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The Greek letter pi (symbolized by p) is defined as the ratio of the circumference of the circle to its diameter. It is considered to be a vital element in the calculations of areas and sizes of several mathematical figures: the circle, the cube, the cone and the sphere, from which infinite practical applications have sprung. As a result, mathematicians in many civilizations (Greek, Chinese, Indian, Arabian and European) have been highly concerned with calculating p as carefully as possible. This article by Professor Moustafa Mawaldi, the Dean of the Institute for the History of Arabic Science in Aleppo, sheds light on the contribution of some mathematicians of the Islamic civilisation in refining the value of pi. The works surveyed are those of Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Biruni, Al-Quhi, and Al-Kashi.
Moustafa Mawaldi*
This article was translated from Arabic by Haya Zedan (FSTC). A thorough revision and copy editing was performed by the editorial board of www.MuslimHeritage.com.
Table of Contents
3. Approximating calculations of p through history
3.1. The Greek civilisation
3.2. The Chinese civilisation
3.3. The Indian civilisation
3.4. The Arabo-Islamic civilisation
4. The calculation of Pi in Arabic mathematics
4.1. Banu Musa
4.2. Muhammad al-Khwarizmi
4.3. Wijan b. Rustum al-Quhi
4.4. Abu 'l-Rayhan al-Biruni
4.5. Jamshid al-Kashi
5. References and further reading
The Greek letter pi (symbolized by p) is defined as the ratio of the circumference of the circle to its diameter. It is considered to be a vital element in the calculations of area and sizes of several mathematical figures: the circle, the cube, the cone and the sphere, from which infinite practical applications have sprung. As a result, mathematicians in Greek, Chinese, Indian, Arabic and European civilizations have been highly concerned with calculating p as carefully as possible.
Figure 1: Pi, symbol and value.
Our aim in this article is to survey the history of the mathematical research carried on in different scientific traditions to find approximated values for p. Our focus will be on the discussion of the values of p in the mathematical tradition of the Arabo-Islamic civilisation. The analysis also sheds light on the innovations and contributions brought by Islamic scientists in this issue, and stresses on the interest and motivation of Arab scholars to arrive at the nearest possible approximation for the value of p, depending on presenting new and original mathematical proofs.
The symbol p is used mathematically to describe the function of the proportion of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. It is said [1] that this symbol has been in use since the year 1766, and it is a small Greek letter and the first letter of the word "circumference in the Greek language.
Figure 2: Front cover of Pi: A Source Book by L. Berggren, J.M. Borwein and P.B. Borwein (Springer-Verlag, 2nd edition, 2000).
Under the entry (Pi) in a French dictionary [2], the author contends that the value p is of Greek origin, only entering into the French language in the 19th century. p is the sixth letter in the Greek alphabet, and its counterpart in European modern languages is the letter p. From a geometrical perspective, it is the truncation of the Greek word "peripheria", and it is a symbol for the number that represents the static value of the fixed ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle, equal approximately to 3.1415926.
3. Approximating calculations of p through history
3.1. The Greek civilisation
Archimedes (287-212 BCE) is considered as one of the greatest Greek scholars, for he has put forward many innovations in both the fields of mathematics, physics and engineering. Of his many contributions, most significant are his calculation of the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle (p), as he narrowed the value of p within the following equation:
3 10/71 < p < 3 1/7.
Archimedes submitted a proof of the above equation in his treatise Measurement of a Circle [3] that contained three propositions. In the first proposition, he proves that "the area of any circle is equal to a right-angled triangle in which one of the sides about the right angle is equal to the radius, and the other to the circumference, of the circle."
In the second proposition, Archimedes goes on to prove his theory by saying: "the circumference of a circle is greater than three times its diameter, less than one-seventh of the diameter and more than one-tenth of seventy-one parts of the diameter."
The principle of Archimedes' proof rests on the drawing of a figure that has ninety-six sides that are equal within a circle, and another outside the circle, so that the circumference of the outside figure is larger than that of the circle itself, and the circumference of the sides that rest within the circle is smaller than the circumference of the circle. From this he calculates the relationship between the perimeter of this polygon within the circle and the diameter of the circle.
The third proposition asserts the following: "The ratio of the circumference of any circle to its diameter is less than 3 1/7 but greater than 3 10/71." He comments that if the circumference of the circle is three times the diameter plus one-seventh - this is an approximation that has been used by surveyors – then the ratio of the area of the circle to the square of its diameter is equal to the ratio of eleven to fourteen.
Archimedes derived his proof of the value of p from the theory of Euclid (330-290 BCE) that is found in the XIIth book of The Elements [4]. In that theorem, Euclid asserts the existence of a set of ratios between the area of a circle and the area of a square of which the side is equal to half the diameter of the circle. The first estimation p ˜ 3 1/7 = 22/7 is a simplified calculation that is used to solve geometric questions using practical methods [5].
3.2. The Chinese civilisation
To study the history of Chinese mathematics one must return to the text Jiuzhang suanshu or The Art of Mathematics in Nine Chapters [6] of which the author is unknown. It is probable that this text was collated in the 1st century CE. It was depended upon as a main text until the 13th century.
The text put forth several theories for the calculation of the area of a circle, and in those we find some that are incorrect:
1) S1 = 3/4d2 (the correct formula is S1 = pd2/4);
2) S1= 1/12p2 (the correct formula is S1= p2/4p)
(with p = the circumference of a circle, d = the diameter, and S1 = the area).
In these two equations p is used with a value that is equal to three, which leads to an error in calculating the area of a circle.
At the end of the 5th century [7] Zu Chongzhi gave a rounded value of 355/113 to p, and from that his own son Zu Kengzhi advanced this knowledge with his own work, using the value 22/7 for (p).
Rosenfeld and Youschkevitch list in their article in the Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science [8] the Chinese scientist and astronomer Chang Hêng (78-139 CE) as having suggested the value Ö10 for p. Chinese mathematicians continued to use the value of 3 for p until the 19th century, as it was a simple value to use in calculations and formulae.
3.3. The Indian civilisation
Indian mathematicians contributed a great deal to the calculations of the value of p. Since the 7th century, the astronomer Brahmagupta (born in 598 CE) gave p the value of Ö10. Historians also credit the Indian astronomer Âryabhata (born 476 CE) with several values of (p), notably: 62832/20000 and 3 177/1250 or 3.1416 [9]. However he was said to have used the value of Ö10 or 3 for p [10].
Nine centuries later, the astronomer and mathematician Mâdhava (fl. in the 15th century CE) arrived at a calculation of the circumference of the circle by using the approximated value of p that is correct up to 11 digits, namely p = 3.14159265359, as stated by Guy Mazars. However the last digit (9) is incorrect, and must be replaced with the digit (8) [11].
In the 16th century, an Indian mathematician used the value 355/113 as an approximated value for p, and put forward the following rule for its calculation:
p/4 = 1 – 1/3 + 1/5 – 1/7 + 1/9 - …
3.4. The Arabo-Islamic Civilisation
Arab scholars contributed to the quest for the calculation of the value of p, and the proportion of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, and their efforts impacted the history of mathematics.
Among the mathematicians whose names are referred to with regard to this issue, we mention the scholars who flourished from the 9th to the 15th centuries. First, the three brothers Banu Musa bin Shakir (Baghdad, 3rd century H/9th century CE), the famous mathematician known as the father of algebra, Muhammad b. Musa Al-Khwarizmi (3rd century H / 9th century CE), the scholar author of various mathematical works Abu Sahl Wijan b. Rustam Al-Quhi (d. 390 H/ ca. 1000 CE), the well known polymath scholar Abu Al-Rayhan Al-Biruni (died 440 H/ 1048 CE) and finally the author of the widely diffused mathematical text Miftah al-hisab (Keys of arithmetic) Jamshid b. Mas'ud b. Mahmud Al-Kashi (died 1429 CE). In this section we point out some of their achievements in approximating the value of p and the methods used in this sophisticated research.
4. The calculation of Pi in Arabic mathematics
4.1. Banu Musa
In their book on Kitab fi ma'rifat misahat al-ashkal al-basita wa al-kuriya (The Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures, the brothers Banu Musa prove that the proportion of the circumference of a circle to its diameter is greater than the percentage of 3 and 10 parts of 71 to 1, and smaller than the percentage of 3 and 1/7 to 1 [12]. This means: 3 10/71 < p/d < 3 1/7, as p is the circumference of the circle, and d is the diameter. Banu Musa also mention that Archimedes had proved this relationship, that provides the approximation of the value of p: "then to prove the proportion of the diameter to the circumference along the method of Archimedes this has not reached us in a form that was in our time, and this method even though it has not reached to the point of measuring one and the other to arrive at the truth, it in fact allows us to derive the value of one from the other closer to that which we desire to arrive [13]." However, they considered Archimedes' method to be incomplete and not arriving at the truth, and Suter [14] agrees that their method was different than that employed by Archimedes.
Sezgin [15] considers the proof of Banu Musa to measure the proportion of the diameter of the circumference of a circle as an important advancement and more in depth than Archimedes' attempt. Roshdi Rashed [16] mentions that Banu Musa had achieved an "explanation to Archimedes method in the approximation of (p), and derived their generalizations from this calculation".
4.2. Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi
We find in the chapter on area in his book Al-Jabr wa-'l-muqabala (that he wrote in the years 813 and 833 CE) rules for the calculation of the circumference of a circle as he states:
"And for every circle (mudawwara) when you multiply the diameter by three and sevenths is the circumference (dawr) that surrounds it, and it is a term among men that is unnecessary, and to those of geometry there are two other sayings: one is to multiply the diameter by itself, and then by ten, and then to take the root of the result and that is the circumference of the circle. The other is that used by astronomers is to multiply the diameter by sixty two thousand and eight hundred and thirty-two then divide that by twenty-thousand and what results is the circumference, and all these are near to each other…" [17].
Al-Khwarizmi gives three values to p and these are: 62832/20000, Ö10, 3 1/7. The editors of his book produce this marginal commentary in which he says: "It is an approximation not a proof, and no one stands on the truth of this, and no one but Allah knows the true circumference of the circle, as the line is not straight and has no beginning and no end, we merely attempt to approximate and discover the root, but even the root has no definition as no one may know its exact value but Allah, and the best of these approximations that is to multiply the diameter by three and seventh as it is faster and simpler and only Allah might know it true" [18].
We note also that in his calculation of the area of the circle in his book he adopts for p the value 22/7 [19].
4.3. Wijan b. Rustum Al-Quhi
Abu-Ishaq Al-Sabi had sent a missive to Al-Quhi [20] inquiring of several matters, specifically of Al-Kuhi's method to derive the proportion of the diameter to the circumference of the circle, and asks him to forward this to him as he says [21]: "I desired… to send all that has been derived especially that of the proportion of the diameter to the circumference of the circle. As a ratio of a number to a number then that would be something myself looks for to know and have benefit of."
Al-Quhi answers the queries of Al-Sabi then moves to discuss his text on the centers of gravity and says [22]: "on the four articles that I have done here we have reached strange things each to prove the greatness and the order of the Creator, such as those matters relating to the Sphere and the Cylinder of Archimedes. Don't we marvel at how the sphere is equal to two-thirds of the cylinder as he proved and described, and that the paraboloïd is equivalent to its half as it was proved by Thabit ibn Qura, and that the cone is one-third as it was shown by the ancients? We found in the [study of the] centres of gravity much orders to impress us".
Then he moves on to provide his theory and proof that is found in the text of Ibn Al-Salah, according to which the circumference is three times the diameter and nine parts. He depends in this demonstration on the following three lemmas:
Lemma 1: The centre of gravity of a semi-circle falls on the perpendicular which is drawn from its centre to the circumference on a point of the diameter in the ratio of three to seven.
Lemma 2: There are given two portions of two circles which the same centre. If the ratio of the semi-diameter of one to the ratio of the semi-diameter of the other is like three to two, and if they are similar, then the ratio of the centre of gravity of the arc of the smallest arc is equal to the centre of gravity of the largest arc.
Lemma 3: The ratio of each arc to its chord in the circle is like the ratio of the semi-diameter of that circle to the line that is situated between the centre of the circle and the centre of gravity of the chord.
Al-Quhi concludes his missive by saying: "And when we look at Archimedes as he writes, that the circumference of the circle, is less than three-times the diameter and ten parts of seventy, meaning one-seventh, and this agrees with our work and does not depart from this, and one-ninth is less than one-seventh, and he also stated: that it is greater than three times and ten parts of seventy-one, and this does not agree, unless he means: ninety-one parts instead of seventy-one to become in agreement, not more, and we do not presume to think in any manner that is not well of those who preceded us in this work, as he is Archimedes and he is a forerunner in this field [23]."
Al-Quhi had attempted to find a more accurate value for p but he failed, and it was some time before this was achieved, many others tried and failed as well.
4.4. Abu 'l-Rayhan al-Biruni
In the fifth chapter [24] (On the Proportion between the Circumference and the Diameter) from the third book of Al-Qanun al-Mas'udi, Abu Al-Rayhan calculates the circumference of an angular figure which has 180 sides within the circle, and also calculated the circumference of an angular figure that has 180 sides surrounding the circle, and takes the median of the two. From that, he calculates the value of p and reaches the value : p = 3.1417 [25]. This is a value which is not much more accurate than p = 3.1416 which was known to the Indian civilisation before.
4.5. Jamshid Al-Kashi
Al-Kashi is considered as one of the greatest Islamic scholars that have put forward significant scientific achievements that have propelled modern civilisation forward. Among his works, Al-Risala al-muhitiya (The Letter of Circumference) that sets out a very particular calculation for the value of p. Al-Kashi measured the circumference of an equal sided angular figure that is surrounded by a circle, and another that is surrounded by a circle that has 3 x 228 = 805306368 sides [26], when Archimedes and Banu Musa limited themselves - as we have seen- to a figure with 3 x 25 = 96 sides. Al-Kashi determined the number (28) as the difference between the circumferences of the two shapes is equal to its diameter 600000 times the diameter of the earth, less than the width of a hair."
After his calculation of the circumferences of the two figures, he presumed that the circumference of a circle is equal to the median of the two results, and he arrived at this conclusion (in the sexagesimal system):
p = 3;8, 29, 44, 0, 47, 25, 53, 7, 25
And he then transformed it into the decimal system:
p = 3. 14 159 265 358 979 325
Rosenfeld and Youschkevitch that the last numeral (5) from this result is the only one that is erroneous, and that the correct one is (38), and they point to the fact that in Europe 150 years after Al-Kashi, a man from Holland by the name of (A.Van Roomen) reached the same approximation of p.
Figure 4: Manuscript page of Al-Kashi's calculation of p: jadwal tadha'if nisbat al-muhit wa-'l-qutr (table of the multiples of the ratio of the circumference to the diameter). (Source).
Al-Kashi points out in his book The Keys to Calculations that some mathematicians had determined the value of 3 1/7 for p in which he states [27] : "Know that the circumference is three times the diameter and fraction, and this is less than one-seventh of the diameter, however many have sufficed to use the one-seventh for ease of use".
Al-Kashi states that his calculations are more precise than those of Archimedes, and determines a value for p [28], in saying that: "Archimedes has said that it must be less than one-seventh and more than ten-parts of seventy, and from what we have gathered and mentioned in our text on circumference which is: 82944,3 thirds, after subtracting the fourths and what follows, if the diameter is one. This is a more precise calculation than that of Archimedes, and closer to the accurate value of p, and Al-Kashi reiterates that it is the "closest that might be, save for the knowledge of Almighty Allah."
Al-Kashi's exacting calculations might not have been needed in his time, but he was a forward thinker, he was a scholar who searched for accurate results to advance progress.
5. References and further reading
- Al-Daffa, Ali Abdullah, The Muslim contribution to mathematics. London: Croom Helm, 1977.
- Anbouba, Adil, "L'algèbre arabe aux IXe et Xe siècles : apercu général", Journal for the History of Arabic Science, vol. 2 (1), 1978, pp. 66-100.
- Berggren, J. L., Episodes in the mathematics of Medieval Islam. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
- Berggren, L., Borwein J.M., and Borwein, P.B. Pi: A Source Book. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997; second edition, 2000.
- Beckmann, Petr, A History of Pi. St. Martin's Griffin, 1976, (Paperback).
- Borwein, Jonathan M., The Life of Pi History and Computation. Prepared for Australian Colloquia (June 21-July 17, 2003).
- Gourdon , Xavier, and Sebah, Pascal, p and its computation through the ages.
- Ibn Lablan, Kushyar. Principles of Hindu Reckoning. Univ. Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1966.
- Luckey, P., Die Rechenkunst bei Gamšid b. Mas'ud al-Kaši. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1951.
- Mawaldi, Moustafa, "Geometry in Banu Musa Ibn Shakir", in The 36th science week in homage to the Banu Musa (2-7 november 1996) (in Arabic). Damascus: The Supreme Council of Sciences, 1998.
- O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F., A History of Pi. In: MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
- O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F., Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
- O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F., Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance?, MacTutor Math History Archives, November 1999.
- Rashed, Roshdi, Entre arithmétique et algèbre: Recherches sur l'histoire des mathématiques arabes. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1984.
- Rashed, Roshdi, The Development of Arabic Mathematics : Between Arithmetic and Algebra. London, 1994.
- Rosen, F., (ed. and trans.), The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa. London, 1831, reprinted 1986.
- Saidan, Ahmad Sa'id, (ed. and trans.), The Arithmetic of al-Uqlidisi. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1978.
- Siddykov, H., "The role of the scientists of ancient Khorezm in the development of the exact sciences" (in Russian), Vestnik Karakalpak. Filiala Akad. Nauk USSR vol. 2, 1967, pp. 3-14.
- Struik, D.J., A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200-1800. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969. Repriented at Princeton University Press, 1986.
- Van Brummelen, Glen, "Jamshid al-Kashi: Calculating Genius", Mathematics in School, vol. 27, No. 4, 1998, pp. 40-44.
- Wilson, David, The History of Pi. History of Mathematics, Rutgers University, Spring 2000.
End Notes
[1] Marcel Boll, Histoire des Mathématiques (Que sais- je? No. 42). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 13e édition, 1979, p. 43.
[2] See Paul Robert, Le Petit Robert, Dictionnaire de la Langue Française, Paris: Le Robert, 1984, pp. 1429-1430, entry "Pi".
[3] Archimedes, Taksir al-da'ira, maqala mulhaqa bi-kitab "Al-Kura wa-'l-ustuwana" li-Arkhimidis, tahrir Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, in Rasa'il al-Tusi. Haydarabd: Da'irat al-ma'arif al-'uthmaniya, 1359 H, pp. 127-133; Heath, T.L. (ed.), The Works of Archimedes (Dover Edition, 1953), 93-98; originally published in 1897, Cambridge University Press; Archimède, La Mesure du Cercle, Texte établi et traduit par Charles Mugler, Paris : Les Belles Lettres, 1970, vol. 1 , pp. 135-143.
[4] Euclid, The Elements, with Introduction and Commentary by Thomas Heath, 2nd edition, Dover Publications, New York, 1956, vol. 3, Book XII, pp. 365-437.
[5] Emile Noël, Le Matin des Mathématiciens, Entretiens sur l'histoire des mathématiques. Édition Belin – Radio France, 1985, p. 60.
[6] Karine Chemla, "Theoretical aspect of the chinese algorithmic tradition (first to third century)", Historia scientiarum, No.42, (1991), p. 75.
[7] J.-C. Martzloff, Histoire des Mathématiques Chinoises, Masson, Paris, 1987, pp. 265, 270.
[8] Boris A. Rosenfeld and Adolph P. Youschkevitch, Geometry, in Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, edited by R. Rashed, vol. 2, Routledge, 1996. Arabic translation: Mawsu'at tarikh al-'ulum al-arabiya. Beirut: Markaz dirasat al-wahda al-'arabiya, 1997, p. 577.
[9] Rosenfeld and Youschkevitch, op. cit., p. 577.
[10] Qadri Hafez Tuqan, Turath al-'arab al-'ilmi fi 'l-riyadhiyat wa 'l-falak, Cairo, 1941, p. 19.
[11] E. Noël, Le Matin des Mathématiciens, op. cit., p. 132.
[12] Banu Musa, Mohammad, al-Hassan and Ahmad, Kitab fi ma'rifat misahat al-ashkal al-basita wa al-kuriya, recension (tahrir) by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Hayderabad: Da'irat al-ma'arfial-'uthmaniya, 1359 H, p. 9. See also Moustafa Mawaldi, "Geometry in Banu Musa Ibn Shakir", in The 36th science week in homage to the Banu Musa (2-7 november 1996) (in Arabic). Damascus: The Supreme Council of Sciences, 1998, p. 107.
[13] Banu Musa, Kitab fi ma'rifat misahat al-ashkal al-basita wa al-kuriya, op. cit., p. 6.
[14] Abdel Magid Nusair, "Mathematics in the Islamic Civilisation", Proceedings of the Conference on the Arabic Heritage in Exact Sciences, Tripoli (Lybia), 1990, p. 88.
[15] Fuat Sezgin, Conferences in the History of Arabo-Islamic Sciences (in Arabic), Frankfurt, 1984, p. 71.
[16] Roshdi Rashed, "Infinitesimal Determinations, Quadrature of Lunules and Isoperimetric Problems", in Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, edited by R. Rashed, Arabic translation, Beirut, 1997, vol. 2, p. 542.
[17] Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, Kitab al-jabr wa-'l-muqabala, edition and commentary Mustafa Musharrafa and Muhammad Musa Ahmad. Cairo: Publications of the Faculty of Sciences, 1939, pp. 55-56.
[18] Al-Khwarizmi, Kitab al-jabr wa-'l-muqabala, op. cit, pp. 55-56.
[19] Al-Khwarizmi, Kitab al-jabr wa-'l-muqabala, op. cit, p. 64.
[20] On the mathematician al-Quhi's life and works, see Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli, Al-A'lam, 10th edition, Beirut: Dar al-'ilm li-'l-mlayin, 1992, vol. 8, p. 127.
[21] Abu Ishaq al-Sabi, Risalat Abi Ishaq al-Sabi ila abi Sahl al-Quhi wa jawabuha, Al-Zahiriya Library, MS 5648 General; Library of the Institute for the History of Arabic Science in Aleppo, microfilm number 1698, folio 196r.
[22] Al-Sabi, Risala…, op. cit., folio 197v.
[23] Al-Sabi, Risala…, op. cit., folio 199v.
[24] Al-Biruni, Al-Qanun al-mas'udi, Haydarabad: Da'irat al-ma'arif al-'uthmaniya, 1373 H [1954], vol. 1, pp. 303-304.
[25] Adolph P. Youschkevitch, Les Mathématiques Arabes, French translation. Paris: Vrin, 1976, pp. 150-151.
[26] Boris A. Rosenfeld and Adolph P. Youschkevitch, Geometry, in Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, op. cit., pp. 582-584.
[27] Jamshid al-Kashi, Miftah al-hisab, edited by Nadir al-Nablusi, Damascus: Publications of the Ministery of Higher Education, 1977, p. 247.
[28] Al-Kashi, Miftah al-hisab, op. cit., p. 247.
*Dean of the Institute for the History of Arabic Science, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.


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Miley Cyrus Photographed Smoking Weed Pantsless in Miami
Because Miley Cyrus is like, so rebellious you guys, she was photographed puffing on a brown hand rolled cigarette.
This can't possibly have anything to do with the fact that she just dropped a single with Snoop Lion about smoking weed.
The starlet was snapped on her Miami hotel balcony yesterday (April 6) puffing on what looks an awful lot like a blunt and giggling.
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She's in a creative space, you guys.
She also wasn't wearing anything on her bottom because she has priorities. Blunts first, booty coverage second. Or third. Or 47th.

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Guiding Principles for Treatment as Prevention: More Musings from Paul Kawata
This article was provided by the National Minority AIDS Council; Paul Kawata is the organization's executive director.
Are You Ready to start Treatment As Prevention (TasP)? What is your agency's role in the implementation of this promising new HIV prevention tool? How will it change your community's prevention agenda? HIV Prevention Trial Network (HPTN) study 052 showed us that starting HIV-positive individuals in a treatment regimen early and reducing their viral load to undetectable can cut the risk of HIV transmission by as much as 96 percent.
Next week is the National HIV Prevention Conference (NHPC). In advance of this meeting, I want to share my thoughts on TasP. Without any inside information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), my personal belief is that they may retool HIV prevention programs to make TasP a cornerstone for our work. Behavioral interventions like "Prevention for Positives" will continue to be important, and HIV testing will need to remain a top priority, but now these programs will support TasP and the National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS).
TasP needs a Plan with Guiding Principles. 052 worked in the study's controlled environment -- now its time for real life application. Planning may differ depending on the region, but certain guiding principles should be consistent everywhere. This is essential for both protecting the rights of People with AIDS (PWAs) and for ensuring the integrity of TasP.
Guiding Principles for Implementing TasP
- Transparent Planning Process
- Can't Force People Onto Treatment
- Treatment May Not Be For Everyone
- Treatment Education Is Essential
- Ensure Mechanism For Payment
- Support To Stay Compliant
- Regular Viral Load Testing
- Stable Housing
- PWAs Should Lead The Way
Transparent Planning Process
TasP is about lowering the community's viral load to reduce the transmission of HIV. It requires the active participation of People with AIDS, Healthcare Providers (HP), Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Health Departments (HDs), Federal Government, and the Pharmaceutical Industry. For this process to work, planning and implementation should be:
- Transparent
- Have Broad Community Input, particularly PWAs
- Promote Measurable Results
TasP needs the cooperation of hundreds of thousands of PWAs. That is why transparency and community input are so essential.
With some prevention programs, it's hard to measure how many HIV infections were averted. TasP may provide an indirect way to evaluate this question by measuring the number of PWAs on treatment and the percentage with an undetectable viral load against any reductions in HIV infections within that community. While it will take time to evaluate the results, TasP can give us a denominator that is readily available, measurable, and can withstand scientific scrutiny.
Can't Force People Onto Treatment
Given the need for daily adherence to medications, forcing individuals onto treatment will not work.
We are asking PWAs to make a lifelong commitment to stay adherent to their medications. Given the millions of PWAs around the world who currently do so, this is certainly possible. However, TasP would require a doubling, if not tripling of the number of people currently on treatment in order to receive significant prevention benefits. PWAs must lead the way, and must have the right to chose for themselves whether they should be on treatment.
Treatment May Not Be for Everybody
For a variety of reasons, treatment may not work for someone at this particular moment in their life. That has to be OK.
Everyone does not have to be on treatment in order for a community to get the benefits of TasP. PWAs don't need any more judgment or discrimination. The success of TasP depends on People with AIDS. They must closely monitor the implementation of this important program. The last thing we need is for people to stop and/or not start treatment. Choice will always be a critical component. That choice includes not going on treatment.
This goes back to the Denver Principles, which was all about empowering People with AIDS to take control of their destiny. Now, not only do they control their own destiny, but they may also be destined to save their community and end this epidemic.
Treatment Education
If we ask PWAs to make a lifelong commitment to be on HIV medications, then we have a responsibility to educate about those medications. From 1996 until 2000, Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) via the Ryan White Care Act provided funding to support treatment educators in CBOs. This was necessary because 1996 was the start of combination therapy and we needed to educate PWAs about the new drugs and how they worked. Once again, we need those treatment educators. This will mean increased funding to support treatment education, particularly as it relates to TasP.
It's not reasonable to ask people to go on medications for the rest of their lives, without giving them the tools to understand those drugs, what may happen to their bodies, and how it may impact their lives. Without treatment education, TasP is destined to fail.
Mechanism for Payment
If we are asking PWAs to go on HIV medications, we must ensure that the resources are in place that gives access to these drugs for the rest of the life. Starting and stopping medication is a sure way to develop resistance. In the United States, HIV medications are paid via private insurance, personal resources, Medicare/Medicaid and as a last resort ADAP (AIDS Drug Assistance Program). Unfortunately, ADAP programs have a waiting list with over 9,000 people. As a result, the system is dependent on Patient Assistance Programs provided by the pharmaceutical industry. This is unsustainable.
The current mechanism for payment of medications is not set-up to support TasP. In fact, it might be impossible to move forward with TasP until the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is fully implemented. The community must plan for how to pay for hundreds of thousands of additional people enrolling in treatment. For example, if 100,000 new people receive HIV treatment over the next 24 months, how many would be covered by private insurance, Medicaid, ADAP or Patient Assistance Programs? Waiting 30 months until 2014 could mean 125,000 more Americans infected with HIV.
Support to Stay Compliant
Lack of adherence is probably the biggest barrier to achieving an undetectable viral load. Removing as many barriers to treatment adherence as possible is key to ensuring the success of TasP. This may require an analysis of all the structural and behavioral barriers to successful HIV treatment.
For example, one structural change that would support treatment adherence could be to provide 90 days of medication instead of the traditional 30 days. Not only is a 90 day supply cheaper, it is also more convenient. The community should also push for innovations in dosing. For example, a monthly pill would revolutionize HIV treatment and adherence.
In addition to the structural changes, behavioral support programs are important to help PWAs stay compliant. As part of their treatment education, HIV treatment adherence tools will be important to help PWAs maintain an undetectable viral load.
Regular Viral Load Testing
Viral load testing is an essential component to fully implement TasP. The costs of this testing needs to be built into the provision of care. It is not enough to just do CD4 counts.
We need cheaper and more rapid viral load tests. At a minimum, the cost for viral load testing should be reduced due to a significant increase in the volume of testing.
Stable Housing
As activists like to say "Housing Is Prevention". If an individual does not have stable housing, all other issues tend to fall by the way side, including health care. Even the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and the National Prevention Strategy acknowledge this fact. One of the best ways to ensure compliance with HIV treatment is to support stable housing for PWAs. The Ryan White Care Act and Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS (HOPWA) are an important part of stopping this epidemic. Wouldn't it be ironic if the programs that were started to support the health of those affected by the epidemic are the exact same programs necessary for ending the epidemic?
Housing for PWAs provides a stable living situation, which in turn supports compliance with HIV treatment. Adherence to HIV treatment is essential to maintaining an undetectable viral load, which is the start for reducing the community's viral load. Reducing the community's viral load is the way to end the epidemic.
PWAs Lead the Way
All the reasons noted above provide the rationale for why PWAs must lead the way. There will be critical roles for CBOs, HDs, HPs, the federal government and the pharmaceutical industry, but its going to take People with AIDS to end this epidemic. Personally, I think that's wonderful. It could be the perfect ending to this unprecedented tragedy.
Please join me as I discuss these guiding principles in more detail at the opening plenary of the National HIV Prevention Conference (NHPC). If I miss you at NHPC, then I look forward to seeing you at the United States Conference on AIDS in Chicago Nov. 10-13th (www.2011USCA.org). I look forward to addressing all of the issues discussed in my "Are You Ready?" series of musings. Thank you for all that you do to fight AIDS. We can end this epidemic!
Yours in the struggle,
Paul Kawata
Executive Director


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Former C.M. Russell High football star and NFL quarterback Ryan Leaf has been moved from a Lewistown, Mont., treatment center to the Montana State Prison in Deer Lodge, state officials confirmed Thursday.
Leaf, who was sentenced by District Judge Kenneth Neill to a five-year commitment to the Montana Department of Corrections for drug and burglary charges in June, had been in a lockdown drug rehabilitation facility in Lewistown since July 12.
PHOTO GALLERY: Leaf's rollercoaster life
The first nine months of that sentence were to be spent in Lewistown and then he was to transfer to six months in a prerelease center before likely being given supervised community placement for the rest of the five years, according to Great Falls Tribune archives.
However, the Tribune learned Thursday that "the Montana Department of Corrections terminated Leaf from the treatment program and placed him in prison after he was found guilty of behavior that violated conditions of his drug treatment placement," Dawn Handa, regional probation and parole administrator in Great Falls, said in a statement. "The violations included threatening a program staff member."
Marcie Conmy, administrator at Nexus Treatment Center, confirmed that Leaf is no longer at the Lewistown facility.
According to the DOC's Correctional Offender Network Search, Leaf's status last changed Jan. 10, and it lists his current location as the reception unit at the Montana State Prison.
The treatment program is for methamphetamine treatment or any other addiction with a co-occuring disorder, Conmy said.
The Great Falls Tribune is a Gannett property


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Robert Kerns, PhD
Professor of Psychiatry, of Neurology and of Psychology
Departments & Organizations
Psychiatry: Division of Mental Health Services | Psychology Section
Drug use, Addiction, and HIV Research Scholars (DAHRS)
Office of Cooperative Research
Dr. Robert D. Kerns is Professor of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Psychology at Yale University. He is one of three directors of the Yale-based NIH-DoD-VA Pain Management Collaboratory Coordinating Center. He recently retired from VA Connecticut Healthcare System (VACHS) and service to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) following a nearly 38 year career during which time he served as VACHS Chief of Psychology (1987-2008) and founding Director of the Pain Research, Informatics, Multimorbidities and Education (PRIME) Center of Innovation (2008-2016), and as VA National Program Director for Pain Management (2006-2013). He received his bachelor's degree in Psychology from West Virginia University in 1974 and his doctorate in Bioclinical Psychology from Southern Illinois University in 1980. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, and he has held leadership positions in these and other professional and scientific societies.
He is the recipient of numerous awards including the 2006 Leadership Award from the Association of VA Psychologist Leaders, the 2006 David M. Worthen Award for Academic Excellence and the 2006 Mark Wolcott Award for Clinical Leadership from the VHA, and the 2010 John and Emma Bonic Public Service Award from the American Pain Society. He serves on the editorial board of several scientific journals, including the Annals of Behavioral Medicine, Clinical Journal of Pain, Health Psychology, Pain Medicine, and Psychological Services. He was a member of the Institute of Medicine Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care and Education and National Pain Management Strategy Oversight Panel that developed a National Pain Strategy for transforming pain care in America. He also served as co-chair of the Federal Interagency Workgroup that produced a National Action Plan for Prevention of Opioid-related Adverse Drug Events.
Dr. Kerns' primary area of scholarly and academic interest is in the fields of behavioral medicine and health psychology, with a more specific interest and expertise in the area of pain and pain management. He has published over 250 peer-reviewed articles, chapters, and books, and he frequently delivers invited addresses at professional and scientific meetings. His research has been funded through the VA, the National Institutes of health and through other federal and private sources for over 35 years. His current research focuses on use of large datasets from VA to study pain and pain care among veterans, especially age, gender, and race/ethnicity differences and disparities; developing informatics solutions for extracting information from unstructured electronic health record notes, mechanisms and processes of change during psychological interventions for chronic pain; use of innovative technologies to promote access and fidelity of non-pharmacological pain interventions; and formative evaluation and implementation of organizational improvement initiatives in pain care.
Education & Training
|Southern Illinois University (1980)
Honors & Recognition
Nathan W. Perry, Jr. Award for Career Service to Health PsychologySociety for Health Psychology, American Psychological Association (2016)
Distinguished Psychologist for Scientific AchievementPsychology Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System (2016)
Presidential CitationAmerican Psychological Association (2014)
Bonica Professorship and LecturerUniversity of Washington (2011)
John and Emma Bonica Public Service AwardAmerican Pain Society (2010)
Pfizer Visiting ProfessorshipAmerican Academy of Pain Medicine (2009)
Patient Advocacy AwardAmerican Academy of Pain Medicine (2008)
2006 Mark Wolcott Award for Clinical LeadershipVeterans Health Administration (2007)
2006 David M Worthen Award for Academic ExcellenceVeterans Health Administration (2007)
2006 Leadership AwardAssociation of VA Psychologist Leaders (2006)
Professional Service
American Psychological Association (2013 - 2016) Member, Society for Health Psychology, Board of Directors
National Institutes of Health/Health and Human Services (2013 - Present) National Pain Management Oversight Panel
Health and Human Services (2012 - Present) Federal Interagency Workgroup on Adverse Drug Events - Opioids
School of Medicine (2012 - Present) Pain Management Curriculum Committee
American Pain Society (2012 - 2015) American Pain Society Clinical Centers of Excellence Committee
Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addictions Clinical Trials Translation, Innovation and Opportunities Network (2012 - Present) Executive Committee
Health Psychology (2010 - Present) Editorial Board
Annals of Behavioral Medicine (2010 - Present) Editorial Board
Department of Psychiatry (2003 - Present) Tenured Faculty Committee
Yale University School of Medicine (2003 - Present) Board of Permanent Officers
Pain Medicine (2002 - Present) Senior Editor
Clinical Journal of Pain (1995 - Present) Editorial Board
American Chronic Pain Association (1993 - Present) Professional Advisory Board
Multidimensional Pain Readiness to Change Questionnaire Canada (2008)
The present study describes further development of the Multidimensional Pain Readiness to Change Questionnaire (MPRCQ.V2), a measure of readiness to adopt a variety of pain management and coping strategies commonly taught in multidisciplinary treatment programs.
Pain Readiness Norway (2008 - 2012)
A series of projects designed to further assess the predictive validity and utility of the pain readiness to change model, particularly among persons with arthritis.


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Nursing shortage in the US seen till 2016?Monday, October 6, 2008 3 comments
Taken from the article Healthcare Realities during a Pandemic by Laura H. Khan on the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists website.
Despite the availability of antiviral medications and intensive care units, mortality rates for the 385 humans infected withavian influenza remain high. Virtually all of the victims have been from developing countries, with the case fatality rate in children younger than 15 years of age reaching almost 90 percent.
Whatever the age or locale, patients stricken with avian influenza would most likely require intensive nursing care. Yet, despite the critical role that nurses play in patient outcomes, by 2025, the United States is estimated to have a shortage of as many as 500,000 registered nurses, or RNs--the best trained and educated nurses who often supervise licensed practical nurses and nurses' aides. Already, 14 percent of U.S. hospitals report a severe nursing shortage with more than 20 percent of their positions vacant.
Worse yet, given the country's aging population, the need for nurses is only increasing; the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics anticipates that more than 587,000 new nursing positions will be created by 2016.
Contributing factors for the nursing shortage include restricted nursing school enrollment capabilities due to a lack of faculty and a high-stress workload that drives many nurses to leave the profession. Fear of workplace violence, particularly in psychiatric wards, emergency rooms, and nursing homes is cited as another factor. Of course, fewer nurses has meant an increase in patient violence, widening the gap further still.
There's also a significant gender gap. Ninety-five percent of the nearly 3 million RNs in the United States are women, meaning one-half of the country's population--men--typically don't become nurses. Needless to say, this disparity is alarming, and there should be a major effort to recruit more men into the field.
Unfortunately, given the current state of the U.S. healthcare system, it's unlikely that the nursing shortage will be resolved anytime soon. Addressing it would require more funding for education, training, higher salaries, and lower nurse-to-patient ratios--never priorities compared to investing in new technologies.
The rise of the nursing profession
Before Florence Nightingale and her team of 38 volunteer nurses went to care for sick and wounded soldiers during the Crimean War, nursing wasn't considered a respectable profession for well-to-do ladies.
At first, Nightingale was rebuffed by physicians at a military hospital in Scutari, Turkey, even though the medical staff was severely overstretched and sanitary conditions were appalling. A century before antibiotics, infections such as gangrene, dysentery, and typhus killed more soldiers than war injuries.
Nightingale was a firm proponent of the burgeoning "Sanitation Movement" and believed that clean food and water, hygiene, and comfort would be more beneficial to healing and recuperation than bleeding, mercury, and arsenic--the medical practices of the day. She and her nurses cleaned up the raw sewage on the wards, bathed and fed the soldiers, laundered bed linens, and installed retractable windows. She used her own money to provide soups, teas, cereals, and other easily digestible foods that the sick soldiers could eat rather than the army's meager war rations. Through her meticulous management skills and record keeping, she demonstrated an almost seventeen-fold drop in mortality rate over a one-year period. And her leadership had a profound and lasting impact on nursing, infection control, and hospital epidemiology.
Nursing care during the 1918 influenza pandemic
Because of World War I, there were severe shortages of health-care personnel during the 1918 influenza pandemic, as most nurses and physicians were caring for soldiers overseas. Many of the doctors and nurses who remained stayed away from patients because they feared for their own lives.
Therefore, student nurses and doctors were recruited to help alleviate the shortage. Isaac Starr was just starting his third year at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine when he went to work as a nurse on the hospital wards. In a published recollection of his experiences, he wrote , "I soon found myself 'head nurse' on the top floor for the shift starting at 4 p.m. and ending at midnight. . . . Thinking of my function as that of a nurse, I was prepared to carry out the orders given me. But for most patients there were no orders, and many died without having been seen by any medical attendant but me. . . . As their lungs filled with [fluid] the patients became short of breath and increasingly [blue]. After gasping for several hours they became delirious and incontinent, and many died struggling to clear their airways of a blood-tinged froth that sometimes gushed from their nose and mouth."
The estimated mortality rate was somewhere between 2 to 3 percent. Many of those who died were healthy young adults; in 1918, there weren't intensive care units, ventilators, antibiotics, or antiviral medications. In fact, most people were cared for by family members in their homes.
Informal caregivers
Today, about 52 million people in the United States voluntarily provide care to a family member or friend with a chronic illness or disability. Thirty-eight percent of these family caregivers are adult children who provide care to their aging parent(s); 11 percent are spouses who take care of an ill husband or wife. Both men and women provide informal care, and most are middle-aged and employed. Family caregivers' services have been estimated at an economic value of $257 billion (in 2000 dollars).
TheNational Family caregivers Association, founded in 1993, provides resources for family caregivers through educational materials, support, and advocacy. In 2002, the organization supported the passage of the National Family Caregivers Support Program --an amendment to the Older Americans Act. The program helps states and local agencies provide family caregivers with information, assistance, support groups, and training. It also provides grant funding for innovations to help family caregivers.
This vast network of unsung heroes shows that people will care for family and friends when the need arises. A similar support system could be developed during an influenza pandemic when overwhelmed and understaffed healthcare facilities turn people away.
In addition to government support, nongovernmental organizations could play a major role in pandemic preparedness. For example, the Red Cross provides information on home preparedness in the event of a disaster and offers courses in babysitting, CPR, and first aid. And although it already provides basic information on influenza, it could go a step further and offer courses in family caregiving to help people learn how to monitor vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration), food and fluid intake, and output during an influenza pandemic. Along these lines, the Red Cross has begun a new program for family caregivers who provide care to the elderly and disabled.
There should also be a Family Caregiver magazine and website that features news and information for those who informally care for others with acute (e.g. hepatitis A, rubella, pertussis, influenza) and chronic illnesses (e.g. diabetes, HIV/AIDS, Parkinson's disease). The need for such information will only grow as the population ages. In the face of the current and future nursing shortage, the public should be prepared that their family and friends would likely not receive professional nursing care during an influenza pandemic. In fact, the responsibility might fall on you and me.


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Public Transit Ridership Highest In 52 Years
See, here's some good news to the wallet-gouging gas prices of 2008: ridership of public transportation was up to 10.7 billion trips last year, "the highest level of ridership in 52 years" according to the American Public Transportation Association. It was the fifth consecutive year that ridership increased, but it may come to an end in 2009 because of skyrocketing unemployment.
"U.S. public transit 2008 ridership highest in 52 years" [Reuters]
(Photo: Kriston Lewis)
Want more consumer news? Visit our parent organization, Consumer Reports, for the latest on scams, recalls, and other consumer issues.


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Snow Leopard Faux Fur Beanbag
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"Keep Calm and Carry On" Season 14 Episode 12
D.B. Russell (Ted Danson) listens as theories are explained to him that he has to decipher and then decide what the next move for the team is, on CSI: CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION, Wednesday, Jan. 15 (10:00:11:00 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network. Photo: Robert Voets/CBS ©2013 CBS Broadcasting, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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21st Century Learning: Links to Our Collection
The Coast Salish: Connecting Art, Environment and Traditions
Connection to environment is reflected in the art and traditions of the Coast Salish. To further appreciate these traditions, students investigate the culture and their connections to the earth.
This educator's package presents the traditional way of life of the Coast Salish people. The information encourages students to examine artifacts from the Glenbow Museum's collection and connects them to other cultures, communities and environments from within Canada.
For each package our team of curators and educators have selected additional artworks and artifacts from our online collection database that can be used in conjunction with the teacher's guide and lesson plan.
You can access all of the objects that were selected for this package by clicking here.
Included in this guide are:
Information on the Coast Salish people including high-resolution photographs artifacts, archival photographs and essays.
- Lesson plans including discussions for looking at primary sources, curriculum connections and lesson plans for a variety of ages and abilities.
- Detailed listing of vocabulary and concepts.
- Suggested sources for further research and other information.
Table of contents
- History of Glenbow Museum
- Program purpose
- Educational guide purpose
- Educational Module
- Lesson Plan
Recommended grades: 1-3
Connections to Environment:
Traditions of the Coast Salish People
- Lesson Plan
Recommended grades: 4-12
Coiled, Twined and Woven:
Weavings of the Coast Salish People
- Acknowledgements
- Readings andResources
- Download the entire Coast Salish: Connecting Art, Environment and Traditions teaching aid here
- Contributors


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The new issue of the Weekly Standard carries Tom Joscelyn's review of Andrew McCarthy's important book Willful Blindness: A Memoir of the Jihad. The new issue of National Review carries Bruce Thornton's review of the book (subscribers only) as well. Both reviews are excellent. McCarthy was the chief federal prosecutor of the perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center attack, their spiritual leader Omar Abdel-Rahman ("the blind sheikh") foremost among them. In the book McCarthy recounts the story of the investigation of the attack and the prosecution of the perpetrators.
Despite ample opportunities to prevent the attack, those in a position to thwart it turned a blind eye. In the aftermath of 9/11 have we now opened our eyes? Both Joscelyn and Thornton note McCarthy's lament for the "willful blindness" that continues to bedevil us. Joscelyn writes:
The strategic failure McCarthy exposes is ongoing, and extends even to something as basic as naming the enemy. Just as Willful Blindness was released, the State Department and other agencies published an edict banning the use of the word "jihadist" (as well as similar terms) from the government's lexicon. The thinking is that the terrorists like to call themselves "jihadists," thereby appropriating an Islamic term which can have far more benevolent meanings, such as the struggle for spiritual betterment or simply to do good.
It is true that, in some Islamic traditions, "jihad" has been endowed with such inoffensive meanings. But as McCarthy rightly argues, "jihad" has far more frequently been used to connote violent campaigns against infidels since the earliest days of Islam. When Sheikh Rahman called on his followers to wage "jihad," they knew that their master did not mean for them to become absorbed in prayer.
Moreover, Washington is apparently too obtuse to notice that Saddam Hussein, al Qaeda's terrorists, Tehran's mullahs, and Saudi Arabia's Wahhabi clerics have called for a militant brand of jihad persistently over the past several decades. All of these parties know how their words will be interpreted by the Muslim masses, and no fiat from the Washington bureaucracy will undo this widely accepted meaning.
Thornton writes:
This jihadist ideology motivated Abdel Rahman and the 9/11 jihadists, and continues to motivate Islamic terrorism today. But, then and now, this obvious traditional belief is ignored or rationalized away by those entrusted with our security: The secretary of state publicly croons that Islam is the "religion of peace and love," and the State and Homeland Security departments instruct their employees not to use words like "jihad" or "mujahedeen" (holy warrior) in their communications. In contrast to this delusional thinking, McCarthy bluntly, and correctly, states the obvious: "Islam is a dangerous creed. It rejects core aspects of Western liberalism: self-determination, freedom of choice, freedom of conscience, equality under the law." We refuse to face the truth about Islam, and thus we disarm ourselves before "a doctrine that rejects our way of life and a culture unwilling or unable to suppress the savage element it breeds wherever it takes hold."
In the Bush administration, the "willful blindness" takes the form of political correctness. This political correctness, however, is more than an intellectual failure. On the one hand, the administration has supported the prosecution of the Holy Land Foundation and the naming of CAIR and the Islamic Society of North America as HLF's unindicted co-conspirators supporting Hamas. On the other hand, the adminstration continues to treat CAIR and ISNA, for example, as respectable organizations and occasional partners.
On the Democratic side, the failure runs deeper. Listening to the Democratic debates over the past year, one could not help but be struck by the candidates' understanding of the Bush administration as an enemy far more formidable than any we are facing beyond our borders. Next to the Bush administration, the threats posed by Iran, Syria and their terrorist proxies pale in comparison. Should the Iranian Revolutionary Guard be designated a terrorist group? According to Barack Obama, this is going too far: the Bush administration is merely engaged in "saber rattling." He would prefer to rattle the tea cups with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in Tehran.
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text: Gilad, Gilad Shainer wrote: > So now we can discuss technical terms and not marketing terms such > as price/performance. InfiniBand uses 10Gb/s and 20Gb/s link signaling > rate. The coding of the data into the link signaling is 8/10. When > someone refer to 10 and 20Gb/s, it is for the link speed and there > is nothing confusing here - this is InfiniBand specification (and a > standard if I may say). You don't have a 1.25 Gb/s Ethernet on your laptop, do you ? Gigabit Ethernet signal rate is 1.25 Gb/s per the standard, but data rate is 1 Gb/s after 8b/10b encoding and that's why everybody calls it Gigabit Ethernet. Same thing with 10 GigE (it's 12.5 Gb/s signal rate) and with Myrinet 2G (2.5 Gb/s signal rate) or 10G (12.5 Gb/s signal rate), both according to their respective standard. Similarly, my laptop has 1 GB of memory, not 1.125 GB of parity memory. By using signaling rate instead of data rate, you are going against all conventions in networking. There is no technical basis for that choice, except that 10 is bigger than 8. > The PCIe specification is exactly the same. Same link speed and same > 8/10 data encoding. When you say 13.7Gb/s you confuse between the > specification and the MTU (data size) that some of the chipsets support. I just pointed out that your claim that bigger pipes have better application performance has to be adjusted with the effective throughtput for the application. IB SDR has actually less effective bandwidth than 10 GigE, and IB DDR cannot go more than 1.3x faster today. > For chipsets that support MTU > 128B, your calculation is wrong and the > data throughput is higher. Please, name one PCI Express chipset that implements Read Completions larger than 128 Bytes. Do no confuse it with the May Payload size, which is from the Write operations. Read Completions are as large as the transaction size on the memory bus (and that makes a lot of sense if you think about it). Intel chipsets can do PCIE combining to reach 128 Bytes, and they could in theory combine on a larger buffer. However, nobody does today. With PCIE 2.0 doubling the bandwidth, then you will be able to say that IB 16 Gb/s is twice as fast as IB 8 Gb/s for application, but not today. > What is also interesting to know, is when one uses InfiniBand 20Gb/s > he/she > Can fully utilized the PCIe x8 link, while in your case, Myricom I/O > interface is the bottleneck. If you have a look at the following web page, you will see the effective bandwidth supported by a large variety of PCI Express chipsets: http://www.myri.com/scs/performance/PCIe_motherboards/ This is a pure PCIE Express DMA measurement, no network involved. You will see that some do not even sustain 10 Gb/s on the Read direction, and most just barely sustain 20 Gb/s in bidirectional. In many motherboards, 10G *does* saturate the PCIE x8 link. > saw from 3 non-bias parties. In all the application benchmarks, Myrinet > 2G shows poor performance comparing to 10 and 20Gb/s. > As for the registration cache comment, I would go back to the "famous" > RDMA paper and the proper responds from IBM and others. The answer > to this comment is fully described in those responses. I strongly advice you to read the related posts by Christian at Qlogic and learn from it. He gets it, you don't. The IBM guy has never programmed RDMA interconnects and dealt with memory registration (I am not sure he ever programmed anything), and you neither apparently. Here, try this simple benchmark: pingpong incrementing the send and receive buffer at each iteration. Tell me if IB beats GigE for, say, 64KB messages. >> Similarly, on many applications I have checked, Qlogic IB SDR >> has better performance than Mellanox IB DDR, despite having a >> smaller pipe (and despite Mellanox claiming the contrary). > > > Are you selling Myricom HW or Qlogic HW? I don't do hardware or sales, believe it or not. I am a software guy. You tell me that a bigger pipe is better, I reply by example that it's not about the size of the pipe, it's how you use it. Qlogic have a smaller one, but they don't mind. > and not only on pure latency or pure bandwidth. Qlogic till recently (*) > had the lowest latency number but when it comes to application, the CPU > overhead is too high. Check some papers on Cluster to see the > application > results. You really do not understand MPI implementations. Qlogic send and recv overhead is a problem for large messages, but small and medium messages are much more important for MPI applications. For these message sizes, it is actually faster to copy on both side to pre-registered buffers than doing a rendez-vous to do zero-copy. What is the difference between PIO on send side and Copy on receive (what Qlogic does), versus Copy on both sides ? Qlogic design does cut corners for large message, but the tradeoff is that it keeps the design simple (thus easier to implement) without affecting too much application performance. Don't get me wrong, Qlogic is my competitor too, and sometimes I savagely want to cut Greg's hair when he is wrong, but they mostly (and definitively Quadrics) know what they are doing. Patrick -- Patrick Geoffray Myricom, Inc. http://www.myri.com


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I was never a fan of overnight camp and my 4th grade son swore he didn't want to go, either. But he seems to be changing his tune after a Hebrew school weekend retreat at Camp Harlam.
This past weekend, my son's 4th grade Hebrew school class went on an overnight retreat at Camp Harlam, the Reform Jewish sleepover camp. It was Maxon's first time at an overnight camp and I was curious to see if he might like to spend part of his summer there.
While many of my girlfirends have been sending their kids to overnight camp for the past two summers, my boys still go to a day camp program and I am fine with that. Overnight camp is expensive, and I don't see the need to send my kids away while they still enjoy my company at the beach.
"It's great for their independence!" my friends argue.
"They make such good friends!"
"It's a unique growing experience!"
Yeah. Not sold. I get it, about overnight camp. But I also know that parents who send their kids to overnight camp usually loved overnight camp themselves. I am not one of those parents. My first year at Pine Forest I was 14, very uncool, and stuck with girls who emotionally tortured me on the regular. It was bad enough to endure such torment at school, but at least I could go home at 3 p.m. At sleepover camp, there is no escape from the girls who hate you. They are in your bedroom, your dining room, your shower and your mind.
However, if I ever was going to send my boys to camp, it would be a Jewish one. I've heard about studies that demonstrate how Jewish camp creates a stronger feeling of Jewish identity, which was certainly the case for my close girlfriend, who has not-so-subtly pushed me towards Harlam for the past two years.
When I pick Maxon up on Sunday, he's all smiles, spent but happy. He tells me about how late he stayed up, when he drank soda, how much powdered sugar went on his French toast, how the girls chased him "until my heart hurt" and how there were more curses in The Princess Bride than he remembered.
"Anything Jewish happen?" I ask.
"Oh, yeah. We prayed all day long. But Rabbi Eli was the best. He is the coolest rabbi. He actually does funny stuff so I'm not bored."
Then I hear Rabbi Eli Freedman's song about the Ten Constipated Men in the Bible: "Cain, he wasn't able. Then there was Noah, he had an arkfull. Then there was Pharoah. He wouldn't let them go."
OK, Maxon. Thank you. Glad you were paying attention. But then, when I ask what else he liked, he offers a bit of information I didn't expect:
"I liked that everyone was Jewish. I felt like I wasn't alone. There was a Christmas trailer in the movie, and everyone complained and that was fun because I complained with them."
I ask if he would want to try out Camp Harlam for two weeks next summer.
"I would like to go back, but only if one of my friends went, too. I would be into Jewish camp. Because it was fun, being Jewish and everyone else being Jewish. I wish I could re-live the weekend. It was so much fun!"
This from the child who threw nuclear tantrums in Congregation Rodeph Shalom's sanctuary every Sunday in protest of Hebrew school. This from the child who swore he would never go to overnight camp. And me, considering sending my child away before he gets sick of me. But it's only November. I don't have to decide anything now.
Maxon says he's tired and asks if he can watch TV. I tousle his hair and let him go. He trots down the steps, humming Modeh Ani.


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Tayla Barnard was among the many first-time voters at Penn State New Kensington's Election Day Party where students, faculty and staff gathered Nov. 6 in the campus' Café 780 to discuss the election.
Barnard, a junior business administration major, was excited, as well as nervous, about casting her inaugural ballot. She was eager to be a part of the election process but not sure of what to expect.
"I don't know how these things go, but I feel privileged to be able to take part in such a historical moment," said Barnard, a graduate of Penn Hills High School.
Barnard's thoughts mimicked those of many first-time voters at the campus. The common theme among the 18- to 22-year-olds was having a say in who will be running the country for the next four years.
"I had a different view on the Obamacare," said Barnard, who voted for Mitt Romney. "But I had the opportunity to have my voice heard. Now that Obama has a second chance, hopefully he can stay on my good side."
The thrill of going to the polls was not limited to the first-timers. Parents of rookie voters derived a vicarious pleasure from their offspring exercising their franchise. Kevin Snider, chancellor of the New Kensington campus, along with his wife, Sarah, accompanied their 18-year-old son Tyler to the polls.
"It was a thrill to see him take that responsibility seriously," said Snider, a resident of Allegheny Township. "It is extremely important for young Americans to get educated and take the initiative to vote."
The Election Day social was sponsored by the Student Government Association (SGA). SGA, which represents the campus students and encourages extracurricular activities, hosted TV-viewing parties during the presidential debates.
For more on the SGA, visit http://www.nk.psu.edu/StudentLife/sga.htm.
Public Relations intern Erica Seifert conducted the interviews and is co-author of the story.


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Our curriculum is based on the most recent CIDA Professional Standards and includes three semester of graphic communication and six semesters of design studios. Students will take 67 hours of interior design courses, 9 hours of approved electives and usually sign up for mandatory internship during summer of junior year.
All interior design students are required to participate in Portfolio Review during the second semester of the second year to be admitted to the 300-level courses and higher. A grade of C or better is required in all required courses with the exception of AHS 100 and FCS core courses. Students with grade of C- or lower need to retake the course. Students may not progress through the program until they satisfy the requirements.
Interior Design Course Sequences
Directed Electives
Minor in Interior Design
Interior Design (Minor) Application (PDF)


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With 70 percent of the typical corporation's global transactions running on legacy applications shifting to New IT is not easy feat.
Our application modernization services help IT leaders strip out unnecessary operating costs—reducing capital spending and freeing staff for new strategic and revenue-generating initiatives. We help address critical questions, such as whether to migrate, re-platform or remediate legacy applications.
Ultimately, we add value from existing applications while reducing costs, limiting disruptions and decreasing risk. The outcome transforms legacy applications to achieve high performance.


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Clifton's of Wrexham are well known for providing an excellent service within Wrexham and surrounding areas. We provide a service to landlords and letting agency that is prompt and reliable.
Gas Safety Certificate explained
By law, under the Gas
Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1998, it's your responsibility to get
a Gas Safety Certificate every twelve months. You must get this from a Gas Safe
Registered engineer for all pipe work, gas appliances and flues installed at
your property.
If you use an agent to manage your property, you need to make sure your contract clearly states in black and white whose responsibility it is to carry out maintenance on gas appliances. You must also keep copies of all the paperwork. You'll need to keep a record of the safety inspection for two years, and give a copy to all of your tenants within 28 days of the inspection. If your tenants change, they'll need a copy of the Gas Safety Certificate before they move in. If your contract says the agent is responsible, then the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1998 are passed on to them.
Top tips
· Legally you only have to carry out a gas safety inspection every twelve months, but its a good idea to get appliances checked between tenants too. Then youll be sure your appliances are in tip-top condition before your new tenants move in.
· Installing a Carbon Monoxide (CO) alarm comes highly recommended not just by us, but by HSE too. Its the best way to make sure your tenants are safe from dangers of Carbon Monoxide poisoning. But an alarm should never replace regular maintenance and safety checks.
· Since the 1st October 2013, it has been a legal requirement in Scotland to have a CO alarm installed in the same room as a new or replacement fixed fossil fuel burning heating appliance - this includes gas appliances. Whilst a legal requirement has existed in England & Wales since 1st October 2010 to have a CO alarm installed in the same room as a new or replacement fixed solid fuel appliance this does not include gas appliances. However it is still recommended when gas appliances are present to help ensure safety. The alarm may be hard wired or battery powered to comply.
What youll get with a Gas Safety Certificate:
· Your gas appliances will be checked for gas tightness.
· If test points are available, standing and working pressure will be tested.
· Your Gas Safe engineer will check burner pressure and gas rate against the manufacturers data plate.
· Checks will be carried out for the provision of all necessary ventilation.
· Flue flow will be tested to make sure products of combustion are removed.
· All flame failure devices will be checked for satisfactory operation.
· Where appropriate checks will be made for physical stability, presence and effectiveness of stability brackets.
· Investigations for any evidence of unsafe operation will be made and reported.
· Without completing all of the above checks an appliance cannot be issued a Gas Safety Certificate


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I'm all for going for KG but there will be many teams going for him to. I'm all for going after Pierce but maybe the celts are not thinking of trading him anymore, at least not for a star or two in return. That being said, maybe the Celts would do a trade with us that will be beneficial to us.
The Celtics have alot of young guys ie. Delonte, Allen, Green, Jefferson and Perkins. They also have a pretty pathetic frontline right now with Raef LaFrentz, who is paid alot and looks like he will never be what he was in the first three years of his career (he looked like he was going to be allstar material), Olawokandi, who is an absolute bust and both Jefferson and Perkins, who are both really promising but are yet to play that great and have both have injury problems so early in their careers already! Both of them a re very big men and they may become injuryprone.
The Warriors need to get rid of Murphy! He is a very good player and a hardworking fan favourite but the truth is that he is just in the way of Ike Diogu and we all know that Diogu was grossly misused this season and has the capability to be a major contributor immediately. I remember reading an article in late December about how Ainge and Rivers both like Murphy very much and how Murphy, being from Irish background, wouldn't mind playing for the Celts. Well that's just great because that opens the possibility of getting players that can fill needed positions on the team, while also allowing Diogu to be the favored PF.
Possible trades are:
Murphy, Fisher and Pietrus for Wally, Green and Perkins.
This trade gives the Celtics Murphy, who is a better rebounder than anyone the Celts have right now. Fisher is a veteran and the Celtics don;t have any right now. He is also better than most of the PGs they have. Pietrus has the potential and would be liked by Ainge and Rivers as he is explosive and young. Wally has a big contract and would fit our needs at SF as he is more than decent, better than Dunleavy also (not hard ). Green has been touted as a future great but how many years wil that take? He is a great player to have off the bench at either SG or SF. Perkins could really be something special and he has already shown great rebounding and shotblocking ability, though he doesn't seem to be much of a scorer.
I don't get the BYC crap but this trade works salarywise.
Another trade possibility:
Murphy, Foyle, Fisher and Dunleavy for Wally, LaFrentz and Green or Allen (rather Green).
Foyle gives slightly better shotblocking than Raef and not as bad a contract. Raef gives us an outside shootig big guy THAT CAN STAY ON THAT BENCH! Dunleavy can be a swingman that sets up other players more than anything else which the Celts could use
Gerald Green or/and Wally and Perkins
Discuss anything related to Golden State Warriors basketball here
Moderators: Mr. Crackerz, JREED, Guybrush, 32
I don't think there's a chance in hell they trade Green right now. They lost JJ for nothing, trading him before knowing what kind of player he was. Boston won't make the same mistake again.
Also, Olowokandi is a free agent, that's why they traded for him.
The last trade you proposed could be a very realistic possibility, if it involves Allen instead of Green. Numbers doesn't work, but it can be done with fillers on the Celtics side.
Also, Olowokandi is a free agent, that's why they traded for him.
The last trade you proposed could be a very realistic possibility, if it involves Allen instead of Green. Numbers doesn't work, but it can be done with fillers on the Celtics side.
As long as Pierce is there it will be difficult to give Green a chance to become a star. Pierce could play SG and Green sF or vice versa but Pierce will always be number one there and that could very well clash with some of the young guys that are there.
i'd love to get Green but Allen looks promising, especailly defensively.
i'd love to get Green but Allen looks promising, especailly defensively.


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7 Full Time Video Uploaders Needed
Hi there,
I'm looking to hire 7 full time video uploaders.
This job is simple and very well paid.
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Also, because of my timezone this job is only available to people located in eastern Europe.
If you are located in eastern Europe and you are interested in this job then please contact me right away.
Hi there, I'm using 4G broadband internet with Core i7 Computer Feel free to discuss further over chat Thanks..
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Dear Employer, Hope you are in the best of your health and reading the proposal with a smiling face. I have read your requirements and I assure you to deliver quality, 100% unique content on time and with in the bud もっと


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About the Planetarium
Located in the Southern Tier of New York State, the Corning Community College Planetarium offers southern New York and northern Pennsylvania with a valuable astronomical resource. The Corning Community College Planetarium provides audiences with inspiring and amazing multimedia voyages into the field of astronomy that are accessible to audiences of all ages and interests. Full motion video, beautiful images from spacecraft and telescopes, and dazzling special effects combine with skillful narration to instill a sense of wonder in audiences, while providing them with educational facts about our universe at the same time. Audiences are taken on journeys ranging from their own backyard sky to distant galaxies and beyond.
PLEASE NOTE: The Planetarium is not offering general public shows at this time.
The planetarium's facilities are also available for hosting presentations and conferences, where the multimedia equipment can be used to enhance any meeting or presentation. PowerPoint, DVD, VHS, stationary and wireless microphones, slide projectors, and direct computer linking are all available for use in presentations.


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Ten football fans were arrested after trouble broke out during and after Crystal Palace's game against Charlton on Saturday.
Crystal Palace beat Charlton 2-1 on Saturday at Selhurst Park in a hotly contested south London derby.
Extra police officers were drafted in for the game, some coming from neighbouring boroughs.
During the game, several rows of seats and the toilets in the away end were damaged. Flares were also lit in the away section.
After the match, away fans were held in Park Road by a police cordon while Palace fans made their way home.
About 3,000 Charlton supporters were escorted down Sangley Road towards Norwood Junction.
A minority of troublemakers smashed cars and damaged residents' property as they made their way home.
Police are investigating the damage that was caused and are urging residents with any information to call 101.


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Excellent client in Dublin City Centre recruiting for an Infrastructure Consultant to work on cutting edge projects.
If you are interested in this role, then please Apply along with your updated CV and I will be in touch with you to discuss your application in more detail, otherwise feel free to connect with me by whichever medium you are most comfortable with be that Linkedin, Email or Telephone. Remember we have limited our site to a maximum of 200 Jobs so if this Role is not a 100% match to your requirements please be sure to connect with us as we will most likely have another role which you may find more suitable.Apply for Job
If this isn't the job for you then why not reach out to one of our consultants today and send us your CV so we can find the one that is?Reach out to a Consultant
21 May 2019
Ireland's gaming industry has expanded steadily in recent years and is poised for further growth due to developments like the popularity of eSports and the rise of mobile gaming. PwC predicts that...
8 May 2019
When Capgemini and Sogeti released the 10th edition of their World Quality Report recently, they observed that, for the first time, IT professionals ranked customer experience as the number one...


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>>>full teams
MARTINEZ, Ga. – The Peach Belt Conference (PBC) recently announced its Men's Golf All-Academic Team, with No. 10 Georgia College taking two of the 10 spots on the squad.
Senior Matthew Yonz (Waycross, Ga.) joined sophomore Patrick Garrett (Kennesaw, Ga.) on the academic-minded team. Yonz has made three PBC All-Academic Teams in the three-year history of the program. Garrett makes his first appearance on this list.
Yonz owns the top GPA for a male student-athlete at Georgia College at 3.96 in chemistry. Garrett has a 3.64 in biology. Both were regular starters for the Bobcats this season. Yonz posted a 74.8 stroke average over nine events and Garrett was All-PBC with a 74.1 average in 12 starts.
The teams are part of a season-long program recognizing the outstanding accomplishments of PBC student-athletes in the classroom as well as on the field. To be eligible for the All-Academic team, a student-athlete must 1) participate in at least half of his/her team's events and be either a starter or significant contributor; 2) achieved a 3.30 cumulative grade point average (on a 4.0 scale) and 3) completed at least one full academic year at his or her current institution. The PBC Sports Information Directors oversee and select the teams.
The 2010-11 season was another outstanding one for Bobcat Golf. GC put four individuals on the All- PBC Teams, with head coach Jimmy Wilson taking Coach of the Year, and senior Billy Shida (2007-11) adding Player of the Year honors.
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, back-to-back winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at www.twitter.com/BobcatSports and www.facebook.com/gcbobcats for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


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#32 wrote:I disagree; it gives us a backup PG (besides those 2 Jazz jokers).
Instead of forcing Monta to play PG (out of position), we just made him the official backup SG to Richardson (if he's not already starting, with Rich at the 3).
All this means to me is that Baron Davis has a quality backup. Wagner is a damn good player... and Monta doesn't belong at PG. This fixes that.
I agree - it's a great 4 guard rotation, assuming a healthy BD and healthy Wagner