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Author Notes: Sconegirl and I have been trying to recreate scallion pancakes at home. Every time we eat at a Chinese restaurant, we always order them. We were pretty happy with the way these turned out. Adapted from my recipe for Nonna's Piadina and most of the techniques of scallion pancake-rolling on the internet. —mrslarkin
Food52 Review: WHO: mrslarkin sells scones at the Pound Ridge farmers' market and has been a FOOD52er since the early days.
WHAT: A flaky pancake studded with slices of scallion, with a bonus simple dipping sauce.
HOW: The ingredients are all pantry staples, and mrslarkin's simple, clear instructions make rolling out the dough an easy task.
WHY WE LOVE IT: The best scallion pancake is the one you have straight off the skillet, still piping hot. These are that and more. —The Editors
Makes: two 8" pancakes
cup unbleached all-purpose flour, plus more for rolling
teaspoon kosher salt
tablespoon room-temperature lard or shortening (I saved the pork fat from my last braised pork belly), separated
cup water
tablespoons milk
cup thin-sliced scallion rounds (green part only)
tablespoon vegetable oil, separated
- In a bowl, stir together the flour and salt.
- Combine water and milk in a small measuring cup. Warm in microwave at full power for 1 minute. Pour into flour and stir with a fork until dough comes together. Add a little more warm water or flour, if needed. You want a soft dough - not at all sticky.
- Using a bowl scraper, turn dough out onto a lightly floured surface and knead for a minute. Divide dough evenly into two pieces. Roll each piece into a ball and let rest, covered with a barely-damp paper towel, for at least 5 minutes.
- On a lightly-floured surface, roll out one piece of dough into a 9" circle, using a generously-floured rolling pin. With your fingertips, smear about a half-tablespoon of the lard over the dough circle. Beginning at an edge, roll up the dough into a tight log. Then, from one end of the log, roll up the log into a spiral (see pictures for details.) Tuck the end under and set aside, covered with the slightly-damp paper towel, and rest the dough for at least 5 minutes. Repeat with the second piece of dough.
- On a lightly-floured surface, using a well-floured rolling pin, roll out one spiral of dough into a 9" circle again. Sprinkle 1/4 cup of sliced scallions over the dough. Beginning at an edge, roll up the dough into a tight log. Then, from one end of the log, roll up the log into a spiral again. Tuck the end under and set aside, covered with the slightly-damp paper towel, and rest the dough for at least 5 minutes. Repeat with the second spiral of dough.
- On a lightly-floured surface, using a generously-floured rolling pin, gently roll out one spiral of scallion-filled dough into an 8" circle (about 1/8-inch thick). Set aside, and cover with the slightly-damp paper towel. Repeat with the second scallion-filled dough spiral.
- Heat 1/2 tablespoon of vegetable oil in a large non-stick skillet over medium to medium/high heat. Carefully lay one pancake into the skillet, taking care not to splatter the hot oil onto yourself. Cook until the underside takes on nice splotches of toasty golden-brown. Flip and cook other side until toasty/splotchy (you may want to ask a friend to help you add a bit more oil for the second side). Remove to a plate, cut into triangles and serve immediately with dipping sauce.
- For a quick and easy dipping sauce, mix together 2 tablespoons soy sauce, 1 tablespoon rice wine vinegar, 1 tablespoon of Chinese rice cooking wine, a pinch of grated ginger and a few scallion slices.
- Your Best Pancakes, Sweet or Savory Contest Finalist!
- This recipe is a Community Pick!
More Great Recipes:
Pancake|Egg|Green Onion/Scallion|Milk/Cream|Appetizer|Hors D'Oeuvre|Snack


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It's another week without Aaron Rodgers for the Packers.
The team has ruled Rodgers out for the sixth straight game because of a broken left collarbone, leaving Matt Flynn to start against the Cowboys in a game the Packers need to win in order to have realistic hopes of making the playoffs. Coach Mike McCarthy said that Rodgers was upset by the decision, but that he feels it's the right decision for the organization.
"It's been a difficult morning going through the conversation with Aaron and Dr. [Patrick] McKenzie," McCarthy said in his Friday press conference. "[Rodgers] feels like he's ready to play. He's very disappointed, he's frustrated. Speaking with Dr. McKenzie, this is the right decision."
While it isn't the decision any Packers fan wanted to hear, it's hardly an unexpected one given the fact that Rodgers wasn't cleared medically earlier this week. At this point, it appears to be a decision based on imaging of the injury and there's nothing anyone with the team can do to make that go their way.
There was better news regarding running back Eddie Lacy. Lacy returned to practice on Friday after missing Wednesday and Thursday with an ankle injury and he's listed as probable for Sunday.

subset: commoncrawl


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Santa Baby 2013 — Group 15
Help us determine a winner in our Cute Santa Baby photo contest by voting for one of the photos in this group!
Take a look at the photos below, then click the button at the bottom to vote for one of them. Remember, you must be logged in to your Country Club account to vote, and you can vote once per day per account.


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Big box stores, like BJ's, Costco and Sam's Club, lure customers with the promise of saving by buying in bulk. But do they really pay off for the average consumer, or can you get better deals by shopping at mid-sized and smaller retail stores or local markets? Likewise, is shopping big worth it for you?
Here are five factors to consider, as well as the pros and cons of shopping big.
Price is usually the biggest factor when choosing where to shop. But today with everyone feeling the economic pinch, retailers are vying for your business and will do anything to get you through the door.
Big-box stores often offer huge discounts on big-ticket items compared to specialty stores or smaller retailers. So yes, you can save hundreds of dollars on electronics, appliances and other large merchandise.
Once they have you in the store, however, they're counting on you to purchase other items, which aren't discounted and that you don't even need. Not everything in big-box stores carries a deep discount.
Best Bet:
If you're shopping for a particular item, buy what you went there for and avoid the temptation of "looking around." Also, check out weekly specials in your local market or discount store. You may get a better deal on some items and they frequently accept coupons for additional savings.
Big-box stores typically carry items in the extra-extra-large size, which is fine for large families who go through lots of food and other items, like paper products and toiletries. But is it worth it for the average couple or small family?
Customers can find real bargains in purchasing bulk non-perishable items, like paper goods, or food items such as cases of soda, canned goods or 20-pound bags of frozen chicken wings.
The problem is finding space to store towers of bathroom tissue and that case of dish detergent, or squeezing items into a tiny freezer.
Best Bet:
Be practical. Purchase what you can easily store and avoid buying large volumes of perishables, which may go bad before you get a chance to use them.
Big-box stores or warehouse clubs charge yearly membership fees that cost on average between $50 and $100 to join, with some offering executive memberships for a bit more. That fee will only get you in the door, though. Purchases are, of course, extra.
If you have a large family and do frequent shopping, the money you save over the course of a year (depending on what you purchase, of course) can easily cover the cost of the membership fee.
If you don't frequent the store, your fee may not be recouped, so you're better off shopping at a smaller retailer or local market and save the initial fee.
Best Bet:
Look at your shopping habits and give serious thought to how much use you'll make of the big-box store before you dish over the $50, or more, for the privilege of walking through their door.
The Shopping Experience
Big-box stores usually attract big crowds, which mean long lines and mobbed parking lots.
Sometimes fighting the crowds is worth it just to get a good bargain. If it weren't, retailers wouldn't count on Black Friday sales to help them through the fourth quarter.
Waiting on long lines, circling the parking lot for a space and struggling to get down the aisles can be stressful, not to mention time consuming. When you figure in the hours spent on your quest for a bargain, well, it doesn't seem like such a bargain anymore.
Best Bet:
Try to shop during off-times when there are likely to be smaller crowds. If that's not possible, think long-term: buy enough to last a few weeks to help cut down on the number of visits.
Customer Service
Good service is the key to success for any business, big or small. When it comes to customer interaction, however, big-box stores are very different from your neighborhood shop.
Customers who typically shop at big-box stores aren't so much interested in making friends with the sales associates as they are in making their purchases. If you're confident in being on your own, big-box stores is the place for you.
Big-box store employees are typically stocking shelves and helping customers grab items from the top of the rafters. Some shoppers, however, need more intimate interaction with the sales help, which smaller retailers or specialty shops can offer. You won't find that personal attention in the big-box stores.
Best Bet:
Ask yourself which you'd prefer – anonymity or up-close and personal. Knowing before you shop will eliminate frustration.
The Bottom Line
Big-box stores definitely have their place in consumerism, as do small retailers and local shops. It's up to shoppers, though, to choose their shopping preference, as well as take a harder look at where the real bargains are.
"Big Box Stores Vs. Small Retailers" was provided by Investopedia.com.


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One of my fondest memories of my time in legacy publishing was visiting Brilliance Audio in Michigan and playing a character on my first audiobook, Whiskey Sour.
I love audiobooks. And I've always maintained the belief that their popularity was directly proportional to their price--it isn't unusual for audiobooks for be twice the hardcover price of a book. This high barrier to entry has meant a lot of folks who would enjoy audiobooks (while travelling, commuting, exercising, on vacation, etc.) haven't ever purchased one. For many, audiobooks are a library checkout (or a rental--there used to be audiobook rental stores). That's a shame, because, like paper and ebooks, I think audiobooks are worth owning.
When I began self-publishing, Brilliance bought 13 of my ebook titles--an unprecedented move and a strong show of faith in my brand. These titles have done well, but even though they were less expensive than my previous titles, I felt the prices were a bit prohibitive.
I recently released my second Timecaster novel, Timecaster Supersymmetry, with the help of my agent acting as an estributor (more on that in a future blog post, but in a nutshell they did everything I needed them to and I'm pleased.) One of the things I spoke with Brilliance about was releasing Supersymmetry as a download for under five bucks.
They went one step better.
Right now, on audible.com, every Joe Konrath Brilliance Audiobook title is $4.95. http://www.audible.com/mt/konrath
Want to try an audiobook but thought they were too pricey? Now is the time to buy one.
Timecaster Supersymmetry for $3.99. This book was a true labor of love for me, written completely from the heart and without keeping anything reigned in. I had no legacy editor to tell me, "You can't do that." The result is a science-fiction thriller that I am 100% positive no publishing house would ever release in its current uncut form. Sex, violence, bad jokes, dinosaurs, talking fruit, the multiverse, robots, tons of inside jokes and parodies, insane plot twists, several major WTF moments, and a future Jack Daniels fighting zombies. It is seriously crazy, and was so much fun to write I had to see a surgeon to remove the smile on my face when I finished it.
Timecaster hasn't found its audience yet. Penguin gave it a crappy cover and priced the ebook too high ($7.99), among other mistakes. Supersymmetry is so unlike anything else anyone has ever written it is almost unclassifiable, which will no doubt limit early sales. But ebooks are forever, and forever is a long time to find an audience. Maybe it will take years, and that's okay. I have years. And hopefully I'll have the rights back to Timecaster by then (I have world rights and am releasing it soon on Amazon.co.uk among other places) so I can price it to sell.
Please spread the word on the audiobooks, and on Supersymmetry. I'd
love to see a future where all audiobook downloads are priced comparably
to ebooks, and where authors are free to truly unleash their creativity
on readers without having to kow-tow to the narrow-minded sales-driven
biases of legacy publishers.
Thursday, June 21, 2012
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The name Arelli was chosen because it derives from "Golden Lion" and that is exactly what they think they are, all packaged up in a small bundle.
They are born to shop... Born to be spoiled and most of all born to be loved.
My story started a few years ago when it was finally my turn to choose. Yorkies had always appealed to me and so my mind was set. What I didn't realize was that finding that special puppy would be so difficult. I wanted a compact cobby body, slightly shorter nose with a baby doll face...and on the smaller side.
There in front of me was the cutest puppy I have ever seen...It was love at first sight!!
We nicknamed her "Biskit" From there it has become my passion and I would like to share with you the possibility of owning one of these marvelous, tenacious yet at the same time very loving, loyal dogs.
We then kept Biskit's first daughter Rosie who has blossomed into the most gorgeous adult .
She has such a loving and silly personality.
Her face as you can see is irresistible and her coat...well she has plenty of coat.
The kindest most gentle Yorkie you could wish to meet.
Last year we acquired Harley D.
Boy he's gorgeous with the most delightful temperament and only 1.4kgs.
Stud services will be available to approved females
Our Aim at Arelli is to produce wonderful healthy puppies that will bring you as much joy as mine have to me.
All our puppies are expected to mature between 1.3 and 2kgs.


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so much crazyness going on around here! wow... what a wild weekend... and now i am hoppin' trying to get stuff in order to take off for CKU-a!! so i have been talking up my 'decorating project'... and i am happy to report that it got done in time for the party! i have some photos of the party, but i haven't really taken time to photograph the completed room. i have to wait until the right time of day for nice light. i am loving the PINK walls! it came together and i love it. i keep wanting to just sit in there... you have to realize that decorating is not my 'thing'. i haven't done any decorating... so this was a real project for me. i went crazy with spray paint... i am posting a photo... it's not great... but i will go back and photograph different pieces... i really applied my scrapbook knowledge to my home decor! i had fun with it... i didn't really design a 'classic' room... i will probably only love it for like 6 months!
so the motivation to get the job done was the baby shower... eric and i need little deadlines to put pressure on us to it going. i threw it for one of my dear friend's daughter. it's her first baby (first grandbaby). this friend of mine helps me to no end with my quincy... my favorite things about the shower:
1. emily and i made the 'white choc. popcorn' recipie in the SEASON OF GIVING MM book. it was my first time making it... kris stanger's recipie... it was SO EASY and SO YUMMY. we used PINK white choc. and put them in little celo baggies - tied w/ ribbon and a monogram button (for baby anna)
2. i created a custom label for regular water bottles... i did find bottles with white tops (dannon brand). these are SO EASY and solved part of the beverage problem... i did wrap some decorative tape around the bottle necks. they turned out so cute. they say "it's a girl"
3. guest and gift clipboards: everything was pink and green starting w/ the invite... i quickly decorated the clipboards and created a guest register and gift list to keep track of who gave what so rebecca could get thank you's out after the party.
4. "anna" frames: this was a fun idea... i bought about eight or so frames (the cheapest i could find at walmart) and spray painted them all black (her mom told me that black frames were the plan for her home decor--and i have been totally and completely spray paint happy) then i created little frame inserts on the computer indicating what photo to take and put in the frame! so they said things like "anna and daddy" "anna's first day" "four generations" etc... they turned out SO CUTE... (and were easy and cheap) YAY! the mommy loved them.
i made yummy quiche, 2 different kinds of salads and served fresh fruit... my friend Leah made delicious sweet breads, muffins and rolls... it was really nice... i had a blast doing it!


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Eras Journal – Sorek, S: Render Unto Caesar? Pilate's Acquisition of Temple Funds
Render Unto Caesar? Pilate's Acquisition of Temple Funds
Susan Sorek
(University of Wales)
The name Pontius Pilate is readily recognised by those studying ancient history and by those who know little or nothing about the Roman province of Judaea in the first century CE. The actions of Pilate, the fifth Roman prefect of the province, earned him immortalisation in the New Testament accounts of his association with Jesus. What evidence we do have about him is scant. The Jewish writers Philo and Josephus present him as a harsh man who rode roughshod over the religious susceptibilities of the Jews.[1] On the other hand, gospel accounts present a governor sympathetic to the innocence of Jesus, and whose greatest failings, it appears, were weakness and indecision.[2] So, which portrayal is correct? It would seem that the presentations of him in Philo and Josephus have had the greater impact on the way historians have researched this period. According to Bond, many authoritative works on Pilate over the last century have, consciously or not, been biased by the social, political or even religious environment of their authors.[3]
This article focuses on one incident of Pilate's governorship where I believe reliance upon the bias of ancient authors has been coupled with a lack of investigation of the complexities of pre-Rabbinic Judaism. This has resulted in the condemnation of Pontius Pilate for a crime he may very well not have committed.
Pontius Pilate's most serious crime against the Jews, according to the interpretation of the ancient accounts of Josephus, was his theft of sacred money from the Temple in Jerusalem. Most modern scholarly works appear to agree with the statement made by Smallwood that, in order to finance his scheme for the building of an aqueduct, Pilate
appropriated money from the Temple treasury, an act of sacrilege even from the Roman point of view, since the Temple tax had been made sacrosanct by law (how he got the money whether by violence or intimidation is not clear). However, Jewish reaction implied that a serious offence had been committed.[4]
Both Schurer[5] and Goodman[6] follow the same line of thought. According to them, too, this was a serious crime committed against the Temple treasury – they never question the sanctity of the money. There are two passages in the works of Josephus[7] that appear to confirm Smallwood's statement that it was not the aqueduct that was problematic but something connected with it. Bond[8] has recognised that these passages in Josephus do not correspond with each other, and that neither account seems to reflect an accurate picture of what happened; even so, she still regards the money as 'sacred'. It would appear that no one has looked for any other reason for the disaffection caused by Pilate's building project. Indeed, had he actually taken the sacred money there would be no need to look any further; but the popular reaction, at least as it is described, does not fit the crime. There is a possibility that there may be another reason for the (limited) outcry against Pilate, another violation against Jewish religious susceptibilities that has, up to now, been overlooked.
The Temple Treasury
First, it is necessary to examine the evidence more fully in an attempt to determine which money Pilate allegedly appropriated. This requires an examination of the composition of the Temple treasury, evidence for which comes from the Talmud and the Mishnah .[9]However, the use of these works is a point of some controversy. Ancient historians as well as New Testament scholars are convinced that it is not possible to gain accurate historical insight into the first century from documents comprising mainly traditional sayings that are dated late (third-sixth centuries CE).
The Jerusalem School of Synoptic Research, however, belongs to another trend, which is confident that Jewish literature must be used if we are to gain insight into the world of first century Palestine. Safrai says that '[t]he failure to exploit the wealth of Talmudic sources has resulted in casting Jewish and early Christian reality in an increasingly Hellenistic mould'. [10] In his article he summarises what he believes to be the correct way to deal with Talmudic literature. He notes the work done by some scholars to use the literature and reality of the Classical and early Christian world to arrive at a responsible philological and historical explanation of the Talmudic tradition. It becomes clear from the work done by these scholars that, with cautious analysis, it is possible to clarify to some extent when one tradition may be accepted and another not. Often it is possible to determine what part is historical and what part is the historical interpretation of later generations. And parallel passages can be studied and evaluated for further differentiation and clarification. There is, though, one additional criterion that Safrai says should be particularly noted:
Often the words preserved in the sources are only the tip of the iceberg, which contains a vast world of thought and practice. Often a study of these sources from a philosophical point of view or from an historical point of view should reveal, by use of fragmentary sources, the intellectual and real world that exists in the background and is reflected in a particular saying or aggadic description.[11]
To a non-Jew the workings of the Temple treasury would have been difficult to comprehend, particularly given the complex distinctions made between the different categories of monies deposited there. Every year the High Court (bet din ha-gadol) in Jerusalem would send out messengers to the provincial areas in Judaea. They would announce publicly the obligation to bring in the half shekel tax in time for its delivery to the Temple chamber by the first ofNissan (March/April), which denoted the start of the religious year.
Both in the Temple and in the rest of the country shofarot (large containers) were set up for the collection of the tax, and pledges were taken from those unable to pay at the time. In Jerusalem the Temple had thirteen shofarot[12]inscribed with objects for which the money collected was to be spent. Presumably, the money was handed over to the Temple administrators, and they would then place it in its allocated containers, although the mechanism for how this worked is not elaborated upon. While the tax was primarily used for the purpose of sacrificial offerings the amount of money collected far outweighed the sacrificial needs and there was always a surplus of funds.
Temple administrators would divide the money into two parts, one for the altar (sacrifice) and one for other purposes. The second amount was split into three large baskets (kuppot) and designated as contributions to the Temple treasury, known as the terumat ha lishkah . This fund was used to pay the wages of the Temple staff, who consisted of the inspectors of animal blemishes, the experts who taught the priests the laws of ritual slaughtering, examiners of the scrolls, and even the women who wove the curtains for the gates of the Temple.
There was another special container of unknown size set aside – the sheyarei ha lishkah (surplus funds) container. Money from this fund was used mainly to cover Temple repairs and extra expenses connected with the altar of burnt offerings, sanctuary and court.[13] What is interesting for the purposes of this article is that the Talmud records that it was used to defray the expenses of a special bridge across the Kidron valley. The fund was also utilised for the needs of the city of Jerusalem, especially the maintenance of the water supply and repairs to the towers. The paving of Jerusalem after the completion of the building of Herod's Temple could have been the kind of project that this fund would have accommodated.[14]Further additions to this fund were made three times a year from shekels in the treasury chamber.[15]
Other Temple Income
The Jerusalem Temple received a considerable amount of income from other sources. In the Second Temple period a person could consecrate property for the needs of the Temple and sacrificial service: the term applied to this act was hekdesh . The gift or donation was in essence given to God and it was on His behalf that the Temple administrators redistributed the donation as they saw fit.
A person could consecrate property to two different sections: either to the altar (hekdesh Mizbe'ah), or to the maintenance/repair of the Temple buildings (hekdesh bedek ha Bayit). If a person did not specify which of the two categories the donation was for, and if the property in question included animals fit for sacrifice, then the animals would be sold for private sacrifice and the money from the sale would be allocated to the Temple treasury. This was known as 'simple consecration to the Temple treasury'.[16]
Property could be consecrated with different degrees of sanctity. Objects with intrinsic sanctity included all those consecrated to the altar and fit for sacrificial purposes, such as doves, oil, flour and wine. There was also monetary sanctity, which was vested in all objects consecrated to the Temple treasury. Monetary sanctity also applied to objects which had been dedicated to the altar, but which were found unfit for sacrificial purposes and therefore could be sold. Money from such sales was regarded as consecrated, too. Items with intrinsic sanctity could not be redeemed (purchased from the treasury), whereas items of monetary sanctity could. The redemption money applied to the category for which the original consecration had been made. Redeemed property ceased to be sacred and was restored to its former secular status; but objects fit for the altar could be redeemed solely for the purpose of sacrifice.[17]
This surplus section of the treasury was represented in law by the gizbar (treasurer of the Temple),[18]who was responsible for collecting, supervising, buying and selling according to the needs of the funds. Every thirty days the treasurers would open the chamber and anything that was not fit for the altar would be sold and the money given to the fund originally specified. So, if a person had consecrated an item with monetary sanctity to hekdesh , someone else could purchase that item without any formalities.Hekdesh property could only be purchased with money: no exchange or bartering was allowed and the price was fixed at the local market value of the property on its consecration. Therefore, if the price had increased, the buyer still only had to pay the original price, as making a profit was forbidden.(If, however, the price had dropped, the buyer still had to pay the original consecration price). So, the Temple could acquire goods from the common man through the hekdesh fund; and, in turn, the common man could often acquire goods at a price below the current market value. It is interesting to speculate on whether much of the Temple's land ownership came about through this formula.[19]
The main vehicle of consecration was a vow which rendered the offering korban (taboo, dedicated to God). There are few references to this word to be found in the writings of antiquity. In the Bible[20] this term is used to denote a cultic offering given as a freewill gesture. The same interpretation is given in the Mishnah. There is one occurrence of the word to be found in the New Testament in the gospel of Mark, where the system of korban is apparently giving cause for concern.[21]
The only source outside the Bible to mention korban is Josephus, who mentions it three times. [22] The most important reference occurs in Jewish War,[23] a point to which I shall return.
Raiders of the Temple Treasury
The administration of the treasury lay in the hands of the priests. However, under Roman rule there was a certain amount of political supervision by the governor. It has already been noted that the treasury contained a surplus fund that was used for the needs of the city, and particularly for the maintenance of the water supply system. Presumably Pilate would have been permitted to use this fund for the construction of an aqueduct, beneficial to the city as a whole and to the Temple within it. It seems reasonable to suppose that this construction could have, initially, been a joint venture with Jewish and Roman authorities working together for the benefit of the people of Jerusalem. So, how could Pilate's acquisition of this money be seen as a violation? Was this surplus fund actually considered to be as sacred as the fund for the servicing of the communal sacrifices? Josephus makes a distinction between the various categories of money held in the treasury. In the account in Antiquities [24] he speaks about Temple money (sacred money). Here he says that Pilate spent money from the treasury. However, in the War account[25] he says Pilate used up the money – the Greek verb exanaliskone carries the meaning that he utterly drained it – from what Josephus now refers to as the korbanus. The implication is that Pilate spent all the money held in the sacred treasury, that is, sacrificial money as well as surplus money.
Could this indicate that there were two different categories of money, or is Josephus merely elaborating, informing the reader that the whole of the sacred treasury was called korbanus? There is a very interesting passage in the Apocryphal second book of Maccabees, which lends weight to the idea that there may have been a separate category of money.[26] The passage recounts the story about the plans made by Heliodorus, on the orders of King Seleucus, to rob the Temple in Jerusalem. A certain Simon of the tribe of Benjamin told Apollonius, the governor of Phoenicia, about the vast sums of money in the Temple treasury – referred to as the gazofulakia. He said that 'they do not belong to the account of the sacrifices' and that it was therefore possible for them to fall under the control of the King. We also learn from this passage that Simon had been a Temple guard, whose duties had involved the guarding of this section of the treasury. He would have had first hand knowledge of the composition of the Temple treasury.
This separate categorisation of funds is further emphasised in the fourth book of Maccabees , where reference is made to another attempt to rob the treasury: 'He said he came with the King's authority to seize the private funds in the treasury'.[27] Once again the word used for treasury is gazofulakia. The Talmud tells us that in this chamber the wealthiest members of Jewish society placed their money for safekeeping,[28] with the Temple acting rather like a bank. Josephus confirms this and tells us that this section of the treasury was so vast that it contained the general repository of all Jewish wealth.[29] Unlike the treasury chambers holding the sacred money, this section was kept under guard both day and night. Clearly the Temple authorities believed that the sacred money was protected; given the nature of Augustan[30] legislation, any act of violation would have resulted in the death penalty for the miscreant.
So, there can be a case made for two separate categories of Temple funds, one sacred and kept for sacrificial purposes, and the other secular, placed there under Divine protection but not in itself sacred. These latter funds were the most likely target for robbery – or misappropriation. Is this what Josephus is saying? That Pilate took money from the sacred account in one version and secular money in another version?
Schurer[31] has suggested that the account in Antiquities should be considered the more reliable version. He believes that the War account contains later insertions that Josephus took from an unidentified Roman source, arguing that the whole of this section of the War account is uneven in its composition. He believes that the accounts of the riots may be connected not with Pilate, but with earlier events – reflecting an inaccurate chronology.
Pilate's Crime: The Building Project
With any building project the risk of overspending is always an inherent danger, and Pilate could well have found himself requiring more money than he had initially been allocated from the sheyarei ha lishkah . He may have called for additional money prior to the settled time for its drawing from the treasury fund. With such a vast repository at his disposal, Pilate could well have turned his attention to the money from the hekdesh redemption money fund to make up any deficit, rather than to the money set aside for sacrificial purposes or to the sheyarei ha lishkah. Although this money would already have been allocated to one of the specific categories, taking it would have been less likely to cause offence than taking money allocated directly to the sacrificial fund.
However, we can see that there was another possibility. Pilate could have decided to take money from the non-sacred treasury deposits. He may well have supposed that it was no great crime to appropriate money from this section of the treasury, given that this would mean the more wealthy Jerusalemites were contributing to a much-needed project. It is also possible that these wealthy members of society may have been consulted over the matter, but had refused or been divided over it. Pilate, frustrated by the subsequent delay, may simply have taken what he needed for the project's completion.
There is a parallel to be found in Josephus. [32] During the reign of Agrippa the Second, some twenty-five years after Pilate's governorship, some of the wealthy Jerusalemites approached the King with plans for some building projects in and around the Temple precincts. These projects were to be funded from money of their own that was being held on deposit. Why were such proposals made? According to Josephus, after the completion of the Temple buildings there were many unemployed roaming the streets of Jerusalem; the wealthy wished simply to provide them with some sort of income. However, earlier in the passage Josephus says 'it was because of their fear of the Romans that they did not wish to have any money held on deposit there'[33] (that is, in the Temple).
The altruistic nature of these wealthy citizens' act appears to be somewhat overshadowed by their fear of Roman intervention – but intervention in what? Certainly, unemployed mobs could lead to disorder – something that would indeed attract Roman intervention. But why should intervention in the doings of the popular masses concern the wealthy Jerusalemites? Why should this make them feel that their deposits in the Temple were suddenly at risk? Instead, could we be seeing an echo of what happened to such money during Pilate's governorship? Was the real threat posed by the attention that the Roman governor may have been giving to these funds? According to Josephus it was about this time that the then governor Albinus heard that he was to be replaced. Also according to Josephus,Albinus sought to gain a name for himself as one who had done some service to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.[34] Is it possible that he may have looked, as his predecessor had done, at the private deposit chamber? Did he wish to initiate some building project worthy of future association with his name?
The section of the treasury that contained private deposits seems to have been the most obvious target for anyone who wished to appropriate the Temple's treasure without violating any sacred boundaries. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that Pilate may have turned his attention here when he became short of funds. However, I propose that he did not appropriate any money from any of these sources. The main reason for this argument lies with the evidence for the Jewish response to this supposed heinous crime.
The Jewish Response
According to Josephus,[35] when the Roman governor Florus appropriated seventeen talents from the Temple treasury there were mass demonstrations which led to rioting and violence. We are told that, fired by this outrage, the people rushed in a body to the Temple to make their feelings known. All this over just seventeen talents!
When Heliodorus planned to rob the less sacred deposits in the treasury we are also informed that:
the priests prostrated themselves before the altar and called toward heaven. People hurried out of their houses in crowds to make a general supplication because the holy place was about to be brought into dishonour. Women girded themselves with sackcloth and thronged into the streets. Even younger women who were kept indoors ran together to the gates and some to the walls, while others peered out of the windows. And all holding up their hands to heaven they made supplication there was something pitiable in the prostration of the whole populace and the anxiety of the High Priest in great anguish.[36]
We can compare this with the reaction of the Jews to the supposed act of violation against the Temple funds by Pilate.[37] In doing so, we see that, unlike the earlier incident involving Roman standards[38] (when religious susceptibilities had been flouted), objection to Pilate's behaviour was not immediate. The people waited until he was on a visit to Jerusalem before airing their grievances, and according to Bond[39] it appears that the aqueduct was well underway, if not completed, when the supposed riot broke out. Certainly resentment seems to have taken some time to build up. In fact, there could have been many who saw this visit as an opportunity to engage in some general anti-Roman demonstrations without specific grievances or reasons. If, as we are led to believe by Josephus, they objected to the project, then why was there no mass protest at the time? Why wait until the project was underway or even completed?
The War account gives the impression that hostility to Pilate was widespread and that a great number of people surrounded him to voice their complaints.[40] But if we follow Schurer's premise that this is merely a later insertion by Josephus, then we can perhaps dismiss this account as the less reliable version. On the other hand, the account inAntiquities suggests that not everyone was involved in the 'riot'. Apparently only some of the crowd hurled insults and abuse and Josephus goes so far as to mention those who were not rioting.[41] However, as Bond rightly states, we must be aware that both of these accounts may be influenced by the apologetic nature of Josephus' writings, withWar emphasising the disastrous effects of mass riot and Antiquities exonerating the Jewish people by declaring that not everyone was involved.[42] Bond also states that there are two points in the Antiquities version which may suggest that this is the more reliable account. First, it emphasises the divide in opinions regarding the extent of the violation of Jewish religious principles.[43] This makes sense: surely only the more pious element of the Jewish people would be concerned with the aspect of Pilate's behaviour in question. And, following on from this, Pilate's method of dealing with the situation seems 'realistic': he is said to have dispersed among the crowd a troop of his soldiers dressed as civilians, having given them orders not to use their swords but to beat any troublemakers with their cudgels.[44] Surely if Pilate had been faced with a large-scale riot the last thing he would do would be to send in undercover 'policemen' to deal with situation. It certainly seems more likely that he was dealing with a large crowd, and that only an extreme element of this crowd was causing a problem. However, this in turn raises a question. Did Pilate realise he had caused offence and thus he expected trouble? Obviously he did; but he did not anticipate the kind of trouble that required the large-scale deployment of troops. Josephus' account does not, to my mind, reflect the kind of response amongst the Jewish people that Pilate would have expected, and that would indeed have occurred, had Pilate misappropriated sacred money. As we have already noted, there was a far greater outcry over Florus' seventeen talent misdemeanour.
Yet we cannot deny Josephus' statement that he took money from the treasury. This raises yet another question: why was there no deputation to Rome? After all, the theft of sacred money carried the death penalty – a penalty instigated by Roman powers. Surely the threat of such a penalty was ideal for use against such a brutish governor? And are we to believe that Pilate was foolhardy enough to act in a fashion so frowned upon in Rome when he was probably intent upon impressing his Roman superiors?
Conclusion: Pilate Exonerated?
According to Josephus, Pilate took money from the Temple treasury. Hints as to which section of the treasury are ambiguous, and perhaps ambiguity was Josephus' intended effect. The most likely section would have been the private deposit chamber. But we have seen that the Jewish people's response to this supposed action was not consistent with attempted robbery of the treasury – not even the robbing of wealthy Jerusalemites.
Pilate may well have used up the money from the special fund that was specifically channelled towards such building projects. It seems quite possible that he may only have been allocated a certain amount and that, when he needed more, he met with some opposition and so was forced to use his own special means of 'persuasion'. Naturally this would have caused resentment, but would this have led to a riot after the project was completed?
Another possibility is that, with Pilate having appropriated money from the private section of the Temple treasury, those who had money deposited there may have employed others to cause a disturbance during Pilate's visit. The riots that might ensue might, in turn, force him to reimburse the aggrieved citizens.
There is, however, another equally plausible explanation. The Jewish world did not subscribe to the type of euergetistic practices common in the Graeco/Roman world. Josephus says when speaking of Herod the Great's benefactions that:
the very same attentions that he showed to his superiors he expected to have shown to himself by his subjects, and what he believed to be the most excellent gifts he could give another he showed a desire to obtain for himself. But as it happens the Jewish nation is by Law opposed to all such things and is accustomed to admire righteousness rather than glory.[45]
Wealthy Jewish individuals were not seen to adorn the city with grand edifices for which they were honoured with public offices and inscriptions. The building of an aqueduct to service the needs of the city and Temple would, in the Graeco/Roman world, have been a competition between members of the wealthy elite to see who could gain the most prestige from the venture. To the Jews, however, this would not be the case: there was only one benefactor and patron and that was God. In return for God's favours the individual was required to carry out certain obligations, not all for personal gain. Some obligations were performed on behalf of God, to whom the people owed their well being. The most obvious one was the contribution to the Temple funds in the form of the tax, which was paid to facilitate the daily sacrifice. Other income that the treasury received came from acts of dedication: the property or money was given to God and it was on God's behalf that it was distributed.
As far as the evidence demonstrates, no wealthy member of the Jewish elite offered to carry out the funding for the aqueduct, beneficial though it was to the city as a whole. If we look at the previous evidence we can see a reason for this. There was already a fund to take care of such projects, a fund to which all the Jewish people had contributed. It belonged to God and was distributed on His behalf to His people. It was not considered pious to display one's wealth for personal glorification, so private contributions would have been frowned upon; by using these special funds, contributors could preserve their anonymity and the ensuing good works could be seen as emanating from God.
In this instance, Pilate decided how the Temple funds should be spent. In all likelihood he also wanted his name associated with the spending of that money – that is, with the aqueduct. (Some evidence for this is found in the inscription from his other building project, the Tiberium at Caesara, which gives his name and his dedication to the Emperor). In these things, I propose that he was seen to be usurping God's role as benefactor . This may account for the rather 'exclusive' response from the pious amongst the Jewish population. In neither of his two accounts does Josephus provide us with a clear reason for the scale of the outcry against Pilate. Rather than elaborate on Pilate's presumption – a type of presumption which only the most pious Jews would readily recognise – might it not have been easier for Josephus to allow his readers to believe Pilate stole sacred money? Especially if he had an agenda to discredit Roman intervention in Jewish affairs?
In the event, Josephus never actually accuses Pilate of stealing the money but of spending it upon a building project in rather high-handed fashion. And it is this which seems consistent with the idea of Pilate usurping God's role as benefactor. The majority of Josephus' readers would be non-Jews. How difficult would it have been for them to appreciate the Jewish notion of 'righteousness before glory'? Would they have found fault in Pilate's usage of money that was designed for the very purpose to which he put it? Would they not have found it perplexing that an outcry should occur because of an act of euergetism? If the Jewish mentality was incomprehensible to Pilate – and apparently it was – then it must have been incomprehensible to a great many other Romans.
The episode of Pilate and the aqueduct raises far more questions than this article can hope to address. However, it is an incident that demonstrates how ancient historical sources can be combined with ancient Jewish sources – sources that have traditionally been rejected by historians – to find fresh insight into this particular period of Roman history.
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[1] Josephus, Bellum Judaicum,Antiquities Judaica & Contra Apionium (hereafter BJ,AJ & CA respectively). Philo,Embassy to Gaius. Trans. Thackery. Loeb editions, Harvard University Press, London, 1965. Back
[2] The gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John . Also in the Acts of the Apostles. Back
[3] H.K. Bond, Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998, ch. 1. Back
[4] E.M. Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule, Brill, Lieden, 1981, p.162. Back
[5] E. Schurer, History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, Vol.1, Rev. Ed., T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1979, p.149. Back
[6] M. Goodman, The Ruling Class of Judaea, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1989, p.149. Back
[7] Josephus, BJ.2:171-6 &AJ .18:60-62. Back
[8] Bond, Pontius Pilate, ch. 1.Back
[9] Babylonian Talmud (b), Jerusalem Talmud (y) and Mishnah (m) books of Shekalim,Kiddushin, Kettubah. Back
[10] S. Safrai, 'Talmudic Literature as an Historical Source for the Second Temple Period', in D. Mishkmaw (ed.),Jerusalem School for Synoptic Research, Vol. 17, No. 18, 1992, pp.121-137. Back
[11] Safrai, 'Talmudic Literature', p.128. Back
[12] m.Shekalim.6:1-5. Back
[13] m.Shekalim.4:2. According to the Babylonian Talmud b.Kettubah.106b, these expenses were covered by funds donated for the maintenance of the Temple. This was presumably from the hekdesh fund. Back
[14] AJ .20:219-22. Also the great construction works undertaken in both the Temple and the city at the instigation of the High Priest Simon (after 200 BCE : Ecclesiasticus 50:1-4) appear to have been financed by this fund. They were utilised again by King Demetrius (152 BCE. in 1 Macc.10:41) for construction work within the Temple. Back
[15] m.Shekalim.4:1. Fifteen days before Passover and Shauvot and on the twenty-ninth of Elul.Back
[16] m.Shekalim .4:7. Back
[17] b.Kiddushin .55a, b;b.Kiddushin.61a; b.Kiddushin .28b. Back
[18] y.Shekalim .2:15. Back
[19] The Tosefta (Shekalim.2:25) and the Mishnah (Ar .8) both state that many people devoted houses and land to the Temple, but since the Temple did not keep landed property it was sold and the proceeds deposited in the treasury.Back
[20] There are twenty-nine references to the word in the Bible. Back
[21] Mark 7:11-13. Back
[22] AJ.4:43; CA.1:167;BJ .2:171-6. Back
[23] BJ.2:176 Back
[24] AJ.18:60. Back
[25] BJ.2:175. Back
[26] 2 Macc.3:4-22. Back
[27] 4 Macc.4:6. Back
[28] Not only the wealthy placed their money here. 2 Macc .34 tells us that the deposits of widows and orphans were also held. (While these widows and orphans may, of course, have been wealthy themselves, still this might indicate that anyone, wealthy or otherwise, could have deposited their personal treasures for safekeeping) .Back
[29] BJ .6:282. Back
[30] Augustus had included the Temple tax in the category of sacred money: anyone stealing it would be subject to the death penalty. AJ.14:215. Back
[31] Schurer, History, Vol. 2, pp.283-4. Back
[32] AJ.20:219-23. Back
[33] AJ.20:220. Back
[34] AJ.20:215. Back
[35] BJ.2:293. Back
[36] 2 Macc.3:4-22. Back
[37] BJ.2:171-5;AJ.18:62-3. Back
[38] BJ .2:169. Back
[39] Bond, Pontius Pilate, p.87. Back
[40] BJ.2:176. Back
[41] AJ.18:61. Back
[42] AJ.18:61. Back
[43] The same division of opinion occurred later in the episode concerning the shields. Philo, Embassy to Gaius, 299-305. Back
[44] BJ .2:175. Back
[45] AJ .16:157-8. Back


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Is Encrypted Messaging Entering the Mainstream?
As people grow more aware of government and criminal surveillance of their mobile devices and computers, a flurry of companies have recently launched products they say provide fully private communication. The encryption products allow people to text, call, email or browse the Internet without having to worry about a third party intercepting their communication – or so the companies promise.
But will these technologies ever take off in a mass consumer market? Neil Robinson, a Brussels-based cyber-security expert at RAND Europe believes there is a paradox between the worries people express in opinion polls about surveillance and the actual products they buy. "If asked whether they think privacy is very important, [consumers] will likely answer very positively, but still share lots of personal information quite freely on social networking sites or in exchange to get a discount or money off voucher."
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Applications like ProtonMail are still in their early stages and it is unclear whether they will capture a mainstream audience. Mr. Yen said there are already 250,000 people using ProtonMail, and believes his company would reach a million users at the end of the year. ProtonMail is developing a mobile app, and hopes to break into the mass market with encrypted chat and file storage.
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Other recent launches include Blackphone, an Android smartphone that promises users encrypted calls, texts, emails and internet browsing. The Blackphone started shipping in early July for an affordable $629. There is also a new app on the Apple App Store called Signal, which encrypts calls by using an existing phone number without the need of another identifier. It is free to download. Encrypted chat app Target is also gaining traction. A handful of encrypted chat apps are also gaining traction on Google's Chrome app store, and Apple's app store has dozens of encrypted messaging apps, many sprouting up in 2014 alone.
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RAND's Mr. Robinson, who is working on a project called Public Perception of Security and Privacy to assess people's perceptions of the privacy implications of security technology, added, "Just because people respond in an opinion poll that they feel strongly about concerns over surveillance doesn't mean to say that this would be backed up in any choices they make (especially when it comes to spending money)."
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Key Votes
HR 4380 - District of Columbia FY99 Appropriations bill - National Key Vote
Joseph McDade Did Not Vote on this Legislation.
Read statements Joseph McDade made in this general time period.
Related Legislation
- H Amdt 865 - Abortion Funding Amendment
- H Amdt 869 - Illegal Drug Amendment
- H Amdt 874 - Low Income Educational Scholarship Amendment
- H Amdt 871 - Adoption Amendment
Issues Related to HR 4380
Stage Details
Legislation - Placed on Calendar (Senate) - Aug. 31, 1998
Legislation -
Bill Passed
(214-206) -
Aug. 7, 1998(Key vote)
See How Your Politicians Voted
Title: District of Columbia FY99 Appropriations bill
Vote Result
Yea Votes
Nay Votes
Vote to pass a bill that appropriates funds for the District of Columbia for fiscal year 1999.
- Prohibits the District from using local or federal funds for abortion services, unless the mother's life is endangered or the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest.
- Bars the District from using local or federal funds for needle exchange programs.
- Bans the District from using federal funds to conduct any ballot initiative to legalize controlled substances that have no recognized medical use or reduce penalties for their possession, use, or distribution.
- Prohibits funding from being used to carry out joint adoptions between unmarried couples who are not related by blood.
- 184.8 million for the administration and operation of correctional facilities.
- $142 million for District of Columbia courts.
- $25 million for Metrorail improvements and expansion.
- $21 million for the Nation's Capital Infrastructure Fund.
- $20.39 million for public charter schools.
- $7 million for environmental studies at Virginia's Lorton Correctional Complex.
- $3.24 million for a pay raise for District of Columbia firefighters.
- $2 million for a museum of local history.
Legislation - Introduced (House) - Aug. 3, 1998
Title: District of Columbia FY99 Appropriations bill
- Charles H. Taylor (NC - R) (Out Of Office)


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While any three faculty members may constitute the committee to write and evaluate the Major Area Exam, these three faculty members are typically the same as the Dissertation Advisory Committee. Moreover, the chairperson of the committee is usually the student's academic adviser.
The three members of the committee vote on the outcome of the exam at the end of the oral defense.
Students must demonstrate a thorough grasp of the area they have chosen and must be able to articulate the core issues in this area. By choosing a specific content field as the major area, the student is indicating that he or she is an expert in this content. It is expected that the student's level of understanding of the issues in this area be on a par with a faculty member who is an active researcher in this field.
Each Major Area Exam is scheduled on an individual basis. Students work out a time period in conjunction with the three-member committee that evaluates the exam. Students should not expect to schedule this exam during the summer, or during other times when most faculty members are not on campus.
Dissertation Advising Committee Information
The doctoral advisory committee consists of a minimum of three graduate faculty members. Two of these faculty members, including the chairperson, must be from the Educational Psychology program. The third member must be from one of the other programs in the College or University. Dissertation Advisory Committees differing from this rule must be approved by the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs of the College of Education and by the Dean of the Graduate School. The doctoral advisory committee oversees all aspects of the student?s dissertation, from the proposal to the oral defense. Complete details about the entire dissertation process are available in the College of Education Dissertation Handbook, available from the department of Psychological Studies in Education.
Dissertation Examining Committee Information
The Dissertation Examination Committee consists of the three members of the Advisory Committee plus two additional faculty members. One of these additional faculty members must be from a program outside of Educational Psychology. In addition, the College's Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Graduate Studies will assign one of the members of the Examining Committee. The Dissertation Examining Committee evaluates the student's dissertation and oral defense.
Advisor/Committee Information
A student may change an adviser or a member of the advisory committee by petitioning, in writing, for this change. This petition must be approved by the Chairperson of the Department of Psychological Studies in Education, and by the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Graduate Studies.
Dissertation/Monograph Philosophy
The doctoral dissertation is an original piece of scholarship that makes a significant contribution to the field of educational psychology. A majority of the dissertations in the program are empirical, typically using statistical analysis as the means of completing the data collection process. Other types of scholarship, however (e.g., utilizing more qualitative approaches, or employing theoretical or philosophical analyses of educational issues), are acceptable. It is expected that a successful dissertation should be publishable in a refereed journal.
Philosophy of the Proposal
The dissertation proposal demonstrates the student's knowledge of and ability to conduct the proposed research. Minimally, the proposal should contain: (a) the context and background surrounding a particular research problem; (b) a survey and review of literature which, though it may not be exhaustive, is at least sufficient to provide the reader with enough information to understand why the research is being conducted; (3) a detailed methodological plan for investigating the problem; and (4) a proposed timeline to complete the dissertation. The Dissertation Advisory Committee must initially approve the student's proposal. In addition, all proposals from students in the College of Education must be approved by the College's Proposal Review Committee.
Criterion for Passing the Dissertation and the Defense.
The Dissertation Examining Committee will evaluate the dissertation and the student's ability to defend it. The Committee will vote to pass or fail the dissertation at the conclusion of the oral defense. The outcome of the defense is determined by a majority vote.
Dissertation Defense Scheduling
Students who are preparing to defend their dissertation must confirm a date and time with the Dissertation Examining Committee. Notification of this date and time must then be submitted on the appropriate College form to the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Graduate Studies no less than three weeks prior to the oral defense. This notification will then be sent to the Graduate School and posted in the Office of Student Services.
Announcing the Dissertation Defense
The announcement of the oral defense will be sent to the Graduate School by the Associate Dean no less than 10 days prior to the defense. A copy of this announcement will be sent to each member of the Examining Committee and will be posted on the bulletin board in the Office of Student Services.
Educational Psychology
1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19122-6091
Dr. William Fullard
Program Coordinator:
Graduate Chairperson:
Dr. Joseph Rosenfeld
The Ph.D. in Educational Psychology offers students advanced study in the area of learning, cognition, human development, instructional technology, special education, applied statistical analysis, and research design. The program is focused on the application of theories and methodologies from the social and behavioral sciences to education.
Time Limit for Degree Completion: 7 years
A few courses are offered at Fort Washington and Ambler. In addition, some courses that act as electives are offered at the Harrisburg campus.
Students are able to complete the degree program through classes offered before 4:30 p.m. Students are able to complete the degree program on a part-time basis (8 credit hours or less per semester).
Educational Psychology Program
1301 Cecil B. Moore Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19122-6091
The Educational Psychology program is one of the graduate programs in the College of Education at Temple. The College was ranked 15th in the nation in the most recent U.S. News & World Report ranking of graduate schools.
Not applicable.
There are two major specializations in the program: instructional psychology (General Educational Psychology) and special education. Coursework is offered in the areas of human learning and cognition, human development, instructional technology, applied statistics, research design, and educational measurement.
Graduates typically pursue careers in higher education (departments of education or psychology), in K-12 educational settings, as instructional technology specialists, as trainers in corporate, government or medical settings, or as educational specialists in positions requiring skills in research design, applied statistics, or testing/measurement.
Although there is no certification in educational psychology, the program does meet the general requirements for a Ph.D. program as specified by the American Psychological Association.
The program has a strong interdisciplinary focus. Students are encouraged to take courses in the social-behavioral sciences throughout the University. In addition, the program concentrates on applications in a wide variety of educational settings: formal and informal; public and private; schools and industries, etc.
Not applicable.
Students may take up to 9 credits prior to admission. In general, all of the program's courses are open to non-matriculated students.
All Assistantships in the program involve teaching one of the two undergraduate courses housed in the program: Education 122: Lifespan Human Development; and Education 206: The Evaluation and Assessment of Learning. These are courses in the pre-service teacher preparation program, most of the students are sophomores or juniors. Assistants receive a stipend and 18 credits of tuition per year. Students who wish to apply for an Assistantship should send a letter of application along with a resume to Dr. Susan Miller, Educational Psychology Program, College of Education, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122.
Other Financial Opportunities


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eqcons schreef:fantom schreef:Hi, did anyone find any problems connecting ZUMO to web updater? I do not recognize the ZUMO says it is not connected or not turned on.
Does anyone have the same problem?
thank you
Works OK for me, but these days I think they expect you to use Garmin Express anyway.
Thank you for your answer eqcons
can anyone help me with Italian text files and voices in Italian?


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|This article is written from a
Real World perspective.
The Music in TRON is noticeably different from other movie scores due to its complex use of both synthesizers (analog and digital) and an orchestra, and sometimes choir. The music was written by Wendy Carlos (orchestrations by Jorge Calandrelli) and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Douglas Gamley conducting.
How it was madeEdit
In 1981, Michael Fremer, who was the sound supervisor for TRON, hired famous synthesizer composer Wendy Carlos to write music just for the "computer world" scenes for TRON, with all synthesizer and no orchestra, while someone else would compose the music for the "real world" scenes with just an orchestra. Carlos had been trained in orchestration and felt this was a good opportunity for her "to break out and do a substantial amount of orchestral composition".[1]
Fremer agreed to let her write all of the music in the film including music with no synthesizers (something Carlos has not done often).
Synthesizers Edit
Wendy Carlos used two synthesizers to accompany the orchestra with: A Moog Modular Synthesizer and a Crumar GDS (GDS stands for General Development System). The Crumar GDS deserves some special interest as this was Carlos' first significant involvement with a digital synthesizer.
The Moog Modular is an analog synthesizer (and one of the very first commercially available synthesizers in history) that some enthusiasts consider to be the original and definitive synthesizer. While digital synthesizers today are much cheaper and easier to use than analog synthesizers, analog "synths" produce a sound that is very hard to recreate perfectly in a digital environment.
The Moog Modular and Crumar GDS were used quite a lot on Tron, with the Moog providing "fat" and sometimes "chorus-like" sounds, while the Crumar GDS provided sounds that were very complex and used a lot for the drones and (according to Carlos in TRON soundtrack's CD liner notes) "wild organic sounds".[2] The Moog was also used a lot for the bass lines.
Orchestra and ChoirEdit
The orchestra music was recorded in London in March 1982, at Royal Albert Hall and Walthamstow Halls with additional sessions in Los Angeles with the UCLA chorus and a smaller orchestra. The orchestra and conductor never heard the synthesizers or the chorus; all of the synthesizers were performed by hand (no sequencing nor MIDI) onto 4 to 10 additional tracks and were later added to the orchestra recording.[3]
Score and themes Edit
Carlos explains that the score is based on two themes, a rhythmic military theme and a romantic theme. All of the music is written in 7/8 time, creating an "uneven" timing.
Deleted Music Edit
There are two songs in the movie that were deleted from the final cut. These songs are "Lightcycle Games" and the second half of "Ending Titles", which was replaced with "Only Solutions" by the rock band Journey. "Lightcycle Games" was originally meant to be played during the lightcycle sequence, but was removed. This song did not appear on the LP nor CD releases of the TRON Soundtrack, but rather on Wendy Carlos' "Rediscovering Lost Scores Vol. 2", which includes other unreleased music from TRON and studio demos. The only song that has not been released is the cue that plays when Lora Baines and Dr. Walter Gibbs are introduced, which, ironically, is a shorter version of "Lightcycle Games" played by the orchestra.
References Edit
- ↑ Moog, Robert: Wendy Carlos & Michael Fremer Reveal the Secrets behind the Soundtrack of TRON."Wendy Carlos & Michael Fremer Reveal the Secrets behind the Soundtrack of TRON"
- ↑ Carlos, Wendy: TRON Soundtrack Liner Notes, Nov. 2001
- ↑ Carlos, Wendy: TRON Soundtrack Liner Notes, Nov. 2001


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Sixth Presidential Golf Tournament Planned, August 17, 2000
SOCORRO, N.M., August 17, 2000 -- Six years after its inception and with over $100,000 raised for university students from its proceeds, an annual fundraising golf tournament held at New Mexico Tech is getting bigger and better every year.
This year, the Sixth Annual New Mexico Tech President's Golf Tournament will get underway at 11 a.m. on Friday, August 25 on the New Mexico Tech Golf Course.
All proceeds raised from the one-day tourney are used each year to benefit the Tech President's Assistance Scholarship Program, which provides financial assistance to students at New Mexico Tech on a case-by-case basis.
Format for the golf tournament is four-person team scramble; and, this year, 32 teams have signed up weeks in advance to play in the fundraiser, swelling the field of the popular tourney and forcing tournament coordinators to turn away late-registering golfers.
The $150 per person participation donation provides each of the golfers with green fees, cart rentals, refreshments, added contests, freebies, prizes, and even a new pair of golf shoes.
In addition, immediately following the tournament, all participants--including golfers and sponsors--are treated to a reception and dinner hosted by New Mexico Tech President Daniel H. López at his campus residence.
"The actual big winners of the New Mexico Tech President's Golf Tournament are Tech students," López points out. "This tournament was established as a means to provide a viable scholarship fund to assist Tech students who are financially unable to continue or complete their education for whatever reason. . . . The fact that over 25 students so far have been helped by this program attests to its success."
The marked increase over the years in participation in the Tech President's Golf Tournament, by both players and sponsors, is also indicative of the fundraising tournament's success.
This year, for instance, five corporate sponsors have made major donations in excess of the tournament's "President's Amigo" sponsorship level, which is set at $1,200 per team.
Tournament officials have indicated that next year's fundraiser may include another flight just to accomodate the burgeoning influx of potential participants.


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Tuttle LIVES!
ZOT!! i had an epiphany while listening to a quiz show about quirky current events. the report is that the cap that has finally worked on the Macondo Well was inspired/designed by an 'anonymous plumber'. for those of us that believe, it is an obvious sign that Archibald "Harry" Tuttle, plumbing outlaw (and dare say Ninja) lives!
i knew this whole oil well problem reminded me of a familiar dystopia...


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Bachelor of Arts
Claire Gleitman, Associate Professor and Chair
The English curriculum provides a broad chronological study of Western literature from ancient to modern, as well as concentrated study in British and American literature. In cooperation with the College's Center for Teacher Education, it also provides a program through which prospective secondary school teachers can apply for New York State teaching certification upon graduation.
Since departmental requirements and course offerings often change between catalog printings, students should be aware that the most current information concerning the English major can be obtained from the student's adviser, from the chairperson of the department, or from the departmental secretary. Each semester the department publishes detailed descriptions of literature courses planned for the following semester in the Humanities and Sciences Supplement.
Requirements for Honors in English
Students with a sufficiently high grade point average in all their courses receive their degree with College honors. Students who fulfill the appropriate departmental requirements also graduate with honors in their major. To qualify to pursue honors in English, a student must have received a grade of A- or above in at least three English courses, two of which must be at level 3 or 4 and/or be required for the major. Detailed requirements for the honors project are available from the departmental secretary. In summary, they are as follows:
1. Successful application to candidacy by fulfillment of prerequisites, support for the project from a faculty mentor, and formal submission of a letter of application to the department chairperson.
2. Successful completion of a course of independent study with the mentor, which will involve completion of an extensive annotated bibliography in the candidate's chosen field, a prospectus of 1,000-1,500 words describing the thesis he or she aims to write, and an oral examination to determine the candidate's preparedness for the next stage.
3. Successful completion of a second course of independent study with the mentor, during which the student will write the thesis -- usually a long essay written under supervision of the mentor and read by a committee of three faculty members.
Students who wish to earn departmental honors are advised to inform the chairperson as early in their college careers as possible so that they can ascertain well in advance appropriate courses, readings, and faculty sponsors for the project.
Requirements for the Major in English -- B.A.
Credits in the major
Of the courses counted toward the 36 required credits, no more than 12 credits shall be (1) in any one period of literature, or (2) in comparative literature and literature in translation (taught by the Department of Modern Languages and Literatures).
All English majors are also required to complete a foreign language through the intermediate level or demonstrate equivalent proficiency as part of their major requirements.
Requirements for the Minor in English
Of the courses counted toward the 21 required credits, no more than 6 credits shall be in any one period. Students who wish to declare the English minor must do so, at the latest, in the semester previous to the semester in which they graduate.
Requirements for English -- B.A. with Teaching Option
Credits in the major
Of the courses counted toward the 36 required credits, no more than 12 credits shall be (1) in any one period of literature or (2) in comparative literature and literature in translation (taught by the Department of Modern Languages and Literatures). All English majors are also required to complete a foreign language through the intermediate level or demonstrate equivalent proficiency as part of their major requirements.
Core education requirements
Additional requirements
Minor in Comparative Literature
There are 21 credits in the minor (of which 9 credits must be level 3 or 4).
General literature -- A total of 6 credits selected from the following (only one may be an "Introduction"):
The following European literature courses
(Note: Students proficient in a foreign language may substitute 3 credits of literature in the foreign language.)
One of the following British literature courses
One of the following American literature courses
Students with no prior college-level literature courses are advised to begin this minor with a level-1 introductory course. Courses taken for the comparative literature minor may not be counted toward the English major or minor, or toward the major or minor in modern languages and literatures.
A. Ozolins, Office of Creative Services, 15. July, 2005