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|2003-12-20, 15:48
|Link #1
Inactive Member
Last time I went to the shop that has tons of manga goodies near where I live, I saw this new one out by CLAMP which looked really interesting. The artwork was typically theirs and it seemed like they were going back to some of their usual, older style with more detail. It's called XXX Holic, and apparently, similar to Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicles (has anyone heard of that?) it mixes lots of their characters from different series, but also brings in some new ones. The story is of this sorceress called Yuuko who owns a shop, and a boy comes in there and ends up working for her....
Has anyone heard of it? What do you think? Do you think CLAMP's "remix" mangas will have success? Has anyone read any?
I've read about the first chapter of Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicles, and it's pretty good, though it's a bit odd to see characters you're normally familiar with playing different roles, and sometimes related to different people...
|2003-12-22, 19:05
|Link #2
Shinsengumi's shinobi.
Join Date: Dec 2003
Location: In front of my computer
I remeber reading something about it...the male protagonist looks a lot like Eriol. A friend of mine has the first vol., I think, so I may check it out one of this days.
On the other hand, I haven't been able to read Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicles, so I can't compare. (But I've seen pictures. They looked nice.)
|2003-12-22, 22:39
|Link #3
Senior Member
Join Date: Mar 2003
Location: China
Del Rey, who bought the rights to both series for the U.S., has put up a manga page. There are a couple of blurbs about each of the titles and include expected publication dates.
|2004-10-29, 02:12
|Link #9
now with 20% more ego!
I've only read to Vol.4 so this is as much as I can tell you, the storyline itself hasn't progressed alot, rather, the storyline moves along with small stand-alone arcs, each offering some small clue to the overall story.
I like how CLAMP treats the atmosphere though, relatively dark and gloomy.But, correct me if I'm wrong here, since CLAMP is working on 2 projects at the same time, the xXxHolic volumes churn out pretty slow, compared to Tsubasa.
|2004-10-29, 06:58
|Link #10
Junior Member
Join Date: Oct 2004
Age: 31
xXxHolic is great! hehe....yea, it does have a relatively dark and gloomy atomosphere, but there are humourous parts in it too ....Tsubasa is really good too! I got my fwend hooked on it and now she won't stop bugging me for more....kinda annoying really...lol
Inuzaka: You have up to volume 4?!? I only have up to volume two I want my xXxholic!!! hehe....o well, I'll get it sooner or later....hopefully sooner....haha o well, I guess I'll jus reread the first two volumes....*wanders off*
|2006-05-01, 23:58
|Link #12
Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2004
I´m loving this manga, even more than Tsubasa!
I wish it would be more Yuuko x Watanuki; but it´s kinda obvious it´s more like Doumeki x Watanuki. (Where does Himawari ends in all this?).
Watanuki looks so funny everytime Hiwawari-chan is around; and all the over reactions (read: hate) towars Doumeki.
I´ve read up to Vol.7 and I can´t wait, the pace is so relaxing and tranquil it´s refreshing.
Watanuki made chocolates for Valentine´s day (even tough, as I heard only gilrs are supposed to make them) to give to Himawari-chan (Reversed roles?), but instead Doumeki just went ahead and ate it XD, instead of developing into shonen-ai, Doumeki just shows-off all the chocolates he got from the girls (Cause Watanuki is not popular XD).
|2006-05-04, 15:58
|Link #13
Join Date: Apr 2006
Location: Madrid
Age: 33
I love it as well.It's much better than TRC...though I don't like Watanuki, he's a bit too stupid for my tastes...but Domeki is cool(and I just LOVE their relationship...No way Yuko/Watanuki could work, since she's like a goddess, beautiful, intelligent, powerful...she thinks of him like a kid, even if she teases himXD). Himawari is veeeery plain, I hope they fill her out more as a character. Mokona is brilliant, I like her much more than White Mokona.
I love the plot, and the thing that makes this manga for me is Yuko herself. She's just so interesting, a conflicting mix of many things.
The drawings are very beautiful and gothic and decadent, and actually give off some oriental feeling that manga usually doesn't.
|2006-05-04, 19:29
|Link #14
Sister of the Forks
Join Date: May 2006
I have all of it up to the last one released in the states (6) and I greatly enjoy it and intend to keep getting them. I think it'll be interesting to see where the story goes from here on in terms of Watanuki's spirit problem. And Yuuko is wonderful, just the right mix of sass and intellegence. She's definately one of my favorite female characters at the moment.
|2006-05-05, 03:33
|Link #15
Junior Member
Join Date: May 2006
xxxHolic is GREAT.
The character of the story is itself unique, like Watanuki and Yuuko.
Watanuki being the clueless but skillful chara.
And Yuuko being the chara that know a lot and mysterious.
I especially like Yuuko saying that every event has fate entangled in it.
Every occurence has meaning behind it.
Besides according to me, xxxHolic is kinda the link between most of CLAMP series. and also provide some guidance to it.
And i kinda like CLAMP working both TRC and xxxHolic together, and making some connection between the manga. Must be fun!
btw, according to me, the answer to both TRC and xxxHolic will lay on the connection with Cardcaptor Sakura, what do you think?
|2006-05-05, 06:01
|Link #16
Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2004
I was also thinking about the connection to CCS, I think there´s only one Clow Reed.
They said in Tsubasa that in different worlds you may find sometimes the same person but with different circumstances; maybe the world of CCS is just another world to where they could link.
At first I tought that the xxx HOLiC world and the CCS world were the same because of the replica of Sakura´s staff that Yuuko has
But maybe the original world of CCS is just out there.
Yuuko said that her store is there and also isn´t there, so maybe there´s only 1 Yuuko and only 1 Clow.
Anyway, I didn´t know there were over 100 Ch. I´ve been stuck at 48.
They must reveal more about Himawari-chan!! (And more airtime of the Kudakitsune).
|2006-05-05, 09:23
|Link #17
Sister of the Forks
Join Date: May 2006
|2006-05-05, 21:17
|Link #19
Sister of the Forks
Join Date: May 2006
|2006-05-06, 16:11
|Link #20
Junior Member
Join Date: May 2006
Yeah, here in Germany i bought it too!^^ I love it so much!!!!!!! >///< It's so full of mystery and secrets!!! Especially people doesn't know much about Yuko, not even her real name. Or know anyone there her real name???? o.O? How much manga were published at your place? Here there are six volume published.
anata no Kurai
|fantasy, seinen
|Thread Tools


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Judas Priest's 'Screaming for Vengeance' Turns 30
Judas Priest's best-selling and highly influential album 'Screaming for Vengeance' — best known for the breakthrough hit 'You've Got Another Thing Comin" — turns 30 years old today (July 17).
In addition to that enduring anthem, the album is notable as one of the most cohesive collections in the band's career, and the point where they best blended heaviness and catchiness.
From the sleek double-time chug of opener 'Electric Eye' to the even more frantic 'Riding on the Wind' and the somehow yearning 'Bloodstone,' all the way to the steadily unfolding and unbearably sing-able album-closer 'Devil's Child' ("I beleeeeeeeeeeeeeve you're the Devil…"), there's never a second to be bored.
As AllMusic notes quite smartly, "The results were catchy and accessible, yet harder-hitting, and without the awkwardly apparent calculation that informed the weakest moments of the album's two predecessors."
The band's recently-retired guitarist, K.K. Downing, has shared his memories on the creation of this landmark record with a blog post on his official website, stating in part that he feels the album connected so well because it "has an undeniable completeness about it. By that I mean a good and varied selection of songs, a cool cover and an overall uplifting feel that was perfect for the time when it was released."
That seems like a complicated way of saying something totally rocks but hey, sure, whatever — sounds good to us! The album obviously continues to resonate in modern culture. 'You've Got Another Thing Comin" returned to the mainstream via the almighty "electric eye" of television in a surprising way two years ago, as the soundtrack to a surprisingly cool mini-van commercial — and people must like it, the darn thing is still airing as of a few weeks ago!
Watch Judas Priest Perform 'You've Got Another Thing Comin"

subset: commoncrawl


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District 27 and Lincoln Junior High name three
and one honorary alumni for 2014
Album 3
on photos below to enlarge.]
[April 07, 2014]
Send a link to a friend
After the Honored Alumni were
named, Keith Leesman was brought to the podium. His job was to
introduce the people who would in turn introduce the three Most
Distinguished Alumni for this year.
Pictures by Nila Smith
Keith Leesman brings up Bill Bates to
introduce the first inductee.
Ron speaks briefly to the audience on behalf
of his son.
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Recycled Content Countertops
If you are looking into a kitchen remodel, there are many companies that specialize in or have recycled content options. Gaining in popularity in recent years, you can now find countertops that suit any taste. Here we take a look at ten U.S. companies making a difference in the world of eco friendly recycled content products that strive to make healthy, beautiful home countertops.
Recycled content countertops are generally separated into two groups: those made from paper or wood and those made from glass. If you go for paper/wood, look for products that are FSC certified. No matter what materials you decide on, make sure it has low or no VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) usage as exposure to VOCs is not healthy.
1 IceStone, Sage Pearl Recycled Content Countertop by IceStone: Brooklyn based IceStone aims to produce the healthiest possible product for people and for the planet. Not only are their countertops made from 100% recycled glass and cement, but the company itself is eco friendly in all areas of its operation. IceStone products have received the Technical Nutrient certification by MBDC's Cradle to Cradle™ for their "human and ecological health characterization as well as reutilization potential."
2 Paper Stone, Sustainable Composite Surfaces: Paperstone prides itself on their "countertops with a conscience" made from 100% FSC certified post-consumer recycled paper that has been saturated with PetroFree™ phenolic resins and selected natural pigments. The company also works with the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System©, "a voluntary standard for developing environmentally responsible, low emission, high performance, sustainable buildings."
3 Gilasi, Recycled Glass Countertops: Gilasi is a Chicago based company that has partnered with the City of Chicago's Waste to Profit Network to recover and recycle glass destined for local landfills. Their countertops are composed of 85% recycled materials, most of which is glass that cannot be recycled using traditional methods.
4 Glass Recycled, Recycled Glass Countertops: Made by combining glass with epoxy resin rather than the traditional cement, Glass Recycled can custom make virtually any color for a lighter, less bulky countertop.
5 Richlite, Recycled Paper Countertops: Recycled content countertops by Richlite are produced in Washington and aim to create natural looking products with minimum impact to the environment. Their products "contribute to LEED building certification guidelines for third-party certified rapidly renewable, recycled content, regional, and low-emitting materials."
6 Recycle Top, Recycled Paper Countertop by KlipTech: Recycle Top from KlipTech is a 100% post consumer recycled paper fiber product solidified with a unique resin made of corn and cashew nut.
7 Eco Top, Recycled Content Countertop by KlipTech: Also by KlipTech, the Eco Top is made from clear 100% water based resin formula, allowing for a more diverse range of colors from pure white to UV stable Jet Black.
8 Fuez, Sustainable Surfaces: Fuez is made from 100% curbside recycled glass and cement. Not only are the products eco friendly, but production is as well. Recycled water is used in the production to reduce intake by 50% and electricity is generated by 100% wind power.
9 Squak Mountain Store, Recycled Content Countertops: Recycled paper, recycled glass, and low-carbon cement are hand-cast to create a unique fibrous-cement material resembling soapstone or limestone. This small business out of Seattle uses all local materials.
10 Trinity, Recycled Glass Countertops: Trinity is the sister company of Squak Mountain Stone and produces quality recycled glass countertops with the same environmentally friendly and community based values.
(Images: As linked)


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Police wedding cake topper
You will have a fully custom hand make sculpture look like you FROM HEAD TO TOE.
Here is the photos I need:
1,photo of the bride and groom.
2,photo of the clothing.
3,photo of the pose.
4,photo of the backgrond (if needed)
If your photos are good to move on, we will start making the figurines, I will send you photos step by step during making, you can make modify if needed till you are happy with it.
Note: Confirming the color before start is very IMPORTANT!!! We dont paint on the figruines, if you want to change the color, that means the whole things have to redo.That will be an extra cost for this.
© 2017 Mycaketoppers Copyright


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A hinged mechanism allows you to pull this table top up and towards you for convenient surface storage space or a simple workspace.
This table features small casters or wheels that allow you to easily move the table around to your desired location. Make room to exercise in front of your television or create extra play space for children by easily moving the table out of the way and putting it back when you're finished. With reclining furniture it allows space to recline when you need it. If you frequently snack or dine in your living room, set your food and drink on the table and pull it closer to you to reduce spills. Make the most of your living space by taking advantage of this item's easy mobility.
Made with mango veneers and select hardwood solids in a medium rustic finish, this cocktail table offers a thick bread board like top with solid wood edges and chisel gouged details for distressed, rustic character. Framed panels add significant architectural appeal. The larger section of the table top lifts, while the smaller section of the table top opens on a side hinge to access storage space inside. Caster wheels make this cocktail table ideal for use with reclining furniture.
The Tamonie Rustic Trunk Style Rectangular Lift Top Cocktail Table with Storage and Casters by Signature Design by Ashley at Sam Levitz Furniture in the Tucson, Oro Valley, Marana, Vail, and Green Valley, AZ area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
Rustic mango veneers in a medium brown finish over vintage casual design style to this accent table collection. Each piece has its own charm and functionality for your living and entertaining space. The trunk style cocktail table offers a lift top, concealed storage and casters at its base. Additional items available include the square end table with an open shelf and drawer as well as a chair side table with a wire mesh door with shelving inside.
The Tamonie collection is a great option if you are looking for Relaxed Vintage
Casual furniture in the Tucson, Oro Valley, Marana, Vail, and Green Valley, AZ area.
These images are representative of this group as a whole and may differ from this item.
Browse other items in the Tamonie collection from Sam Levitz Furniture in the Tucson, Oro Valley, Marana, Vail, and Green Valley, AZ area.
This item has been tagged as: Living Room Furniture, Accent Furniture, Occasional Furniture, Cabinet, Cabinet Tables, Storage Tables, Small Storage Cabinet, Chairside Cabinet, Short Cabinet, Accent Cabinet, Commode, Cocktail Tables, Lift – Top Cocktail Table, Storage Table, Cocktail Coffee Table, Cocktail Table with Storage, Coffee Table, Lift – Top Coffee Table, Coffee Table with Storage, Couch Table, Magazine Storage, Sitting Room Tables, End Table, Chairside Table, Coffee and End Tables, Furniture End Tables, Accent Table, Lamp Table, Pedestal Table, Hall Tree, Storage Hall Tree, Hall Tree with Storage, Coat Rack, Hall Tree Coat Rack, Entry Hall Tree, Hat Rack, Hall Trees with Benches, Bench and Hall Tree, Clothes Tree, Hall Tree Furniture, Entry Furniture, Foyer Furniture, Sofa Table, Furniture Sofa Table, Console Table, Sofa Console Tables, Sofa End Table, Secretary Desk, Table Desk, Wine Rack, Wine Glass Rack, Wine Storage, Wine Bottle Storage, Wine Storage Rack, Wine Bottle Rack, Cabinet Wine Rack, Wine Glass Storage, Wine Storage Cabinet, Larder, Kitchen Storage, Dining Room Storage, Occasional Tables
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


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As temperatures rise, so are the concerns of Southland firefighters as they braced Friday for heat-related injuries, wildfires and swift-water rescues in San Bernardino, Riverside and Los Angeles counties this Labor Day weekend.
A day after flash floods and heavy afternoon winds stranded motorists in Riverside and toppled trees in San Bernardino County, first responders were putting out the word: Be extra careful. If it's not the flash floods that could wreak havoc, it will be the dryness, expected later in the weekend.
Friday brought more reasons for concern, as temperatures hovered in the mid-90s, and the humidity made it feel even warmer.
The National Weather Service said flash flooding occurred in the Forest Falls area in the San Bernardino Mountains, including Mill Creek, Prospect Creek and Clarks Creek. That came a day after heavy rains and winds stranded motorists and toppled trees in Riverside. San Bernardino County fire responders in Needles rescued a trapped driver after a flash flood swept his pickup off the 40 Freeway.
"It is never safe to cross roads covered by water," San Bernardino County Fire Department spokesman Eric Sherwin said. "Flowing water can undermine roadways and/or hide debris that can trap vehicles. Roads and intersections that are well known to local residents can deteriorate rapidly under the influence of moving water and become fatally dangerous."
Forecasters predicted Southland temperatures would hover around 80 in Los Angeles on Sunday, with mostly sunny skies. Inland, the chance of rain increases in some areas, with highs getting closer to 90 in San Bernardino.
But: "High humidity and extreme heat should diminish as the weekend progresses," AccuWeather meteorologist Ken Clark said. "By Monday it should feel much drier than it has been."
Sunday the weather is expected to return to normal, according to Clark, but he couldn't guarantee a monsoonal front wouldn't appear.
"Most of the severe weather activity will happen in Riverside and San Bernardino counties Friday and Saturday," he said. "It's expected to be exceptionally humid from the very tropical air mass, which moved up from Mexico."
Late Friday afternoon, Cal Fire reported flooding in the area of the Silent Valley RV Park and the Poppet Flats area of Banning. Earlier this month, the area was affected by the Silver Fire, which burned more than 20, 200 acres.
The California Highway Patrol reported Highway 243 at Twin Pines Road south of Banning was closed Friday afternoon due to flooding.
The recent rains have hampered efforts to repair roadway damage by last weekend's storm, authorities said.
Repairs began on the Needles Highway, which runs from the 40 Freeway to Laughlin, Nev., after a portion of the road was washed away as a result of rain and flooding, said Brendon Biggs, deputy director of operations with the San Bernardino County Department of Public Works.
As more rain passes through, soil that had been moved in preparation for repairing the road has been washed away, Biggs said.
"We keep getting hit," he said.
On Friday, Biggs said the estimate for reopening the road was by Sept. 20.
With drier weather expected, Cal Fire officials urged residents to be extra careful over the long weekend.
"All summer long the potential for wildfires has been much higher than normal, and this weekend is no different," said Chief Ken Pimlott, director of Cal Fire, in a statement.
Predicted extreme weather conditions had fire agencies raising staffing numbers and keeping a close eye on areas that are considered fuel rich for fires.
Lancaster and Palmdale, as well as areas of Diamond Bar and Pomona, are closely being watched because of dry vegetation, L.A. County fire Inspector Keith Mora said.
The U.S. Forest Service closed public areas of the popular Cucamonga Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains because of volatile fuels that could feed a wildfire.
"The closure will remain in effect until we have a significant change in the fire danger," said Forest Service spokesman John Miller. "Historically, October is the absolute peak of the fire season and September is also a dangerous month."
Miller said the only other recent U.S. Forest Service closures in the region were related to the Mountain and Silver fire areas in the San Jacinto Ranger District in Riverside County.
The forecast of severe weather by the National Weather Service, including flash flooding and lightening strikes, is what prompted Southern California Edison to add staff Friday to respond to outages.
Precautionary measures have been taken because of the high day and evening temperatures and unstable weather forecast through the weekend in the Inland Empire and High Desert regions, Edison said in a statement.
Staff writers Monica Rodriguez and Neil Nisperos contributed to this report.


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On October 29 2007, Tombaughs Pits wrote:There is an UKC conformation show in January its at schiller Park Illinois....was just wondering if anyone was going to be at that show? I was hoping to make some show's before January but I'm not seeing any shows listed close enough. Drove to Ohio once and it bored me to death driving that far
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At the recent Cake and Bake Show at Earls Court, I purchased a bottle of Lorann's red velvet bakery emulsion. I've always liked the look of red velvet cakes but was totally turned off by the amount of food colouring they require (I've seen recipes requiring 50 or even 60ml of colouring – yuck!)...and I could always taste it in the finished cake. This product claimed to produce the required colour with only a single tablespoon.
I find my tastes change over time, so it's important to revisit things I haven't liked in the past. Cream cheese frosting is a good example – although I've always loved cheesecake, oddly, cream cheese frosting left me cold. I revisited it recently and enjoyed it...so here it is again! My eatership (male, except for me) all said – independently of each other – how much they preferred this frosting to buttercream. I think it's because it is less sugary and has a sharp tang. That said, I have the sweetest tooth in the world and I liked it too!
I think my cakes are red enough to look like a red velvet but without looking radioactive. The sponge with a light cocoa flavour was nice and worked well with the creamy, tangy frosting.
The cake will also work made in two thicker layers but there is something so pretty about a three layer cake when cut into slices – maybe it's the more even distribution of sponge and frosting?
For the sponges:
120g unsalted butter, at room temperature
300g golden caster sugar
2 eggs
300g plain flour
20g cocoa powder
230g buttermilk
1 tsp vanilla extract
1 tablespoon Lorann red velvet emulsion – or your preferred red colouring
1 tablespoon white wine vinegar
1 teaspoon bicarbonate of soda
300g golden caster sugar
2 eggs
300g plain flour
20g cocoa powder
230g buttermilk
1 tsp vanilla extract
1 tablespoon Lorann red velvet emulsion – or your preferred red colouring
1 tablespoon white wine vinegar
1 teaspoon bicarbonate of soda
For the frosting:
180g unsalted butter, at room temperature
150g icing sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
450g cream cheese – I used Philadelphia
150g icing sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
450g cream cheese – I used Philadelphia
Preheat the oven to 190°C/fan oven 170°C /375°F/Gas mark 5.
Line three 20cm loose bottomed sandwich tins with baking paper. If you don't have three you can either bake in batches, or use a 20cm round springform tin as the third tin.
Beat together the butter and caster sugar until really smooth and slightly whipped – it won't go really light and fluffy because of the ratios involved.
Beat in the eggs one at a time.
Weigh out the flour and cocoa and beat a third into the batter.
Beat in half the buttermilk, followed by a further third of the flour/cocoa.
Repeat so that all the flour, cocoa and buttermilk is incorporated.
Beat in the vanilla and red velvet emulsion.
In a small bowl, mix together the vinegar and bicarbonate of soda, which will fizz rather dramatically, and add to the batter.
Spoon the batter into the three cake tins – you can weigh them if you want them to be identical, but I did it by eye.
Bake for 20-25 minutes or until a skewer inserted into the sponges comes out clean. Mine took 23 minutes.
Leave the cakes to cool in the tin for 10 minutes, then turn out on to a wire rack, remove the paper and leave to cool.
Now make the frosting: beat together the butter and icing sugar in a large mixing bowl (I used my kitchenaid).
Beat in the vanilla extract.
Beat in the cream cheese, adding it a spoonful at a time, until your frosting is smooth and well combined.
Use just under half the frosting to sandwich together the three layers of sponge.
Use the 'bigger half' of the frosting to cover the top and sides.
Refrigerate until you wish to serve, ideally removing from the fridge about 30 minutes beforehand.
Bask in the glory of the wonderful thing you have created.


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Inquiry Question
and the George W. Watkins School:
From Freedom of Choice to Integration--
Supplementary Resources
By studying New Kent School and the George W. Watkins School: From Freedom of Choice to Integration students learn about the U.S. Supreme Court case that forced the integration of public schools and meet the individuals that experienced segregation, fought to dismantle the institution, and integrated the public school system of New Kent County, Virginia. Those interested in learning more will find that the Internet offers a variety of interesting materials.
Touro Law Center: Supreme Court Cases
University of Virginia: Civil Rights in U.S. and Virginia History
Virginia Commonwealth University: Photographs of Black and White Schools, Prince Edward County, Virginia--1961-1963
National Park Service
The National Register of Historic Places' on-line travel itinerary, We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement provides information on many places (in states across the U.S.) listed in the National Register for their association with the modern civil rights movement, including both the George W. Watkins School and the New Kent School.
Desegregation in Public Education in the U.S.
PBS: The American Experience--Stand Up for Your Rights
Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute
The Brown Quarterly Newsletter for Classroom Teachers
Library of Congress


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Concrete Repair in Aurora
If you are in need of concrete repair in Aurora, then allow us to offer you our services.
We can help you with all your concrete repair needs.
- Concrete Repair
- Concrete Patching
- Concrete Lifting
- Concrete Leveling
- Concrete Grinding
- Concrete Resurfacing
- Residential and Commercial Service
Please use our contact form and describe your concrete repair needs. Our repair contractors will get back to you fast.


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Welcome to Rockwood Tap House Restaurant
A new casual-themed restaurant serving Downers Grove and surrounding communities of Oak Brook, Westmont, Clarendon Hills, Hinsdale, Lisle, Woodridge, Naperville, and Chicago's western suburbs.
Rockwood Tap House is tastefully designed with beautiful wood, natural cut stone, cozy booths and warm fireplaces. We offer a full, flavorful menu of prime rib, gourmet burgers, cedar planked salmon, fall-off-the-bone BBQ ribs, slow-roasted pulled pork sandwiches, fresh cut fries and a variety of fresh salads.
Independently owned and operated, Rockwood Tap House believes in cooking with only the freshest ingredients. We have a large selection of draft beer — thirty-two varieties to be exact — all served at an unbelievable frosty cold 32 degrees!
So if youre looking for a dining spot that offers great food and service at a very reasonable price, please stop by. Rockwood tap house is sure to be a favorite, for a business lunch, an after work get-together, a hearty dinner or a late night snack.
Rockwood Tap House has banquet rooms to accommodate 20 to 200. Choose from 5 different private dining rooms. Menu options vary from plated, family style or buffet. And, of course, we cater for corporate and family functions.
Rockwood Tap House exceeding your expectations with every bite! Quenching your thirst for excellence with every sip!


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Expression Privé Inspired by the Armani Privé Spring 2015 Couture collection launched on the 28th of January, which employed predominantly nature as its stimulus; I questioned my understanding of fashion which prompted me to explore the crux of fashion and … Continue reading
Tag Archives: fashion
Personal Style Feature: The Lil Neon Dress
"Before you leave the house, look in the mirror and remove one accessory." -Coco Chanel I have only recently taken heed to this fashionably-celebrated idea of Coco Chanel. While in my teen years I remember over-accesorising to compensate for my insecurities. … Continue reading
Personal Style Feature: Gold- The New Black
The more I distance myself from black as a staple, the more I realise that there is an abundance of unexplored territory when it comes to neutrals; like when I converted to pescetarianism and discovered a world beyond meat. My … Continue reading
Special Feature: Golden Globes Fashion 2014
Film award season and fashion go hand-in-hand and the 2014 Golden Globes gave us a chance to see Hollywood's finest (and not-so) on the red carpet. With opinions on the couture of the women of Hollywood saturating fashion portals worldwide, … Continue reading
Personal Style Feature: Blacks and Blues
Being back in Sydney for a short trip gave me the opportunity to capture some moments from Sydney Festival at Hyde Park. A bit dressed-up because I was heading out with friends after! For someone who takes their fashion quite … Continue reading
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Recently, I participated in the Femina Style Dive Bangalore contest. It gave us the opportunity to showcase our styling skills on a daily basis! I wish I had taken more pics from other days but the schedule was pretty hectic! I'm really … Continue reading
Special Feature: New Year's Eve Swag
New Year's Eve (NYE), in my opinion, is the most exciting night in terms of styling and fashion. No outfit is too eccentric or over-the-top. Whether you're staying home or heading to the most happening gig in town, you have … Continue reading
Special Feature: Christmas Wishes
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Volume 6 Number 38 September 18, 2009
Dear Floridian:
When I came to Tallahassee, I pledged to bring my experience as a business leader to change the way state government is run – making it smarter, leaner, and more accountable -- and this week I had the opportunity to show this businesslike approach in action!
At Tuesday's Cabinet meeting, I was pleased to join my fellow State Board of Administration trustees in reviewing a new report that looks at best practices for oversight of the pension fund that our police officers, teachers and state employees depend on for retirement. This spring, I proposed studying how other states and the private sector oversee their pension funds, and after even a quick review of this report I saw some obvious reforms that I am hopeful we can move forward with to provide better accountability and transparency in the oversight of the SBA.
I also was part of a Government Cost Savings Task Force put together by Florida TaxWatch, where we discussed innovative ideas to cut waste that could be adapted from private sector successes.
Finally on Thursday, I had the opportunity to celebrate our state's strong Hispanic-owned small businesses as we kicked off Hispanic Heritage Month at a Hispanic Business Initiative Fund lunch.
Alex Sink
State of Florida
Florida CFO Alex Sink offered initial thoughts and recommendations Tuesday morning following the report presentation of the SBA's Governance Research Project. The study was a result of one initiative proposed by CFO Sink to bring a more modern, businesslike approach to the oversight and management of the SBA.
"As one of the SBA's three trustees, and the only current trustee with prior business experience, I have long argued that it requires more than three elected officials meeting twice-a-month for fifteen minutes to oversee a $100-billion fund that our police officers, teachers and other state employees depend on for a secure retirement," said CFO Sink. "I am eager for all the Trustees to review this study in-depth and consider reforms that provide better oversight and accountability over the actions of the SBA."
The study of best practices by other state pension funds and private sector investment professionals was conducted by a working group comprised of Trustee and SBA staff and presented to the SBA Board of Trustees today by CFO Sink's Chief of Staff Jim Cassady. CFO Sink asked that the Trustees consider reforms based on this report and discuss recommendations during the next Cabinet meeting, scheduled for September 29.
CFO Sink offered her initial reaction to the report from the SBA Governance Research Project, detailed below:
At the May 13, 2009 Cabinet meeting, CFO Sink passed a motion initiating quarterly board meetings, the first of which was held on September 1, and a motion requiring each SBA trustee to appoint a staff member to an ad hoc workgroup charged with researching governance structure models and identifying best practices.
In March 2008, CFO Sink released ten specific recommendations designed to toughen the SBA's financial safeguards, increase transparency in SBA communications and strengthen board oversight.
CFO Alex Sink joined the Central Florida Hispanic Business Initiative Fund to recognize graduates of HBIF's small business scholarship and mentoring program at the 14th annual HBIF Success Stories Luncheon. The awards went to Juan Chirinos, owner of Rinse Cleaners, Luis Restrepo, owner of Professional Shoe Repair and Martha and Tony Santoni, owners of International Builders.
"You are the men and women who help keep the engine of our economy turning," said Sink. "The economic foundation of our great state has depended on people just like you and always will. People like you who came to Florida with the dream of entrepreneurship, with the spirit and courage to build a business that expresses their passion and to build a life in our beautiful state. I congratulate you, and I thank you."
As keynote speaker, CFO Sink told the more than 500 people in attendance that the Success Stories luncheon was a perfect way to kick off Hispanic Heritage Month 2009, celebrating the accomplishments of their members and clients.
"The richness and diversity of our state is owed in great part to the cultural influence of Florida's many Hispanic communities," said Sink. "This month is an important time to recognize the contributions of our Hispanic citizens to so many areas of our lives including business, science, the arts and education."
Florida is often measured against similar size states like California, Texas, and New York. In one particular measure, the category of successful Hispanic businesses, Florida continues to show positive growth. Hispanic Business Magazine's 2009 list of the 100 fastest growing companies in the U.S. showed that for the first time Florida moved ahead of California with 17 percent of the companies listed headquartered in Florida.
"Hispanic-owned companies have fared better in this recession than many of their counterparts and are continuing to post major gains in revenue," Sink said. "Florida's Hispanic businesses are vital to creating and bringing new jobs to our state. Together we will rebuild a stronger, more diverse economy for Florida."
CFO Alex Sink joined members of the Florida TaxWatch Government Cost Savings Task Force, chaired by David A. Smith, chairman, president, and CEO of PSS World Medical on Wednesday in Orlando. The 30-plus-member Task Force has been formed to improve efficiency and increase innovation in state government and save money. The group's goal is to provide immediately actionable recommendations to the Florida Legislature in January that could save the state as much as $4 billion.
CFO Sink shared at the meeting how she has applied her more than 26 years of business experience to saving money saving and improving efficiency within her Department of Financial Services resulting in more than $5 million dollars in projected savings and improved service to Florida's taxpayers in 2009 alone.
The weakened economy and resulting fiscal crisis have presented state and local governments and Florida's taxpayers with challenges not known or experienced in the lifetime of most Floridians. The Task Force is designed to turn these challenges into opportunities to change the operation of Florida's government in ways that will benefit Florida for years to come. Led by Dominic Calabro, president of Florida TaxWatch, Task Force members including CFO Sink are exploring money saving options in the operation of state government that will maximize tax dollars and better serve Floridians. The group is focusing its collective business expertise on operation and administration not policies and priorities.
The development of high speed rail and intercity rail in Florida will catalyze the development of strong regional and local rail, reduce congestion and air pollution and will promote better growth management. Federal funding of Florida's Tampa-Orlando-Miami high speed rail and Jacksonville to Miami inter-city rail applications would meet the goals and objectives of President Obama and the U.S. Congress, providing greater funding equity to Florida, creating jobs and laying a new foundation for economic prosperity.
The Governor and Cabinet of the State of Florida support and urge President Obama, U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood and Federal Railroad Administrator Joseph C. Szabo to fully fund Florida's applications.
The Governor and Cabinet urge that members of Florida's Congressional delegation support Florida's high speed and inter-city rail applications and request that the Florida Legislature enthusiastically support the applications by taking steps to maximize Florida's ability to qualify for these federal funds.
Ed Turanchik, President, ConnectUs, speaks at the Cabinet meeting.
Read the Resolution in full.
The Division of Workers' Compensation has published its 2009 Annual Report. The spotlight of this year's report is on data collection processes, but more importantly focuses on how the Division in turn uses that data to benefit the workers' compensation system. It also provides specific information on how the data are made accessible and transparent to stakeholders and policymakers.
The report discusses new programs and processes implemented to enhance the self-execution of the Workers' Compensation System and to assist injured workers, employers, health care providers and insurers in complying with their statutory obligations. Please click on the following link to access the report: http://www.myfloridacfo.com/WC/pdf/annualreport2009.pdf.
Florida CFO and State Fire Marshal Alex Sink this week announced that volunteer firefighters from throughout the state will gather this weekend at Northwest Florida State College in Niceville for the 4th Annual Florida Volunteer Firefighter Weekend. Over 200 pre-registered volunteers are signed up for the event, which is provided to help dedicated volunteer firefighters better prepare themselves and their neighborhoods when fighting fires.
"There are thousands of volunteer firefighters in Florida who selflessly dedicate their time and services to protect their communities, and it's imperative that they are provided with training in the newest techniques and also that they have access to refresher courses," said CFO Sink. "I commend the volunteers and instructors who are participating in this weekend's training for their honorable service to Floridians."
The 4th Annual Volunteer Firefighter Training Weekend begins on Friday, September 18 and continues through Sunday, September 20. Participants in this weekend's training will receive updates on firefighting including investigative techniques that deal with potential manmade and natural disasters. The courses will consist of hands-on and classroom training, including vehicle extrication, incident management and handling a "mayday" situation. For more information on the annual training, please visit the event web site: www.nwflvolunteerffweekend.com.
This free training is made available through the cooperation of local fire departments, the Florida State Fire Marshal and the Florida Fire and Emergency Services Foundation.
The State Board of Administration (SBA) Board of Trustees, comprising Florida CFO Alex Sink, Governor Charlie Crist and Attorney General Bill McCollum, on Tuesday approved David J. Grain as the newest member to serve on the SBA's Investment Advisory Council. CFO Sink nominated Grain for the position because of his previous business and board experience, and his appointment was approved at Tuesday's Cabinet meeting.
"Given his extensive experience, I am confident that David Grain will provide strong oversight and accountability of the operations of the State Board of Administration," said CFO Sink. "David's background in business and his service with both private enterprises and a public pension fund give him the tools needed to protect Floridians' investments."
"I am honored by my appointment to the State Board of Administration's Investment Advisory Council and thank CFO Sink and the Trustees for this opportunity," said David Grain. "I look forward to applying my extensive and diverse experience to best serve the people of Florida."
Grain is the Founder and CEO of Grain Communications Group, Inc (GCGI) which owns and operates wireless communications infrastructure throughout the United States. GCGI is also a certified Minority Business Enterprise based in Sarasota, FL. Prior to forming GCGI, Grain served as President of Global Signal Inc. from its emergence from bankruptcy through its operational turnaround. Grain also worked as Senior Vice President of AT&T Broadband's New England Region, and for more than a decade in the financial services industry.
Grain was previously appointed to the Massachusetts Pension Reserves Investment Management (PRIM) Board in 2001 and served as Chairman of PRIM's Investment Committee until 2005. Massachusetts' PRIM board functions in a similar capacity to Florida's Investment Advisory Council in its oversight of a pooled investment fund established to invest the assets of the Massachusetts State Teachers' and Employees' Retirement Systems.
The State Board of Administration's Investment Advisory Council provides independent oversight of the SBA's funds and major investments, including the Florida Retirement System and the Hurricane Catastrophe Fund. The council meets quarterly, and members are appointed for 4-year terms pursuant to Section 215.444(2), Florida Statutes.
Florida CFO Alex Sink is asking Floridians to join her in recognizing September 15 - October 15 as Hispanic Heritage Month 2009.
"Florida has been particularly blessed throughout its history with the richness and diversity of the many Hispanic communities and cultures in our state. Our state is stronger and more economically vibrant because of the multicultural influences of Hispanic Floridians.
"From business and science to the arts and education, the contributions of the Hispanic residents of our state are vast and noteworthy. Also, Hispanic communities and Florida's many strong Hispanic-owned businesses will be instrumental in fostering job growth and encouraging a more innovative economy as we look to build a successful future for Florida.
"That's why I join all Floridians in celebrating the presence, influence and contributions of Florida's diverse and vibrant Hispanic communities by recognizing Hispanic Heritage Month."
The Financial Planning Association of Florida is the membership organization for the financial planning community, representing 1,700 members dedicated to supporting the financial planning process as a way to help Floridians achieve their goals. The Governor and Cabinet of the State of Florida recognize October 5 through 11, 2009, as Financial Planning Week to remind Florida's citizens of the importance of financial planning to assist in making prudent financial decisions.
Shown: Charlie Fitzgerald, Director for Government Relations, Florida Planning Association of Florida, and Claudia Sachs, Secretary for the Financial Planning Association of Florida.
By becoming aware of the value of financial planning, including tax, estate, investment, risk and retirement planning, citizens will have the tools necessary to increase their financial literacy and learn to apply the financial planning process to their personal situations.
The State of Florida, through the Legislature and the Chief Financial Officer, have created a Financial Literacy Council designed to study the financial barriers for Floridians of all ages and encourages prudent financial planning as a means to overcome these barriers.
Read the Resolution in full.
Florida CFO and State Fire Marshal Alex Sink on Tuesday announced the arrest of a Gadsden County resident who allegedly set two fires to a Midway residence while occupants were inside. The arrest stems from a joint investigation by CFO Sink's Bureau of Fire and Arson Investigations and the Gadsden County Sheriff's Office. Christopher Knight, 25, has been charged with multiple counts of arson and attempted murder. Knight was arrested yesterday and booked into the Leon County Jail; if convicted, he could be sentenced to life in prison.
"Arson is a serious crime that puts innocent citizens and rescue personnel at great risk, and this particular arrest shows just how destructive arson can be," said State Fire Marshal Sink. "I commend the SFM detectives, who have diligently worked this case and were able to take a violent criminal off the streets."
Knight allegedly set fire to a home in Midway on September 9, 2009, that was determined to be arson after the State Fire Marshal's Office discovered ignitable liquid surrounding the home, including the front and back doors. At the time of the fire there was one occupant inside who was able to exit the home without harm. According to witnesses, Knight started the fire after he had an argument with one of the residents.
Law enforcement officials completed the fire scene, cleared the dwelling and were attempting to locate Knight when a second fire at the same Midway residence occurred. This time, four occupants were present at the home; the fire was set in an isolated area outside one of the home's windows. After the second fire, Knight fled from Midway to Tallahassee, where he was picked up by State Fire Marshal investigators and transported to the Leon County Jail.
The Bureau of Fire and Arson Investigations is a law enforcement branch of the Division of State Fire Marshal that assists other state and local fire and law enforcement agencies in the investigation of fires of suspicious origin. Anyone with information about arson or any suspicious incident of fire is asked to call 1-877-662-7766 (1-877-NO-ARSON). Rewards are offered for information leading to an arrest and conviction.
First-time homebuyers may be able to take advantage of a tax credit for a home purchased in 2009. But they must act quickly.
Qualifying taxpayers who buy a home before Dec. 1 this year can get up to $8,000 or $4,000 for married filing separately. For a newly constructed home, the purchase date is the first date the taxpayer occupies the home. A revised version of Form 5405, First-Time Homebuyer Credit, is posted on www.IRS.gov. The revised form incorporates the changes for 2009.
More details are available on www.IRS.gov. Updates are posted as additional information becomes available, so review the web site often for the latest information.
You have completed your back-to-school shopping and have your tailgate supplies, but are you prepared for a natural disaster?
Join us for a Disaster Preparation workshop to make sure you and your family are ready for a hurricane or other natural disaster.
Tuesday, September 22: Hurricane Preparedness for Renters
Azalea Ridge, 8151 Alderman Road, Jacksonville - 6:00 p.m.
Thursday, September 24: Disaster Preparation Workshop
Lakeside Community Center, 1999 City Center Circle, Port Orange - 9:00 a.m.
Thursday, September 24: Hurricane Preparedness for Renters
Lindsey Terrace, 6455 Argyle Forest Blvd., Jacksonville - 6:00 p.m.
Saturday, September 26: Hurricane Preparedness and Recovery
Selby Library, 1331 First St., Sarasota - 10:00 a.m.
Monday, September 28: Hurricane Preparedness Event for Seniors
Mayo Senior Center, 114 Community Circle, Mayo - 11:00 a.m.
For a calendar of events, visit the Consumer Services Calendar of Consumer Outreach Programs located on the Department web site. If you would like to arrange for a presentation to a group or club, please contact the Consumer Helpline at (850) 413-3089.
If you are like most people, your mail-box is constantly full of life insurance offers aimed at helping you ensure your loved ones are taken care of in the event of your death.
Consumers should consider the most cost-efficient option to best serve their financial situation and the needs of their family. Here are some options and the coverage they provide:
Opinions vary on these options, but the most important determining factor is what does your family need. Shop around; compare policy types and prices, and always Verify Before You Buy.
For insurance-related information and resources, visit the department's Insurance Library.
Essentially, the amount you'll get at your full retirement age is based on your average lifetime earnings, adjusted for rising wage levels over the years. The average monthly Social Security benefit for a retired worker is about $1,153 in 2009. The maximum amount for 2009 for a person retiring at full retirement age (66) is $2,323.
Depending on when you were born, your full retirement age varies between 65 and 67. If you take your payments earlier than your full retirement age (62 is the earliest), the payment will be reduced. Wait till you are older, and the payment will be higher. Most people take Social Security before full retirement age. But it often pays to wait. Just in terms of benefits accrued, if you have an average life expectancy or better, you'd probably come out ahead waiting for a larger payment that you won't collect as long. More important, you'll have a bigger check at an age when your retirement savings are diminished and you aren't likely to be able to work to supplement your income.
Once you reach full retirement age, you can still work with no effect on your Social Security. If you take your Social Security before full retirement age, your checks will be reduced by $1 for every $2 you earn over an annual limit, currently $14,160.
Currently, about a third of Social Security recipients pay income tax on a portion of their benefits. To see whether you'll owe taxes and, if so, to estimate what the bill might be, fill out this form in IRS Publication 915, available at www.irs.gov.
Despite what you may hear about the system going broke, the funds from workers' payroll taxes will cover all retirees' payments until 2016 even if no changes are made to the current program. After that the Social Security Administration can cover full benefits until 2037 by cashing in its Treasury bonds from the Social Security trust fund. And when the bonds run out, income from payroll taxes would be enough to cover about 75% of payments for decades.
One of our significant uses of energy and sources of air pollution involves traffic. Not only does commuting and transportation utilize enormous amounts of fossil fuels, but it also costs a great deal in terms of human health and time management. Americans waste over 4.5 billion hours per year in commuting alone! If that time could be allocated to community volunteerism or increase the number of hours that families spend together, our quality of life would increase significantly.
Here are some ideas to discuss with your family that may save money and time, reduce your energy footprint, and increase your quality of life:
Can you find a car pool to commute to work? This saves fuel, reduces air pollution, and also may allow additional time for reading or studying as part of a carpool.
Find public transportation for some of your family travel needs. Every gallon of fuel used in commuting releases 20 pounds of carbon dioxide into the air. Even the simple creation of a carpool to after-school sports for kids will reduce your use of fossil fuels, save money, and perhaps be more fun for the team.
Ask your employer about staggered work hours. For some people, traveling to and from the job outside of the conventional rush hour can save fuel, time and also avoid arriving late to work.
Can you work at home one day per week? Many companies work with employees to identify those components of the job that could be done away from the workplace. This not only saves transportation time and energy, but the flexibility often results in raising employee loyalty and job satisfaction.
It often seems easier to drive alone, but our planet can not support six billion people commuting to work. We can create new ways to promote energy efficiency by thinking creatively about how to minimize our use of fossil fuels in the area of transportation.


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Franklin D. Roosevelt, in full Franklin Delano Roosevelt, byname FDR, (born January 30, 1882, Hyde Park, New York, U.S.—died April 12, 1945, Warm Springs, Georgia), 32nd president of the United States (1933–45). The only president elected to the office four times, Roosevelt led the United States through two of the greatest crises of the 20th century: the Great Depression and World War II. In so doing, he greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal, and he served as the principal architect of the successful effort to rid the world of German National Socialism and Japanese militarism. (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America.)
When was Franklin D. Roosevelt born?
When did Franklin D. Roosevelt die?
What is Franklin D. Roosevelt best known for?
Where did Franklin D. Roosevelt go to school?
When did Franklin D. Roosevelt get married?
Early life
Roosevelt was the only child of James and Sara Delano Roosevelt. The family lived in unostentatious and genteel luxury, dividing its time between the family estate in the Hudson River valley of New York state and European resorts. Young Roosevelt was educated privately at home until age 14, when he entered Groton Preparatory School in Groton, Massachusetts. At Groton, as at home, he was reared to be a gentleman, assuming responsibility for those less fortunate and exercising Christian stewardship through public service.
In 1900 Roosevelt entered Harvard University, where he spent most of his time on extracurricular activities and a strenuous social life; his academic record was undistinguished. It was during his Harvard years that he fell under the spell of his fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, the progressive champion who advocated a vastly increased role for the government in the nation's economy. It was also during his Harvard years that he fell in love with Theodore Roosevelt's niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, who was then active in charitable work for the poor in New York City. The distant cousins became engaged during Roosevelt's final year at Harvard, and they were married on March 17, 1905. Eleanor Roosevelt would later open her husband's eyes to the deplorable state of the poor in New York's slums.
Roosevelt attended Columbia University Law School but was not much interested in his studies. After passing the New York bar exam, he went to work as a clerk for the distinguished Wall Street firm of Carter, Ledyard, and Milburn, but he displayed the same attitude of indifference toward the legal profession as he had toward his education.
Early political activities
Motivated by his cousin Theodore, who continued to urge young men of privileged backgrounds to enter public service, Roosevelt looked for an opportunity to launch a career in politics. That opportunity came in 1910, when Democratic Party leaders of Dutchess county, New York, persuaded him to undertake an apparently futile attempt to win a seat in the state senate. Roosevelt, whose branch of the family had always voted Democratic, hesitated only long enough to make sure his distinguished Republican Party relative would not speak against him. He campaigned strenuously and won the election. Not quite 29 when he took his seat in Albany, he quickly won statewide and even some national attention by leading a small group of Democratic insurgents who refused to support Billy Sheehan, the candidate for the United States Senate backed by Tammany Hall, the New York City Democratic organization. For three months Roosevelt helped hold the insurgents firm, and Tammany was forced to switch to another candidate.
In the New York Senate Roosevelt learned much of the give-and-take of politics, and he gradually abandoned his patrician airs and attitude of superiority. In the process, he came to champion the full program of progressive reform. By 1911 Roosevelt was supporting progressive New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1912. In that year Roosevelt was reelected to the state senate, despite an attack of typhoid fever that prevented him from making public appearances during the campaign. His success was attributable in part to the publicity generated by an Albany journalist, Louis McHenry Howe. Howe saw in the tall, handsome Roosevelt a politician with great promise, and he remained dedicated to Roosevelt for the rest of his life.
For his work on behalf of Wilson, Roosevelt was appointed assistant secretary of the navy in March 1913. Roosevelt loved the sea and naval traditions, and he knew more about them than did his superior, navy secretary Josephus Daniels, with whom he was frequently impatient. Roosevelt tried with mixed success to bring reforms to the navy yards, which were under his jurisdiction, meanwhile learning to negotiate with labour unions among the navy's civilian employees.
After war broke out in Europe in 1914, Roosevelt became a vehement advocate of military preparedness, and following U.S. entry into the war in 1917, he built a reputation as an effective administrator. In the summer of 1918 he made an extended tour of naval bases and battlefields overseas. Upon his return, Eleanor Roosevelt discovered that her husband had been romantically involved with her social secretary, Lucy Mercer. She offered him a divorce; he refused and promised never to see Mercer again (a promise he would break in the 1940s). Although the Roosevelts agreed to remain together, their relationship ceased to be an intimate one.
Paralysis to presidency
At the 1920 Democratic convention Roosevelt won the nomination for vice president on a ticket with presidential nominee James M. Cox. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously on behalf of American entry into the League of Nations, but the Democrats lost in a landslide to the Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Roosevelt then became vice president of a bonding company, Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland, and entered into several other business ventures.
In August 1921, while on vacation at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada, Roosevelt's life was transformed when he was stricken with poliomyelitis. He suffered intensely, and for some time he was almost completely paralyzed. His mother urged him to retire to the family estate at Hyde Park, but his wife and Howe believed it essential that he remain active in politics. For his part, Roosevelt never abandoned hope that he would regain the use of his legs.
Unable to pursue an active political career as he recovered from polio, Roosevelt depended on his wife to keep his name alive in Democratic circles. Although initially very shy, Eleanor Roosevelt became an effective public speaker and an adroit political analyst under Howe's tutelage. As a result of her speaking engagements all over New York state, Roosevelt never faded entirely from the political scene, despite what seemed to be a career-ending affliction. In 1924 he made a dramatic appearance at the Democratic convention to nominate Alfred E. Smith, governor of New York, for president, and he repeated his nomination of Smith at the 1928 convention. Smith, in turn, urged Roosevelt to run for governor of New York in 1928. Roosevelt was at first reluctant but eventually agreed.
As he traveled by automobile around the state, Roosevelt demonstrated that his illness had not destroyed the youthful resilience and vitality that had led people such as Howe to predict great political success. He also showed that he had matured into a more serious person, one now with a keen appreciation for life's hardships. On election day Roosevelt won by 25,000 votes, even though New York state went Republican in the presidential election, contributing to Herbert Hoover's landslide victory over Smith.
Succeeding Smith as governor, Roosevelt realized he had to establish an administration distinct from that of his predecessor. Accordingly, he declined to appoint Smith's cronies to state office and did not look to Smith, the "Happy Warrior," for guidance. Smith, already stung by his defeat for the presidency, was hurt by Roosevelt's apparent lack of gratitude, and a breach developed between the two men.
During his first term, Governor Roosevelt concentrated on tax relief for farmers and cheaper public utilities for consumers. The appeal of his programs, particularly in upstate New York, led to his reelection in 1930 by 725,000 votes. As the depression worsened during his second term, Roosevelt moved farther to the political left, mobilizing the state government to provide relief and to aid in economic recovery. In the fall of 1931 he persuaded the Republican-dominated legislature to establish the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, which eventually provided unemployment assistance to 10 percent of New York's families. His aggressive approach to the economic problems of his state, along with his overwhelming electoral victory in 1930, boosted Roosevelt into the front ranks of contenders for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1932.
Because winning the nomination then required a two-thirds vote in the Democratic convention, even a leading contender could be stopped with relative ease. It soon became apparent that Roosevelt's strongest opposition would come from urban and conservative Eastern Democrats still loyal to Smith; his strongest support was in the South and West. The opposition became stronger when John Nance Garner of Texas, speaker of the House of Representatives, won the California Democratic primary. But on the third ballot at the 1932 convention, Garner released his delegates to Roosevelt, who then captured the required two-thirds vote on the fourth ballot. Garner received the vice presidential nomination. Roosevelt then broke tradition by appearing in person to accept his party's nomination. In his speech before the delegates, he said, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people."
With the depression the only issue of consequence in the presidential campaign of 1932, the American people had a choice between the apparently unsuccessful policies of the incumbent Hoover and the vaguely defined New Deal program presented by Roosevelt. While Roosevelt avoided specifics, he made clear that his program for economic recovery would make extensive use of the power of the federal government. In a series of addresses carefully prepared by a team of advisers popularly known as the Brain Trust, he promised aid to farmers, public development of electric power, a balanced budget, and government policing of irresponsible private economic power. Besides having policy differences, the two candidates presented a stark contrast in personal demeanour as well. Roosevelt was genial and exuded confidence, while Hoover remained unremittingly grim and dour. On election day, Roosevelt received nearly 23 million popular votes to Hoover's nearly 16 million; the electoral vote was 472 to 59. In a repudiation not just of Hoover but also of the Republican Party, Americans elected substantial Democratic majorities to both houses of Congress.
In the four months between the election and Roosevelt's inauguration, President Hoover sought Roosevelt's cooperation in stemming the deepening economic crisis. But Roosevelt refused to subscribe to Hoover's proposals, which Hoover himself admitted would mean "the abandonment of 90 percent of the so-called new deal." As a result, the economy continued to decline. By inauguration day—March 4, 1933—most banks had shut down, industrial production had fallen to just 56 percent of its 1929 level, at least 13 million wage earners were unemployed, and farmers were in desperate straits.
The first term
In his inaugural address Roosevelt promised prompt, decisive action, and he conveyed some of his own unshakable self-confidence to millions of Americans listening on radios throughout the land. "This great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and prosper," he asserted, adding, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself."
"The Hundred Days"
Roosevelt followed up on his promise of prompt action with "The Hundred Days"—the first phase of the New Deal, in which his administration presented Congress with a broad array of measures intended to achieve economic recovery, to provide relief to the millions of poor and unemployed, and to reform aspects of the economy that Roosevelt believed had caused the collapse. Roosevelt was candid in admitting that the initial thrust of the New Deal was experimental. He would see what worked and what did not, abandoning the latter and persisting with the former until the crisis was overcome.
His first step was to order all banks closed until Congress, meeting in special session on March 9, could pass legislation allowing banks in sound condition to reopen; this "bank holiday," as Roosevelt euphemistically called it, was intended to end depositors' runs, which were threatening to destroy the nation's entire banking system. The bank holiday, combined with emergency banking legislation and the first of Roosevelt's regular national radio broadcasts (later known as "fireside chats"), so restored public confidence that when banks did reopen the much-feared runs did not materialize.
Two key recovery measures of The Hundred Days were the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) and the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). The AAA established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, which was charged with increasing prices of agricultural commodities and expanding the proportion of national income going to farmers. Its strategy was to grant subsidies to producers of seven basic commodities—wheat, corn (maize), hogs, cotton, tobacco, rice, and milk—in return for reduced production, thereby reducing the surpluses that kept commodity prices low. The subsidies were to be generated from taxes on the processing of the commodities. When the Supreme Court invalidated the tax in 1936, Roosevelt shifted the focus of the AAA to soil conservation, but the principle of paying farmers not to grow remained at the core of American agricultural policy for six decades. Although quite controversial when introduced—especially because it required the destruction of newly planted fields at a time when many Americans were going hungry—the AAA program gradually succeeded in raising farmers' incomes. However, it was not until 1941 that farm income reached even the inadequate level of 1929.
The NIRA was a two-part program. One part consisted of a $3.3-billion appropriation for public works, to be spent by the Public Works Administration (PWA). Had this money been poured rapidly into the economy, it might have done much to stimulate recovery. Since Roosevelt wanted to be sure the program would not invite fraud and waste, however, the PWA moved slowly and deliberately, and it did not become an important factor until late in the New Deal.
The other part of the NIRA was the National Recovery Administration (NRA), whose task was to establish and administer industrywide codes that prohibited unfair trade practices, set minimum wages and maximum hours, guaranteed workers the right to bargain collectively, and imposed controls on prices and production. The codes eventually became enormously complex and difficult to enforce, and by 1935 the business community, which at first had welcomed the NRA, had become disillusioned with the program and blamed Roosevelt for its ineffectiveness. In May of that year the Supreme Court invalidated the NRA, which by that time had few supporters in Congress or the administration.
Another important recovery measure was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a public corporation created in 1933 to build dams and hydroelectric power plants and to improve navigation and flood control in the vast Tennessee River basin. The TVA, which eventually provided cheap electricity to impoverished areas in seven states along the river and its tributaries, reignited a long-standing debate over the proper role of government in the development of the nation's natural resources. The constitutionality of the agency was challenged immediately after its establishment but was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1936.
The Hundred Days also included relief and reform measures, the former referring to short-term payments to individuals to alleviate hardship, the latter to long-range programs aimed at eliminating economic abuses. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) granted funds to state relief agencies, and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) employed hundreds of thousands of young men in reforestation and flood-control work. The Home Owners' Refinancing Act provided mortgage relief for millions of unemployed Americans in danger of losing their homes.
Reform measures included the Federal Securities Act, which provided government oversight of stock trading (later augmented by establishment of the Securities and Exchange Commission [SEC]), and the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, which prohibited commercial banks from making risky investments and established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to protect depositors' accounts.
The "Second New Deal"
By the fall of 1934, the measures passed during The Hundred Days had produced a limited degree of recovery; more importantly, they had regenerated hope that the country would surmount the crisis. Although the New Deal had alienated conservatives, including many businessmen, most Americans supported Roosevelt's programs. That support manifested itself in the congressional elections of 1934, in which Democrats added to their already substantial majorities in both houses.
Yet by 1935 Roosevelt knew he had to do more. Although the economy had begun to rise from its nadir during the winter of 1932–33, it was still far below its level before the stock market crash of 1929. Millions of Americans were still unemployed—many had been jobless for several years—and the destitute were beginning to listen to demagogues who criticized the New Deal for not going far enough. Roosevelt foresaw the possibility that in the 1936 presidential election he would face a significant third-party challenge from the left.
To meet this threat, Roosevelt asked Congress to pass additional New Deal legislation—sometimes called the "Second New Deal"—in 1935. The key measures of the Second New Deal were the Social Security Act, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and the Wagner Act. The Social Security Act for the first time established an economic "safety net" for all Americans, providing unemployment and disability insurance and old-age pensions. The WPA, headed by Roosevelt's close confidant Harry Hopkins, aimed to provide the unemployed with useful work that would help to maintain their skills and bolster their self-respect. Between 1935 and 1941 it employed a monthly average of 2.1 million workers on a variety of projects, including the construction of roads, bridges, airports, and public buildings; natural-resource conservation; and artistic and cultural programs such as painting public murals and writing local and regional histories. The Wagner Act (officially the National Labor Relations Act) reestablished labour's right to bargain collectively (which had been eliminated when the Supreme Court had invalidated the NRA), and it created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to adjudicate labour disputes. In addition to these hallmark measures, Congress also passed a major tax revision—labeled by its opponents as a "soak-the-rich" tax—that raised tax rates for persons with large incomes and for large corporations.
The second term
Roosevelt ran for reelection in 1936 with the firm support of farmers, labourers, and the poor. He faced the equally firm opposition of conservatives, but the epithets hurled at him from the right merely helped to unify his following. The Republican nominee, Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas, a moderate, could do little to stem the Roosevelt tide. Landon received fewer than 17 million votes to Roosevelt's more than 27 million, and Roosevelt carried every state except Maine and Vermont.
Supreme Court fight
Declaring in his Second Inaugural Address that "I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished," Roosevelt was determined to push forward with further New Deal reforms. With large Democratic majorities in both houses of Congress, there remained only one obstacle to his objectives: the Supreme Court. During Roosevelt's first term, the court, which consisted entirely of pre-Roosevelt appointees, had invalidated several key New Deal measures, and cases challenging the Social Security Act and the Wagner Act were pending. To make the court more supportive of reform legislation, Roosevelt proposed a reorganization plan that would have allowed him to appoint one new justice for every sitting justice aged 70 years or older. Widely viewed as a court-packing scheme (even by Roosevelt's supporters), the reorganization bill provoked heated debate in Congress and eventually was voted down, which handed Roosevelt his first major legislative defeat. Meanwhile, the fight over court packing seemed to alter the Supreme Court's attitude toward the New Deal, and both the Social Security Act and the Wagner Act were upheld.
End of the New Deal
By 1937 the economy had recovered substantially, and Roosevelt, seeing an opportunity to return to a balanced budget, drastically curtailed government spending. The result was a sharp recession, during which the economy began plummeting toward 1932 levels. Chastened by the recession, Roosevelt now began to pay more attention to advisers who counseled deficit spending as the best way to counter the depression. Late in 1937 he backed another massive government spending program, and by the middle of 1938 the crisis had passed.
By 1938 the New Deal was drawing to a close. Conservative Southern Democrats openly opposed its continuation, and Roosevelt's attempt to defeat several of them in the 1938 Democratic primaries not only proved unsuccessful but also produced charges that the president was a dictator trying to conduct a "purge." In the congressional elections that year the Republicans gained 80 seats in the House and 7 in the Senate. Despite continued Democratic majorities in both houses, an alliance of Republicans and conservative Democrats now blocked any further reform legislation.
Foreign policy
By 1939 foreign policy was overshadowing domestic policy. From the beginning of his presidency, Roosevelt had been deeply involved in foreign-policy questions. Although he refused to support international currency stabilization at the London Economic Conference in 1933, by 1936 he had stabilized the dollar and concluded stabilization agreements with Great Britain and France. Roosevelt extended American recognition to the government of the Soviet Union, launched the Good Neighbor Policy to improve U.S. relations with Latin America, and backed reciprocal agreements to lower trade barriers between the U.S. and other countries.
Congress, however, was dominated by isolationists who believed that American entry into World War I had been mistaken and who were determined to prevent the United States from being drawn into another European war. Beginning with the Neutrality Act of 1935, Congress passed a series of laws designed to minimize American involvement with belligerent nations. Roosevelt accepted the neutrality laws but at the same time warned Americans of the danger of remaining isolated from a world increasingly menaced by the dictatorial regimes in Germany, Italy, and Japan. Speaking in Chicago in October 1937, he proposed that peace-loving nations make concerted efforts to quarantine aggressors. Although he seemed to mean nothing more drastic than breaking off diplomatic relations, the proposal created such alarm throughout the country that he quickly backed away from even this modest level of international involvement. Then, in December, the Japanese sank an American gunboat, the USS Panay, on the Yangtze River in China. Most Americans feared that the attack would lead to war, and they were pleased when Roosevelt accepted Japan's apologies.
When World War II broke out in Europe in September 1939, Roosevelt called Congress into special session to revise the neutrality acts to permit belligerents—i.e., Britain and France—to buy American arms on a "cash-and-carry" basis; over the objections of isolationists, the cash-and-carry policy was enacted. When France fell to the Germans in the spring and early summer of 1940, and Britain was left alone to face the Nazi war machine, Roosevelt convinced Congress to intensify defense preparations and to support Britain with "all aid short of war." In the fall of that year Roosevelt sent 50 older destroyers to Britain, which feared an imminent German invasion, in exchange for eight naval bases.
The third and fourth terms
The swap of ships for bases took place during the 1940 presidential election campaign. Earlier in the year the Democrats had nominated Roosevelt for a third term, even though his election would break the two-term tradition honoured since the presidency of George Washington. The Republican nominee, Wendell L. Willkie, represented a departure from the isolationist-dominated Republican Party, and the two candidates agreed on most foreign-policy issues, including increased military aid to Britain. On election day, Roosevelt defeated Willkie soundly—by 27 million to 22 million popular votes—though his margin of victory was less than it had been in 1932 and 1936. Roosevelt's support was reduced by a number of factors, including the court-packing scheme, the attempted "purge" of conservative Democrats in 1938, the breaking of the two-term tradition, and fears that he would lead the nation into war.
By inauguration day in 1941, Britain was running out of cash and finding it increasingly difficult—owing to German submarine attacks—to carry American arms across the Atlantic. In March 1941, after a bitter debate in Congress, Roosevelt obtained passage of the Lend-Lease Act, which enabled the United States to accept noncash payment for military and other aid to Britain and its allies. Later that year he authorized the United States Navy to provide protection for lend-lease shipments, and in the fall he instructed the navy to "shoot on sight" at German submarines. All these actions moved the United States closer to actual belligerency with Germany.
In August 1941, on a battleship off Newfoundland, Canada, Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill issued a joint statement, the Atlantic Charter, in which they pledged their countries to the goal of achieving "the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny." Reminiscent of the Four Freedoms that Roosevelt outlined in his annual message to Congress in January 1941, the statement disclaimed territorial aggrandizement and affirmed a commitment to national self-determination, freedom of the seas, freedom from want and fear, greater economic opportunities, and disarmament of all aggressor nations.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Yet it was in the Pacific rather than the Atlantic that war came to the United States. When Japan joined the Axis powers of Germany and Italy, Roosevelt began to restrict exports to Japan of supplies essential to making war. Throughout 1941, Japan negotiated with the United States, seeking restoration of trade in those supplies, particularly petroleum products. When the negotiations failed to produce agreement, Japanese military leaders began to plan an attack on the United States. According to one school of thought, this was exactly what Roosevelt wanted, for, by backing Japan into a corner and forcing it to make war on the United States, the president could then enter the European war in defense of Britain—the so-called "back door to war" theory. This controversial hypothesis continues to be debated today. (See Sidebar: Pearl Harbor and the "Back Door to War" Theory.)
By the end of November, Roosevelt knew that an attack was imminent (the United States had broken the Japanese code), but he was uncertain where it would take place. To his great surprise, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, destroying or damaging nearly the entire U.S. Pacific fleet and hundreds of airplanes and killing about 2,500 military personnel and civilians. On December 8, at Roosevelt's request, Congress declared war on Japan; on December 11 Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.
At a press conference in December 1943, Roosevelt asserted that "Dr. New Deal" had been replaced by "Dr. Win the War." The many New Deal agencies designed to provide employment during the Great Depression rapidly disappeared as war mobilization created more jobs than there were people to fill them. Full economic recovery, which had resisted Roosevelt's efforts throughout the 1930s, suddenly came about as a consequence of massive government spending on war production in the early 1940s.
Relations with the Allies
From the start of American involvement in World War II, Roosevelt took the lead in establishing a grand alliance among all countries fighting the Axis powers. He met with Churchill in a number of wartime conferences at which differences were settled amicably. One early difference centred upon the question of an invasion of France. Churchill wanted to postpone such an invasion until Nazi forces had been weakened, and his view prevailed until the great Normandy Invasion was finally launched on "D-Day," June 6, 1944. Meanwhile, American and British forces invaded North Africa in November 1942, Sicily in July 1943, and Italy in September 1943.
Relations with the Soviet Union posed a difficult problem for Roosevelt. Throughout the war the Soviet Union accepted large quantities of lend-lease supplies but seldom divulged its military plans or acted in coordination with its Western allies. Roosevelt, believing that the maintenance of peace after the war depended on friendly relations with the Soviet Union, hoped to win the confidence of Joseph Stalin. He, Stalin, and Churchill seemed to get along well when they met at Tehrān in November 1943. By the time the "Big Three" met again at the Yalta Conference in Crimea, U.S.S.R., in February 1945, the war in Europe was almost over. At Yalta, Roosevelt secured Stalin's commitment to enter the war against Japan soon after Germany's surrender and to establish democratic governments in the nations of eastern Europe occupied by Soviet troops. Stalin kept his pledge concerning Japan but proceeded to impose Soviet satellite governments throughout eastern Europe.
Declining health and death
Roosevelt had been suffering from advanced arteriosclerosis for more than a year before the Yalta Conference. His political opponents had tried to make much of his obviously declining health during the campaign of 1944, when he ran for a fourth term against Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York. But Roosevelt campaigned actively and won the election by a popular vote of 25 million to 22 million and an electoral college vote of 432 to 99. By the time of his return from Yalta, however, he was so weak that for the first time in his presidency he spoke to Congress while sitting down. Early in April 1945 he traveled to his cottage in Warm Springs, Georgia—the "Little White House"—to rest. On the afternoon of April 12, while sitting for a portrait, he suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage, and he died a few hours later. With him at his death were two cousins, Laura Delano and Margaret Suckley, and Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd (by then a widow), with whom he had renewed his relationship a few years before.
During his lifetime Franklin D. Roosevelt was simultaneously one of the most loved and most hated men in American history. His supporters hailed him as the saviour of his nation during the Great Depression and the defender of democracy during World War II. Opponents criticized him for undermining American free-market capitalism, for unconstitutionally expanding the powers of the federal government, and for transforming the nation into a welfare state. It is generally accepted by all, however, that he was a brilliant politician, able to create a massive coalition of supporters that sustained the Democratic Party for decades after his death. There is also little argument that he was a talented administrator, able to retain leaders of diverse views within the executive branch. At his death most Americans were plunged into profound grief, testimony to the strong emotional attachment they felt for the man who had led them through two of the darkest periods in the nation's history. Although much of that emotion has dissipated over the years, Roosevelt's standing as one of the few truly great American presidents seems secure.
Cabinet of President Franklin D. Roosevelt
The table provides a list of cabinet members in the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
|March 4, 1933–January 20, 1937 (Term 1)
|Cordell Hull
|William Hartman Woodin
|Henry Morgenthau, Jr. (from January 8, 1934)
|George Henry Dern
|Claude Augustus Swanson
|Attorney General
|Homer Stille Cummings
|Harold L. Ickes
|Henry A. Wallace
|Daniel Calhoun Roper
|Frances Perkins
|January 20, 1937–January 20, 1941 (Term 2)
|Cordell Hull
|Henry Morgenthau, Jr.
|Harry Hines Woodring
|Henry Lewis Stimson (from July 10, 1940)
|Attorney General
|Homer Stille Cummings
|Frank Murphy (from January 17, 1939)
|Robert Houghwout Jackson (from January 18, 1940)
|Claude Augustus Swanson
|Charles Edison (from January 11, 1940)
|Frank Knox (from July 10, 1940)
|Harold L. Ickes
|Henry A. Wallace
|Claude Raymond Wickard (from September 5, 1940)
|Daniel Calhoun Roper
|Harry Lloyd Hopkins (from January 23, 1939)
|Jesse Holman Jones (from September 19, 1940)
|Frances Perkins
|January 20, 1941–January 20, 1945 (Term 3)
|Cordell Hull
|Edward Reilly Stettinius (from December 1, 1944)
|Henry Morgenthau, Jr.
|Henry Lewis Stimson
|Frank Knox
|James Vincent Forrestal (from May 18, 1944)
|Attorney General
|Robert Houghwout Jackson
|Francis Biddle (from September 5, 1941)
|Harold L. Ickes
|Claude Raymond Wickard
|Jesse Holman Jones
|Frances Perkins
|January 20, 1945–April 12, 1945 (Term 4)
|Edward Reilly Stettinius
|Henry Morgenthau, Jr.
|Henry Lewis Stimson
|James Vincent Forrestal
|Attorney General
|Francis Biddle
|Harold L. Ickes
|Claude Raymond Wickard
|Jesse Holman Jones
|Henry A. Wallace (from March 2, 1945)
|Frances Perkins
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