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This article originally appeared in Avotaynu: The International Review of Jewish Genealogy, Volume XI, Number 3, Fall 1995.
The Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Boston has undertaken to identify, categorize and catalog genealogical resources at the American Jewish Historical Society in preparation for the 1996 Summer Seminar on Jewish Genealogy which was held in Boston in July 1996. In expanded form, this article forms part of the book "Resources for Jewish Genealogy in the Boston Area" (Boston: JGSGB, 1996).
The American Jewish Historical Society (AJHS), founded in 1892, is the world's leading institution for the preservation of original materials on American Jewish life and culture. This society holds more than 40 million manuscripts, 30,000 books and thousands of newspapers, magazines, paintings, photographs and other artifacts that document the growth and accomplishments of American Jewry.
The AJHS headquarters is located at the Center for Jewish History at 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011. Tel.: (212) 294-6160; and has a New England branch on the Hebrew College campus at 160 Herrick Road, Newton Centre, MA 02459. Tel.: (617) 559-8880.
This article highlights some of the most important genealogical holdings at the AJHS.
At the turn of the century, the purpose of the AJHS was to counter rising anti-Semitism by focusing on prominent and successful Jews. Since that time, the philosophy has grown and matured so that the holdings now constitute a more balanced view of the social, political, economic and cultural life of the Jewish people in the Americas.
The term "American", as used in the AJHS name, includes all of the Americas. Although most of the material relates to the United States, strong collections also exist from Canada, the Caribbean, Central and South America. European materials are not a collection focus, but landsmanshaftn records, genealogies and biographical works provide information on previous generations in Europe.
Much material of unique genealogical value may be found at AJHS. Examples include:
Due to the diversity of the items and the different ways in which they were acquired by the AJHS, gaining access to the information can be difficult. The cataloguing system has been idiosyncratic for many years. There is no published catalog; neither does one card catalog cover all items. Ultimately, researchers must depend on the AJHS staff for assistance. Over the past few years, new leadership has expressed an interest in improving access to the collections.
Currently, AJHS material is organized into several different categories, that do not have a one-to-one correspondence with genealogical research. These are:
Each of the more than 200 institutional manuscript collections consists of papers of a particular organization and is designated with the prefix I at the beginning of the call number. Included are synagogues, national Jewish organizations, local Jewish organizations, landsmanshaftn, immigrant aid societies, military organizations, fraternal organizations and burial societies. A few of the institutional collections have significant interest for the genealogist:
The records of more than two dozen synagogues are in the
institutional category, although synagogue records may also be
found in such other categories as ephemera (a few), vertical
files (many) and library (many). Among the congregations in the
institutional collections are those from the following cities:
San Francisco, California; Montreal, Canada; Savannah, Georgia;
Waukegan, Illinois; New Orleans, Louisiana; Boston, Cambridge,
Chelsea, Dorchester, Lexington, Revere and Springfield,
Massachusetts; Brooklyn and New York, New York; Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania; Charleston, South Carolina; and Nashville,
Baron Maurice de Hirsch (1831-96) lived in Munich, Brussels and Paris. A banker and philanthropist, his total benefactions exceeded $100 million, most to Jewish causes. This collection has major importance for genealogical researchers.
The Baron de Hirsch Fund was incorporated in New York State in 1891 to serve Jews migrating to the United States from Eastern Europe. The fund protected immigrants through port work, relief, temporary aid, promotion of suburban industrial enterprises, removal from urban centers through the Industrial Removal Office, land settlement, agricultural training, and trade and general education. In 1894, the Baron de Hirsch Agricultural College opened in Woodbine, New Jersey, the first U.S. school to offer secondary education in agriculture. During the Nazi era, the fund spent large sums on German-Jewish relief. Later, its major activity was the support of the Jewish Agricultural Society to promote the Jewish farm movement.
This major collection currently is being inventoried and re-catalogued; call numbers are likely to change in the process. A finding aid is expected to be completed in time for the 1996 Summer Seminar.
Overall, the collection comprises five subsections: the fund itself, the Jewish Agricultural Society, Woodbine Colony, Woodbine Agricultural School and the Trade School. The Industrial Removal Office is a separate, but related, organization; until recently, it had been included as part of the Baron de Hirsch Fund collections.
Papers of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, stored in 79 boxes under call number I-80, are primarily administrative and include a large number of deeds and property transfer records. Some examples of genealogically useful information found here include: files of student aid recipients, applications to study at Delhi Agricultural College, requests by German-Jewish refuges of the 1930s for financial assistance, a list of Jewish farmers with significant data about each.
The Jewish Agricultural Society was formed by the Baron de Hirsch Fund in 1900 to promote farming among Jews in the United States. The agency settled about 4,900 families on farms, placed nearly 22,000 farm workers in 31 states, and extended almost $15 million in loans to farmers in 41 states. Records span the years 1901-78 and are stored in seven boxes with the current call number I-206. Included is information about Jewish farmers in Clayton, Millville and Vineland, New Jersey; Sullivan and Ulster Counties, New York; Hamilton, Texas; and Janesville, Wisconsin. Loan applications include biographical information.
Woodbine Colony. Woodbine is a town in New Jersey founded by the Baron de Hirsch Fund as a Jewish agricultural colony with an industrial annex. The initial 60 families, most from southern Russia, arrived in 1892, and an agricultural school was established in 1895. In 1903, the colony became the first all-Jewish municipality in the United States. Failure of the colony's original agricultural plans eventually led to the predominance of industry as a means of earning a living. The fund withdrew support during World War II. The Jewish population declined steadily and, by 1958, numbered 315 out of a total population of 2,500. Records from 1890-1993 currently are catalogued under call number I-53 and include histories, reports, correspondence and photographs. Material is not indexed and is arranged chronologically. Among the genealogically relevant highlights are: records of about 250 individual property holders whose names may be located in the finding aid to this collection (boxes 1-9); lists of those employed in the town from 1895-1919 (box 11); records of the Woodbine companies--Bradstone Rubber Company; M.R.D. Hat Company; Woodbine Children's Clothing Co.; Daniel & Blumenthal, Manufacturer of Knee Pants and Children's Suits; M.L. Bayard & Co. (boxes 12-14); information on certain Romanian families, plus lists of farming families and their mortgage data; sports team lists and information on Texas farmers--including descent data (box 16); a small amount of correspondence from individuals seeking to be reunited with family members (box 22).
Woodbine Agricultural School collection spans 1893-1927 and is held under call number I-54. Boxes 3 and 32 contain student records: correspondence about applications, medical exams, admissions, inquiries and lists of graduates from 1893 to 1918. Boxes 9 and 10 involve 63 scholarship students sent to Delhi and the New York State Institute of Applied Agriculture in Farmingdale, New York.
The Baron de Hirsch Trade School in New York records span the period 1890-1935; current call number is I-55. The school trained students in trades such as plumbing, electricity, sign painting, carpentry and woodworking. Boxes 1-9 are graduate records. In Box 1, records are indexed and bound. They record name, class and department, address, age and nationality. Some note how long one was in the United States, means of support, occupation, parent or guardian's name and name of employer.
Class pictures, by class and department, are found in Box 10. Some are labelled with the name below each person shown. Boxes 13, 16-18 are student files and include considerable useful information in such files as applications, graduates by department, students--lists by department, students--bound record book, etc.
Class ratings for the years 1899-1935 are found in Boxes 21-24. Questionnaires sent to alumni of classes in the 1920s that ask for work-related information are in Box 32. Records of workers from 1892-1935 are in Boxes 36-38.
The Industrial Removal Office (IRO), was a U.S. organization, funded primarily by the Baron de Hirsch Fund, that sought to encourage new immigrants to leave the large population centers on the East Coast and settle in the interior of the country. (Removal, in this case, meaning resettlement.) This collection of more than 100 boxes (call number I-91) includes almost 44,000 records of removal from 1899 to 1922 (Boxes 6-12), as well as correspondence from immigrants and local agents. Anyone who has ever wondered how a relative ended up in places like Sheboygan, Wisconsin, or Topeka, Kansas, might find the answer in this collection. Records from 1904-14 show that Jewish immigrants were removed to 177 U.S. locations as shown in the accompanying box. IRO materials include administrative records and correspondence pertaining to all aspects of the organization. Of specific importance to genealogists are: correspondence with local agents about immigrants sent to specific cities, records listing all persons relocated from New York (with all pertinent details), follow-up records on these individuals, and letters from the relocated immigrants to the IRO on various matters. The unindexed collection is arranged geographically by state. Where information is available, it is often very detailed.
The Boston HIAS collection is under call number I-96. Individual arrival records of immigrants that arrived in Boston or Providence, Rhode Island, for the period 1882-1929 are arranged alphabetically. In addition, the collection includes incomplete chronological lists of ship arrivals and ships' passenger lists for the years 1904-53. Records are not indexed, but are arranged alphabetically by arrival and case record. (See Avotaynu, "HIAS-Boston", in Vol. II, No. 3, October 1986). A comprehensive description and inventory of the collection are available.
The Boston branch of the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society started in 1913, when an earlier local group affiliated with New York's Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society. In 1977, the local Boston office closed and all its functions transferred to New York. All Boston HIAS records are now at AJHS and are stored in 233 numbered boxes. The records fall into three categories: arrival cards, individual case files and passenger lists; almost all are genealogically valuable.
Individual Arrival Records, comprised of approximately 25,000 cards dated 1882-1929, are stored in Boxes 223-233. Each card records either an individual or family record of arrival and most of the following information: ship name or other transport used, age, sex, marital status, destination, financial arrangements, whether or not detained by U.S. immigration officials, relationships, U.S. person responsible for immigrants, etc. Cards are alphabetically arranged by surname.
Individual Case Files are found in two different groups of boxes. Boxes 1-179 cover the period from the 1920s through the early 1960s; Boxes 181-210 primarily hold post-World War II records (to the 1970s) as well as some early records. These boxes have an estimated 12,000 alphabetically arranged, individual files. In most cases, the original last name given is on the file, but researchers must be aware that spelling and name changes are always a possibility. Many name changes occurred during the correspondence period, and file headings may be by original name, other spelling, Anglicized name, or by the name of the U.S. correspondent making the inquiry. Although most records are European, many are from China, India, Israel, Latin America and elsewhere. Each of the individual case files may or may not have any of the following: correspondence, request for immigration, certificate of support by U.S. residents, visa application, certificate of good moral character, certificate of funds transmitted, etc. Many (but not all) cases resulted in admission to the U.S.
Miscellaneous material in Boxes 180 and 211-222 includes a variety of passenger lists, ship arrival schedules, lists of displaced persons, correspondence, HIAS information and administrative files. An inventory lists the files in each box.
A better title for the collections in this group - all of which are genealogically important - would be "Manhattan Court Records of Cases with Jewish Names". They consist of microfilm and bound photocopies of court records now in the New York City Hall of Records. The first three collections hold material primarily from the pre-1860 period; the fourth, Incorporation Papers, deals with all Jewish-related organizations incorporated in New York City between 1848 and 1920. These four collections are indexed; the index is on cards interfiled in the main card catalog except for the Incorporation Papers card index which is hold in separate drawers. Two additional groups of materials have never been fully processed; these span approximately 1830-1910.
The collections are copies of selected court records from the County of New York, that is, from the Borough of Manhattan in New York City. The history of these copies is somewhat obscure, but apparently in the early 1960s, Professor Leo Hershkovitz of Queens College and the Institute for Early New York History went through older records on file at the New York Hall of Records and extracted those with Jewish-sounding names. The records selected were indexed and copied. AJHS has duplicate copies of the extracted records in two different formats--bound volumes of photocopies and reels of microfilm.
At some later date, AJHS was offered boxes of original court papers pertaining to litigants with Jewish-sounding names; the court was going to dispose of the papers, but AJHS accepted them as part of the historical record. These original documents have never been fully catalogued.
Mayor's Court Selected Briefs, 1674-1860. This collection, record group I-151, holds approximately 6,000 court documents in 23 bound volumes and 13 reels of microfilm. It is arranged chronologically and indexed according to last name of the litigant. The index is interfiled in the main card catalog.
Included are handwritten pleadings and other court papers filed in civil lawsuits in the Mayor's Court of the City of New York, also known at various times as the High Court of Chancery, the New York Inns (of Court) and the Marine Court of New York City. Types of records are summonses, complaints, surety bonds, affidavits, warrants, jury lists and briefs.
Selected Naturalization Certificates, 1816-45. This collection I-152 holds approximately 500 certificates in one bound volume or one reel of microfilm. It consists of an alphabetical set of Declarations of Intent to Become a Citizen or Affidavits of Intention filed with the Court of Common Pleas for the City and County of New York or with the New York Superior Court, 1829-45. Also included are Reports of Aliens made to the Clerk of the Court, 1816-28. The collection is indexed by last name of the declarant and the index is interfiled in the main card catalog.
Selected Insolvent Debtors Cases, 1787-1861. Collection I-153 has approximately 2,000 cases in nine bound volumes or five reels of microfilm. It is arranged alphabetically and indexed by last name of debtor. The index is interfiled in the main card catalog.
These documents were filed with the Supreme Court of the State of New York for the City and County of New York in insolvency cases. Most of them are Insolvent Assignments, each of which, as in a modern bankruptcy, involves a discharge of the debtor's debts and an assignment of his assets to be sold or managed for the benefit of his creditors.
Incorporation Papers. Collection I-154 consists of selected incorporation papers, 1848-1920. Approximately 10,000 organizations are represented in 81 bound volumes or 27 reels of microfilm. They are arranged by year of filing, and within each year, by document filing number. They are indexed by cross references to name of organization, general type of organization and European town (if any) to which the organization relates. The index is kept in separate card drawers to the right of the main card catalog.
The collection consists of legal filings made by Jewish-related, not-for-profit organizations incorporated in New York County, including fraternal societies, political clubs, professional associations, synagogues, landsmanshaftn, benevolent organizations, social clubs, burial societies, charities and neighborhood facilities. The filings are very similar to modern corporate filings and include original certificates of incorporation, consolidation or change of corporate name. Each certificate of incorporation includes the name of the organization, the purposes or objectives for which it was formed, the principal office or territory of principal operation, the names and addresses of the initial directors or trustees or officers, and the names of the incorporators.
Original Documents are selected filings in New York County Court cases, circa 1852-1909. Approximately 500 unindexed documents are filed by general type of case in 39 archival containers. These are pleadings and other legal papers filed with the New York Supreme Court for New York County and other courts in lawsuits in which litigants had Jewish-sounding names. In addition, there are approximately 1,000 unindexed, unorganized original documents that are selected filings in New York County Court cases, circa 1837-1910. These are not arranged and are unindexed.
This major collection, which includes records of the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society, Hebrew Orphan Asylum of Manhattan, Hebrew Orphan Asylum of Brooklyn, Home for Hebrew Infants, Hebrew Infant Asylum of New York and Hartman Homecrest was described in Avotaynu, Volume XI, Number 1, Spring 1995.
The World War I collection of the American Jewish Committee Office of War Records offers a substantial amount of detailed data on 4,000-5,000 Jewish soldiers who served in the U.S. military during the first World War.
After the war, the American Jewish Committee undertook a project to document the military service of those Jews that had served in the armed forces. Cyrus Adler, chairman of the board of the American Jewish Committee (AJC) at that time, helped plan the community surveys. AJC was able to determine who in the military was Jewish through the records of the various AJC communities and through the records of the Office of Military Chaplains, a section of the War Department. To gather their information, AJC mailed questionnaires that asked such questions as the soldier's rank, date of entering the service, how he entered, branch of service, operations in which he participated and when he was released.
About 250,000 Jewish soldiers served in the U.S. military during World War I, 40,000 of whom volunteered. About 3,500 Jews were killed in action or died of wounds. Jews, who comprised 3 percent of the U.S. population at the time, contributed 5 percent to the death roll of the U.S. Army. The number of Jews wounded was estimated at 12,000.
The collection consists of 21 boxes. War records of Jewish soldiers begin in Box 2 and continue until Box 18. Box 1 holds inter-office correspondence of the AJC, and Boxes 18-21 store letters to the AJC from non-Jews mistakenly sent war records questionnaires who wished to explain that they were not Jewish. Folder #9 in Box 1 includes correspondence from those Jews who admit to being Jewish, but refused to participate in the survey. Records are divided into different headings. Some are filed according to originating city, others by branch of service and rank, some by both. Yet other boxes are filed according to soldiers of a certain rank who were wounded. Each file is in alphabetical order.
Boxes of war records are organized more or less along the lines of the following parameters. To research this material, therefore, it is helpful (but not essential) to know into which of these categories an individual fit:
This collection is just one part of the records of the National Jewish Welfare Board (JWB). The JWB, now better known as the Jewish Community Centers Association, has been the central organization of Jewish community centers throughout the United States. The AJHS has other JWB records, some as yet unprocessed, including material from the United Service Organizations (USO) and Young Men's Hebrew Associations (YMHA).
As collection I-52, the Bureau of War Records Papers alone is still a large institutional collection, totalling 672 boxes. These papers relate to the work that the Bureau performed in describing and analyzing the role and contribution of Jews to the U.S. armed forces during World War II.
Included are studies and lists of Jewish casualties, awards and officers, as well as studies of Jewish doctors, dentists, farmers and refugees in the service. Community studies relating to Jews in, and Jewish soldiers from, various U.S. cities are part of the collection as are folders dealing with the role of Jews in the Canadian armed forces and the Korean War. There is a typed outline of the collection and a list of the subject files.
Population studies and studies of distinctive Jewish names may be found here as in the final, unpublished Bureau report. Isidor Kaufman's 1947 book, American Jews in World War II, is based on these papers.
The records of greatest genealogical importance are the many tens of thousands of data cards of individuals in the service. Each card is labeled: wounded, prisoner, award, missing, death (see illustration). They are ordered alphabetically, and some are also indexed geographically.
Besides the institutional collections described above, which are of clear genealogical importance, AJHS has more than 200 other collections that together document a large part of Jewish life in the United States. There are large holdings of national organizations, such as the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds, the American Jewish Congress and the National Conference on Soviet Jewry. Other holdings may reflect one or another era or grouping of American Jews. The following rather arbitrary selection gives a flavor of these collections that could provide historical background, if not genealogical data. (See box)
Personal papers of approximately 20 rabbis include records of marriages, burials and/or circumcisions. There are mohel books from Baltimore, Newport, New York City, Philadelphia, Surinam, Washington, DC, and other places. Curacao marriage records are on microfilm.
More than 50 of the personal collections are genealogies including the following: Abravanel-Mickleshavski, Borison, Capin, Caro, Chimene, Cone, Dan, Davidson, DeLeon-Hendricks, Dellar, Dulken, Ehrenreich, Epstein, Ewenczyk, Feibelman, Fidanque, Geffen, Goldstone, Halberstam, Halfin, Ichenhauser, Jacobs, Josephthal, Kolbin, Konheym, Leeson, Lewisohn, Lipschitz, Lipsey, List, Lopes-Moses, Mauerberger, Mayerberger, Mielziner, Milontaler, Morgenthau, Moses, Moses-Loeb, Moss, Moss-Harris, Nathan, Nones, Oberlander, Oppenheim, Phillips, Rabson, Rankus, Rosenbaum, Rothnagel, Sachs, Samuels, Sawyer, Schwab, Stux, Velleman and Wistenetsky. Approximately another 50 genealogies are not yet catalogued.
The American Jewish Historical Society has the world's second largest collection of Jewish newspapers of the Americas (second only to the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati) the earliest of which date from the 1840s. More than 1,000 titles are held, in English, German, Hebrew, Yiddish and other European languages. Many are local Jewish newspapers and likely have notices of births, marriages, deaths and other personal events. Another useful group of periodicals are those specific to the history of a locality, such as journals of a local Jewish historical society. Unfortunately, many AJHS titles were damaged in a 1994 fire and will be unavailable until microfilmed.
Until recently, periodicals were catalogued on index cards that were divided into two series (pre-1970 and post-1970) and alphabetized within each different language of publication. Neither card series is publicly accessible, but a complete inventory of all periodicals and their availability is expected by late 1996.
In addition, AJHS has created a "19th-Century Periodicals Index", a card index to six 19th-century American Jewish periodicals - Asmonean (New York City, 1849-58), American Israelite (Cincinnati, 1854-1927), Jewish Messenger (New York City, 1857-1902), Occident (Philadelphia, 1843-69), Sinai (Baltimore, 1856-61, Philadelphia 1861-63) and Zeitgeist (1880-82, in German). These periodicals are on microfilm, are part of the AJHS/Brandeis Joint Depository Project, and are kept in the periodicals section of the Goldfarb Library, a separate facility on the Brandeis campus within walking distance of the AJHS building. Articles are indexed by subject, city or town and names of prominent individuals.
Additional microfilmed periodicals owned by AJHS and kept in the Goldfarb Library are Buffalo Jewish Review, 1917-68; Carolina Israelite, 1944-62; Cleveland Yiddish Velt, 1913-52; The Hebrew, San Francisco, 1864-1906; Jewish Advocate, Boston, 1905-continuing; Jewish Ledger, New Orleans, 1895-1927; Jewish Messenger, New York, 1857-1902; Jewish Review & Observer, Cleveland, 1899-1958; Wyoming Jewish Press, 1930-40. Other communities represented in the microfilmed periodicals include Oakland, California; Paterson, New Jersey; Portland, Oregon; Los Angeles, California; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Curacao; Surinam; Aruba; Jerusalem; Czernowitz; Warsaw and Vilna.
The ephemera collections typically consist of on-going publications of approximately 200 Jewish organizations. As these collections are usually not very large - typically one or two cartons, occasionally 5 to 20 cartons, they were classified in this category instead of as institutions. The publications most often include yearbooks, proceedings, reports, catalogs, bulletins, news releases and miscellaneous other publications.
All ephemera collections have call numbers beginning with the prefix "MS" followed by two or three capital letters, followed by the actual catalog number. The capital letter denotes the type of organization as follows: ED=educational, FED=federation, INS=institution, JCC=Jewish community center, MD=medical organization, NAT=national organization, SYN=synagogue and MIS=missionary. The last category incorporates various attempts to proselytize Jews and worse.
Under MS-ED one finds such schools as Baltimore Hebrew Teachers College (bulletins, catalogs and miscellaneous publications - 1 carton); Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Los Angeles (constitution, annual reports and registers, scripts, addresses, periodicals, etc. - 10 cartons).
Under MS-FED are five federations from Chicago, New York and Philadelphia. The MS-INS institutions are Cleveland's Bellefaire, a Jewish orphanage and two New York homes for the aged. The MS-JCC category holds papers from Jewish community centers in New Haven, Connecticut; Fitchburg, Massachusetts; Saint Louis, Missouri; Buffalo, Yonkers and New York, New York; and Charleston, South Carolina.
Examples of MS-NAT organizations are Alpha Epsilon Phi fraternity, the Anti-Defamation League of Bnai Brith, Canadian Jewish Congress, Hadassah and Junior Hadassah (including yearbooks for 1924-74), Jewish Braille Institute of America, National Council of Jewish Women and Zionist Organization of America.
MS-SYN holds papers from synagogues in Arleta and San Francisco, California; Hampden and Hartford, Connecticut; Honolulu, Hawaii; Chicago, Illinois; Sioux City, Iowa; Baltimore, Maryland; Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts; Detroit and Flint, Michigan; Brooklyn, Monroe, New York City and Rochester, New York; Cleveland, Ohio; Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Newport and Providence, Rhode Island; Arlington, Virginia; Washington, DC, and Westmount, Quebec. While this is a complete list of cities represented in the manuscript collection, synagogue papers also may be found in the institutional, vertical file or library categories.
Vertical files often are small collections (folder size, rather than full cartons) of various types of Jewish organizations. Specifically, these types are landsmanshaftn (approximately 120 files in 9 boxes), synagogues (20 boxes), organizations, Jewish schools (15 boxes), foreign collections (10 boxes--primarily from England), Holocaust and Soviet Jewry. Vertical files are indexed in their own card catalog. School and synagogue files are indexed by name of town.
The AJHS library has more than 30,000 volumes of published material, classified according to the U.S. Library of Congress system, held in closed stacks and on the open shelves in the main reading (reference) room. Some categories of books may be useful to genealogists.
General reference works include Who's Who in American Jewry, Who's Who in World Jewry and the American Jewish Yearbook, as well as Jewish encyclopedias and Jewish historical journals. All of these are kept on open shelves in the main reading room.
More than 200 published genealogies and family histories are in the library collection. As with genealogies in manuscript form, these are listed in the main card catalog under author and title and probably under family name.
Published community histories on specific Jewish American communities constitute an important subset of the library collection. AJHS also owns many, many synagogue histories, yearbooks, organizational histories, etc.
As part of its effort to catalog genealogical resources at the AJHS, the Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Boston has been working to design and implement an electronic database of important collections that will permit one to access by locality of interest. At a minimum, the database will include organizations and personal papers, genealogically-useful periodicals and ephemera. Vertical files and community history books may be too numerous to include in the database.
Suppose a genealogist wants to know what records exist at the AJHS for Philadelphia. A report from the database will list organizations such as the Jewish Hospital Association of Philadelphia, 1865-1948; the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia, 1854-1906; Congregation Rodeph Shalom, 1899-1984; Congregation Adath Jeshurun, 1912-26 and Congregation Mikveh Israel, 1765-1945. Personal papers such as those of Abraham Cohen, the Nathans Family of Philadelphia, Samuel Family of Philadelphia and Abraham Wolff of Philadelphia will be noted. An indexed periodical named Occident, 1843-69 and, in the ephemera collection, two cartons of registers, addresses, etc. from Dropsie University, one carton of similar items from Gratz College, a carton of annual reports from the Philadelphia Jewish Maternity Association, two cartons of bulletins and miscellaneous publications from Har Zion Temple and four cartons of similar material from the Reform Congregation Kenesth Israel - all will appear. Published materials in the library collection and vertical file material would be additional to all of the above.
Update, April 1999: This database is now available online at JewishGen: AJHS Manuscript Collection Catalog.
Preparation is the key to successful research. Only a small staff manages the collection, and visiting researchers who know what items they wish to use should call or write in advance. Although the most frequently used material is housed in the AJHS building, some large collections are stored off-site and must be ordered at least two weeks in advance.
No charge is levied for on-site research; paid research may be done by library and archival staff - at the discretion of the staff - and is dependent on time available and the likelihood of finding anything. The rate for paid research is $35 per hour, plus postage and copying. Members of the society ($50 per year) receive priority service and a 20 percent discount on all service fees and copy charges. There are separate rates for researching specific collections. Send a letter with specific details to request paid research.
Photocopies may be made for researchers at staff discretion. Copies are made by a member of the staff. Check with the AJHS reference librarian to obtain the current fee schedules for photocopying services. Microfilm items are accessible at Goldfarb Library, a few minutes walk away on the Brandeis campus, through a joint depository arrangement with Brandeis University.
If a researcher wants access to particular items, conferring with AJHS staff in advance can assist in locating materials promptly and efficiently. All of the library and archival material is in closed stacks and can be retrieved only by the staff, who may be busy with other researchers at any given time.
In searching for an individual or a location, check the main card catalog first. For locations, next check the separate card index for vertical files. If searching for a European location, also check the separate locality card index to the New York Incorporation Papers. They include incorporation papers for many landsmanshaftn.
The American Jewish Historical Society is perhaps the most valuable single resource for American Jewish family history research. The authors hope that genealogists will use, and also support, this fine institution.
Fred Davis is president of the Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Boston. Warren Blatt is Chair of the 15th Summer Seminar on Jewish Genealogy, held in Boston, July 14-19, 1996. Others who contributed to this project are Nancy Arbeiter, Phyllis Bloom, Brian Ferber, Eugene Hirshberg, Elana Horowitz, David Kohen, Seth Korelitz, Karen Kushner and David Rosen; and for the AJHS: Dr. Michael Feldberg, Holly Snyder and Michelle Feller-Kopman.


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The long-awaited Prospect Bridge in Houma is temporarily open after numerous construction delays that have repeatedly aggravated local motorists.
The long-awaited Prospect Bridge in Houma is temporarily open after numerous construction delays that have repeatedly aggravated local motorists.
The six-lane bridge opened Wednesday afternoon, said officials with the state Department of Transportation and Development.
The bridge will only be open while the department waits six to seven weeks to receive mechanical and electrical components needed to complete the project.
Once the new parts come in, the bridge is expected to close to traffic again for about a week while the parts are installed and tested, said Chris Rogers, DOTD project engineer.
The work will include replacing plugging switches on the upper machinery platforms, which act to reverse the main drive motors when the bridge deck is lowered into place, Rogers said. This is a secondary braking system that helps lower the deck gently.
Rogers said he's optimistic the wait during the parts installation won't exceed a week, but he will have a better estimate as the date gets closer.
"It's about time," "Finally" and "When did this open?" were common sentiments shared by motorists as they honked and cheered while hauling across the former two-lane bridge.
Mark Foret, of Houma, said he thinks he was the first person to ride his bike over the bridge while on his way to work.
"Talk about easy," Foret said of being able to use the bridge to go to work. "I've been waiting a long time for this bridge."
Foret said it's a shame the bridge will have to close again, but as long as it's done right he'll manage.
"It was supposed to be open a year ago," he said, "but all right."
Construction of the $26.7 million bridge began in May 2010 and was originally scheduled to be complete last May. The bridge has had at least eight opening delays, most recently in September, November, mid-December and February.
The busy span, which crosses Bayou Terrebonne in east Houma, had been delayed because of damage caused by Hurricane Isaac, late shipping of bridge components and mechanical and electrical issues.

subset: commoncrawl


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AC/DC First Declared 'Let There Be Rock' 35 Years Ago
It seems impossible to believe 35 years later, but AC/DC were actually dropped by their American record label prior to the release of their fourth studio album, 'Let There Be Rock.'
Despite the fact that they already built a rabid following in their Australian homeland, and were showing every sign of doing so in the United Kingdom — the next geographic target in their bold world domination plan — the band faced a true career crisis both at home and abroad prior to the recording of 'Let There Be Rock.'
Former bassist Mark Evans tells Classic Rock magazine that although the group left for their eight-month British conquest as conquering heroes in Australia, their return at the end of 1976 for a homecoming tour was greeted by half-empty venues.
It seems some fans had moved onto other groups, while some resented AC/DC for "abandoning" their homeland. "Our grassroots guys stayed with us, but we got banned from a lot of gigs, too." More bad news came from America, as Atlantic Records called to say that not only would they not be releasing the group's thrid album, 'Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap,' but in fact they would be dropping the band altogether.
Luckily, the label's overseas division came to the rescue, pointing out that the band had been selling respectable numbers on an extremely tight recording and promotion budget. While 'Deeds' wouldn't be released in America until after the tragic death of singer Bon Scott in 1980, the band was given the green light to head into the studio and knock out another album. In fact, they were encouraged to do so quickly.
They were ready. As Evans explains, "There was always a siege mentality about that band. But once we all found out that Atlantic had knocked us back the attitude was 'F— ' them! Who the f— do they think they are?'… They were seriously f—-ing pissed off about it. We were going to go in there and make that album and shove it up their arse."
The furious, borderline unhinged results of their work make one wonder if AC/DC should be "dropped" before every single one of their future recording sessions. (Not that we wanna volunteer to make that phone call, mind you.)
From the Bon Scott era, only the mighty 'Highway to Hell' can stand toe-to-toe with 'Let There Be Rock' in terms of power, consistency and lasting impact. Three songs from the album — the strutting 'Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be,' the charmingly raunchy and fever-pitched 'Whole Lotta Rosie' and the title track — would probably cause an audience riot if skipped during any one of the band's concerts.
The latter is a six-minute long epic that seems ready to fall apart in most glorious fashion in about three different moments, only to find the band quickly get their feet back under them as Scott stands behind the pulpit and explains exactly how the heavens created rock and roll: "Let there be light..sound..drums…guitar…"
Guitarist Angus Young set the no-second-chances tone for the album early in the sessions while recording that very song. Despite the fact that his amplifier literally caught fire, he played on, leaving the amp head "a smoldering puddle of wiring and valves" by the end. The track became the group's set-closer for years, and usually serves as the home of his extended (and still amazing) solo showcase to this day.
That same intensity shows up on every one of the album's eight songs. From the salacious and direct opener 'Go Down' to the Bo Diddley-influenced 'Dog Eat Dog,' the slow-burning 'Overdose' and the twin trouble-making anthems 'Bad Boy Boogie' and 'Problem Child,' there's never a moment to rest or be remotely bored.
Although the record made only a modest dent on the U.S. charts when it was released in June of 1977, it was clear to anyone listening that the band had stared down career failure, re-asserted their commitment to rock and served warning to anybody who dare doubt them again. The band went to to become one of the most popular rock bands of all time over the next few years, despite the tragic loss of Scott, and remain one of the few groupd capable of selling out any concert venue anywhere across the world at a moment's notice.
"And the music was good / And the music was loud / And the singer turned and he said to the crowd…"
Watch AC/DC's 'Let There Be Rock' Video


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Katie's Villa
Completed in 2005 and set on a corner lot this wheelchair accessible private vacation home has 3,061sq ft of fully air-conditioned living space and will accommodate 12 people with ease. The front path leading up to the house is level access. The home has a spacious living area, a formal dining area, a large open plan kitchen, 6 bedrooms comprising of 2 King en-suite (one of which is located upstairs), 2 Queen bedrooms 1 with en suite and 1 with adjoining bathroom, plus 2 twin bedrooms 1 with en suite bathroom and one with one half bathroom (consisting of sink and toilet)
The villa has a 28 x 15ft pool with a large deck area and screen plus plenty of comfortable chairs and recliners to relax on. At night the underwater floodlighting illuminates both pools. The deck area also has a fence to safeguard children from accessing the pool. The pool has an electric pool hoist with interchangeable chair or bed. There are also ramps leading into the living room, the master bedroom downstairs and the pool shower room/toilet from the pool deck to the house.
The fabulous spa is the place to relax and enjoy the Florida sunshine, especially after a busy day at the theme parks. Both pools can be heated (recommended during the cooler winter months) for an additional charge.
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Actress Dakota Fanning has broken her silence over her controversial 2010 Marc Jacobs fragrance campaign, insisting "creeps" read too much into the banned ad.
The "Twilight" star admits she's still proud of the Oh Lola! shots, taken by Jeurgen Teller, and she's still upset that the ads were banned in the U.K. following complaints that the position of the fragrance bottle in the photo was too "sexually provocative."
Critics also claimed Fanning, who was 17 at the time, looked like a little girl and the ad could therefore "be seen to sexualize a child."
But the actress tells Glamour magazine she still can't understand what all the fuss was about: "If you want to read something into a perfume bottle, then I guess you can. But it's also like, 'Why are you making it about that, you creep?'
"I love Marc and trust him, and we just laughed about it."


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The Oracle racing team may have finally done the impossible – not win the America's Cup in a competition designed to attract a new generation of enthusiasts, but turn people off to sailboat racing.
This week the team was caught cheating.
It's been well documented that Oracle, the team that can't sail straight, has turned the America's Cup into a poorly attended bluegrass festival. We've already talked about how the promise of the Cup, majestic boats racing each other over the green waters of the bay, devolved to a single sailboat, "competing" alone, and then holding a press conference to discuss the "victory."
We've supported the races in the Bay Area. The city of San Francisco has poured money and facilities into the extravaganza, and we were promised a global showcase, an international event.
Instead we got Alex Rodriguez – using illegal substances to gain an unfair advantage.
Every time it seemed like there was hope that the Cup fanfare might be catching fire, Larry Ellison's Oracle syndicate has been there with a bucket of cold bay water to put it out.
During the last week, I actually heard people saying, "You know, I went down to the Cup races, and I have to admit those boats are amazing."
There was a flicker of a chance that after all the bickering, the terrible tragedy of the deadly Artemis crash, and the general public malaise about the event, that actual races between competitive boats might turn this around.
Perhaps a little nationalism might kick in when we got to the finals – the good old Oracle Team USA against those crafty Kiwis. (New Zealand hasn't officially been declared a finalist, but no one who has been paying attention expects anything else.)
Now it turns out the home team was cheating. And no, admitting that they used illegal weights doesn't qualify as an excuse. When racing syndicate head Russell Coutts said that the additions – probably used to keep the bow of the boat down in light air – were done without the knowledge of management, the excuse was far-fetched at best.
The entire Oracle operation is tightly controlled. The idea that a rogue worker sneaked on the boat and placed the performance-enhancing weights in exactly the right place (and on three different boats) without the higher-ups knowing is ridiculous.
As New Zealand team leader Grant Dalton told The Chronicle, "You can't actually get to any other point than that they were cheating. If it didn't actually make any difference, why do it?"
And by the way, cheating is one thing, but there's no excuse for being so sloppy. Handing the boats over for official measurement with the incriminating evidence still in the bow is just dumb. Ellison is said to be livid, and for good reason.
Now surely, the international jury isn't going to throw the defending champion out of the finals. It is much more likely that it will make Oracle forfeit some races. There's millions of dollars at stake, not to mention the prestige of the most revered trophy in the history of sailing.
And the shame of it is, this was a good idea. Putting the races on the bay, where they can be seen by everyone, was a sensational thought. The TV graphics and the interactive phone apps have been riveting.
But this has been one embarrassing screw-up after another. The 72-foot boats were too big and too dangerous. Only four of the predicted 15 teams are participating. The grand plan for San Francisco has left the city wondering how much it will get back of the $22 million it invested.
And Oracle, which is now claiming it would never stoop to cheating, has been caught doing so twice. (The first was earlier in the year when Oracle was fined and docked practice time for spying on teams in New Zealand).
But just think, if Oracle should win after all this, the race could be back in San Francisco next time.
You know what they say about that in City Hall?
Go New Zealand.
C.W. Nevius is a San Francisco Chronicle columnist. His columns appear Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Twitter: @cwnevius


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President Obama unveiled his jobs proposal last night and among many strong points, he rebuffed the naysayers who disparage the key role that clean technology jobs have in America's revival.
"If we provide the right incentives and support," he said, "we can be the ones to build everything from fuel-efficient cars to advanced biofuels to semiconductors that are sold all over the world."
And he really came out swinging on the need for environmental policies.
"I reject the argument that says for the economy to grow we have to roll back [regulations]. We shouldn't be in a race to the bottom, where we try to offer the cheapest labor and the worst pollution standards."
Obama is right on both fronts. Clean policies not only offer necessary protections, they stimulate jobs.
Quite simply, the naysayers are wrong on clean tech potential—and here's why:
From Scotland to Shanghai to Sao Paolo, the world is moving decisively toward a clean technology conversion and the jobs that come with it for urgent environmental, security and competitiveness reasons.
It's all about market share: Do we wish to trade our dependence on imported and dirty energy for a new dependence on non-domestic clean technologies? Or would we rather innovate 21st century technologies ourselves and sell them to the world?
Unbiased research is clear:
• A Deutsche Bank report in July found that "countries with more 'TLC' – transparency, longevity and certainty - in their climate policy frameworks will attract more investment and build new, clean industries, technologies and jobs faster than their policy-lagging counterparts." The United States was singled out as a laggard.
• A report by the University of Massachusetts' Political Economy Research Institute showed that EPA-mandated clean tech upgrades to America's Eisenhower-era power plant fleet will generate about 290,000 net new domestic jobs a year in each of the next five years.
• Two Citi Investment Research reports showed that boosting automobile fuel economy standards will boost automakers' variable profits and sales – especially for the Detroit 3 – and also boost US-based suppliers of fuel-savings technologies. In fact, GM is already pushing to export Michigan-made Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrids to China, the world's largest auto market, later this year.
• Several recent news accounts (see here and here) point to a lack of clear policy in the U.S. – and its presence elsewhere - as a central reason other countries' clean tech industries are swiftly eclipsing U.S. firms' market share. And when American Electric Power this summer abandoned its pioneering effort to capture carbon dioxide from an existing coal-burning power plant, the New York Times reported: "The technology had been heralded as the quickest solution to help the coal industry weather tougher federal limits on greenhouse gas emissions. But Congressional inaction on climate change diminished the incentives that had spurred A.E.P. to take the leap."
So on these and other clean tech fronts America languishes while other countries sprint ahead. These countries get it: smart policy = business certainty = investment = jobs.
The naysayers' analysis of clean tech's potential is consistently and woefully incomplete because it's often a variation of an inadequate costs-only analysis - some version of, 'We can't buy this solar panel because the cost of the coal-fired power it replaces is cheaper.' That of course ignores the total societal cost of the fossil fuel in question, strong market trends, and the myriad other health, economic and security benefits of going from dirty energy to clean energy. Such incomplete analysis wouldn't pass muster in a first-year economics class.
Opponents of new environmental technologies and policies have repeatedly been wildly inaccurate in their cost claims. As one of many examples, in 1981 the Business Roundtable estimated that compliance with the Clean Air Act would cost $66 billion annually over six years. In 1990, they estimated further compliance costs at $55 billion annually. Yet in 1997, EPA reported the actual cost of the CAA compliance over its first 20 years at just $26 billion a year. And that doesn't count the vastly-larger health and environmental gains.
So let's stop fiddling while the rest of the world sprints ahead in a competition that will only grow. As any VC will tell you, priming the pump for cutting-edge industries always has its share of failures and busts – let's not single them out to score political points.
The 21st Century global economy will inevitably be powered by clean tech, and the millions of jobs it spawns elsewhere if not here. It's past time to get moving on the policies we need to nurture it.


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Events for March 20, 2018
Day Navigation
Visitation Tuesdays
We do visitation to people unable to come out to church. We meet at the church in Pastor Ray Pardee's office. Come and help encourage others.Find out more »
Wednesday Bible Studies
Adult Bible Study 6:15 -7:15 p.m. Walk Across the Room by Bill Hybells Step out of your comfort zone! Walk Across the Room shows you how to follow Jesus' model of personal evangelism by "living in 3-D" ---developing friendships, discovering stories, discerning appropriate ways to approach others about Christ. Learn how to share the goodFind out more »


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One of the things that came up in discussions about the NATO supply routes reopening in return for a US apology on Salala was trust, or lack thereof, between the US and Pakistan. I think trust is definitely important but I also think it's a bit overrated as a factor in this context.
Trust matters most in those situations where two (or more) parties are leaving the possibility of mutual gains on the table because of a lack of trust. That is, we live either in a Prisoner's Dilemma world or a Stag Hunt world or something similar. Presumably, if the parties believed that the other would do the right thing in the future – i.e. had trust in the other – they too would do the right thing, thereby realizing the mutual gains. Importantly, in these worlds, the parties are actually better off if they cooperate.
I'm not sure, however, that these worlds really reflect the US-Pakistan case. I think the better analogy would be Deadlock, where the parties simply want different things. In this situation, trust has no role to play whatsoever. It cannot help in ensuring cooperation because the parties' goals are incompatible.
On everything from the ethnic makeup of the post-2014 Afghan government to Pakistan's role in a post-2014 Afghanistan to opinions and policies toward China to opinions and policies towards India, the US and Pakistan have irreconcilable differences. Under these circumstances, we could live in a world where the US and Pakistan trust each other with absolute certainty and yet still not reach cooperative outcomes. The existence of trust cannot make them want different things.
Put differently, the fracturing of the US-Pakistan alliance is not a puzzle at all and should not be thought of as such. There was a time when cooperation was easier, because goals overlapped to a considerably greater degree (al-Qaeda, mainly). That is no longer the case. In fact, one could make the argument that there is no stronger indication of al-Qaeda's relatively crippled state than the breakdown in US-Pakistan ties. Just like the Cold War, which could only be born once Nazi Germany died.


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|Syntactic Confectionery Delight
comment on
|( #3333=superdoc: print w/replies, xml )
|Need Help??
Very interesting.
So far it looks like there are two possibilities -- store your 'database' in a database, or store it in some kind of HoH & meta-data store. You have the additional complication of 'duplication', re: the book you gave merlyn is later given to kudra.
I'm not that familiar with Prolog but it seems that you would need to specify that the book has the attribute 'real -- cannot be given to more than one person at once' (which reminds me of a software company's license -- but I digress) as opposed to 'imaginary -- can be given to as many people as you like' (directions, blessing, a kiss).
Getting back to the database/data & metadata discussion, I'd probably lean towards the second choice simply because you could model it with OO to enforce a certain way of storing the data .. among other things, this would allow you to enforce the 'can only be given once' rule mentioned in the previous paragraph.
Doing this in some kind of matrix arrangement also seems intuitively obvious .. your example suggests you'd want to check a three-dimensional matrix or take a two dimensional slice of a 3D matrix. Naturally in the implementation you'd want a few more dimensions than that.
Finally, as far as persistence is concerned, it should be possible to dump the 'workspace' (to use an APL term) then be able to load it back up when the next session starts. I haven't used Data::Dumper but it sounds like it would be right for the job.
--t. alex
"Mud, mud, glorious mud. Nothing quite like it for cooling the blood!"
In reply to Re: Choosing a data structure for AI applications
by talexb


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text: Companies try to entertain customers and prospective customers on social media by talking about their products, mentioning news relevant to their brand, and posting funny pictures that they hope people will share, like, and retweet. Maybe they should rethink all of this, though, and only use their pages for important news releases and coupon codes. This week's cautionary tale: food-ordering site Seamless. [More]


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For only the second time in its fifty-nine year history, the representative from Mexico
walked away with the coveted Miss Universe title on August 23rd at Mandalay Bay
Resort & Casino in Las Vegas. A crowd favorite, the audience erupted when twenty-
two year old Ximena Navarrete's name was called as she was crowned Miss Universe
Navarrete was born in Guadalajara, Mexico and had lived there all of her life until
being tapped for the Mexico title, after which she moved to Mexico City to serve her
reign. Although Navarrete hails from one of the largest cities in Mexico, she describes
it as relatively calm compared to her new home in New York City.
Navarrete has worked as a model for years, but this beauty is much more than
a pretty face. While in school she received a scholastic award for obtaining high
honors and exemplifying outstanding behavior. She went on to study Nutrition
at Univa in Guadalajara, and plans to complete her degree after her reign.
Navarrete has dedicated much of her life to giving back to the community by working at
an orphanage for young girls, and providing food to families of the sick. She hopes that
her year as Miss Universe will provide many opportunities to help those less fortunate.
Looking forward, Navarrete plans to work at a medical clinic with patients suffering
from eating disorders, a step in breaking false beauty stereotypes and nutritional
ignorance that affects women all over the world. Navarrete comments on this point
saying, "Often times nutritionists focus on dieting and being skinny. I think it is
important to first be better on the inside, and second to focus on the outside. I hope as
a nutritionist I can help women to understand this."
When Navarrete manages to find free time in her busy schedule, she enjoys being
with nature, playing with her chihuahua, Mia, and taking boat rides on the beautiful
Lake Chapala. As Miss Universe, Navarrete will spend much of her time serving as
a spokeswoman for HIV/AIDS to increase awareness and boost funding for research.
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By Mechelle Hankerson
Capital News Service
RICHMOND – On issues ranging from tax credits for private school tuition to a homeowner's right to kill an intruder, several bills before the 2012 General Assembly resembled model laws proposed by the American Legislative Exchange Council, a politically conservative think tank funded by major corporations.
Liberal watchdog groups say that's no coincidence: They say ALEC has curried favor with lawmakers in Virginia and other states to pass legislation that benefits corporate interests.
"ALEC is essentially a corporate bill factory," said Anna Scholl, executive director of ProgressVA, an advocacy group for low-income Virginians, women's rights, environmental protection and other issues.
"ALEC writes model legislation that is designed to increase corporate bottom lines, and then they turn around and hand it off to state legislators to take it home and introduce it."
ALEC officials dispute that. They describe the group as a "nonpartisan membership association for conservative state lawmakers who share a common belief in limited government, free markets, federalism and individual liberty."
ALEC officials say they do what their liberal critics do: try to influence public policy. On its website, the organization says it has generated "hundreds of model bills on a wide range of issues, model legislation that will frame the debate today and far into the future."
On at least one point, ALEC and its detractors agree: The group has been effective in persuading states to adopt its recommendations. "Each year, close to 1,000 bills, based at least in part on ALEC Model Legislation, are introduced in the states. Of these, an average of 20 percent become law," ALEC's website says.
ProgressVA published a report in January saying at least 115 past and present Virginia legislators have membership in or other connections with ALEC. ALEC has ghostwritten more than 50 bills for consideration by the General Assembly in recent sessions, the report said.
"ALEC legislation really blows the gamut on issues," Scholl said. "What they all have in common is that ALEC prioritizes corporate profits over constituents. For example, one of the areas where ALEC legislation has really been pushed in Virginia is in privatizing education."
In February, the General Assembly passed a law establishing a tax credit for individuals or organizations that donate money to provide scholarships to send low-income and disabled students to private schools. ALEC has advocated such programs, the ProgressVA report noted.
Delegate James Massie, R-Henrico, sponsored the bill. He is an ALEC member and has attended ALEC conferences, the report said. ALEC paid about $1,600 to cover his conference travel and lodging in 2010-11, according to the Virginia Public Access Project, which compiles political contributions data.
ALEC also has been urging states to adopt "Castle Doctrine" laws, which allow people to use deadly force against threatening intruders. The National Rifle Association, which provides funding for ALEC, helped draft the group's model legislation, ProgressVA said.
This legislative session, both the House and Senate passed versions of a "Castle Doctrine" proposal – House Bill 48. The two chambers could not agree on the final language, and so the issue was carried over until next year.
Delegate Richard "Dickie" Bell, R-Staunton, carried HB 48. Bell's legislative staff said that he is not a member of ALEC and that his bill was not written with ALEC's help. But it is the same bill carried in 2011 by Delegate William Cleaveland, R-Roanoke, who retired last fall. Cleaveland's bill was based on ALEC's model legislation, the ProgressVA report said.
The report also cited a bill that Bell carried in 2010 to establish "virtual school" programs. The measure opened the door for private and nonprofit organizations to offer online classes for Virginia students in kindergarten through high school.
Since that law took effect, for-profit companies offering online education have "made a killing on school districts for students enrolling in virtual schools programs," Scholl said.
Both of Bell's bills are ALEC issues, but neither is an exact copy of ALEC model legislation.
Although ALEC operates nationwide, it has a particularly strong hold on Virginia's legislators because of the state's loose rules governing gifts to politicians, Scholl said.
In Virginia, lawmakers can receive unlimited personal gifts as long as they publicly report what they get. The ProgressVA report said that from 2001 through 2010:
• ALEC spent $72,000 on travel and registration so Virginia legislators could attend its conferences and retreats.
• The state spent $231,000 to send legislators to ALEC conferences.
• Lawmakers spent $29,000 from their campaign accounts for ALEC dues, registration and related expenses.
In 2011, ALEC spent nearly $6,700 on convention travel for eight legislators. They included House Speaker William Howell, who over the years has received more than $23,000 in gifts from ALEC, according to the Virginia Public Access Project.
Such relationships between ALEC and legislators have generated controversy in Richmond and other cities. In February, groups affiliated with the Occupy Wall Street movement have called for protests against ALEC and corporations that support the group.
In some cities, activists targeted Bank of America, Walmart, McDonald's and BP. In Richmond, they focused on Altria, the parent company of Philip Morris. Altria is one of ALEC's largest financial contributors, the protesters said.
"ALEC and the tobacco industry have long had a mutually beneficial relationship," the ProgressVA report said. In 2010, Virginia passed a law to lower the taxes on chewing tobacco. The bill was based on ALEC's model legislation, according to ProgressVA.
ProgressVA's report on the American Legislative Exchange Council is available at www.progressva.org/alec. The council's website is www.alec.org.
Capital News Service is a student news-gathering program sponsored by the School of Mass Communications at Virginia Commonwealth University.


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UPDATE: Initial jobless claims rose to 371,000 from last week's downwardly-revised 367,000 new claims.
Economists expected a drop to 365,000.
Continuing claims came in below expectations at 3.1 million.
ORIGINAL: Minutes away from the release of weekly jobless claims figures, due out in the United States at 8:30 AM ET.
Economist expect 365,000 new claims for the week of January 5, down from 372,000 the week before.
Continuing claims for the week of December 29 are expected to fall slightly to 3.23 million from 3.25 million the week before.
We will have the release LIVE at 8:30 AM ET. Click here for updates >


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Rumsfeld wrote:Potatoe1 wrote:Rumsfeld wrote: I think I can say with absolute certainty that Horvat is never going to be the offensive talent Ryan Getzlaf is. Getzlaf's talent was obvious... Horvat's not so much.
Still have very high hopes for him and think he's an offensively talented player.... just sayin'.
He made some excellent offensive plays in the scrimages.
He is a good skater, has an excellent shot, good hands, and good IQ. If he keeps improving he should be a solid offensive player at the NHL level.
Also note Horvat's recent Jr numbers are a bit skewed. He started off in a defensive role but just killed it the back half of the season and playoffs.
He does have a pretty sweet toe drag... but so do most first-round picks these days.
Have to see more of him with better players to really get a feel for his skill level.
That said, comparing any 18 year old picked out of the top3 to Ryan Getzlaf is a bit silly.
True enough. I'd be less inclined to if we hadn't traded a top-5 NHL goaltender for him. And Getzlaf was really just who came to mind the way folks around here have been talking about Horvat.... a big, talented first-line NHL center.


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House Plan for 30 Feet by 30 Feet plot (Plot Size 100 Square Yards)
House Plan for 30 Feet by 30 Feet plot (Plot Size 100 Square Yards) GharExpert.com has a large collection of Architectural Plans. Click on the link above to see the plan and visit Architectural Plan section.
Bathroom Plans and Layouts for 60 to 100 square feet
Find 12 bathroom plans for the space of 60 to 100 square feet. Different layouts in different shaped bathroom but practical fixtures placement helps you in designing master bathroom or secondary bathroom. Also, figure out standard dimensions for various bathroom fixtures. Browse bathroom plans of 61 to 100 square feet for three quarter or full bathroom.
What is acre
Acre is traditional measure area unit, to measure the land in bulk mostly in agriculture and forestry. The abbreviation
Planning a House
Once the architect has given his design options, it becomes necessary to select one and start working on it.
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Find here 5 bathroom layouts and designs for extra large and multipurpose bathrooms. Plans show various luxurious fixtures arrangement that makes your bathroom royale. Article explains Different layouts for different sizes highlighting their features. Planning small and large both spaces both are tricky. This article brings bathroom layouts for more than 100 square feet space.
Bathroom Plans and Layouts for Small Bathrooms
Find 8 bathroom Plans and layouts for small bathrooms. Plans show the best possible arrangement of fixtures to make it more usable and practical. In these bathroom plans the standard sizes of fixtures are considered and other standard measurements are taken too. View Small bathroom layouts that ranges between 30 to 60 square feet .
Space Planning In Kitchen
Kitchen is the heart of a home and each lady want her kitchen according to her desires. So the kitchen should be more practical and functional where she can enjoy the cooking at its best. With some course of actions, space utilization can be achieved that can help you to easily access each and everything.
Home Construction Safety
There are several home construction safety tips which can be applied during construction of the house. This article will guide you through better construction safety tips.
Top 10 mistakes in Bathroom Design
Bathroom requires careful planning otherwise you can face some big problems of water leakage, slippery floor and poor ventilation. To avoid some mistakes in bathroom design find out some facts.
Layout of Building
The real meaning and purpose of setting out (layout) is to transfer the plan, length and width of its foundation on the ground so that the foundation can be excavated for construction of purposed building as per drawing.
Designing a Foundation
Foundation is the part of structure below plinth level and needs special care while designing. Whole design of the foundation, super structure and characteristics of the ground should be studied to obtain economy in construction work.
Environment Friendly Houses
An environment friendly house is designed and built to be in tune with its occupants, nature, environment and ecosys
Inviting prosperity through the Main Door
The Main door being the most majestic & huge should always open inwards & the location of main door in a house or a plot is one of the most significant aspects that would bring in stability in the home or office constructed.
Environmentally Friendly Houses
An environmentally friendly house is designed and built to be in tune with its occupants, nature, environment and ecosystem. It is designed and built according to the region it is located in, keeping in mind the climate material availability and building practices.
Painting Exterior of your Home
For painting exteriors of your home, you should know proper guidelines on primer, paint quality, paint color, weather conditions as these are important factors for paint work to create elegance on exterior walls of the house. Here are given some tips for smooth and beautiful exterior wall painting.
Gharexpert can save you money during construction
Do you know almost all individual home construction projects in India take more money to complete than what people originally plan? If planned properly, we all can save 10% or more on our home construction projects. GharExpert.com has collected a series of articles where our objective is to share with you all the tricks that you could use to save money in building your dream home!
Bathroom Designs with Bathtubs
A bathroom often expresses the sense of style and individual choice of the home owner. A bathtub can make your bathroom luxurious and stylish. You can choose from a range of bathtub from free standing to claw foot and from Jacuzzi to build in or walk in bathtubs.
How to Plan Outdoor Lighting
Outdoor lighting is a nice way to add beauty and warmth to the house. It is very useful for security reasons of home exterior such as pathways, swimming pool etc. Keep in mind suitable exterior locations for implementation of outdoor lighting.
Vastu for East Facing Plot
POP false ceiling design for 17 ft by 20 ft room with wooden planks
Chandelier and false ceiling design for kitchen
Wooden Interior door design
Dining Set Design
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LCD Unit Design
Lining Room LCD Unit
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Ceiling and Lighting Design
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White Marble Flooring
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Just in time for summer, the latest edition of the Mansfield ISD Magazine is here!
The summer 2018 issue features the MISD class of 2018 valedictorians, and there's a spread about each high school's valedictorian and salutatorian inside.
Also in this magazine are stories of the district's Teachers of the Year, Heartbeat Award winners, various summer programs and tons of student achievements.
Read all about it here. (View past issues here.)
Send Your News Tips
605 East Broad Street • Mansfield, Texas 76063 • (817) 299-6300 Terms of Service | Accessibility | Site Map | Contact Us©


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They're not Hollywood stars, they're not TV personalities and they don't play in a rock band, but their pay packages are in the same league.
Six of the 10 highest-paid CEOs last year worked in the media industry, according to a study carried out by executive compensation data firm Equilar and The Associated Press.
The best-paid chief executive of a large American company was David Zaslav, head of Discovery Communications, the pay-TV channel operator that is home to "Shark Week." His total compensation more than quadrupled to $156.1 million in 2014 after he extended his contract.
Les Moonves, of CBS, held on to second place in the rankings, despite a drop in pay from a...


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text:
(~=start and end of Sims POV)
Intro: Jeffrey Bidder and Danielle Henshall have known eachother since they were toddlers. when they were preteens, Jeffrey had a crush on Danielle. Once they were teens, Jeffrey asked Danielle out and there now dating. This story is going to be more of like a journal, so there won't be a marriage or baby soon
Part 1: First day of High School
~Danielle's POV: I haven't felt right since my 14th birthday. I feel like I don't know myself anymore, I used to dress in yellow leggings and shirts. Now I dress in a short blue dress, I even put black highlights in my hair! I don't know anymore, I think I hear my dad calling me. It's time for school.~ Danielle is not the sporty, outgoing little girl she used to be. She's trying to change herself, when she should stay the same.~Jeffrey's POV: Ever since my parents divorced, it's been hard. Even if it was when I was a toddler, the pain still lives. I never get to see my mom anymore! Sometimes I wish Aisha had never come, but I overheard my dad say she did something bad too. I don't really believe him. It's scary how much I look like my dad. We have the same hair colour, skin colour and even eye colour. Wait, scratch that. Lately I've noticed that his eyes shine red in the sunlight. Are my eyes tricking me? I have no clue, he's gotten a bay tattoo. I don't know what it represents, maybe there his favourite animal? Aisha and my dad had a baby named Amelia, she looks exactly like Aisha. Dark brown hair, brown eyes and dark skin. Amelia is such a sweetheart, one of the cutest toddlers! It must look weird when were in public, me looking like my dad and Amelia looking like my step-mom. My mom got remarried to, his name is Mark. He looks Italian to me. We do eat spaghetti a lot. They also, my mom and Mark, had a daughter names Riley. She's lots of fun to play with. She looks just like my mom too. *beep beep* Oh, that must be Aisha. She's a teacher at the elementary school and drives me to school now. Gotta go!~ Jeffrey still hasn't recovered from his parents divorced, it was hard for his family to be ripped apart at such a young age. But he tries to be strong, obviously his parents have moved on. His two sisters are quite the handful, but he can handle them.
Thanks for reading!
Jeffrey and Danielle
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- GeorgieSims
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European Commission
Press release
Brussels, 11 September 2012
Ageing teachers a challenge for EU education sector
The European Commission today welcomed the launch of Education at a Glance 2012, an annual report providing data from 34 countries including 21 EU Member States (list below) on performance in education. The report, compiled by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), identifies several areas in European education that are likely to create challenges in the near future. An ageing teaching force is one of them: more than 40% of secondary school teachers in five EU countries (Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the Netherlands, Sweden) are aged 50 or older – in Germany and Italy the share is even higher at more than 50%. Gender inequality is also a problem: the report shows that nearly a third more women than men are enrolling in higher education in the EU.
"This report is an invaluable tool for national and European policy makers. Member States recognise that investing in education is a requisite for Europe's future and long-term prosperity. The data clearly shows that the cost of education is far-outweighed by the returns. But we must not be complacent: the report also shows that reforms are needed to modernise education and make it more attractive for both students and teachers", said Androulla Vassiliou, European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth.
Education at a Glance also reveals that:
Education at a Glance is produced annually by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and draws on data compiled by Eurostat and the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
The report provides information on the state of play in education, including the financial and human resources invested in education, student-teacher ratios, teaching hours, graduate numbers and results, access, participation and progression in education as well as data on the learning environment and organisation of schools.
New indicators focus on the effect of the global economic crisis on education expenditure and the impact of education on macroeconomic outcomes such as GDP. The report also covers topics such as early childhood education systems, intergenerational mobility in higher education, factors that influence education spending, career expectations among 15-year-olds, the makeup of the teaching force and the impact of examinations on access to secondary and higher education.
The report features data on education from the 34 OECD member countries. These include 21 EU Member States (Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom), 4 other European countries (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey), and 9 non-European countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, United States). Furthermore, data is presented for Brazil, the Russian Federation, and – in some cases – Argentina, China, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and South Africa.
The 6 EU Member States which are not OECD member countries and therefore not covered in the report are Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta and Romania.
In line with the growing importance of education and skills issues in the Europe 2020 strategy for growth and jobs, the European Commission and the OECD also announced today their agreement to work more closely in the future. This will strengthen the impact and value of their work in the field of education and training for their member countries.
Country analysis, skills strategies as well as cooperation on surveys such as PISA and the future survey on adult skills (PIAAC) will be a priority in the context of this new framework for collaboration.
For more information
On-the-record technical briefing is available at web streamed
The full report is available on website
Education at a Glance 2012: OECD Indicators
European Commission: The EU's targets in education and training
Annex 1: Entry rates into tertiary education and age distribution of new entrants (2010)
Annex 2: Age distribution of teachers in secondary education (2010)
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text: Hi, The ISPConfig manual states that database names must not be longer than 16 characters, implying that MySQL does not support longer database names. Although I don't have access to manuals of MySQL 4.x and older, it seems this 16 character limit concerns those older versions only. In the MySQL 5.x manuals one can see that the limit now is 64 characters (see MySQL 5 Reference Manual - Schema Object Names). Nice to know for users such as myself, who prfere database names starting with a readable [CLIENTNAME] instead of a cryptic [CLIENTID]. Beware though! User names can still be no longer than 16 characters.