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Robert Ader, Ph.D. (1932-2011) was a member of the faculty of the Dept. of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine for fifty-five years. A pioneer in the field of psychoneuroimmunology, Ader was internationally recognized for work establishing the influence of the brain on the immune system. The Ader papers were transferred to the Rare Books & Manuscripts Section of the Edward G. Miner Library in January 2012. Processing the collection was completed in July 2012. The Papers of Robert Ader, Ph.D. are contained in forty-nine boxes occupying twenty-six linear feet.
Robert Ader was born in the Bronx on 20 February 1932, the elder of Nathan and Mae Ader's two sons. He attended the Horace Mann School in the Bronx, and in 1949 entered Tulane University, from which he graduated in 1953 with a B.S. in psychology. Immediately entering the graduate program at Cornell University, Ader earned a Ph.D. in psychology in 1957. That same year he was hired as a part-time instructor in the Dept. of Psychology at the University of Rochester, and part-time instructor in the Dept. of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry. Both John Romano, M.D., the chairman of Psychiatry, and George L. Engel, M.D., an internist focused on psychosomatic medicine, were interested in adding to the faculty an experimental psychologist who could conduct psychobiological research with animals. In an autobiographical essay published in 1998, Ader wrote that he "remained in Rochester because George Engel and John Romano provided the encouragement and the means that enabled me to develop my own program of research in psychosomatic medicine." Ader was appointed Professor of Psychiatry & Psychology in 1968, and George L. Engel Professor of Psychosocial Medicine in 1983. Within the Dept. of Psychiatry, he was director of the Division of Behavioral Medicine (1982), and director of the Center for Psychoneuroimmunology Research (1993).
Robert Ader's name will always be associated with psychoneuroimmunology, a term he coined in his 1980 presidential address to the American Psychosomatic Society, and which was used a year later as the title for a collection of essays signalling the emergence of the new field. As early as the 1950s, Ader's research had touched on the relation of emotion to susceptibility to disease – particularly to gastric lesions in rats. Ader's entry into what would later be termed psychoneuroimmunology, neuroimmunomodulation, psychoimmunology, etc. – was serendiptious. In the 1998 essay quoted earlier he wrote:
"The study of interactions among behavioral, neural and endocrine, and immunological processes of adaptation, became a 'second' research career in the 1970s – and came about by accident. Some animals died during a study of taste aversion learning in which rats were reexposed to a flavored drinking solution previously paired with the immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide. And, like the magnitude of the conditioned avoidance response, mortality varied directly with the volume of flavored solution consumed on the single drug trial. As a psychologist, I was unaware that there were no known connections between the brain and the immune system. Therefore, free to make up any story I wanted, I hypothesized that, in the course of conditioning the behavioral response, we were also conditioning the immunosuppresive effects of cyclophosphamide. Thus, it was the serendipitous observation of mortality – and the need to explain an orderly relationship between mortality and a conditioned aversive response – that gave rise to the hypothesis that immune responses could be modified by classical conditioning."
Ader's collaboration with Nicholas Cohen, an immunologist in the Dept. of Microbiology, was central to experimentally establishing this connection. Their first major statement on the subject appeared in an article published in Psychosomatic medicine in 1975 entitled "Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression." The authors posited that "the immune system, like other physiological processes, was subject to classical (Pavlovian) conditioning" and provided "dramatic evidence of an inextricable relationship between the brain and the immune system." The reception of this theory was greeted with scepticism in some quarters, with guarded interest in others, and great enthusiasm in others still. Apart from studies on the classical conditioning of immune responses published in Russia during the 1920s – work unknown outside Russia – no previous discussion of a connection between the brain and the immune system had been undertaken.From the mid-1970s, psychoneuroimmunology remained the principal focus of Ader's research and publishing activity. A pioneer in a field of study that was initially greeted with scepticism, Ader's collaboration with such figures as Nicholas Cohen and Jan Moynihan, their meticulous research, and cogent arguments were central to establishing the nervous system's influence on the immune system. Ader authored or co-authored more than two hundred journal articles and book chapters, founded and edited for many years the periodical Brain, behavior and immunity, and served on the editorial boards of half a dozen other psychobiology and behavioral journals. He was elected president of the American Psychosomatic Society (1979-80), president of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology (1981-82), president of the Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research (1984-85), and president of the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society (1993), of which he was also a founder. Robert Ader retired in July 2011 and died in Pittsford, N.Y., a suburb of Rochester, on 20 December 2011. He was married to Gayle Simon, of Rochester, N.Y., on 2 June 1957. They raised four daughters.
The Papers of Robert Ader, Ph.D. are organized in five series:
This series contains Ader's correspondence with individual persons. Correspondence regarding conferences, grant applications or publications are filed in those series. The Ader correspondence includes carbon or photocopies of Ader's letters, printouts of e-mails, and the originals of correspondence received. The series is arranged alphabetically by correspondents' surnames. Individuals with whom Ader conducted more extensive correspondence are accorded individual folders.
This series contains materials that reflect Ader's involvement in professional societies (including conferences); correspondence with publishers and other corporations; contact with foundations (apart from the material in the grant application series); invitations to be a guest lecturer or visiting professor; and all the material retained in his files that pertain to the University of Rochester, the Medical Center, and the Dept. of Psychiatry (Boxes 25-28). Of particular interest among Ader's Rochester files are those pertaining to the Center for Psychoneuroimmunology Research (Box 26).
Ader's influence nationally and internationally is amply evidenced in this series, which includes extensive files for such entities as the American Psychosomatic Society (Boxes 12-13), the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology (Box 17), the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society [PNIRS] (Boxes 20-24), the conferences in Pittsburgh, Rochester, N.Y., and Columbus, O. that led to the formation of PNIRS (Boxes 19 & 24), etc., etc.
The files in this series are arranged alphabetically by each organization's name, and chronologically within each organization.
Grant Applications (Boxes 29-36)
Ader was known for the meticulousness of his research, which lent such authority to the controversial ideas he proposed. The series contains what is probably a complete set of Ader's grant applications from 1972 to 2006, and is essential to understanding the direction of Ader's work for more than thirty years. The files include the applications, correspondence regarding the application, renewals, and related documents. This series is arranged chronologically by date of the initial application.
This series represents what is probably the complete history of Ader's publishing record. Boxes 37-42 contain files for each journal article, book review or letter to the editor Ader published in the periodical literature. Boxes 43-46 contain files for each book chapter or introduction to a book authored by Ader. The publication series is arranged chronologically by date of publication. Many files contain simply a reprint. Others may include a reprint, the original typescript, page proofs, or correspondence with publishers or colleagues.
The three boxes in this final series contain material not easily categorized elsewhere. Ader's ideas regarding the influence of the brain on the immune system received extensive publicity outside academe. Box 47 contains correspondence (largely with non-academics) regarding his ideas and their implications, as well as articles on psychoneuroimmunology that appeared in the popular press, on television and on radio. Box 48 contains talks delivered by Ader from the early 1970s to the end of the century. Box 49 contains letters of recommendation and external grant reviews, and has been closed to public review until the year 2030.
Box Two - Correspondence
Box Three - Correspondence
Box Four - Correspondence
Box Five - Correspondence
Box Seven - Correspondence
Box Eight - Correspondence
Box Nine - Correspondence
Box Eleven - Organizations
Folder 1: Academic Press (1998-1999)
Folder 2: Academic Press (2000-2003)
Folder 3: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Symposium on Aging from Birth to Death (Washington, D.C. : Jan 1982)
Folder 4: American Association of Laboratory Animal Science. Annual meeting (Minneapolis : Nov 1996)
Folder 5: American Cancer Research Fund (1985-1986)
Folder 6: American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. Annual meeting (Minneapolis : July 1969)
Folder 7: American College of Rheumatology. West Coast Program (San Francisco : Feb 1990)
Folder 8: American College of Rheumatology. 56th annual meeting (Atlanta : Oct 1992)
Folder 9: American Gastroenterological Association. Digestive Disease Week (Orlando, Fl. : May 2003)
Folder 10: American Institute of Stress (1979-1980)
Folder 11: American Institute of Stress (1981)
Folder 12: American Institute of Stress (1982)
Folder 13: American Institute of Stress (1983)
Folder 14: American Institute of Stress (1984-1986)
Folder 15: American Pain Society. 16th annual meeting (New Orleans : Oct 1997)
Folder 16: American Psychiatric Association (1981-1982)
Box Twelve - Organizations
Box Thirteen - Organizations
Box Fourteen - Organizations
Box Fifteen - Organizations
Box Sixteen - Organizations
Box Seventeen - Organizations
Box Eighteen - Organizations
Box Nineteen - Organizations
Box Twenty - Organizations
Box Twenty-One - Organizations
Box Twenty-Two - Organizations
Box Twenty-Three - Organizations
Box Twenty-Four - Organizations
Box Twenty-Five Organizations
Box Twenty-Six - Organizations
Box Twenty-Seven - Organizations
Box Twenty-Eight - Organizations
Box Twenty-Nine - Grant Applications
Box Thirty - Grant Applications
Box Thirty-One - Grant Applications
Box Thirty-Two - Grant Applications
Box Thirty-Three - Grant Applications
Box Thirty-Four - Grant Applications
Box Thirty-Five - Grant Applications
Box Thirty-Six - Grant Applications
Box Thirty-Seven - Publications/Articles
Box Thirty-Eight - Publications/Articles
Box Thirty-Nine - Publications/Articles
Box Forty - Publications/Articles
Box Forty-One - Publications/Articles
Box Forty-Two - Publications/Articles
Box Forty-Three - Publications/Book Chapters
Box Forty-Four - Publications/Book Chapters
Box Forty-Five - Publications/Book Chapters
Box Forty-Six - Publications/Book Chapters
Box Forty-Seven - Miscellaneous
Box Forty-Eight - Miscellaneous
Box Forty-Nine - Miscellaneous
The contents of this box are closed to the public until the year 2030:
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Robert Ader, Ph.D.
Questions regarding the Ader papers may be directed to Christopher Hoolihan, Rare Books & Manuscripts LIbrarian


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I recently looked at purchasing a couple of the new Shimano Sahara front clutch reels prices being attractive i investigated and nearly bought two that was until i found out that these reels do not have anti-reverse! . Apparently the new Shimano Nasci also does not have anti-reverse fitted! so if you like me use the anti-reverse feature beware before buying at least some of the new Shimano range until you establish they come with this feature.
I ended up with two Daiwa's hopefully i made a good choice!.

subset: commoncrawl


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It's Saturday night at Canton's Du Burns Arena, and Mike "The Prodigy" Bennett flexes and preens as his opponent, Ring of Honor champion Jay Lethal, staggers across the mat.
As the bad-boy wrestler's scantily clad girlfriend-valet joins the gloating, fans erupt in an angry chant of "You suck, you suck." Those in the front row yell the loudest — pounding the metal dividers surrounding the ring in time with the chant.
Welcome to the new — and, at the same time, very old — world of TV wrestling, as the Sinclair Broadcast Group embraces the original programming business that comes with chokeholds and body slams.
Last June, the Hunt Valley broadcaster acquired Ring of Honor, a wrestling league with almost no TV presence. Now, Sinclair is using its distribution muscle and marketing savvy to beam the antics of fighters like Grizzly Redwood and the Briscoe Brothers to homes across the country.
"This is brand-new life," says wrestling veteran and executive producer Jim Cornette, a one-time Ring of Honor commissioner. "Ring of Honor has been around for 10 years, but not at this level. The exposure that all these TV stations are giving us every week is many times the number of people that had ever seen us before."
Ring of Honor's chief operating officer, Joe Koff, says Sinclair believes the old programming staple can be a winner on the new media landscape.
"The reason that running Ring of Honor is so attractive to our company is that we own the TV content — and when you own content, you're in control," Koff says, sitting on a folding chair borrowed from a wrestler in the locker room at Du Burns.
"We own the content and control the distribution of it through our stations," says Koff, who used to run Baltimore's WNUV (Channel 54).
And the content Sinclair owns with Ring of Honor is the kind that appeals to young men, the hardest TV demographic for advertisers to reach.
"This is a very elusive audience for TV marketers, and we have them," Koff says. "They buy our product, they buy our tickets, they watch our shows, they buy our merchandise online. Many of them are what we call 'ringside members,' where they are paying a premium to get additional exclusive content on our website."
The idea of getting TV programming content from a franchise you own, which has the potential to support itself through ticket and merchandise sales, seems like a media dream. And the fact that your TV stations and website are helping to drive viewers into those arenas is textbook synergy, according to analysts.
"It's perfect vertical integration, there's no question of that," says Douglas Gomery, scholar-in-residence at the University of Maryland's Library of American Broadcasting.
"It's also a well-tested model in that it's an updated version of one of the oldest and most economical forms of TV programming," he adds, noting that TV wrestling and boxing date to 1946.
But it's not an automatic moneymaker, he warns.
"The test is, can they create a brand of wrestling that they can use on a Saturday night to get a large enough audience of young men to make it attractive to advertisers," Gomery says. "Ted Turner tried it in the '80s with his superstation, and he never could really make it work on that level."
With Sinclair only just launching the production, that remains to be seen. But it certainly seemed to be working for the young men among the 800 fans at Du Burns on Jan. 7, Sinclair's first night in Baltimore with Ring of Honor matches. Young men made up more than half the crowd, and many of them were wearing the Ring of Honor T-shirts and hoodies that sell for $20 and $40, respectively, online and at tables in the arena.
Four TV shows were taped that night, and they air in Baltimore on Sinclair's WBFF (Channel 45) and WNUV starting this weekend. The next Du Burns event will be Feb. 4, when four more telecasts will be taped. The show goes on the road in coming weeks and months to Norfolk, Va., Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati and Fort Lauderdale, Fla.
Out in the arena, the crowd is banging on the dividers again and chanting: "This is awesome. This is wrestling." They are chanting and banging as the tag team of Davey Richards and Kyle O'Reilly takes on Caprice Coleman and Cedric Alexander.
Richards is Ring of Honor's world champion, and it is now the fighting, not theatrics, drawing the chants from the crowd. Tag-team members are flying through the ring and bouncing off the ropes, and Koff, a self-described fan, seems as excited as anyone in the audience.
"The whole thing about Ring of Honor is that it is an experience," he says. "This is 21st-century wrestling in a style that is very reminiscent of what the fans' parents and grandfathers grew up with. We do very little talk. Where WWE and TNA, our main competitors, are 20 minutes of talk and five minutes of action, we're five minutes of talk, if that much, and 20 minutes of action."
"Ring of Honor has carved out a niche in the wrestling market by focusing on the 'sport' rather than the 'entertainment' of 'sports entertainment,"' says Adam Testa, blogger and contributor to The Wrestling Press, an online magazine.
"ROH has been a company built on the principles of hard-hitting action between the ropes rather than drama outside of them," he adds. "And the Sinclair buyout in 2011 was a milestone for the company, raising its profile from a truly independent promotion to one with corporate backing."
Arda Ocal, wrestling blogger and host of "Aftermath" on Canada's Score Television, says, "Ring of Honor has cemented itself as the No. 1 independent wrestling organization in North America."
Emphasizing the youth of ROH wrestlers, Ocal adds, "So many of their previous stars have gone on to successful careers in WWE and TNA, including current WWE champion CM Punk, current WWE World Heavyweight champion Daniel Bryan, known as Bryan Danielson on ROH. Many people look to ROH and their roster in terms of who the future of professional wrestling will be."
When the tag team match featuring Richards ended at Du Burns, he and the other three wrestlers met in the center of the ring, shook hands, and each got down on one knee.
Later, during a cigarette break in back of the arena alongside the humming 52-foot-long TV production truck, executive producer Cornette explained the ritual and what it means to Ring of Honor's core identity. The truck serves as the nerve center for the director, producers and crew members who guide the five cameras in the arena that capture the action on tape.
"Wrestling has gotten so show-biz, it's to the point where people scoff at it," Cornette says. "But wrestling used to be the same as boxing or mixed martial arts. It used to be about conflict, having a fight, who's going to win. And we try to emphasize that."
He says that ROH wrestlers operate under a "self-imposed code of honor."
"It's not mandatory, it's a locker room code where before and after the match, they shake hands with their opponents to show respect," he says. "And when they take a knee, they really had respect for what their opponents did as well as themselves. And then, of course, you've got the guys who don't shake hands and don't show honor — and people generally don't like them very much."
That would be a wrestler like Mike "The Prodigy" Bennett. In the Ring of Honor universe, the good guys wrestle and observe the code in an almost military manner, while the bad guys provide the story lines and theatrics. Or, to use blogger Testa's terminology, the good guys provide the sport, while the bad guys are mainly about attitude and entertainment.
And for a while there at Du Burns, it looked as if Bennett might just be the new Ring of Honor champ. Jay Lethal lay flat on the mat as the curly-haired pretty boy danced around the ring to the delight of his girlfriend, former WWE diva Maria Kanellis.
But then Kanellis, reaching out to her boyfriend, wound up accidentally pushing him so that he fell backward on top of the flattened Lethal, who suddenly came to life and instantly rolled Bennett up for a mat-pounding one-two-three pin.
It's Saturday night, and all is right in Du Burns Arena as the crowd chants: "Ring of Honor. Ring of Honor. This is wrestling."
If you go
Ring of Honor's next matches in Baltimore are set for Feb. 4 at the Du Burns Arena, 1301 S Ellwood Ave. Doors open at 7 p.m. Tickets are $20-$50. Call 877-725-8849 or go to ticketalternative.com.
On TV
"Ring of Honor" airs at 1 p.m. on Saturdays on WBFF, Channel 45 and at 10 p.m. Saturdays and 12:01 a.m. Sundays on WNUV, Channel 54.
Recent tweets from Baltimore Sun media and television critic David Zurawik:
Follow David Zurawik on Twitter | Read David Zurawik's blog, Z on TV | Read David Zurawik's bio


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Responsibilities of the Provost
Provost Matt Baker oversees all educational programs, academic policies, faculty affairs and development, and promoting University scholarship and research. The Provost provides leadership to the Deans and the Directors of academic support services to ensure that the educational programs and offerings are consistent with the University's vision, mission, and values. The Provost is also charged with advancing the initiatives of the University's Award-Winning Strategic Plan.
The Provost is a senior member in the President's administrative cabinet. The President and Provost operate in a close partnership with each other and members of the President's Council and Provost's Council. In working with the academic community, the role of Provost is to translate the strategic direction sanctioned by the President and Trustees into academic plans, new and restructured programs, and academic procedures.
The Provost at Thomas Jefferson University is also Dean of the Faculty. In this role, the Provost is the spokesperson and advocate for the faculty, and its representative to the President and President's Council. As the Dean of the Faculty, the Provost is the person to whom the faculty can turn for mentorship and guidance.
Some specific academic oversight responsibilities of the Provost and Dean of the Faculty include:
- Fostering excellence in the schools, departments and programs
- General direction of curriculum planning
- General direction of academic support programs
- Development of plans and budgets for academic programs
- Appointment and evaluation of academic administrators
- Oversight of faculty promotion, tenure, and contract reviews
- Oversight of faculty development


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Bat, (order Chiroptera), any member of the only group of mammals capable of flight. This ability, coupled with the ability to navigate at night by using a system of acoustic orientation (echolocation), has made the bats a highly diverse and populous order. More than 1,200 species are currently recognized, and many are enormously abundant. Observers have concluded, for example, that some 100 million female Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana) form summer nursery colonies in Texas, where they produce about 100 million young in five large caves. The adult males are equal in number to the females, though they do not all range as far north as Texas. Furthermore, this species is found throughout tropical America. Thus, one species alone numbers, at the very least, in the hundreds of millions.
General features
All bats have a generally similar appearance in flight, dominated by the expanse of the wings, but they vary considerably in size. The order is usually divided into two well-defined suborders: the Megachiroptera (the large Old World fruit bats) and the Microchiroptera (small bats found worldwide). Among members of the Megachiroptera, flying foxes (Pteropus) have a wingspan of 1.5 metres (about 5 feet) and a weight of 1 kg (2.2 pounds). The largest insectivorous bat is probably the naked, or hairless, bat (Cheiromeles torquatus); it weighs about 250 grams (about 9 ounces). The largest of the carnivorous bats (and the largest bat in the New World) is the spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum), also known as the tropical American false vampire bat, with a wingspan of over 60 cm (24 inches). The tiny hog-nosed, or bumblebee, bat (Craseonycteris thonglongyai) of Thailand is one of the smallest mammals. It has a wingspan of barely 15 cm (6 inches) and weighs about 2 grams (about 0.07 ounce).
Bats vary in colour and in fur texture. Facial appearance, dominated by the muzzle and ears, varies strikingly between families and often between genera. In several families a complex fleshy adornment called the nose leaf surrounds the nostrils. Although the exact function of these facial appurtenances has yet to be determined, scientists believe they may help to direct outgoing echolocation calls (see below Orientation). Wing proportions are modified according to mode of flight. The tail and the membrane between the legs also differ, perhaps as adaptations to feeding, flight, and roosting habits. Finally, bats vary in the postures they assume when roosting, particularly in whether they hang suspended or cling to a wall and in the manner in which the wings are folded and used.
Bats are particularly abundant in the tropics. In West Africa, for example, more than 30 genera embracing nearly 100 species have been cataloged; in the United States 19 genera, totaling about 45 species, are known. Of the 18 bat families, 3—the vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae), free-tailed bats (family Molossidae), and horseshoe bats (family Rhinolophidae)—are well represented in the temperate zones. A few American leaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae) range into mild temperate regions. Several vesper bats range well into Canada.
The Vespertilionidae are found worldwide except in the polar regions and on isolated islands. The brown bats of genus Myotis have a range almost equal to that of the entire order. The free-tailed bats and sheath-tailed bats (family Emballonuridae) also encircle the Earth but are restricted to the tropics and subtropics. The horseshoe bats extend throughout the Old World, the roundleaf bats (family Hipposideridae) and Old World fruit bats (family Pteropodidae) throughout the Old World tropics, and the leaf-nosed bats throughout the New World tropics and slightly beyond. The other families have more restricted ranges.
Importance to humans
Most bats are insectivorous, and they are important to humans primarily for their predation on insects, for pollination, and for seed dispersal. Little is known of the spectrum of insect species consumed, but the sheer quantity is formidable. The Mexican free-tailed bats of Texas have been estimated to consume about 9,100 metric tons (10,000 tons) of insects per year. Bats would thus seem to be important in the balance of insect populations and possibly in the control of insect pests.
Some bats feed on pollen and nectar and are the principal or exclusive pollinators of a number of tropical and subtropical plants. Others feed on fruit and aid in dispersing seeds, although bananas and figs must in some cases be protected from fruit-eating bats by early harvest or by nets.
Vampire bats (family Phyllostomidae, subfamily Desmodontinae) are considered serious pests of livestock in some parts of tropical America because the small wounds they cause provide egg-laying sites for parasites and because the vampires may transmit rabies and trypanosomiasis to cattle. Other bats also carry rabies or related viruses.
The guano (droppings) of insectivorous bats is still used for agricultural fertilizer in many countries and in the past was used as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus for munitions. Large guano deposits, in addition, cover and thus preserve many archaeologically interesting artifacts and fossils in caves.
In tropical regions large colonies of bats often inhabit houses and public buildings, where they attract attention because of their noisiness, guano, and collective odour. In western culture bats have been the subject of unfavourable myths; in parts of the Orient, however, these animals serve as symbols of good luck, long life, and happiness. In some parts of Southeast Asia and on some Pacific islands, flying foxes (Pteropus) are hunted for food. Small bats are also widely but irregularly eaten.
Certain physiological aspects of some bats, particularly those involving adaptations for long hibernation, daily lethargy, complex temperature regulation, acoustical orientation, and long-distance migrations, are of interest to biologists.
In species and numbers, bats constitute an important and generally nonintrusive form of wildlife. Several zoos have established interesting exhibits of bats; indeed, some flying foxes and fruit bats have been exhibited in European zoos since the mid-19th century, and they have been kept widely for research purposes. Bats are interesting pets but require specialized care.
Natural history
Activity patterns
Nocturnal activity is a major feature of the behavioral pattern of bats: nearly all species roost during the day and forage at night. Carnivorous bats, vampire bats, and perhaps fishing bats (see bulldog bat) may have an advantage at night over inactive or sleeping prey. In addition, nocturnal flight protects bats from visual predators, exposure to the sun, high ambient temperature, and low relative humidity. The large area of naked wing skin might mean that bats would absorb rather than radiate heat if they were active during the day. They would also lose body water required for temperature regulation and would then be forced to forage near water or somehow retain more water (and thus more weight) in their bodies during flight.
The nocturnal activity pattern in bats is probably kept in synchrony with changing day lengths by their exposure to light at dusk or dawn. Bats often awaken and fly from the cave exit well before nightfall. Should they be too early, their internal clock may be reset. A few species of bats, including a flying fox (Pteropus samoensis), the yellow-winged bat (Lavia frons), and the greater sac-winged bat Saccopteryx bilineata, may forage actively during the day, but little is yet known of their special adaptations.
Flight is the primary mode of locomotion in all bats, although the flight styles vary. Some groups (the free-tailed bats, for example) are adapted for flight in open spaces and high altitudes. They have long, narrow wings, swift flight, and a large turning radius. Slit-faced bats (Nycteridae), false vampire bats (Megadermatidae), and others are adapted for hovering as they pick prey off vegetation or feed on flowers. These bats have short, broad wings, slow flight, and a small turning radius. Some bats take flight easily from the ground: members of the genus Macrotus do so simply by flapping, while vampire bats (Desmodus) leap into the air and then spread their wings and fly. The free-tails, however, roost well above the ground because, upon takeoff, they fall before becoming airborne.
Though flight speeds in the wild are hard to measure, four vesper bat species, carefully observed, have been timed on average at 18.7 to 33.3 km (11.7 to 20.8 miles) per hour. In flight the posture of each of the four fingers incorporated into the wing is under precise and individual control. Finger and arm postures, which determine the shape, extension, and angle of the wings, govern such actions as turning, diving, landing, and hovering. Except when interrupted by insect catches or obstacles, bat flight paths are straight. Insects may be pursued and captured at a rate of up to two per second; during each catch the flight path is interrupted and thus appears erratic.
In many cases there is little locomotion other than flight. Bats that hang in caves may move across the ceiling by shifting their toehold, one foot at a time. A few genera, especially among the Old World fruit bats (family Pteropodidae), may crawl along branches in a slothlike posture, using their thumb claws as well as their feet. The sheath-tailed bats (family Emballonuridae) and mouse-tailed bats (family Rhinopomatidae) hang on vertical surfaces suspended by their hind claws but with their thumbs and wrists propped against the surface. In this orientation they can scramble rapidly up or down and forward or backward, as well as sideways.
Bats of many families walk or crawl on either horizontal or vertical surfaces, using hind feet, wrists, and thumbs. Many move freely either backward or forward, a convenience for entering and leaving crevices. The vampire bats may also leap from roost to roost. The disk-winged bats (family Thyropteridae) and sucker-footed bat (one species, family Myzopodidae), as well as the bamboo bats (Tylonycteris), have specialized wrist and sole pads for moving along and roosting on the smooth surface of leaves or bamboo stalks. Bats are not known to swim in nature except, perhaps, by accident. When they do fall into water, however, they generally swim competently.
Bats choose a variety of diurnal roosts, although the roost requirements of many bats, which are rather precise in terms of light, temperature, and humidity, limit their distribution. Each species favours a particular kind of roost, though this varies with sex, season, and reproductive activity. Many bats prefer isolated or secure roosts—caves, crevices in cliff faces, the interstices of boulder heaps, tree hollows, animal burrows, culverts, abandoned buildings, portions of buildings inaccessible to humans or infrequently accessed by them (i.e., a roof, attic, or hollow wall), or the hollow core of bamboo stalks. Some species roost externally—on tree trunks or in the branches of trees, under palm leaves, in unopened tubular leaves, or on the surface of rocks or buildings. For some the darkness, stability of temperature and humidity, and isolation from predators provided by caves and crevices seem essential. Others prefer the heat and dryness of sun-exposed roosts. Many bats also occupy nocturnal roosts, often rocky overhangs or cave entrances, for napping, for chewing food, or for shelter from bad weather. Many species likewise choose special nursery or hibernation roosts. Buildings are so widely exploited by bats (especially vesper bats, free-tailed bats, and sheath-tailed bats) that many species have probably become more abundant since the advent of architecture.
Bats are usually colonial; indeed, some form very large cave colonies. Generally, large colonies are formed by bats that roost in dense clusters, pressing against one another, although many are widely spaced and do not touch when roosting. Some of the Old World fruit bats strikingly defoliate the trees on which they roost. In trees flying foxes (Pteropus) may form outdoor camps numbering hundreds of thousands of individuals. Many species form smaller groups of several dozen to several hundred. Less commonly, bats are solitary; sometimes the adult female roosts only with its most recent offspring. Occasionally, one sex is colonial and the other is apparently solitary. The advantages of colonial or solitary life and the factors that govern colony size in bats with colonial predilection have not yet been established.
Elaborate communities of other animals are often satellites of cave-bat colonies. Among these are cave crickets, roaches, blood-sucking bugs, a variety of parasites (e.g., fleas, lice, ticks, mites, and certain flies), and dermestid beetles and other insects that feed on cave-floor debris—guano, bat and insect corpses, and discarded pieces of food or seeds. Molds and other fungi are also conspicuous members of the cave-floor community. Bats and their excretions alter the cave environment by producing heat, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.
Many bats of temperate climates migrate annually to and from summer roosts and winter hibernation sites, with an individual often occupying the same roosts in seasonal sequence each year. Members of the same species may converge on a single hibernation cave or nursery roost from many directions, which indicates that the choice of migration direction to and from these caves cannot be genetically determined. When migration occurs, however, is probably genetically determined (i.e., instinctive) and influenced also by weather conditions and the availability of food. Nothing is known of how bats recognize migration goals or how succeeding generations learn their locations. Female young born at a nursery roost may memorize its location, but how they know where to go at other times is not clear. Likewise, little is yet known of energy storage, navigation, or other specializations for migrations.
Female Mexican free-tailed bats migrate from central Mexico to Texas and adjacent states each spring, returning south in the fall. Mating probably occurs in transient roosts during the spring flight. The migration is believed to remove pregnant and lactating females to a region of high food supply where they need not compete with males of their own species. Presumably they return to Mexico for its suitable winter climate and food supply and to meet their mates.
The North American red and hoary bats (Lasiurus borealis and L. cinereus) and the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) migrate in the fall from the northern United States and Canada to the southern United States and beyond, returning in the spring.
Bats of the suborder Microchiroptera orient acoustically by echolocation ("sonar"). They emit short high-frequency pulses of sound (usually well above the range of human hearing) and listen to the echoes returning from objects in the vicinity. By interpreting returning echoes, bats may identify the direction, distance, velocity, and some aspects of the size or nature (or both) of objects that draw their attention. Echolocation is used to locate and track flying and terrestrial prey, to avoid obstacles, and possibly to regulate altitude; orientation pulses may also serve as communication signals between bats of the same species. Rousette bats (megachiropteran genus Rousettus) have independently evolved a parallel echolocation system for obstacle avoidance alone. Echolocation pulses are produced by vibrating membranes in the larynx and emitted via the nose or the mouth, depending upon species. Nose leaves in some species may serve to channel the sound.
The echolocation signals spread in three dimensions on emission, the bulk of the energy in the hemisphere in front of the bat or in a cone-shaped region from the nostrils or mouth. When the sound impinges on an intervening surface (an insect or a leaf, for example), some of the energy in the signal is reflected or scattered, some absorbed, and some transmitted and reradiated on the far side of the surface; the proportion of sound energy in each category is a function of wavelength and of the dimensions, characteristics, and orientation of the object. The reflected sound spreads in three dimensions, and some portion of it may impinge on the bat's ears at perceptible energy levels.
Bats' external ears are generally large, which probably enhances their value for detecting the direction of incoming signals, and their middle and inner ears are specialized for high-frequency sensitivity. In addition, the bony otic (auditory) complex is often isolated acoustically from the skull, which probably improves signal comparison by both ears. The thresholds and ranges of hearing in several genera of bats have been studied, and in each case the region of maximum sensitivity has been found to coincide with the prominent frequencies of the outgoing echolocation signals.
The characteristics of echolocation pulses vary with family and even with species. Echolocation pulses of a substantial number of bat species have been analyzed in terms of frequency, frequency pattern, duration, repetition rate, intensity, and direction. The prominent frequency or frequencies range from 12 kilohertz (1 kilohertz is equivalent to 1,000 hertz, or cycles per second) to about 150 kilohertz or more. Factors influencing frequency may include bat size, prey size, the energetics of sound production, inefficiency of the propagation of high frequencies, and ambient noise levels.
Orientation pulses may be of several types. The individual pulse may include a frequency drop from beginning to end (frequency modulation [FM]), or the frequency may be constant (CF) during part of the pulse, followed by a brief FM sweep; either FM or CF pulses may have high harmonic content. The pulse duration varies with the species and the situation. During cruising flight the pulses of the greater false vampire bat (Megaderma lyra) are 1.5 milliseconds (0.0015 second), those of Wagner's mustached bat (Pteronotus personatus) 4 milliseconds, and those of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) 55–65 milliseconds. In goal-oriented flight, such as the pursuit of an insect or the evaluation of an obstacle or a landing perch, the pulse duration is systematically altered (usually shortened) with target distance, sometimes ending with pulses as short as 0.25 millisecond.
During insect pursuit, obstacle avoidance, and landing maneuvers, there are three phases of pulse output design: search, approach, and terminal. The search phase, during which many bats emit about 10 pulses per second, precedes specific attention to a target. In the approach phase, which starts when the bat detects an object to which it subsequently devotes its attention, the bat raises the pulse rate to about 25 to 50 per second, shortens the pulses with decreasing distance, and often alters the frequency pattern. The terminal phase, which often lasts about 100 milliseconds, is characterized by extremely short pulses, repeated as rapidly as 200 or more times per second, and ceases as the bat intercepts the target or passes it (the stimulus being, perhaps, the cessation of echoes); another search phase follows. During the brief terminal phase (a fraction of a second), the bat is engaged in final interception (or avoidance) maneuvers and appears to pay little attention to other objects.
In addition to sensitive ears, the use of echolocation to gain sensory information requires integration of the vocal and auditory centres of the brain. Not only must the nervous system of the bat analyze in a few thousandths of a second the reflected, and thus altered, form of its own pulse, but it must separate this echo from those of other individuals and from others of its own pulses. All of this must be done while the animal (and often the target) is moving in space. In the laboratory, bats have been found to be able to identify, pursue, and capture as many as two fruit flies (Drosophila, about 3 mm [0.12 inch] long) per second and to locate and avoid wires as fine as 0.1 or even 0.08 mm (0.004 or 0.003 inch) in diameter.
Research has provided some information on the mechanisms of bat sonar. There is evidence that the multiple frequencies of FM or harmonic patterns serve in determining target direction. The relative intensities of the various frequencies are different at each ear, which allows the animal to determine the target's direction when three or more frequencies are received. Target velocity may be measured by CF bats through the use of the Doppler shift, a change in perceived frequency due to the relative motion of the bat and its target. Changes in pulse-echo timing may provide information on target distance and velocity. The ratio of useful signal to background noise is increased by several mechanisms, including specializations of the middle ear and its ossicles (tiny bones), isolation of the cochlea (the area where sound energy is converted into nerve impulses), and adaptations of the central nervous system.
Food habits
Most bats feed on flying insects. In some cases prey species have been identified from stomach contents or from discarded pieces under night roosts, but such studies have not yet provided an adequate measure of the spectrum of bat diets. Bats identify and track insects in flight by echolocation. Large insects may be intercepted with the wing membranes and pulled into the mouth. Some bats feed on arthropods, such as large insects, spiders, and scorpions, that they find on the ground, on walls, or on vegetation. These bats may either land on and kill their prey before taking off with it or pick it up with their teeth while hovering.
Two genera (Noctilio and Myotis) include at least one species that catches small fish and possibly crustaceans. All fish-eating species also feed on flying insects or have close relatives that do so. Each is specialized in having exceptionally large hind feet armed with long, strong claws with which the fish are gaffed.
The Megachiroptera and many of the phyllostomid genera feed on a variety of fruits, often green or brown in colour; usually such fruits are either borne directly on wood or hang well away from the bulk of the tree and have a sour or musky odour.
The Old World fruit bat subfamily Macroglossinae (and some other fruit bats) and certain leaf-nosed bats feed, at least in part, on nectar and pollen. Many tropical flowers, adapted for pollination by these bats, open at night, are white or inconspicuous, have a sour, rancid, or mammalian odour, and are borne on wood, on pendulous branches, or beyond or above the bulk of the plant. The phyllostomid Glossophaginae may also feed on flowers. (See Sidebar: Bat-Loving Flowers.)
Several phyllostomid and megadermatid genera are carnivorous, feeding on small rodents, shrews, bats, sleeping birds, tree frogs, and lizards. The true vampires, which feed on the blood of large mammals or birds, land near a quiet prospective victim, walk or jump to a vulnerable spot on it where the skin is relatively exposed—the edge of the ear or nostril, around the anus, or between the toes, for example—make a scooping, superficial bite from which the blood oozes freely, and lap the blood with very specialized tongue movements. Each vampire requires about 15 millilitres (about half an ounce) of blood per night.
The interaction of bats with their food, be it insects, fruit, or flowers, probably has a substantial impact on some biological communities. Many plants are dependent on bats for pollination; other plants benefit from seed dispersal by bats. Moths of two families are known to take evasive or protective action on hearing bat pulses nearby, an adaptation that implies heavy predation.
Maintenance behaviour
Bats are meticulous in their grooming, spending a fair part of the day and night combing and grooming their fur and cleansing their wing membranes. Generally, they comb with the claws of one foot while hanging by the other; they remove the combings and moisten their claws with their lips and tongue. On the wing membranes in particular, they use the mouth meticulously, perhaps oiling the skin with the secretions of dermal (skin) glands while cleansing it.
Social interactions
Although social interactions per se have not been observed between adult bats, they are known to often segregate by sex. As noted above, pregnant females in many species occupy special nursery roosts until their young are independent. In some species the sexes occupy the same general roost but gather in separate clusters. In others the sexes intermingle or arrange themselves into a pattern within a group—the females centrally, for example, and the males peripherally. Sexual segregation during foraging has been reported for several species. Among bats that migrate over long distances, such as Mexican free-tailed, red, and hoary bats, the sexes may meet only briefly each year.
Life cycle
Details of the life cycle are known for only a few species. In northern temperate zone species, there is an annual cycle of sexual activity, with birth taking place between May and July. In males the testes, normally located in the abdominal region, descend seasonally into the scrotum, and active spermatogenesis occurs. In females sexual receptivity may be associated with egg maturation and release. Tropical bats may exhibit a single annual sexual cycle or may be diestrous (i.e., have two periods of fertility) or polyestrous (have many).
The sexual cycles of entire populations are closely synchronized, so almost all mating occurs within a few weeks. The periods of gestation, birth, lactation, and weaning are also usually synchronized. Gestation varies in duration: five or six months in flying foxes (Pteropus), more than five months in vampire bats (Desmodus), three months in some small leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros), and 6 or 7 to 14 weeks in several small vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae). The length of gestation may be influenced by both ambient (surrounding) and body temperature.
In several North American and northern Eurasian vesper and horseshoe bats that hibernate, copulation occurs in the fall, and the sperm are stored in the female genital tract until spring. Ovulation, fertilization, and implantation occur after emergence from hibernation, when the female again has available an abundant food supply and a warm roost. Such favourable environmental conditions greatly enhance the young bat's chances of survival.
Most bats bear one young, but the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) may bear twins, and the Eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) bears litters of one to four.
At birth the young, which may weigh from one-sixth to one-third as much as the mother, usually have well-developed hind legs with which they hold on to their mother or to the roost. Their wings are very immature. The young are hairless or lightly furred and are often briefly blind and deaf. Female bats normally have one pectoral (at the chest) or axillary (at the armpit) mammary gland on each side. Several species that carry their young while foraging also have a pair of false pubic nipples, which the infant may hold in its mouth when its mother flies. The infants are nourished by milk for a period of about five or six weeks in many small bats and for five months in the Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus). By two months of age, most smaller bats have been flying and foraging for three or four weeks and have achieved adult size.
In many species females late in pregnancy migrate to special nursery roosts, in which large numbers of pregnant females may aggregate, usually to the exclusion of nonpregnant females, males, and bats of other species. In some cases the nursery roosts seem to be chosen for their high temperature, which may derive from the sun, from the bats themselves, or from decomposing guano. When foraging, some bats (Erophylla) leave their infants hanging quietly, one by one, on the cave wall or ceiling. In the case of the Mexican free-tailed bat and a few others, the closely spaced infants may move about and mingle on the wall. Some bats carry their young with them for a short period of time. Generally, each mother, on returning to her roost, seeks out her own offspring by position, smell, and acoustical exchange.
Some bats achieve sexual maturity in their first year, others in their second. Infant mortality appears to be high. Developmental and genetic errors and disease take their toll, but accidents seem to cause more serious losses—the young may fall from the ceiling or perhaps have serious collisions in early flight attempts. A fair number of bats probably fail to make the transition from dependent infants to self-sufficient foragers.
Adult bats, on the other hand, have low mortality. Predation is rarely serious, especially for cave-dwelling species. Disease, parasitic infestation, starvation, and accidents apparently take small tolls. There are records of several big brown (Eptesicus fuscus), little brown (Myotis lucifugus), and greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) that have lived more than 20 years, and a few have lived more than 30. Probably many bats in temperate climates live more than 10 years. Longevity has not been established for most tropical species, but a few are known to live for more than 10 years.
Several factors probably contribute to the unusual longevity of bats. Generally isolated roosts and nocturnal flight substantially protect them from predation, from some elements of weather, and from exposure to the sun. Their largely colonial way of life may ensure that entire populations experience contagious infection and subsequent immunity; indeed, such a pattern in the past may have hastened adaptation to disease. The persistent use of various seasonal roosts probably ensures isolation and security, food and water supplies, and access to mates. Many bats, moreover, reduce their body temperature at rest. Not only is there a probability that this conserves some cellular "machinery," since metabolism is reduced, but fewer hours need to be spent in actively seeking food and water.


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JONESBORO, Ark. (AP) Cameron Golden scored 18 points, Ed Townsel chipped in with 15 and Arkansas State erased an 11-point second-half deficit to force overtime and eventually come out on top, defeating North Texas 75-66 on Saturday night.
Arkansas State (14-8, 8-5 Sun Belt) sprinted through the finish line in overtime, outscoring the Mean Green 16-7 to earn the victory.
The Red Wolves struggled from beyond the arc, making only 8 of 28 attempts from 3-point range and shot only 34.4 percent from the floor overall.
Jordan Williams led North Texas (8-16, 3-10) with 18 points and eight rebounds. Tony Mitchell had 14 points and nine rebounds and Roger Franklin chipped in with seven points and 10 rebounds.
Brandon Peterson didn't score a point for Arkansas State, going 0 for 7, but did grab 14 rebounds and block two shots.


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Jenni 'JWoww' Farley & Fiance Welcome First Child, A Baby Girl
Marriage Boot Camp stars, Jenni "JWoww" Farley and Roger Mathews, welcomed their first child together on July 13. Congrats to the happy couple on their baby girl!
Jenni "JWoww" Farley, 28, and her fiance, Roger Mathews, just welcomed a baby girl on July 13. In June 2014, the soon-to-be married couple told Hollywoodlife.com EXCLUSIVELY that they "just wanted her to be here" already. Well, now she is! How exciting! Wait till you find out her adorable name!
Jenni 'JWoww' Farley & Roger Mathews Welcome Baby Girl
JWoww sure has grown up since her wild-child days on MTV's Jersey Shore.
On July 13, Jenni and her fiance Roger welcomed a beautiful baby girl named Meilani Alexandra Mathews, E! News reports. What a beautiful name!
New dad Roger just couldn't contain his excitement about the arrival of his baby girl and took to Twitter on the day of Meilani's birth.
She is here! Meilani Alexandra Mathews 7lbs 13 ounces. Words can't describe what looking into your child's eyes can do to you. Im Humbled.
— Roger Mathews (@RogerMathewsNJ) July 13, 2014
"Jenni and Roger are so excited to welcome the newest guidette Meilani Alexandra Mathews to the world weighing seven pounds and 13 ounces," a rep for JWoww told the outlet. "Meilani and her parents are doing great and are happy and healthy. Meilani is already looking to trade her baby bottle for barbells."
"We're fist pumping in celebration of Jenni 'JWoww' Farley and Roger Mathews' new baby girl Meilani Alexandra Mathews," MTV said in a statement. "We're so excited for the new parents and to welcome the newest member to the MTV family."
HollywoodLife.com has reached out to JWoww's rep for comment.
The reality star and her fiance just couldn't contain their excitement over meeting their baby girl "so soon" and tweeted sweet messages on July 10. Roger was even counting down!
Meeting our precious little angel very very soon @RogerMathewsNJ 👪💏👶
— JWOWW (@JENNIWOWW) July 10, 2014
Almost here………………tic toc tic toc
— Roger Mathews (@RogerMathewsNJ) July 10, 2014
JWoww and Roger just couldn't wait to be parents!
The couple met while JWoww was filming the Jersey Shore in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. They got engaged in Sept. 2012, and Jenni announced her exciting pregnancy news on Dec. 25 by sharing a Christmas card featuring a photo of their sonogram on her official website.
We are SO happy for Jenni and Roger! They are going to make great parents.
Jenni Opens Up About Her Difficult Pregnancy
Throughout her pregnancy, Jenni has been brutally honest about how difficult it's been for her.
Back in June 2014, Jenni told HollywoodLife.com EXCLUSIVELY, "I've hated every second of it, it was awful. There is nothing joyful about having your feet swell and your back ache every day. So, I just try to take it with a grain of salt again and keep moving. I'm excited for the actually outcome."
Wow, poor Jenni. She must be so relieved now that she can hold her baby girl in her arms. Hopefully, it was all worth it in the end!
We can't help but wonder if Jenni will follow in her BFF Nicole"Snooki" Polizzi's footsteps and film her birth? Either way, Snooki & JWoww fans will most likely get an inside look at Jenni and Roger's first days as parents when the fourth season premieres later this year.
What do YOU think, HollyMoms? Are you excited for Jenni & Roger? Let us know your thoughts below!
— Noelle Trainor


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Novell's Noel Power is the developer in charge of introducing Excel VBA interoperability into OpenOffice.org Calc. He says that the interoperability is achieved by:
- allowing Excel VBA macros to run natively within OpenOffice.org;
- providing a compatibility object model;
- continuously improving the compatibility model by identifying and implementing the most useful and widely used APIs;
- extending the symbols available to ooo-basic to include the compatibility API; and
- modifying the core ooo-basic runtime to handle Excel VBA syntax.
Noel says, "Novell is pushing this to the wider community. The source code is freely available from the OpenOffice.org Hackers Pages, and instructions on how to build it are on the OpenOffice.org build page. Additionally, we are pleased to say that we are also shipping the VBA interoperability feature with Novell's branded OpenOffice.org versions for Windows.
If you want to build the new edition of OOo from scratch, the steps are fairly simple:
- Download the source code.
- Carry out the configuration for your system. This is the most labor-intensive part of the process, but the feedback you get is useful, and so it's just a matter of deciding which additional files your system requires, or which parts of the installation that you want to disable.
- Download the actual OOo packages. (Don't worry -- once the configuration is completed you just need to type
- Make the application.
However, you might not have to do all of the work yourself. "As far I can tell," said Noel, "the VBA interoperability feature currently ships with following distro versions of OpenOffice.org":
- Ark
- Debian
- DroplineGNOME
- Frugalware
- Gentoo
- Mandriva
- QiLinux
- Red Hat (FC6)
- Ubuntu
- SUSE and SUSE SLED
Unfortunately, there's no easy way of identifying whether your distro supports the VBA interoperability apart from trying some VBA code. According to Noel, "You can use the ooo-basic organizer (Tools -> Macros -> Organize Macros -> OpenOffice.org Basic) and navigate to the document. If the document contains macros and they are not commented out, chances are the feature is enabled."
If you've installed a supported distribution, or built Novell's version of OpenOffice.org on your Linux box, or installed Novell's OpenOffice.org for Windows, will any Excel macro work in Calc? "No," Noel said, "support for VBA is not complete, but we think we cover a large portion of the common usage patterns. Those macros that we've come across mostly use a manageable subset of objects in the Excel API (such as the Range, Worksheet, Workbook, etc.). We have concentrated on supporting those objects, and the most commonly used method/properties of those objects."
If you've got your own Excel spreadsheet to try, then open it up and see what happens. The macros should run just as if you'd opened the document in Excel. If you haven't got Excel, Noel passed a good example on to me -- hypocycloid-demo.xls. A hypocycloid (in case you're interested) traces the path of a fixed point on a circle as it rolls around inside a larger circle (anyone remember Spirograph?). The spreadsheet will generate different hypocycloids for you. If you are using OpenOffice.org with VBA support, all of the buttons and sliders should work, changing the image displayed on the screen, despite the fact that all of the code is written using Excel VBA.
How would things differ if you'd loaded hypocycloid-demo.xls into a version of OpenOffice.org without VBA support? OpenOffice.org will open an Excel spreadsheet even if the spreadsheet contains VBA macros, but when you press the buttons nothing will happen -- and most importantly, you won't get any error messages.
Let's look at the code in the OOo Basic Editor. Go to the OpenOffice.org menu and click on Tools -> Macros -> Organize Macros -> OpenOffice.org Basic.
Sub VBA_Library
Rem Sub openWorkbooks (iFiles())
Rem Dim wBook as Workbook
Rem Dim wList as String
Rem Dim iFile as String
Rem For Each iFile in iFiles
Rem Workbooks.Open iFile
Rem Next iFile
Rem For Each wBook In Workbooks
Rem wList = wList & wBook.Name & chr(13)
Rem Next wBook
Rem Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1") = Now()
Rem msgbox Workbooks.Count & " files open:" & chr(13) & chr(13) & wList
Rem End Sub
End Sub
You'll see that standard OpenOffice.org handles VBA code in a module. The VBA code all gets turned into comments, and then is encapsulated into a new subroutine (which is given the same name as the module).
However, if you're using OpenOffice.org with VBA support, you'll see a different picture:
Option VBASupport 1
Sub openWorkbooks (iFiles())
Dim wBook as Workbook
Dim wList as String
Dim iFile as String
For Each iFile in iFiles
Workbooks.Open iFile
Next iFile
For Each wBook in Workbooks
wList = wList & wBook.Name & chr(13)
Next wBook
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1")= Now()
msgbox Workbooks.Count &" files open:"& chr(13) & chr(13) & wList
End Sub
This version of OpenOffice.org Calc adds an extra line of code to any module that it loads and which contains VBA code:
Option VBASupport 1
This line has no effect on standard OOo Basic code, but it ensures that the VBA interoperability is recognized correctly. If you prefer the VBA statements (or if they're just what you're more used to) then you must remember to add this line manually when you create your own VBA modules for Calc.
While all this works well, it is not yet a mainstream OOo solution. Noel says, "Sun does have a proprietary solution, but it has some drawbacks. This year at OOoCon I had some frank discussions with some of the Sun developers and there at least seems to be some willingness to align their solution and ours. The impression that I got was they felt that our approach was a better one (they do a translation phase, whereas we run the VBA natively). I also got the impression that they deemphasizing support for their solution. We hope to increase the pace of our upstreaming efforts and aim to have the initial effort completed in the next couple of months.
"At the moment the situation is still that the interoperability feature is only available from the popular distros that use ooo-build. However, quite a few steps have been made in getting closer to the goal of integrating all of this work into the main OpenOffice.org source. A fair proportion of the core basic runtime modifications have already been folded into the 'vanilla' OpenOffice.org; the compatibility API and some of the other hooks are not. I am, however, in close contact with the developers at Sun and we are working together to try and get all of the feature in. As this is a complicated feature, and touches many parts of the code, this is not a trivial task, it will take time".
Your can learn more about using Excel VBA with OpenOffice.org Calc in my book Learn OpenOffice.org Spreadsheet Macro Programming: OOoBasic and Calc automation.


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Windows Media Player for Windows XP offers great new ways to store and enjoy all your music, video, pictures and recorded TV. Play it, view it, and sync it to a portable device for enjoying on the go or even share with devices around your home, all from one place.
- Simplicity In Design - Bring a whole new look to your digital entertainment.
- More of the Music You Love - Breathe new life into your digital music experience.
- All Your Entertainment in One Place - Store and enjoy all of your music, video, pictures, and recorded TV.
- Enjoy Everywhere - Stay connected with your music, video, and pictures no matter where you are.
- New UI
- Support for better synchronization for portable devices
- Album stacks of album art
- Indexed libraries with search-as-you-type features
- User controlled downgrade of quality for DRM content to allow for smaller files


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Lobster Mushroom & White Chanterelle Pizza
I took the ferry from Larkspur Landing to the Ferry Building yesterday with my son. We mostly went for the ride, but I couldn't go without seeing what Far West Fungi had on offer. I chose the Lobster mushroom and some White Chanterelles to play with. According to the guy behind the counter, the White Chanterelles have a fruitier, less peppery taste that regular Chanterelles.
I kept the treatment very simple and simply fried them with some salty butter and a little garlic. I enjoyed them right from the pan but did manage to save some of them for the mess of a pizza below (it got dark on me!). Just very thin pizza dough, the mushrooms, and a little grated Gruyere cheese. Yum!


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News editor
Harvey County Economic Development Director Mickey Dean met with Marion Economic Development Inc. earlier this year to facilitate a discussion of what MEDI members perceive Marion's strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats are relative to future economic growth.
On Friday, MEDI President Todd Heitschmidt reviewed the findings of that analysis at the Marion Chamber of Commerce monthly luncheon.
- Schools, both scholastics and facilities.
- Marion's status as county seat, providing jobs and bringing people into town on business.
- St. Luke Hospital's services and facilities.
- Parks.
- Location, centrally located in the county and region.
- Welcoming community members.
- Recreational opportunities, including surrounding lakes.
- Variety of retail locations — downtown, on the hill, and along the highway.
- Service industries.
- Butler Community College satellite campus.
- Blighted areas, some highly visible.
- The short drive to other cities makes it easy for residents to shop out-of-town for things they could get in Marion.
- Divided retail areas — the diversity that is a strength can also be a weakness by spreading things out.
- A shortage of manufacturing and industrial jobs.
- Multitude of restaurants spreads the market thin.
- A shortage of leadership and open-mindedness.
- Pockets of negativity, the minority of unhappy people being more vocal than those who are happy in Marion. Heitschmidt also said visitors have commented that the community is more welcoming than the impression they got from the Marion County Record.
- Unrealistic zoning regulations, based on the City of Lawrence's regulations.
- Entrepreneurial insight — there are lots of people with good ideas who don't have the necessary business sense to make them successful.
- Plenty of buildings available for new or expanding businesses.
- State Rural Opportunity Zone designation provides incentive for people to move to Marion.
- Revision of zoning regulations to make them more appropriate for Marion.
- Entrepreneurship training, which has already started at Butler Community College.
- Educating the whole community on why things are being done the way they are.
- Space in business and industrial parks.
- The country's growing aging population needs services available in Marion.
- Hiring a new city economic development director, which Heitschmidt hopes to have done by Jan. 1.
- Partnering with Hillsboro. "It's better to have something in Marion or Hillsboro than not in Marion County at all," he said.
- Fostering community investors.
- Losing businesses.
- Local and national economy.
- The looming election and accompanying uncertainty.
- A shortage of highly skilled employees.
- Apathy.
- Slow progress. Heitschmidt said economic development sometimes feels like walking through quicksand.
- Out-of-town retailers.
- Poverty.
- Youth and capital drain — Marion needs more jobs for people to come back to after college.
- Shrinking population and tax base.
- Some committee members saw partnering with Hillsboro as a threat.
Chili cook-off
The meal at the luncheon was provided by contestants in a chili cook-off. Judging was done by a blind taste test, with each person in attendance voting for their favorite chili.
First prize was a tie between Casey Case and Shawn Geis. Case won the tiebreaking coin flip. Third place went to Michele Huelett. Other contestants were Dave and Bobby Richmond, Pam Bowers, and Michon Christensen.
USD 408 Superintendent Lee Leiker told the chamber about a monthly newsletter he is launching in November. "A+ News" will promote positive news.


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Dune Blanket
A beautiful and versatile blanket for all seasons. Made from a double layer of certified organic cotton yarn and knitted in our beautiful multi coloured Dune pattern.
To minimise shrinkage, this fabric has been pre-washed at our GOTS certified factory.
Care recommendations: hand wash in cold or warm water with environmentally friendly laundry detergent, tumble dry on low or line dry, do not use fabric softener or bleach.
GOTS certified
product details
product code: NB310247
- GOTS certified
- 100% certified organic cotton knit
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Taj and Parko Advance to Round 3 of the Hurley Pro
Day 1 of the Hurley Pro at Lower Trestles was greeted with 2 - 3 foot waves, a ridiculously thick fog and a frothing crowd. Every year a lot of talk and hype goes into the Trestles event, it is the most rippable wave on tour and the boys are excited to show some contest flair. Round 1 lived up to the expectations, providing exciting heat after exciting heat. From lofty airs to powerful carves, all the moves were on display.
As for our boys, Taj Burrow and Joel Parkinson, we reckon they were just stoked to surf uncrowded Trestles. Taj surfed a calculated heat in the 2nd heat of the day, earning a 14.47 heat total and a ticket straight into Round 3. Parko had a tougher time in Round 1 and found himself up against local wildcard Ian Crane in the losers' Round 2. Fortunate for Parko, the waves were much better in Round 2 and he promptly found himself some proper canvases, amassing a heat total north of 16 points and a victory. If you didn't remember, Parko was subject to Round 2 last year when he surfed against Connor Coffin to keep his Trestles hopes alive; he escaped that heat and made the final, are we bound to see more?
Follow along with us on Twitter at @billabong1973 and on Instagram at @billabong for live coverage of Taj and Joel at Lowers.
Taj found the only canvases available in Round 1 and made them work. Photo: ASP/Kirstin
Parko has the combo of power and style so many desire. Photo: Pat Stacy
Taj is always stoked, Mr. Gannon on the other hand is always all business. Photo: ASP/Kirstin
Smooth as the other side of the pillow, except he is at Lowers and in a contest. Photo: Pat Stacy


text: Hi guys, I am just breaking my head over this problem. HEEEEEELP I have a server running and it is receiving email just fine. However when trying to send email, it is doing all kinds of funky stuff. I see timeouts, I see rewrites of the email address of the intended receiver?! for example: sending from [email protected] to [email protected] [email protected] quote deleted I have no idea what is happening. Another piece of log: Could somebody please help me? I have NO idea how to solve this at them moment.


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Rail USA
Map by cairnswk
Guide by Master Fenrir
Rail USA is one of four rail maps by cairnswk, the other three being Rail Europe, Rail Australia, and Rail Africa. The opinion on these maps is polarized, people tending to either love them or hate them. Rail USA is one of the smaller and easier to understand maps in this series, and is a good starting point when you have decided to take a ride on the rails. With gas at $3.00 per gallon, nobody will blame you.
There are 67 total regions with 14 bonus zones, including the Chicago bonus. Though the spider web design of rail maps may seem different than a more traditional map, acquiring the bonuses is done in the same way. Bonus zones are acquired by holding every station along an entire rail line. These lines are color-coded on the map, and the bonus key at the top matches the colored name of the rail line to its bonus value.
Due to the size and linear design, I recommend 6 or more players and escalating spoils for standard, terminator, and assassin games, and triples with any spoils for team games.
How to play...
Other related strategy guides/topics


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Day 1 - Ebooks? No way! Too expensive, and print will never be replaced.
Day 40 - Sure, authors like Konrath are making a bit of money, but this is a niche market.
Day 94 - Konrath is paying his mortgage with ebook sales? Big deal. He's an exception.
Day 112 - Okay, so the price of ereaders has dropped. They're still too expensive.
Day 223 - So a bunch of authors are making a bit of money on ebooks. Big deal. They're exceptions.
Day 300 - Okay, so the price of ereaders has dropped again. They're still too expensive.
Day 432 - Konrath is making over 12k a month? Big deal. He's an exception.
Day 541 - Hmm, ereaders are pretty cheap. But I'd never give up print books. I like print too much.
Day 940 - A lot of bookstores seem to be closing. Maybe I should have bought more print books.
Day 1114 - There sure are a lot of people with ereaders. The devices are easier to use, inexpensive, and have a lot more features. And there are millions of ebooks available, most of them cheaper than the print versions.
Day 1322 - Lots of authors are releasing enriched and enhanced ebooks. Some bigshot bestsellers are even releasing ebooks without a print version.
Day 1496 - Maybe I'll ask for an ereader for my birthday.
Day 1594 - I love my f*cking ereader. How'd I ever live without it?
Day 1687 - You don't have an ereader yet? Wake up and join the present day, you caveman.
Ereaders have been around for over a decade, but I believe the revolution really began to pick up speed when Amazon released the Kindle 2 in 2009.
According to my scenario, by July of 2013, ereaders will be adopted by the majority of readers the US, and the preferred method of book buying.
This timeline is purely guesswork, of course. I'm basing it on the gradual adoption of the iPod by consumers, particularly the period of growth from 2004 to 2006, when sales went from four million a year to forty million a year. They are currently plateaued at over fifty million a year, and have been since 2007.
That '04 to '06 growth spurt looks a lot like what's happening now in the ereader world, with Random House recently reporting that ebook sales up were up 300% and Amazon predicting ebooks would soon outsell paperbacks on their site.
We're certainly in a time of tremendous growth, and it probably won't plateau for another two years or so. If it follows the same trend as the mp3 player (which followed other tech trends like home computers, cell phones, DVD players, and flat screen TVs) then my scenario may not be far off the mark.
Hear that, all of you naysayers? All of you folks saying you hate ereaders and will never get one? All of you who love the printed word and won't ever give up paper books?
By July 2013 you'll be eating those words.
Wednesday, September 01, 2010
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Blue & Gold Banquet
From MeritBadgeDotOrg
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[[Category:Scouting events]]
[[Category:Scouting events]]
[[Category:Cub Scouts]]
[[Category:Cub Scouts]]
Revision as of 16:35, November 11, 2008
Most Cub Scouts celebrate Scouting Anniversary Week with a celebration called the blue and gold banquet. In nearly all packs, the annual blue and gold banquet, which is often the pack meeting for February, is the highlight of the year. It brings families together for an evening of fun and inspiration.
The purpose of the blue and gold banquet is to celebrate the pack's anniversary, recognize pack leaders and other adults who have been instrumental in the pack's success, and inspire the leaders, Scouts, and parents. Packs often like to invite former members and other Scouting or community leaders to take part in the annual blue and gold banquet.
The banquet program must appeal to boys as well as adults. This can be conducted as a regular pack meeting (with songs, skits, stunts, and awards), or it can be something different and a little more special. Your pack may choose to bring in outside entertainment, such as a magician or storyteller, or have a video or slide presentation of the activities the pack participated in over the previous year. Choose a master of ceremonies who will keep the evening moving and enjoyable for all.
Careful planning is necessary for the banquet to be successful. Most packs begin planning at least two months in advance. The pack committee should recruit a banquet chair, who in turn may select others to carry out the responsibilities of the program, such as making physical arrangements, handling invitations, choosing a theme, etc. Try to involve as many people as possible, but avoid giving den leaders too many additional responsibilities because it may distract them from their duties to their dens.
A detailed plan for the blue and gold banquet, including a planning calendar, sample agenda, and suggested program activities, is available in the Cub Scout Leader How-To Book.
The Blue & Gold Banquet also typically includes a Friends of Scouting presentation and a Webelos Bridging Ceremony.
Webelos Bridging Ceremony
Many Packs will have their Webelos Scout Bridging Ceremony during the Blue and Gold Banquet. The Webelos Scouts may have completed their full 18-month Webelos Scout Program on December 1st but may wait until the Blue and Gold to have this important ceremony. In many Councils, the Order of the Arrow will provide upon request a memorable bridging presentation.


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Sara's Gilbert
"THE TALK Tells All" continues during the show's season four premiere week with host's personal secrets revealed. Host Sara Gilbert opens up about her relationship with actor Johnny Galecki during which she realized she was homosexual. She reveals that he was supportive and kept it a secret until she was comfortable with coming out publicly. Sara says that she still struggles with this on a daily basis, but "it gets better," Thursday, September 12, 2013, on the CBS TelevisIon Network. Sheryl Underwood, from left, Sara Gilbert and Sharon Osbourne, shown. Photo: Monty Brinton/CBS ©2013 CBS Broadcasting, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text: The MacArthur-supported Preservation Compact brings together the region's public, private, and nonprofit leaders to preserve affordable multifamily rental housing in Cook County. The Compact recently gathered experts for its first annual conference "Rental Housing in the New Economy" to discuss and plan for how to best protect affordable rental housing stock. View materials and videos from the conference, including opening remarks by Julia Stasch, Vice President of U.S. Programs at the MacArthur Foundation.


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Tia Norfleet The First Black Woman NASCAR Racecar Driver
Tia Norfleet is the first and only black woman racecar driver to be licensed by NASCAR. The Suffolk, Virginia native actually began driving at age 4 when she spotted the keys in the ignition of her parent's minivan. Her inner-driver made its first debut all the way through the front porch of their home.
Three years later, at age 7, her curiosity was fed with a Hot Wheels Barbie car in which her father added an extra battery for power and speed; then onto go-karts and stock cars. Only a few years later, Norfleet had racked up 22 finishes in the top 10. At 24 years old, she was embraced by NASCAR officials.
She races with the number 34, which is the same number as her father, Bobby Norfleet, also a legendary driver who holds the only minority-owned sponsorship to motorsports. Consequently, the number 34 was also the number of Wendell Scott, the first black to win a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race. The young woman driver credits her father for teaching her the ups and downs of racing based on his experience as an African-American man in a predominately non-minority sport.
Earlier this month, Norfleet made her NASCAR debut at the Motor Mile Speedway in Fairlawn, Virginia. Like her father and Wendell Scott, Norfleet started financing her own racing career through a grassroots initiative. As a result of her success, she has since been offered funds by various companies but has refused monies offered by alcohol and tobacco companies. She is currently sponsored by Verizon.
Beyond the track, both Bobby and Tia Norfleet take part in philanthropic work with organizations such as the National African American Drug policy Coalition and the Motorsports Institute, Inc.
Making a number of appearances to benefit the community each year, Norfleet uses her celebrity to mentor youth on the importance of education and following their dreams, including her Driven to Read program, which teaches kids the importance of reading and its kinship to racing.
Source: blackamericaweb.com


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Management Prof Publishes 5-in-1, Noted As Top Reviewer
SOCORRO, N.M. September 18, 2012 – New Mexico Tech Department of Management Professor Dr. Toshi Sueyoshi recently had five research articles in one edition of Energy Economics and was recognized as the top reviewer by another journal, European Journal of Operational Research.
Dr. Toshi Sueyoshi (standing) with one of his regular co-authors Mika Goto and Dr. Peter Gerity, Vice President of Academic Affairs.
Dr. Toshi Sueyoshi (standing) with one of his regular co-authors Mika Goto and Dr. Peter Gerity, Vice President of Academic Affairs.
Sueyoshi is a world leader in the application of theoretical developments to real policy problems. One of his recent publications addresses the trade-offs between increased use of nuclear power and the reduction of CO2.
"Toshi is answering questions that are amenable to innovative methodological approaches, which is one area where he excels," Anselmo said. "As he points out in one of the papers, shutting down nuclear power plants because of what happened at Fukushima will result in increasing greenhouse gas emissions, which will be more expensive and less efficient and may not be warranted once an in-depth analysis is done – which he did. That's an example of the link between theory and practice."
Sueyoshi is a pioneer of the data reduction method he calls Data Envelopment Analysis, or DEA. Anselmo said Sueyoshi continually refines the method, which he applies to novel and globally important policy issues.
Another recent paper title is "DEA Approach for Unified Efficiency Measurement: Assessment of Japanese Fossil Fuel Power Generation."
In that study, Sueyoshi writes that the implementation of Kyoto Protocol in 2005 has not been effective on the efficiency of Japanese fossil fuel power generation from 2004 to 2008. His findings contradict the current Japanese environmental policy under Kyoto Protocol, it contains policy implications for guiding the future direction of Japanese environmental policy on the electric power industry.
In each paper, Sueyoshi is applying his Data Envelopment Analysis to a wide variety of current topics. Sueyoshi and his collaborators have examined the relationship of scale to efficiency in petroleum companies.
In one of the five papers, he concluded that "both national and international oil companies exhibit increasing Damages to Scale, implying that all oil firms need to decrease their operational sizes for improving their environmental performance on CO2 emission. As an alternative strategy, the result suggests that they need to introduce technology innovation (e.g. clean air technology) into their business operations. The technology based strategy has more practicality than the size reduction in their operations."
Another publication is "Environmental Assessment by DEA Radial Measurement: U.S. Coal-Fired Power Plants in Independent System Operator and Regional Transmission Organization." In that paper, Sueyoshi concludes that independent coal-fired power plants are more efficient than those belonging to regional organizations.
Two papers address the electrical power industry in Japan. One deals with "Efficiency-Based Rank Assessment for Electric Power Industry" and the other compares the efficiency of the electric power industry to other manufacturing industries.
"Toshi examines large questions involving government policy and industrial structure," Anselmo said. "He's been a prolific research for years, but getting five papers published in one issue of a top journal is truly impressive."
The other journal, European Journal of Operational Research, presented Dr. Sueyoshi with a certificate as the top reviewer in 2011.
"That means he reviewed a lot of papers," Anselmo said. "That's a huge contribution to the field. No one can publish if there aren't reviewers. Making a contribution like that is huge because someone has to do this time-consuming and mostly thankless job."
By Thomas Guengerich/New Mexico Tech


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Batman: Arkham Knight Gameplay Trailer Shows Off the Ultimate Batman Simulation
Watching the new Batman: Arkham Knight gameplay trailer, it's easy to imagine the game getting retitled Grand Theft Auto: Gotham City without anyone blinking an eye. Unlike the claustrophobic Batman: Arkham Asylum and the open but constructed Batman: Arkham City, Rocksteady's latest Dark Knight adventure makes Bruce Wayne's entire hometown your personal sandbox, letting you glide overhead, drive through its streets, and knock down whatever gets in your way with a well-timed missile.
The demo (via ArcadeSushi), which premiered at this year's E3 Conference, feels specifically constructed to show off everything you can do in the final game. After a brief opening that gives you an idea of just how complicated Batman's armor really is, the gameplay gets started with Batman leaping off a skyscraper and flying over Gotham City. From there, he speeds through the streets in the Batmobile, handling hairpin turns like a pro, before he battles a fleet of unmanned drone tanks.
Now this is a take on the character we can get behind!
As expected from a game specifically made for next-generation consoles, Batman: Arkham Knight looks spectacular. Even more importantly, the game's open world map is detailed and ready to be explored, and the new gameplay elements prove developer Rocksteady isn't resting on their laurels.
Although no release date has been set yet, Batman: Arkham Knight will arrive sometime in 2015. Hopefully sooner rather than later.


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Rhode Island Universities
With the number of renowned universities and colleges located in Providence, Rhode Island, it's evident that Providence is keen on higher education. Here you'll find such prestigious institutions as Johnson & Wales University, Brown University, University of Rhode Island, Providence College, and Rhode Island College, and Rhode Island School of Design. Brown University is part of the esteemed Ivy League system, and is New England's third oldest university. University of Rhode Island is known for its nursing program and offers four campuses in Rhode Island. At the private Johnson & Wales University, the International Baking & Pastry Institute is world renowned. The Rhode Island School of Design offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in various artistic disciplines. While the colleges and universities offer a variety of degree programs, many campuses also offer professional development courses, certificate programs, and public programs such as lectures and performing arts.


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Beautiful Rta Bathroom Cabinets DecorationHome >> Bathroom >> Beautiful Rta Bathroom Cabinets Decoration >> Rta Bathroom Cabinets Fresh In Image Of Popular
Rta Bathroom Cabinets Fresh In Photo Of Wonderful are posted/uploaded by leeboyhoodhome.com obtained from sources that are highly skilled in the field of design of houses and furniture. So you don't have to worry about with leeboyhoodhome.com give this information simply upload a photo or image only. This information can be your reference when you are confused to choose the right design for your home.


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Justin Bieber Photographed With Beer, Leads to Underage Drinking Probe
More trouble for Justin Bieber. After his supposed strip club exploits in Houston this weekend, the teen, who is just 19, was then said to be snapped with a beer in his hand. Uh, you have to be 21 drink legally. The photo has lead to an underage drinking probe.
The Biebs hung out at NOX on Friday night (Oct. 18) and it was said that he was drinking water. But a representative for the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission has confirmed that a complaint has been filed and an investigation has been opened. If it's proven that The Biebs was drinking beer, the bar could lose its license.
As for the singer? Well, he wouldn't face any legal action, since he wasn't "caught" drinking.
So it would suck for the bar but The Biebs would go about his merry way, with another chink in the armor of his reputation.
It seems like there is a new issue with him every day. He was searched by security in Puerto Rico, and even though it was supposedly a random bag check, it still reflects poorly on the singer since it makes headlines and creates questions, since people assume he was being searched for a reason.


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Do You Run Towards New Fashion Or Run Away From It
October 21, 2014
A lot of people want to be fashionable, but they don't know where to start. Just because you are lost now does not mean you have to always be that way. The following article contains tips to help you learn more about being fashionable.
Although purses can improve your whole look, be sure it goes well with other bags you use. What this entails is that the purse should go with a briefcase if you'll be using them at the same time. Don't carry over two types of bags at the same time.
Your beauty kit does not need an overabundance of makeup in it. Choose things that you are drawn to but that also fit the tone of the season. Consider what you will need during the day and evening hours. Cosmetics do go bad after a while, like most other products. Also, there are many germs in the environment that you will not want to expose your makeup to.
It's best to bring a few neutrally colored pieces of clothing to alternate between when you go on a trip. Your options are varied without worrying about how things will look together. Try a scarf or belt to bring the look together.
Use every bit of your favorite beauty products before discarding them. For products that come in tubes, use the small devices meant for toothpaste tubes to squeeze out the last bit. Turn the bottle upside down or on its side to get the most out that you can. Slicing the packaging open will let you scoop out the last bit of product. You can wind up saving a lot of money by doing this.
You do not have to read fashion mags to dress well. Use the tips in this article to help you get a feel for what you look good in and what you should buy, and you can start to be as fashionable as any fashionista.
Get A New Look With These Easy Fashion Tips
September 7, 2014
Fashion makes some people feel bad about themselves; learning about this topic is hard. There are many ways to learn about fashion, however, and this article is one such resource. Think through the advice here to help you with the fashion in your everyday life.
The larger portion of your fashion dollars should focus on the basics. If your pieces can easily be paired with each other, you will have a closet full of great outfits that are always in style. Everything goes with a good pair of blue jeans, and that black top will definitely match any skirt or pants you have in the closet. If you keep it basic, you can always throw an outfit together.
Putting your hair into a simple ponytail or loose bun can instantly tidy your appearance and provide relief on a sweltering day. Long hair can sometimes be a hassle. Just put it up in a simple bun or pony tail when time is short.
The color combination of black and white has become in season once again. You always see a lot of looks with that combination on the professional runway. These colors are simple to mix; try wearing a crisp, white top with black trousers, or pick up a a funky dress in black and white. When it comes to this combination, there are unlimited possibilities.
Do you wear mascara? Avoid pumping the applicator in and out. That only traps air in the bottle. Once air is trapped inside a container, bacteria will start to breed at an increased rate. If you hope to have your brush coated well, move it around inside the container, but not in and out.
There is plenty to understand when it comes to fashion, and none of it is wrong. Fashion means finding what makes you happy and comfortable. Think about what styles work for your tastes and figure. Use this advice as you shape your own fashion sense.
Using Fashion To Your Best Personal Advantage
August 18, 2014
If you are the owner of a no-style wardrobe and feel that you have no fashion sense, here is the article for you. It is simply not necessary to feel like a fashion faux pas. With some work and effort, you can improve your look easier. Keep reading for some excellent fashion tips.
Don't buy something simply because of a great price. If it's not really your style or going to look good on you anyway, it's just not worth the savings you see in the price. If it's not something that's flattering and something you love, it's going to collect dust in your closet.
Black and white, a very popular combination, is in again this season. The fashion runway is packed with black and white outfits. You can certainly fit these colors into many of your outfits. Black and white pieces make the possibilities endless.
Develop a style that is all your own. Lots of people simply follow the crowd, but the people who are truly original are the ones who come up with their own style. Make sure that you are comfortable in doing this, as it will help to individualize your look.
Shampoo and conditioner should include a moisturizer for frizziness. This will put a protective layer over the cuticle of your hair, keeping it from taking in too much moisture. Avoid anything that volumizes; that includes wheat and rice.
Black clothing makes people look thinner. Dark colors help emphasize your good parts and tone down the overweight extras you don't want people to notice. Make skirts more comfortable by using an elastic waistband.
As you've learned, you don't need to be a disaster when it comes to fashion. In a short period of time, and with just a little bit of work and effort, you can dramatically improve your style. Use the tips shared here and you will be sure to look amazing.
How To Look Like A Sharp Dressed Man
July 26, 2014
Different fashions come and go quickly in this day and age. In order to keep up, it is important that you invest the time into learning about what is going on. Keep reading for tips that will help you keep up with the latest fashion.
You can have a dressy look by wearing black jeans and a nice blouse, with heels. Jeans in a different color are more appropriate for more casual occasions.
If your hair is frizzy, choose hair products that are highly moisturizing. It will protect your hair and help prevent the follicles from absorbing additional moisture. Keep away from products that say "volumizing," which includes ingredients such as rice and wheat.
If you have problem with frizzy hair, do not use a towel to rub your hair after shampooing. That damages your hair and encourages frizz. Rather than towel drying it, simply wrap it up in a towel and push on it to let out most of the wetness. When you are satisfied with the results, unwrap it and brush the hair with a comb.
Traveling is easy when you take along a versatile selection of clothes in neutral colors that can be mixed and matched. You will not have to think about wearing clashing colors, which means you can create a lot of outfits using only a few items. Try a scarf or belt to bring the look together.
There are people who believe that fashion just means clothing. However, hair is important too; it can set the tone for your entire look. Investing the time, money and effort to achieve a great head of hair, impeccably styled, is necessary so that your crowning glory compliments your fashion choices.
You do not need to feel lost about fashion. Incorporating fashion in your daily life can be done easily in numerous ways. Remember the tips you just read and start planning your new wardrobe.