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WESTBORO — For cynics and contrarians, the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge has become an insufferable trend, an excuse to denigrate those who follow the crowd, or castigate those who would dare clog up social media feeds.
For public officials in Northboro and Westboro, it's become an outlet for grief and a vehicle for compassion, a heartfelt tribute to a life lost too soon.
"It just makes me smile," a sopping wet Natalie Bruce, whose 26-year-old son Matt died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in March, said Tuesday afternoon in the Westboro police station parking lot. "I know how happy Matt would be. I can just see him doing the thumbs up."
Ms. Bruce, assistant to Police Chief Alan Gordon, had just been soaked with 150 gallons of ice-cold water dumped from a front-end loader onto the heads of about 20 officers and staff members.
Soaked from head to toe, Ms. Bruce raised her arms up, smiled and accepted the first of many hugs. Up in the Forbes Municipal Building behind her, town employees — one draping a sign reading "Go Chief Go" — cheered.
"Unbelievable," Ms. Bruce said of the local spin on the challenge, which began in Northboro and is quickly spreading to area public safety departments and town halls.
"It's something that has been very personal here," Northboro Police Chief Mark Leahy said last Thursday, moments before a front-end loader dumped 350 pounds of ice water on top of about 14 officers, himself included.
Sgt. Jim Bruce, Natalie's husband, is a longtime veteran of the Northboro department. The force decided to do the challenge to honor the couple's son, with Chief Leahy challenging the Westboro police and Northboro fire departments and posting the video to Facebook.
"It exploded," said Chief Leahy. Since Thursday, the video has been shared nearly 3,500 times and, according to Facebook, has reached a total of 369,536 people.
After watching the video, Northboro firefighters completed the challenge, issuing their own challenges to the Westboro and Southboro fire departments and the Northboro Board of Selectmen.
All five selectmen doused themselves in front of Town Hall Monday afternoon, but not before calling out Southboro selectmen, the Northboro K-12 and Algonquin Regional school committees, and new School Superintendent Christine Johnson.
The Northboro DPW also took the challenge, issuing dares to their public works cohorts in Shrewsbury, Southboro, Westboro, Berlin and Boylston.
"It's pretty awesome," said Ms. Bruce. "It's hugely humbling to us that people wanted to do it in Matt's memory.
"If even a couple people who didn't know what ALS was take the time to research it, and find out what a terrible, terrible disease it is, then it's all worthwhile."
ALS is a terminal illness that degenerates motor neurons throughout the body until death.
Mr. Bruce, an aspiring embalmer who worked at Mercadante Funeral Home in Worcester, did numerous interviews about his condition after his diagnosis in summer 2013.
His rallying cry, "Never give up," inspired his many friends, and in May the Muscular Dystrophy Association posthumously awarded Mr. Bruce its ALS "Spirit" Award.
The ALS Association, a large Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit that takes on the disease, announced Tuesday it has received $22.9 million since July 29 – nearly $21 million more than it raised in the same span last year.
Another organization accepting donations is Compassionate Care ALS, a Falmouth-based nonprofit that assisted Mr. Bruce.
Sgt. Bruce, himself an Ironman competitor, ran the Falmouth Road Race Sunday along with the couple's daughter, Lauren, to raise money for Compassionate Care ALS.
"It was a very emotional day," said Ms. Bruce, whose husband pushed an empty wheelchair during the race in memory of their son. He had planned to push Matt in the chair before he died.
"The chair was all decked out in black and gold for the Bruins," said Ms. Bruce. "Matt would have loved it."
To donate to Compassionate Care ALS, visit ccals.org.
Contact Brad Petrishen at firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @BPetrishenTG


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This section describes the tools you use to configure and manageMessage Queue broker services. The tools fall into two categories:
Message Queue's built-in administration tools include both command line and GUI tools:
All Message Queue utilities are accessible via a command line interface. Utility commands share common formats, syntax conventions, and options. These utilities allow you to perform various administrative tasks, as noted below, and therefore can require different administrative permissions:
The Broker utility (imqbrokerd) starts up brokers and specifies their configuration properties, including connecting them together into a cluster. Permissions: User account that initially started the broker.
The Command utility (imqcmd) controls brokers and their resources and manages physical destinations. Permissions: Message Queue admin user account.
The Object Manager utility (imqobjmgr) manages provider-independent administered objects in an object store accessible via the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI). Permissions: Object store (flat-file or LDAP server) access account.
The Database Manager utility (imqdbmgr) creates and manages databases for persistent storage that conform to the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) standard. Permissions: JDBC database manager account.
The User Manager utility (imqusermgr) populates a file-based user repository for user authentication and authorization. Permissions: user account that initially started the broker.
The Service Administrator utility ( imqsvcadmin) installs and manages a broker as a Windows service. Permissions: Administrator.
The Key Tool utility (imqkeytool) generates self-signed certificates for Secure Socket Layer (SSL) authentication. Permissions: root user (Solaris and Linux platforms) or Administrator (Windows platform).
The executable files for the above command line utilities are in the /bin directory shown in Appendix A, Platform-Specific Locations of Message Queue Data.
See Chapter 15, Command Line Reference for detailed information on the use of these utilities.
The Message Queue Administration Console combines some of the capabilities of the Command and Object Manager utilities. You can use it to perform the following tasks:
Connect to and control a broker remotely
Create and manage physical destinations
Create and manage administered objects in a JNDI object store
However, you cannot use the Administration Console to perform such tasks as starting up a broker, creating broker clusters, managing a JDBC database or a user repository, installing a broker as a Windows service, or generating SSL certificates. For these, you need the other command line utilities (Broker, Database Manager, User Manager, Service Administrator, and Key Tool), which cannot operate remotely and must be run on the same host as the broker they manage (see Figure 1–1).
See Chapter 2, Quick-Start Tutorial for a brief, hands-on introduction to the Administration Console. More detailed information on its use is available through its own help facility.
To serve customers who need a standard programmatic means to monitor and access the broker, Message Queue also supports the Java Management Extensions (JMX) architecture, which allows a Java application to manage broker resources programmatically.
Resources include everything that you can manipulate using the Command utility (imqcmd) and the Message Queue Admin Console: the broker, connection services, connections, destinations, durable subscribers, transactions, and so on.
Management includes the ability to dynamically configure and monitor resources, and the ability to obtain notifications about state changes and error conditions.
JMX is the Java standard for building management applications. Message Queue is based on the JMX 1.2 specification, which is part of JDK 1.5.
For information on the broker's JMX infrastructure and how to configure the broker to support JMX client applications,, see Appendix D, JMX Support.
To manage a Message Queue broker using the JMX architecture, see Sun Java System Message Queue 4.3 Developer's Guide for JMX Clients.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Events Calendar lists events across the state that are of interest to travelers and open to the general public. Eligible events submitted by publication deadlines will be listed on TexasHighways.com, in the quarterly Texas Highways Events Calendar publication and on TravelTex.com. While publication in Texas Highways is not guaranteed, all events submitted before these deadlines are considered for the magazine.
Listing deadlines:
- Spring (Mar., Apr., May): Dec. 1
- Summer (Jun., Jul., Aug.): March 1
- Fall (Sep., Oct., Nov.): June 1
- Winter (Dec., Jan., Feb.): Sept. 1
Event information received after publication deadlines may still be considered for the magazine and online listings—in general, the earlier a submission is received, the better the chance of a listing. All event submissions are reviewed and edited, and due to the volume of items we receive, it may take several weeks for new listings to appear online.
Texas Highways Events Calendar
Box 141009
Austin, Texas 78714-1009
Fax: 512/486-5879


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Ticket sales underway for Lyceum Series season
With the 2012-13 season to begin mid-fall semester, the Mississippi State University Lyceum Series announces the opening of ticket sales for all five, or individually selected, performances.
The Capitol Steps, a Washington, D.C.-based musical and political satire troupe of former congressional staffers, will inaugurate the season Oct. 11. The American Shakespeare Center's Feb. 22 presentation of "Twelfth Night" opens the spring events.
This year's schedule also includes:
--March 5, blues musician Eric Bibb, who will unite for a special show with Habib Koite, who is among Africa's most popular musicians and artists;
--April 9, TAP-The Show, a powerhouse international celebration tap-dance artistry; and
--April 22, Berlin Philharmonic Wind Quintet.
Season ticket renewals may be completed through July 27, with new season-ticket holders to begin their purchases July 30-Aug. 10. All individual tickets for the five 7:30 p.m. performances go on sale Aug. 20.
Regular and employee/senior citizen-discount season ticket purchases may be completed either at the Center for Student Activities Office in the Colvard Student Union's Suite 314, or by telephoning 662-325-2930.
Free (with identification) MSU student tickets are available before each event.
Lyceum programs take place in Lee Hall's Bettersworth Auditorium. Beginning this month, however, the central-campus venue will undergo a major renovation to continue through at least mid-2014. For temporary seating details--as well as ticket-purchase links and and other key information--visit www.lyceum.msstate.edu or telephone the student activities center at the above listed number.
Sammy McDavid | University Relations


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Storage Wars
I don't watch much TV but when I do it's usually reality TV. I found the show called Storage Wars on A&E last night. The show is about four different buyers who go to different storage units in search of hitting it big on others people's stuff.
They get a peek of what's inside the storage unit and then an auctioneer auctions off the unit. It's a gamble you could hit it big or go home empty handed.
In the episode I watched last night, Darrell thought he had hit it big. A box had the word keyboard on it but come to find out when he opened up the box it was empty. Sometimes they hit it big which Darrell did when he landed a coin collection in another auction.
I didn't realize so many people were watching this show until I updated my Facebook and friends replied they watch it. I learned that people right here in our hometown go to these. Alamo Storage has said they will have one on the 16th of this month. There a few rules you must register before the auction starts, bidders must buy the whole unit and you must take everything in the unit within 24 hours of winning the bid.
I think this would something fun to do if you have the time and if you hit it big that would be better.


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Meeting & Event Services
- High-speed internet access with T-1 line wired and wireless connectivity
- Video teleconferencing and satellite capabilities to unite your regional, national and international teams.
- On-site audiovisual staff and tech support to ensure your successful event
- Distinctive lighting treatment options with artistic design
- Crystal-clear acoustics with custom sound set-up for your event needs
- Generous pre-function space designed for exhibitions and large receptions
Contact Us
Every meeting planner is assigned a dedicated Executive Meeting Specialist who takes full responsibility for the flawless execution of your event. Additionally, feel secure in knowing that the entire staff of The Westin Kierland Resort & Spa is eager to help with your attendees' needs and ensure an overall wonderful experience beyond your planned event.
Committed to creating not only delicious, artful cuisine, the Westin Kierland Resort & Spa proudly serves foods that are free of trans fats and incorporate healthful Superfoods to help your group stay focused and energized.
The Destination Manager is Arizona's premier destination management company. Led by Colleen Horan, a 30-year veteran of the Scottsdale destination management community, The Destination Manager team blends years of destination experience with cutting-edge technology and modern style to create the most talked-about events in town. Each event is approached with a fresh perspective and no request is too small. From airport shuttles to mountaintop dinners and everything in between, The Destination Manager is the expert on everything Arizona.
For information, please call 480-481-3471 or visit thedestinationmanager.com
By offering low-impact practices, we hope to offer the peace of mind that you are doing business with an organization that constantly seeks to lessen our carbon footprint on the environment in everything we do.
- 100% paper recycling with aggressive post-event sorting
- Recyclable meeting materials
- Digital copies of meeting materials
- Water stations throughout meeting space for reduced plastic water bottle use
- Meeting room temperatures centrally controlled around group schedule
- Customized options to make your program as "green" as possible
Traveling to your Scottsdale meeting shouldn't limit your productivity. FedEx Office, conveniently located on the lobby level of the Resort, offers a wide array of services to help you get your business done during your stay. Do you need brochures, signs or other marketing materials for a meeting or event? Submit your order online to have it waiting for you at the Resort when you arrive!
Guests of the Westin Kierland Resort & Spa can enjoy FedEx Office as a full service business center with an Office Representative available 7 days a week to assist with your business needs:
- Printing
- Copying – black & white or color
- Faxing
- Binding
- Computer rental
- Signs & Graphics
- Packing
- FedEx Express & FedEx Ground shipping services
Click here to place an order online for pick-up at The Resort.
FedEx Office at The Westin Kierland Resort & Spa
Hours of Operation
Monday – Friday, 8am to 7pm
Saturday – Sunday, 9am to 5pm
Holiday hours may vary; please call to confirm.


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The playoffs are all set. Here's the schedule for Wild Card Weekend, and here's one final look at the NFL playoff picture.
The Minnesota Vikings are in
The intense race for the playoffs is in full gear. Check out the latest situation in the postseason chase. More ...
Who saw this coming? At 6-6 and reeling, the Vikings ripped off four consecutive wins against quality competition. Their 37-34 victory over the Green Bay Packers sets up an NFC wild-card round rematch next week at Lambeau Field. The Packers blew their chance for the conference's No. 2 seed and a first-round bye.
The Vikings' win knocked out the NFC North rival Chicago Bears, who beat the Detroit Lions earlier in the day. The New York Giants also were eliminated despite winning early in the day.
The San Francisco 49ers claim the NFC West and a bye
It wasn't always pretty, but the 49ers pulled away from the Arizona Cardinals for a 27-13 victory. That gives San Francisco the NFC West title and a week off because of the Vikings' win over the Packers. The 49ers snuck into the No. 2 seed.
The Washington Redskins will host the Seattle Seahawks
Cowboys-Redskins on Sunday night was a win-and-in game for the NFC East title. Washington's 28-18 victory won the NFC and set up an all rookie quarterback showdown in D.C. next week. Seattle defeated the St. Louis Rams on Sunday, but it wasn't enough to win the NFC East. Seattle is the NFC's No. 5 seed.
The Houston Texans fell all the way to the No. 3 seed
They blew an opportunity to clinch the AFC's No. 1 seed for a second consecutive week, this time with a 28-16 loss to the Indianapolis Colts. Following wins by Denver and New England, Houston fell all the way to the No. 3 seed. Now the Texans will host the Cincinnati Bengals next week to open wild-card weekend. Houston lost three of its final four games by 57 points combined. What a stunning collapse for a 12-4 team.
The Denver Broncos have home-field advantage in the AFC
John Elway sends a hearty thanks to his Stanford buddy, Andrew Luck, for helping the Broncos grab the AFC's No. 1 seed. Am easy win over the Kansas City Chiefs, combined with the Texans' loss, locked up the spot for Denver. New England also owes its old rival in Indianapolis. The Patriots now get a bye and the No. 2 seed.
It's a huge development for the Patriots. Instead of potentially going to Denver in the divisional round, the Patriots will be at home for a potential date with the Texans, whom they routed in Foxborough during the regular season.
The Baltimore Ravens will host the Indianapolis Colts next week
The Ravens had a chance to move up to the No. 3 seed with a win and a Patriots loss, but they lost 23-17 to the Bengals. The Ravens will host the Colts next week as coach Chuck Pagano faces his old friends. Break out the Baltimore Colts columns.
Follow Gregg Rosenthal on Twitter @greggrosenthal.


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To provide stroke patients with life-saving treatment, The Medical Center follows protocols and procedures that are proven to lead to better outcomes. The Medical Center is committed to providing evidence-based stroke care based on the Brain Attack Coalition and the American Heart Association / American Stroke Association's statements/guidelines for stroke care.
By demonstrating a commitment to excellence in providing stroke care, The Medical Center Stroke Program has received Primary Stroke Center Certification by The Joint Commission.
Stroke Team
Our multidisciplinary stroke team is led by board certified neurologists and incorporates healthcare professionals throughout the hospital including vascular surgeons, a neurosurgeon, emergency medical services (EMS), ER physicians and nurses, diagnostic imaging, neurodiagnostics, critical care and specialty nurses, rehabilitation therapists, lab, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, dietitians, care coordinators, and social workers.
Emergency Care
Effective stroke diagnosis, treatment and care begin with EMS by providing immediate response to individuals suffering from stroke symptoms. By calling 911, EMS can identify potential stroke patients and provide pre-arrival, evidence-based emergency medicine while in route. After arrival at The Medical Center, immediate assessment and testing including a CT scan help the stroke team determine the type of stroke and the most appropriate, effective treatment.
Timing Is Key
Rapid response and expert treatment can help save lives, limit the devastating effects of stroke, and aid in a patient's recovery. Ischemic strokes can be treated with clot-busting medications such as tPA which break up blood clots and prevent new ones from forming. But drugs like tPA must be given within three hours from the onset of symptoms to reduce brain damage. It is important to recognize the warning signs of a stroke and call 911 immediately. Time saved is brain saved.
Ischemic strokes ineligible for tPA will still require urgent diagnostic testing to identify the cause so effective measures can be taken to minimize the impact of the stroke and to prevent future strokes. In some cases, hemorrhagic strokes can be treated with surgical procedures to remove the clots or to stop bleeding in the brain.
The Medical Center offers stroke education and screenings to help the community understand their risk for stroke, how to prevent stroke and what to do if you notice stroke symptoms. A Stroke Support Group provides support, education and resources to individuals who have had a stroke as well as to their families and caregivers.


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Peter Bregg
Former chief photographer and photo editor at Maclean's Magazine, Peter Bregg began his career with Canadian Press in his native Ottawa. He covered the White House for Associated Press and later worked for the agency in London and New York. He worked in 1984/85 on Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's staff as official photographer. He has traveled on assignment to more than 75 countries and is the recipient of many national and international awards.


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The computer game problem is, in some ways, indicative of the medium's endemic embarrassment of riches. Given how young videogames are, their fossil record is still quite rich. Not only is the technology itself still in use, but more importantly, most of the people alive to experience gaming's greatest landmarks are still around today, able to offer up their stories as precious primary source material for future generations. We are literally living through videogame history.
That's why it's so important to start archiving the story of games now, says Dyson, before it begins to fade away: "Everything has a shelf life -- even computers."
Even the most carefully maintained videogame or console will eventually fall prey to "bit rot," or the gradual decay of digital data. Optical discs can become scratched or pitted, and contaminated by the breakdown of ink and adhesives. Floppy disks or hard drives may lose their magnetism or suffer actual rot. Even cartridges will one day cease to work, corroded from battery acid and moisture (and unfortunately, blowing on that old Nintendo cartridge actually speeds this process along).
Old stuff rules.
"So far, we've been lucky. Almost everything we've gotten has worked," says Wheeler. But the specter of bit rot still hovers over NCHEG. When you consider that scientists' best estimates suggest floppy disks may last only 10-30 years, and that the thousands of games published on floppies in the 1980s are already at least 21 years old, you can begin to see the urgency of the situation.
Equally daunting is the challenge of obsolescence: Even if a floppy disk could somehow be preserved for hundreds of years, it might as well be a stone tablet of Indus Valley script, since with today's newest hardware the floppy has become an all-but-unreadable media. Likewise with punch cards or cassette tapes -- these once-ubiquitous storage solutions have been rendered obsolete by the ever-accelerating evolution of technology. "We need native speakers," says Dyson, referring to the hardware capable of reading obsolete media. "It's not enough to just have the game; we need Rosetta stones, equipment able to translate and decipher these older materials."
But consoles and computers are themselves susceptible to bit rot, and furthermore, even the hardware components are quickly vanishing. For example, the bulky CRT monitor -- the kind found in arcade game cabinets -- is nearly extinct, thanks to the transition to LCD screens. Few manufacturers produce CRTs anymore, and the number shrinks daily.
Slightly less-old stuff also rules.
Although the NCHEG curators utilize several sources who can custom-fabricate parts, if a component breaks, the only recourse in many cases is to find an identical machine and swap out the parts.
Oftentimes, the best (or only) way to ward off bit rot and obsolescence is to transfer a game from one storage medium to another, via emulation or other methods. However, this presents its own challenges, since some copy-protection schemes and licensing agreements make it difficult -- or even illegal -- to copy a videogame.
To confront these logistical issues, the Preserving Virtual Worlds project -- a joint effort across four universities (including Strong's neighbor, Rochester Institute of Technology) and Second Life developer Linden Lab -- is currently trying to divine a set of basic standards and preservation methodology. "We're following their efforts closely," says Dyson.


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Paul Revere
John Singleton Copley (American, 1738–1815)
89.22 x 72.39 cm (35 1/8 x 28 1/2 in.)
Accession Number
Medium or Technique
Oil on canvas
On View
Carolyn A. and Peter S. Lynch Gallery (Gallery 132)
Paul Revere is Copley's only finished portrait of an artisan dressed in shirtsleeves and shown at work. Revere is shown half-length, seated behind a highly polished table, and casually attired. He cradles his chin in his right hand and regards the viewer as if he has just looked up from the teapot in his left hand; the pot is finished but remains undecorated, and the engraving tools at Revere's elbow attest to the work yet to come. When Copley painted Revere's portrait, his sitter was an accomplished, well-established silversmith and master of the rococo style, both in engraving and in three-dimensional hollowware such as teapots [35.1775]. He completed the Sons of Liberty Bowl [49.45], now considered one of the United States' most cherished historical treasures, the same year Copley captured his likeness.
Copley's image of Revere is unprecedented not only in his own oeuvre but also in American colonial painting. Though Copley had produced a few portraits of craftsmen, his usual patrons were clergymen and merchants and their wives. He first depicted an artisan with the attributes of his trade in one of his earliest portraits, Peter Pelham (?) (private collection), dated about 1754. Like Revere, the subject is seated at a table strewn with tools, but this craftsman wears a jacket, stock, and patterned waistcoat. The more formal attire makes the sitter appear posed rather than caught in the middle of his work. Peter Pelham (?) bears striking similarities to the mezzotint John TheophilusDesaguliers [M20149] by Copley's stepfather, Peter Pelham. [1]Copley may have referred to Pelham's mezzotint and also to his own Peter Pelham (?) for the composition, pose, and other details of Paul Revere. Both mezzotint and early portrait, like Paul Revere, offer half-length views of figures seated behind tables with tools; each of these subjects, like Revere, is turned slightly to the side, right arm leaning on a table, left hand holding an object—a magnifying glass in the case of Desaguliers and an engraving tool and burin in the case of the sitter presumed to be Pelham—and each man looks straight out at the viewer. The print is closer to Paul Revere in some respects, however. The table in the mezzotint, like Revere's table, is aligned parallel to the picture plane and not at a slightly awkward angle as in Peter Pelham (?); the complicated gathers of Revere's sleeve seem to be derived directly from those of Desaguliers's sleeve; and both Desaguliers's magnifying glass and Revere's teapot complement the sitters' faces and reflect light. In conceiving of Paul Revere, Copley may also have been inspired by the European tradition of depicting artists and craftsmen with their tools and the objects they create as attributes or by Northern Renaissance portrayals of jewelers, goldsmiths, and bankers, images he would have known through prints.
The wigless Revere wears a plain white linen shirt with no cravat and only a hint of a frill on the right sleeve. The shirt is open, revealing an undershirt or possibly an untied stock beneath. His blue-green waistcoat, made of wool or matte silk, is likewise unfastened; two gold buttons are visible below Revere's right hand. The open shirt and the waistcoat worn without a jacket are associated with work clothes. However, other aspects of his costume, such as its cleanliness and the gold buttons (possibly used here, along with the teapot, to advertise Revere's products), do not accurately reflect the garments Revere actually wore to ply his trade. Moreover, the polished table is not the craftsman's workbench. Thus, in his portrait of Revere, Copley presented an idealized image of the artisan at work.
Though Paul Revere is now one of the most celebrated of American portraits, the circumstances of its execution are uncertain. It is known that Copley had met Revere by 1763, when the painter ordered a gold bracelet from the smith, and it is recorded in Revere's account book (The Revere Waste and Memoranda Book, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston) that Copley purchased frames and cases for his miniatures between 1763 and 1767. However, the occasion for the commission of this portrait and the identification of the client who paid for it remain mysteries. The date inscribed on the painting—1768—enhances the iconographic significance of the teapot, both as an aesthetic and a political symbol. Teapots were among the most complex objects Revere made; they represented his craft in its highest form. According to Revere's account book, he made a total of nine teapots from 1762 to 1773. Of those nine, six were made between 1762 and 1765, one in 1768, and the other two in 1773. Revere's production of teapots had declined by 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts, which imposed duties on a variety of imported goods including tea. The teapot, then, was a provocative attribute for Revere, especially given his radical Whig politics.
Unlike Copley's portraits of Samuel Adams [L-R 30.76c] and John Hancock [L-R 30.76d], which were displayed in Faneuil Hall, Boston, and were translated into prints, Paul Revere did not become a public image during the Revolution or in its aftermath. The Copley portrait remained in the Revere family after the sitter's death in 1818, apparently relegated to an attic. According to family tradition, Revere's daughter Harriet so disliked the informality of the portrait that she had her nephew, Frederick Ballestier Revere, an amateur artist, make a copy using only the face from the original; he replaced the shirtsleeves with a red uniform and a gorget of crossed cannon, a testament to Paul Revere's military service (Morristown National Historical Park, New Jersey).
The Revere family's interest in the Copley portrait seems to have revived at about the time Henry Wadsworth Longfellow published his poem "Paul Revere's Ride" in 1861, for it was reported that the painting had been restored by 1875. The portrait was not publicly displayed until 1928, when it was first loaned to the MFA; Revere's great-grandsons gave the painting to the Museum in 1930. The current popularity of the portrait seems to have begun with the publication of Esther Forbes's 1942 Pulitzer Prize–winning biography of Paul Revere, which used the Copley portrait as the frontispiece. [2]
1. See Trevor J. Fairbrother, "John Singleton Copley's Use of British Mezzotints for his American Portraits: A Reappraisal Prompted by New Discoveries,"Arts Magazine 55 (March 1981): 122–30.
2. Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948).
This text was adapted and expanded by Karen E. Quinn from her own entry in John Singleton Copley in America, by Carrie Rebora et al., exh. cat. (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art in association with Harry N. Abrams, 1995).
Lower right: 1768
By 1873, descended in the Revere family to the sitter's grandson, John Revere (1822-1886), Boston; 1886, by descent to his wife, Susan Tilden Torrey Revere (Mrs. John Revere, 1826-1911), Canton, Mass.; 1911, by descent to her sons, Joseph Warren Revere (1848-1932), Canton, Mass., William Bacon Revere (1859-1948), Canton, Mass., and Edward Hutchinson Robbins Revere (1867-1957), Canton, Mass.; 1930, gift of Joseph W. Revere, William B. Revere and Edward H. R. Revere to the MFA. (Accession Date: December 4, 1930)
Credit Line
Gift of Joseph W. Revere, William B. Revere and Edward H. R. Revere


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Thanks For Serving Christopher Torno
KATS continues its weekly highlight of a Delta Company 1-161 citizen soldier training outside Yakima. This week is Private Christopher Torno from Spokane. He loads the tanks, is a professional fitness instructor and loves 4-wheeling and hunting. Thank you for your service in the Washington National Guard Private Torno!


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Bentley GT Speed Convertible unveiled
* New Bentley Continental GT Speed Convertible unveiled * Has a 616bhp 12-cylinder engine * On sale in the summer, for 167,900...
The Bentley Continental GT Speed Convertible has been unveiled ahead of its official debut at the 2013 Detroit motor show later this month. It goes on sale in the summer, for 167,900.
The new GT Speed Convertible is an open-top version of the Bentley Continental GT Speed coupe, which was launched in autumn 2012. It gets the same mechanical package as the coupe, including a 616bhp 12-cylinder engine.
Top speed is 202mph, while Bentley quotes a 0-62mph time of 4.1 seconds. Average economy is 19.0mpg; a 15% improvement on the previous model's.
The suspension is lowered compared with the standard Continental GT Convertible's. There's also an updated stability control system that has a 'Dynamic Mode', which intervenes less than the standard setting.
Exterior changes over the Continental GT Convertible include 21-inch alloy wheels (in either silver or dark tint), dark-tinted grilles, and 'rifled' exhaust tailpipes. There's also a black enamel background for the winged 'B' radiator badge.
Interior features include diamond-quilted leather upholstery and dark-tinted aluminium trim.
Read the full Bentley GT Convertible review >>


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1. D. Pimentel and M. Pimentel, Food, Energy and Society, 3rd ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008).
2. G. Eshel and P. A. Martin, "Diet, Energy and Global Warming," Earth Interactions, 10 (2006), 1–17.
3. D. Pimentel and M. Pimentel, "Sustainability of Meat-Based and Plant-Based Diets and the Environment," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78 (2003), 660S–63S.
4. M . Jacobson, Six Arguments for a Greener Diet: How a More Plant-Based Diet Could Save Your Health and the Environment (Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2006).
5. R. Heinberg, "Threats of Peak Oil to the Global Food Supply" (Dublin, Ireland: FEASTA Conference, What Will We Eat When the Oil Runs Out?, 2005), http://www.richardheinberg.com/museletter/159, accessed Jan. 29, 2008.
6. Pacific Institute, "Bottled Water and Energy: Getting to 17 Million Barrels" (Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute, 2007), http://www.pacinst.org/topics/integrity_of_science/case_studies/bottled_..., accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
7. J. Dukes, "Burning Buried Sunshine: Human Consumption of Ancient Solar Energy," Climatic Change, 61 (2003), 31–44.
8. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "High Fructose Corn Syrup: Estimated Number of Per Capita Calories Consumed Daily, by Calendar Year," Table 52 of Sugar and Sweeteners Yearbook Tables (Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, USDA, 2008), http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/sugar/data.htm, accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
9. T. Jones, "Using Contemporary Archaeology and Applied Anthropology to Understand Food Loss in the American Food System" (Tucson, AZ: Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2004), http://www.communitycompost.org/info/usafood.pdf, accessed Jan. 29, 2008.
10. Eshel and Martin (2006).
11. EnviroSax, "Plastic Bag Facts–USA" (Torrance, CA: Envirosax, 2007), http://usa.envirosax.com/pages/plastic-bag-facts.php, accessed Jan. 29, 2008.
12. A. Drewnowski, et al., "Disparities in Obesity Rates: Analysis by ZIP Code Area," Social Science and Medicine, 65 (Dec. 2007), 2458–63.
13. C. L. Ogden, et al., "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States, 1999–2004," JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 295 (2006), 1549–55. See also National Center for Health Statistics, "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Adults: United States, 2003–2004." (Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, 2007), http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overweight/overwght_a..., accessed Jan. 29, 2008.
14. R. Conniff, "Counting Carbons," Discover (Aug. 2005), 54–61.
15. We took the average carbon emissions from the range given by J. Cascio, "Cheeseburger Footprint" (San Francisco, CA: Open the Future, 2007), http://www.openthefuture.com/cheeseburger_CF.html; accessed Feb. 12, 2008.
16. A. Lappé and B. Terry, Grub: Ideas for an Urban Organic Kitchen (New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2006).
17. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Citing 'Dangerous Increase' in Deaths, HHS Launches New Strategies against Overweight Epidemic. Study Shows Poor Diet, Inactivity Close to becoming Leading Preventable Cause of Death" (Washington, DC: HHS, 2004), http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2004pres/20040309.html, accessed Jan. 29, 2008.
18. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, et al., eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), Fig SPM.3, http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm , accessed May 8, 2008.
19. P. Jones, "Global Temperature Record," Climate Research Unit Information Sheet (Norwich: University of East Anglia, 2007), http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/warming/, accessed Oct. 30, 2007.
20. A couple of papers on fingerprints can be found at http://www.nature.com/nature/links/030102/030102–3.html and a climate fingerprints hot map at http://www.climatehotmap.org/, accessed May 1, 2008.
21. The Grosser Aletsch Glacier in Switzerland, the longest glacier in the Alps, has retreated 8,500 feet (2,600 m) since 1980, and the Rongbut Glacier, which drains the north side of Mount Everest into Tibet, has been retreating 65 feet (20 m) per year over the last few decades. In 2006, the Swiss Glacier survey of 85 glaciers found 84 retreating and 1 advancing. Similarly, of the glaciers in the Italian Alps, only about a third were in retreat in 1980, while by 1999, 89 percent of these glaciers were retreating. In 2005, the Italian Glacier Commission found that 123 glaciers were retreating, 1 advancing and 6 stationary, http://www.glaciology.ethz.ch/messntz/glacierlist.html, accessed May 1, 2008.
22. On the Pacific island of Tonga, the sea level appears to have risen about 0.3 inches (8 mm) a year over the last fifteen years. Although this may not seem like much, during times of storms, low-lying islands are expected to see an increased threat of flooding within the next few decades. Sea level rise is not constant, and depends on local variations in ocean temperature and winds. Further information on Pacific Islands and sea level can be found at http://www.bom.gov.au/pacificsealevel/index.shtml, accessed May 1, 2008.
23. C. Parmesan and G. Yohe, "A Globally Coherent Fingerprint of Climate Impacts across Natural Systems," Nature, 421 (2003), 37–42.
24. Deforestation has two impacts on climate. First, because trees take up carbon dioxide, their removal ultimately acts to increase CO2 levels in the atmosphere and this leads to warming of the planet. However, deforestation also makes the land surface more reflective to sunlight (when trees are present, the surface is green; after trees are cut, the surface is gray or white), and this by itself would cool the planet. Further details on deforestation and its impact on climate can be found in chapter 2.5 of the IPCC report. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report on Climate Change, M. L. Parry, et al., eds. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007).
25. So, if carbon dioxide concentrations are 280 parts per million (ppm), then out of a million air molecules, 280 would be carbon dioxide.
26. IPCC, Solomon, et al. (2007).
27. Using the IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, 2000, found at http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/index.htm, one can use the "business as usual" A1FI scenario to project how carbon dioxide will change over the coming century.
28. IPCC, Solomon, et al. (2007), adapted from Fig FAQ2.1.
1. D. Montgomery, Dirt: the Erosion of Civilizations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).
2. T. Jones, "The Scoop on Dirt," E: the Environmental Magazine, 17 (Sept./Oct. 2006), 26–39.
3. C. Jones, "Carbon, Air and Water: Is That All We Need?" Managing the Carbon Cycle: The Katanning Workshop: 2007, http://www.amazingcarbon.com/Workshop%20Papers.htm, accessed Jan. 29, 2008.
4. M ontgomery (2007).
5. Ibid.
6. M . Jacobson, Six Arguments for a Greener Diet: How a More Plant-Based Diet Could Save Your Health and the Environment (Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest, 2006).
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. M . Jacobson, "From a Global Warming Diet to a Greener One" (The Anniston Star, 2006), http://www.annistonstar.com/opinion/2006/as-columns-0915-0-6i14x2459.htm, accessed Dec. 7, 2006.
10. Montgomery (2007).
11. Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource, and limited reserves exist on our planet. Estimates vary as to how many years each energy source will be readily available at an acceptable economic cost, and range from ten to fifty years for oil, thirty-five to eighty years for natural gas, and one hundred to two hundred years for coal. 228 apendix apendix 229
12. T. Searchinger, et al., "Use of U. S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-Use Change," Science, 319 (Feb. 2008), 1238–40.
13. P. Singer and J. Mason, The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter (Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2006).
14. C. Bacon, "Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Can Fair Trade, Organic and Specialty Coffees Reduce Small-Scale Farmer Vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua?," World Development, 33 (2005), 497–511.
15. Montgomery (2007).
16. Jacobson, Six Arguments, (2006).
17. T. Jones (2006).
18. C. Feller, et al., "Charles Darwin, Earthworms and the Natural Sciences: Various Lessons from Past to Future," Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 99 (Oct. 2003), 29–49.
19. The data on Mauna Loa constitute the longest record of direct measurements of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Data from the Scripps Institute of Oceanography are in blue and from NOAA in red. An updated (every month) figure from NOAA can be seen at: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html.
20. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, et al., eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
1. C. Rosenzweig and D. Hillel, "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Supply," Consequences, 1 (Summer 1995), http://www.gcrio.org/consequences/summer95/agriculture.html, accessed May 1, 2008.
2. L. Ziska, "Evaluation of Yield Loss in Field Sorghum from a C3 and C4 Weed with Increasing CO2," Weed Science, 51 (2003), 914–18.
3. The use of tree rings, ice cores, coral reefs, and even historical records such as the time of grape harvest all provide information about the past climate. Information from the NOAA paleoclimatology division provides a good introduction. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/paleo.html, accessed May 8, 2008.
4. The last ice age was caused by a decline (2 watts/m2) in the surface radiation budget due to orbital variations and feedbacks associated with carbon dioxide and ice sheets. See chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC report and references therein for details. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, et al., eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm, accessed May 8, 2008.
5. These data come from the Vostok ice-core temperature reconstruction. You can look at the raw data yourself if you are curious to see how temperature has changed over the last 400,000 years, http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/temp/vostok/vostok.1999.temp.dat, or for a good plot of temperature and carbon dioxide over the last 650,000 years, see Figure TS.1. from the 2007 IPCC report. IPCC, Solomon, et al. (2007).
6. Union of Concerned Scientists, Agriculture: Growing Concern: A Global Warming Impacts Video" (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2007), http://www.climatechoices.org/impacts_agriculture/, accessed Aug. 24, 2007.
7. Decadal averages of observations are shown for the period 1906 to 2005 (black line) and blue-shaded bands show the range for simulations from five climate models using only the natural forcings due to solar activity and volcanoes. The red-shaded bands show the range from fourteen climate models using both natural and human forcings. Forcings refer to processes that will act to either warm or cool the planet such as changes in the sun's radiation or changes in the concentration of a gas like carbon dioxide. Forcings can either be natural (e.g., volcanoes that act to cool the planet, or increases in the sun's radiation that would warm the planet) or human-produced (e.g., increases in carbon dioxide that will warm the planet, or increases in aerosols that will cool the planet). IPCC, Solomon, et al. (2007), adapted from Figure SPM.4.
8. These results were produced using fourteen different climate models from international research groups in support of the 2007 IPCC report (Solomon, et al). Further and related details can be found in the FAQ chapter under FAQ 8.1: "How reliable are the models used to make projections of future climate change?" and FAQ 9.2: "Can the warming of the 20th century be explained by natural variability?" 9. S. Postel, Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? A Worldwatch Book. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999).
10. R. Heinberg, "Threats of Peak Oil to the Global Food Supply " (Dublin, Ireland: FEASTA Conference, What Will We Eat When the Oil Runs Out?, 2005), http://www.richardheinberg.com/museletter/159, accessed Jan. 29, 2008.
11. S. Kipe, "An Economic Overview of Horticultural Products in the United States" (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Horticultural and Tropical Products Division, 2004), http://www.fas.usda.gov/htp/Presentations2004/An%20Economic%20Overview%20of%20HTP%20-%20(08-04).pdf, accessed May 1, 2008.
12. M . Rosengrant, et al., Global Water Outlook to 2025: Averting an Impending Crisis (Washington, D.C.: IFPRI and IWMI, 2002).
13. J. Cribb, "Can Australian Soil Science Save the World?" (National Conference of the Australian Soil Science Society, 2006).
14. The IPCC was established in 1988 through the United Nations Environment Program and the World Meteorological Organization to assess the risk of climate change caused by human activities. This international body produces reports every five to seven years that are written by climate change experts from around the world. The IPCC Climate Change: Fourth Assessment Report was released in 2007 and can be found at http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/assessments-reports.htm, accessed May 8, 2008.
15. The development of emission scenarios and their storylines is an interesting and somewhat complicated exercise, as described in the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios found at http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/index.htm, accessed May 8, 2008.
16. Figure 5 comes from the summary for policy makers from the 2007 IPCC report Solomon, et al. (2007).
17. IPCC, Solomon, et al. (2007).
18. Ibid.
19. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M. L. Parry, et al., eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
20. J. C. Zuckerman, "An Uncertain Harvest," Plenty, (April/May 2007), 44–53. 21. L. H. Ziska, et al., "Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Selected Wheat Varieties Released Since 1903 to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Can Yield Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide Be a Factor
in Wheat Performance?" Global Change Biology, 10 (2004), 1810–19.
1. A good summary of the observed twentieth-century changes and the predictions for the twenty-first century are given in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Summary for Policymakers section of the report. IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Fourth Assessment Report on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, S. Solomon, et al., eds.
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/wg1-report.html.
2. B. L. Preston and R. N. Jones, "Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions" (2006), http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p6fy.pdf, accessed Oct. 31, 2007.
3. Level 5 restrictions include no watering of lawns, limited watering of established gardens on certain days and during certain times, and no filling of pools unless certain other water saving measures have been taken. The Web site of the Brisbane City Council http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au contains more information about Brisbane's water situation, accessed May 8, 2008.
4. At present, there is debate within the scientific community about the connections between tropical cyclones and global warming. While some studies show an increase in the intensity of tropical cyclones over the past few decades, others attribute this to observational techniques and
230 apendix apendix 231 instrumentation. Two good sites devoted to the science are http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/links. hurricanes.htm and http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~tk/glob_warm_hurr.html.
5. IPCC, Solomon, et al. (2007).
6. T. Kosatsky, "The 2003 European Heat Waves," Euro Surveillance 2005, 10 (2005), 148–49.
7. P. A. Stott, et al., "Human Contribution to the European Heatwave of 2003," Nature, 432 (Dec. 2, 2004), 610–614.
8. B. Wuethrich, "How Climate Change Alters Rhythms of the Wild" Science, 287 (2000), 793–95.
9. C. Gjerdrum, et al., "Tufted Puffin Reproduction Reveals Ocean Climate Variability," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100 (2003), 9377–82.
10. J. Larsen, "Bottled Water Boycotts: Back-to-the-Tap Movement Gains Momentum," Eco-Economy Updates (Earth Policy Institute, 2007), http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2007/Update68.htm, accessed May 8, 2008.
11. E. Horng, "Ditching Bottled Water to Go Green," (ABC News, 2007), http://abcnews.go.com/WN/GlobalWarming/story?id=3351812&page=1, accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
12. S. Casey, "Our Oceans Are Turning into Plastic . . . Are We?" Best Life: Your Guide for Better Living (2007), http://www.bestlifeonline.com/cms/publish/health-fitness/Our_oceans_are_..., accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
13. E. D. Olson, "Bottled Water: Pure Drink or Pure Hype" (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 1999), http://www.nrdc.org/water/drinking/bw/bwinx.asp, accessed Sept. 25, 2007.
14. V . Standley, "Picking Plastic? The Green Guide Cracks the Codes," AScribe: The Public Interest Newswire (2006), http://www.ascribe.org/cgi-bin/behold.pl?ascribeid=20050127.113349&time=..., accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
15. Olson (1999).
16. P. Stec, "Buckle-Up Bug Campaign, Ford Motor Company." As told to L. Stec in Portola Valley on Sept. 28, 2007.
17. D. Marty, "Empowered Shopping: Tips from the Green Side of the Aisle," E: the Environmental Magazine, 8 (May/June 2007), 54–55.
18. International Bottled Water Association, "Beverage Marketing's 2006 Market Report Findings," (2007), http://www.bottledwater.org/public/Stats_2005.doc, accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
19. The report by N. Jungbluth, "Comparison of the Environmental Impact of Tap Water vs. Bottled Mineral Water," (Swiss Gas and Water Association, 2005) was used in these calculations, http:www.esu-services.ch/download/jungbluth-2006-LCA-water.pdf, accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
20. This calculation assumes that 4.2MJ of energy is used to produce one liter of bottled water (plastic bottle and domestic water) (Jungbluth 2005) and that a car uses 0.3 gallons of gas per hour when idling (Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Efficiency: http://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca/
transportation/personal/idling.cfm?attr=8), accessed May 1, 2008.
21. A. Carlsson-Kanyama, et al., "Food and Life Cycle Energy Inputs: Consequences of Diet and Ways to Increase Efficiency," Ecological Economics (2003), 293–307. See also Jungbluth (2005).
1. R. Pirog and A. Benjamin, "Checking the Food Odometer: Comparing Food Miles for Local Versus Conventional Produce Sales to Iowa Institutions" (2003), http://www.leopold.iastate.edu/pubs/staff/files/food_travel072103.pdf; accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
2. B. Kingsolver, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle (New York: Harper Collins, 2007).
3. J. E. McWilliams, "Food That Travels Well," New York Times (Aug. 16, 2007), http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/06/opinion/06mcwilliams.html?_r=1&oref=sl..., accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
4. IPCC, Aviation and the Global Atmosphere: A Special Report of IPCC Working Groups I and III in Collaboration with the Scientific Assessment Panel to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, J. E. Penner, et al., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
5. A. Carlsson-Kanyama, et al., "Food and Life Cycle Energy Inputs: Consequences of Diet and Ways to Increase Efficiency," Ecological Economics (2003), 293–307.
6. Great Britain Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), The Validity of Food Miles as an Indicator of Sustainable Development: Final Report Produced for DEFRA (Didcot, UK: AEA Technology Environment, 2005), http://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/reports/foodmiles/default.asp,
accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
7. C. Saunders, et al., "Food Miles: Comparative Energy/Emissions Performance of New Zealand's Agriculture Industry," Agribusiness and Economics Research Unit (AERU), Lincoln University research report number 285 (2006), http://www.lincoln.ac.nz/story_images/2328_RR285_s9760.pdf, accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
8. We used Carlsson-Kanyama's (2003) "Food and Life Cycle Energy Inputs" to estimate the energy required to grow cherries.
9. J. Braun and D. Hillman, "The Federal Food and Farm Bill," The Snail, 2 (Summer 2007), 15.
10. T. LaSalle and P. Hepperly, Regenerative 21st Century Farming: A Solution to Global Warming (Kutztown, PA: The Rodale Institute, 2008), 3.
11. Data and interpretation provided by Dr. William Horwath, from the Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis.
12. Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is used to represent the warming potential of all greenhouse gases (i.e., CO2, CH4, N2O, etc.) in a single value.
13. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2003 (Dept. of Energy, 2005), http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/environment/057303.pdf, accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
14. The data used for this figure come from the Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) version 4.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2007). Available at http://cait.wri.org/, accessed Jan 25, 2008.
15. H. Steinfeld, et al., Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2006), http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm, accessed Oct. 30, 2007.
16. M . Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin Press, 2006).
1. H. Steinfeld, et al., Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 2006), http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm, accessed Oct. 30, 2007.
2. Ibid.
3. S. Lang, "New Study Reopens Debate: Are Omnivores Better for the Environment Than Vegetarians?" Cornell Chronicle (Cornell University, 2007), http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_7575. cfm, accessed Feb. 14, 2008.
4. While varying estimates of agriculture-related emissions exist, this estimate is based on the contributions from livestock (16–18 percent) and plant-based agriculture (less than 5 percent) and serves as a lower bound.
5. H. Steinfeld, et al. (2006).
6. The term livestock generally refers to any domesticated animal such as cattle, sheep, pigs, and chickens that are raised for food or fiber. The estimates of livestock-related, greenhouse-gas emissions from the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization show that the largest share of CO2 emissions comes from landuse changes associated primarily with deforestation caused by demand for feed grains and grazing land.
7. D. Pimentel and M. Pimentel, Food, Energy And Society, 3rd ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008).
8. See Holistic Management International, http://www.holisticmanagement.org, for further information on the scale of this farming practice.
9. These results come from personal communication with Louis Sukovaty at Crown S Ranch. His estimate of corn/hay-fed cattle yield per acre is from M. Pollan, The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin Press, 2006).
10. P. Hepperly, "Organic Farming Response to Climate Change," Pesticides and You, 27 (2007), 14–19. (This study was completed using row crops and not pastureland.)
11. Pollan (2006). 232 apendix apendix 233
12. K. Clancy, Greener Pastures: How Grass-fed Beef and Milk Contribute to Healthy Eating, Food and Environment (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2006), http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_environment/sustainable_food/greener-past..., accessed Sept. 5, 2007.
13. Mott Group, "Pasture-Based Livestock Research," Programs and Activities of the C.S. Mott Group (Michigan State University, 2007), http://www.mottgroup.msu.edu/ProgramsActivities/PasturebasedLivestockRes..., accessed Feb. 14, 2008.
14. University of Maryland Center, "Omega-3 Acids" (2007), http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-3_00316.htm, accessed May 23, 2008.
15. J. Robinson, "Health Benefits of Grass-Fed Products," Eatwild.com, http://www.eatwild.com/healthbenefits.htm, accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
16. J. Robinson, Why Grassfed Is Best: The Surprising Benefits of Grassfed Meat, Eggs, and Dairy Products. (Vashion, WA: Vashion Island Press, 2000).
17. T. L. Stanton and D. Schutz, "Effect of Switching from High Grain to Hay Five Days Prior to Slaughter on Finishing Cattle Performance," (Colorado State University, 2000), http://ansci.colostate.edu/files/renut/2000/pdf/tls002.pdf, accessed Feb. 14, 2008.
18. H. A. DeRamus, et al., "Methane Emissions of Beef Cattle on Forages: Efficiency of Grazing Management Systems," Journal of Environmental Quality, 32 (2003), 269–277.
1. Dave Culp of Kiteship supplied this information.
2. This type of calculation is called a cradle-to-grave analysis, where the full life cycle of the product (development, design, production, and disposal) is considered in terms of environmental impact.
3. Estimates of the energy required to grow an apple are 8 MJ (megajoules, where 1 MJ = 106 joules) per kg. A. Carlsson-Kanyama, et al., "Food and Life Cycle Energy Inputs: Consequences of Diet and Ways to Increase Efficiency," Ecological Economics (2003), 293–307.
4. For such electronic devices with an average consumer lifetime of about three years, the energy to power the device is probably only about 20 percent of the energy needed to make the device. E. Williams, "Energy Intensity of Computer Manufacturing," Environmental Science and Technology, 38 (2004), 6166–6174.
5. Many countries including the United States and Canada have laws prohibiting electronic components going into landfills because of toxic residues that may leach into the groundwater, so a company must dismantle, recycle, and dispose of this device properly. For more information about the chemicals used in the electronics industry and what happens to the products after use, see the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Web site at http://svtc.etoxics.org/, accessed May 8, 2008.
6. Our estimate uses the energy analysis of Williams 2004 who estimates the energy required to produce a personal computer. We then scaled these estimates either by weight or by cost for an iPod classic (weight 140 grams; price $250). These estimates have a large uncertainty based both on the validity of our assumptions and also the analysis of Williams.
7. E. Williams (2004).
8. This experiment is not intended to criticize the Apple iPod, but rather to convey the idea of embedded energy and life-cycle analysis, where a product's interaction with the environment is measured from cradle to grave. It should also be noted that although the estimate of energy required to make the iPod may seem high, the iPod is quite energy efficient in comparison to other electronic devices. In addition, it is also recognized that Apple as a company has a fairly progressive environmental policy for all their products (http://www.apple.com/environment/).
9. S. Bin and H. Dowlatabadi, "Consumer Lifestyle Approach to U.S. Energy Use and the Related CO2 Emissions," Energy Policy, 33 (2005), 197–208.
10. The concept of cradle to cradle was popularized by William McDonough and Michael Braugart in their book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things (New York: North Point Press, 2002) and suggests that design emulates the principles of nature where nothing is wasted, but everything is recycled and put back into the system for another use. The classic example is an apple tree, which appears to dump its waste of leaves and fruit every year, but ultimately this waste goes back into nature as food and habitat for other plants and animals.
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Waste Not, Want Not: Feeding the Hungry and Reducing Solid Waste through Food Recovery" (Washington, DC: US. EPA, 2007), http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/reduce/wastenot.htm, accessed Feb. 14, 2008.
12. Food Policy Institute, "Food Waste Management," (State University of New Jersey Rutgers, 2002), http://www.foodpolicyinstitute.org/research/waste.html, accessed Sept. 3, 2007.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Waste Reduction Model (WARM): Web-based Calculator," (Washington, DC: U.S. EPA, 2006), http://epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html, accessed Feb. 14, 2008.
14. Coskata, "Advantages of the Coskata Process," http://www.coskata.com/ProcessAdvantages.asp, accessed May 1, 2008.
15. From Paul Schmitt, master composter, Palo Alto, California.
1. K. Hamrick and K. Shelley, "How Much Time Do Americans Spend Preparing and Eating Food?" Amber Waves (USDA Economic Research Service, 2005), http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/November05/DataFeature/, accessed Feb. 12, 2008.
2. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2005, http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/, accessed Nov. 1, 2007.
3. Initial estimates reported by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency show that in 2006 China overtook the United States as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases. For details see: http://www.mnp.nl/en/dossiers/Climatechange/moreinfo/Chinanowno1inCO2emi...
secondposition.html, accessed May 8, 2008.
1. North Americans commonly think about food energy in terms of "Calories." By definition, a calorie of energy is actually quite small, so common practice is to refer to Calories in multiples of 1,000 or as kilocalories (kcal). It is also common practice to use the term, Calorie (with an uppercase 'C') to mean kcal, which we follow in this book. We note that most other countries report food energy in kilojoules, where 1 Calorie = 1kcal = 4.18 kilojoules (kJ).
2. The energy required to produce the food incorporates all aspects of growing, including farm machinery, irrigation, production, and application of fertilizers and pesticides.
3. In this case, energy intensity is defined as the ratio of energy required to produce the product divided by the amount of protein energy in the food. See D. Pimentel and M. Pimentel, Food, Energy and Society, 3rd ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2008).
4. The calculation of carbon intensity includes the emissions associated with energy used to grow the food item, and any methane emissions associated with animal products. Nitrous oxide emissions due to fertilization of cropland have not been accounted for in this analysis and thus these calculations serve as a lower range for these intensities.
5. Figures for each food item come from estimates of Pimentel and Pimentel (2008). The input energy associated with each food item has been converted into CO2 emissions based on U.S. national emissions and energy-use statistics in a manner similar to that described in Eshel and Martin (2006). The agriculture-related methane or nitrous oxide emissions are also included through a conversion into CO2 equivalent using the procedure of G. Eshel and P. A. Martin, "Diet, Energy, and Global Warming," Earth Interactions 10 (2006), 1–17. See also U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2003 (Dept. of Energy, 2004), http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/environment/057303.pdf, accessed Jan. 25, 2008.
6. There are significant uncertainties in these estimates depending on both the method of growing the food and on the methodology of calculating the emissions. For example, Pimentel (2008) finds that energy inputs may be reduced by up to 50 percent or more for free-range beef and sheep.
Comparisons with other published estimates of energy intensity can differ by less then 20 percent up to 200 percent or more as described by Carlsson-Kanyama (2003). 234 apendix apendix 235
7. The relatively large emissions from some fish products reflect the relatively large energy demands of long-distance voyages required for fishing particular species.
8. At present, studies offer differing conclusions regarding the energy and yield differences between conventional and organic agriculture, although consensus is found on the improved soil health and water quality associated with organic agriculture. See P. Maeder, et al., "Soil Fertility and Biodiversity in Organic Farming," Science, 296 (2002), 1694–1697; C. Forster, et al., "Environmental Impacts of Food Production and Consumption: A Report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)" (Manchester Business School, 2006), http://www.defra.gov.uk/science/project_data/DocumentLibrary/EV02007/EV0..., accessed Oct.31, 2007; and J. Ziesemer, "Energy Use in Organic Food Systems" (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2007), http://www.fao.org/docs/eims/upload/233069/energy-use-oa.pdf, accessed Oct. 31, 2007.
9. J. Silverman and J. Schwartz, "Barbecue DVD," American Eats (History Channel, 2006).
10. J. Cascio, "Cheeseburger Footprint" (Open the Future, 2007), http://www.openthefuture.com/ cheeseburger_CF.html, accessed Feb. 12, 2008.
11. A. Weil, "Healthy Cooking Techniques?" Dr. Weil's Q and A Library (Weil Lifestyle, 2007), http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/QAA400186, accessed May 1, 2008.
12. Energy estimates were obtained directly from manufacturers when possible or through EcoSynergy estimates. Conversions to CO2 emissions were from the Energy Information Administration (2006).
13. D. Asami, et al., "Comparison of the Total Phenolic and Ascorbic Acid Content of Freeze-Dried and Air-Dried Marionberry, Strawberry, and Corn Grown Using Conventional, Organic, and Sustainable Agricultural Practices," Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 51 (2003), 1237–1241.
14. If you don't use salt with iodine, your multivitamin may do the trick. Dr. Andrew Weil suggests eating omega-3-rich fish (salmon, sardines, or mackerel), sea vegetables (like the sea shakes discussed in chapter 10), or choosing produce grown in iodine-rich soil—typically in coastal states. Less than one-half teaspoon of salt with iodine can provide the recommended daily intake of 150 micrograms of iodine. See A. Weil, "Iodine," Dr. Weil's Vitamin Advisor (Weil Lifestyle, 2007), http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/id/ART02872, accessed Feb. 12, 2008.
1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Dietary Guidelines for Americans" (2005), http://www.mypyramid.gov/guidelines/, accessed Feb. 9, 2008.
2. 1 serving = 1 slice bread, 1 cup dry cereal, 1/2 cup cooked cereal or pasta. "Three servings" is half the recommended five to ten daily servings of grains, depending on calorie needs.
3. Number of per capita miles is based on Highway Statistics 2003, U.S. Department of Transportation, http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohim/sh03/htm/ps1.htm. Fuel economy data was gathered from U.S. EPA http://www.fueleconomy.gov and used 2008 fuel economy ratings. The 2008 ratings include updated estimates, which account for more realistic driving conditions. Note that the embodied energy of the vehicle, or the energy to manufacture and service the vehicle has not been included in this analysis.
4. The CO2e emissions for the three types of automobiles assume the autos were driven 9,800 miles per year. The CO2e emissions associated with three types of diets shown (High, Average, and Low) all assume a 3,700 calorie diet, but vary in the percentage of Calories from animal products (High Diet—38 percent; Average Diet—28 percent, and Low Diet—18 percent) and the type of meat eaten (High—red meat; Average—mixture of red meat/poultry; Low—poultry only). See text for further details of these calculations.
5. Although the average American needs about 2,100 Calories per day, food waste and overeating explain the relatively large per person production of food in the United States. See Eshel and Martin (2006).
6. The number of animal Calories consumed is based on per capita food supply data from the Food and Agricultural Organization, with chicken comprising 19 percent, eggs 5 percent, milk 41 percent, beef 32 percent, and salmon 3 percent. Vegetable-based Calories were divided between potatoes (30 percent), corn (30 percent) and soybeans (12 percent). While they don't represent the true variety of foods consumed, they serve as an estimate for the energy and carbon emissions. See Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO Statistical Yearbook, (2006), http://faostat.fao.org, accessed May 1, 2008.
7. The amount of beef Calories was varied between the 540 Calories/day (high), 180 Calories/day (average) and 0 Calories/day (low; all red meat replaced by poultry).
8. Most health professionals today suggest a reduction of animal products may be good for your health. Many studies have shown that high consumption of red meat may be a risk factor in major diseases such as obesity, some cancers, hypertension or heart disease. For example, A. Cross, et al. "A Prospective Study of Red and Processed Meat Intake in Relation to Cancer Risk," Public Library of Science Journal PLoS Medicine, 4 (Dec. 2007), e325.
9. "Whole Grains Gain Health Claim," Food Product Design (Sept. 1999), 24.
10. L. M. Crawford, "Speech before Whole Grains and Health: A Global Summit," (Food and Drug Administration, 2005), http://www.fda.gov/oc/speeches/2005/wholegrains0520.html, accessed Feb. 9, 2008.
1. H. McGee, On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, rev. ed. (New York: Scribner, 2004).
2. J. Wakefield, "UVM Launches Cheese Artisan Institute with $500,000 from Sen. Jeffords, John Merck Fund, Private Donor" (University of Vermont, 2004), http://www.uvm.edu/employees/?Page=News&storyID=5113, accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
3. B. Cox, "USDA Establishes Grass (Forage) Fed Marketing Claim Standard," AMS News Release (Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA, 2007), http://www.ams.usda.gov/news/178-07.htm, accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
4. J. Robinson, "Health Benefits of Grass-Fed Products," Eatwild.com (2007), http://www.eatwild.com/healthbenefits.htm; accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
5. Sustainable Table, "The Issues: Pasture-Raised," (2007), http://www.sustainabletable.org/issues/pasture/, accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
6. A. Collins and R. Fairchild, "Sustainable Food Consumption at a Sub-National Level: An Ecological Footprint, Nutritional and Economic Analysis," Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 9 (Mar. 2007), 5–30.
7. R. Conniff, "Counting Carbons," Discover (Aug. 2005), 54–61.
8. National Honey Board, "Honey Is Not All the Same," Honey Locator (National Honey Board, 2008), www.honeylocator.com, accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
9. Earth Talk, "What Is Causing the Dramatic Decline in Honeybee Populations in the U.S. and Elsewhere in Recent Years?" Health News Digest (2007), http://healthnewsdigest.com/news/Environment_380/
What_is_Causing_the_Dramatic_Decline_in_Honeybee_Populations_in_the_U_S_and_Elsewhere_in_Recent_Years.shtml, accessed Feb. 11, 2008.
10. Ibid.
11. D. Cruickshank, "Bee-sotted by the Goings on in the Bee Port, Otherwise Known as Hive," San Francisco Chronicle Magazine (July 1, 2007), 8.
12. V . Eyring, et al., "Multimodel Projections of Stratospheric Ozone in the 21st Century," Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 112 (Aug. 2007), D16303 (article number).
13. For a good review of the current status of the ozone layer, see the most recent version of the World Meteorological Organization/United Nations Environment Programme's Ozone Assessment (2006). The "Twenty Questions and Answers" section provides a relatively quick update and details can be found in the report. Connections between global warming and ozone depletion are addressed particularly in chapter 5: Climate Ozone Connections, http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone_2006/ozone_asst_report.html. For a shorter review of ozone changes in the coming decades, see A. Tabazadeh and E. C. Cordero, "New Directions: Stratospheric Ozone Recovery in a Changing Atmosphere," Atmospheric Environment, 38 (2004), 647–49.
14. Collins and Fairchild (2007).


text:
Bowe Bergdahl stands, hands at his sides, his loose-fitting Pashtun smock and pants bright white against the rocky landscape. The hillsides are dotted with armed Afghans, rifles ready.
A Black Hawk helicopter appears in the clouds. After almost five years in captivity, the U.S. soldier, head shaved, eyes blinking, is about to finally see freedom.
"We've been looking for you for a long time," a member of a special forces team shouts over the roar of the copter. Bergdahl breaks down.
It was supposed to be a moment for celebration, the United States' only military captive in the 13-year Afghan conflict free at last. And in his hometown in Idaho, where trees are bedecked with yellow ribbons and prayers never stopped, indeed it is.
But for the rest of the country, Bergdahl's capture and release have thrust him into a furious debate. From members of Congress to his own former platoon mates, a storm of critics are livid because Bergdahl was captured after walking away from his post -- then released in a swap for five Taliban prisoners. Some also question whether soldiers died as part of efforts to save him.
"He's a deserter, in every sense of the word," said Evan Buetow, Bergdahl's former Army team leader. "And when we got him back ... and he was being heralded as a hero and he served honorably and he's this example that people need to look to — that's exactly the opposite of what he is."
Now, as he prepares to head home, these both are true: As a prisoner, Bergdahl endured a lengthy captivity, a fate no one would wish on another. But as a soldier, Bergdahl's decision to leave his unit endangered the comrades who fruitlessly hunted for him.
Everyday Americans now ask: Is he a victim? A traitor? Are we meant to empathize or admonish?
It's a complicated paradox surrounding a complicated man.
A small-town boy
Bergdahl grew up with his parents and older sister, Sky, amid the breathtaking peaks and valleys of the Sawtooth Mountains. Their home, a humble place with a weather-beaten roof, sits nestled among hills of alder and sage.
There are schools in Hailey, Idaho, 6 miles down the road, but Bergdahl and his sister were taught at home, and he received a GED from a local college. His father worked as a UPS driver.
Hailey, a town of 7,000 that sprang up more than a century ago during a mining boom, is part blue-collar community and part resort town, a funky alternative to the nearby Sun Valley ski resort that's a winter playground for Hollywood celebrities.
The blond, lanky kid grew up, by all accounts, an explorer. At 17, he sparred at a renaissance fair with the Sun Valley Swords fencing club. He danced into his early 20s with the Sun Valley Ballet School. Bergdahl loved his bicycle, eschewed driving, sought adventures.
Before enlisting at age 22, he bounced from job to job, on an Alaskan fishing boat and construction sites, cleaning guns and stocking targets at the shooting club, crewing on a sailboat trip from South Carolina to California, slinging java at the coffeehouse.
From the librarian to the sheriff, everyone in Hailey seemed to know and admire Bergdahl as he came of age. "He was good every which way you looked at it," said the gun club manager, Dick Mandeville.
He started talking about joining the military while working the early shift at Zaney's River Street Coffee House, manager Sue Martin recalled. His sister had married a U.S. Naval Academy graduate.
Bergdahl figured it could be a way to travel.
Off to war
With just seven months of military training, Bergdahl flew to Afghanistan in February 2009 with the 1st Battalion, 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment, 4th Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division. Their mission was to "get the Taliban," said Buetow, 28, of Seattle.
That meant combat operations as well as patrolling villages, gathering intelligence, winning the confidence of locals and elders, training the Afghan National Police. Bergdahl preferred the humanitarian aspect of the job, distributing food and medical supplies.
"He enjoyed helping the locals way more than he enjoyed doing all the ... actual combat side of a deployment," said platoon medic Josh Cornelison, 25, of Sacramento, Calif. "He wasn't so fond of that at all."
He was different in other ways, too. In training back in the U.S., he didn't have a phone, didn't watch television, didn't go drinking with the guys. He sat in his bunk reading books, studying languages. In Afghanistan, when soldiers swapped stories of their personal lives, Bergdahl kept things to himself.
As months passed, Bergdahl began grousing to Buetow about the way they were carrying out their mission., As his boss, Buetow stopped him short.
"I was like: 'You can disagree. But you can't be complaining about this mission. And you don't have to believe in it, but I need your mind clear if something happens,'" Buetow recalled.
Days before he disappeared, Bergdahl asked Buetow how to get the maximum amount of cash from his paycheck. He also wanted to mail home his computer and books.
"There were things he said that I didn't think too much of at the time, but when he walked away the lights started going off in all of our heads ... and it became pretty clear that it was a premeditated event, that he had been thinking about this for a while," Buetow said.
The final email
On June 27, 2009, Bergdahl sent his parents what would be his final email from the field. "I am sorry for everything here," he told his parents, who later shared emails with Rolling Stone magazine. "These people need help, yet what they get is the most conceited country in the world telling them that they are nothing and that they are stupid, that they have no idea how to live."
He said an Army vehicle had run over a girl, but "we don't even care when we hear each other talk about running their children down in the dirt streets with our armored trucks."
His father responded quickly: "Dear Bowe, In matters of life and death, and especially at war, it is never safe to ignore ones' conscience."
Three days later, at 5:30 a.m., a soldier went to wake Bergdahl for guard duty. Their platoon was living at an isolated post, a two-acre stretch of a riverbed, surrounded by wire, with camouflage mesh and poncho structures to keep out the blazing sun.
Bergdahl slept in a one-man pup tent next to the truck that served as his guard post. On this morning, his body armor and weapon were there. But Bergdahl was gone.
Shouts rang out. "Hey, is Bergdahl up there?" someone called. Over the radio: "Everyone listen up. Has anyone seen Bergdahl?"
There wasn't any place to hide, no trees or boulders. It didn't take long to realize that Bergdahl was gone, "outside the wire, alone," Cornelison said. "And you know, that's trouble."
Soldiers stormed through bunkers, peeked in latrines, opened vehicles and scoured Afghan National Police posts. Search dogs were on the ground within hours.
At a nearby village school, Cornelison said, two boys told them he had seen a soldier crawling through the weeds and showed them where. They found nothing.
Hopes that Bergdahl was lost, sick or simply missing were dashed within a day. A radio operator intercepted Afghans chatting about their new bargaining chip.
"I think he is a big shot," says one, in a translated transcript posted on the whistleblower group WikiLeaks' website. That's "why they are looking for him."
"Can you guys make a video of him and announce it all over Afghanistan that we have one of the Americans?" another man asks. The response: "We already have a video of him."
In another interception, an Afghan said an American was looking for someone who could speak English, and wanted to talk to the Taliban. Analysts thought he was being held by the Haqqani network, an insurgent group affiliated with the Taliban.
A Taliban video
Within weeks, the public got its first glimpse of the missing soldier, choking up as he talked about his girlfriend and family in a 28-minute video posted by the Taliban. One of his captors held the soldier's dog tag up to the camera, his name and identification number clearly visible.
Asked how he was doing, Bergdahl quaked. "Well I'm scared, scared I won't be able to go home."
Back in Hailey, Bergdahl's parents, Bob and Jani, had known of his capture. Now it was public. Yellow ribbons were tied, candles lighted. Martin hung a "Get Bowe Back" sign in her cafe window.
The family chained their front gate. They attached a small cardboard sign: "No visitors."
His father stopped shaving and started studying Pashto and Arabic to immerse himself in Afghan culture, to feel a connection with his son. In Idaho, the vigil had begun. In Afghanistan, the search continued, frantically for several months.
Bergdahl, already a hero of his family and friends, would soon become a national icon. The public knew little of the circumstances of his disappearance. On the record, the story was that Bergdahl had strayed from base.
A Pentagon investigation concluded in 2010 that the evidence was "incontrovertible" that Bergdahl indeed walked away from his unit. But it did not accuse him of desertion, a former Pentagon official who read the report told The Associated Press. In interviews as part of the inquiry, members of his unit portrayed him as a naive, "delusional" person who thought he could help the Afghan people by leaving his post, the official said.
Platoon members now say they were told not to discuss the situation publicly, and so only quietly did they share their unwavering belief that Bergdahl intentionally deserted. On the ground, concern turned to anger as their mission became finding Bergdahl.
"Yes, we resented it. We resented him. And we were upset with the fact that we're looking for this guy who we knew walked away," Buetow said. "But you know, you take your shower in five minutes and you jump in that truck and go back out there. Because that's what we're supposed to do."
The offers to swap
The Taliban repeatedly offered to swap Bergdahl for Afghan prisoners held by the U.S. at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. In 2011, U.S. officials talked directly with Taliban negotiators about a deal. And in early 2012, the Taliban took steps to open a liaison office in Qatar, the exchange key on the agenda.
But the proposed deal sat in limbo for years, facing opposition in Congress. The Taliban walked away from talks in March 2012, saying the U.S. had reneged on several promises. The Obama administration tried several gambits to restart talks, including proposing looser terms for the detention or monitoring of at least one of the prisoners upon their release. And there was tension between Afghan authorities, who demanded the prisoners be repatriated to Afghanistan, and the prisoners, who wanted to go to Qatar with their families.
Talks renewed this spring after a video surfaced in December showing Bergdahl in what officials described as poor health. By March, as a deal appeared close, critics began calling for him to be charged with desertion, which could bring five years in prison and a dishonorable discharge.
As the exchange day approached, Taliban and U.S. officials negotiated minute details of the swap. Then the five Afghans were quietly transferred to Qatar, and Bergdahl's moment had arrived. The exchange was recorded and posted online by the Taliban.
The morning of May 31, President Barack Obama called the Bergdahls. "I ... told them that after nearly five years in captivity, their son Bowe is coming home," said Obama at an emotional news conference later that day.
To Germany
Bergdahl, now 28, has yet to appear in public or, even speak to his parents, officials say. He remains at a U.S. military hospital in Germany, working his way through the early stages of reintegration — a process complicated by the circumstances of his disappearance.
A military psychologist said negative publicity can make it even harder to prepare a former hostage for the return home. And in Bergdahl's case, that publicity has been bitter.
The day after his release, there appeared a Facebook page called "Bowe Bergdahl is NOT a hero." Then came several more, calling him a traitor. A petition was launched demanding a court martial.
A vitriolic Twitter storm hammered Obama. And then one after another, former platoon mates made the rounds of the news media, describing how Bergdahl walked away and their anger at the entire ordeal.
In Hailey, joy quickly turned to bafflement as residents faced an onslaught of hate mail and angry phone calls from people who said Bergdahl doesn't deserve to be celebrated. A planned welcome-home party was cancelled. His parents are surprised and "very hurt" by the outcry, said a former pastor who is in touch with them.
"It's like a modern day lynching," said Lee Ann Ferris, who lives next door to the Bergdahls and watched Bowe grow up.
At a news conference in Idaho on Sunday — the last time Bergdahl's parents spoke publicly — Bob Bergdahl said the family would have to ease into rebuilding a relationship.
"Bowe has been gone so long it's going to be very difficult to come back," he said, likening the situation to a deep sea diver who needs to surface slowly to decompress safely. "If he comes up too fast it could kill him."
A casualty of war
Five days before Bergdahl disappeared, his battalion suffered its first casualty: Lt. Brian Bradshaw. Bradshaw's mother, Mary, told The Associated Press that after Bergdahl was captured, his father called many times, convinced their sons had been friends. Bob Bergdahl told Rolling Stone magazine that Bradshaw's death had darkened his son's mood.
"Maybe it was a catalyst for Bergdahl to go," Mary Bradshaw said. "But I have nothing to back that up."
Bergdahl's disappearance delayed Bradshaw's memorial for weeks, as troops searched for the missing soldier. And now Bergdahl's return is scratching a wound.
"I am happy for his parents that he is home. I am glad that he is safe. But no," Mary Bradshaw said, "I don't view him as a hero."
An investigation that is expected to examine the circumstances of Bergdahl's disappearance has not yet begun. But some of his former platoon mates and the parents of some soldiers who died in that part of Afghanistan after Bergdahl's disappearance are insisting that he answer for his actions.
Gerald Sutton served with Bergdahl and considered him a friend. Now, he wants a court martial.
"Personally, I'd like to be able to talk to the guy and ask him why he did this," he said, "because that's the ultimate question."
. . . . . . .
Story by Martha Mendoza of The Associated Press with contributions from AP writers Meghan Barr in New York, Brian Skoloff in Hailey, Idaho, Mike Householder in Detroit, Rebecca Boone in Boise, Idaho, and Deb Riechmann in Washington.


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I have a spatial trajectory dataset which basically contains about 10E6 (lat,lon,time)-tuples, grouped together by an identifier so they form trajectories.
Currently, SQLite is used to store the raw data.
Lat/Lon are in WGS84 but span only small areas (i.e. European country size).
I would like to store it in a geodatabase for easy descriptive & exploratory analysis, eg. calculating the overall and average distance for trajectories, and basic data preprocessing, eg. dismissing all tuples that are outside a polygon, for example.
Thus, I thought PostGIS would be optimal since I have worked with it before.
Some questions arise though: Should I just store the tuples as POINTS with GEOMETRY data type, or should I use MULTIPOINTS for whole trajectories?
And what about performance? Performance is not critical since the data is used for a research project and not for a production application, but I don't want to wait 5 hours to calculate distances between a million point-pairs.
What about indexing? What type of indices should I use and on what type of data?
I know this question is kind of general but I would like to see if people have experience with storing trajectory data and maybe they can give me some advice.


text:
Cab Corner Repair … Easier Than You Might Think |
There are a few phases during a classic truck restoration that trigger enough anxiety for the home shop hobbyist to consider not tackling on his or her own. Bodywork, paint, wiring, and upholstery are the first to come to mind in this regard. With lowering your anxiety level in mind, we decided to team up with the folks at LMC Truck to see if we can ease some of the concerns relating to at least one of the aforementioned chores—rot repair and panel replacement.
Now, I'd be the first to admit that I'm no pro when it comes to this kind of repair. The most I've got going for me is that I'm not afraid to try my hand at just about anything the classic truck hobby can throw at me. This also means that although I'm about to share my experience, it may not be the final word on the subject by any means—but, at the very least I hope to show that with the help of the aftermarket (by supplying nearly every component we need to restore our trucks) and a bit of teeth gritting and elbow grease, any of us can work our way through chores that we'd previously thought had to be done by paid professionals. So let's take a look at our subject Chevy pickup cab and see how I went about tackling the installation of a replacement cab corner—and keep in mind, if I can do this, any of you can. It's just a matter of choosing quality replacement parts, as I've done here, taking a deep breath, and diving right in. CT


text:
Michael Lorenzo-Vera's recent upturn in form and attitude has come as no surprise to the man who has spent the last few months putting the finishing touches to a dramatic change of lifestyle in order to maximise his prodigious talent.
Gone are the long days and longer nights of partying in his hometown, the cosmopolitan, yet rugby and surf-mad town of Biarritz. Gone (mostly!) is the angry young man on the golf course. And gone is the lazy attitude towards his chosen profession.
A new coach (Mike Walker), a new psychologist and a new home have all led Lorenzo-Vera to reinvent himself, and, after two hugely encouraging Challenge Tour performances, no-one sums it up any better than the man himself.
"This is the new me," said Lorenzo-Vera with his trademark grin. "I'm like the latest iPhone, but better. This is the new Michael Lorenzo: MLV, version 1.2!"
Thankfully, Lorenzo-Vera remains, in the right way, as mad as a hatter – he has just screwed his professional head firmly back in place as he seeks to finally fulfil the indisputable talent he displayed on his way to toping the Challenge Tour Rankings in 2007.
He has certainly made positive strides on the course over the past two weeks as the fruits of his year's labour to date start to ripen. A tie for 13th in the Fred Olson Challenge de España was quickly followed up last week with a fourth place finish behind countryman Gary Stal at the Kärnten Golf Open presented by Mazda.
The young Frenchman has a noticeable spring in his step at the Aa St Omer Golf Club as he prepares for the dual-ranking St Omer Open presented by Neuflize OBC.
"I am playing well – I just have to trust myself and trust the new things I have been doing. I have changed coach, changed everything in my approach to the game and I think it is starting to pay off.
"I had to make some changes because I was not working hard enough. I have changed everything – I have even moved away from Biarritz because I had to: it wasn't good for me to live there because there were too many distractions.
"So now I am in Montpellier and working with a new team. I even have a mental coach but I have to say I think she is going to have to work hard to help me! But it is going well, I think. I am working on my attitude on the golf course because that has to change. It was fair to say that I was a mess mentally!"
Lorenzo-Vera credits his manager, Chubby Chandler, for helping him to realise that it was time to grow up; time to focus on getting the most of his gift for the game.
"I think I am just growing up a little bit and starting to realise that this is the only thing I know how to do well, so if I don't want to be sleeping under a bridge then I had better start working hard," the 27 year old continued.
"I have only one goal at the moment and that is to trust myself to go out on to the golf course as well prepared as possible in order to get me into the right frame of mind to attack the golf course and enjoy it. If I can do that then I believe I can get back onto The European Tour and succeed there."
|Player name
|FICHARDT, Darren
|LOCKERBIE, Gary
|WAKEFIELD, Simon
|FORD, Charlie
|GEE, Adam
|EDBERG, Pelle