text:
Abomasum – The fourth
and final chamber of the digestive system of ruminants. This
is where the enzymatic digestion occurs.
Ante mortem – Preceding
Banding – A method
of castration.
Billy – A male goat;
a buck.
Biosecurity – An awareness
of methods to prevent transmission of disease. Levels of biosecurity
go from 0 where animals and people are free to move and have
contact with other livestock to 5 where there is total restriction
of access to a farm (no outside visits to other farms where
livestock might be and no outside visitors allowed). Level
5 include total control of feed sources.
Birth Weight – How
much a kid weighs at birth.
Boer – A breed of
goats that originated in South Africa.
Breeding Season –
With dairy goats, the breeding season is normally in late
summer and early fall; Boer goats breed year around.
Brood Doe – An older
female retained for the express purpose of continuing her
genetics/bloodline by producing kids.
Browse – To feed or
graze on tender vegetation such as the shoots, leaves, or
twigs of shrubs or trees; the tender shoots, leaves, or twigs
of shrubs and trees used as food by goats.
Buck – A male goat;
Buckling – A young
male goat; a male kid.
Burdizzo – An instrument
used to castrate bucklings. This instrument severs the cord
without breaking the skin.
Butting – Ramming
someone or something with head or horns.
Cabrito – A word most
people associate to mean young goat.
Caprine – The genus
of goat; relating to or resembling a goat.
Castrate – Removing
the testicles of a male goat making reproduction impossible.
CC (Cubic Centimeter) –
A measurement for liquids. One cubic centimeter is the same
as 1 milliliter.
Chevon – A word made
up in the early 1900s to indicate goat meat. This word is
not in most dictionaries, and few people outside the goat-growing
community associates it with goats. It is a combination of
the French word "chevre" and the word for sheep,
Colostrum – The first
secretions from the mammary glands which contains antibodies
and minerals. This "first milk" is a thick fluid
necessary for healthy kids, produced immediately after giving
birth and before the production of milk. A kid needs a minimum
of 10% of its birth weight in colostrums during its first
24 hours after birth.
Copper – A micromineral.
A deficiency of copper in goats can be reflected in diarrhea,
unthriftiness, poor weight gain, light-colored hair, swollen
joints, easily broken bones, infertility, anemia, and a decreased
resistance to disease. On the other hand, too much copper
is toxic and can cause liver failure.
Creep Feeding – Providing
an area where feed is available to young, small goats but
where larger goats cannot intimidate. This promotes faster
growth in young kids.
Critical Temperature –
The minimum and maximum temperatures tolerated by goats before
additional energy through diet is required to maintain normal
body heat.
Cud – Partly digested
food goats (and other ruminants) return to their mouths after
it has been in the first stomach. This food is continuously
chewed to aid in digestion.
CWT – Hundred weight.
Prices at graded meat-goat auctions are often listed per hundred
pounds. To figure the price per pound, simply divide the CWT
price by 100.
Dam – The female parent.
Date of Birth – The
date an animal is born.
Deworm – To cure an
animal of an infestation of parasites.
Disbud – To remove
the horns from a young animal.
Doe – A mature female
Doeling – A female
kid under a year old.
Drylot – An area where
goats are held for extender periods of time.
Dry Off – After weaning
kids, the doe must quit producing milk. This is accomplished
by cutting the amount of grain to the doe. This is termed
the "drying off" period.
Ear Tags – A method
of identification.
Eggs Per Gram (EPG) –
Number of parasite eggs found per gram of fecal material (EPG)
of a given animal. To determine if you need a parasite control
program you must first assess the condition of the herd. The
most simple, most practical, lowest cost, and most widely
used method to determine a parasite problem is an EPG (eggs
per gram) of feces. The EPG is a laboratory procedure that
measures the number or the concentration of parasite eggs
in a fecal sample. When a cross-section of fecal samples of
the herd are analyzed, an EPG assessment can supply both a
general determination of the numbers of gastrointestinal parasites
the individual animals are carrying as well as the potential
for parasite transmission in the herd.
Elastrator – Castration
device that "strangles" the testicles with bands
when utilized.
Ennobled – A recognition
program to honor the best-of-the-best in the American Boer
Goat Association and the United States Boer Goat Association.
Fecal Exam – The process
of analyzing feces.
Fecal Worm Egg Counts –
Fecal egg counts help the farm manager determine if an animal
has too heavy of a parasite load and needs worming. Count
parasite eggs per gram of feces. This should be done both
pre- and post-worming to determine the effectiveness of the
Feces – The body's
excreted solid waste composed of undigested food, bacteria,
water, and bile.
Fecundity – The ability
to produce offspring.
Fetus – An embryo
with all the structural features recognizable.
Finishing – Supplementing
natural browse and graze with grains prior to slaughter.
Fitting – The act
of grooming a goat before a show of sale. Fitting consists
of bathing and trimming as goat's coat as well as trimming
Flushing – Increasing
feed and general nutritional levels (possibly by vitamin or
mineral injections) prior to breeding. This management technique
is said to improve ovulation rate.
Forcing Pen – A method
of confining animals prior to moving them into loading/treatment
Freshen – To kid and
begin producing milk.
Gambrel Restrainer –
Advertised as "…the complete sheep handler that
fits in your pocket." A quick, easy, inexpensive and
dependable way to restrain goats.
Genetics – A set of
inherited characteristics of an animal and the passing on
of factors such as color which results in similarities between
one family member and another.
Gestation – The process
of carrying offspring in the womb during pregnancy; the period
of development of kids.
Graft – To attach
or join; to get one doe to accept the offspring of another
as her own.
Hazard Analysis Critical Control
Point (HACCP) – An approach to food safety
anticipating and preventing dangerous situations and/or outcome.
Hoof Trimmers – The
tool used to trim toenails of goats.
Immunity – The body's
ability to resist disease either naturally or as a result
of vaccination.
Injection Locations –
The best site to give a goat a shot is a location where the
medicine will be the most effective without damage to expensive
cuts of meat. The preferred sites for IM injects are the neck
and triceps. The best site for a SQ shot is behind the shoulder
(arm pit), between the front legs on the chest floor, and
on the neck. It is advisable not to inject yourself in lieu
of the goat. The easiest location to give a shot is the loin
or hind leg areas; never give a meat goat an injection here.
International Unit (IU)
– A unit of measurement for drugs and vitamins.
Intramuscular Injection (IM)
–To administer treatment (fluids/medicines) into the
Intranasal (IN) –To
administer treatment via the nose.
Intravenous (IV) –
To administer treatment (fluids/medicines) into the veins.
Kid – Baby goat.
Kidding – The act
of having babies.
Lactation Period –
The period/time a doe's mammary gland is producing milk.
Linebreeding – Breeding
animals that are closely related to each other. If successful
traits appear from the breeding it's linebreeding; if undesirable
traits appear from the breeding it's in-breeding.
Livestock Guardian Dog (LGD) –A
dog that adopts and stays with the herd to protect them from
Loading Chute – Equipment
used for putting animals into a truck or trailer.
Maiden Doe – A young
animal bred for the very first time.
Manure – Animal excrement
frequently used as fertilizer for soil.
Markings – A pattern
of marks or identifying marks on the animal's coat.
McMasters Fecal Eggs Per Gram (EPG)
Test – Using a McMasters slide to count the
number of parasite eggs per gram for a fecal exam.
Meat Withholding –
The period of time between medicating and slaughter.
Milliliter (Ml) –
Unit of volume equip to 1/1000th of a liter.
Monogastric – Animals
with single compartmental stomachs; goats are not monogastric.
Nanny – A female goat.
Nanny Berries – Poop.
Necropsy – Autopsy.
Examining a dead body to determine the cause and circumstances
of death.
Omasum – The third
part of the stomach of a ruminant between the abomasums and
the reticulum.
Pasteurization – Treatment
of milk by heating it to destroy harmful bacteria, a process
discovered by Louis Pasteur. Heating milk to 145 degrees Fahrenheit
for 30 minutes kills most bacteria. The process of pasteurization
not only kills bacteria, but it also kills destroys nutrients
and some essential vitamins.
Pedigree – Ancestry
Percentage – The mathematical
determination of the amount of Boer ancestry in the animal.
Post Mortem – After
Postpartum – After
Prepartum – Before
Progeny – Offspring.
Prolificacy – Number
of offspring actually produced by a doe. Fruitful.
Protein – Complex
natural substance with a high molecular weight and a fibrous
structure composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
– present in all living things.
Purebred – A high
percentage Boer. With does the percentage must be 93% or higher
(but less than 100%); with bucks the percentage must be 97%
or higher (but less than 100%).
Purina Lamb/Kid Replacer
– A milk substitute used with bottle babies.
Quarantined – Isolated
in order to prevent spread of disease or contain contagious
or infections diseases.
Raw Milk – Milk that
has not been pasteurized.
Record Keeping – A
method devised by each individual to tract all aspects of
herd management. Record keeping enables the farmer to maintain
administrative procedures such as registration, offspring,
pedigrees, bloodlines, shows, medical treatments/vaccinations,
finances, and contacts.
Registered – Enrolled
with a breed association, having the owner's name officially
recorded along with a pedigree of the animal.
Registration Number –
An identification number assigned by the breed association.
Rehydrate – Replacing
fluids that have been lost from illness, fever or heat.
Rennet – A substance
containing the enzyme rennin used to make cheese. It is from
the 4th stomach and coagulates milk.
Reticulum – The second
(of four) stomachs in ruminants.
Rigor Mortis – The
stiffening of the body occurring after death. This is cause
by the coagulation of protein in the muscles.
Rumen – The first
stomach of a ruminant. This is the part of the stomach where
microorganisms bread down plant cellulose before the food
is returned to the mouth as cud for additional chewing.
Ruminant – A cud-chewing,
hoofed mammal whose stomach has multiple chambers and who
has an even number of toes.
Rumination – Regurgitating
partially digested food to chew it again.
Selenium – A nonmetallic
chemical element that occurs in several forms. Most of the
US is selenium deficient. A baby goat selenium deficient cannot
stand; this is knows as "white muscle disease."
Sire – The male parent.
South African Boer –
A breed of goats, characterized by a red head and white body,
originating in South Africa.
Stethoscope – A medical
instrument used for listening to breathing, heartbeats, and
other sounds made by the body.
Stress - Something that
causes mental or emotional strain.
Tattoos – Markings
on the skin (for goats either in the ears or on the tail web)
providing identification.
TSC – Tractor Supply
Trace Minerals (TM) –
Those required in small amounts.
Wean – To begin feeding
a young kid food other than its mother's milk; to remove from
the mother at weaning age.
Weaning Age – The
age does quit allowing their offspring to nurse; the age the
owner separates the offspring from the mother. (We recommend
weaning bucks at 3 months when they are capable of breeding
their dam.)
Weaning Weight –What
the animal weighs when separated from its mother.
Website – An important
marketing tool.
Wether – A male goat
who was castrated before becoming sexually mature; unable
to breed.
Withdrawal Time –
The amount of time one must wait after giving a drug to an
animal before that animal can be slaughtered for meat/human
Working Dog – A dog
kept in order to herd, guard, or guide.
Yearlings – Goats
between one and two years of age.
Condition Score – A value from 1 to 5 (thin
to fat) or 1 to 9 (extremely thin to extremely obese) used
to evaluate the condition (fat vs. muscle) of an animal.
Capillary Refill Time (CRT)
– The amount of time it takes the gums to return to
normal after the pressure of a thumb or finger has been removed.
Check Eyelids – Raise
the eyelids to determine the shade of pink; the darker the
better. Light/white is an indication of anemia.
Check Gums – Raise/lower
the lips to determine the shade of pink; the darker the better.
Light/white is an indication of anemia.
Cull – Removing animals,
especially sick or imperfect/inferior ones, from the herd.
Could also be a factor used to judge if an animal should be
removed from the herd. Animal that do not meet future breeding
Fish Teats – Boer
goats tend to have more teats than are necessary, sometimes
having two or more teats per side, or even having clusters
of teats, when there are multi orifices on the same teat and
the orifices are separated, this is know as fish teats. It
could be a problem during nursing, if the kid can not get
the teat into is mouth.
Heart Girth Depth –
The intensity, strength, and power of the area surrounding
the heart.
Heart Rate (Beats/Min) –
The heart rate is between 70-95 beats per minute.
Hocks – The lower
hind leg joints.
Orifices – An opening.
When used with goats, normally refers to too many openings
in the teats.
Overbite – A bad alignment
of the teeth in which the upper pad protrude too far over
the lower teeth. Short underjaw.
Respiratory Rate (Breaths/Min)
– The respiration in adults is 15-30 breaths per minute
and in kids 20-40 breaths per minute.
Rumen Contractions –
A healthy goat has rumen contractions (motility) from 1-4
times per minute.
Skin Tent – When giving
a shot SQ, pull up skin behind the front knee making a tent.
Teats – The body part
of the doe through which milk is excreted for the nourishment
of kids.
Temperature – Body
heat. The normal temperature of a goat is 102-104 degrees
Under Bite – A bad
alignment of the teeth in which the lower front teeth protrude
too far over the upper pad. Long underjaw.
48% Soybean Meal –
A high protein by-product of soybeans.
Alfalfa – A forage
crop in the pea family grown as hay or a forage crop.
Beet Pulp – Beets
are plants with large tuber roots, often fed to animals. Dried
beets contain a high concentration of sugar. The residue from
sugar beets provide an excellent source of high-energy feed,
especially for gestating and lactating goats. The leaf of
the beet is also used for livestock feed.
Black Oil Sunflower Seeds
– Black oil sunflower seeds are high in calories. In
addition, the seeds are rich in potassium, fatty acids, phosphorus,
vitamin E, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, manganese, zinc, and
calcium. They are 25% protein
Browse – To feed or
graze on tender vegetation such as shoots, leaves or twigs
of shrubs or trees.
Calcium to Phosphorus Ratio
– Balancing the amount of calcium and phosphorus in
feed to prevent urinary calculi.
Crushed Corn – Will
increase the utilization but the cost to crush outweighs any
Custom Feeding – Having
your livestock managed and fed in another facility for a fee.
Decoquinate – Coccidostats
compound shown to be effective against coccidian but is also
a thiamin inhibitor.
Diet – What an animal
normally consumes.
Dry Matter – How much
food the animal is getting after all the water/moisture is
taken out of it.
Flushing – Increasing
the amount of feed a doe is given the month before breeding
in an attempt to increase the number of kids she has.
Forage – The process
of searching for food by wandering around.
Free Choice – Having
feed (grains) available to the animals 24 hours a day.
Graze – To eat grass
and other vegetation in fields; using the land for feeding
Legumes – Plant that
has pods as fruits and roots that bear nodules containing
nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
Lil Kreep'r – A free-standing
commercially procured creep feeder. This is an excellent free-choice
feeder. A grated-entrance can be restricted to small animals
only, or the feeder can be used for larger animals if the
grate is removed.
Milk Formula – There
are many commercial milk-replacer formulas on the market.
We use a home-made formula of whole milk, evaporated milk,
and butter milk.
Minerals – While most
commercial feeds contain all the vitamins and minerals goats
require, feed can be supplemented by minerals in blocks, tubs,
or loose. As a minimum, a mineral mix should contain vitamins
A and D for general animal health and milk production, iodine
to prevent gout, selenium for strong muscles and to prevent
white muscle disease, calcium for bone development, phosphorus
(must be in proportion to the calcium to prevent urinary calculi),
iron for anemia, zinc to improve skin and hair condition.
Monensin – Medication
found to be of value in preventing coccidiosis in goats at
levels that also increase feed efficacy.
Protein Supplement –
Adding additional protein, i.e., soybean meal, to regular
PVC Trough – Poly Vinyl Chloride
– a hard, plastic sold in hardware and building supply
stores – can be cut in half and used for feeding.
Ration – The fixed
and limited amount of food given or allocated.
Roughage – Fiber.
Rotational Grazing –
Moving the animals from one field to another to prevent overgrazing
and to reduce infestation of parasites.
Rumensin – The trademarked
name for Monensin which enables goats to obtain more energy
from feed and improves feed efficiency in high energy feedlot
rations and modulates feed intake.
Silage – Fodder made
by storing green plant material where it is preserved by partial
TDN – The total digestible
nutrients in feed. This is one of four methods of determining
the amount of energy in feed.
Whole Corn – Shelled,
not crushed, corn kernels is classified as a grain and as
dry matter.
Abortion –Miscarriage.
The cancellation or ending of a pregnancy.
Abscesses – Pus-filled
cavities usually caused by bacterial infection.
Acidosis – Failure
of the mechanism that controls the acidity of the blood, other
body fluids, or body tissues so that it rises significantly
and causes a low blood pH. In goats this is normally due to
eating too much grain.
Aflatoxin – A toxic
compound produced by a mold fungus in agricultural crops,
especially peanuts, and in animal feeds that have not been
carefully stored.
Anemia – Blood containing
too few red blood cells or red blood cells deficient in hemoglobin.
With goats this is often caused by blood-sucking parasites.
Anemia causes poor health and/or death. At Clear Creek Farms
we treat anemia in goats with Geritol and/or Magic.
Atrophy – To shrink
or waste away, usually caused by illness or injury.
Bloat – To become
swollen or inflated; a disease affecting goats when there
is excessive gas in the rumen. Normally bloat will be caused
by eating too much "new" grass or too much grain,
especially whole corn. According to Hoegger Goat Supplies'
web site, "A goat with bloat will show signs of severe
distress, grunting, slobbering, much restless activity, and
labored breathing."
Bots – An intestinal
disease caused by infection with botfly larvae.
Bottle Jaw – An accumulation
of fluid in the intermandibular space - a condition more prevalent
in pasture animals because of their stance while grazing.
This gravity-dependent seepage of fluid is due to low blood
protein and is typically caused by heavy parasitism.
Breech Birth – Incorrect
presentation for delivery. In a normal delivery, the feet
are pointing downward; in a breech birth the feet are pointing
Brucellosis "Bang's Disease"
– A bacterial disease of goats caused by Brucella
melitensis or Brucella abortus. Brucellosis in goats is rare
in the United States.
Camplylobacter Bacteria
– A bacteria that causes diarrhea, normally found in
the intestines.
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
– A virus similar to AIDS in humans. It is transmitted
through body fluids, especially milk from an affected animal.
CAE viral infection results in arthritis in adult animals
and encephalitis in kids between 2 and 6 months of age. Other
clinical presentations can include a hard udder or mastitis,
hypogalactia, chronic interstitial pneumonia, and progressive
weight loss.
Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)
– Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, an abscess containing
a thick yellow-green pus with little or no odor, normally
located in the lymph nodes, especially around head, chest,
flanks; but can also occur in spinal cord, spleen, lungs,
kidney, liver, abdominal cavity, and/or brain. There is no
cure, but CL can be managed using a vaccine made from the
pus from an infected animal in your herd (autogenous vaccine).
There is no on-label commercial vaccine approved for goats.
Chlamydia – Spherical
bacterium that causes several eye and urogenital disease;
this can be a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium
Chlamydia trachomatis.
Chlamydiosis – Enzootic
abortion. If infected before or soon after birth, the doe
aborts during last 4-6 weeks of her first pregnancy; she usually
does not abort again.
Clostridial Diseases –
Malignant edema, a wound infection that is characterized by
edema, gas gangrene and septicemia and is caused by Clostridium
septicum; Enterotoxemia, enteritis with severe toxemia caused
by Clostridium perfringens; and Tetanus, a wound infection
that causes paralysis and death caused by Clostridium tetani.
Cryptosporidiosis –
Infectious condition characterized by fever, diarrhea, and
stomach cramps. It is spread by a protozoan of the genus Cryptosporidium.
Diarrhea – A frequent
and excessive discharging of the bowels producing abnormally
thin watery feces, usually as a symptom of gastrointestinal
upset or infection.
E. Coli (Escherichia coli)
– A bacteria normally found in the intestines but commonly
causing infection in other parts of the body.
Eimeria Arloingi –
One of the three pathogens in goats that cause coccidiosis.
Eimeria Christenseni –
One of the three pathogens in goats that cause coccidiosis.
Eimeria Christenseni is normally found in the small intestines.
Elmeria Ninakohlyakimovae
– One of the three pathogens in goats - intestinal crypts
causing coccidiosis.
Emaciation – To become
thin to the point of being unhealthy.
Encephalitis – Brain
inflammation usually caused by a viral infection.
Enteritis – Inflammation
of the intestines, normally the small intestines.
Enterotoxemia – Called
"overeating disease" even though it is not caused
by overeating, the cause of this disease is the toxin produced
by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens type C or type D.
These bacteria are normally present in the soil and intestines.
The disease is associated with lush, fast-growing pasture,
feeding grains, or too much milk.
Entertoxemia Type C –
Type C produces a toxin called 'Beta Toxin' which causes intestinal
necrosis and severe intestinal bleeding.
Entertoxemia Type D –
The Type D infection is more common than Type C. Type D produces
Epsilon Toxin that causes vascular damage and increases permeability
(the rate at which something passes through a membrane) facilitating
its own absorption.
Entropin – A condition
where the eyelid turns in.
External Parasites –
Parasites such as lice found on the hair and skin or in the
nasal and ear passages. Ticks and lice cause severe blood
loss resulting in anemia. Young and incapacitated animals
are the most severely affected. Flies and other biting insects
are a source of irritation.
Fever – Abnormally
high body temperature.
Flies– External parasites.
Foot Rot – Foot rot,
also known as necrotic pododermatitis, is also caused by a
bacteria. University of Missouri researchers believe foot
rot is caused by two bacteria, Fusobacterium necrophorum
and Bacteroides melaninogenicus, but staphylococci, streptococci,
corynebacterium, or fungus may also cause the infection. While
foot rot is prevalent with wet conditions, it also appears
during times of drought. Foot rot is indicated by swelling,
redness of the tissue above the hoof, and a distinctive odor.
Often the walls of the hooves will separate with the space
becoming filled with dirt and grime. The goat will normally
have a low-grade temperature.
Foot Scald - Also known
as interdigital dermatitis. This is caused by bacteria and
normally occurs when we have an excessive amount of rain and
the goats are walking around in mud and muck. The indication
of foot scald is a white spot on the skin between the toes;
often this area is swollen. Since goats are extremely sensitive
to pain anyway, foot scald can cause lameness, and severely
affected animals refuse to stand. This affects most facets
of their lives; they don't want to eat, and they don't want
to breed.
Gastroenteritis –
Stomach and intestinal inflammation caused by an infection,
either viral or bacterial.
Helminths – Parasites.
Hookworm – A blood-sucking
parasite that attaches itself to the intestinal walls.
Hypocalcaemia (hypocalcemia) –
Commonly called Milk Fever – a misnomer since one of
the symptoms is a low temperature. This is caused by extremely
low levels of calcium in the blood. This disease is more commonly
associated with dairy goats. Within 1 to 3 weeks following
kidding, the doe lacks muscle control, becomes nervous and
hyperactive. She quits eating; ears and mouth are cold to
the touch. Symptoms are easily confused with polioencephalomalacia,
enterotoxemia, poisoning, and listeriosis. The head may be
turned back to the flank, and the hind legs are spread wide
and outward. The heart is very hard to hear or feel) and beats
quickly and weakly. Death follows bloat, regurgitation of
rumen contents and aspiration.
Hypomagnesaemia (hypomagnesemia)
– Easily confused with hypocalcaemia, this
ailment is caused by low levels of magnesium in the blood.
Hypothermia – Dangerously
and abnormally low body temperature.
Intermediate Host –
An animal that is the host for an immature parasite which
then moves on to a different body before reproducing.
Internal Parasites –
Worms located in the lungs, stomach, or intestines of goats.
Intestinal Parasites –
Worms that cause weight loss, poor growth, diarrhea, anemia,
and edema ("bottle jaw"). Haemonchus contortus
and Ostertagia circumcinta are the main problems in goats
in our area.. Goats never develop resistance to internal parasites.
Adequate management, to include pasture rotation, attention
to overstocking, and deworming, is critical.
Johne's Disease –
Paratuberculosis, commonly called Johne's disease, is
a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacteriium avium paratuberculosis.
It causes chronic enteritis and wasting. This is a contagious
disease, with no good diagnostic procedure, that is spread
through the ingestion of feed and water contaminated with
Keds – Bloodsucking
ticks (Melophagus ovinus).
Ketones – The cause
for Ketosis (Pregnancy Toxemia), which can occur in pregnant
does late in their pregnancy. The doe will rapidly metabolize
fat from her body stores producing ketones (a toxic by-product)
and the symptoms of the disease.
Laminitis (Founder) –
An inflammation of the sensitive tissue (laminae) lying below
the layer of horn which covers the hoof.
Leucocyte – White
blood cells.
Lethargic – Sluggish,
tired, lack of energy.
Liver Flukes – A parasite
that infects the liver.
Lochia – The normal
vaginal discharge the doe has following kidding ; this dark
blood substance may be present for several weeks.
Lungworms – A parasitic
nematode worm that inhabits the lungs, sometimes causing coughs
or respiratory distress.
Lymph Nodes – Any
of numerous oval bodies, distributed throughout the lymphatic
system, that produce and house lymphocytes and filter microorganisms
and other particles from lymph.
Mange – Mange is an
infectious skin disease of animals caused by mites, a tiny
eight-legged creature related to spiders and tick, and results
in hair loss, scabs, and itching.
Mastitis – An inflammation
of the udder caused, normally, by a bacterial infection. The
udder may appear hot, painful and hard. The affected may have
a characteristic change from a normal milk secretion to a
watery or yellow secretion.
Metritis – The inflammation
of the uterus.
Milk Fever – Hypocalcaemia.
A disorder characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium
in the blood.
Mucous Membranes –
The moist linings in the body passages containing mucus-secreting
Murmur – A fluttering
sound, usually heard via a stethoscope, originating from the
lungs, heart, or arteries. This may indicate disease or structural
Mycotoxin – A poisonous
substance produced by a fungus.
Nitrate Poisoning –
When excessive nitrate accumulations occur due to abnormal
conditions, such as during drought condition and high soil
nitrate levels due to high rates of nitrogen fertilization,
following a soaking rain toxic levels of nitrates accumulate
in plants.
Oocyst – A stage in
the life of coccidia found in manure, the fertilized gamete
(male or female cell with half the normal number of chromosomes
that unites with another cell of the opposite sex in the process
of sexual reproduction).of certain parasitic organisms (sporozoans)
that is enclosed in a thick wall.
Parasites (Worms) –
An animal that lives on or in another, usually larger, host
organism in a way that harms or is of no advantage to the
Parturient Paresis –
Muscular weakness or partial inability to move caused by diseases
of the nervous system occurring at the time of giving birth.
Pain – An unpleasant
physical discomfort – often acute discomfort.
Pinkeye – Pinkeye,
also known as conjunctivitis, is extremely contagious, spreading
from goat to goat. Our first recommendation is to isolate
any goat with pinkeye immediately! Pinkeye is caused by several
organisms and can be transmitted by flies or dust. A goat
with pinkeye will have a cloudy area in the center of the
eye or will appear to have an ulcer on the cornea.
(Goat Polio) –A disturbance of the central
nervous system caused by a thiamin deficiency. Symptoms include
"star gazing", and arched back with head thrown
back over the shoulder, lack of appetite, and refusal to drink.
Treatment consists of 200 to 500 mg of thiamin injected intravenously,
intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. There is little chance
to overdose with thiamin since it is water soluble and excess
is eliminated by the kidneys. Dexamethasone may also be administered
with the thiamine to reduce brain swelling.
Pregnancy Toxemia (Ketosis)
– A condition caused by the sudden extra demand for
energy by the fast-growing kids in the last few weeks of pregnancy.
In meeting the nutritional needs of the kids, the doe will
metabolize fat resources from her body to maintain pregnancy.
Symptoms are depression, weak, lack of interest in food, poor
muscle control, and poor balance. Many does will show a positive
test for ketone bodies in the urine. Treatment with Magic
will often save the live of the doe and kids.
Ringworm –A fungal
disease of the skin, scalp, or nails in which intensely itchy
patches develop. Also known as "hot spots."
Salmonella – A bacteria
found in the intestines known to cause gastroenteritis, food
poisoning, and typhoid fever.
Scrapie – Usually
a fatal disease affecting the nervous system of sheep and
goats. It is marked by intense itching and the loss of muscular
Scours – A medical
term for diarrhea.
Shipping Fever – Respiratory
disease usually accompanying movement of goats over long distances.
Sore Feet – A condition
caused by incorrect hoof trimming, foot scald, laminitis,
or foot rot.
Soremouth – Soremouth,
also called orf or contagious ecthyma, is a highly contagious
virus of the Pox family. Symptoms, transmission, and treatment
in goats is similar to symptoms, transmission, and treatment
of chickenpox in human children. Young animals are the most
susceptible to developing lesions around the lips, eyelids,
nose, etc.; but adult does tend to have more violent outbreaks
on their udder, teats, and feet. This disease is easily spread
to people when they come in contact with infected goats with
the infection normally centered on the hands or face.
Stomach Worms – Blood-sucking
parasites. Common stomach worms found in goats are the large
stomach worm (Haemonchus contortus), the medium stomach worm
(Ostertagia circumcincta or O. trifurcata), and the small
stomach worm (Trichostrongylus axei). In Tennessee Haemonchus
is the most prevalent.
Swelling of Joints –
A common symptom of CAE. An increase in size of the joint
typically caused by injury, infection, or disease.
Systemic Disease –
Physiology affecting the whole body as distinct from having
a local effect.
Tapeworms – A flatworm
with a long ribbon-shaped segmented body that exists in many
varieties and lives mainly as a parasite in the gut of vertebrate
Urinary Calculi –
A stone in the urinary track – extremely painful for
a buck. The condition is caused by the phosphate crystals
collecting in the bladder and passing into the narrow penis/the
urethra, causing obstruction and blockage to urine flow.
Vaginal Prolapse –
The vagina protrudes during late pregnancy. This is a genetic
problem, and does who have vaginal prolapses should be culled
as well as their female offspring.
White Muscle Disease –
Selenium deficiency causes damage to muscle tissue and gives
muscles a whitish appearance. Both skeletal muscles (legs
and back) and non-skeletal muscles (heart) may be affected
with newborns having difficulty walking and/or nursing. Another
symptom is respiratory distress.
Worms – Parasites.
An infestation of parasites affecting the intestines or others
parts of the body.
Zoonosis – A disease
goats (vertebrate animals) pass to other animals (humans).
7% Iodine – Disinfectant
use on the navels of newborn goats to help dry up the navels
and closing the passageway into the body of the goat. Some
people also dip the hooves of newborns in iodine to prevent
tetanus from the dirt from being absorbed by the body.
Abortifacients – Drugs
or toxins that cause abortions.
Albon – A treatment
for coccidiosis.
Aminoglycoside Antibiotic
– A type of antibiotic that works against many types
of bacteria and includes streptomycin, gentamicin, and neomycin.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics inactivate enzymes in actinomycetes.
This antibiotic is linked with amino sugars.
Anthelmintic – A drug
that destroys parasitic worms or flushes out intestinal parasitic
Antibiotics –A drug
capable of killing bacteria or rendering bacteria inactive.
Antibiotics are derived from microorganisms, especially fungi,
or are synthetically produced.
Antiseptic Ointment –
A cream or salve designed to reduce or prevent infection by
eliminating or reducing the growth of a microorganism.
Antiseptic Solution –
A liquid designed to reduce or prevent infection by eliminating
or reducing the growth of a microorganism.
Antitoxin – An antibody
produced in response to a particular toxin.
Aspirin – A pain relieving
drug derived from salicylic acid used to relieve pain and
inflammation, to lower fever, and to reduce the risk of blood
clotting within an artery.
Baking Soda – Sodium
bicarbonate used to neutralize acid in the stomach of goats.
Banamine – The brand
name of flunixin meglumine, an injectable non-steroid anti-inflammatory
drug used for pain and fever.
Biomycin – An anti-infect
ant antibacterial for intramuscular or subcutaneous administration
to speed up the healing process. Biomycin is an OTC product,
a brand name for Oxytetracycline, with a broad range of uses.
Our vet recommends 1 cc per 25 pounds either SQ or IM.
Biosol –This drug
is produced by Pfizer and contains 200 mg neomycin sulfate
per ml and is used for the treatment of bacterial diarrhea
and bacterial enteritis. The manufacturer's recommended
treatment: daily doses for treatment of bacterial diarrheas
is 1 teaspoon per 100 pounds for a maximum of 14 days. Withdrawals:
cattle: 1 day; sheep: 2 days; and swine/goats: 3 days.
Blood Stop –A blood
coagulant that stops severe surface bleeding from wounds and
cuts immediately. Blood Stop is recommended for use in controlling
minor bleeding from superficial cuts and wounds and after
dehorning. It is approved for use on all animals. There are
multiple manufacturers of this product.
Bolus – An antibiotic
in a very large pill form.
Boosters – Depending
on the vaccine, a booster – or additional shot(s) –
is given at specified times, usually either 2, 3, or 4 weeks
or annually after the initial vaccine.
BoSe – An injectable
solution containing Vitamin E and selenium. Our vet recommends
this Schering-Pough product prior to breeding and within the
last 30 days of pregnancy at a dose of 2 cc.
CD Antitoxin – On
label for goats. For use as an aid in the temporary prevention
or treatment of Clostridial enterotoxemia caused by types
B,C, and D toxin.
CD/T – A vaccine for
immunizing sheep, goats & cattle against tetanus and overeating
disease caused by Cl. Perfringens and Types C and D Tetanus
Cimetidine – A vet
prescribed medicine used for the treatment and/or prophylaxis
of gastric, abomasal and duodenal ulcers, uremic gastritis,
stress-related or drug- induced erosive gastritis, esophagitis,
duodenal gastric reflux and esophageal reflux.
Clostridium – A rod-shaped,
usually motile, gram-positive bacterium that can cause serious
illnesses including botulism, tetanus, and gas gangrene.
Coccidiosis – A disease
of domestic animals/goats and birds, and occasionally humans,
caused by coccidia in the intestines, this causes diarrhea.
An oocyst that can destroy the lining of the small intestine
causing severe diarrhea and often death.
Corid – An anti-coccidia
agent, a formulation of amprolium, that comes in powder, crumbles,
or oral solution. Withdrawal times not established for goats.
It is manufactured by Merial and used for the treatment of
coccidiosis. It is also used for prevention of pneumonia and
scours. While off-label for goats, the manufacturer's
recommended treatment as a drench is to mix 3 oz of the powder
with 1 quart of water and give 1 oz per each 100 pounds for
5 days. This drug has a wide margin of safety.
Corticosteroidsa –
Steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Examples
are aldosterone, hydrocortisone, or cortisone.
Covexin 8 – A vaccine
by Schering-Plough that protects against against diseases
caused by Clostridium chauvoei, Cl. septicum, Cl. haemolyticum
(known elsewhere as Cl. novyi type D), Cl. novyi, Cl. tetani,
and Cl. perfringens types C and D.
Cydectin – Off label
for goats. Manufactured by Fort Dodge, this wormer, Moxidectin,
is a topical formulation for control of roundworms, lungworms,
grubs, lice, and mites in cattle; it also provides 7 days
of protection against horn flies. People who use this product
recommend 1 cc per 20, 22, or 25 pounds (depending on who
is doing the recommending) administered orally. Since this
is off-label for goats, there is no known withdrawal time.
Dextrose – A sugar
produced during cellular metabolism in plant and animal tissue.
It is found in many fruits, especially grapes, and is a major
component of honey and corn syrup.
Dosage – The measured,
prescribed amount of medicine to be administered.
Drenching – To administer
medicines orally.
Durasect – On label
for goats. A ready-to-use pour-on manufactured by Pfizer,
designed for the control of horn flies, face flies, lice and
aids in the control of horse flies, stable flies and house
Dvmectin –Off label
for goats. Liquid manufactured for horses for the effective
treatment and control of a range of parasites.
Epinephrine – Epinephrine
injection is used to treat life-threatening allergic reactions.
Epinephrine works by relaxing the muscles in the airways and
tightening the blood vessels. Our vet recommends a dose of
1cc per 100 lbs. – administered slowly.
Eqvalan – Off label
for goats. Trademarked by Merial, provides effective control
of the following parasites: large strongyles, small strongyles,
pinworms, ascarids, hairworms, large-mouth stomach worms (Habronema
muscae); bots, lungworms, and intestinal threadworms.
Epernix – Off label
for goats. A clear wormer. Recommended dose for goats is 1cc
per 22 lbs. administered orally.
Extra Label Drug Use –
Using a drug that is off label for a specific species. If
there are no approved products for a specific disease condition,
or if approved products are deemed ineffective by the veterinarian,
the FDA allows Extra-label Drug Use by veterinarians. FDA
rules require the veterinarian have established a Veterinarian-Client-Patient
relationship, be available for follow-up consultation, and
calculate a reasonable withdrawal time to ensure that residue
contaminated meat does not enter the food chain. It is imperative
you develop a relationship with your veterinarian.
Foot Bath – Making
goats stand in (or walk through) chemicals used for the treatment
of foot rot and foot scald. Foot baths normally contain zinc
or copper sulfate.
Flunixamine – Recommended
for the alleviation of inflammation and pain associated with
musculoskeletal disorders; the active ingredient is Fluxixin
Fluxixin Meglumine –
A strong, non-narcotic, nonsteroidal, analgesic agent with
anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity.
Fortified Vitamin B Complex
– A high protein, injectable water-based multi-vitamin
complex solution used in the relief of vitamin B deficiencies
and to provide supplemental nutritional vitamins. Our vet
recommends a dose of 3cc to 5cc depending on the size of the
animal. This vitamin tends to increase a goat's appetite.
Gauge Needle – Needle
size/thickness. The higher the gauge, the thinner the needle.
Gentamicin – An aminoglycoside
antibiotic, usually administered by injection, used for many
bacterial infections. This drug is not approved for meat animals.
It can be used, along with equal parts of sterile water and
dexamethasone, for the treatment of pink eye.
Geritol – Off label
for goats. This human, over-the-counter drug, found in most
grocery stores, is a vitamin and mineral supplement high in
iron. It is used to treat anemia caused by parasites. The
recommended dosage is 5cc no more than twice a day.
Goat Ade – On label
for goats. Manufactured by Carolina Animal Health Lab and
sold by Mr. Furney Register, Goat Ade is a vitamin supplement
designed to give newborns a "quick start" or boost
of energy. It is also useful when the goat is stressed (possibly
from an overload of worms or going to/returning from shows).
The recommended dose is 2cc at birth or 15cc per 50 lbs.
Gordon's Goat & Sheep Spray
– A water-based product containing permethrin insecticide
for control of external parasites/flies.
Ivomec Sheep Drench –
Off label for goats. Manufactured by Merial, this wormer provides
treatment and control of adult and fourth-stage larvae of
roundworms and lungworms, and all larval stages of nasal bots.
The label recommendation is to administer orally at a dose
of 3 ml per 26 lbs body weight – for sheep. Due to the
high dosage, this is not a cost-effective wormer for goats.
Lactated Ringers –
A type of intravenous fluid, often used in trauma situations,
which mimics the chemistry of human blood. These are used
to replenish fluids in a dehydrated goat.
LA 200 – Off label
for goats. One of many brand names for Oxytetracycline –
an effective antibiotic.
Lutalyse (PGF2A or Prostaglandin)
– A drug, manufactured by Pfizer, used for estrus control.
Modified Live Virus Vaccine (MIV)
– Modified-live vaccines provide stronger, longer-lasting,
and more rapid protection than killed virus vaccines. They
are normally less expensive but have a potential to become
active and cause disease, especially in a patient with a weakened
immune system.
Naxcel – Off label
for goats. Sterile Powder ceftiofur sodium broad-spectrum,
injectable antibiotic for the treatment of respiratory infections
Nutri-Drench – According
to Bovidr Laboratories, "Nutri-Drench is a natural,
high energy source containing high vitamins, minerals, amino
acids and glucose. These nutrients support life and are needed
quickly to restore a non-functioning immune system."
Oral (OP) – By mouth.
OTC (Over the Counter) –
Drugs that do not require a prescription; they can be bought
Oxytocin – A hormone
that controls lactation and reproductive phases of the goat.
Panacur – Off label
for goats. A brand name for Fenbendazole. Treatment is necessary
for 3 consecutive days. Treatment may require a second course
depending on which parasite is being treated. It is used against
roundworms, hookworms, and is also effective against Giardia
and several species of lungworm and some flukes.
Penicillin G – Off
label for goats. For use in the treatment of disease organisms
susceptible to penicillin. Long-acting antibiotic indicated
for treatment of bacterial infections.
Pepto Bismol – Off
label for goats. An over-the-counter human drug manufactured
by Procter & Gamble used to stop diarrhea and settle upset
stomachs. (We use it mixed with Biomycin to stop scours.)
Probios – On label
for goats. A produce containing microorganisms beneficial
to keep the rumen functioning. Any time we give an antibiotic
that kills harmful bacteria, we administer a dose (5cc to
10cc) of "blue stuff" – Probios Gel –
to replenish the good bacteria in the rumen.
Prostaglandin (Pgf2a) –
A substance that resembles a hormone/the unsaturated fatty
acid found in all mammals that control smooth muscle contractions,
blood pressure, body temperature, and inflammation.
Red Cell – A foul-tasting
(from the reaction of our goats) beef peptone and liver, iron,
copper, cobalt, vitamins A, B12, D, E, B-complex, used to
replace natural red blood cells lost to anemia. Since this
product reportedly does contain animal offal, we prefer to
give our goats Geritol.
Revaccination – To
vaccinate again.
Side Effects – Expected
or unexpected occurrences following medications.
SMZ Tablets – An antibacterial
medicine to treat infections of the urinary tract, respiratory
tract, small intestine, wounds, and coccidiosis.
Subcutaneously (SQ) –
Giving a shot under the skin.
Tetanus – An infectious
disease contacted through an open sore or wound. The disease
causes severe muscle spasms, especially around the neck and
Tetanus Antitoxin –
A treatment for tetanus that takes effect almost immediately
after the injection and only stays in the system for up to
10 days.
Tetanus Toxoid – A
highly purified and concentrated vaccine to provide the strongest
possible protection against tetanus.
Tetracycline – An
antibiotic made from chlortetracydine.
Thiamin – Vitamin
B1. A thiamin deficiency can cause goat polio (Polioencephalitis,
Polioencephalomalacia, PEM). Thiamin is a prescription drug
but can be found in lesser strength in Vitamin B Complex (Fortified
Vitamin B Complex has an even greater thiamin strength.) Thiamin
enhances circulation, helps with blood formation, and helps
with the metabolism of carbohydrates.
Tylosin – Off label
for goats. A broad spectrum antibiotic with good anti-bacterial
activity against most pathogenic organism such as gram positive
bacterium, some gram negative bacterium and is the drug of
choice against infections caused by mycoplasma.
Vaccinations – An
inoculation with a vaccine to produce immunity. Protect against
disease by introducing a serum, antigen, or weakened form
of the disease into the body to create immunity.
Vaccines – Medicine
contained weakened or dead microbes that cause a particular
disease. This inoculation is administered to stimulate the
immune system to produce antibodies against the disease.
Valbazen – Off label
for goats. This is a broad spectrum anthelmintic effective
in the removal and control of the following internal parasites:
liver flukes, heads and segments of tapeworms, stomach worms,
brown stomach worms, barberpole worms, small stomach worms,
intestinal worms, thread-neck intestinal and small intestinal
worms, hookworms, and lungworms. Do not use if the doe is
pregnant; this drug is associated with abortions and/or birth
defects if used within the first 60 days of gestation. With
cattle and sheep there is a 27 day slaughter withdrawal.
Vetwrap – A self adhesive
support bandage.
Vitamin B – See Thiamin.
Afterbirth – The placenta and membranes expelled
from the uterus after birth – usually within 3 to 6
Breeding Season –
The period of time, from a few hours to a few days, a doe
is in standing heat and ready to be bred.
Buck Collection –
Semen collection from male goats is another form of managing
risk associated with buck ownership. Buck collection allows
access to the genetics of a particular buck even when the
buck is no longer on the premises or even after the buck has
passed on. The owner may choose to retain frozen straws of
semen for future use or sell them to someone else who recognizes
the quality of a particular buck. Buck collection is a form
of risk management as insurance in case the buck unexpectedly
expires. This allows access to the genetics of a particular
bloodline whether the buck is available or not. Semen collection
from any buck is a form of insurance that minimizes risk in
case loss of a buck occurs.
Carrier – Living creature
infected with a disease and can pass it to others but does
not itself display any of the symptoms; or an animal carrying
a gene for a particular genetic trait or disorder without
being affected by it, because two copies of the gene, one
from each parent, are usually necessary for the disorder to
show itself.
CIDR – Control Internal
Drug Release device – off label for goats.
Cloning –Producing
a genetically identical organism. From a single cell creating
an organism that is genetically identical to its donor. In
1998, First cloned goat, "Mira," is conceived through
the process of nuclear transfer of cells from a 40-day-old
embryo. The first cloned Boer goat at Texas A&M, named
"Second Addition" (registered name Downen TX 63
684) was born on March 29, 2001. The donor was an 8-year-old
Boer Champion doe and a top producer in Ewing and Donna Downen's
breeding program in Early, TX.
Corpus Luteum – A
yellow mass of tissue that forms in part of the ovary after
ovulation and secretes the hormone progesterone.
Crossbreeding – Breeding
new strains of genetically different animals.
Dystocia – An abnormal
or difficult birth.
Epididymis – A coiled
tube attached to the back and upper side of the testicle that
stores sperm and is connected to the vas deferens.
Estrogen –Any of several
steroid hormones, produced mainly in the ovaries, that stimulate
estrus and the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.
This hormone causes regression of the corpus luteum.
Estrus – A period
of sexual excitement in many female mammals during which the
animal seeks to mate. Signs of estrus in goats include a swollen
vagina; doe receptive to buck, standing for mating; frequent
urination; mounting other does; tail flagging; and mucous
chrysalis is cheesy.
Estrus Cycle – A doe
will cycle every 17 to 21 days.
Fertile – Capable
of breeding and reproducing; used to describe an egg with
the capacity to grow and develop.
Fertility – The quality
or condition of being fertile.
Gestation – Length
of pregnancy. For goats this is 143 to 155 days.
Heat – Estrus.
Linebreeding – The
deliberate mating of closely related individuals in order
to retain characteristics of a common ancestor.
Melatonin - A hormone derived
from serotonin and secreted by the pineal gland that produces
changes in the skin color and is important in regulating biorhythms.
Multiparous – Used
to describe an animal that normally gives birth to two or
more offspring at one time or having more than two pregnancies.
Nulliparous – Having
never given birth to a living kid.
Ovary – The female
reproductive organ that produces eggs (ovum).
Parous – Females who
have given birth at least once.
Parturition – Act
of giving birth.
Placenta – An organ
that develops in the uterus of pregnant mammals to supply
oxygen and nourishment to the fetus through an umbilical cord.
Puberty – Boys reach
puberty as early as 2 months of age having the ability to
impregnate does. Does enter puberty at 8 months (normally).
Reproduction Management
– Hormones can be used to manipulate estrus synchronization
in the doe so as many does as possible come into estrus when
you want them to. External progesterone sources such as an
implant or CIDR can be used to interrupt the doe's cycle.
When the progesterone is removed, most does will come into
heat within 24 hours.
Reproductive Health –
The causes of poor reproduction in the goat herd often go
unrecognized and unresolved, but can markedly reduce productivity.
In order to detect reduced fertility and a corresponding low
conception rate, a breeding soundness evaluation should be
performed on herd sires prior to the breeding season. Semen
quality and quantity should be analyzed by a trained technician.
Scrotal Circumference Parameters
– Sperm production is year round with Boer
bucks. The best forecaster of sperm production is testicular
weight, and the best predictor of testicular weight in goat
bucks is scrotal circumference. A special tape for measuring
scrotal circumference gives a relatively accurate estimation
of the buck's ability to produce semen. The scrotal circumference
(at the widest point) should be measured, since this correlates
with fertility and semen production. As a general rule, Boer
bucks should measure 26 to 29 cm at 100 pounds. (Dairy bucks
should measure 25 to 28 cm at 100 pounds.)
Serving Capacity –
Libido or sex drive. Bucks must be disease free, in good condition,
and possess enough libido to pursue, mount, and service the
doe herd. Normally the buck-to-doe ration should be between
1:25 to 1:50.
Spermatozoan (Sperm) –
The male reproductive cell with an oval head with a nucleus,
a short neck, and a tail by which it moves to find and fertilize
an ovum.
Stanchion – An upright
frame in which the neck of the goat is confined – for
milking or AI.
Synchronization –
Getting does to come into estrus (cycle) at the same time.
This is a very important management technique when doing an
embryo transfer or if you need to program does to use as teases
at a buck collection.
Uterus – A part of
the female reproductive tract where the embryo is nourished
and develops before birth.
Zygote – A fertilized
ovum (egg).
Insemination (AI)
AI Light and Battery Pack
– Essential for seeing inside the doe when doing artificial
insemination. A light on the end of a wan, which is inserted
into the Speculum to allow you to view the cervix to determine
it the does is ready for insemination.
Artificial Insemination (AI)
– A management technique that has been available to
American producers for several decades. Using frozen semen
to impregnate a doe…an excellent way of improving the
genetics of a herd without buying and maintaining an expensive
buck. AI involves collection of semen from a buck and transfer
of the semen to the reproductive tract of the doe. Does can
be inseminated with either fresh semen or with commercially
available frozen semen.
Cane – Receptacle
that holds the semen. This metal container holds the goblets
that contain the semen straws
Cane Code – An identification
assigned by the collector to the individual buck being collected.
This identification is placed on the top of the cane and recorded
on the accompanying paperwork.
Canister Number –
Semen tanks contain six canisters; each is numbered.
French Insemination Gun
– The tool used to deposit the semen at the proper location.
The AI gun is threaded through the cervix to deposit semen
in the uterus.
Goblets – The containers
for the canes.
Insemination Sheaths –
Plastic covers for the AI gun.
Laparoscopic Artificial Insemination
– A method used to deposit semen directly into the horn
of the fallopian tube.
Liquid Nitrogen Tank –
Also known as Semen Tank – the canister that holds the
liquid nitrogen (coolant which keeps the sperm frozen).
Non-Spermicidal Lubricant
– A friction-reducing substance that will not kill viable
Semen – A thick white
fluid containing sperm.
Semen Evaluation –
Testing the semen for viability.
Semen Tank – Also
known as a Liquid Nitrogen Tank – the canister designed
to hold the coolant which keeps the sperm frozen.
Semen Thawing Thermos –
An insulated tool with built-in thermometer for cooling
Speculum –An orifice
opening instrument used in gynecological exams for spreading
the vaginal walls.
Straw Cutter – A small
device designed to snip the end off the straws before putting
the straw into the AI gun.
Straws – The packaging
system for storing semen is either 5 ml or 0.5 ml plastic
straws. Semen is diluted to the desired concentration and
the straws are filled and labeled as part of the collecting
Straw Tweezers – Long
tweezers used to remove the frozen straws from the goblets
inside the liquid nitrogen tank
Transcervical Artificial Insemination
– Penetrating the rings of the cervix to deposit semen
thus establishing pregnancy.
Transfer (ET)
ET Donor – The doe
who gives the fertilized eggs.
ET Receip – The doe
who carries the embryos from time of transfer to delivery.
Embryo Flushing –
The process of removing the fertilized eggs from the donor.
Embryo Transfer –
The process of moving the fertilized eggs from the donor doe
to the recipient doe.
Hormone – A regulating
chemical in the body.
Laparoscope – An instrument
for viewing inside the body giving the examining vet a view
of the internal organs, especially, in this context, the ovaries.
Laparoscopic – Examination
of the internal organs using a laparoscope.
Recipient – The doe
who is receiving the fertilized eggs.
Sterile Saline Solution
–A pure (free from living bacteria, solution of sodium
chloride (salt) and distilled water.
Superovulation – Production
of a large number of eggs at one time.
ABGA – American Boer
Goat Association.
ADGA – American Dairy
Goat Association.
AMGA – American Meat
Goat Association.
IBGA – International
Boer Goat Association.
TGPA – Tennessee Goat
Producers Association.
USBGA – US Boer Goat
Ken and Pat Motes
Clear Creek Farms
33 South Clear Creek Road
Fall River, Tennessee 38468
Phone: (931) 852-2167
Fax: (931) 852-2168
Copyright © 2002 -2019 All Rights Reserved


text:
This today from PW:
Still reeling from record losses and a continuing drop in sales in the third quarter, the Borders Group announced that it is delaying payments to some publishers.
The whole article is HERE.
This is something that has concerned me for a while. Here's how it could play out.
1. Publishers insist on being paid.
2. Borders begins returning books for credit, to pay what they owe.
3. Fewer books on the shelf means fewer sales.
4. Fewer sales means more bookstores closing.
5. More bookstores closing means fewer sales.
6. Repeat.
If Borders closes a lot of stores, or closes their doors completely, it will mean publishers will make less money.
If they make less money, they won't be able to publish as many books. Fewer books published means fewer books sold, which means even less money.
I've heard a lot of anecdotal evidence from my writing peers about authors being dropped by their houses, or being offered smaller advances. I've heard more anecdotal evidence that it has become harder to sell books to publishers.
So what are authors going to do if they can't sell their books to publishers?
The smart ones will self-publish.
Here's a broader possible forecast:
1. Borders withholds payments.
2. Publishers demand to be paid.
3. Borders returns books.
4. Fewer books means fewer sales, which means smaller profits.
5. Publishers tighten their belts and don't buy as many books.
6. Fewer books published means fewer books sold.
7. Bookstores close, meaning fewer books sold.
8. Fewer books sold means fewer books bought by publishers.
9. Authors, unable to sell to publishers, decide to self-publish.
10. Self-pubbed books means fewer books sold in bookstores, and fewer sales for publishers.
11. Repeat.
Things don't look good for bookstores.
They don't look good for publishers either.
But could the skyrocketing ebook market save publishers?
It depends. If the majority of bookstores close, the print midlist will probably disappear. Bestsellers will still be sold in big boxes and non-bookstore outlets, but if a book isn't a blockbuster, it likely won't be released in print.
The reason publishers are so important to authors is because they have a lock on distribution, and they get those print books onto shelves and into stores. Everything else--editing, cover art, marketing--can be outsourced by the author. But the author can't get their book into Sam's Club or CVS or every Borders store.
If publishers stop printing books and focus on ebooks, authors have to ask themselves what are the benefits of signing with a publisher? Why let a publisher take 52.5% of the cover price of an ebook, while an author takes only 17.5%? Especially when an author can do it themselves and make 70%?
This death spiral may not happen for a while. It might not happen at all.
But authors should be thinking about all of the changes happening in the industry right now. If you sign a book deal which states the first book won't be released until June 2012, will there be any chain bookstores still standing? What if it's a three book deal, with the last book out in 2015?
In the past, publishers could be counted on for stability. But in the last year, we've seen Leisure and Medallion stop their print lines. I have friends who haven't gotten their latest royalty statements or checks.
Here are some things for writers to discuss with their agents to protect themselves:
1. Make sure there is a reversion of rights clause based on the book being in print and selling a certain number of copies per year.
2. Look out for "non compete" clauses, which wouldn't allow a writer to release ebooks on their own during the duration of the print deal.
3. Make sure there are clauses that protect the writer in case of a publisher's bankruptcy.
4. Look out for clauses that state the publisher can release the ebook without releasing the print book.
5. If ebooks become the dominant format (a possibility if the death spiral ensues), then the 17.5% royalty rate publishers currently offer needs to change. A "most favored nations" clause along the lines of "if the publisher ever offers another author more than 17.5%, that rate will automatically be applied to this contract" is a way for authors to avoid getting locked into a lousy royalty rate for life.
6. Get as much money up front as you can.
In my previous post, I said that authors should self-publish because they can make more money.
Looking at the current publishing climate, I'd be really hesitant to sign a deal because I'd be afraid bookstores, or publishers, won't be around much longer.
In the past, it made monetary sense for publishers to allow books to go out of print.
Today, a savvy publisher would want to hold onto those rights as long as possible, to exploit the erights.
That scares me more than a little.
Friday, December 31, 2010
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
to meet our new teacher at Open House.
The Frog Princess is terribly excited to start
a new school year and is about to burst with anticipation!!
What could be more perfect for her than
a FROG theme
for the entire first grade (I know!!)
I like to think I may have some credit in that department
since I started a frog art lesson there
when I was teaching art in her building.
The first graders were required to make a pinch pot in clay with
"score, wet, and weld" attachment techniques added to them.
So...I came up with a super cute lesson
where they make a pinch pot,
set it on it's side (like a big cave),
then add a tongue, eyes, and legs
to create a big frog.
It was a huge hit with the kids and first grade teachers.
Such a big hit that I heard the teachers insisted that the
lesson be repeated every year after I left.
I can't wait for the Frog Princess to make hers!
I wanted to bring a little something
along for our meet and greet with her new teacher.
So the Frog Princess and I
decorated this cute
Froggy bottle of hand sanitizer.
We also made a getting-to-know-you interview
(All About Me)
with questions that she answered about herself.
We included a blank interview
for her teacher to fill out
(All About You)
and mail back to us
(in a postage paid envelope we included) .
to learn more about her new teacher.
We can't wait for the REAL first day
of school on Tuesday!
P.S. Here are favorite answers on her quiz:
Name Three Things you Don't Like:
Touching Spider Webs
Cat Barf


text:
Scott Dunlap's blog of trail running, ultrarunning, triathlon, and other life adventures. I enjoy the physical, emotional, and spiritual journey of outdoor events and the chance to meet cool people. This blog contains interviews, research, original fiction, new product ideas, and all things trail running.
Monday, October 22, 2007
An Interview with Scott Dunlap, Ultrablogger!
8 comments:
Great interview, Scott.ReplyDelete
It's hard to keep up with your posts today, but I guess that what makes you "the most prolific blogger on the subject of trail and ultra running." :)
Nice interview, Scott- you have been a blessing to the ultra world! :>ReplyDelete
The tables are turned at last. Nice interview Scott! You rock!ReplyDelete
- Anonymous10/23/2007 12:59:00 PM
We should just start tagging each other to do these interviews. Very interesting.ReplyDelete
great interview. Good to knw abt the intro into trail running world.ReplyDelete
You seriously asked your doctor about Viagra?? Now Scott, those are the kinds of stories that will make people look at you like you're crazy1 ;-)ReplyDelete
OMG, how did I miss this! I should have kept tabs on Dave's blog more!ReplyDelete
*goes to read*
Nice interview! Very interesting!ReplyDelete
I LIVE for comments! Please add your thoughts, let me know you stopped by, etc., and be thoughtful of others. Always best if you sign your name, of course.


text:
There are 4 possible different 'pentiamond' shapes, as shown in the photos. This item consists of 18 sets (i.e. 72 pieces, a set being 4 pieces, one of each shape) plus 3 extra pieces.
The main photo shows two of the many shapes which you can make with one set. A crayon and a coin (US quarter) are shown for scale.
The following is a link to a pdf file with several puzzle shapes to try to make with a set of 4 pentiamonds. You should be able to print the pdf and have the puzzle shapes come out the same scale as the puzzle pieces, so you can work right on top of the printed puzzle as you try to make it from pentiamonds:
A couple of the photos show the puzzle pieces with the paper backing still on them. The paper backing looks quite nice on one side, as shown, but on the other side there are visible burn marks in the paper from the laser cutting process. So you will probably want to peel the paper off.
Material options and prices (All prices are in US$ and exclude shipping costs):This item is available in the following options:
Acrylic, 3 mm thick.
Acrylic sheet, 40 cm x 40 cm x 3 mm thick. (Approx. 15.1" x 15.1" x 1/8" thick.)
|Buy this option


text:
6 Steps for Bolstering Your Business Defenses
This checklist can help you secure your network and critical company data
Every small business needs to protect its network and data from viruses, malware, and other malicious threats. A breach could cost your company not only lost revenue and the expense of recovering damaged systems but also your reputation in the marketplace. "Reputation is lost overnight. It takes a lifetime to get it back," says Danny Pang, who runs a cyber café, Geek Terminal, in Singapore.
If you don't currently have any safeguards in place or you're not sure what they are, where do you start in bolstering your network and data security? Here are six steps you can take to fortify your defenses.
- Inventory your network. You should know all the devices that are connected to or accessing your network—from routers and switches, PCs, laptops, and printers to smartphones and tablets. This should also include an inventory of your current security technologies, such as antivirus and malware software, firewall, VPN configurations, and wireless access security settings.
- Catalog your information assets. Company data gets stored in many places, including servers, the cloud, and employees' laptops and smartphones. Make a list of all your company information assets, where they're stored, and how they're accessed. In addition, rate the data on how critical it is to your company's success. This will help you determine the different levels and measures of protection your data needs.
- Create an acceptable use policy. It's easier to enforce the rules when employees know the rules. Developing an acceptable use policy (AUP) establishes the rules for everyone using the company network. It's not enough, though, to create the policies. You need to communicate them to employees and then enforce the rules. Ongoing employee education and inclusion are critical components to the success of any company's AUP.
- Prepare for BYOD. Whether you like it or not, employees are not only bringing their personal mobile data devices to the office, they're using them to connect to your network and access company data. You need protect your critical business information and creating a wireless device usage policy can help. Again, involving and educating employees is key.
- Consider the risks. Security is not a "set it and forget it" exercise. You need to be ever vigilant and monitor for a broad range of existing and evolving threats, such as mobile devices, social networking, and the cloud.
- Consider plans for growth. While you need to protect the network you currently have and the data that resides on and travels over it, you also should consider your company's plans for growth in determining your security needs. For example, will you be adding advanced technologies such as VoIP or unified communications to your network and what security implications will that have?
If you don't have the expertise in-house, assessing your security needs and implementing the solutions may seem daunting. If this is the case with your company, consider calling on an expert. A local Cisco reseller can help you implement the security you need to protect your business today and as your company grows.
Security is about staying at least one step ahead. What measures are you taking to secure your small business network and data.
If you're interested in reading more, check out these related posts:
- 5 Tips for Safeguarding Customer Data
- Believing These 5 Security Myths Could Put Your Business at Risk
- You've Been Hacked? Here's What to Do
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