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GOP Communications Arm Fox News Attacks Democrats For Using Talking Points
Research ››› ››› JUSTIN BERRIER & MELODY JOHNSON
Following audio of Sen. Chuck Schumer coaching other senators on language to use when discussing budgetary issues and a potential government shutdown, Fox News figures have attacked Democrats for coordinating talking points. Their criticism comes despite the fact that, among other things, Fox News itself consistently adopts GOP talking points as its own, has been caught broadcasting GOP press releases -- typos and all -- and its Washington managing editor, Bill Sammon, has been caught instructing Fox's anchors and reporters to use GOP-friendly language in their reporting.
Fox Figures Mock, Attack Schumer For Using "Democratic Talking Points"
On Conference Call, Schumer Advised Democratic Colleagues To Call GOP Budget Cuts "Extreme." From USA Today:
Speaking to several Democratic colleagues Tuesday, Sen. Charles Schumer, the third-ranking Democrat in the Senate, said they should all use the word "extreme" when describing the budget cuts that Tea Party Republicans were seeking in the ongoing budget negotiations. [USA Today, 3/30/11]
Doocy Claims Schumer Coaching Dems On Talking Points Is "Quite Embarrassing." On the March 30 edition of Fox News' Fox & Friends, co-host Steve Doocy reported on the story and said that Schumer was overheard on a conference call "paint[ing] the Republicans as extremists." Doocy noted that Schumer "specifically wanted people to use that word" and called the incident "quite embarrassing." Co-host Brian Kilmeade later claimed that "people like [Sen.] Harry Reid and company are going to go forward with the same message. This is the talking points. You just got the facts in the behind-the-scenes look at what Democrats are doing." [Fox News, Fox & Friends, 3/30/11]
Kilmeade: "You Wonder Why" Democrats "Say The Same Thing In Every Interview." Later on Fox & Friends, Kilmeade responded to audio of Schumer's call by saying:
KILMEADE: You wonder why everyone says the same thing in every interview, and leaders [say] the Tea Party is holding the hostage to the Republican Party. Republicans don't know what to do. Boehner is in a box. Why do they say it? Because he's saying it. This is how. And guess what the Majority Leader Harry Reid says? The exact same thing.
After playing a clip of Reid, Doocy said, "They both said exactly the same thing. What a coincidence." [Fox & Friends, 3/30/11]
Van Susteren: Schumer Has "Egg On His Face Tonight." On the March 29 edition of Fox News' On The Record, host Greta Van Susteren introduced a segment on Schumer by claiming, "Does Senator Charles Schumer have egg on his face tonight! This is one conference call the senator will never forget!" Later in the segment, Van Susteren said:
VAN SUSTEREN: Well, it's sort of interesting. I suppose that in the Republican caucus in both houses, they're given instructions, too. But it's rather -- you know, it's sort of enlightening for the rest of us to hear Senator Schumer find out -- he takes marching orders from his caucus. They're all using the word "extreme." And I guess that it's sort of hard to think that if you're automatically tagging your opponent with "extreme," it's sort of hard to get a negotiation, get any traction when negotiating. But he got caught with his pants down on this one. [Fox News, On the Record, 3/29/11, accessed via Nexis]
Hannity: "That's Just A Sort Of Class That We've Come To Expect From The Democrats." On the March 29 edition of Fox News' Hannity, host Sean Hannity played the audio of Schumer's remarks and responded by saying, "[T]hat's just a sort of class that we've come to expect from the Democrats." Fox Business host Stuart Varney responded by saying, "[T]hat was a disgrace to be playing politics." Fox News contributor Dana Perino stated: "What is interesting to me about that phone call is that, so Senator Schumer says, I was instructed by the conference to say this. And so, therefore, I'm saying it. When they realize that reporters were on the phone, they quickly shut up. More interesting sound bite to me was that right immediately on the heels of Senator Schumer saying what he had to say, Senator Boxer then repeats it." [Fox News, Hannity, 3/29/11, accessed via Nexis]
Cameron Hypes Schumer's Remarks, Airs GOP Reaction. On the March 29 edition of Fox News' Special Report, Fox News chief political correspondent Carl Cameron promoted the Schumer story and aired clips of a GOP press conference held to respond to Schumer. Later, host Brett Baier again aired the clip. Both times, Special Report responded by airing House Majority Leader John Boehner's claim that, "Instead of them issuing marching orders, maybe what they should do is get to work and actually pass a plan." [Fox News, Special Report, 3/29/11, accessed via Nexis]
Yet, Fox News Repeatedly Presents GOP Talking Points As "News"
Fox Figures Use GOP "Ram It Through" Language To Attack Health Care Reform. During the debate over the health care reform bill, numerous Fox figures, including Hannity and Van Susteren, as well as Newt Gingrich and Rick Santorum -- both of whom were employed by the network at the time -- mimicked Republican politicians' language by claiming Democrats were attempting to "ram it through" Congress. [Media Matters, 2/25/10]
Fox Adopts Opposition's Choice Of Phrase "Obamacare" For Health Care Reform. Fox has consistently referred to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as "Obamacare," both in its straight news reporting and opinion shows. Despite acknowledging that the phrase is the name preferred by opponents to the health care bill, Fox figures have even gone so far as to replace the actual name of the bill with the phrase "Obamacare" when reading press releases that referred to the law as "the Affordable Care Act." [Media Matters, 3/4/11; 3/23/11]
Scott Passes Off GOP Press Release As Original Reporting, Typo Included. In February 2009, Fox host Jon Scott purported to "take a look back" at how the economic recovery plan "grew, and grew, and grew." In his report, Scott referenced seven dates, as on-screen graphics cited various news sources from those time periods -- all of which came directly from a Senate Republican Communications Center press release. A Fox News on-screen graphic even reproduced a typo contained in the Republican press release. Scott later apologized, but only for the typo. [Media Matters, 2/10/09; Media Matters, 2/11/09]
Fox & Friends Hosts Recite Misleading House GOP Press Release. During the October 22, 2009, broadcast of Fox & Friends, the co-hosts did a segment on the stimulus package in which they parroted a House Republican press release and repeated its claim that the stimulus' impact is "6 million jobs shy of what the administration promised us" since the administration stated "that 3.5 million jobs would be created." Carlson added, "And, in fact, the United States has lost 2.7 million since the stimulus plan." However, the administration estimated that by 2011 -- not September 2009, when the 2.7 million job losses since February were recorded -- 3.5 million jobs would be created or saved by the stimulus compared to the number of jobs that would have existed at the end of 2010 had the government not passed the legislation. Their numbers came directly from a GOP press release that relied on misleading comparisons and distorted data to attack the stimulus. [Media Matters, 10/22/09]
Fox & Friends Promotes Pawlenty Health Care Reform Ideas. From the February 12 edition of Fox & Friends:
KILMEADE: Meanwhile, talk about health care reform, Tim Pawlenty, who by all accounts has got to be running for president it seems, or definitely testing the waters, on yesterday wrote a big editorial today about the five things that he would do, and we all could do, and that they hope Republicans bring up in the big summit to make health care reform a real reform.
DOOCY: Because the president has asked, "Give me some ideas." Here they are.
KILMEADE: All right, here it is. First one: incentivize patients to be smart with consumers.
DOOCY: Also pay for performance, liability reform -- that's something that has been missing -- interstate health care insurance -- make it portable -- and modernize health insurance. Seems pretty simple.
KILMEADE: And also make it transferrable. [Fox & Friends, 2/12/10]
Fox Adopts GOP Talking Points On "Uncertainty" Of Economy. In advance of the 2010 midterm elections, Fox adopted Republican claims that failing to immediately vote to extend Bush-era tax cuts to the wealthy injects "uncertainty" into the economy that hinders hiring, a claim which both Reps. John Boehner and Kevin McCarthy had recently made on the Sept. 26, 2010, edition of Fox News Sunday. Following Boehner's and McCarthy's claim that "uncertainty" on tax cuts was hindering job creation, several Fox News anchors adopted the language as their own. For instance, on the September 27, 2010, broadcast of Fox & Friends, Doocy claimed: "People say the uncertainty is just killing people. Why can't we know what we're going to pay in taxes next year?" Carlson added:
CARLSON: People across America should be really, really upset about this. Steve touched on the big buzzword here, and that is uncertainty. That means that businesses are not going to continue to hire, or start hiring, they're not going to continue to lend to small business -- I mean, everyone is living in this cloud of unknown, including even people who work in payroll departments. [Media Matters, 9/27/10]
Busy Repeating GOP Talking Points, Fox News Forgets To Report Fannie/Freddie Facts. On both "opinion" and "straight news" programs, Fox News channeled the GOP talking points that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac caused the financial crisis and are "getting a free pass" because they are not overhauled by Democrats' financial regulatory reform legislation. Following Boehner's statement on proposed financial reform legislation in which Boehner stated, "[H]ow you can attempt to fix it without going to the root of the problem, Fannie Fae and Freddie Mac, is really beyond me," many Fox hosts promoted and adopted Boehner's statement. For instance, on Fox & Friends, Carlson asked of Fannie and Freddie: "Why the heck are they not anywhere in financial reform?" Fox News' America Live host Megyn Kelly stated: "Well, they were public enemies number one and two in the economic meltdown. But when President Obama called for strict new regulations on the financial sector today, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were all but absent from the discussion. So are they really getting a free pass as we decide to crack down on all the fat cats?"
Fox repeatedly ignored that the Obama administration has initiated a separate effort to reform the housing finance system, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and have warned against moving too quickly on this front given the fragility of the housing market. Moreover, economists reject the notion that Fannie and Freddie were the root cause of the financial crisis. [Media Matters, 4/23/10]
Ailes Brings GOP Talking Points To ABC's This Week. Fox News president Roger Ailes made his debut as a panelist on ABC's This Week on January 31, 2010. However, he brought little to the roundtable beyond hackneyed conservative talking points repeatedly advanced by Republican leaders and his own network's stable of right-wing pundits. Ailes advanced GOP talking points related to the length of the health care bill, the claim that Obama wants "radical change," and that profiling is necessary to protect Americans. [Media Matters, 1/31/10]
Echoing GOP, Fox Figures Falsely Claim Reid Included $8 Billion In Bill For High-Speed Rail. Fox News hosts and contributors advanced the false claim -- pushed by Republican lawmakers -- that Reid included a provision in the recovery bill directing that $8 billion be spent on a high-speed rail line between Southern California and Las Vegas. In fact, the bill did not direct high-speed rail funds to any specific project, and any funding would be allocated by Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood, a former Republican congressman. Numerous House Republicans had pushed the false claim that the legislation directed money to the California-to-Las Vegas rail line during floor debate on the bill several days prior to Fox News adopting the falsehoods. [Media Matters, 2/18/09]
Fox Insider: Network Talking Points Evolving From "Conservative Take On Things" To "Made Up." In an interview with Media Matters, a Fox News insider replied to a question regarding what most viewers and observers of Fox News would be surprised to learn about the controversial cable channel by saying: "I don't think people would believe it's as concocted as it is; that stuff is just made up." [Media Matters, 2/10/11]
Doocy Proves He "Sounds Like" Rubio By Airing A Clip -- Of Rubio. During the October 7, 2010, edition of Fox & Friends, then-Democratic Senate candidate Kendrick Meek appeared on the program to discuss his campaign and his opponent, Republican Marco Rubio. After parroting GOP talking points, Meek told Doocy he "sounds like" Rubio. Doocy responded by airing a clip of Rubio. [Fox & Friends, 10/7/10]
Fox News Executive Bill Sammon Has Been Caught Instructing Anchors To Use GOP-Friendly Language On Air
Sammon Issued Memo Instructing Reporters To Replace "Public Option" With GOP-Preferred Term "Government Option." At the height of the health care reform debate last fall, Bill Sammon, Fox News' controversial Washington managing editor, sent a memo directing his network's journalists not to use the phrase "public option." Instead, Sammon wrote, Fox's reporters should use "government option" and similar phrases -- wording that a top Republican pollster had recommended in order to turn public opinion against the Democrats' reform efforts. [Media Matters, 12/9/10]
Sammon Instructed Fox Figures To Highlight Skepticism When Reporting On Climate Change. In the midst of global climate change talks in December 2009, Sammon sent an email questioning the "veracity of climate change data" and ordering the network's journalists to "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question." [Media Matters, 12/15/10]
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My kids always seem to wait for when I am chopping veggies with a sharp knife to drop some eyebrow raising tidbit.
Ocean* says, "King talked about pooberty in the dugout. I looked up but tried to not act shocked or worried. "Oh he did, did he? What did he need to talk about?"
King giggled then said, "Everyone asked why I was so tall and I said because I am going through pooberty. I showed them hair on my legs too."
Straight-faced, 9 years old, matter-of-fact, delivers this information. He is neither tall for his age nor going through puberty. Uh, pooberty. Now you might say, "see this is exactly why I am afraid to talk to my kids about sex and puberty—it will lead to embarrassing conversations in the dugout. But actually, I'm the embarrassed one. Embarrassed to tell you that our kids heard about puberty from jokes on the Disney station, before even I the sex savvy author and educator, got to tell them about it. Oh we've talked about the lead up topics: using correct words for body parts, and a few other details, but we have not actually discuss the definition of puberty until this event happened. Isn't that something. In many ways, I am just like every other parent— never prepared for how fast our kids are growing. I've been a nanny, an educator, a pre-school teacher, a fabulous Auntie (if I do say so myself) advising everyone else what to do throughout the years and now it's my turn. Well my advice has not changed much but my stories have only gotten funnier and my list of answers for parents to give inquiring minds now hits the floor like a Santa Claus scroll in happy land!
*names are change for privacy but yes, the wild Ocean and the smartie King work very well.


text:
SIENA, Italy (Reuters) - An Italian judge has rejected an order to seize around 1.8 billion euros ($2.3 billion) of assets from Nomura as part of a probe into suspected fraud involving troubled lender Monte dei Paschi di Siena, legal sources said on Saturday.
Assets worth 140 million euros that were already seized from the Japanese bank have been released under the judge's ruling, which was made on Friday, the judicial source said.
A spokeswoman for Nomura in Italy declined to comment.
Prosecutors in Siena investigating lossmaking derivatives trades made under Monte Paschi's previous management ordered the seizure of around 1.8 billion euros of assets from the Japanese bank on April 16, but the court has rejected their request to have the order endorsed.
The trades under scrutiny include a structured deal with Nomura known as 'Alexandria', as well as a similar trade with Deutsche Bank called 'Santorini' and a smaller deal called 'Nota Italia' with JP Morgan.
Judge Ugo Bellini ruled against the seizure because he did not see evidence of fraud and deemed there was no urgency in freezing the assets given that the contract dates back to 2009, an investigative source said.
It was not immediately clear whether under the judge's ruling Monte Paschi has to resume collateral payments on the Alexandria deal, which had been frozen by the prosecutors order.
On Friday Nomura's chief financial officer, Shigesuke Kashiwagi, said in a note that his bank intended to engage with Italian prosecutors to find a solution.
Monte Paschi was forced earlier this year to book losses of nearly 1 billion euros after disclosing details of the complex derivatives deals.
The bank had already been weakened by the euro zone crisis and has been forced to accept help from the state in the form of 4 billion euros of state bonds to meet tough capital requirements set by European regulators.
The investigation is also politically sensitive in Italy as the Tuscan bank had strong links with local center-left party leaders.
Additional Reporting by Danilo Masoni in Milan; Editing by Greg Mahlich


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Thyroid disorders
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Arrhythmias, autoimmune, benign, biopsy, bradycardia, cancerous, cretinism, De Quervain's thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus, exophthalmia, exophthalmos, FANA, fluorescent antinuclear antibody test, goiter, Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroid, hyperthyroidism, hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, IGT, impaired glucose tolerance, intrinsic factor, iodine, malignant, myxedema, non-cancerous, nuclear scan, osteoporosis, parathyroid, parathyroid hormone, pernicious anemia, PTH, subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, tachycardia, tetany, thyroid storm, thyroidectomy, thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, ultrasound, vitamin B12, vitiligo.
Hormonal disorders or endocrine disorders, including thyroid disorders, are illnesses that occur when the body releases too many or too few hormones. Hormones are chemicals messengers that are released into the bloodstream. Hormones send messages to cells throughout the body in order to regulate bodily functions, such as growth, metabolism, and sexual development. As a result, individuals with hormonal disorders experience a disruption in such bodily functions.
Thyroid disorders are among the most common medical conditions but, because their symptoms often appear gradually over time, they are commonly misdiagnosed. There are four main types of thyroid disease: hyperthyroidism or too much thyroid hormone; hypothyroidism or too little thyroid hormone; benign (non-cancerous) thyroid disease; and thyroid cancer.
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the base of the neck on both sides of the lower part of the voice box (larynx) and upper part of the wind pipe (trachea). The thyroid produces hormones, called thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which affect the body's metabolism and energy level. Thyroid hormone is also produced in response to thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, also known as thyrotropin) secreted by the pituitary gland.
Release of thyroid hormones is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, both found deep inside the brain. One of the most important features of the endocrine system is its regulation (control) by negative feedback. This means that the glands that stimulate the release of a hormone (for example, the pituitary) from another gland (for example, the thyroid) are eventually shut off, in a sense, so that too much hormone is not produced.
Thyroid disorders affect some 4.5 million Americans. At least 600,000 of them have yet to be diagnosed.
Signs and symptoms
: Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include sensitivity to cold temperatures, mild weight gain, fatigue, constipation, small thyroid gland, enlarged neck, dry skin, hair loss, muscle cramps, heavy and irregular menstruation, and difficulty thinking or concentrating. Less common symptoms main include facial swelling and joint stiffness. The most obvious sign of severe hypothyroidism is a goiter. A goiter is a severe swelling of the thyroid gland in the front of the neck.
: Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism include sudden and unexplained weight loss, increased or irregular heartbeat, nervousness, irritability, tremors (especially in the hands), increased sweating, abnormal menstruation, increased sensitivity to warmth, more frequent bowel movements, enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), fatigue, difficulty sleeping, and muscle weakness. Some patients may be unable to close the eyelid (eyelid retraction). Some individuals may also experience lid-lag. This occurs when the eyelids do not move down when the person's eye looks downward.
Blood tests
: A blood test that measures the amount of thyroid hormones in the blood is the standard diagnostic test for an underactive thyroid. If the individual has low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, the patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism.
The levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the blood stream are measured. An overactive thyroid, such as in hyperthyroidism, would be expected to cause high levels of T4 and T3 and low levels of TSH. An underactive thyroid, such as in hypothyroidism, would be expected to cause low levels of T4 and T3 and a high level of TSH.
Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
: Some patients are found to have elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, suggesting hypothyroidism, but have normal levels of thyroxine (T4). This state is referred to as subclinical hypothyroidism. Some individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism may have clinical symptoms, such as weakness, lethargy, fatigue, hoarseness, hearing loss, bradycardia (slow heart rate), dry skin, coarse hair, cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, muscle cramps, and fluid build-up in the eyelids, face, and legs. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism is similar to hypothyroidism.
Subclinical hyperthyroidism is defined as low serum TSH concentrations in the presence of normal serum thyroid hormone concentrations (T4 or FT4 and T3 or FT3 levels). Individuals with subclinical hyperthyroidism are at increased risk for cardiac arrhythmias and bone loss.
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) test
: The fluorescent antinuclear antibody (FANA) test may be performed to detect abnormal antibodies, called auto antibodies. The auto antibodies bind to components of an individual's own cells and cause the immune system to attack the body. Antibodies are part of the body's immune system defense against foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses.
During the procedure, a small sample of blood is taken from the individual and sent to a laboratory. A scientist adds methyl alcohol to a microscope slide that contains human tissue culture cells. This makes the cells permeable before they are combined with the individual's blood.
Then the individual's blood is added to the microscope slide. Fluorescent antibodies that detect the binding of human antibodies to the cells are also added. The scientist uses a fluorescent microscope to view the staining intensity and binding pattern of the cells. If auto antibodies are detected, a positive diagnosis is made for an autoimmune disorder.
If an individual has a positive FANA result and has low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is diagnosed.
: Ultrasound takes a picture of the inside of the thyroid. Ultrasound bounces sound waves off the thyroid and makes a picture out of the returning echoes. If the ultrasound shows a large mass that is suspicious for cancer, then the doctor can use the ultrasound to guide a needle into the mass to perform a fine needle aspiration biopsy. If there are no large lumps in the thyroid gland that are suspicious for cancer, then no biopsy needs to be done.
Nuclear scan
: Sometimes a nuclear medicine thyroid scan is ordered to help determine the cause of an individual's overactive thyroid. Individuals swallow capsules that contain a harmless radioactive tracer bound to iodine. Some of this tracer winds up in the thyroid gland. Four, six, or 24 hours after the capsule is ingested (depending on the preferences of the radiology department performing the scan), a scanner is placed over the thyroid gland. This scanner can take a picture of the thyroid gland by detecting the parts of the thyroid gland that have taken up the radioactive tracer.
In a normal thyroid gland, radioactive iodine is taken up to the same degree throughout the entire gland. If there is an area of the thyroid that does not take up radioactive iodine well, then it must be further investigated. It can be useful to measure how much of the radioactive tracer wound up in the thyroid gland. This can help determine the cause of the overactive thyroid. However, the actual diagnosis of the overactive thyroid is made with blood tests, not with the scan.
: Thyroid nodules are fairly common and usually harmless. However, about 4% of nodules are cancerous, so further testing needs to be done. This is usually best accomplished by fine needle aspiration biopsy
This is a quick and simple test that takes just a few minutes to perform in the doctor's office. If the biopsy does not raise any suspicion of cancer, the nodule is usually observed over time to watch for any changes. Some thyroid specialists recommend treatment with thyroid hormone to try to decrease the size of the nodule. A second biopsy is usually recommended six to 12 months later, to make sure there continues to be no evidence of cancer. If a nodule is cancerous, suspicious for cancer, or grows large enough to interfere with swallowing or breathing, surgical removal is advised.
: In general, complications of thyroid disorders develop if the condition is left untreated or if patients do not take their medications or treatments as prescribed.
Birth defects
: If pregnant women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis do not receive treatment, their babies are more likely to have birth defects. Babies may have intellectual and developmental problems. Researchers have identified a connection between underactive thyroids during pregnancies and brain, heart, and kidney problems in infants.
: When an individual's thyroid is not producing enough hormones, the pituitary gland constantly stimulates the thyroid to release more hormones. As a result, the thyroid may become enlarged, causing the neck to look swollen. This condition is called a goiter. Although goiters generally do not cause pain, a large goiter can interfere with swallowing or breathing and it may affect the patient's appearance and self-esteem. In many cases, goiters will be cured once hormone replacement therapy is started. However, some patients may need to have their goiter surgically removed.
Heart problems
: If hypothyroidism is not properly treated, individuals may have an increased risk of developing heart disease. The individual's heart may enlarge, and in rare cases, this may lead to heart failure. Researchers have also found a connection between hypothyroidism and high cholesterol. It is unclear why hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism may lead to high cholesterol levels.
Mental functioning
: Untreated hypothyroidism may also lead to slowed mental functioning. Individuals may become confused or have trouble thinking or concentrating. Once treatment is started, these symptoms will go away.
Mental health
: If hypothyroidism is untreated or poorly managed, individuals may suffer from depression. Individuals who are depressed experience sadness, low self-esteem, loss of pleasure, apathy, and sometimes, difficulty functioning. If these problems persist for two weeks or more for unknown reasons, individuals should consult their healthcare providers.
: Some males and females may experience a decrease in sexual desire (libido).
: In rare cases, long-term Hashimoto's thyroiditis that has not been treated may lead to a life-threatening condition called myxedema. This condition causes swelling of the skin and other tissues, especially near the eyes and cheeks. Symptoms may include drowsiness followed by extreme tiredness and unconsciousness due to low levels of thyroid hormone. Patients who experience symptoms of myxedema should seek immediate medical treatment at the emergency department of a nearby hospital.
: Cretinism is caused by a decreased production of T4 and results in mental retardation, stunted growth, and coarse facial features. The signs of cretinism are constant drooling, a swayback, a potbelly, short stature, and irregularly placed and poorly formed teeth. If this condition is diagnosed within the first several months of life (standard newborn tests should reveal low thyroid levels), the chances of normal development are excellent.
Heart conditions
: Some of the most serious complications of hyperthyroidism involve the heart. These include tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and congestive heart failure (CHF), a condition in which the heart cannot circulate enough blood to meet the body's needs.
Brittle bones
: Untreated hyperthyroidism can also lead to weak, brittle bones (osteoporosis). The strength of the bones depends, in part, on the amount of calcium and other minerals they contain. Too much thyroid hormone interferes with the body's ability to incorporate calcium into the bones.
Eye conditions
: Individuals with Graves' ophthalmopathy develop eye problems, including bulging, red or swollen eyes, sensitivity to light, and blurring or double vision.
Skin irritation
: In rare cases, Graves' disease also affects the skin, causing redness and swelling, often on the shins and feet.
Thyrotoxic crisis
: Hyperthyroidism also places the individual at risk of thyrotoxic crisis. Thyrotoxic crisis means there is a sudden release of thyroid hormone into the bloodstream, leading to a fever, a rapid pulse, and even delirium. If this occurs, immediately seek medical care.
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
: Individuals with pre-diabetes have blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes, a condition known as impaired glucose tolerance or IGT. This condition raises the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. High levels of thyroid hormone, such as in hyperthyroidism, may lead to IGT.
: Once individuals are diagnosed with hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or Hashimoto's thyroiditis, they receive man-made hormones to make up for the decreased hormone levels. Treatment is life-long. Some individuals may need to have their thyroid gland surgically removed. These people will need to take hormones for the rest of their lives, but they are able to live normal, healthy lives.
Individuals should tell their healthcare providers if they are taking any other drugs (prescription or over-the-counter), herbs, or supplements because they may interact with treatment. For instance, a cholesterol lowering medication called cholestyramine (Questran®), an ingredient in some antacids called aluminum hydroxide, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®), an anti-ulcer drug called sucralfate (Carafate®), iron supplements, calcium supplements, and soy may interact with treatment.
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy
: Individuals usually receive thyroid hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine (Levothroid®, Levoxyl®, Synthroid®, or Unithroid®). This man-made hormone is identical to the natural thyroid hormone called thyroxine. The medication is taken by mouth every day for life to help the body return to normal functioning. Levothyroxine is the most commonly prescribed thyroid hormone replacement drug. A synthetic form of thyroid hormone, liothyronine (Cytomel®), may also be prescribed. Thyrolar® (Liotrix) is another synthetic thyroid drug that contains both L-triiodothyronine (T3) and levothyroxine sodium (T4).
Natural thyroid hormone replacement drugs are made from the desiccated (dried and powdered) thyroid glands of pigs and are available by prescription. Dessicated thyroid drugs have been available since the late 1800s, however since the early 1960s have been largely replaced with use of synthetic levothyroxine. All commercially available brands of desiccated thyroid contain a mixture of thyroid hormones, T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). Among the most well known brands of desiccated thyroid in the United States is Armour® Thyroid. Natural thyroid hormone agents are also sometimes called natural thyroid, natural thyroid hormones, pork thyroid, thyroid USP, thyroid extract, or thyroid BP.
Individuals should visit their healthcare providers every six to 12 months to monitor their hormone levels. Over time, the dosage may be changed. If the dose is too high, individuals may develop a condition called osteoporosis, which causes the bones to become hollow and brittle. Also, excessive doses may lead to irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). In order to prevent complications of overdose, individuals with a history of heart disease, osteoporosis, or severe hypothyroidism may receive smaller doses that are gradually increased over time.
: If an individual patient develops a goiter that does not respond to hormone therapy, the thyroid may need to be surgically removed (called thyroidectomy). Although goiters generally do not cause pain, a large goiter can interfere with swallowing or breathing and it may affect the individual's appearance and self-esteem. Individuals can live long, healthy lives without the thyroid gland. However, they must take hormone pills called levothyroxine (Levothroid®, Levoxyl®, Synthroid® or Unithroid®) for the rest of their lives.
Several treatments for hyperthyroidism exist. The best approach depends on age, physical health, and the severity of the condition.
Radioactive iodine
: Taken by mouth, radioactive iodine is absorbed by the thyroid gland, where it causes the gland to shrink and symptoms to subside, usually within three to six months. Because this treatment causes thyroid activity to slow considerably and for the thyroid gland to shrink in size, individuals may eventually need to take a medication every day to achieve adequate thyroid hormone levels.
Anti-thyroid medications
: Anti-thyroid medications gradually reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism by preventing the thyroid gland from producing excess amounts of hormones. They include propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (Tapazole®). Symptoms usually begin to improve in six to 12 weeks, but treatment with anti-thyroid medications typically continues at least a year and often longer. For some individuals, symptoms of hyperthyroidism disappear completely, but others may experience a relapse.
Beta blockers
: Beta blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). They will not reduce thyroid levels, but they can reduce a rapid heart rate and help prevent palpitations. Individuals with hyperthyroidism may be prescribed beta blockers until the thyroid levels are closer to normal and heart symptoms disappear.
: Thyroidectomy is used when the individual cannot tolerate anti-thyroid drugs and does not want to have radioactive iodine therapy, although this is an option in only a few cases. These individuals may be at an increased risk for complications when using drugs or radioactive therapy.
In a thyroidectomy, a doctor removes most of the thyroid gland. Risks of this surgery include damage to the vocal cords and parathyroid glands. Parathyroid glands are four tiny glands located on the back of the thyroid gland that help control the level of calcium in the blood. Individuals undergoing a thyroidectomy will need lifelong treatment with levothyroxine (Synthroid®) to supply the body with normal amounts of thyroid hormone. If the parathyroid glands also are removed, individuals will need medication to keep the blood-calcium levels normal.
Integrative therapies
Strong scientific evidence
: Iodine is an element (atomic number 53) that is required by humans for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4). Iodine deficiency is one of the causes of goiter (hypertrophy of the thyroid gland as it tries to make more thyroid hormone in the absence of iodine). Physically, goiter appears as an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland in the neck. Other causes of goiter include autoimmune thyroiditis, excess iodine, other hormonal disorders, radiation exposure, infectious causes, or inborn errors of metabolism. Although goiter due to low iodine intake is rare in developed countries, it may occur in regions with endemic low iodine levels. To avoid iodine deficiency in the United States, table salt is enriched with iodine ("iodized" salt), and iodine is added to cattle feed and used as a dough conditioner. Iodine supplementation for goiter prevention is generally not recommended in developed countries where sufficient iodine intake is common, and excess iodine can actually cause medical complications (including goiter).
Iodine supplementation should be considered in cases of known iodine deficiency, and should be administered with medical supervision if possible. Notably, the treatment of goiter usually involves administration of thyroid hormone, most commonly levothyroxine sodium (Synthroid®, Levoxyl®, Levothroid®). Iodine generally does not play a role in the acute management of this condition.
Reactions can be severe, and deaths have occurred with exposure to iodine. Avoid iodine-based products if allergic or hypersensitive to iodine. Do no use for more than 14 days. Avoid Lugol solution and saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI, PIMA) with hyperkalemia (high amounts of potassium in the blood), pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), bronchitis, or tuberculosis. Use sodium iodide cautiously with kidney failure. Avoid sodium iodide with gastrointestinal obstruction. Iodine is safe in recommended doses for pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Vitamin D
: Vitamin D is found in numerous dietary sources such as fish, eggs, fortified milk, and cod liver oil. The sun is also a significant contributor to our daily production of vitamin D, and as little as 10 minutes of exposure is thought to be enough to prevent deficiencies. The term "vitamin D" refers to several different forms of this vitamin. Some individuals may develop secondary hyperparathyroidism due to low vitamin D levels. The initial treatment for this type of hyperparathyroidism is vitamin D. For individuals with primary or refractory hyperparathyroidism, surgical removal of the parathyroid glands is commonly recommended by healthcare professionals.
Hypoparathyroidism (low blood levels of parathyroid hormone) is rare, and is often due to surgical removal of the parathyroid glands. Oral doses of dihydrotachysterol (DHT), calcitriol, or ergocalciferol at high doses can assist in increasing serum calcium concentrations in people with hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism or pseudohypoparathyroidism.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin D or any of its components. Vitamin D is generally well-tolerated in recommended doses; doses higher than recommended may cause toxic effects. Use cautiously with hyperparathyroidism (overactive thyroid), kidney disease, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, and histoplasmosis. Vitamin D is safe in pregnant and breastfeeding women when taken in recommended doses.
Good scientific evidence
: Chasteberry may inhibit prolactin secretion, and thus has been suggested as a potential therapy in hyperprolactinemia, a condition characterized by elevated serum prolactin levels. Although preliminary evidence is promising, additional study is warranted in this area.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to members of the Vitex (Verbenaceae) family or any chasteberry components. When taken in recommended doses, chasteberry appears to be well tolerated with few side effects. Use cautiously in patients taking oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy Use cautiously with dopamine agonists or antagonists. Avoid with hormone sensitive cancers or conditions (like ovarian cancer or breast cancer). Avoid if pregnant, breastfeeding or if undergoing
in vitro
: Graves disease is an immune-mediated disorder that causes hyperthyroidism. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins bind to the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, mimic the action of thyroid TSH, and stimulate thyroid growth and thyroid hormone overproduction. Standard treatments for Graves' disease target the thyroid gland (rather than the source of the disorder) and include antithyroid drugs such as propylthiouracil or methimazole, radioactive iodine to ablate (destroy) thyroid cells, or surgery to remove thyroid tissue. Beta-blocker drugs may be used to control symptoms. Iodide preparations can be used to suppress thyroid hormone release from the thyroid, such as strong iodine solution (Lugol solution), potassium iodide (SSKI), and iodinated radiographic contrast agents (sodium ipodate). Patients undergoing thyroid surgery are commonly treated preoperatively with antithyroid drugs to achieve a euthyroid state, then SSKI.
Hyperthyroid crisis (thyroid storm) is a medical emergency caused by excessive release of thyroid hormones into the circulation. Initial management of this condition involves inhibition of thyroid function with thioamide drugs such as propylthiouracil or methimazole. Iodides (such as potassium iodide) can then be administered to block the release of thyroid hormone, but should only be given an hour after thioamides to assure that the iodide is not used by the thyroid to make more thyroid hormone and worsen symptoms. Caution is warranted because iodide preparations carry a risk of causing serum sickness. Iodides should not be used for long-term treatment of thyrotoxicosis.
Reactions can be severe, and deaths have occurred with exposure to iodine. Avoid iodine-based products if allergic or hypersensitive to iodine. Do no use for more than 14 days. Avoid Lugol solution and saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI, PIMA) with hyperkalemia (high amounts of potassium in the blood), pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), bronchitis, or tuberculosis. Use sodium iodide cautiously with kidney failure. Avoid sodium iodide with gastrointestinal obstruction. Iodine is safe in recommended doses for pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence
: In patients on hemodialysis, calcium supplementation may reduce secondary hyperparathyroidism (high blood levels of parathyroid hormone due to another medical condition or treatment). Treatment of hyperparathyroidism should only be done under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to calcium or lactose. High doses taken by mouth may cause kidney stones. Avoid with hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood), hypercalciuria (high levels of calcium in urine), hyperparathyroidism (high levels of parathyroid hormone), bone tumors, digitalis toxicity, ventricular fibrillation (ventricles of the heart contract in unsynchronized rhythm), kidney stones, kidney disease, or sarcoidosis (inflammation of lymph nodes and various other tissues). Calcium supplements made from dolomite, oyster shells, or bone meal may contain unacceptable levels of lead. Use cautiously with achlorhydria (absence of hydrochloric acid in gastric juices) or arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). Calcium appears to be safe in pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Gamma oryzanol
: Gamma oryzanol is a mixture of ferulic acid esters of sterol and triterpene alcohols, and it occurs in rice bran oil at a level of 1-2%, although it has been extracted from corn and barley oils as well. Preliminary evidence has indicated that gamma oryzanol affects several parts of the endocrine system, and may reduce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in individuals with hypothyroidism. More studies are needed in this area and other areas of endocrinology to establish gamma oryzanol's effects.
Avoid if allergic/hypersensitive to gamma oryzanol, its components, or rice bran oil. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants (blood thinners), central nervous system (CNS) suppressants, growth hormone, drugs that alter blood sugar levels, immunomodulators, luteinizing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, prolactin, cholesterol-lowering agents, thyroid drugs, or herbs or supplements with similar effects. Use cautiously with diabetes, hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, or high cholesterol. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Ginkgo biloba
may decrease damage to cells caused by radioiodine therapy in patients with Graves' disease. Further study is needed.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to members of the Ginkgoaceae
family. If allergic to mango rind, sumac, poison ivy or oak or cashews, then allergy to ginkgo is possible. Avoid with blood-thinners (like aspirin or warfarin (Coumadin®)) due to an increased risk of bleeding. Ginkgo should be stopped two weeks before surgical procedures. Ginkgo seeds are dangerous and should be avoided. Skin irritation and itching may also occur due to ginkgo allergies. Do not use ginkgo in supplemental doses if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Iodine plays a role in goiter prevention, but does not appear to play a role in goiter treatment. Iodine deficiency should be corrected if found, with supplementation.
Reactions can be severe, and deaths have occurred with exposure to iodine. Avoid iodine-based products if allergic or hypersensitive to iodine. Do no use for more than 14 days. Avoid Lugol solution and saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI, PIMA) with hyperkalemia (high amounts of potassium in the blood), pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), bronchitis, or tuberculosis. Use sodium iodide cautiously with kidney failure. Avoid sodium iodide with gastrointestinal obstruction. Iodine is safe in recommended doses for pregnant or breastfeeding women.
: L-carnitine, known as acetyl-L-carnitine or carnitine, is synthesized in the liver, kidney, and brain and actively transported to other areas of the body to help generate energy. Although preliminary evidence is promising, there is insufficient available evidence for the use of carnitine for hyperthyroidism.
Avoid with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to carnitine. Use cautiously with peripheral vascular disease, high blood pressure, alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis, or diabetes. Use cautiously in low birth weight infants and individuals on hemodialysis. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants (blood thinners), beta-blockers, or calcium channel blockers. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Shakuyaku-kanzo-to, an herbal medicine containing licorice, has been used for neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia (elevated levels of prolactin). However, additional studies are needed in this area.
Avoid licorice if allergic to licorice, any component of licorice, or any member of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) plant family. Avoid with congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, fluid retention, high blood pressure, or hormonal abnormalities. Avoid if taking diuretics. Licorice can cause abnormally low testosterone levels in men or high prolactin or estrogen levels in women. This may make it difficult to become pregnant and may cause menstrual abnormalities.
: This use of phosphates has not been clearly demonstrated as being beneficial for hyperparathyroidism and other thyroid disorders in scientific studies. Additional research is needed in this area.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to any ingredients in phosphorus/phosphate preparations. Use phosphorus/phosphate salts cautiously with kidney or liver disease, heart failure, unstable angina (chest pain), recent heart surgery, hyperphosphatemia (high phosphate blood level), hypocalcemia (low calcium blood level), hypokalemia (low potassium blood level), hypernatremia (high sodium blood level), Addison's disease, intestinal obstruction or ileus, bowel perforation, severe chronic constipation, acute colitis, toxic megacolon, hypomotility syndrome, hypothyroidism, scleroderma, or gastric retention. Avoid sodium phosphate enemas with congenital or abnormalities of the intestine. Too much phosphorus may cause serious or life-threatening toxicity.
Physical therapy
: The goal of physical therapy is to improve mobility, restore function, reduce pain, and prevent further injury. Several methods, including exercises, stretches, traction, electrical stimulation, and massage, may be used. There is currently insufficient available information on physical therapy as a treatment for thyroiditis. Additional research is needed before a conclusion can be made.
Not all physical therapy programs are suited for everyone, and patients should discuss their medical history with a qualified healthcare professional before beginning any treatments. Physical therapy may aggravate pre-existing conditions. Persistent pain and fractures of unknown origin have been reported. Physical therapy may increase the duration of pain or cause limitation of motion. Pain and anxiety may occur during the rehabilitation of patients with burns. Both morning stiffness and bone erosion have been reported in the literature although causality is unclear. Erectile dysfunction has also been reported. Physical therapy has been used in pregnancy and although reports of major adverse effects are lacking, caution is advised nonetheless. All therapies during pregnancy and breastfeeding should be discussed with a licensed obstetrician/gynecologist before initiation.
Rehmannia glutinosa
has been used in the treatment of Sheehan's syndrome (hypopituitarism). However, the magnitude of therapeutic effects of rehmannia on Sheehan's syndrome remains unclear. More research is necessary in this area.
Avoid if allergic/hypersensitive to rehmannia, any of its constituents, or any members of the Scrophulariaceae family. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants, blood pressure medication, diuretics, or thyroid medication. Use cautiously with diabetes. Use cautiously in children younger than 2 years of age. Avoid if taking therapeutic immunosuppressives (for treatment of autoimmune disease). Avoid with diarrhea and lack of appetite. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
, also commonly referred to as bladderwrack, has traditionally been used to treat disorders of the thyroid gland. Bladderwrack is a brown seaweed rich in vitamins and minerals, including iodine (up to 600 micrograms/gram). Bladderwrack also concentrates heavy metals found in the ocean, including arsenic, cadmium, and lead, and ingestion carries with it the risk of heavy metal poisoning. Although there are case reports of kelp products inducing hyperthyroidism, there have not been systematic studies of dosing, safety, or efficacy, and there is no widely accepted standardization of iodine content for these products. While the evidence does suggest thyroid activity, there are inadequate studies to strongly support the use of bladderwrack for goiter.
Bladderwrack may increase bleeding in those taking blood thinning medications, such as aspirin and warfarin (Coumadin®). Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to
Fucus vesiculosus
and iodine. Avoid with a history of thyroid disease, bleeding, acne, kidney disease, blood clots, nerve disorders, high blood pressure, stroke, or diabetes. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Selenium is a trace mineral found in soil, water, and some foods. It is an essential element in several metabolic pathways. An early toxic effect of selenium is disruption of endocrine function, including synthesis of thyroid hormones (T3). Selenium has been suggested to improve inflammatory activity in thyroid conditions such as chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or Grave's disease. Further research is needed before a clear conclusion can be drawn.
Avoid if allergic or sensitive to products containing selenium. Avoid with a history of non-melanoma skin cancer. Selenium is generally regarded as safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. However, animal research reports that large doses of selenium may lead to birth defects.
: Early research suggests that soy supplements may not affect thyroid function and thus may not be of benefit for thyroid disorders. More research is needed.
Avoid if allergic to soy. The effects of high doses of soy or soy isoflavones in humans are unclear, and therefore, are not recommended. People who experience intestinal irritation from cow's milk may experience intestinal damage or diarrhea from soy. It is unknown if soy or soy isoflavones share the same side effects as estrogens, such as increased risk of blood clots. The use of soy is often discouraged in patients with hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast, ovarian, or uterine cancer. Other hormone-sensitive conditions, such as endometriosis, may also be worsened. Patients taking blood-thinning drugs should check with their doctors before taking soy supplements. Soy, as a part of the regular diet, is traditionally considered to be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding,
: Case report data suggest zinc supplementation may improve thyroid hormone levels (particularly T3) among women with hypothyroidism.
Zinc is generally considered safe when taken at the recommended dosages. Avoid zinc chloride. While zinc appears safe during pregnancy in amounts lower than the established upper intake level, caution should be used.
The American Thyroid Association recommends that adults be screened for thyroid dysfunction by measurement of the serum thyrotropin (also known as thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH) concentration beginning at age 35 years and every five years thereafter. Individuals with symptoms and signs potentially attributable to thyroid dysfunction and those with risk factors for its development may require more frequent serum thyrotropin testing.
Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. Iodine is found in seawater, so any type of seafood is a rich source of this element, particularly seaweed (including kelp, bladderwrack, or dulce). Despite coming from the ocean, sea salt is not a good source of iodine. Iodized salt is perhaps the most common source of iodine in the Western diet and can provide enough iodine to avoid low thyroid activity. Since an adult only requires around one teaspoonful of iodine over a lifetime, eating fish once a week is enough to fulfill the average iodine requirement.
The value of dietary iodine can be reduced by vegetables from the brassica family, which includes cabbage, brussels sprouts, raw turnip, broccoli, and cauliflower. In circumstances where both large quantities of these foods are eaten and the levels of dietary iodine are low, goiter could develop.
Exercise is important for maintaining healthy hormone levels. Exercise 30 minutes daily, five days a week if possible. A doctor can help design an exercise program that is right for each individual.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
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Bossowski AT, Reddy V, Perry LA, et al. Clinical and endocrine features and long-term outcome of Graves' disease in early childhood. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007;30(5):388-92.
Centers for Disease Control. .
Duntas LH. Oxidants, antioxidants in physical exercise and relation to thyroid function. Horm Metab Res. 2005;37(9):572-6.
The Endocrine Society. .
Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service. .
Franklyn JA. Subclinical thyroid disorders - Consequences and implications for treatment. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2007; [Epub ahead of print].
Hoang JK, Lee WK, Lee M, et al. US Features of thyroid malignancy: pearls and pitfalls. Radiographics. 2007;27(3):847-60; discussion 861-5.
Kasagi K. Painful Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Intern Med. 2006;45(6):351-2.
Kung AW. Clinical review: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a diagnostic challenge. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(7):2490-5.
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Thyroid Foundation of America. .
Causes and risk factors
Risk factors for developing thyroid disorders include: previous thyroid dysfunction; goiter; surgery or radiotherapy affecting the thyroid gland; diabetes mellitus; vitiligo, an autoimmune disorder in which white patches of skin appear on different parts of the body; pernicious anemia, or a condition where red blood cells are not providing adequate oxygen to body tissues; leukotrichia (prematurely gray hair); adrenal insufficiency; and medications and other compounds, such as lithium carbonate and iodine-containing compounds, such as amiodarone hydrochloride, radiocontrast agents, expectorants containing potassium iodide, and kelp. A lack of vitamin B12 may put an individual at risk for developing a thyroid condition.
: The causes of hypothyroidism include: heredity; Hashimoto's disease; pituitary tumors; thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by excessive amounts of thyroid hormone leaking out of the thyroid gland and into the blood); not enough thyroid hormone medication; surgical removal of thyroid tissue (thyroidectomy); radioactive iodine administration; and a dietary deficiency of iodine.
: The causes of hyperthyroidism include: heredity; Grave's disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland); Plummer's disease, a condition where there is a single nodule (called adenoma) producing excess thyroid hormone; pituitary tumors; thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by excessive amounts of thyroid hormone leaking out of the thyroid gland and into the blood); too much thyroid hormone medication; and excessive dietary intake of iodine (found in seaweed and liver).
Types of thyroid disorders
: Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine. As a result, the individual's metabolism increases dramatically, leading to weight loss and irregular heartbeat.
Most individuals fully recover from hyperthyroidism with treatment. However, if left untreated, the condition may be life threatening. Complications may include heart problems, brittle bones, and thyrotoxic crisis (sudden release of thyroid hormone). Thyrotoxic crisis occurs when symptoms suddenly become extreme, causing fever, increased heartbeat, and sometimes delirium.
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Grave's disease. In Graves' disease, a malfunction in the body's immune system releases abnormal antibodies that mimic thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Spurred by these false signals to produce, the thyroid's hormone factories work overtime and produce an excess of thyroid hormone.
Exophthalmia, also known as exophthalmos, is bulging of the eyes. Exophthalmia is a characteristic of individuals with Grave's disease. Exophthalmia occurs in about 40-60% of individuals who suffer from Grave's disease.
Non-cancerous tumors (abnormal growths) on the thyroid gland may also lead to hyperthyroidism. Some tumors may cause the thyroid to produce excess thyroid hormone. This causes the thyroid to become enlarged.
Hyperthyroidism may also occur if the thyroid gland becomes inflamed, called thyroiditis. When the gland is swollen, stored thyroid hormone may leak into the bloodstream.
: Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
A condition called Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States. Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland not due to infection. Several types of thyroiditis exist and the treatment is different for each. Hashimoto's thyroiditis occurs when the individual's immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing low levels of thyroid hormone. Researchers have not discovered why the immune system mistakes the thyroid for a harmful invader, such as a virus. It has been suggested that many factors lead to the disorder, including age, heredity, and gender. This is because the condition is most common among middle-aged women. It also common among biological family members.
Other less common types of hypothyroidism include De Quervain's thyroiditis and silent thyroiditis. In De Quervain's thyroiditis, the thyroid gland generally swells rapidly and is very painful and tender. In silent thyroiditis, there is no pain or needle biopsy (removal of tissue for examination).
Hypothyroidism may also occur if individuals do not consume enough iodine in the diet. This is most common in poor countries where malnutrition is common. Iodine is an essential element that helps the thyroid gland produce hormones.
A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Although generally not uncomfortable, goiter can interfere with swallowing or breathing. Goiters are more common in women and older adults. The most common cause of goiter is a shortage of iodine in the diet in areas where the soil is deficient in iodine. Although goiters generally do not cause pain, a large goiter may interfere with swallowing or breathing and it may affect the individual's appearance and self-esteem. In many cases, goiters will be cured once hormone replacement therapy is started. However, some individuals may need to have their goiter surgically removed. Goiters are typical of hypothyroidism.
Individuals should visit their healthcare providers every six to 12 months to monitor their hormone levels. Over time, the dosage of thyroid medication may need to be changed. If the dose is too high, individuals may develop a condition called osteoporosis, which causes the bones to become hollow and brittle. Also, excessive doses may lead to irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). In order to prevent complications of overdose, individuals with a history of heart disease, osteoporosis, or severe hypothyroidism may receive smaller doses that are gradually increased over time.
Thyroid nodules
: Thyroid nodules are lumps that commonly arise within an otherwise normal thyroid gland. Often these abnormal growths of thyroid tissue are located at the edge of the thyroid gland so they can be felt as a lump in the throat. When they are large or when they occur in very thin individuals, they can even sometimes be seen as a lump in the front of the neck. One in 12-15 young women has a thyroid nodule, and one in 40 young men has a thyroid nodule. More than 95% of all thyroid nodules are benign (non-cancerous growths). Some nodules are actually cysts that are filled with fluid rather than thyroid tissue. Most individuals will develop a thyroid nodule by the time they are 50 years old. The incidence of thyroid nodules increases with age; 50% of 50 year olds will have at least one thyroid nodule, 60% of 60 year olds will have at least one thyroid nodule, and 70% of 70 year olds will have at least one thyroid nodule. Individuals do not have to have hypo- and hyperthyroidism to have nodules of the thyroid gland.
Thyroid cancer
: Many types of tumors can develop in the thyroid gland. Most of these tumors are benign (non-cancerous). Others are malignant (cancerous), which means they can spread into nearby tissues and to other parts of the body. Anyone can get cancer of the thyroid gland, but certain factors may increase the risk. Risk factors include: being between ages 25-65; being a woman; being Asian; having a family member who has had thyroid disease; or having radiation treatments to the head or neck.
: The parathyroid glands regulate serum calcium and phosphorus levels through the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises serum calcium levels while lowering the serum phosphorus concentration. The regulation of PTH secretion occurs through a negative feedback loop in which calcium-sensing receptors on the membranes of parathyroid cells trigger decreased PTH production as serum calcium concentrations rise. Primary hyperparathyroidism, which accounts for most presentations of hyperparathyroidism, results from excessive release of PTH and manifests as hypercalcemia. In 80% of patients with hyperparathyroidism, the symptoms of hypercalcemia (high blood levels of calcium) are mild or not notable.
: Hypoparathyroidism is secretion of too little parathyroid hormone. The symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are the same as hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels). Symptoms can range from quite mild (tingling in the hands, fingers, and around the mouth) to more severe forms of muscle cramps leading all the way to tetany (severe muscle cramping of the entire body), and rarely convulsions.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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Eliminating surprises
You have to be well informed with regards to Garage Door Installation in Delevan, NY. We will make sure you know exactly what to anticipate. That is why we make every attempt to make sure you are familiar with the process and aren't faced with any kind of unexpected surprises. The first step will be to call us today by dialing 844-244-6199 to begin your task. We are going to answer all your important questions and set up the first meeting. We always show up at the arranged time, prepared to work closely with you.
Garage Door Installation Pro will be available for your Garage Door Installation in Delevan, Wyoming needs
You have a lot of good reasons to look to Garage Door Installation Pro for your requirements involving Garage Door Installation in Delevan, NY. Our materials are of the very best quality, our cash saving techniques are practical and efficient, and our customer support ratings cannot be beat. We are aware of your preferences and goals, and we are available to help you with our skills. Contact 844-244-6199 if you need Garage Door Installations in Delevan, and we are going to work with you to successfully finish your job.


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Career Services
The California State Universitys (CSU) Career Services provide students and alumni with programs, advisement and a variety of career services. Every year, the CSU graduates an estimated 100,000 students. Campus Career Services help facilitate their successful transition from college to career.
Career Services complement the student development experience by connecting each campus to regional and national economies. Career Services engage and connect valued stakeholders including students, employers, faculty, alumni, community partners, parents and campus representatives. Learn more about campus-based Career Services, often called career centers.


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Sheet music downloads have become the preferred method of acquiring classical music repertoire. Created by professional musicians, EveryNote.com presents classical sheet music download of over 20.000 popular and hard-to-find music scores over 1000 composers. A major Internet provider of classical sheet music files download online, EveryNote.com offers the largest and most complete digital sheet music download library on the Web in the world. Instantly download, view and print your favorite classical music score. Everynote.com currently offers thousands of classical music compositions for Piano, Violin, Cello, Flute, Clarinet, Classical Guitar, Voice, Chamber and Choral music.Many more instruments, composers, genres added every day! EveryNote.com has been featured in The New York Times, Globe and Mail, Musical America and many other publications.
Ottokar Sevcik
(1852 - 1934)
Sevcik was a student at the Prague conservatory (even though he failed his entrance exam twice). Sevcik taught at the Imperial Music school, Kiev, in the Ukraine from 1875 to 1892), then at the Prague Conservatoire and at the Vienna Conservatoire from 1909 to 1919. Sevcik returned to Prague in 1919 when the Czechoslovak Republic became established and held International Summer School in Pisek, S. Bohemia. Sevcik did much to improve violin technique by adopting the 'semitone system'. Overall, Sevcik taught 5000 pupils including Jan Kubelik, Zacharewitch, Zimbalist, Marie Hall and Joseph Karbulka, the teacher of P. Stolyarsky (teacher of D. Oistrach).
More Sevcik sheet music download on EveryNote.com
Sevcik Violin sheet music download on EveryNote.com
Sevcik Cello sheet music download on EveryNote.com
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Please don't puke. Not yet, at least!
I have a pretty strong stomach but even this subject matter made me a little queasy. I had to write this post using "----" instead of maggot. By the end of writing it, I got over it. Hopefully you will too.
Maggot Debridement Therapy, or MDT, is a biotherapy that involves live, disinfected fly larvae placed in a non-healing wound or ulcer.
MBD has been around since ancient times. It was used by the Mayans, the Aborigine in Australia, and was noted during the Napoleonic wars and the Civil war that certain wounds covered with maggots tended to heal better and the patients died less often.
How does it work?
Apparently, the larvae exude a substance that helps to dissolve dead and dying tissues. The maggots then absorb and ingest the liquified substance and end up cleaning out the wound. The healthy tissue is, for the most part, unaffected. Some believe that MDT is even more effective at cleaning this type of wound that a surgeon could.
What about infection?
There's an automatic reaction to think that maggots are "dirty" and would cause more, not less, infection. The truth is that dead tissue is the perfect medium for bacteria to grow. By removing this medium, they actually lessen the chance of infection. Furthermore, maggots exude chemicals that kill bacteria and have a wide-range of bacteria killing activity, even against resistant bacteria like MRSA.
Er...what about the yuck factor?
Maggots can be concealed in a special covering to hide them. They will not lay eggs or multiply in the wound, as they are only larvae, not adult flies. Also, the dressings are designed to let the larvae breath and reduce the tickling sensation of them crawling all over. Er, yuck.
Is this legal?
MDT was FDA approved in 2004 as a prescription-only medical device.
What about in fictional scenarios?
Remember the movie Gladiator, with Russel Crowe? MDT was used on his shoulder wound.
In Diana Gabalson's Outlander series, there's a physician that uses MDT. Neat, huh?
Okay. Sorry to totally gross you out!
If you've got a fictional medical question, let me know! Post below or email me at
Now follow Medical Mondays on Twitter! #MedMonday


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Program Philosophy
The Interior Design program at Oklahoma Christian University is committed to integrating faith and learning, educating students for professional excellence, equipping them to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public, and instilling a spirit of ministry and service to the community and the world.
Program Mission
OC's Interior Design program equips students to be critical, creative, and analytical thinkers, employing technical skills, innovative problem solving, and the ability to execute design concepts and solutions effectively. It provides practical, relevant instruction, advocating professionalism, integrity, and service to others in the design profession.
Oklahoma Christian University is committed to excellence in and out of the classroom and recognizes the importance of evaluation procedures that require high standards suited to a particular area of study. OC also values faith, scholarship, integrity, stewardship, and liberty, while encouraging its community of students and faculty alike to engage in lifelong learning.
Oklahoma Christian is a liberal arts university, engaging students in multidisciplinary studies through general education course work, in addition to their major fields of study. Students are exposed to a variety of professors with varying fields of expertise, personalities, and teaching methodologies. The faculty's diversity allows students to interact and communicate more effectively in a global market. Bible classes are also a part of the required curriculum, re-emphasizing that OC is a higher learning community that transforms lives for Christian faith, scholarship, and service. To fulfill that mission, the university will:
- Glorify God, Christ, and the Holy Spirit while affirming that the Bible is the inspired revelation of God's will and upholding Christian standards of conduct.
- Integrate faith and learning in every aspect of the university's work and champion the truths of Christianity while encouraging free, responsible investigation in scholarly pursuits, in accordance with the university's mission.
- Focus on outstanding teaching while mentoring and nurturing students both inside and outside the classroom.
- Advocate the liberal arts and uphold them as a critical foundation of education.
- Educate for professional excellence while instilling a spirit of ministry and service.
- Cultivate a global perspective in order to prepare students for life in a complex, demanding, and changing global community.
- Nurture a climate for excellence in every aspect of the university's work.
How well do our graduates do? Read the official report:
B.F.A. in Interior Design: Places of Employment, Achievements, Graduate and Retention Information


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The Houston Museum of Natural Science was founded in 1909 – meaning that the curators of the Houston Museum of Natural Science have been collecting and preserving natural and cultural treasures for a hundred years now. For this yearlong series, our current curators have chosen one hundred exceptional objects from the Museum's immense storehouse of specimens and artifacts—one for each year of our history. Check back here frequently to learn more about this diverse selection of behind-the-scenes curiosities—we will post the image and description of a new object every few days.
This description is from Dirk, the museum's curator of anthropology. He's chosen a selection of objects that represent human cultures throughout time and around the world, that we'll be sharing here – and on hmns.org – throughout the year.
This modern piece of art was made by Tammy Garcia (Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico). It represents a step-fret motif which we can find in Pre-Columbian cultures dating back more than a millennium. It shows up in Pre-Columbian architecture in Mesoamerica as well as pottery and textiles from South America. This Tammy Garcia piece embodies a link between the past and the present, with the former continuing to be an inspiration for today.
Explore thousands of years of Native American history in the John P. McGovern Hall of the Americas, a permanent exhibition at the Houston Museum of Natural Science.
You can see more images of this fascinating artifact – as well as the others we've posted so far this year – in the photo gallery on hmns.org.


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This week you will get the chance to learn a little about each of the new GingerBread Ladies!!
They have AMAZING things in store for you all week long!!!
Todays feature is *Amanda* Mrs. PhotoCowGirl herself!
Here is a little intro from Amanda!!
Hi everyone and happy Wednesday! (Thanks for the intro Ginger!) I have a few little goodies for you today and a fantastic 50% off sale.
But first a little about me…
I'm a mother, a wife, an All-American country girl, and a Christian. I enjoy anything crafty and my horse. I'm a photographer by profession, and now a digital scrapbook designer! So without further delay…
All you have to do to get the great little kit in the sneak peak is go to the forum and read about Amanda…
Enjoy, and don't forget to join me for a speed scrap this afternoon 2pm CST! I have another fun v-day goody to give away.
Oh, that kit looks pretty Amanda! See you in the forum!


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BEIJING, Feb. 21 (UPI) -- China says the United States may soon impose punitive duties on its drawn stainless steel sink exports.
The issue concerns duty investigations by the U.S. Commerce Department and its announcement of "affirmative final determination" on the Chinese product.
A preliminary determination in September alleged dumping by China of drawn stainless steel sinks, which are single or multiple drawn bowls and a smooth basin with seamless, smooth and rounded corners.
Dumping is said to have occurred when a foreign company is found to sell a product in the United States at less than fair value, aided by such measures as government subsidies.
The Commerce Department said Chinese producers and exporters sold the sinks at dumping margins of up to 76.53 percent. Exports of the products to the United States were valued at about $118 million in 2011.
Xinhua, the official Chinese news agency, said the "affirmative final determination" increases the possibility of imposition of punitive duties on the products. Chinese producers and exporters reportedly received subsidies.
The U.S. International Trade Commission is expected to make a final determination on the issue by April 5. If it finds the products caused material injury or threat to the U.S. industry, the Commerce Department will issue antidumping duty and countervailing duty orders.
China has said protectionism is making a comeback in the United States as the U.S. economy makes a sluggish recovery and that such actions would hurt U.S.-China trade relations critical to global economic recovery.
In December, the Chinese Commerce Ministry announced the United States replaced the European Union last year as the No. 1 market for Chinese exports, buying $319.4 billion of goods through November.
The Chinese ministry said U.S. purchases during the period represented an 8.2 percent increase from the same period of 2011. During the same period, China imported $119.2 billion of U.S. goods, up 8.1 percent year-on-year. The total two-way volume of trade between China and the United States of $438.62 billion gave China a trade surplus of more than $200 billion in the 11 months of 2012, up sharply from its surplus of $148.3 billion a year ago.
Chinese exports to the European Union declined 4.1 percent in the same 11-month period to $302.3 billion.
China's total foreign trade in the first 11 months of 2012 rose 5.8 percent year-on-year to $3.5 trillion. U.S.-China trade has expected to increase as the U.S. economy recovers.


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From WikiGallery
Horse Market, Persian Stables, Bombay - Edwin Lord Weeks - WikiGallery.org, the largest gallery in the world
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Horse Market, Persian Stables, Bombay
by Edwin Lord Weeks
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