text:
Stem cell
|Stem cell
Transmission electron micrograph of an adult stem cell displaying typical ultrastructural characteristics.
|Cellula praecursoria
|Anatomical terminology
Stem cells are progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.
There are three known accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans:
- Bone marrow, which requires extraction by harvesting, that is, drilling into bone (typically the femur or iliac crest).
- Adipose tissue (lipid cells), which requires extraction by liposuction.
- Blood, which requires extraction through apheresis, wherein blood is drawn from the donor (similar to a blood donation), and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor.
Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth. Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk. By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures.
Adult stem cells are frequently used in medical therapies, for example in bone marrow transplantation. Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed (differentiated) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves. Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through Somatic-cell nuclear transfer or dedifferentiation have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies.[1] Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s.[2][3]
Properties 1
- Self-renewal 1.1
- Potency definition 1.2
- Identification 1.3
- Embryonic 2
- Fetal 3
- Adult 4
- Amniotic 5
- Cord blood 6
- Induced pluripotent 7
- Lineage 8
Treatments 9
- Disadvantages 9.1
- Research patents 10
- Key research events 11
- See also 12
- References 13
- External links 14
The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties:
- Self-renewal: the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
- Potency: the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types. In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent—to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, although multipotent or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells. Apart from this it is said that stem cell function is regulated in a feed back mechanism.
Two mechanisms exist to ensure that a stem cell population is maintained:
- Obligatory asymmetric replication: a stem cell divides into one mother cell that is identical to the original stem cell, and another daughter cell that is differentiated.
- Stochastic differentiation: when one stem cell develops into two differentiated daughter cells, another stem cell undergoes mitosis and produces two stem cells identical to the original.
Potency definition
Potency specifies the differentiation potential (the potential to differentiate into different cell types) of the stem cell.[4]
- [5] These cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. Cells produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent.[4]
- Pluripotent stem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly all cells,[4] i.e. cells derived from any of the three germ layers.[6]
- Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a number of cell types, but only those of a closely related family of cells.[4]
- Oligopotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few cell types, such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells.[4]
- Unipotent cells can produce only one cell type, their own,[4] but have the property of self-renewal, which distinguishes them from non-stem cells (e.g. progenitor cells, muscle stem cells).
In practice, stem cells are identified by whether they can regenerate tissue. For example, the defining test for bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is the ability to transplant the cells and save an individual without HSCs. This demonstrates that the cells can produce new blood cells over a long term. It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual, which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs, demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self-renew.
Properties of stem cells can be illustrated in vitro, using methods such as clonogenic assays, in which single cells are assessed for their ability to differentiate and self-renew.[7][8] Stem cells can also be isolated by their possession of a distinctive set of cell surface markers. However, in vitro culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells, making it unclear whether the cells will behave in a similar manner in vivo. There is considerable debate as to whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo.[9] Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. ES cells are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In other words, they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type. They do not contribute to the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta.
Nearly all research to date has made use of mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) or human embryonic stem cells (hES). Both have the essential stem cell characteristics, yet they require very different environments in order to maintain an undifferentiated state. Mouse ES cells are grown on a layer of gelatin as an extracellular matrix (for support) and require the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Human ES cells are grown on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and require the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2).[10] Without optimal culture conditions or genetic manipulation,[11] embryonic stem cells will rapidly differentiate.
A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the expression of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins. The transcription factors Oct-4, Nanog, and Sox2 form the core regulatory network that ensures the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency.[12] The cell surface antigens most commonly used to identify hES cells are the glycolipids stage specific embryonic antigen 3 and 4 and the keratan sulfate antigens Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. The molecular definition of a stem cell includes many more proteins and continues to be a topic of research.[13]
There are currently no approved treatments using embryonic stem cells. The first human trial was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2009.[14] However, the human trial was not initiated until October 13, 2010 in Atlanta for spinal injury victims. On November 14, 2011 the company conducting the trial announced that it will discontinue further development of its stem cell programs.[15] ES cells, being pluripotent cells, require specific signals for correct differentiation—if injected directly into another body, ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells, causing a teratoma. Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face.[16] Many nations currently have moratoria on either ES cell research or the production of new ES cell lines. Because of their combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease.
Human embryonic stem cell colony on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layer
The primitive stem cells located in the organs of fetuses are referred to as fetal stem cells.[17] There are two types of fetal stem cells:
- Fetal proper stem cells come from the tissue of the fetus proper, and are generally obtained after an abortion. These stem cells are not immortal but have a high level of division and are multipotent.
- Extraembryonic fetal stem cells come from extraembryonic membranes, and are generally not distinguished from adult stem cells. These stem cells are acquired after birth, they are not immortal but have a high level of cell division, and are pluripotent.[18]
Adult stem cells, also called somatic (from Greek Σωματικóς, "of the body") stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.[19] They can be found in children, as well as adults.[20]
Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues.[21] Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells,[22] which have been used in treating several conditions including spinal cord injury,[23] liver cirrhosis,[24] chronic limb ischemia [25] and endstage heart failure.[26] The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years.[27] Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self-renewal capabilities.[28] In mice, pluripotent stem cells are directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures. However, mice do not live long with stem cell organs.[29]
Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell, endothelial stem cell, dental pulp stem cell, etc.).[30][31]
Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.[32] Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses.[33]
The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo. Additionally, in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient (an autograft), the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent. Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research.[34]
Multipotent stem cells are also found in amniotic fluid. These stem cells are very active, expand extensively without feeders and are not tumorigenic. Amniotic stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate in cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, myogenic, endothelial, hepatic and also neuronal lines.[35] Amniotic stem cells are a topic of active research.
Use of stem cells from amniotic fluid overcomes the ethical objections to using human embryos as a source of cells. Roman Catholic teaching forbids the use of embryonic stem cells in experimentation; accordingly, the Vatican newspaper "Osservatore Romano" called amniotic stem cells "the future of medicine".[36]
It is possible to collect amniotic stem cells for donors or for autologuous use: the first US amniotic stem cells bank [37][38] was opened in 2009 in Medford, MA, by Biocell Center Corporation[39][40][41] and collaborates with various hospitals and universities all over the world.[42]
Cord blood
A certain kind of cord blood stem cell (CB-SC) is multipotent and displays embryonic and hematopoietic characteristics. Phenotypic characterization demonstrates that (CB-SCs) display embryonic cell markers (e.g., transcription factors OCT-4 and Nanog, stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3, and SSEA-4) and leukocyte common antigen CD45, but that they are negative for blood cell lineage markers (e.g., CD1a, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD11c, CD13, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD34, CD41a, CD41b, CD83, CD90, CD105, and CD133).[43][44]
Additionally, CB-SCs display very low immunogenicity as indicated by expression of a very low level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and failure to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes.[43][45] They can give rise to three embryonic layer-derived cells in the presence of different inducers.[43][46]
More specifically, CB-SCs tightly adhere to culture dishes with a large rounded morphology and are resistant to common detaching methods (trypsin/EDTA).[43][45][46] CB-SCs are the active agent in stem cell educator therapy, which has therapeutic potential against autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes according to studies by Yong Zhao et al.[44][47][48][49]
Induced pluripotent
These are not adult stem cells, but rather adult cells (e.g. epithelial cells) reprogrammed to give rise to pluripotent capabilities. Using genetic reprogramming with protein transcription factors, pluripotent stem cells equivalent to embryonic stem cells have been derived from human adult skin tissue.[50][51][52] Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues at Kyoto University used the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4[50] in their experiments on cells from human faces. Junying Yu, James Thomson, and their colleagues at the University of Wisconsin–Madison used a different set of factors, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28,[50] and carried out their experiments using cells from human foreskin.
As a result of the success of these experiments, Ian Wilmut, who helped create the first cloned animal Dolly the Sheep, has announced that he will abandon somatic cell nuclear transfer as an avenue of research.[53]
Frozen blood samples can be used as a source of induced pluripotent stem cells, opening a new avenue for obtaining the valued cells.[54]
To ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division (see Stem cell division and differentiation diagram). Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endowed with stem cell properties. Asymmetric division, on the other hand, produces only one stem cell and a progenitor cell with limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally differentiating into a mature cell. It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins (such as receptors) between the daughter cells.[55]
An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated due to environmental cues in their particular niche. Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals. Studies in Drosophila germarium have identified the signals decapentaplegic and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating.[56][57]
Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated include:
- Diabetes[58]
- Rheumatoid arthritis[58]
- Parkinson's disease[58]
- Alzheimer's disease[58]
- Osteoarthritis[58]
- Stroke and traumatic brain injury repair[59]
- Learning defects [60]
- Spinal cord injury repair [61]
- Heart infarction [62]
- Anti-cancer [63]
- Baldness [64]
- Replace missing teeth [65]
- Repair hearing [66]
- Restore vision [67]
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [68]
- Crohn's disease [69]
- Wound healing [70]
Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is a crude form of stem cell therapy that has been used clinically for many years without controversy. No stem cell therapies other than bone marrow transplant are widely used.[71][72]
Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells, and to apply stem cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions.[73]
In more recent years, with the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, and with scientists' growing ability to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and techniques to created induced pluripotent stem cells, controversy has crept in, both related to abortion politics and to human cloning.
Stem cell treatments may require immunosuppression because of a requirement for radiation before the transplant to remove the patient's previous cells, or because the patient's immune system may target the stem cells. One approach to avoid the second possibility is to use stem cells from the same patient who is being treated.
Pluripotency in certain stem cells could also make it difficult to obtain a specific cell type. It is also difficult to obtain the exact cell type needed, because not all cells in a population differentiate uniformly. Undifferentiated cells can create tissues other than desired types.[74]
Some stem cells form tumors after transplantation; pluripotency is linked to tumor formation especially in embryonic stem cells, fetal proper stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells. Fetal proper stem cells form tumors despite multipotency.
Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury account for a substantial number of failures of new drugs in development and market withdrawal, highlighting the need for screening assays such as stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells, that are capable of detecting toxicity early in the drug development process.[75]
Research patents
Some of the fundamental patents covering human embryonic stem cells are owned by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) - they are patents 5,843,780, 6,200,806, and 7,029,913 invented by James A. Thomson. WARF does not enforce these patents against academic scientists, but does enforce them against companies.[76]
In 2006, a request for the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to re-examine the three patents was filed by the Public Patent Foundation on behalf of its client, the non-profit patent-watchdog group Consumer Watchdog (formerly the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights).[76] In the re-examination process, which involves several rounds of discussion between the USTPO and the parties, the USPTO initially agreed with Consumer Watchdog and rejected all the claims in all three patents,[77] however in response, WARF amended the claims of all three patents to make them more narrow, and in 2008 the USPTO found the amended claims in all three patents to be patentable. The decision on one of the patents (7,029,913) was appealable, while the decisions on the other two were not.[78][79] Consumer Watchdog appealed the granting of the '913 patent to the USTPO's Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (BPAI) which granted the appeal, and in 2010 the BPAI decided that the amended claims of the '913 patent were not patentable.[80] However, WARF was able to re-open prosecution of the case and did so, amending the claims of the '913 patent again to make them more narrow, and in January 2013 the amended claims were allowed.[81]
In July 2013, Consumer Watchdog announced that it would appeal the decision to allow the claims of the '913 patent to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC), the federal appeals court that hears patent cases.[82] At a hearing in December 2013, the CAFC raised the question of whether Consumer Watchdog had legal standing to appeal; the case could not proceed until that issue was resolved.[83]
Key research events
- 1908: The term "stem cell" was proposed for scientific use by the Russian histologist Alexander Maksimov (1874–1928) at congress of hematologic society in Berlin. It postulated existence of haematopoietic stem cells.
- 1960s: Joseph Altman and Gopal Das present scientific evidence of adult neurogenesis, ongoing stem cell activity in the brain; their reports contradict Cajal's "no new neurons" dogma and are largely ignored.
- 1963: Becker, McCulloch and Till illustrate the presence of self-renewing cells in mouse bone marrow.
- 1968: transplant between two siblings successfully treats SCID.
- 1978: Haematopoietic stem cells are discovered in human cord blood.
- 1981: Mouse embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass by scientists Martin Evans, Matthew Kaufman, and Gail R. Martin. Gail Martin is attributed for coining the term "Embryonic Stem Cell".[84]
- 1992: Neural stem cells are cultured in vitro as neurospheres.
- 1995: Indian scientist ). [86] and 1991[85]
- 1997: Dr. B.G. Matapurkar's surgical technique on regeneration of tissues and organs is published.[87] Regeneration of fallopian tube and uterus is published.[88]
- 1997: Leukemia is shown to originate from a haematopoietic stem cell, the first direct evidence for cancer stem cells.
- 1998: James Thomson and coworkers derive the first human embryonic stem cell line at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[89]
- 1998: John Gearhart (Johns Hopkins University) extracted germ cells from fetal gonadal tissue (primordial germ cells) before developing pluripotent stem cell lines from the original extract.
- 2000s: Several reports of adult stem cell plasticity are published.
- 2001: Scientists at Advanced Cell Technology clone first early (four- to six-cell stage) human embryos for the purpose of generating embryonic stem cells.[90]
- 2003: Dr. Songtao Shi of NIH discovers new source of adult stem cells in children's primary teeth.[91]
- 2004–2005: Korean researcher Hwang Woo-Suk claims to have created several human embryonic stem cell lines from unfertilised human oocytes. The lines were later shown to be fabricated.
- 2005: Researchers at Kingston University in England claim to have discovered a third category of stem cell, dubbed cord-blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs), derived from umbilical cord blood. The group claims these cells are able to differentiate into more types of tissue than adult stem cells.
- 2005: Researchers at UC Irvine's Reeve-Irvine Research Center are able to partially restore the ability of rats with paralyzed spines to walk through the injection of human neural stem cells.[92]
- April 2006 Scientists at the University of Illinois at Chicago identified novel stem cells from the umbilical cord blood with embryonic and hematopoietic characteristics.[43]
- August 2006: Mouse Induced pluripotent stem cells: the journal Cell publishes Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka.[29]
- November 2006: Yong Zhao et al. revealed the immune regulation of T lymphocytes by Cord Blood-Derived Multipotent Stem Cells (CB-SCs).[45]
- October 2006: Scientists at Newcastle University in England create the first ever artificial liver cells using umbilical cord blood stem cells.[93][94]
- January 2007: Scientists at Wake Forest University led by Dr. Anthony Atala and Harvard University report discovery of a new type of stem cell in amniotic fluid.[95] This may potentially provide an alternative to embryonic stem cells for use in research and therapy.[96]
- June 2007: Research reported by three different groups shows that normal skin cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic state in mice.[97] In the same month, scientist Shoukhrat Mitalipov reports the first successful creation of a primate stem cell line through somatic cell nuclear transfer[98]
- October 2007: Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, and Oliver Smithies win the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work on embryonic stem cells from mice using gene targeting strategies producing genetically engineered mice (known as knockout mice) for gene research.[99]
- November 2007: Human induced pluripotent stem cells: Two similar papers released by their respective journals prior to formal publication: in Cell by Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka, "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors",[100] and in Science by Junying Yu, et al., from the research group of James Thomson, "Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells":[101] pluripotent stem cells generated from mature human fibroblasts. It is possible now to produce a stem cell from almost any other human cell instead of using embryos as needed previously, albeit the risk of tumorigenesis due to c-myc and retroviral gene transfer remains to be determined.
- January 2008: Robert Lanza and colleagues at Advanced Cell Technology and UCSF create the first human embryonic stem cells without destruction of the embryo[102]
- January 2008: Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer with adult fibroblasts[103]
- February 2008: Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse liver and stomach: these iPS cells seem to be more similar to embryonic stem cells than the previously developed iPS cells and not tumorigenic, moreover genes that are required for iPS cells do not need to be inserted into specific sites, which encourages the development of non-viral reprogramming techniques.[104]
- March 2008-The first published study of successful cartilage regeneration in the human knee using autologous adult mesenchymal stem cells is published by clinicians from Regenerative Sciences[105]
- October 2008: Sabine Conrad and colleagues at Tübingen, Germany generate pluripotent stem cells from spermatogonial cells of adult human testis by culturing the cells in vitro under leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) supplementation.[106]
- 30 October 2008: Embryonic-like stem cells from a single human hair.[107]
- January 2009: Yong Zhao and colleagues confirmed the reversal of autoimmune-caused type 1 diabetes by Cord Blood-Derived Multipotent Stem Cells (CB-SCs) in an animal experiment.[44][47]
- 1 March 2009: Andras Nagy, Keisuke Kaji, et al. discover a way to produce embryonic-like stem cells from normal adult cells by using a novel "wrapping" procedure to deliver specific genes to adult cells to reprogram them into stem cells without the risks of using a virus to make the change.[108][109][110] The use of electroporation is said to allow for the temporary insertion of genes into the cell.[111][111][112][113]
- 28 May 2009 Kim et al. announced that they had devised a way to manipulate skin cells to create patient specific "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPS), claiming it to be the 'ultimate stem cell solution'.[114]
- 11 October 2010 First trial of embryonic stem cells in humans.[115]
- 25 October 2010: Ishikawa et al. write in the Journal of Experimental Medicine that research shows that transplanted cells that contain their new host's nuclear DNA could still be rejected by the invidual's immune system due to foreign mitochondrial DNA. Tissues made from a person's stem cells could therefore be rejected, because mitochondrial genomes tend to accumulate mutations.[116]
- 2011: Israeli scientist Inbar Friedrich Ben-Nun led a team which produced the first stem cells from endangered species, a breakthrough that could save animals in danger of extinction.[117]
- January 2012: The human clinical trial of treating type 1 diabetes with lymphocyte modification using Cord Blood-Derived Multipotent Stem Cells (CB-SCs) achieved an improvement of C-peptide levels, reduced the median glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) values, and decreased the median daily dose of insulin in both human patient groups with and without residual beta cell function.[48][49] Yong Zhao's Stem Cell Educator Therapy appears "so simple and so safe"[118]
- October 2012: Positions of nucleosomes in mouse embryonic stem cells and the changes in their positions during differentiation to neural progenitor cells and embryonic fibroblasts are determined with single-nucleotide resolution.[119]
- 2012: Katsuhiko Hayashi used mouse skin cells to create stem cells and then used these stem cells to create mouse eggs. These eggs were then fertilized and produced healthy baby offspring. These latter mice were able to have their own babies.[120]
- 2013: First time lab grown meat made from muscle stem-cells has been cooked and tasted.[121]
- 2013: First time mice adult cells were reprogrammed into stem cells in vivo.[122]
- 2013: Scientists at Scotland's [123]
- 2014: Adult mouse cells reprogrammed to pluripotent stem cells using stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP);[124] a process which involved bathing blood cells in an acid bath (pH 5.7) for 30minutes at 37 °C.[125] A little over a month after the publication of these findings, errors were discovered and the quality of the research has been widely questioned.[126] Further irregularities regarding the mice used have emerged as recently as June 2014.[127]
See also
- Cell bank
- Human genome
- Meristem
- Partial cloning
- Plant stem cell
- Stem cell controversy
- Stem cell marker
- ^ Tuch BE (2006). "Stem cells—a clinical update".
- ^ Becker AJ, McCulloch EA, Till JE (1963). "Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells". Nature 197 (4866): 452–4.
- ^ Siminovitch L, Mcculloch EA, Till JE (1963). "The distribution of colony-forming cells among spleen colonies". Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 62 (3): 327–36.
- ^ a b c d e f Schöler, Hans R. (2007). "The Potential of Stem Cells: An Inventory". In Nikolaus Knoepffler, Dagmar Schipanski, and Stefan Lorenz Sorgner. Humanbiotechnology as Social Challenge. Ashgate Publishing. p. 28.
- ^ Mitalipov S, Wolf D (2009). "Totipotency, pluripotency and nuclear reprogramming". Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 114: 185–99.
- ^ Ulloa-Montoya F, Verfaillie CM, Hu WS (2005). "Culture systems for pluripotent stem cells". J Biosci Bioeng. 100 (1): 12–27.
- ^ Friedenstein AJ, Deriglasova UF, Kulagina NN, Panasuk AF, Rudakowa SF, Luriá EA, Ruadkow IA (1974). "Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by the in vitro colony assay method".
- ^ Friedenstein AJ, Gorskaja JF, Kulagina NN (1976). "Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs".
- ^ Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM (1998). "Blastocysts Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human". Science 282 (5391): 1145–1147.
- ^ "Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESC)". National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2010-01-06. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
- ^ Chambers I, Colby D, Robertson M, Nichols J, Lee S, Tweedie S, Smith A (2003). "Functional expression cloning of Nanog, a pluripotency sustaining factor in embryonic stem cells". Cell 113 (5): 643–55.
- ^ Boyer LA, Lee TI, Cole MF, Johnstone SE, Levine SS, Zucker JP, Guenther MG, Kumar RM, Murray HL, Jenner RG, Gifford DK, Melton DA, Jaenisch R, Young RA (2005). "Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells". Cell 122 (6): 947–56.
- ^ Adewumi O, Aflatoonian B, Ahrlund-Richter L, Amit M, Andrews PW, Beighton G, Bello PA, Benvenisty N, Berry LS, Bevan S, Blum B, Brooking J, Chen KG, Choo AB, Churchill GA, Corbel M, Damjanov I, Draper JS, Dvorak P, Emanuelsson K, Fleck RA, Ford A, Gertow K, Gertsenstein M, Gokhale PJ, Hamilton RS, Hampl A, Healy LE, Hovatta O, Hyllner J, Imreh MP, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Jackson J, Johnson JL, Jones M, Kee K, King BL, Knowles BB, Lako M, Lebrin F, Mallon BS, Manning D, Mayshar Y, McKay RD, Michalska AE, Mikkola M, Mileikovsky M, Minger SL, Moore HD, Mummery CL, Nagy A, Nakatsuji N, O'Brien CM, Oh SK, Olsson C, Otonkoski T, Park KY, Passier R, Patel H, Patel M, Pedersen R, Pera MF, Piekarczyk MS, Pera RA, Reubinoff BE, Robins AJ, Rossant J, Rugg-Gunn P, Schulz TC, Semb H, Sherrer ES, Siemen H, Stacey GN, Stojkovic M, Suemori H, Szatkiewicz J, Turetsky T, Tuuri T, van den Brink S, Vintersten K, Vuoristo S, Ward D, Weaver TA, Young LA, Zhang W (2007). "Characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines by the International Stem Cell Initiative". Nat. Biotechnol 25 (7): 803–16.
- ^ Ron Winslow (2009). "First Embryonic Stem-Cell Trial Gets Approval from the FDA". The Wall Street Journal. 23. January 2009.
- ^ "Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy At Risk? Geron Ends Clinical Trial". ScienceDebate.com. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ Wu DC, Boyd AS, Wood KJ (2007). "Embryonic stem cell transplantation: potential applicability in cell replacement therapy and regenerative medicine". Front Biosci 12 (8–12): 4525–35.
- ^ Ariff Bongso; Eng Hin Lee, ed. (2005). "Stem cells: their definition, classification and sources". Stem Cells: From Benchtop to Bedside. World Scientific. p. 5.
- ^ Moore, K.L., T.V.N. Persaud, and A.G. Torchia. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier. 2013. Print
- ^ "Stem Cells" Mayo Clinic. Mayo foundation for medical education and research n.d Web. March 23, 2013
- ^ Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, Schwartz RE, Keene CD, Ortiz-Gonzalez XR, Reyes M, Lenvik T, Lund T, Blackstad M, Du J, Aldrich S, Lisberg A, Low WC, Largaespada DA, Verfaillie CM (2002). "Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow". Nature 418 (6893): 41–9.
- ^ Ratajczak MZ, Machalinski B, Wojakowski W, Ratajczak J, Kucia M (2007). "A hypothesis for an embryonic origin of pluripotent Oct-4(+) stem cells in adult bone marrow and other tissues". Leukemia 21 (5): 860–7.
- ^ Narasipura SD, Wojciechowski JC, Charles N, Liesveld JL, King MR (2008). "P-Selectin coated microtube for enrichment of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from human bone marrow". Clin Chem 54 (1): 77–85.
- ^ William JB, Prabakaran R , Ayyappan S, Puskhinraj H, Rao D, Manjunath SR, Thamaraikannan P, Dedeepiya VD, Kuroda S, Yoshioka H, Mori Y, Preethy SK, Abraham SJK (2011). "Functional Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury Following Application of Intralesional Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Embedded in Polymer Scaffold – Two Year Follow-up in a Canine". Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy 1 (3).
- ^ Terai S, Ishikawa T, Omori K, Aoyama K, Marumoto Y, Urata Y, Yokoyama Y, Uchida K, Yamasaki T, Fujii Y, Okita K, Sakaida I (2006). "Improved liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis after autologous bone marrow cell infusion therapy". Stem Cells 24 (10): 2292–8.
- ^ Subrammaniyan R, Amalorpavanathan J, Shankar R, et al. (September 2011). "Application of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in six patients with advanced chronic critical limb ischemia as a result of diabetes: our experience". Cytotherapy 13 (8): 993–9.
- ^ Madhusankar N. "Use of Bone Marrow derived Stem Cells in Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders". Journal of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine.
- ^ Dedeepiya VD, Rao YY, Jayakrishnan GA, Parthiban JK, Baskar S, Manjunath SR, Senthilkumar R, Abraham SJ (2012). "Index of CD34+ Cells and Mononuclear Cells in the Bone Marrow of Spinal Cord Injury Patients of Different Age Groups: A Comparative Analysis". Bone Marrow Res 2012: 787414.
- ^ Gardner RL (2002). "Stem cells: potency, plasticity and public perception". Journal of Anatomy 200 (3): 277–82.
- ^ a b Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors". Cell 126 (4): 663–76.
- ^ Barrilleaux B, Phinney DG, Prockop DJ, O'Connor KC (2006). "Review: ex vivo engineering of living tissues with adult stem cells". Tissue Eng 12 (11): 3007–19.
- ^ Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA (2007). "Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine". Circ Res 100 (9): 1249–60.
- ^ "Bone Marrow Transplant".
- ^ Kane, Ed (2008-05-01). "Stem-cell therapy shows promise for horse soft-tissue injury, disease". DVM Newsmagazine. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
- ^ "Stem Cell FAQ". US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004-07-14. Archived from the original on 2009-01-09.
- ^ De Coppi P, Bartsch G, Siddiqui MM, Xu T, Santos CC, Perin L, Mostoslavsky G, Serre AC, Snyder EY, Yoo JJ, Furth ME, Soker S, Atala A (2007). "Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy". Nature Biotechnology 25 (5): 100–106.
- ^ "Vatican newspaper calls new stem cell source 'future of medicine' :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)". Catholic News Agency. 2010-02-03. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "European Biotech Company Biocell Center Opens First U.S. Facility for Preservation of Amniotic Stem Cells in Medford, Massachusetts". Reuters. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "Europe's Biocell Center opens Medford office – Daily Business Update". The Boston Globe. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "The Ticker". BostonHerald.com. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "Biocell Center opens amniotic stem cell bank in Medford". Mass High Tech Business News. 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
- ^ "News » World's First Amniotic Stem Cell Bank Opens In Medford". wbur.org. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "Biocell Center Corporation Partners with New England's Largest Community-Based Hospital Network to Offer a Unique... – MEDFORD, Mass., March 8 /PRNewswire/". Massachusetts: Prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ a b c d e Zhao Y, Wang H, Mazzone T (Aug 1, 2006). "Identification of stem cells from human umbilical cord blood with embryonic and hematopoietic characteristics". Exp Cell Res 312 (13): 2454–2464.
- ^ a b c Zhao Y, Lin B, Darflinger R, Zhang Y, Holterman MJ, Skidgel RA (January 19, 2009). "Human cord blood stem cell-modulated regulatory T lymphocytes reverse the autoimmune-caused type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice". PLoS ONE 4 (1): e4226.
- ^ a b c Zhao Y, Huang Z, Qi M, Lazzarini P, Mazzone T (2007). "Immune regulation of T lymphocyte by a newly characterized human umbilical cord blood stem cell". Immunol Lett 108 (1): 78–87.
- ^ a b Zhao Y, Mazzone T (2010). "Human cord blood stem cells and the journey to a cure for type 1 diabetes". Autoimmun Rev 10 (2): 103–107.
- ^ a b Zhao Y, Lin B, Dingeldein M, Guo C, Hwang D, Holterman MJ (May 2010). "New type of human blood stem cell: a double-edged sword for the treatment of type 1 diabetes". Transl Res. 155 (5): 211–216.
- ^ a b Zhao Y, Jiang Z, Zhao T, Ye M, Hu C, Yin Z, Li H, Zhang Y, Diao Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Sun X, Fisk MB, Skidgel R, Holterman M, Prabhakar B, Mazzone T (Jan 10, 2012). "Reversal of type 1 diabetes via islet ß cell regeneration following immune modulation by cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells". BMC Medicine 2012 10: 1–11.
- ^ a b Zhao Y (Oct 2012). "Stem cell educator therapy and induction of immune balance". Curr Diab Rep 12 (5): 517–523.
- ^ a b c "Making human embryonic stem cells". The Economist. 2007-11-22.
- ^ Brand, Madeleine; Palca, Joe and Cohen, Alex (2007-11-20). "Skin Cells Can Become Embryonic Stem Cells".
- ^ "Breakthrough Set to Radically Change Stem Cell Debate".
- ^ "His inspiration comes from the research by Prof Shinya Yamanaka at Kyoto University, which suggests a way to create human embryo stem cells without the need for human eggs, which are in extremely short supply, and without the need to create and destroy human cloned embryos, which is bitterly opposed by the pro life movement."Highfield, Roger (2007-11-16). "Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning". London:
- ^ Frozen blood a source of stem cells, study finds. newsdaily.com (2010-07-01)
- ^ Beckmann J, Scheitza S, Wernet P, Fischer JC, Giebel B (2007). "Asymmetric cell division within the human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartment: identification of asymmetrically segregating proteins". Blood 109 (12): 5494–501.
- ^ Xie T, Spradling AC (1998). "decapentaplegic is essential for the maintenance and division of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovary". Cell 94 (2): 251–60.
- ^ Song X, Zhu CH, Doan C, Xie T (2002). "Germline stem cells anchored by adherens junctions in the Drosophila ovary niches". Science 296 (5574): 1855–7.
- ^ a b c d e Stem Cell Basics: What are the potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles that must be overcome before these potential uses will be realized?. In Stem Cell Information World Wide Web site. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009. cited Sunday, April 26, 2009
- ^ Steinberg, Douglas (November 2000) Stem Cells Tapped to Replenish Organs thescientist.com
- ^ ISRAEL21c: Israeli scientists reverse brain birth defects using stem cells December 25, 2008. (Researchers from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical led by Prof. Joseph Yanai)
- ^ Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, Yu JW, Kim KY, Park HK, Song CH, Han H (2005). "A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and morphologically: a case study". Cytotherapy 7 (4): 368–73.
- ^ Strauer BE, Schannwell CM, Brehm M (2009). "Therapeutic potentials of stem cells in cardiac diseases". Minerva Cardioangiol 57 (2): 249–67.
- ^ Stem Cells Tapped to Replenish Organs thescientist.com, Nov 2000. By Douglas Steinberg
- ^ Hair Cloning Nears Reality as Baldness Cure WebMD November 2004
- ^ Yen AH, Sharpe PT (2008). "Stem cells and tooth tissue engineering". Cell Tissue Res. 331 (1): 359–72.
- ^ Gene therapy is first deafness 'cure' – health – 14 February 2005 – New Scientist
- ^ BBC NEWS | England | Southern Counties | Stem cells used to restore vision
- ^ Vastag B (2001). "Stem Cells Step Closer to the Clinic: Paralysis Partially Reversed in Rats with ALS-like Disease". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (13): 1691–1693.
- ^ Anderson, Querida (2008-06-15). "Osiris Trumpets Its Adult Stem Cell Product".
- ^ Gurtner GC, Callaghan MJ, Longaker MT (2007). "Progress and potential for regenerative medicine". Annu. Rev. Med. 58: 299–312. Bone marrow transplantation is, as of 2009, the only established use of stem cells.
- ^ Ian Murnaghan for Explore Stem Cells. Updated: 16 December 2013 Why Perform a Stem Cell Transplant?
- ^ Bone Marrow Transplantation and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation In National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet web site. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010. Cited August 24, 2010
- ^ Bubela T, Li MD, Hafez M, Bieber M, Atkins H (2012). "Is belief larger than fact: expectations, optimism and reality for translational stem cell research". BMC Med 10: 133.
- ^ Moore, Keith L., T.V.N. Persaud, and Mark G. Torchia. Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Elsevier. 2013 Print.
- ^ Greenhough S, Hay DC. (2012). "Stem Cell-Based Toxicity Screening: Recent Advances in Hepatocyte Generation". Pharm Med 26 (2): 85–89.
- ^ a b Regalado, Antonio, David P. Hamilton (July 2006). "How a University's Patents May Limit Stem-Cell Researcher." The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 24, 2006.
- ^ Stephen Jenei for Patent Baristas, April 3, 2007 WARF Stem Cell Patents Knocked Down in Round One
- ^ Stephen Jenei for Patent Baristas, March 3, 2008 Ding! WARF Wins Round 2 As Stem Cell Patent Upheld
- ^ Constance Holden for Science Now. March 12, 2008 WARF Goes 3 for 3 on Patents
- ^ Stephen G. Kunin for Patents Post Grant. May 10, 2010 BPAI Rejects WARF Stem Cell Patent Claims in Inter Partes Reexamination Appeal
- ^ United States Patent And Trademark Office. Board Of Patent Appeals and Interferences. The Foundation For Taxpayer & Consumer Rights, Requester And Appellant V. Patent Of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Patent Owner And Respondent. Appeal 2012-011693, Reexamination Control 95/000,154. Patent 7,029,913 Decision on Appeal
- ^ GenomeWeb staff, July 03, 2013 Consumer Watchdog, PPF Seek Invalidation of WARF's Stem Cell Patent
- ^ Antoinette Konski for Personalized Medicine Bulletin. February 3, 2014 U.S. Government and USPTO Urges Federal Circuit to Dismiss Stem Cell Appeal
- ^ "Stem Cells - Overview". University of California San Francisco. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
- ^ Matapurkar BG, Bhargave A, Dawson L, Sonal B (1999). "Regeneration of abdominal wall aponeurosis: New dimension in Marlex peritoneal sandwich repair of incisional hernia". World journal of surgery 23 (5): 446–450; discussion 450.
- ^ Matapurkar BG, Gupta AK, Agarwal AK (1991). "A new technique of "Marlex-peritoneal sandwich" in the repair of large incisional hernias". World journal of surgery 15 (6): 768–770.
- ^ Maingot, Rodney (1997). Abdominal Operations.
- ^ Textbook of Gynaecology. JP Publications. 2010. pp. 620–625.
- ^ Thomson JA, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Shapiro SS, Waknitz MA, Swiergiel JJ, Marshall VS, Jones JM (1998). "Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts". Science 282 (5391): 1145–7.
- ^ Cibelli JB, Lanza RP, West MD, Ezzell C; Lanza; West; Ezzell (November 2001). "The first human cloned embryo". Scientific American 286: 44.
- ^ Shostak S (2006). "(Re)defining stem cells". BioEssays 28 (3): 301–8.
- ^ Keirstead HS, Nistor G, Bernal G, Totoiu M, Cloutier F, Sharp K, Steward O (2005). "Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury". The Journal of Neuroscience 25 (19): 4694–4705.
- ^ "Good news for alcoholics". Discover Magazine. March 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ Ross, ShãN (2006-10-31). "First liver grown from stem cells offers hope for transplant patients". Edinburgh: The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03.
- ^ De Coppi P, Bartsch G, Siddiqui MM, Xu T, Santos CC, Perin L, Mostoslavsky G, Serre AC, Snyder EY, Yoo JJ, Furth ME, Soker S, Atala A (2007). "Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy". Nat Biotechnol 25 (1): 100–6.
- ^ Kaplan, Karen (8 January 2007). "Easy stem-cell source sparks interest: Researchers find amniotic fluid offers advantages". Boston Globe.
- ^ Cyranoski D (2007). "Simple switch turns cells embryonic". Nature 447 (7145): 618–9.
- ^ Mitalipov SM, Zhou Q, Byrne JA, Ji WZ, Norgren RB, Wolf DP (2007). "Reprogramming following somatic cell nuclear transfer in primates is dependent upon nuclear remodeling". Hum Reprod 22 (8): 2232–42.
- ^ "The Nobel prize in physiology or medicine 2007". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 8 October 2007.
- ^ Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M, Narita M, Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S (2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors" (PDF). Cell 131 (5): 861–72.
- ^ Yu J, Vodyanik MA, Smuga-Otto K, Antosiewicz-Bourget J, Frane JL, Tian S, Nie J, Jonsdottir GA, Ruotti V, Stewart R, Slukvin II, Thomson JA (2007). "Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells".
- ^ Chung Y, Klimanskaya I, Becker S, Li T, Maserati M, Lu SJ, Zdravkovic T, Ilic D, Genbacev O, Fisher S, Krtolica A, Lanza R (2008). "Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Generated without Embryo Destruction". Cell Stem Cell 2 (2): 113–117.
- ^ French AJ, Adams CA, Anderson LS, Kitchen JR, Hughes MR, Wood SH (2008). "Development of human cloned blastocysts following somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) with adult fibroblasts". Stem Cells Express 26 (2): 485–93.
- ^ Aoi T, Yae K, Nakagawa M, Ichisaka T, Okita K, Takahashi K, Chiba T, Yamanaka S (2008). "Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult mouse liver and stomach cells". Science 321 (5889): 699–702.
- ^ Centeno CJ, Busse D, Kisiday J, Keohan C, Freeman M, Karli D (2008). "Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells". Pain Physician 11 (3): 343–53.
- ^ Conrad S, Renninger M, Hennenlotter J, Wiesner T, Just L, Bonin M, Aicher W, Bühring HJ, Mattheus U, Mack A, Wagner HJ, Minger S, Matzkies M, Reppel M, Hescheler J, Sievert KD, Stenzl A, Skutella T (2008). "Generation of pluripotent stem cells from adult human testis". Nature 456 (7220): 344–9.
- ^ Baker M (2008). "Embryonic-like stem cells from a single human hair". Nature Reports Stem Cells.
- ^ Woltjen K, Michael IP, Mohseni P, Desai R, Mileikovsky M, Hämäläinen R, Cowling R, Wang W, Liu P, Gertsenstein M, Kaji K, Sung HK, Nagy A (2009-03-01). "piggyBac transposition reprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells". Nature 458 (7239): 766–70.
- ^ "Canadians make stem cell breakthrough". March 1, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
- ^ "Researchers find new method for turning adult cells into stem cells". Amherst Daily News. Canadian Press. 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
- ^ a b Sample, Ian (2009-03-01). "Scientists' stem cell breakthrough ends ethical dilemma". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-03-03.
- ^ Kaji K, Norrby K, Paca A, Mileikovsky M, Mohseni P, Woltjen K (2009). "Virus-free induction of pluripotency and subsequent excision of reprogramming factors". Nature 458 (7239): 771–5.
- ^ Lee AS, Kahatapitiya P, Kramer B, Joya JE, Hook J, Liu R, Schevzov G, Alexander IE, McCowage G, Montarras D, Gunning PW, Hardeman EC (2009). "Methylguanine DNA methyltransferase-mediated drug resistance-based selective enrichment and engraftment of transplanted stem cells in skeletal muscle". Stem Cells 27 (5): 1098–1108.
- ^ Kim D, Kim CH, Moon JI, Chung YG, Chang MY, Han BS, Ko S, Yang E, Cha KY, Lanza R, Kim KS (27 May 2009). "Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells by direct delivery of reprogramming proteins". Cell Stem Cell 4 (6): 472–6. (cited in lay summary, not read)
- ^ "First trial of embryonic stem cells in humans". BBC News. 2010-10-11.
- ^ Ishikawa K, Toyama-Sorimachi N, Nakada K, Morimoto M, Imanishi H, Yoshizaki M, Sasawatari S, Niikura M, Takenaga K, Yonekawa H, Hayashi J (2010). "The innate immune system in host mice targets cells with allogenic mitochondrial DNA". J Exp Med. 207 (11): 2297–305.
- ^ Shtull-Trauring, Asaf (2011-09-06) Israeli scientist leads breakthrough stem cell research on endangered species
- ^ Gordon, Serena (January 13, 2012). "USA Today". Novel stem cell treatment may hold promise for type 1 diabetes. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- ^ Teif VB, Vainshtein Y, Caudron-Herger M, Mallm JP, Marth C, Höfer T, Rippe K (2012). "Genome-wide nucleosome positioning during embryonic stem cell development.". Nat Struct Mol Biol. 19 (11): 1185–92.
- ^ Hayashi K, Ogushi S, Kurimoto K, Shimamoto S, Ohta H, Saitou M (2012). "Offspring from oocytes derived from in vitro primordial germ cell-like cells in mice". Science 338 (6109): 971–5.
- ^ Alok Jha, science correspondent (5 August 2013). "Anyone for a stem-cell burger?". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ jobs (11 September 2013). "Stem cells created in living mice". Nature News & Comment. Nature.com. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
- ^ "Edinburgh scientists use 3D printing to produce stem cells". BBC. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ^ Kerry, Grens (29 January 2014). "New Method for Reprogramming Cells". scientist.com. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
^ Bazian (30 January 2014). NHS Choices, ed. "Breakthrough in stem cell creation using acid bath". U.K. National Health Service. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
They put them in a weak acid solution (pH 5.7) for 30 minutes at 37°C, and then put them into petri dishes and grew them at normal pH.
- ^ Cyranoski, David (18 March 2014). "Stem-cell method faces fresh questions". nature.com. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
- ^ Cyranoski (17 June 2014). "Gene tests suggest acid-bath stem cells never existed". nature.com. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
External links
- General
- Stem Cell Basics Courtesy of the National Institutes of Health
- Nature Reports Stem Cells: Introductory material, research advances and debates concerning stem cell research.
- Understanding Stem Cells: A View of the Science and Issues from the National Academies
- Scientific American Magazine (June 2004 Issue) The Stem Cell Challenge
- Scientific American Magazine (July 2006 Issue) Stem Cells: The Real Culprits in Cancer?
- Ethics of Stem Cell Research entry by Andrew Siegel in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Stem Cell Research at Johns Hopkins
- StemBook
- WorldHeritage pages with incorrect protection templates
- All articles lacking reliable references
- Articles lacking reliable references from December 2012
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
- Articles needing cleanup from November 2014
- All pages needing cleanup
- Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2014
- Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata
- Stem cells
- Induced stem cells
- Biotechnology
- Cell biology
- Cloning
- Developmental biology


text:
From the 'Lectric Law Library's Stacks
It is lawyers who run our civilization for us - our governments, our businesses, our private lives... We cannot buy a home or rent an apartment, we cannot get married or try to get divorced, we cannot leave our property to our children without calling on the lawyers to guide us. To guide us, incidentally, through a maze of confusing gestures and formalities that lawyers have created... The legal trade, in short, is nothing but a high-class racket. -- Fred Rodell, Professor of Law, Yale University
Search The Library
Follow Us!
Our Most Popular Article:
Power of Attorney
Our Most Popular Page:
Free Legal Forms
Our Newest Article: Personal Finance Guide
by Lynn H. Slade and Walter E. Stern
Native American tribes play an increasingly critical role in regulating the environment on Indian lands. As tribes' regulatory muscles grow-- often with the blessing of the federal government--the regulated community must learn to adapt not only to different regulatory standards and procedures, but also to a different legal system.
In addition, the regulated community must be mindful that, as the power of tribes to regulate increases, so will the potential for overlap and conflict among tribal, state, and federal regulations.
A Balance of Powers
Tribal environmental regulation potentially can affect all businesses in and around Indian lands or reservations. Tribes have comprehensive power over their members on reservations or on other tribal lands. However, while tribes may have regulatory powers over non-Indians and Indian members of other tribes in certain circumstances, those powers are not clearly defined. Generally, tribal powers derive from three major sources: inherent tribal authority akin to sovereign powers of states or the federal government; treaties with the United States; and federal statutory delegations of authority to tribes. However, the Supreme Court also has found certain limitations on tribal power implicit in the tribes' "dependent" status in the federal system. For example, tribes lack inherent power to exercise criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians (see Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 (1978)). Tribal power over non-Indian activity on private lands within a reservation generally has been limited to that necessary to protect tribal members' health and safety (see Montana v. United States, 450 U.S. 544 (1981)).
Federal power over tribes, their lands, and non-Indians dealing with tribes is broad. Consequently, an express federal statute allocating governmental authority over specific activities will control. Moreover, inherent tribal authority may be preempted by a comprehensive federal regulatory scheme (see Northern States Power Co. v. Prairie Island Mdewakanton Sioux Indian Community, 991 F.2d 458 (1993)).
State power over activities on Indian reservations generally is narrow. States may exercise power conferred by express federal delegation or when, under a balancing analysis, state regulatory interests are strong and federal or tribal interests are comparatively weak. Unfortunately for tribes and business interests, the Supreme Court has complicated the assessment of competing claims of states and tribes for power over Indian lands activities by laying down subjective tests to resolve such conflicts. Even when states implement a federal environmental program under "agreement state" status, their power may not reach tribal lands.
Tribal land ownership is an additional and important determinant of which sovereign will have regulatory power. Complex, often "checkerboarded" patterns of land ownership in Indian country further complicate jurisdictional predictions. Generally, tribal power will be strongest over tribally-owned "trust or restricted" land, lands within a formally established reservation, or lands that are within a block of solidly Indian-owned and Indian-occupied lands. Tribal power will be weaker (if existent), and state power correspondingly stronger, over non-Indian fee lands, Indian lands outside reservation boundaries, or reservation lands within a "checkerboarded" area with dense non-Indian development (see Brendale v. Confederated Tribes & Bands of Yakima Indian Nation, 492 U.S. 408, 427 (1989)). Evaluating tribal environmental regulatory power entails analyzing these sources and limitations of tribal power in the context of the specific tribe and regulatory power involved. The analysis should take into account whether federal statutory delegations or landholding or demographic patterns suggest state or federal primacy.
Tribes generally have inherent power to protect members' health and safety by implementing zoning and regulating activities affecting environmental quality on tribal lands. Under the rule in Montana v. United States (450 U.S. 544, 547 (1981)), tribes' inherent authority may support tribal regulation of non-Indian activities affecting reservation water quality, and other areas of environmental concern (see Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes v. Namen, 665 F.2d 951 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 977 (1982) (shoreline protection ordinance); Lummi Indian Tribe v. Hallauer, 9 Ind. L. Rep. 3025, 3026 (W.D. Wash. 1982) (tribal sewage treatment)). Consequently, businesses on Indian reservation lands should identify and understand any potentially applicable tribal regulation.
Federal Delegation
Congress has acted under several federal environmental statutes to authorize the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to delegate to Indian tribes specific enforcement and regulatory authority to the same or a similar degree as is delegated by the EPA to the states. Because a growing number of tribes is seeking such delegation, activities on Native American lands may be governed by tribal programs that have the backing of federal law. Potentially applicable federal environmental protection laws include the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, and other statutes.
The EPA has implemented an "Indian policy" that incorporates federal policies of tribal self-determination in its environmental regulation on Indian lands. Announced in November of 1984, the policy seeks to expand tribal involvement in EPA program implementation. The EPA Indian policy has two major elements: first, the EPA or tribes, rather than states, should implement federal environmental statutes on Indian lands; second, where it is authorized, the EPA will cooperate with and assist tribes in developing and implementing tribal programs under federal environmental statutes. Consistent with these policies, the EPA has been influential in urging Congress to enact statutory authority for tribes to assume program implementation authority under EPA-administered environmental statutes.
Under the Clinton administration, the EPA has reaffirmed the Indian policy and proposed the streamlining of procedures and creation of a national Indian Program Office (59 Fed. Reg. 13820 (March 23, 1994); 59 Fed. Reg. 38460, 38461 (July 28, 1994)). The EPA must be viewed as a strong proponent of tribal environmental regulation. As a result of its efforts and policies, tribes will develop regulatory programs under federal environmental statutes, and will obtain regulatory primacy under those laws.
Water Quality
The Clean Water Act (CWA) is the main instrument of federal policy regarding water quality. It sets standards governing the water quality that must be maintained or achieved in rivers and other navigable waters, and requires dischargers into navigable waters to obtain discharge permits imposing maximum levels of allowable pollutants. Permits are tailored to achieve the applicable stream standards.
The 1987 amendments to section 518 of the Clean Water Act authorize the EPA to delegate to a qualifying tribe regulatory authority--comparable to that previously delegable only to states--to grant discharge permits under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), permits for dredging and filling under CWA 404, and to set water quality standards under section 303 of the CWA (33 U.S.C. 1377 (1988); see 58 Fed. Reg. 67966-67985 (Dec. 22, 1993) (adopting final rule implementing CWA tribal program regulations)). To obtain "treatment as state" (TAS) status under the CWA, a tribe must meet criteria reflecting its ability to effectively implement the program. Although the EPA may delegate CWA program authority only over waters "within the area of the Tribal Government's jurisdiction," approval of tribal water quality standards under CWA 303 can affect upstream, off-reservation sources.
Precisely because of their effect on upstream, off-reservation sources, tribal water quality standards under CWA 303 have generated controversy. For example, the EPA has approved the tribal stream standards set by three New Mexico pueblos that impact the Rio Grande in central New Mexico. Litigation arising from the EPA's approval of the water quality standards of one--the Pueblo of Isleta, which requires water clean enough to support tribal ceremonial uses--has spawned a decision generally affirming the EPA's power to approve tribal water quality standards despite the potentially profound impact on upstream sources (see City of Albuquerque v. Browner, No. 93-82-M (D.N.M., Oct 22, 1993), on appeal, Tenth Circuit No. 93-2315). As in City of Albuquerque, jurisdictional conflicts, compliance questions, and permitting issues may arise when standards set by a tribe differ from those set by a state that has concurrent jurisdiction over the same stream or body of water.
Air Quality
The Clean Air Act (CAA) is the principal federal statute regulating emissions into the nation's air. It functions primarily by requiring sources of air pollutants to obtain new source or operating permits. To date, the CAA has been implemented either by the EPA or through state regulation pursuant to an EPA-state agreement. In the CAA Amendments of 1990, Congress gave the EPA power to delegate to federally recognized tribes considerable authority over air quality matters on Indian lands, including over permit issuance (42 U.S.C. 7601 (D)(2) (1988 and Supp. II 1990)). The 1990 amendments authorized the EPA administrator to treat tribes as states whenever tribes are capable of carrying out those functions "in a manner consistent with the terms and purposes of the Act." The EPA has proposed regulations to implement the 1990 amendments (59 Fed. Reg. 43956-43983 (Aug. 25, 1994)), but final regulations have not been issued. Consequently, no tribe has yet been granted TAS status under those provisions.
Tribes had limited powers under the CAA even prior to the 1990 amendments. The EPA had allowed the tribes to regulate indirectly emissions from sources near the reservation by designating airshed quality under the "prevention of significant degradation" standards of the CAA (see Nance v. United States EPA, 645 F.2d 701 (9th Cir.), Crow Tribe v. United States EPA, cert. denied sub nom., 454 U.S. 1081 (1981)). Nance raises concerns for "extra-territorial" environmental regulation by tribes similar to those that arise under the CWA.
Drinking Water
Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) amendments of 1986, tribes may be treated as states through provisions empowering the EPA to delegate certain program authority (42 U.S.C. 300h-1e (1988); 40 C.F.R. 145 Subpart E (1994)). Consequently, if a tribe demonstrates its ability to administer a program effectively, the EPA may delegate to the tribe primary enforcement authority over underground injection well regulation or other SDWA program enforcement.
Rights Under CERCLA
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the "Superfund" statute, governs the cleanup of certain designated sites that contain toxic or hazardous material. The act authorizes tribes to be treated "substantially the same" as states for some purposes, but it does not delegate to tribes authority as broad as that delegated to states (Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, 42 U.S.C. 9626 (1988)). Instead, CERCLA enumerates specific areas of authorized delegation: receipt of notice of release of hazardous substances, consultation with respect to formulation of remedial action (but not initiation, development, and selection of remedial actions to be undertaken on the reservation); formulation of the National Contingency Plan; access to information concerning hazardous substances maintained by operators of facilities; and participation in disease and exposure registration related to toxic materials. Consequently, the tribal role in Superfund remediation remains relatively limited as compared to that of the states. However, like states, tribes may assert natural resource damage claims under CERCLA.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) (42 U.S.C. 6901-6987 (1988)) does not expressly address whether Indian tribes have a role in its administration. However, in recognition of federal enforcement authority, one court has held that the EPA may refuse to certify a state's RCRA program insofar as it would apply to Indian lands within the state's borders (see Washington Dep't of Ecology v. United States EPA, 752 F.2d 1465 (9th Cir. 1985)). Currently, the EPA retains RCRA regulatory authority over Indian lands.
Tribes may, however, be held liable for RCRA violations for hazardous waste sites on reservation lands. The Eighth Circuit has held that the Oglala Sioux Tribe was amenable to suit under RCRA's private suit provisions for damage caused by widespread RCRA violations on the reservation, because the tribe's sovereign status carried with it the responsibility to regulate dumping on the reservation (see Blue Legs v. United States EPA, 668 F. Supp. 1329 (D.S.D. 1987), aff'd, 867 F.2d 1094 (8th Cir. 1989)).
How to Cope
The basic skills necessary to respond effectively to federal and state environmental regulation apply to tribal regulation as well. The regulated person or entity must understand thoroughly the applicable tribal laws or council resolutions, tribal agency regulations, and the tribal regulatory agency's personnel and policies.
Tribal regulation, however, may present some special considerations.
Generally, tribes enjoy immunity from suit without their consent and can
require that suits against them be brought in tribal courts.
Consequently, regulated companies often must enforce substantive and
procedural rights within tribal administrative or judicial systems. And,
after all tribal proceedings have run their course, it is unclear
whether federal court review will be available unless federal
administrative and/or judicial review is provided for in EPA-approved
plans delegating federal program authority to a tribe. Careful analysis
of the regulatory and juridical procedures that will apply in the event
of disputes with tribal authorities is important.
Lynn H. Slade and Walter E. Stern practice federal Indian natural resources, and environmental law in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Brought to you by - The 'Lectric Law Library
The Net's Finest Legal Resource For Legal Pros & Laypeople Alike.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Use mouse scroll wheel over image or pinch-to-zoom on touch devices. You can also click and drag around on image. Park it 0 0 Follow V12 anyone? Such a beautiful car! Parked to StarTech Mercedes Club by XPEL Protective Films Vehicle Info: Mercedes-Benz Keywords startech mercedes-benz mercedes benz euro german xpel paint protection film clear bra film classic class cl sl amg g wagon Sign up to add your own keywords More from this Garage: More from this Profile: Project Hennessey Performance Tuner School Project ULTIMATE BMW X5M Garage STEALTH Huracan


text:
Licensed Life Insurance Agent in Fontana, CA
Our agency fills a unique space in the insurance market. We have leads and nobody to follow up on them. We are very selective - our leads are high quality and valuable. Must be licensed in Life Insurance. All over the phone, work from home, no travel, free leads, good money! If you are interested, send an email with a brief description of your background and abilities. We will give you a call back to talk in detail. ***No contact info or license, no return call.*** There will be a three step process which could take a few days. ZERO COST for leads! -No paperwork- We process applications from submission to approval -100% Remote- Work from home or anywhere you choose, never go see anyone at home -Non medical products that have an average of a 5 day approval and a 7 day issue. FULL NAME, PHONE #, EMAIL ADDRESS AND LICENSING INFO REQUIRED. NO ATTACHMENTS WILL BE OPENED. PLEASE PUT ALL PERTINENT INFO INSIDE THE EMAIL. THANK YOU.


text:
Events for November 22, 2018
Events Search and Views Navigation
Archery Deer Season
Archery Season Oct 1- Nov 30 Hikers, hunters, skiers and other outdoor users will be out in the park for a variety of reasons. All visitors in the park should respect the use of others. Please report deer taken to the park office 563-556-0620(leave message) All hunting details and map can be found here http://www.minesofspain.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Deer-Hunting-Map-and-brochure-2018-1.pdfFind out more »
EB Lyons Center Closed
Happy ThanksgivingFind out more »


text:
Views: 379
Replies to This Discussion
goota look the slivers up...never heard of it...
Roddy @ ProAm Tennis said:I like the wilson us opens the best. I also like the K3 SIlvers.
Sports Chalet wouldn't discount to me for quantity, but Sports Authority did. Also SA has the Coaches Club where you get a whole book of $5 off coupons.
That Big 5 price for the Penn ATP Tour balls is pretty good! I'll have to check that out!
Kelvinator said:
Yea that's what i thought...i think most big 5's and sport chalets do that...but i was wondering it that was already the discounted price?...yes right?
Chris TheProtogo said:
Manager should give discout when you buy a case
Big Five sports shop in Palm Springs next to Rite Aide
Palm Canyon / Arenas&Ramon
Kelvinator said:
Is that the discounted case price? will the give you a discount for a cse?
Chris TheProtogo said:
Big Five has good prices on Penn ATP Tour hard court tennis balls, in Palm Springs,Ca.
Tim Prapong said:
Where are you buying these balls?
Luckily our group always has two to three guys bring balls...it's like an unspoken rule now...bring quaters for the lights and you better bring balls once a couple of weeks (we have enuff players that that is enuff)
richard meaghan said:
Yeah i tend to stick with head atp balls in the gold tin as they seem to hold up the best and are a little harder imo.
I do however change balls for every match. Some at ny club have had the same set in their bag for years ha!
Also playing with dud balls even after only a set or two really negates my serve.
Mike what do you think about Dunlop grand prix.......
© 2019 Created by Mark / The Mayor. Powered by


text:
Thank you to everyone!
On behalf of the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion we would like to warmly thank everybody who contributed to the success of Safety 2012, either as a delegate, a speaker, a sponsor or an exhibitor.
To those who attended, we're sure you all found the programme inspiring and took away with you some thought-provoking and strategic insights.
We would like to extend our sincere thanks to our sponsors and exhibitors. Their contributions are hugely appreciated and their presence at the event contributes to the excitement and atmosphere of the conference.
Thanks again, we hope you enjoyed Safety 2012 as much as we did. Hope we see you in Atlanta in 2014!
About the Conference
Safety 2012 was the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion. The conference is held biennially under the auspices of the World Health Organization. It brought together the world's leading injury prevention and safety researchers, practitioners and advocates, to build knowledge and strengthen the fields of injury prevention and safety promotion worldwide.
Safety 2012 was organised by the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC), Safe Communities Foundation New Zealand (SCFNZ), and the University of Otago's Injury Prevention Research Unit (IPRU). There are also numerous partners and colleagues in New Zealand, Australia, and internationally who contributed to the planning and success of the conference.
|Keynote Speakers
|Conference Recordings
|Video presentations of the Keynote and State of the Art sessions. Click here to view.
TVNZ interview with Etienne Krug - Click here to view
Radio NZ interviews from Safety 2012 -
2 October Click here to listen to the story
July 2011


text:
Hotel complaints
The Hotel, Restaurant and Tourism Complaints Board deals with consumer complaints relating to services provided by Danish hotels, restaurants, amusement parks, hostels and other similar companies.
Holiday homes complaints
The Holiday Home Rental Complaints Board deals with complaints relating to Danish holiday cottages or rental of holiday cottages abroad by Danish companies.
Transport complaints
The Bus, Train and Metro Complaints Board deals with complaints regarding to travel by public transport in Denmark. Their website is in Danish, but complaints in English can be lodged by calling +45 36 13 18 77.


text:
We told you on Saturday about the Twitter troll whom Amar'e Stoudemire called a "fag" in a direct message. Now those avid sports-blog readers at the league office have decided to fine Stoudemire $50,000, the AP reports:
Stu Jackson, the league's executive vice president of basketball operations, announced the fine Tuesday in a release, calling Stoudemire's language offensive and derogatory.
The New York Knicks forward apologized to a fan on Sunday for using a gay slur in response to a crude tweet in which the fan admonished the All-Star to "make up for this past season."
During that past season, for what it's worth, Stoudemire made a prorated $18,217,705.
RELATED: Which Sports Leagues Care If You Call Someone A "Fucking Faggot?"


text:
Looking for tech support in Calliston at the right price? We know what you are going through and we're here to help. There's no need to trek over to Geek Squad out in Alabaster. We can send a tech to your door to help with your PC, home theater, TV mounting, and general device needs. In many cases, we can remotely solve your issues simply by connecting to your computer. HelloTech also offers home and business tech support plans starting at $9.99.
We serve Calliston, the rest of Alabama and the entire US. If we can't help, you don't pay. That's the HelloTech way. Instead of worrying about your gizmos, catch a movie or enjoy a night out on the town in Birmingham.
USA Today calls HelloTech "the best, cheapest way to get good tech support."
Great experience! Daniel was prompt, professional and quickly finished the job.
Kenneth E was amazing! Very nice, respectful, knowledgeable and personable!
Michael was very courteous. Explained each step it took to get printer up and running. Made sure each device was supported by the printer. Would re... read more
I very much appreciate the time and effort Aaron A. put in yesterday remotely.
Everything was great even though he had my TV on my ceiling fan and almost broke it other than that everything was OK
Richard was very knowledgeable & provided excellent suggestions for safety.
In-home support for your mobile Apple or Android device when you need it. Help with your phone, tablet troubleshooting, and more. We'll diagnose and fix your mobile problem.
Need computer repair near you? HelloTech offers the highest quality computer repair service nationwide. Troubleshooting operating system, memory, RAM or hard drive issues. In-home or online help for your Mac or PC, on-demand.
Tired of slow internet? Our expert technicians can fix your network connection and boost your WiFi signal to speed up your internet. Does your WiFi keep dropping out? If you can't maintain a stable connection, or certain devices won't communicate wit
Need help connecting your TV and home theater? Let one of our Techs work their audio video magic. We'll hook up surround sound speakers, make sure you can stream videos, adjust any wiring, and make sure sound is functioning properly.
Need help mounting a TV? Put down the tools and let HelloTech TV Installers work for you. Upgrade your home theater with our 5-star TV installation service. We also provide optional cord masking, cord concealment and soundbar mounting for additional cost.
We'll connect your smart home to make sure all smart devices are working together. Trust the 5-star rated home automation service professionals. Installing products like smart doorbells, plugs, locks, alarms, switches, hubs, lights, thermostats and cameras. From brands like Nest, Arlo, Netgear, Skybell, Samsung, ecobee, Logitech, Iris, Google, Amazon, Ring, August, Honeywell and Sensi.


text:
Hi, I have a macbook pro 2013 baseline with intel 6100 and an i5 8 gb ram. I can never get HF 4pro to work well- canon 15i footage barely plays well, and eve with 1 clip in the timeline, the clip sttters and drops frames. I haven't changed ANYTHING to the card, camera or the way I work. It just started getting slower and slower, since the last few edits I've done. The export time is the same... but the timeline preformance is unacceptable. What is wrong? why so sudden? I keep asking these questions to the forum and I never quite get to an answer that always works (clearly). I don't think this is what a program like this should be doing.
Basic answer.
T5i footage is in a highly compressed format not suitable for editing. You will greatly increase performance by transcoding your footage to a suitable editing codec. ProRes is the best option.
This video is PC based, but goes into detail on "delivery" (T5i) vs "editing" (ProRes) codecs, and covers several transcode methods. MPEG Streamclip is a Mac option.
Cool, thanks a lot- just downloaded MPEG. I also think my external drive is broken- I'm getting 4 mbps read (it's a hard disk, not SSD, so the 50 mbps write I'm getting is ok)
also- question.
I downloaded MPEG streamclip (latest, Mac), but when I open the export to quicktime settings, there's no option for prores!
Why is this?
Odd, because I use MPEG Streamclip all the time for transcoding to ProRes. Are you sure you checked the entire list? On mine, all of the Apple options aren't in the same area. The ProRes entries are near the top, while the default option (Apple Motion JPEG A) is somewhere near the middle. Here's a screenshot that shows the list position of the default (w/ the check mark) vs the ProRes (near the top). This is what it looks like after I've scrolled up to see the ProRes entries. When the list first comes up, they're out of view:
If you truly don't see any Apple ProRes entries, my only other guess is that your system is old enough that they aren't installed by default. If that's the case, this might help:
I have osx el capitan... I'll try that link though
Wow! That's a much shorter list than I've got. Did you try that link and install the Pro Video Formats package?
Yes, but that is only for final cut pro- it won't let me download it, since I don't have FCP.
Also- I can us YUV422 but I think that's too much- a simple 1 minute video becomes 15GB! No way do I have enough storage for that even if I delete the editing codec level footage afterwards.
I don't think it's only for FCP. I can download it just fine. Here's a direct link to the one I'm talking about:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1a9UhtL1ecG8uQAhP7bl8RqtcjROWKIYU/view?usp =sharing
MOD EDIT: Fixed image link
MOD EDIT: Fixed image link.
I was going to mention that @Aladdin4d but wasn't 100% sure since jsbarret said his worked without FCPX installed. No way for me to check because I have Motion, FCPX and the Codecs native.
Good luck @Behind_The_Lens
Thanks so much everyone!!
If you ever have an extra $49.99 (one time) I'd strongly suggest you beaf up that Mac's video capablities of yours with Motion 5. YOU WILL NOT BE DISAPPOINTED.
Then anytime Apple update any of the codecs or performance updates you'll be first in line for them....not to mention you'll own one powerful piece o software :-)
Glad to see you got the Pro Video Formats installed though. Rock on!
@GrayMotion I never said I got it to install. I just said the download wasn't prevented, which the OP said was the problem ("it won't let me download it"). I've already got those codecs on my system (no idea how, but they're all there!), so I didn't try to actually run the installation.
Hi, quick update. Is there a way to set mpeg streamclip to transcode multiple files at once? it's a little annoying to have to do every clip manually
wow... ok dumbly i didn't just gooogle that- to the batch export it is.... I officially love MPEG streamclip


text:
2014 Chevrolet Volt
5dr Hatchback
|Pre-Owned Clear Title
|1.4L 4 Cylinder
|Front Wheel Drive
|Exterior Color
|Stock #
City MPG
Hwy MPG
Actual rating will vary with options, driving conditions, habits and vehicle condition.
Vehicle OverviewClean CARFAX. Black 30 Day - 1000 Mile Comprehensive Warranty. Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! 35/40 City/Highway MPG
NO HAGGLE PRICING! OUR INVENTORY IS PRICED RIGHT FROM THE START, NO NEGOTIATION NECESSARY! COMPREHENSIVE 151 POINT INSPECTION ON EVERY VEHICLE! WARRANTY INCLUDED! We can get you financed regardless of your credit score, so please dont hesitate to give us a call at (760)737-9400 to see how we can help you! Come see how easy and fun buying a car can be at Escondido Auto Super Center. Internet special pricing cannot be combined with any other offer.
Escondido Auto Super Center855 North Broadway , Escondido, CA 92025
Call Us About This Vehicle: (760) 904-4172
Luxury Features
- Air Conditioning
- Climate Control
- Cruise Control
- Heated Mirrors
- Heated Seat
- Leather Steering Wheel
- Steering Wheel Radio Controls
- Tilt Steering Wheel
- Tire Pressure Monitor
Power Equipment
- 12v Power Outlet
- Power Locks
- Power Mirrors
- Power Steering
- Power Windows
Safety Features
- Anti-Lock Brakes
- Child Proof Door Locks
- Daytime Running Lights
- Driver's Air Bag
- Intermittent Wipers
- Keyless Entry
- Passenger Air Bag
- Rear Defogger
- Rear-Side Airbags
- Security System
- Side Air Bags
- Traction Control System
Audio / Video
- Factory System
- Anti-Theft
- CD Player
- OnStar
- Satellite Radio
- Voice Control
Interior & Exterior
- Carpeted Floor Mats
- Vanity Mirrors
- Rear Spoiler
Standard Specs
- Engine, Range Extender, 1.4L Internal Combustion Engine (83 hp [62 kW]), requires premium fuel
- Electric drive, Voltec (149 hp [111 kW] motoring power, 273 lb-ft of torque [370 N-m] motoring torque, 74 hp [55 kW] generating power)
- Front wheel drive
- Battery, Propulsion, Lithium-ion (16.5-kWh), Rechargeable Energy Storage System includes liquid thermal management system with active control
- Charge cord, 120-volt, portable
- Battery, 12-volt with Rundown Protection
- Suspension, front, MacPherson strut
- Suspension, rear semi-independent, compound crank
- Steering, Electric Power Steering (EPS) assist, variable for low to high speed maneuvers
- Brakes, 4-wheel antilock, 4-wheel disc, electro-hydraulic power with StabiliTrak, regenerative system
- Brake, parking, electric
- Vehicle Name : Chevrolet Volt
- Body Style : Hatchback
- Drivetrain : Front Wheel Drive
- EPA Classification : Compact Cars
- Base Curb Weight (lbs) : 3786
- Number of Passenger Doors : 4
- Engine Order Code : LUU
- Engine Type : Gas/Electric I4
- Displacement : 1.4L/85
- Fuel System : Electronic Fuel Injection
- SAE Net Horsepower @ RPM : 149
- SAE Net Torque @ RPM : 273
- Trans Order Code : MKA
- Trans Type : 1
- Trans Description Cont. : Automatic
- Suspension Type - Front : MacPherson Strut
- Suspension Type - Rear : Compound Crank
- Steering Type : Electric Pwr
- Steering Ratio (:1), Overall : 15.4
- Lock to Lock Turns (Steering) : 2.80
- Turning Diameter - Curb to Curb (ft) : 36.00
- Brake Type : Regenerative
- Brake ABS System : 4-Wheel
- Disc - Front (Yes or ) : Yes
- Disc - Rear (Yes or ) : Yes
- Wheels, 17" (43.2 cm) 5-spoke painted aluminum
- Tires, 215/55R17 all-season, blackwall, low rolling resistance
- Spoiler, rear
- Headlamps, bi-functional halogen projector with automatic exterior lamp control
- Lamp, LED center high-mounted stop/brake (CHMSL)
- Tail lamps, LED illumination
- Mirrors, outside heated power-adjustable, body-color, manual-folding with integrated turn signal indicators
- Glass, solar absorbing
- Wipers, front intermittent, variable with washers
- Front Tire Order Code : 5GN
- Rear Tire Order Code : 5GN
- Front Tire Size : P215/55R17
- Rear Tire Size : P215/55R17
- Front Wheel Size (in) : 17 x 7.0
- Rear Wheel Size (in) : 17 x 7.0
- Front Wheel Material : Aluminum
- Rear Wheel Material : Aluminum
- Wheelbase (in) : 105.70
- Length, Overall (in) : 177.10
- Width, Max w/o mirrors (in) : 70.40
- Height, Overall (in) : 56.64
- Track Width, Front (in) : 61.20
- Track Width, Rear (in) : 62.10
- Trunk Volume (ft³) : 10.6
- Audio system, Chevrolet MyLink radio, AM/FM stereo with CD player and MP3 playback includes 7" diagonal color touch-screen display
- Chevrolet MyLink includes Bluetooth streaming audio for music and select phones; voice recognition for phone, music and radio; Pandora, Stitcher and Siri Eyes Free voice recognition smartphone compatible; Gracenote (Playlist+, Album Art)
- Audio system feature, 6-speaker system
- Audio system feature, auxiliary input jack, located in center console
- Audio interface, USB port, located in center console
- SiriusXM Satellite Radio is standard on nearly all 2014 GM models. Enjoy a 3-month trial to the XM Premier package, with over 140 channels including commercial-free music, all your favorite sports, exclusive talk and entertainment. Welcome to the world of satellite radio. (IMPORTANT: The SiriusXM Satellite Radio trial package is not provided on vehicles that are ordered for Fleet Daily Rental ("FDR") use. If you decide to continue your service at the end of your trial subscription, the plan you choose will automatically renew and bill at then-current rates until you call 1-866-635-2349 to cancel. See SiriusXM Customer Agreement for complete terms at siriusxm.com. Other fees and taxes will apply. All fees and programming subject to change.)
- Travel Link a suite of services designed to enhance the time spent in your car, brings a wealth of useful information into your vehicle and right to your compatible vehicle navigation system. Reach your destination smarter with SiriusXM Travel Link. Detailed fuel price information, current and forecasted weather, and local movie theater listings, start times and ratings. Visit siriusxm.com/travellink for more information. (Sirius XM Satellite Radio, Traffic and Travel Link subscriptions sold separately or as a package after trial period. If you decide to continue your service at the end of your trial subscription, the plan you choose will automatically renew and bill at then-current rates until you call 1-866-635-2349 to cancel. See SiriusXM Customer Agreement for complete terms at siriusxm.com. Other fees and taxes will apply. All fees and programming subject to change. Not all vehicles are capable of receiving all services offered by SiriusXM. Current information and features may not be available in all locations, or on all receivers. SiriusXM is not responsible for any errors or inaccuracies in the NavTraffic service or their use in the vehicle. 2013 Sirius, XM and all related marks and logos are trademarks of Sirius XM Radio Inc. )
- MyVOLT.com Vehicle Connectivity
- Antenna, roof-mounted
- Seats, front bucket with reclining seatbacks and adjustable head restraints
- Seat trim, premium cloth
- Seat adjusters, driver and front passenger manual, fore/aft, up/down and recline
- Seat, rear 40/40 split-folding
- Console, center, covered storage bin with dual cup holders
- Storage, covered, upper instrument panel
- Storage, open, located forward of shifter
- Power outlets, 3 auxiliary, 12-volt includes 1 in front center console, 1 in rear console and 1 in upper instrument panel storage bin
- Floor mats, carpeted front and rear
- Steering column, tilt and telescopic
- Steering wheel, leather-wrapped
- Steering wheel controls, mounted audio controls
- Instrumentation, 7" diagonal digital reconfigurable LCD screen includes Driver Information Center, compass and selectable efficiency gauge
- Display, center, 7" diagonal LCD touch screen
- Efficiency display screens with programmable charge times
- Driver mode control switch, Normal, Sport, Mountain and Hold modes
- Controls, center, touch-sensitive
- Mobile application, OnStar RemoteLink app requires compatible smartphone
- Charge control, programmable time of day with charging indicator light on instrument panel
- Keyless ignition, engaged with electronic push button start
- Windows, power with Express-Down on all, driver Express-Up with anti-pitch override
- Door locks, power programmable with delayed locking feature and lockout protection
- Keyless Access, passive unlock and lock on all doors and liftgate
- Remote Keyless Entry includes remote start, panic alarm and delayed charging override functions
- Remote vehicle starter system
- Cruise control, electronic with set and resume speed, steering wheel mounted controls
- Universal Home Remote includes garage door opener, 3-channel programmable
- Air conditioning, single-zone automatic climate control
- Defogger, rear-window, electric
- Glovebox, passenger-side
- Storage, door panels, dedicated umbrella pocket and bottle holder
- Map pockets, driver and front passenger seatbacks
- Mirror, inside rearview manual day/night
- Visors, driver and front passenger illuminated vanity mirrors, covered, sliding
- Assist handles, 2, rear outboard with rear coat hooks
- Lighting, interior, ambient LED-based incandescent front reading lights, dome and cargo area lamp
- Console, rear, open storage bin with dual cup holders
- Storage, covered, dedicated for vehicle charging cord located in rear cargo area
- Cargo cover
- Passenger Capacity : 4
- Passenger Volume (ft³) : 90.0
- Front Head Room (in) : 37.80
- Front Leg Room (in) : 42.05
- Front Shoulder Room (in) : 56.52
- Front Hip Room (in) : 53.73
- Second Head Room (in) : 36.02
- Second Leg Room (in) : 34.10
- Second Shoulder Room (in) : 53.90
- Second Hip Room (in) : 51.21
- StabiliTrak, stability control system with brake assist includes Traction Control
- Tire inflation kit
- Daytime Running Lamps, LED illumination
- Air bags, dual-stage frontal, side-impact and knee for driver and front passenger and roof-rail side-impact for front and rear outboard seating positions includes Passenger Sensing System (Always use safety belts and child restraints. Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat in the appropriate child restraint. See the Owner's Manual for more information.)
- Air bag, Passenger Sensing System sensor indicator inflatable restraint, front passenger/child presence detector (Always use safety belts and child restraints. Children are safer when properly secured in a rear seat in the appropriate child restraint. See the Owner's Manual for more information.)
- OnStar, 3 years of Directions and Connections plan includes Automatic Crash Response, Stolen Vehicle Assistance, Roadside Assistance and Turn-by-Turn Navigation (Visit onstar.com for details and system limitations.)
- Theft-deterrent system, anti-theft alarm with immobilizer
- Pedestrian safety signal driver activated horn chirp using turn signal lever button
- Safety belts, 3-point, all seating positions includes front seat dual pretensioners
- Lockout switch, child, rear doors and windows, electronic control
- LATCH system (Lower Anchors and Top tethers for Children), for child safety seats
- Tire Pressure Monitor System
EPA Fuel Economy & Specification
- EPA Greenhouse Gas Score : 10
- Fuel Economy Est-Combined (MPG) : 37
- EPA Fuel Economy Est - City (MPG) : 35
- EPA Fuel Economy Est - Hwy (MPG) : 40
- EPA MPG Equivalent - City : 101 (2013)
- EPA MPG Equivalent - Hwy : 93 (2013)
- EPA MPG Equivalent - Combined : 98
- Battery Range (mi) : 38
- Tons/yr of CO2 Emissions @ 15K mi/year : - TBD -
- Cold Cranking Amps @ 0° F (Primary) : - TBD -
- Maximum Alternator Capacity (amps) : - TBD -
- Total Cooling System Capacity (qts) : - TBD -
- Shock Absorber Diameter - Front (mm) : - TBD -
- Shock Absorber Diameter - Rear (mm) : - TBD -
- Turning Diameter - Wall to Wall (ft) : - TBD -
- Front Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in) : 11.80 x - TBD -
- Rear Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in) : 11.50 x - TBD -
- Fuel Tank Capacity, Approx (gal) : 9.3
- Min Ground Clearance (in) : - TBD -
- Liftover Height (in) : - TBD -


text:
- Reviews
- Ingredients
- Usage Faqs
Usage & FaqsOur hand soap is a gentle but hard-working cleanser that helps soften skin with aloe vera, olive oil and a unique blend of essential oils.COMMON QUESTIONSQ. Can I use your Liquid Hand Soap as a body wash?A. Yes. Our Liquid Hand Soap is safe to use on the body. The formulation is not as moisturizing as a bodywash; so if you have particularly dry skin, you may want to avoid use of this product as a body wash.Q. Can I use this product to hand wash clothing?A. The gentle formula of the liquid hand soap would make it a good option for hand washing delicate clothing items.Q. Is the Glycerin in your Hand Soap derived from animal ingredients?A. No. The glycerin in our Hand Soap is derived from vegetable sources.


text:
The actress slipped into that iconic red suit during a recent commercial shoot
Déjà vu alert!
Pamela Anderson's still got it – and she flaunted it on the beach in that iconic red bikini from back in her Baywatch days. The actress, 45, was snapped reportedly filming a commercial in that red one-piece on Thursday in Rio de Janeiro.
Anderson, of course, played C.J. Parker on the lifeguard drama series from 1992-1997.
And the actress has a full plate these days. In addition to the commercial work, she's due to appear in the upcoming all-star season of Dancing with the Stars, which premieres on Sept. 24. Anderson is paired with pro dancer Tristan MacManus for the ABC competition show, which will also boast returns from Kirstie Alley, Joey Fatone, Bristol Palin and more.
And if her recent bathing suit shoot is any indication, looks like Anderson's in fighting form!


text:
Eat Wings This Weekend and Donate to It Takes a Village Canine Rescue – Get Your Coupon Here
Eat at Buffalo Wild Wings East or West anytime this weekend, present the coupon and 10% of your purchase will be donated to It Takes a Village Canine Rescue, but you've got to get your coupon! Find it here!
It Takes a Village Canine Rescue is a local no-kill shelter and foster-based rescue here in Evansville that works diligently to rescue unwanted animals from high-kill situations. The cost of care of these animals is immense, and they need all the help from the community that they can get to raise the funds for this care. This is where you come in! You can help and all you have to do is go out to eat sometime this weekend!
This weekend, Friday, January 31st - Sunday February 2nd, Buffalo Wild Wings will donate 10% of your total food purchase (excludes alcohol) It Takes a Village. That's it. Just take the coupon with you and show it to your server. Easy. Peasy. You can even present the image below on your smartphone!
The coupon is good at both Buffalo Wild Wings locations, 5405 Pearl Dr and 715 N Green River Rd.


text:
This is it, the end of my blog.
I've been thinking, I just want to preserve things like this- every single thing I wrote, suspended in time. It's my scrapbook of a former life containing a lot of love, a lot of self discovery, a LOT of parenting material, a little heartache, a lot of struggle, a lot of humor (a TON of humor actually) a lot of creativity... a lot of me.
I've gone away and come back many times. I've just re-read every single word I ever wrote. I've printed out the gems, sighed and rolled my eyes at the ridiculous few, cried at the ones that I wish I never wrote.
This is it, the end of my blog.
I'm saying goodbye to a lot of whatI know but I'm also saying hello to a life that is INCREDIBLE and filled with so much of what I cried that I didn't have back then (shame on me). I'm a survivor (aren't we all?), I'm a warrior (please believe that you are too), I am completely utterly in love with my life. Thank you all for your love and support, the journey would have never thrived without you.


text:
Sundance CEO discusses network's new block of programming devoted to the environment
With the success of Al Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth" and the major international focus being placed on climate change, the Sundance Channel has premiered a new block of weekly programming that will strictly be devoted to exploring environment-related issues. During today's OnPoint, Larry Aidem, president and CEO of the Sundance Channel, discusses this block of programming called "The Green." Aidem explains why his network has decided to devote an unprecedented amount of weekly airtime to this issue. He addresses competition from other networks and explains how Sundance's programming differs from that of its competitors.


text:
Author's La Glorieta talk at History Center Dec. 2
Author/military historian Flint Whitlock will present a slide show and lecture about the West's key Civil War battle - La Glorieta Pass in New Mexico - at the Old
Colorado City History Center, 1 S. 24th St., Saturday, December 2, at 11 a.m.
The presentation is free and open to the public, although donations are welcomed.
Whitlock wrote the book, "Distant Bugles, Distant Drums: The Union Response to the Confederate Invasion of New Mexico" (University Press of Colorado, 2006).
The 1862 battle, which included Union soldiers recruited from the Colorado City area, stymied a Confederate scheme to invade New Mexico from Texas and eventually move into Colorado to capture the gold and silver mines.
A Denver resident, Whitlock is an ex-Army officer who lived in Colorado Springs from 1969-74. He has authored five books, four of which focus on World War II.
Westside Pioneer/press release


text:
Serving all people by providing personalized health and wellness through exemplary care, education and research.
Our Services
Explore health content from A to Z.
I need information about...
Advance Directives
Palliative Care
Patient Pre-registration
Pay My Bill
Medical Record
At Baylor, we strive to make finding health care information as simple as possible. From how-tos to FAQs, you're in the right place for help.
Copyright © 2017 Baylor Scott & White Health. All Rights Reserved. |
3500 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246-2017 | 1.800.4BAYLOR
Privacy and Patient Rights |
Terms of Use |
Notice of Non-Discrimination |
Site Map | Contact Us