.
Presumably, an Apple service would not require you to sign up for massive bundles, but instead allow you to pick and choose what you want to view. You might pay more on a per-channel basis, but less overall.
And if it were to be approved by the famously hard-to-please Steve Jobs, an Apple service would almost certainly be more user-friendly than any cable company's pay-per-view offering.
Perhaps the Apple TV, which Jobs famously referred to as a "hobby" product, was never expected to be a money maker, but instead Apple's test bed for television-interface experimentation. As Jobs once told an interviewer: "It hasn't crested to be millions of units per year, but I think if we improve things we can crack that."
Creating a subscription service filled with timely content from major networks would certainly be an improvement. As might also be the long-rumored, Apple-branded, big-screen TV, perhaps bundled with the advanced "magic wand" remote for which Apple filed a patent last year.
A major - and obvious - challenge facing Apple in creating a television-delivery service would be creating a deal for content providers that would be lucrative enough to wean them away from their current diet of ad revenue. Or, perhaps, to create a multi-tiered system in which consumers paid more for ad-free content.
Apple, of course, currently sells TV shows on its iTunes Store, but on a show-by-show basis, much as it sells tunes and iPhone apps. But Cupertino's recent acquisition of the music streaming service Lala - and, more importantly, of the engineering minds that created it - seems to indicate that a subscription-based streaming service is at least being bandied about in the conference rooms at One Infinite Loop.
And then there's that $1bn data center that Apple is busily building at the WestStar Mission Critical Data Park near Maiden, North Carolina. Certainly it will have a central role in Apple's content-delivery future.
It's been about a decade since Steve Jobs first announced Apple's "digital hub" strategy at a Macworld Expo keynote. During those ten years Cupertino has been hell-bent on transforming itself for a low market-share computer company into a leader in content creation, delivery, and consumption. And multiple signs point to an impending launch of it's next hardware foray into content consumption, the oft-rumored media pad.
The most recent spate of rumors swirling around that "iPad" have been focused on its future as an ebook reader. We're betting, however, that Jobs & Co's "next big thing" won't be marketed as a vehicle for as narrow a niche as text.
After all, there's a lot more money to be made by streaming CBS's Cold Case to millions of viewers than by selling a few thousand copies of Random House's In Cold Blood. ®


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This site uses cookies. More info By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Find out more here.
Injury Prevention is an international peer reviewed journal that offers the best in science, policy, and public health practice to reduce the burden of injury in all age groups around the world. The journal publishes original research, opinion, debate and special features on the prevention of unintentional, occupational and intentional (violence-related) injuries. Injury Prevention is online only.
It is the official journal of the Society for Advancement of Violence and Injury Research (SAVIR).
Follow Injury Prevention via Twitter, Facebook and the blog.
Editor-in-Chief: Professor Roderick J. McClure, University of New England, Australia
Editorial team
Injury Prevention considers unsolicited submissions of a wide range of article types, including original research, systematic reviews, and methodology articles.
The Author Information section provides provides general guidelines as well as requirements for specific article types.
Information is also provided on editorial policies and open access.
All manuscripts should be submitted online.


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"We believe there is a high quality of life index in Houston, and the 'Eat Better, Feel Better' concept of Tropical Smoothie Cafe is a great match for the Houston community," said Mike Rotondo, CEO of the 350-restaurant chain with locations concentrated in the southeastern U.S.
The company, which offers made-on-site smoothies as well as sandwiches, wraps and salads, is seeking franchise partners to open up to 20 locations in the Houston area in the next five years. It has two locations in Austin where it has operated for years.
Local entrepreneurs Jignesh Patel and Hemal Patel opened the Houston area's first Tropical Smoothie Cafe at 5620 W. Grand Parkway South in Richmond in August.
Tropical Smoothie Cafe is set up to appeal to people with active lifestyles who want to eat healthy, Rotondo said. It is open for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
The average ticket totals about $8 for a smoothie, a wrap or flatbread sandwich, and chips. About half the customers come to buy smoothies alone in the ballpark of $4.50 to $5.
The most popular menu item is the spinach and kale smoothie, which also blends in pineapple, mango and banana.
"We introduced it in March and it has rocketed into the No. 1 position," Rotondo said. "It really doesn't taste like spinach and kale."
The cost to open a franchise about $250,000 to $275,000 including franchise fees and construction, Rotondo said.
The development in the Houston area is part of a strategy to open 40 locations throughout the U.S. this year, and another 55 next year.


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National Export Initiative
The Obama Administration has made it a top priority to improve the conditions that directly affect the private sector's ability to export – working to remove trade barriers abroad, help firms and farmers overcome hurdles to entering new markets, and assist with financing. President Obama announced the National Export Initiative in his 2010 State of the Union address to renew and revitalize our efforts to promote American exports abroad.
These efforts are paying off – and helping to change the way America does business. Now more than at any time in our history, Americans are selling more U.S. goods and services to the 95 percent of consumers who live outside of our borders. In 2012, U.S. exports hit an all-time record of $2.2 trillion and supported 9.8 million jobs.
We have reached record export numbers under the National Export Initiative despite significant economic headwinds from abroad.
A Commitment to U.S. Companies
The Administration will continue to support U.S. companies in selling their goods and services abroad by helping to create opportunities and to level the playing field. Click the links below to learn more about how we're:
- Continuing to build our trade advocacy and export promotion efforts;
- Promoting the availability of export financing;
- Educating U.S. companies about markets opened by our free trade agreements, including those that went into effect in 2012; and concluding new trade agreements to address existing and newly emerging obstacles to U.S. exports in markets of opportunity;
- Enforcing U.S. trade rights under international agreements; and aggressively investigating unfair trade practices affecting U.S. exports or imports into the U.S. market.
U.S. companies seeking to get started exporting should visit www.export.gov for information on overseas markets, federal resources, and upcoming trade events.
Growth at the State and Local Level
The continued growth of exports from cities and communities across the country are supporting additional American jobs and helping grow our economy. Recent data showed 29 states reached record export levels in 2012.
Cities across the United States play a critical role in fueling national export growth. Exports from U.S. metropolitan areas make up 88 percent of the U.S. total merchandise exports.
The U.S. Government is leveraging its interagency field network and partners, such as the Brookings Institution Metropolitan Export Initiative, to ensure cities and states have the tools they need to incorporate local export promotion into their economic development and long-term planning.
National Export Initaitive Information
Special Edition of International Trade Update on the Second Anniversary of the National Export Initiative
Blog Posts
On the Two-Year Anniversary of the National Export Initiative Successes Abound
Minority-owned Firms: America's Key to the Global Marketplace
- National Export Initiative Second Anniversary
Watch the President's Export Council Meeting on Novmeber 16, 2011 (on YouTube.com)
President Obama's Introduction of the National Export Initiative in his State of the Union Address
Press Releases
Senior Commerce Official Highlights International Trade Opportunities for Baltimore Businesses
Exports From U.S. Metropolitan Areas Totaled $1.13 Trillion in 2010
U.S. Commerce Department Releases Data Showing the Number of Export-Supported Jobs Increased By 1.2 Million between 2009 and 2011
Remarks by Francisco Sánchez, Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
Presentation of Peace Through Commerce Award, Followed by Keynote Address
American Chamber of Commerce, Hong Kong
Remarks by Michael C. Camuñez, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Market Access and Compliance
"Good Governance" Keynote
United States Mission to the OSCE: Economic and Environmental Dimension Implementation Meeting
Vienna, Austria
Remarks by Joseph K. Hurd III, Senior Director Export Promotion and Trade Policy
The New England Trade Development Summit
New Bedford, Massachusetts
The International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. This site contains PDF documents. A PDF reader is available from Adobe Systems Incorporated.


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New Spring Titles: Tsuritama, Mysterious Girlfriend X & Kids on the SlopePost Reply
Hey guys,
We've just added Mysterious Girlfriend X and Kids on the Slope to our spring lineup! Now let's add another one: Tsuritama, which is set to air Thursday April 12 at 10:30 am PDT.
Tsuritama will be available to Crunchyroll's audience in the following territories: U.S.A, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and South America.
"The setting is Shonan, Enoshima. A town where the nostalgic and the fresh coexist. All his life, high school student Yuki has never had a friend of his own, because he's freakishly inept at communicating with others. Haru, a self-proclaimed alien from outer space, is trying to get him to go fishing. Natsuki is a local boy born and raised in Enoshima, who always seems to be annoyed by whatever's going on around him. Akira is a mysterious Indian boy who watches over them all, while maintaining a cautious distance. These four angst-filled
teenagers meet and go fishing; and their tiny island takes center stage in an epic story... This is where it all starts - their SF (= Seishun Fishing) story!"
Mysterious Girlfriend X is set to broadcast on Sunday, April 8th 9:30am PDT in the following territories: U.S.A, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden
Mysterious Girlfriend X follows the relationship of Akira Tsubaki and Mikoto Urabe, who is a transfer student who recently came to Tsubaki's school. After a series of strange events, Tsubaki finds himself addicted to Urabe's drool. Once she claims the addiction as love sickness, the relationship slowly progresses, focusing on the odd bond that comes out of the drool attachment...
Kids on the Slope is set to broadcast on Thursday, April 12th at 9:30am PDT in the following territories: U.S.A, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand
In the summer of 1966 Kaoru Nishimi moved by himself from Yokosuka to Kyushu to live with relatives. Until then, Kaoru was an honor roll student who tended to keep to himself, but meeting notorious bad boy Sentaro Kawabuchi would change all of that. Through his devil-may-care classmate, Kaoru learns the attractions of jazz and finds the first person he can call a "friend". He also discovers how much fun it is to play music with a pal. Set against the backdrop of a seaside town with a scent of American culture, this series is a drama about young people coming into their own, crossing each other's paths, and finding friendship, love, and music!
Check out the trailer!
Stay tuned in, as we have more announcements coming your way!
3/5 - Hiiro No Kakera
3/5 - Nyarko-san: Another Crawling Chaos
3/29 - Space Brothers
3/29 - Folktales from Japan
3/30 - You and Me 2
3/30 - Saint Seiya Omega
4/2 - Yurumate3Dei
4/2 - Naruto Spin-Off: Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals
4/3 - Sengoku Colleciton (Parallel World Samurai)
4/3 - Polar Bear's Cafe
4/4 - Saki
4/4 - Upotte!!
4/5 - Kuroko's Basketball
4/5 - Phi Brain
4/6 - Kids on the Slope
4/6 - Mysterious Girlfriend X
4/6 - ???
brazil is weeping
I was just asking for this in the spring thread.
omg yes!
show of the year right here.
Checking out the spring releases!
Well atleast Girlfriend X is available in Denmark
Awesome can't wait to renew my sub next month sometime!
Life is a bitch, so if its easy you're doing it wrong
Woo hoo, awesome. This was my most anticipated one.
Seriously disappointing that you didn't fetch Kore wa Zombie desu ka s2... Anyone knows who's got the license?
Ooh, I've heard from others that this anime was highly anticipated
Now I'm gonna have to check it out to see of its true
Concept sounds good, slice of life anime usually never goes wrong with me
Good job CR
Can't wait to hear what the next announcement for today is
panzerveps wrote:
Seriously disappointing that you didn't fetch Kore wa Zombie desu ka s2... Anyone knows who's got the license?
I'm gonna say that chances are that Funico got it
What even
Where's my Dusk Maiden? Wheres my Zombie of the Dead? Natsuiro Kiseki? Hyouka? Okay congrats crucnhyroll for getting such a large lineup, it's just a shame the shows I want to watch don't happen to be part of it. (except Nyarko-san of course)
Seperated My Soul in 5 Horcruxes. Try and Stop Me Now!
Announce Eureka Seven AO already. Also Lupin if you would be so kind.
If anyone noticed, they added a few more "TBA" blocks on the line-up page
First from joy at the annoucement. Then because it's not available in Norway.
panzerveps wrote:
Seriously disappointing that you didn't fetch Kore wa Zombie desu ka s2... Anyone knows who's got the license?
funimation most likely
on this news... well now this is a nice turn of events...
Living life one day at a time
Still no news of the new Vanguard series and still no Wednesday series in general besides Saint Seiya? :(
This series at least seems interesting and different. I'll check it out when it starts.
Awesome! Was waiting for this one given story, music, and the stellar team on this. Whoo-hoo!


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Safe and accessible
You will find it easy to navigate whilst cycling in Denmark, as the country has over 11,000km of sign-posted routes. Just find your route name, number or logo and follow the signs. Routes criss-cross each other, so it is possible to combine routes and take in the entire country by bike.
Cycle routes are particularly safe in comparison to other countries and national cycle routes tend to follow smaller by-roads, undisturbed forest roads and pathways.
National cycle routes
There are 11 national cycle routes in Denmark, which cover a total of over 4,000km. National routes are signposted with a white route number in a red square and bicycle symbol on a blue, square sign. (Note that Route 10 on Bornholm has a green, rather than blue, background). Odd route numbers 1 to 9 run North to South, while even routes 2 to 8 run East to West. There are two circular routes: Bornholm (Route 10) and the Limfjord Route (Route 12).
Regional and local routes
Denmark also has an extensive network of regional and local cycle routes, each with their own signage. The regional route signs follow the same patterns as the national; white route numbers from 16 to 99 on a blue background. The local route network also uses the same system but with numbers from 100 to 999.
Further reading
See a map of Denmark's national cycle routes.


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Campaign Disclosure Glossary Q - T
Quarterly report
– Beginning January 1, 2011, political committees must file quarterly reports in lieu of semi-annual reports and pre-election reports. Reporting periods for the four quarterly reports will be from January 1 through March 31, April 1 through June 30, July 1 through September 30, and October 1 through December 31. Reports must be filed by the 15th of the following month.
– A license to conduct a raffle to raise funds may be granted to a political committee by the State Board of Elections if the political committee owes no civil penalties to the Board. Application for the license to conduct a raffle or other game of chance shall be made to the State Board of Elections.
– Any funds or gifts of goods or services (inkind) received by a political committee or incurred by another person or organization on behalf of the political committee. All receipts during a reporting period shall be reported on the quarterly report for that reporting period.
Reporting period
– The period of time covered by a particular report. The reporting period for a quarterly report is from January 1 through March 31, April 1 through June 30, July 1 through September 30, and October 1 through December 31. The reporting period for a final report is from the closing date of the last quarterly report filed through the date of the last expenditure made by the political committee.
Residual funds
– Any committee funds remaining when a political committee filing a final report has paid all outstanding liabilities, including staff salaries. Residual funds may be refunded to the contributors in amounts not exceeding their individual contributions, or transferred to other political or charitable organizations consistent with the positions of the committee or the candidates it represented. In no case shall these funds be used for the personal aggrandizement of any committee member or campaign worker.
Schedule A
– The form used to itemize all cash receipts of the political committee; Part 1 individual contributions, Part 2 transfers in, Part 3 loans received, and Part 4 other receipts. The form shall include the name of the political committee, the reporting period, the type of receipt, the name and address of the contributor, the date and amount of each contribution, the aggregate amount from each contributor, the employer and occupation if the amount from a natural person exceeds $500, and the total for the part being itemized. A separate form should be used to itemize each part.
Schedule A-1 (see A-1 report).
Schedule B
– The form used to itemize all expenditures of the political committee; Part 6 transfers out, Part 7 loans made, and Part 8 general expenditures. The form shall include the name of the political committee, the reporting period, the type of expenditure, the name and address of each recipient of an expenditure, the date, amount, purpose, and beneficiary of each expenditure, the aggregate amount paid to each recipient, and the total for the part being itemized. A separate form should be used to itemize each part.
Schedule B-1
– (see B-1 report).
Schedule B-9
– The form used to itemize Part 9 independent expenditures made by the political committee. It is part of the quarterly report and shall be filed with the quarterly report. The form includes the name of the political committee, the reporting period, the name and address of each person to whom an independent expenditure in excess of $150 has been made; the amount, date, and purpose of such expenditure; a statement whether the independent expenditure was made in support of or opposition to a candidate; the name of the candidate; the office and district, if applicable; and a certification that the expenditure was made without any coordination with any candidate or any authorized committee or agent of such committee.
Schedule C
– The form used to itemize all outstanding debts and obligations of the political committee; including all outstanding loans, debts, and liabilities. The form shall include the name of the political committee, the reporting period, the name and address of each entity owed, the original amount of the debt, the date on which the debt was incurred, the cumulative payment to date on the debt, the outstanding balance at the close of the reporting period, and the total amount owed by the political committee. This form shall be used only for quarterly reports and final reports. Previously reported debts and obligations which remain unpaid shall be reported until the total debt is either repaid or forgiven. A political committee may file a final report with outstanding debts and obligations.
Schedule I
– The form used to itemize inkind contributions. The form shall include the name of the political committee, the reporting period, the name and address of the contributor, the date received, the ascertainable market value of the inkind contribution, the employer and occupation of the contributor if the contributor is a natural person and the value of the inkind contribution exceeds $500, the aggregate amount from each contributor, a description of the inkind contribution, the name and address of the vendor (if applicable), the total amount of inkind contributions received during the reporting period.
Self-funding candidate
– If a candidate, public official, or their immediate families (spouse, parent, child) contributes, loans, or makes independent expenditures of more than $250,000 for a statewide office, or $100,000 for any other office during the 12-months prior to an election, the candidate or public official is considered to be self-funding and must file a notification with the Board within one day. The Board shall post this notice within 2 days and notify all candidates, including the self-funding candidate, that they may accept contributions in excess of the contribution limits.
Semi-annual report
– The report of all receipts and expenditures for a six month period. The reporting periods for the semi-annual report are from January 1 through June 30 and from July 1 through December 31. The report must be filed by July 31 and by January 31, respectively. A semi-annual report must be filed by all political committees regardless of whether they have been actively supporting or opposing candidates or propositions during the six month period. A semi-annual report must include any information previously reported on any pre-election report filed within the six month period as well as all additional financial transactions. The semi-annual report for the period ending December 31, 2010, will be the last semi-annual report filed by any political committee. Beginning January 1, 2011, political committees will be filing quarterly reports in lieu of semi-annual and pre-election reports.
Sponsoring entity
– A sponsoring entity is any person, organization, corporation, or association that contributes at least 33% of the total funding of the political committee or any person or other entity that is registered or is required to register under the Lobbyist Registration Act and contributes at least 33% of the total funding of the political committee during a quarterly reporting period. The name and address of any sponsoring entity shall be listed on a D-1 Statement of Organization.
State property
– Any building or portion thereof owned or exclusively leased by the State or any State agency at the time the contribution is solicited, offered, accepted, or made. Fund-raising is banned on state property unless it is being leased or rented for the purpose of conducting a fund-raising event.
Statement of nonparticipation
– Shall ONLY be filed by a political party committee that does not intend to make contributions to candidates to be nominated at a general primary election or consolidated primary election.
Transfer in/transfer out
– Any exchange of money between two political committees, other than loans or inkind contributions. This includes donations or fund-raising tickets. Transfers in are reported in Part 2 receipts on the D-2 Form, and transfers out are reported in Part 6 expenditures on the D-2 Form. Transfers in will be itemized on a Schedule A and transfers out will be itemized on a Schedule B if they exceed $150.
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Campaign Disclosure Glossary Q - T


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For those that have never heard of Madison Moving Days, allow me to explain. The student neighborhood apartment owners all set their leases to end on August 14th and begin the next day on August 15th. This leaves most students renting a U-Haul overnight or camping out on the curb next to their pile of stuff to move.
Unfortunately, in our disposable culture, many students don't value the monetary value or environmental costs of their stuff. Furniture items are tossed from second story balconies and then put to the curb broken and unusable, the entire contents of many fridges are put out in torn garbage bags to rot in the sun, and nearly new buckets are found with a wadded bath towel and of dirty water from apartment bathroom "cleaning".
Now, this could be seen only as disgusting and depressing, but a brave few treat this as a holiday and an opportunity to save items destined for the garbage dump. It is a different kind of recycling and all it takes is some vision and soap and water.
The first year Ben and I were outfitting our first apartment together. We picked up some furniture and kitchen items and celebrated our first Hippie Christmas. The second year, we had just moved into our house in Beloit and filled the hatchback to capacity with 6 lamps, an end table, various linens and a work desk. In 2007 we made a major haul for us and for Tina's new apartment. Last year's best and most used items were 2 down comforters, 2 backpacks, some hipster T-shirts for Ben and a soft-sided cooler.
So, today, I post our 2008 Hippie Christmas Haul.....drumroll please....
It is a skimpier haul than usual, but this year's gems are a like-new office chair, a great pair of tennis shoes for me, a DVD player and a working vacuum (one is broken and will have to go back to the curb). This was also the first year that we heard someone was greeting the curb gleaners with calls of, "Happy Hippie Christmas!"


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Empowering lenders to transform and streamline loan manufacturing capabilities with low-cost, highly compliant and quality-driven solutions.
Accenture Credit Services' aim is to empower lenders with solutions that transform and streamline their loan manufacturing capabilities. Our credit professionals have a deep understanding of the mortgage industry and possess a broad range of capabilities to design, build and operate effective credit solutions and services.
With onshore licenses in 49 states plus DC, and a growing number of approved licenses for our state of the art operations center in Chennai, India, Accenture Credit Services is a demonstrably SAFE Act-compliant onshore and offshore service provider. The Chennai branch allows our clients to move many operational components of the end-to-end mortgage fulfillment process offshore, to gain significant cost savings and efficiencies while addressing strict compliance standards with all relevant U.S. federal and state regulatory bodies.
Lenders are under an aggressive timeline in the U.S. to implement Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) requirements. Based on Accenture's experience, institutions should focus on getting eight things right when tackling the CFPB mandates.


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News & Events
For the Media
Clarkson University in Nation's Top-30 for Million-Dollar Returns on Students' Investments
AffordableCollegesOnline.org (ACO) has listed Clarkson University in the nation's top-30 private universities that offer students a return on investment of at least $1 million.
Only one percent of colleges have a documented $1 million plus return on investment -- "alumni whose lifetime earnings surpass those of non-degree holders by seven figures" -- the website noted.
The website lists Clarkson with a 30-year net ROI of $1.1 million, the income a graduate could expect to earn after three decades minus the cost of attendance & the amount that graduate would have made with only a high school degree.
"Third party rankings such as this validate what we've known for years: that our professors, academic rigor, strong alumni network and value offer an unparalleled higher education experience," said Clarkson President Tony Collins. "As prospective students and their parents increasingly look for an excellent return on investment from college, Clarkson is well-positioned to continue graduating students with the skills and knowledge necessary to thrive in a global economy."
The rankings can be found at http://www.affordablecollegesonline.org/college-rankings-online/million-dollar-roi-private-colleges .
ACO also recently ranked Clarkson in New York state's top-10 for colleges and universities that provide the highest return on investment (ROI).
Last fall, ABC News asked PayScale to name the schools with new graduates who earn more than Harvard's and Clarkson was among just 12 schools on the list. U.S. News & World Report lists Clarkson as #1 in the nation for graduates with the most internship experience and in the nation's top-12 for its online graduate business programs. Ninety-six percent of Clarkson students place in their field of study or career aspiration in their first year after graduation.
Affordable Colleges Online provides students with information about affordable higher education options. The website offers financial aid videos, advice, and cost savings ideas.
Clarkson University launches leaders into the global economy. One in five alumni already leads as a CEO, VP or equivalent senior executive of a company. Located just outside the Adirondack Park in Potsdam, N.Y., Clarkson is a nationally recognized research university for undergraduates with select graduate programs in signature areas of academic excellence directed toward the world's pressing issues. Through 50 rigorous programs of study in engineering, business, arts, sciences and health sciences, the entire learning-living community spans boundaries across disciplines, nations and cultures to build powers of observation, challenge the status quo, and connect discovery and engineering innovation with enterprise.
Photo caption: Clarkson University's Bertrand H. Snell Hall.
[A photograph for media use is available at http://www.clarkson.edu/news/photos/scenter.jpg .]


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|In stock:
|Item code:
|Buy 10 for £2.45 each and save 12%
A simple corrugated sleeve, which when slid over the cup provides protection against heat radiating from the cup reducing the risk of customers burning their fingers.
Made from quality corrugated cardboard, these coffee clutches will help maintain the temperature of the drink.
These Coffee Cup Clutches/Holders are perfect for anyone offering hot drinks to the public. Designed to fit our takeaway disposable cup range.
Coffee Cup Clutches/Holders give an added sense of quality to a plain paper coffee cup. Coffee Cup Clutches/Holders help keep the heat in the cup where it belongs and not on the drinkers hand. Coffee Cup Clutches/Holders can help maintain the temperature of the coffee making it taste better for longer.


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Dtowers wrote:Scottemojo wrote:Go look up Megatron's rookie numbers. They are pretty low.
Josh Gordon is exactly what Pete tried to get with Jackson and Marshall, though their respective clubs ended up wanting too much. Yes he is one strike from suspension. It is a factor, and would dramatically affect compensation, and any contract he signs would have clauses.
Whether anyone likes him or not, he is the player prototype Pete is looking for, and has been looking for.
Not that I disagree with you, but if this is the case, why didn't the Seahawks put a claim on him in the supp. draft? Yes, he went for a high 2nd, but I don't believe anyone else put a claim in on him.
There was talk at the time that Seattle might put a 2nd or 3rd round claim on him. It didn't matter once the Browns put in their 2nd round claim. It doesn't mean no other teams put claims on him, the Browns just had the highest claim.


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The United Way of the Lowcountry Board of Directors announced gifts and pledges have been received totaling $1,346,684 or 48.2 percent of the organization's 2012 Fall goal of $2.8 million.
Last year, 323 Second Helpings volunteers picked up more than 2.6 million pounds of food and delivered it to more than 70 non-profit agencies and churches throughout Beaufort, Jasper and Hampton counties. United Way of the Lowcountry, locally funded by community gifts, helped keep the Second Helpings trucks feeding those in need.
In the Lowcountry, $1,000 buys 30 days of fuel, insurance and maintenance for a Second Helpings delivery truck to redistribute nutritious food to those in need.
"We are proud to help support Second Helpings through United Way of the Lowcountry," said Peter Post, chairman of the local United Way board. "The work they do is amazing, especially considering the rural nature of our two counties and the challenges of delivering food to all those in need."
Starting in October, volunteer reading tutors began working in eight Lowcountry schools. The goal is to ensure that students are reading at grade level when they enter fourth grade. That goal ties to the long-term goal to reduce dropouts by 50 percent within 10 years in all Beaufort and Jasper County high schools.
"We are well on our way but there's a lot of hard work ahead," Clarece Walker, president of United Way of the Lowcountry said. "To the many who have given, we say 'thank you,' and to those who are ready to help advance the common good across Beaufort and Jasper counties, we are counting on your help."
To learn more about United Way of the Lowcountry and its work to make the community a better place, call 843-982-3040 or go to www.uwlowcountry.org. A secure online payment system is available.


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|Her First Pregnancy
Short review: Her First Pregnancy is a site that deals with a somewhat unusual niche. There aren't many girls who are prepared to strip off and show their beautiful pregnant bodies to the world but this site has found some who are. Unfortunately there aren't enough girls on this site to make it worthwhile.
Content Amount: The members' area on Her First Pregnancy is definitely lacking in content. There are just 24 sets of photos and very few videos. Updates do not appear to be regular and those that are made sometimes include girls who have appeared before.


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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
A few days ago we wrote about the serious escalation in anti-Semitic incidents worldwide in recent years, a fact documented by many, including the US State Department.
To demonstrate just how frequently Jews around the world are being forced to look over their shoulders, we present yet another three serious attacks on Jews over just the past few days.
On Monday, two men reportedly in their 40s assaulted and threatened a 12-year-old Jewish boy waiting at a bus stop in Paris. The men hit the boy repeatedly with a belt and hurled insults at him in Arabic, according to French sources.
A day later, a Hungarian mob burned an Israeli flag in front of a synagogue in Budapest. The inflammatory and threatening act was perpetrated by Hungarian ultra-nationalists.
Whereas during World War II European Jews had primarily to contend with such ultra-nationalists, as the Paris incident reveals, today they are attacked on two sides - on the one by white supremacists and on the other by Europe's burgeoning Muslim population.
But, as we noted in the previous article, the problem is hardly confined to Europe.
Also on Tuesday, a Nazi swastika was found spray-painted in an elevator in a Jewish neighborhood in New York City. Police viewed the incident as part of an ongoing campaign of anti-Jewish vandalism. In the most serious incident to date, police found the following threat spray-painted in a New York subway:
"The world would be much better off if all the Jews were lampshades"
There are unsubstantiated, though not entirely unlikely, claims that the Nazis turned some of their Jewish victims into soap and lampshades.
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Hurricane Protection
How wind can affect your home.
You know that hurricane winds can cause tremendous property loss, but what you may not know is that a large amount of the damage is actually caused by wind-borne debris (such as tree limbs, signs, roof tiles, etc.) and not the wind itself. Debris penetrates windows and doors, allowing the wind to enter a home. This creates forces that the structure of the house is not designed to withstand, often lifting the roof or pushing out the walls and causing them to fail.
Even if the roof and walls remain intact, the rain and water damage from a broken window can be severe, leaving a home uninhabitable and resulting in a total loss of its contents.
Protecting your property, protecting yourself.
Many coastal areas across the country now have building codes requiring wind-borne debris protection in hurricane-prone areas. While builders and architects should be aware of the code requirements, you must protect yourself by ensuring that products used in your home meet code requirements.
Because not all impact-resistant windows or shutters meet code, you should ask to see one of the following test reports for the products being used and verify acceptance with your local building department.
- ASTM E1886 and E1996
- FBC Test Protocols TAS 201 and TAS 203 for shutters
- FBC Test Protocols TAS 201, TAS 202 and TAS 203 for impact-resistant windows
- Miami-Dade County product approval or NOA
The following chart may help you in evaluating the different products available for wind-borne debris protection. These products may also qualify you for homeowner's insurance discounts. Ask your insurance agent for details. It should be noted that window film and masking tape do not meet building code requirements for wind-borne debris protection. Also, many deed-restricted communities regulate when and for how long shutters may remain installed.