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Abu Bakr Muhammed Al-Karaji is a Muslim mathematician and engineer from the late 10th century-early 11th century. Of Persian origin, he spent an important part of his scientific life in Baghdad where he composed ground breaking mathematical books. Al-Karaji is also the author of Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya (The Extraction of Hidden Waters), a technical treatise that reveals such a profound knowledge of hydrology that it should be celebrated as the oldest text of its kind in this field. The book provides an outstanding study on the different kinds of waters, the methods to find the water level, the description of instruments for surveying, the construction of the conduits, their lining, protection against decay, and their cleaning and maintenance. In this article the scientific work of Al-Karaji is characterized, details of his biography are surveyed and a special attention is paid to expound the contents of his treatise of hydology.
Mohammed Abattouy*
Table of contents
1. The career of mathematician-engineer
2. Al-Karaji: His life and works
3. Al-Karaji's book on the extraction of groundwater
4. Contents of the book
5. A subterranean conduit for water supply: the Qanat
6. References and further reading
From the 9th through the 16th centuries, Islamic societies experienced a "golden age" of science and technology. One of the most important fields in which they applied their knowledge and practical experience is the vast area of hydrology, in the sense of the various means of water supply, the control of the movement of water, and the different devices invented and applied therein. The rise of cities like Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, Damascus, Fez and Marrakech required increasingly sophisticated methods of water management to supply rapidly growing populations. Integrating, adapting and refining irrigation techniques and water distribution methods inherited from local expertise or borrowed from ancient civilisations, the water engineers of Islam started as early as the 8th century to build a real agricultural revolution based in great part on their mastery of hydrology [1].
Figure 1: Diagrams from the original manuscript of Al-Karaji's Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya, from Transformation of Knowledge: Early Manuscripts from the Schoenberg Collection (edited by Crofton Black, Paul Holberton publishing, 2007, p. 115). (Source: section 7 "Technology").
1. The career of mathematician-engineer
One of the earliest Arabic texts explaining how to locate aquifers, dig survey wells and build underground canals, is the treatise of the mathematician Muhammad Al-Karaji Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya (Book of the extraction of hidden waters), written about 1000 C.E in Iraq or Iran. The book is a technical treatise which gives good details on the finding of the water level, instruments for surveying, construction of the conduits, their lining, protection against decay, and their cleaning and maintenance. Before Al-Karaji and after him, such as it is explicitly stated by Ibn Sina (980-1037) in his Risala fi aqsam al-'ulum al-'aqliya (Treatise on the divisions of the rational sciences), hydraulics was established as an independent discipline on a par with geometry and astronomy [2]. It is not surprising then to find a gifted mathematician interested in such a practical area.
Al-Karaji was not the only one who joined to scientific expertise interest in engineering. Several of his immediate predecessors and contemporaries did the same: Al-Farghani (fl. ca. 860), Thabit ibn Qurra (d. 901), Al-Kuhi (d. ca 1000), to name just a few. Al-Farghani illustrates well this double interest in pure and applied science in the Islamic tradition, although in his case things did not turn out very successfully as is shown through the following story.
Abu 'l-'Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir Al-Farghani (d. ca. 865), known as Alfraganus, born in Farghana, Transoxiana, was one of the most distinguished astronomers in the service of Al-Mamun and his successors. His book Kitab fi al-harakat al-samawiya wa-jawami' 'ilm al-nujum (The Book on celestial motion and thorough science of the stars) was translated into Latin in the 12th century and exerted great influence upon European astronomy before Regiomontanus.
Figure 2: Page from Al-Kitâb al-Fakhrî by Al-Karaji. (Source).
Al-Farghani's activities extended to engineering. According to Ibn Tughri Birdi, he supervised the construction of the Great Nilometer at Al-Fustat (old Cairo). It was completed in 861 CE. But engineering was not Al-Farghani's forte, as transpires from the following story narrated by Ibn Abi Usaybi'a.
The Caliph Al-Mutawakkil had entrusted two brothers Banu of Musa, Muhammad and Ahmad, with supervising the digging of a canal named Al-Ja'fari. They delegated the work to Al-Farghani, thus deliberately ignoring a better engineer, Sind ibn 'Ali, whom, out of professional jealousy, they had caused to be sent to Baghdad, away from Al-Mutawakkil's court in Samarra. The canal was to run through the new city, Al-Ja'fariya, which Al-Mutawakkil had built near Samarra on the Tigris and named after himself. Al-Farghani committed a grave error, making the beginning of the canal deeper than the rest, so that not enough water would run through the length of the canal except when the Tigris was high. News of this angered the Caliph, and the two brothers were saved from severe punishment only by the gracious willingness of Sind ibn 'Ali to vouch for the correctness of Al-Farghani's calculations, thus risking his own welfare and possibly his life. However, Al-Mutawakkil died shortly before the error became apparent. The explanation given for Al-Farghani's mistake is that, being a theoretician rather than a practical engineer, he never successfully completed a construction [3].
Whether true or not, this story informs that the active and dynamic milieu of competition that reigned in Baghdad in 9th-10th centuries was a powerful motive force behind the high degree of creativity and inventiveness that distringuished Islamic science of this period.
2. Al-Karaji: His life and works
Al-Karaji (spelled Al-Karadji), Abu Bakr Muhammad b. al-Hasan (or al-Husayn in some sources) was a 10th-century mathematician and engineer (4th century H). He is known as Al-Hasib (the calculator, meaning the mathematician). According to Girogio Levi Della Vida [4], he is a native of Karadj (in Iran) and not from Al-Karkh district of Baghad, as it is claimed in certain modern writings.
Figure 3: Diagram of a qanat, developed in Islamic lands as a water management system used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. (Source).
While still young, he went to Baghdad where he held high positions in the administration and composed, towards 402 H/1011-12 CE, his known works in mathematics Al-Fakhri, Al-Kafi and Al-Badi', in which he attempted to free algebra from geometry. He returned afterwards to his native land, where he must have died after 406 H/1015 CE, the probable date of the composition of his Inbat al-miyah al-Khafiya. His sojourn in Baghdad was during the Buyahid era (which lasted between 334 and 447 H/945-1055 CE). No ancient source mentions the dates of his birth or death, but certain details of his biography have been reconstructed from the events of his time and from very few sentences in his books, from which we deduce that he died after 406 H/1015 CE [5].
The name of our scholar appears in modern scholarship both as Al-Karaji and Al-Karakhi (or Al-Karkhi). Karaj is a city in Iran (region of Tehran) and as the mathematician's name is Al-Karaji then certainly his family were from that city. On the other hand, Karkh is a district in the suburb of Baghdad; in this case the name Al-Karkhi would indicate that the mathematician originated from Baghdad. The historians of his work today use most often Al-Karaji to refer to him. As formulated by Roshdi Rashed, in the present state of our knowledge, it is far from easy to decide in favour of either name, at least because of the scarcity of the biographical information available about him in the classical Arabic sources (he is not mentioned by Ibn al-Nadim nor Ibn abi Usaybi'a in their major books of bio-bibliography of the Islamic scientific tradition). At any rate, he certainly lived and worked for the most fruitful period of his life in Baghdad and his chief mathematical works were written during the time when he lived in that city. His important treatise on algebra Al-Fakhri was dedicated to the vizier Fakhr al-Mulk, minister of Baha' al-Dawla, the Buyahid ruler of Baghdad (d. 406H/1015 CE). However, at some later point in his career, Al-Karaji left the Abbasid capital to live in what are described as the "mountain countries". He seems to have given up mathematics at this time and concentrated on engineering topics such as hydrology and hydraulics. Plausibly, therefore, his book Kitab inbat al-miyah al-khafiya (Book on the extraction of hidden waters) belongs to this latter period [6].
Besides his books mentioned above, he is credited with several other titles, some of which are still lost whilst others are extant and some of them were edited. These include several titles of classical subjects in mathematics and astronomy: a book of mathematics of inheritance (Al-Dawr wa-'l-wasaya), a book of mathematics of which we know only the title, Nawadir al-ashkal (Rare theorems), a treatise on The Reasons of the calculation of algebra ('ilal hisab al-jabr wa-'I-muqabala), a book on buildings contracts ('Uqud al-abniya), Kitab fi hisab al-hind, Kitab fi al-'istiqra' bi-'l-takht, Al-Madkhal ila 'ilm al-nujum, Kitab al-muhit fi 'l-hisab, Kitab al-ajdhar, Kitab hawla tasnif al-judhur, and Risalat al-khta'ayn.
Figure 4: A pool at Aqiq, Saudi Arabia, one of dozens of rest and water stations on the pilgrim road from Iraq to Makkah. It still holds water more than a thousand years after it was constructed under the patronage of Zubaydah, the wife of caliph Harun al-Rashid. (Source).
'Adil Anbuba, in the introduction of his edition of the Badi' (Beirut 1964), lists 12 works of Al-Karaji, most of which have been lost. The following four titles of mathematics and hydraulic engineering are of interest: (1). Al-Fakhri fi 'l-jabr wa 'l-muqabala (The Fakhri [or 'The Glorious'] book of algebra;); (2). Al-Badi' fi 'l-hisab (The Marvellous book in arithmetic), (3). Al-Kafi fi 'l-hisab (The Sufficient book in arithmetic); and (4). Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya, which will be surveyed below.
Al-Fakhri fi 'l-jabr wa 'l-muqabala was studied by Franz Woepcke since the middle of the 19th century. Woepcke demonstrates the agreements between this work and the Arithmetica of Diophantus, which Al-Karaji must have known through the partial translation (the first three books and a part of the fourth) by Qusta ibn Luqa (d. 296/912), and concludes that "more than a third of the problems of the first book of Diophantus, the problems of the second book beginning with the eighth one, and almost all the problems of the third, have been inserted by Alqarkhi into his collection" [7].
Figure 5: The Albolafia noria, or waterwheel, is the last vestige of an array of mills and dams built on the Guadalquivir River in Cordoba between the 8th and 10th centuries as it appears in its present condition. (Source).
In the Fakhri, Al-Karaji studied the successive powers of a binomial, developed it further in the Badi', and concluded his analysis in a work now lost but preserved in fragments in the Bahir of Al-Samaw'al b. Yahya Al-Maghribi (d. ca. 570/1174), through the discovery of the generation of the coefficients of (a-b) n by means of the triangle which is now named after Pascal or Tartaglia.
Al-Karaji's other mathematical book Al-Badi' fi 'l-hisab is a systematic treatise in which are developed the chapters treated by Euclid and Nicomachus and in which an important place is accorded to algebraic operations. Al-Karaji expounds for the first time the theory of the extraction of the square root of a polynomial with an unknown and resolves the equations of the type x2 + 5, x2 - 5, x2 + y and y2 + x. Studied later on by Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa, (ca. 1170-ca. 1250) in his Liber Quadratorum, those equations attracted much more later the attention of Euler and others in 18th-century European mathematics. In his study of these problems, Al-Karaji often utilizes the expedient of changing the variable, the auxiliary variables or the process through substitution.
Figure 6: The shaduf was known in ancient times in Egypt and Assyria. It consists of a long beam supported between two pillars by a wooden horizontal bar. A counterweight was attached to the short arm of the beam. A bucket suspended by a rope or a pole was attached to the long arm of the beam. The bucket was lowered into the water by bearing down on the rope/pole and the counterweight raised the full bucket. The shaduf is still used in Egypt. See: Sandra Postel, "Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation". (Source).
His other book Al-Kafi fi 'l-hisab, written on the use of functions, was a summary of arithmetic, algebra, geometry and the processes of mental calculus (called hawa'i, "aerial") as opposed to "Indian" calculus).
The examination of these text books by modern historians shows Al-Karaji as a mathematician of the highest calibre. His enduring contributions to the field of mathematics are still recognized today, as the canonical form of the table of binomial coefficients (in its formation law and its expansion form), for integer n, are named after Al-Karaji.
Al-Karaji wrote about the work of earlier mathematicians, and he is now regarded as the first person to free algebra from geometrical operations, that were the product of Greek arithmetic, and replace them with the type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. His work on algebra and polynomials gave the rules for arithmetic operations to manipulate polynomials. In his pioneering work in French, the historian of mathematics Franz Woepcke (in Extrait du Fakhri, traité d'Algèbre par Abou Bekr Mohammed Ben Alhacan Alkarkhi, Paris, 1853), praised Al-Karaji for being "the first who introduced the theory of algebraic calculus". Stemming from this, Al-Karaji investigated binomial coefficients and Pascal's triangle. He was also the first to use the method of proof by mathematical induction to prove his results, which he also used to prove the sum formula for integral cubes, an important result in integral calculus. He also used a proof by mathematical induction to prove the binomial theorem and Pascal's triangle [8].
Figure 7: The Saqiya machine of Al-Jazari, an animal powered device for raising water. Source: the original manuscript of Al-Jazari's treatise Al-Jami' bayna al-'ilm wa-'l-'amal al-nafi' fi sina'at al-hiyal held at Topkapi Palace Museum Library in Istanbul, MS Ahmet III 3472, p. 216. See S. Al-Hassani & C. Ong Pang Kiat, Al-Jazari's Third Water-Raising Device: Analysis of its Mathematical and Mechanical Principles.
In his book The Development of Arabic Mathematics: Between Arithmetic and Algebra (London, 1994), the historian Roshdi Rashed writes: "the more-or-less explicit aim of Al-Karaji's exposition was to find the means of realising the autonomy and specificity of algebra, so as to be in a position to reject, in particular, the geometric representation of algebraic operations… Al-Karaji's work holds an especially important place in the history of mathematics... The discovery and reading of the arithmetical work of Diophantus, in the light of the algebraic conceptions and methods of Al-Khwarizmi and other Arab algebraists, made possible a new departure in algebra by Al-Karaji" [9].
3. Al-Karaji's book on the extraction of groundwater
According to the resultst of recent scholarship, Al-Karaji wrote his mathematical works in Baghdad, but he composed his book on hidden waters in the Jabal region in Iran, where there were developed several hydraulic projects, including the qanats, an old Persian tradition, improved in Islamic times. Al-Maqdisi said in his geographical book Ahsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim that iqlim al-jabal includes three districts or counties: Ray, Hamadhan and Isfahan, whilst Karaj with, which Al-Karaji's name is associated, is located between four mountains full of farms and villages, with several rivers and water sources [10].
Figure 8: The largest norias or water wheels in the world, with a diameter of about 20 meters, exist on the Orontes River in Hama, Syria. Norias (na'ura in Arabic, pl. nawa'ir) are machines for lifting water into an aqueduct using energy derived from the water's flow. It consists of an undershot waterwheel to which are fixed a series of containers that lift water from the river to the aqueduct at a higher level. (Source).
The Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya is the only extant book of engineering of Al-Karaji. It was printed for the first time in Haydarabad in 1940 [11]. Another edition was issued in 1997 by the Institute of Arabic Manuscripts in Cairo. The book was translated into Persian by H. Khadiv-Djam in 1966 and into French by Aly Mazahéri in 1973. An Italian translation appeared recently in 2007.
There are no complete English and German translations, but some chapters of the book were rendered into these two languages in various works published respectively by Eilhard Wiedemann and Franz Hauser (German) and Fr. Bruin (English).
One of the manuscripts of the book surfaced recently. Dated 14 Dhu-'l-Qa'da 1084/20 February 1674, it was copied in Iran or Iraq. It was acquired by the library of the University of Pennsylvania from Sam Fogg, London, in December 2000. The manuscript is in paper (49 folios, 190x125 mm), in Arabic, nasta'liq script, black ink, rubrication and overlining in red; it contains 14 large diagrams in black and red.
Al-Karaji writes in the introduction of the book that when he arrived in Iraq, he saw that its people, young and older, love knowledge and value it highly, which drove him to compose books of mathemaics in arithmetics and geometry. Later on, he returned to the district of Jabal (ardh al-jabal). There he stopped writing books and making scientific research, until he was encouraged by the sponsorship and encouragement of the minister Abu Ghanim Ma'ruf b. Muhammad, and that this is the reason for which he wrote the book on hidden waters From this, we conclude that the book was written after the mathematical treatises mentioned above. From the mention of the minister Abu Ghanim, the date of the book must be after 406 H as asserted above:
The title of the book contains a word worth of some comments. The inbat, like istikhraj, means precisely "extraction" of underground water, to show what is hidden and to extract ground and hidden waters for economic and social benefit. The term may have to do with the mathematical concept of istinbat, meaning 'deduction by reasoning' [12]. If this is verified, the link between the two is natural, as Al-Karaji would have coined the term in the aftermath of his long experience as a mathematician.
Figure 9: Picture of a noria in Hadith Bayadh wa Riyadh (The Story of Bayad and Riyad) , an Andalusian love story, probably written and ilustrated sometime in 13th-century Andalus by an anonymous author (unicum manuscript, Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica, Ar. Ris. 368, folio 19r). (Source).
The Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya is an excellent manual on hydraulic water supplies; besides its main interest in hydrology, it contains some auto-biographical notes, as well as a discussion of a series of conceptions relative to the geography of the globe, various remarks on natural phenomena, and pays a great attention to surveying techniques, whether in general or in what regards hydrology. The author describes a certain number of surveying instruments, the geometrical bases of which he demonstrates, and ends with very concrete details on the construction and servicing of qanats, subterranean tunnels (he makes an express allusion to those of Isfahan) for providing water in arid places. He likewise discusses the basis of the legality of the construction of wells and hydraulic conduits and in what circumstances these might be prejudicial to the people. Here he refers to the schools of fiqh (Islamic law) and shows that he is aware of the legal dimensions of hydrology, as a techno-scientific discipline closely related to society and economy.
As a scientific treatise, the book is an original contribution in hydrology, surveying and other aspects of geology, and testifies to the advanced knowledge concerning groundwater around the 10th century in the Islamic lands. Relying on the knowledge of his time and on his owns researches, Al-Karaji reveals a profound and exacting technical understanding of groundwater theory and as such his contribution in this field is the oldest known text on the subject. His knowledge of groundwater is in general agreement with modern understanding of the subject. For example, our scholar was familiar with the general concepts of the hydrological cycle. While he never featured the whole cycle as we know it, he records in different passages of his book each individual phase.
The contents of the book can be summarized roughly as follows. The treatise is divided into 25 chapters that may be grouped in seven sections or parts:
- The first part is an introduction to the treatise: it begins with the basmala and the dedication of the book to the minister Abu Ghanim Ma'ruf b. Muhammad, and the assertion of the subject of the book.
- The second part (chapters 2-11): the author expounds here various considerations of natural philosophy on geology, the aspect of the earth, ground water, water sources, the mountains, the various kinds of waters, the methods to distinguish between them, and numerous considerations on the soils. This part is the basis of the treatise in terms of scientific knowledge as it contextualises hydrology in the larger field of natural science and geology.
- The third part (chapters 12-14): this is a treatise of legal content based on the arguments of the various Islamic schools of law concerning qanats, their digging, characteristics and use. This part is the social background of the work.
- The fourth part (chapters 15-17): centred on themes of engineering in hydrology, mainly relevant to the transport of water, digging qanats, water aqueducts and the description of the required techniques for their maintenance.
- The fifth part (chapters 18-19): on surveying and its instruments; description of the latter and demonstration of theorems for their use; a special interest is paid in this section and in the next one to the implementation of surveying techniques in hydorology.
- The sixth part (chapters 20-24): further analysis of surveying methods and instruments; the author describes traditional surveying instruments and procedures with them. In chapter 23, he describes 'some instruments I have invented', namely a calibrated plate for surveying and its chains and staves; it continues with the description of a dioptre-like instrument [13].
- The seventh part (chapter 25): this is the concluding chapter of the treatise, it contains some practical advices to the surveyor.
Given its date of composition, Al-Karaji's book seems to be the oldest extant manuscript on ground water science. Its content is startling, revealing that Al-Karaji was familiar with present-day concepts and principles inherent with the hydrological cycle, the classification of soils, the description of aquifers, and the search for ground water. Emphasis in the manuscript centers on the illustration of effective water search techniques, such as the study of the colour of rock formations and the examination of roots of phreatophyte types of plants. The treatise also describes instruments and devices employed in surveying and in the construction of qanats or underground conduits.
Inbat al-miyah al-khafiya is a manual on hydraulics and water supply, including practical information on the construction of irrigation systems in the form of subterranean tunnels (qanat; pl. qanawat). According to Al-Karaji, this was the most beneficial of crafts, since it helped the earth to flourish and enables men to attain order in their lives. The work begins with a general description of the earth and the waters that are to be found in it—how to find them, what types and tastes there are, and how to clean contaminated water. It goes on to discuss springs and wells, drilling, the measurement of water and the construction and upkeep of qanats, including dealing with blockages.
When we read the book, we have the clear impression that Al-Karaji was quite familiar with the basic hydrologic, geologic, and engineering principles associated with groundwater. Al-Karaji himself exhibited extensive skills and expertise regarding: (1) the classification of soils, (2) the search for fresh water, and (3) the different types and hydraulic characteristics of aquifers. He pioneered work on the use of plant growth as an indicator of groundwater aquifers, and invented ingenious devices employed in surveying and tunneling. Much of Al-Karaji's book deals with the techniques of exploring for groundwater, mainly how to dig wells and qanats. The methods he describes are still used in many parts of the Middle East and Asia [14].
5. A subterranean conduit for water supply: the Qanat
Qanat is a type of underground irrigation canal between an aquifer on the piedmont to a garden on an arid plain. The word is Arabic, but the system is best known from ancient Iran. To make a qanat, one needs a source of water, which may be a real well, but can also be an underground reservoir or a water-bearing geological layer. When this source is identified, a tunnel is cut to the farm or village that needs the water.
Figure 11: Aerial view of lines of qanats leading to Firuzabad in Iran. The rows of small holes resembling pockmarks reveal the presence of several qanat systems below the surface: each hole is the top of a ventilation shaft. The walls of the craters protect the shafts and the tunnel below from erosional damage from the inflow of water during a heavy rainstorm. (Source).
Shafts are as air supply, to remove sand and dirt, and to prevent the tunnels from becoming dangerously long. The shafts are not very far apart, and as a result, a qanat seen from the air gives the impression of a long, straight line of holes in the ground - as if the land has been subjected to a bombing run. Typically, the qanat becomes a ditch near its destination; in other words, the water is brought to the surface by leading it out of the slope. In fact, one creates an artificial artesian well and an oasis.
In Islamic times, the qanat became one of the most effective methods for providing water in regions without perennial streams. The technique probably originated in northern Iran in ancient times, but progressively this system of supplying water over a long distance was in widespread use in the Muslim world in the medieval period and up to modern times. Indeed, recent estimates have shown that 75 per cent of all water used in Iran comes from qanats and that their total length exceeds 100 000 miles. Outside Iran, qanats are still in use in parts of the Arab world, notably in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula and in North Africa.
The qanat system was used by the Umayyad and the Abbasid caliphs. The Caliph Al-Mutawakkil (847-866) constructed a qanat system for the supply of water to his new palace at Samarra. Recent excavations there showed that the water was obtained from ground water of the upper Tigris and conveyed to Samarra in qanat conduits totaling 300 miles in length.
In Al-Karaji's Inbat al-miyah al-khafiyya we find good details on the construction of the qanat-conduits, their lining, protection against decay, and their cleaning and maintenance.
Figure 12: Cross-section and aerial view of a qanat system for obtaining subterranean water. (Source).
A part of the book is devoted to techniques of exploring ground water, mainly how to dig wellsand qanats. For example, he describes how to survey the slope of qanats and how to work under difficult circumstances.
As an example, wells to be dug through unconsolidated rocks have to be timbered by means of centerings. Bricks are laid behind this stage. The same procedure can be applied if a qanat in development hits a lens or layer of loam or clay saturated with water. In such a case, Al-Karaji's advice is to stop the project because of the risk of collapse of the under-ground construction [15].
In conclusion, it appears evident that Al-Karaji was familiar with the basic hydrologic, geologic, and engineering principles associated with ground water, as known today. Al-Karaji himself exhibited extensive skills and expertise in the discussion of the construction of qanats, in the classification of soils, in the search for fresh water, and in his knowledge of different types of aquifers and their hydraulic characteristics. Al-Karaji pioneered work with geological structures in his use of plant growths as indicators and locators of ground water reservoirs (aquifers), and invented ingenious devices employed in surveying and tunneling. The reception and authentication of Al-Karaji's treatise in history of science should strengthen the valuedness of this millennium work.
6. References and further reading
- Al-Karaji, Kitab inbat al-miyah al-khafiya. Haydarabd: Da'irat al-ma'arif al-'uthmaniya, 1359/1940, 75 pp. Reprinted in: Water-Lifting Devices in the Islamic World: Texts and Studies. Collected and reprinted by F. Sezgin et al.. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences, 2001, pp. 302-398.
- Al-Karaji, Kitab al-badi' fi 'l-hisab. L'algèbre al-Badi' d'Al-Karagî. Edition, introduction et notes par Adel Anbouba. Beirut: Université libanaise, 1964. [Edition of the manuscript of the Vatican Library, MS Barberini 36.1].
- [Al-Karaji], Estexra-e abha-ye penhami. [Translation From Arabic to Persian of Al-Karaji's Extraction of Hidden Water by Husayn Khadiv-Djam]. Tehran: Iranian Culture Foundation, 1345 H (1966-67), 127 pp.
- [Al-Karaji], La civilisation des eaux cachées: Traité de l'exploitation des eaux souterraines composé en 1017 a.d. Texte établi, traduit et commenté par Ali Mazahéri. Nice : Universite´ de Nice, Institut d'e´tudes et de recherches interethniques et interculturelles (IDERIC), 1973, II+187 pp.
- Al-Karaji, Al-Kafi fi 'l-hisab (Genügendes über Arithmetik) von (4.-5. Jhd/10-11.Jhd.u.) Ediert und kommentiert von Sami Chalhoub. Al-Kafi fi 'l-hisab li-Abi Bakr Muhammad b. al-Hassan al-Karaji, darasahu wa haqqaqahu wa-sharahahu Sami Shalhub. Aleppo: Manshurat jami'at Halab/Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 1986, 320 pp.
- Al-Karaji, Kitab inbat al-miyah al-khafiya. Tahqiq wa-dirasa [edition and analysis by] Baghdad Abdul-Mun'im. Cairo: Institute of Arabic Manuscripts, 1997, 283 pp.
- [Al-Karaji], L'Estrazione delle acque nascoste: Trattato tecnico-scientifico di Karaji Matematico-ingegnere persiano vissuto nel Mille by Giuseppina Ferriello. Con una Prefazione di Romano Gatto. Turin: Kim Williams Books, 2007, 232 pp.
- Amir-Moéz, A. R., "Comparison of the Methods of Ibn Ezra and Karkhi", Scripta Mathematica vol. 23 (1957), pp. 173-178.
- Bruin, Fr., Surveying and Surveying Instruments being chapters 26, 27, 29 and 30 of the Book on Finding Hidden Water by Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Karaji. Beyrouth, 1970.
- Covington, Richard, The Art and Science of Water, in Saudi Aramco World, May/June 2006, vol. 57, Number 3, pp. 14-23.
- Hill, Donald R., Islamic Science and Engineering. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993.
- Hubbard, Matthew and Tom Roby, "The History of the Binomial Coefficients in the Middle East". (Retrieved 14.01.2009).
- O'Connor, John J., and Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji" (July 1999 ). In: MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
- Krenkow F., 1947-9, "The Construction of Subterranean Water Supplies during the Abbaside [sic] Caliphate", Transactions of the Glascow University Oriental Society, vol. 13, pp. 23-32. Reprinted in Water-Lifting Devices in the Islamic World. Texts and Studies. Collected and Reprinted by F. Sezgin et al., Frankfurt, 2001.
- Levi della Vida, Giorgio, "Appunti e quesiti di storia letteraria araba. 4. Due nuove opere del matematico al-Karagi (al-Karkhi)", Rivista degli Studi Orientali (Roma) vol. 14, 1934, pp. 249-264. Reprinted in Al-Karaji Abu Baker Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (400 H.) : Texts and Studies. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences, 1998, pp. 247-262.
- Lewis, Michael J. T., Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
- Lightfoot, Dale R., "The Origin and Diffusion of Qanats in Arabia: New Evidence from the northern and southern Peninsula", Geographical Journal (Royal Geographical Society, UK), vol. 166, Issue 3, July 2005, pp. 215-226.
- Parshall, Karen H., "The Art of Algebra from al-Khwarizmi to Viète: A Study in the Natural Selection of Ideas", History of Science vol. 26, 1988, pp. 129-164.
- Rashed, R., "L'induction mathématique: al-Karaji et As-Samaw'al", Archive for the History of Exact Sciences vol. 9, 1972, pp. 1-21.
- Rashed, Roshdi, "Al-Karaji", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973, vol. 7, pp. 240-246.
- Rashed, R., "Al-Karkhi", in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by J.R. Strayer. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, vol 7, 1986, pp. 211-212.
- Seaquist, Carl R., Padmanabhan Seshaiyer, and Dianne Crowley, "Calculation across Cultures and History", Texas College Mathematics Journal vol. 1:1, 2005, pp. 15-31.
- Sesiano, Jacques, "Le traitement des équations indéterminées dans le Badi' fi al-Hisab d'Abu Bakr Al-Karaji, Archive for the History of Exact Sciences, vol. 17, 1977, pp. 297-379.
- Solignac, Marcel, "Mohamed al-Karagi, ingénieur hydrologue (m.410/1019)", Revue de l'Institut des Belles Lettres Arabes (Tunis), XXXVII/134 (1974), pp. 315-328.
- Vernet, J., and Catala, M. A., "Un ingeniero árabe de siglo XI: al-Karayi", Al-Andalus: revista de las Escuelas de Estudios Árabes de Madrid y Granada, vol. 35, Nº 1, 1970, pp. 69-92.
- Vernet, J. "Al- Karadji, Abu bakr Muhammad b. al-Hasan (and also al-Husayn)." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill, 2006, vol.4, p. 599.
- Wiedemann, Eilhard, and Hauser, Franz, "Über Vorrichtungen zum Heben von Wasser in der Islamischen Welt", Beitrage zür Geschichte der Tecknik und Industrie, vol. 8, 1921, pp. 121-154. Reprinted in: Water-Lifting Devices in the Islamic World. Texts and Studies. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences, 2001.
- [Wikipedia], Al-Karaji (retrieved 14.01.2009).
- Wodzicki, Mariusz, Early History of Algebra: a Sketch, Math No. 160, Fall 2005.
- Woepcke, Franz, Kitab fi l-jabr wa-l-muqabala wahuwa l-ma'ruf bi l-Fakhri li l-shaykh Abi Bakr Mu?ammad ibn al-Hasan al-Karkhi. Extrait du Fakhri, traité d'algèbre par Aboù Bekr Mohammed ben Alhaçan Alkarkhî (manuscrit 952, supplément arabede la bibliothèque Impériale) ; précédé d'un mémoire sur l'algèbre indéterminée chez les Arabes. Paris 1853. Reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1982. Reprinted in: Franz Woepcke, Études sur les mathématiques arabo-islamiques : Nachdruck von Schriften aus den Jahren 1842-1874. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences, 1986, 2 vols. Reprinted in Al-Karaji Abu Baker Muhammad ibn al-Hasan (400 H.): Texts and Studies. Frankfurt: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Sciences, 1998.
- Zeuthen, Hieronymus Georg, "Sur l'arithmétique géométrique des Grecs et des Indiens", Bibliotheca mathematica (Leipzig), vol. 3F.5, 1904, pp. 97-112 [on the mathematics of al-Karaji].
[1] For bull bibliographical references and further reading on the different topics are aboarded in this article, see below the detailed reference list in section 6.
[2] On water technology in the Islamic East and West, see Donald R. Hill and Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan, Engineering in Arabic-Islamic Civilization. Part I (retrieved 14.01.2009); and Richard Covington, The Art and Science of Water, in Saudi Aramco World, vol. 57, 2006, pp. 14-23.
[3] On Al-Farghani, see Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, 'Uyun al-anba' fi tabaqat al-atibba'. Edited by Nizar Ridha. Beirut: Maktabat al-hayat, 1965, pp. 286-287; A. I. Sabra, "Farghani", Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, vol. 4, 1971, pp. 541-545; and Al-Farghani (c. 860 C.E.), in [Ahmed Monzur], Muslim Scientists and Scholars (July 1998).
[4] Giorgio Levi della Vida, , "Appunti e quesiti di storia letteraria araba. 4. Due nuove opere del matematico al-Karagi (al-Karkhi)", Rivista degli Studi Orientali (Roma) vol. 14, 1934, pp. 249-264; p. 250.
[5] One of the names is that of the vizier Abu Ghanim Ma'ruf b. Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf who was active between 403-420 H/… CE: see Ibn al-Athir, Al-Kamil fi 'l-tarikh (Cairo: Al-Matba'a al-Muniriya, 1353H, 9 vols; vol. 9, pp. 102, 394-395.
[6] On the life and works of al-Karaji, see the following reference works: Carl Brockelman, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, Leiden: Brill, 2e edition, 1943-49, 3 vols. and 2 Supplements; vol. 1, p. 219; Suppl. 1, p. 389; George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science. Baltimore, 1927-48, 3 vols.; vol. 1, p. 718; Khayr al-Din al-Zirikli, Al-A'lam, Beirut: Dar al-'ilm li-'l-malayin, 2002, 8 vols.; vol. 6, pp. 83, 99; 'Umar Ridha Kahhala, Mu'jam al-mu'allifin, Damascus: Al-Maktaba al-'arabiya, 1957-1961, 15 vols.; vol. 9, p. 211; Juan Vernet and M. A. Catala, "Un ingeniero árabe de siglo XI: al-Karayi", Al-Andalus, vol. 35, 1970, pp. 69-92; Roshdi Rashed, "Al-Karaji", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973, vol. 7, pp. 240-246; Juan Vernet, "Al- Karadji", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill, 2006, vol. 4, p. 599; and Giuseppina Ferriello, L'Estrazione delle acque nascoste: Trattato tecnico-scientifico di Karaji Matematico-ingegnere persiano vissuto nel Mille. Turin: Kim Williams Books, 2007, pp. 51-57.
[7] Franz Woepcke, Extraits du Fakhri, traité d'algèbre, Paris, 1853, p. 21.
[8] "Another important idea introduced by al-Karaji and continued by al-Samaw'al and others was that of an inductive argument for dealing with certain arithmetic sequences. Thus al-Karaji used such an argument to prove the result on the sums of integral cubes already known to Aryabhata [...] Al-Karaji did not, however, state a general result for arbitrary n. He stated his theorem for the particular integer 10 [...] His proof, nevertheless, was clearly designed to be extendable to any other integer. [...] Al-Karaji's argument includes in essence the two basic components of a modern argument by induction, namely the truth of the statement for n = 1 (1 = 13) and the deriving of the truth for n = k from that of n = k - 1. Of course, this second component is not explicit since, in some sense, al-Karaji's argument is in reverse; this is, he starts from n = 10 and goes down to 1 rather than proceeding upward. Nevertheless, his argument in al-Fakhri is the earliest extant proof of the sum formula for integral cubes", Victor J. Katz, History of Mathematics: An Introduction, Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2nd edition, 1998, p. 255-259; p. 255.
[9] Quoted in J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji" (July 1999 ).
[10] Al-Maqdisi, Ahsan al-taqasim fi ma'rifat al-aqalim, published by Ghazi Talimat. Damascus, 1980, p. 261.
[11] For the references of the various editions and translations of the book, see the bibliography below.
[12] See "inbat" in Lisan al-'Arab by Ibn Manzur.
[13] The sections on surveying in Al-Karaji's book are summarized in Donald R. Hill, Islamic Science and Engineering, Edinburgh University Press, 1993, pp. 187-205.
[14] On the contents of the book and its assessement in recent scholarshp, see Mehdi Nadji and Rudolf Voight, "Exploration for Hidden Water by M. Karaji: The Oldest Textbook on Hydrology?" Groundwater, September-October 1972, pp. 43-46; Hormoz Pazwash and Gus Mavrigian, "A Historical Jewelpiece-Discovery of the Millennium Hydrological Works of Karaji," Water Resources Bulletin, December 1980, pp. 1094-1096; Khalid 'Azab, Kayfa wajahat al-hadhara al-islamiya mushkilat al-miyah [How islamic civilisation confronted the problem of water (supply)]. Rabat: ISESCO Publications, 2006, chap. 2; and Mohammed Karaji (retrieved 14.01.2009).
[15] Quoted in Mehdi Nadji and Rudolf Voight, "Exploration for Hidden Water by M. Karaji: The Oldest Textbook on Hydrology?" Groundwater, September-October 1972, p. 45. See also on the qanat, Salim Al-Hassani (chief editor), 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World, Manchester: FSTC, 2006, pp. 112-113. The construction of a qanat is described in: Donald R. Hill and Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan, "Engineering in Arabic-Islamic Civilization. Part One". For more details on the other devices used in the Islamic tradition for water management and supply, see Salim T. S. Al-Hassani, The Machines of Al-Jazari and Taqi Al-Din (published on www.MuslimHeritage.com 30 December, 2004), Salim T. S. Al-Hassani and Mohammed A. Al-Lawati, The Six-Cylinder Water Pump of Taqi al-Din: Its Mathematics, Operation and Virtual Design (published on www.MuslimHeritage.com 21 July, 2008), and Salim T. S. Al-Hassani and Colin Ong Pang Kiat, Al-Jazari's Third Water-Raising Device: Analysis of its Mathematical and Mechanical Principles (published on www.MuslimHeritage.com 24 April, 2008).
*Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Mohammed Vth University, Rabat, Morocco, and Senior Research Fellow, Foundation for Science, Technology and Civilisation (FSTC), Manchester, UK. Chief Editor of FSTC academic web portal: http://www.MuslimHeritage.com.


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Government is a crucial element of a liberal arts education. Which is just a fancy way of saying that if you want to be a thoughtful and self-aware citizen, you need to carefully study how different communities manage conflict, seek justice, and make collective decisions—both when made for the
public good and also when made for the benefit of the rulers and the powerful.
Government at Berry College is a rigorous discipline taught by faculty members who have won accolades and awards for their teaching and scholarship both locally and nationally. The department's high standards and rigor has paid off handsomely for
students, as the department has placed our graduating majors and minors in top-quality graduate schools, law school programs, and in promising careers in the public and private sectors.
Our students participate firsthand in a variety of Government Department-sponsored activities both inside and outside the classroom. Students have held internships at the local, state, and national levels of government--for members of Congress, Washington D.C.-based think tanks, the
President's Council on Bio-Ethics, and in executive departments.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Jane Wiedlin, the guitarist for the Go-Go's, is quoted as saying, "The whole punk scene is, of course, responsible for the Go-Go's ever getting created. Because before punk rock happened, you couldn't start a band if you didn't know how to play an instrument.
"But when punk happened, it was like, 'Oh, it doesn't matter if you can play or not. Go ahead, make a band.' And that's exactly what the Go-Go's did."
Formed in 1978, they quickly learned to play well enough. By Aug. 29, 1982, when the all-female American rock band first played the Hollywood Bowl, they were riding pretty high, with hits like "We Got the Beat" and "Our Lips Are Sealed."
Earlier in the month, the group appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone in their underwear with the headline "Go-Go's put out."
Like all bands, the Go-Go's — Wiedlin, vocalist Brenda Carlisle, drummer Gina Schock and guitarist/keyboardist Charlotte Caffey — have had their up and downs and splits in their more than three-decade career, but have persevered and now being inducted in the Bowl's Hall of Fame. Just two years ago, they played the venue, headlining a "Totally '80s" night and proving that they still have the beat.


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Welcome to the Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Our degrees are informed and supported by our research and allow students to explore the different aspects of pharmacy.
Our pharmaceutical science and health related research spans the complete continuum from basic to applied translational science and clinical practice.
We have an international reputation for our teaching and research and we are among the leaders in clinical skills development.
We commit to engaging with the public to deliver social and cultural impact, inspire young people and inform the public on scientific issues.
We work with industry, education, government and public groups to ensure our research has impact in the real world and benefits human health and welfare.
20 May 2019
School of Pharmacy tops Complete University Guide Rankings
7 May 2019
1 May 2019
12 April 2019


text:
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Listing Courtesy of GARDNER, REALTORS
Old Spanish Trail between Duncan and Slidell Ave. (Habitat for Humanity in there now)
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Quaint, full of beauty, and a true favorite in Louisiana. These traits perfectly describe the charming town of Slidell and the flower from which the town's nickname "The Camellia City" is derived. Nestled on the northshore of Lake Pontchartrain, Slidell overflows with small town charm and is a haven for sportsman and food lovers alike.
Located in beautiful St. Tammany Parish, there is an amazing variety of options when it comes to the housing market. From historical, Acadian-style homes with large yards to townhouses and duplexes, you'll find what you're looking for in one of the many welcoming neighborhoods you'll love to call home.
Take a walk down memory lane in Old Towne where there's an assortment of antique shops, old soda fountains, art galleries, and great food. Speaking of food, Slidell is just over a half hour's drive from New Orleans, so you can be seated for dinner in the French Quarter and pulling back into your driveway before the sun goes down. But, you don't have to make that drive for great cuisine. Slidell boasts a vibrant food scene with amazing seafood at Peck's, delicious Creole dishes from award-winning chef Michael A. Frederic at Michael's Restaurant, or an elegant dining experience overlooking the bayou at Palmetto's.
Outdoors enthusiasts will be enamored with the fishing on Lake Lake Pontchartrain or boat rides through the dark waters of the surrounding swamps. The city boasts over thirty parks where you and your family can walk and play in beautiful natural surroundings, and Slidell is the ending point for the legendary Tammany Trace Trailhead where cyclists and joggers enjoy the scenic former railroad corridor. And, your children will have plenty of opportunities to stay active through recreational sports leagues for all ages. .
From Mardi Gras and St. Patrick's Day Parades to the popular Bayou Jam Concert series, there's never a dull moment. In the oaks and waters of Slidell, you'll find loads of fun and hospitality in a picturesque setting!
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747 Old Spanish Trail Highway
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With this calculator you can put in your values and estimate the amount of your loan and get an estimate on the amount of your monthly payments. Click on the 'Calculate' button when you're ready.
With this calculator you can put in your values and estimate the amount of your loan and get an estimate on the amount of your monthly payments. Click on the 'Calculate' button when you're ready.
**Private mortgage insurance is an insurance policy that a residential mortgage lender requires of the borrower if the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio of the home is greater than 80%. Mortgage insurance protects the lender from the risk that the borrower may default on the loan. Federal law requires lenders to notify borrowers when the loan-to-value ratio drops below 80%. Mortgage insurance premiums vary, but generally range from $1,000 to $5,000 a year for an average priced home.
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Restoration and digitization project
The project 'Restoration and digitization of the video collection' is generously supported by the Sophie and Karl Binding Foundation.
The Kunsthaus Zürich holds one of the largest and most important collections of video art in Switzerland. The museum began assembling a collection specifically focused on artists' videos in the late 1970s, at the instigation of its then Deputy Director Dr. Ursula Perucchi. Key areas include the pioneer generation of video artists, such as Vito Acconci, Bruce Nauman, John Baldessari and Nam June Paik; and the German video scene of the 1980s, with practitioners including Marcel Odenbach, Ulrike Rosenbach and Klaus vom Bruch. Also well represented are a young generation of contemporary artists. The holdings have been progressively expanded over recent years; in total, the collection now comprises some 550 works by artists from both Switzerland and elsewhere.
The specific technology of the video medium presents constantly changing challenges for museums. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Kunsthaus embarked on a major project to copy a large number of volumes from the collection onto the Digital Betacam format. However the assumption made at the time, that this archive format would provide a solution for the next 20 years, is already proving to be outdated.
Since then, the technology has developed rapidly, and the time has now come to move to file-based archiving. The advent of the internet has also brought with it new expectations in terms of accessibility. The Kunsthaus has therefore launched a multi-year project to digitize the entire video collection and preserve it in a digital long-term archive. There are also plans to make the collection accessible to researchers and other interested parties via the intranet.
Around 260 volumes of the collection are very dirty or exhibit defects, and therefore require extensive restoration. They are being cleaned and repaired step by step by the Atelier für Videokonservierung conservation workshop in Bern.
The video material is being preserved and made accessible once again with the support of Memoriav – Association for the preservation of the audiovisual heritage of Switzerland.


text: Hello all, How would one go about adding an external email account to a mailing list (using ISPConfig 3 and the SOAP interface)? I saw the functions like: mail_mailinglist_add mail_mailinglist_delete mail_mailinglist_update mail_mailinglist_get but it looks as though the "add" is designed to add a brand new email to the mailing list (hosted with ISPConfig). What is desired is to add emails from gmail, hotmail, etc. to the mailing list. How can this be done - or - am I missing something? TIA


text:
BurrellesLuce recently wrote a newsletter on 5 Tips for Incorporating Brand Journalism Into Your Communications Strategy. But what exactly IS brand journalism and how does it affect PR, media relations, and marketing as we know them?
While the term "brand journalism" aka "content journalism" has been getting significant air play lately, the concept has been around for awhile.
One of the earliest references came from Larry Light, McDonald's CMO, at the 2004 AdWatch conference where he proclaimed that mass marketing no longer worked and no single approach told the whole story.
"Brand Journalism is a chronicle of the varied things that happen in our brand world, throughout our day, throughout the years. Our brand means different things to different people. It does not have one brand position. It is positioned differently in the minds of kids, teens, young adults, parents and seniors. It is positioned differently at breakfast, lunch, dinner, snack, weekday, weekend, with kids or on a business trip.
"Brand Journalism allows us to be a witness to the multi-faceted aspects of a brand story. No one communication alone tells the whole brand story. Each communication provides a different insight into our brand. It all adds up to a McDonald's journalistic brand chronicle," he declared.
Brand journalism, it seems, is not just a replacement for earned media or advertising or even direct marketing. Rather it ties all these things together. It involves telling stories — that do not read like a press release or marketing and advertising copy — and that make readers want to know more about your organization. Note that if you're going to give it a try, brand journalism needs to be part of your overall communications strategy.


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HOT 107.3 Jamz News Headlines 12.6
Smith County Authorities are warning the public of a possible phone scam. The caller is asking citizens for donations to fund a Blue Santa Program. The caller is soliciting the funds on behalf of the Smith County Sheriff's Department, Peace officers Association, and the Department of Public Safety. The law enforcement agencies do not solicit donations by phone and residents should always use caution when receiving solicitation calls for donations from any organization over the phone.
(AP) — Experts are convening in Houston to discuss the health of the Gulf of Mexico and the future of its ecosystem. The summit opened Monday with a presentation from Lisa Jackson of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The event concludes on Thursday.
A Harrison County man accused of pouring a cleaning solution on two people is jailed on aggravated assault and family violence charges. 39 year old Galen Wallace who was wanted by Harrison County deputies was arrested after authorities found him sleeping in an abandoned vehicle he was using for shelter. The warrants stemmed from last months assault that left Brittany Brice and Donald Salley Hospitalized..
An undercover narcotics operation aboard an Amtrak train in Dallas has left one person dead and two people shot including an off duty officer and a passenger from East Texas..Police say the officer was shot in the hand and the 29 year old passenger was wounded..The suspect involved in the shooting died at the scene. A Dallas Police spokesperson said details of the shooting remain under investigation.
Firefighters in Jacksonville are being credited for saving the life of an 86 year old woman after a fire broke out in the home Monday.
Authorities said rescuers were able to locate the woman in a bedroom. The woman was treated and released. Two other family members including a five year old child were able to escape the fire which officials say was contained to one room. The cause of the blaze remains under investigation.
(AP) — This could be a key day for families of 29 men killed in the deadliest U.S. mine disaster in decades. Federal prosecutors are holding a teleconference today to discuss what they call "significant developments." And the Mine Safety and Health Administration will submit its final report on the blast at a Massey Energy coal mine in West Virginia
(AP) — Price gouging on prescription drugs that are in short supply would become a federal crime under legislation about to be introduced.
Sen. Charles E. Schumer, D-N.Y., says he's proposing a bill that that would give the U.S. Department of Justice authority to crack down on drug distributors who sell life-saving prescription medicines in short supply to hospitals at huge markups.


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Military Site Offers Help With Services, Jobs Along With Living History Military site offers help in obtaining services and jobs as well as stories and artwork.
Web Site To Offer Art Museum Tour For Disabled Accessible Arts program at Wright State University is developing a Web site that offers the disabled a tour of the Dayton Art Institute.
Linens'n Things Names New CIO Former Accenture associate partner Jeffrey Steinhorn becomes CIO and senior VP of Linens'n Things.
Why They Say Everything's Bigger in Texas Giant hologram gets Austin, Texas, an entry in the record books


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More than 1.8 million readers weighed in to choose the winners of this year's Ebony HBCU Campus Queens contest. The 10 high-achievers who made it to the top of the list were chosen for being "conscious of their communities, resolute in their beliefs, dedicated to their goals and committed to the importance of education."
They represented their respective historically black colleges — dressed to the nines, of course — in a spread in the September issues of the magazine celebrating their accomplishments. We probably haven't seen the last of these up-and-coming leaders, so get to know their names before they take their leadership into their respective fields off campus.
Mea Ashley, Miss Jackson State University, mass communications/Spanish, 21
Janae Roberts, Miss Tougaloo College, chemistry, 22
Eyden Thomas, Miss Hampton University, sociology, 22
Mia Holmes, Miss Xavier University of Louisiana, biology/pre-dentistry, 21
NaKena Cromartie, Miss Florida A&M University, accounting, 23
Alexandria Wilson, Miss Tuskegee University, political science, 21
Erika Grant, Miss Delaware State University, accounting, 21
Harmony Cross, Miss North Carolina Central University, public administration, 21
Kea'ya Reeves, Miss Fort Valley State University, criminal justice, 22
Barbara Henry, Miss Fayetteville University, criminal justice/accounting, 21
Read more at Ebony.com.


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I'm definitely tardy to the party on this one, but perhaps my dillydallying is someone else's gain?
If you read knit blogs, you've probably already heard about Pearl and the Beard, their album, and their amazing three-person sweater. It's fun and stripey and knit in affordable yarn, so pretty much the perfect project, right? Especially if you have a lot of arms or very close associates.
Somehow, though, I do not think my cat would be amused if I tried to get her involved.
The album sounds like it might be just about as much fun (if not so stripey): harmonies, clever lyrics, guitars, strings and percussion, maybe a little bit blue grass (there is a mandolin involved somewhere, anyway). Something about it reminds me of really good dinners filled with friends and cheap red wine. So the best parts of being a grown up.
Here's a sneak sample of "Reverend": Reverend.mp3
Do you want to win a copy? Perfect — I've got one to give away! In celebration of another tri(couleur), leave a comment on this post up until midnight on Bastille Day, July 14.


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COLUMBUS, Ohio — Urban Meyer's first Ohio State team won't be bowl-bound.
COLUMBUS, Ohio — Urban Meyer's first Ohio State team won't be bowl-bound.
The NCAA hit Ohio State with a one-year bowl ban and other penalties on Tuesday for a scandal that involved eight players taking a total of $14,000 in cash and tattoos in exchange for jerseys, rings and other Buckeyes memorabilia. Tipped to the violations, then-coach Jim Tressel failed to speak up.
The university had previously offered to vacate the 2010 season, return bowl money, go on two years of NCAA probation and use five fewer football scholarships over the next three years.
But the NCAA countered with a bowl ban in Meyer's first year as head coach in 2012, further reduced the number of scholarships and tacked on a year of probation.
"It is still my goal to hire excellent coaches, recruit great student-athletes who want to be a part of this program and to win on and off the field," Meyer said in a statement.
The stiffer penalties — including a finding of a "failure to monitor" of Ohio State's athletic programs — came because of additional problems which followed the tattoo-related violations revealed a year ago, almost to the day.
It was a sobering blow to Ohio State and athletic director Gene Smith, who through a lengthy NCAA investigation had maintained there was no way the Buckeyes would be banned from a bowl game.
"We are surprised and disappointed with the NCAA's decision," Smith said in a statement. "However, we have decided not to appeal the decision because we need to move forward as an institution. We recognize that this is a challenging time in intercollegiate athletics. Institutions of higher education must move to higher ground, and Ohio State embraces its leadership responsibilities and affirms its long-standing commitment to excellence in education and integrity in all it does."
After the initial tattoo scandal, the school and the NCAA discovered two additional problems.
Three players were suspended just before the start of the season for accepting $200 from booster Bobby DiGeronimo, and midway through the Buckeyes' 6-6 season it was revealed that several players had been paid too much for too little work on summer jobs — supplied by the same booster. He has been disassociated from the program.
Tressel, forced out in the wake of the scandal, was hit with a five-year "show-cause" order which all but prevents him from being a college coach during that time.
"Of great concern to the committee was the fact that the former head coach became aware of these violations and decided not to report the violations," the NCAA Division I Committee on Infractions wrote in its report.
Greg Sankey, associate commissioner of the Southeastern Conference and a committee member, said in a teleconference that Tressel's failure to act was, "considered very serious and, frankly, very disappointing."
Tressel is now on the staff of the Indianapolis Colts as a video-review coordinator.
Under a show-cause order, any school that hired Tressel would have to present its case for why it needed to employ him, and would risk severe penalties if he were to commit any further infractions after that.
The Buckeyes are preparing to play Meyer's former team, Florida, in the Gator Bowl on Jan. 2. Meyer, a two-time national title winner with the Gators was hired to much acclaim on Nov. 28 and has built a solid recruiting class despite the ongoing NCAA problems. But a bowl ban could affect those verbal commitments.
At a news conference Monday, the new coach said he was given indications — but no promises — that the penalties against Ohio State would not be severe. After the NCAA's ruling came down, he did not say whether he felt the school was treated fairly.
"The NCAA penalties will serve as a reminder that the college experience does not include the behavior that led to these penalties," he said.
Asked whether the committee on infractions was trying to send a message with more severe penalties, Greg Sankey said, "I would not suggest that this is necessarily a new day, but these penalties are significant and that's part of the committee's role in both deliberating and finding violations and then assessing penalties."
The NCAA also issued a public reprimand and censure, put the Buckeyes on probation through Dec. 19, 2014, and reduced football scholarships from 85 to 82 through the 2014-15 academic year.
Edward Rife, the owner of Fine Line Ink where Ohio State players began to congregate in 2009 and 2010, has been sentenced to three years in prison following his conviction earlier this year on drug trafficking and money laundering charges.


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Amritsar - stevesnaps
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Is kind of an honor system. Any one can down load anyone of my photos and use it anyway they want. If you think you can make a few bucks on it, be my guest. However I do have a couple of requests. Not demands just a request. 1: Help in any way you can. Give me a plug. Mention one of my web sites or give me a link. I don't sell too many of my pictures and never have. Mostly just gave them away. So at 60 I am just looking for a few ways to help fund my habit of taking pictures and seeing some of this world I never got around to in my younger days. I would have no objection to a toke, tip, gratuity or other donation you might want to toss my way. And if you do just go here to
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Paul Graham:
Good programmers want to work with other good programmers. So once the quality of programmers at your company starts to drop, you enter a death spiral from which there is no recovery. [2]At Yahoo this death spiral started early. If there was ever a time when Yahoo was a Google-style talent magnet, it was over by the time I got there in 1998.The company felt prematurely old. Most technology companies eventually get taken over by suits and middle managers. At Yahoo it felt as if they'd deliberately accelerated this process. They didn't want to be a bunch of hackers. They wanted to be suits. A media company should be run by suits.


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To join the Preferred Partner programme it says you have to reach a certain criteria and one of those is to have a review score of at least 7.
In Bridlington, East Yorkshire, England - All the guest houses and Hotels are above 7 and slowly they are all joining the Preferred Partner program.
How would this then benefit me if everyone in my area joined as well as me - How would i then be more visible?
I have worked very hard to get a review score of 9.6 - but what does that mean when others are now paying to be more visible?


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Johnny Depp, Natalie Portman sign on for McCartney's 'My Valentine'
If you have ever wanted to see Natalie Portman and Johnny Depp use their vast knowledge of sign language, now's your chance. Seems Paul McCartney has partnered with the two A-listers to translate the lyrics of his jazzy tune "My Valentine" for the hard-of-hearing crowd. McCartney's film, in which Portman and Depp appear via split screen and sign the lyrics in black-and-white, was first shown at a star-studded gala in Los Angeles.
Now the Weinstein Co. has announced that it will screen McCartney's video ahead of "The Intouchables," which opens Friday in Los Angeles and New York.
Since it's a short film, it will not replace either of the trailers the company has attached to the French comedy, which has grossed over $340 million overseas. Rather, Weinstein will request that the theater owners play the film before the feature starts. The movie is about a quadriplegic, white Parisian millionaire who hires a black Senegalese troublemaker as his attendant.
Since neither the millionaire nor the attendant is deaf, we're not quite sure what "My Valentine" has to do with "The Intouchables," but it does seem to help that Harvey Weinstein is pals with the former Beatle. The two got to know each other when Weinstein produced the 9/11 concert for New York and McCartney was the first musician to volunteer to perform.
Both films do run toward the saccharine — perhaps that's the common thread that united them in Weinstein's eyes.
Johnny Depp, Natalie Portman star in 3 new Paul McCartney videos
Paul McCartney gets his star on Hollywood Walk of Fame
Grammys 2012: Paul McCartney rehearses 'My Valentine'
— Nicole Sperling


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U.S. Department of Transportation
Federal Highway Administration
1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE
Washington, DC 20590
Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations
Public Roads
This magazine is an archived publication and may contain dated technical, contact, and link information.
|Publication Number: Date: Nov/Dec 1999
Issue No: Vol. 63 No. 3
Date: Nov/Dec 1999
New Technologies Improve Cost-Effectiveness of CMA
by W.C. Ormsby
In an effort to find an efficient, economical, and environmentally acceptable treatment for pavements to remove ice and snow on roadways, FHWA conducted a study, which found that calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) was an excellent alternative deicer to salt. This article discusses CMA and the economics of using CMA instead of salt.
TFHRC Hosts Collaborative Retroreflective Testing Effort
To ensure that commercially available retroreflectometers meet the requirements of the state highway agencies, FHWA contracted with HITEC to perform a standard group evaluation of the devices.
The PAIR Initiative: Repairing and Revitalizing Our Nation's Physical Infrastructure
by Richard A. Belle
The Partnership for the Advancement of Infrastructure and its Renewal (PAIR) aims to put an end to the management-by-crisis approach to infrastructure repair and renewal. PAIR will work with leaders from both the private and public sectors to form collaborative partnerships that bring the best construction technologies and processes to the marketplace.
FHWA Creates an Office of Asset Management
by Madeleine Bloom
FHWA established the Office of Asset Management on Feb. 1, 1999. FHWA aims to effectively manage transportation systems from a user's perspective and to make integration a major goal of the new office.
TRB Superpave Committee: Keeping SuperpaveT Implementation on the Road
by Neil F. Hawks
TRB Superpave Committee works to keep the Superpave program alive and well.
Knowledge Management: Everyone Benefits by Sharing Information
by Mike Burk
FHWA is taking steps to better manage the collective expertise of its employees and partners. With managed knowledge, information can flow across organizational lines, reach the people who can use it in ways that best promote the FHWA's goals, and enhance service to the customer.
In a report entitled Are You Ready? Managing Transportation Resources Through the Y2K Weekend, which is available on the Internet at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/Y2K/y2k.pdf, FHWA and Public Technology Inc. provide information and suggestions to help governments to prepare for the Y2K weekend and to build public confidence in the adequacy of those preparations.
FHWA Partners With Brigham Young University to Develop State-of-the-Art Hydraulic Modeling Environment
by Larry A. Arneson
FHWA has partnered with Brigham Young University to explore two-dimensional computer modeling of surface-water flows. This modeling provides a level of detail and accuracy not previously available to highway hydraulic engineers.
Highway Finance Information: A Key 21st Century Transportation Decision-Making Tool
by Thomas W. Howard
Highway finance data is currently used extensively for a wide range of key efforts, and FHWA plans to make greater use of highway finance data in the future in support of the Department of Transportation's Strategic Plan and in other forward-looking ways.
Condition and Performance of Epoxy-Coated Rebars in Bridge Decks
by Ali Akbar Sohanghpurwala and William T. Scannall
FHWA and partners provided funding for a joint research project to evaluate in-service bridge decks constructed with epoxy-coated reinforcing steel. The study examines the long-term performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel in concrete bridges and structures exposed to salt.


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Rescued Michael Vick Dogs Reunited Five Years Later
(OAKLAND, Calif.) -- They were battered and bruised but, ultimately, they were not broken.
Seven dogs rescued from NFL quarterback Michel Vick's Virginia property when he pleaded guilty to federal charges relating to dog fighting, were reunited in California Oct. 27, tails wagging, tongues out, happy.
Five years ago they had scars, some physical, all emotional. They wore bandannas at their reunion celebration, surrounded by 125 emotional guests and their proud owners.
"They're very forgiving and they all really enjoy other dogs, which is probably the other big surprise that came out of the case," said Donna Reynolds, director of Oakland-based BAD RAP, an advocacy group for "pit bull-type" dogs. "In fact, dogs were a comfort to them."
Reynolds' organization worked with prosecutors on the Vick case in 2007 to identify dogs that were taken from Vick's property who could be rehabilitated. Of the 10 that Reynolds' organization secreted out of Virginia in the back of an RV because of the ongoing investigation, seven returned to their ranch nearly unrecognizable from the dogs that they were before.
Hector, a brownish pit bull, has scars up and down his chest and missing teeth from his days in Vick's dog-fighting arena.
"He's got a notch out of his tongue, a notch out of his ear. He definitely had a poor life before now," his owner Roo Yori said.
Nearly five years ago, Yori and his wife drove more than 35 hours from Minnesota to San Francisco to pick up Hector. He came back to their home almost as if nothing had happened.
"Hector, fortunately, was one of the dogs that wasn't as affected as some of the other ones. Hector, he just kind of got out of there said, 'That stunk, let's move forward,' and that was it. It was very obvious he had never lived in a house; he had never been a pet dog," Yori said.
"He unpotted a potted plant because he wanted to play with it like a stick."
Hector now fits in well with the family: Yori, wife Clara and their four other dogs.
At the ranch, the normally independent, 7-year-old Hector became uncharacteristically animated, wagging his tail wildly and wiggling in excitement upon being reunited with Donna Reynolds and Tim Racer, the founders of BAD RAP.
"Hector actually loved Tim and Donna … you could totally tell," Yori said. "He's kind of an independent dog, he's kind of aloof. When he saw Tim and Donna, he stared wiggling. You could tell he remembered them."
All the dogs now lead full lives.
"Dogs live in the moment; they don't dwell on the past," BAD RAP's Reynolds said. "Once they have enough positive experiences to draw on, they just run right into the present."
Seven have Canine Good Citizen Certificates and three are therapy dogs in hospitals and children's literacy programs.
At least one, Jonny Justice, a black and white Staffordshire bull terrier with something of an eye patch, has become a bit of a celebrity.
Jonny appeared on "The Rachael Ray Show" in 2008 and next year will be the model for a stuffed dog made by manufacturer GUND as the winner of their "Top Dog" contest.
Of the 10 dogs rescued, three did not make it to the reunion: one because of distance and another because of a last-minute emergency. A third, Ernie, was just busy being a dog, no longer a "Vick dog."
"Ernie's mom doesn't want him to be a Vick dog anymore, she just wants to have a dog," Reynolds said.
As the seven dogs and their owners posed for a glamour shot, giggles and laughter rang out when the dogs tried to squirm their way to freedom.
"The tails were just flying around," said photographer Mark Rogers, who valiantly tried to wrangle the disorderly group for a final photo.
But there were also tears that came mainly from the 125 members of the public who attended the event just to lend some support.
"There were lots of hugs, kisses, lots of crying. When people meet these dogs, they cry," Reynolds said. "They understand that they are little pieces of positive history."
Copyright 2012 ABC News Radio


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Personnel Policy Service, Inc. has been acquired by Business and Legal Resources.
We have confidence that our customers will be in capable hands with BLR and will have access to an even more expansive selection of HR and employment law compliance and training resources.
Here is a brief summary of the PPS customer transition.
For additional information about BLR please go to www.BLR.com, or find the highlighted resources for HR professionals below.
If you have any questions with continued PPS customer access please do not hesitate to contact customer service at email@example.com or by calling 800-437-3735.
BLR®—Business and Legal Resources | 100 Winners Circle, Suite 300 | Brentwood, TN 37027 | 800-727-5257
© 2016 BLR®—Business & Legal Resources. All rights reserved.


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The Carl Hayden Bee Research Center is the USDA-ARS laboratory for the identification of African honey bee samples. Identifications are made using morphometrics - a system of measuring morphological characteristics to determine honey bee type. The CHBRC laboratory analyzes samples nationwide in an effort to provide vital information on the migration of Africanized honey bees.
Sending honey bee samples for Morphometric analysis:
1) Samples must originate from a state or federal agency (this includes state universities). Samples postmarked from an individual will not be identified.
2) Collect a honey bee sample of 30-50 bees in ethanol or isopropyl alcohol in a jar or vial with a tight-fitting lid (no plastic bags). Pour any excess alcohol out before shipping the sample.
3) Samples will first be analyzed using FABIS (Fast Africanized Bee Identification System). This is a preliminary procedure to determine honey bee type. If the sample has been identified as African using the FABIS method, a full morphometrics analysis will be performed.
4) If you have questions, please contact Mona Chambers by phone at the number given below or from our email contact page. Otherwise, send your samples to:
Mona Chambers
Carl Hayden Bee Research Center
2000 E. Allen Rd.
Tucson, AZ 85719
Phone: (520) 647-9293


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Reno, NV (PRWEB) March 19, 2014
The Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS) and the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) have announced that IBHS will provide additional funding for a grant program that provides small and rural volunteer fire departments with resources to implement the Ready, Set, Go! wildland fire preparedness program.
Ready, Set, Go! is a program designed by the IAFC that teaches individuals who live in high-risk wildland fire areas how to best prepare themselves and their properties. IBHS made the announcement about the grant funding in Reno, during the IAFC's Wildland/Urban Interface Conference, which is the largest meeting dedicated to wildland fire issues in the U.S.
"The Ready, Set, Go! Program aligns perfectly with IBHS' core mission, which is to identify and promote effective actions that strengthen homes, businesses, and communities against natural disasters and other causes of loss," said Julie Rochman, IBHS president and CEO. "We are very pleased and proud to be partnering with IAFC to make sure this program can continue to be implemented in as many communities as possible."
The Ready, Set, Go! tenets help residents to be Ready with preparedness understanding, Set with situational awareness when fire threatens, and to Go, acting early when a fire starts.
"We're tremendously proud of what the Ready, Set, Go! program has accomplished a mere three years after its inception," said Chief Bill Metcalf, IAFC president and chairman of the board.
"The message of preparing communities for what may happen in a wildland fire has now reached over a thousand fire and emergency service departments in 49 states. The support that IBHS has provided and will continue to provide will be extremely helpful in further expanding the program's reach and resources," Metcalf stated.
The money provided by IBHS funds a grant program to assist small volunteer and rural fire departments that are often strapped for time and resources. Specifically, the grant money provides fire departments with the tools, resources and guidance necessary to deliver these simple, actionable safety messages to residents in wildfire-prone regions.
"Budgets are always extremely tight for small volunteer and rural fire departments," Rochman said. "We hope this partnership will lead to more opportunities for the fire services and the property insurance industry to work together to make our communities safer."
The grants are administered by the IAFC according to an established set of criteria. Requests are made through a formal peer-reviewed process to ensure effective use and need. The Ready, Set, Go! Program works in complementary and collaborative fashion with the Firewise Communities Program and other existing wildland fire public education efforts to amplify their messages.
The Ready, Set, Go! Program was developed by the IAFC, with support from IBHS, the USDA Forest Service, the U.S. Fire Administration, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Firewise Communities Program.
For more information about the Ready, Set, Go! Program, visit http://www.wildlandfireRSG.org. Find wildfire preparedness resources from IBHS at http://www.disastersafety.org/wildfire/.
About the Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS)
IBHS is an independent, nonprofit, scientific and educational organization supported by the property insurance industry. The organization works to reduce the social and economic effects of natural disasters and other risks to residential and commercial property by conducting research and advocating improved construction, maintenance and preparation practices. For more information about the IBHS grant program, contact Brent Henzi, IBHS Public Affairs Manager, at (813) 675-1035 or bhenzi(at)ibhs(dot)org. Learn more at http://www.DisasterSafety.org.
About the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC)
The IAFC represents the leadership of firefighters and emergency responders worldwide. IAFC members are the world's leading experts in firefighting, emergency medical services, terrorism response, hazardous materials spills, natural disasters, search and rescue, and public safety legislation. Since 1873, the IAFC has provided a forum for its members to exchange ideas, develop professionally and uncover the latest products and services available to first responders. Learn more at http://www.iafc.org.
Ready, Set, Go!
The Ready, Set, Go! (RSG) Program, managed by the IAFC in partnership with the USDA Forest Service, seeks to develop and improve the dialogue between fire departments and the residents they serve. Launched nationally in March 2011, the program helps fire departments teach individuals who live in high risk wildfire areas – and the wildland-urban interface – how to best prepare themselves and their properties against fire threats. The RSG! Program tenets help residents be Ready with preparedness understanding, be Set with situational awareness when fire threatens, and to Go, acting early when a fire starts. Learn more at http://www.wildlandfireRSG.org.


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News & Events
For the Media
Clarkson University Golden Knight Cadets Finish Second in Ranger Challenge
For the second year in a row, the Golden Knight Battalion Ranger Challenge Team from Clarkson University Army ROTC finished in second place out of 42 teams in this year's Ranger Challenge competition held at Fort Dix, N.J., November 9-10.
The competition is a series of nine events that included two obstacle courses, a timed assembly of military weapons, a one rope bridge, a telephone pole carry, a hand grenade course, and a "Commander's Challenge" written test.
The teams competed in full gear (helmets, boots, uniforms, rucksack, and weapon). The entire course was approximately six miles long and took the Clarkson team more than three hours to complete. The final event, a six-mile, timed road march, was held on the second day.
All of the team members are students enrolled in the Army ROTC program at Clarkson University.
The team of nine students from Clarkson, SUNY Potsdam, and St Lawrence University was coached by Master Sergeant Clifford Foster and captained by SUNY Potsdam student Tim Dudley, business administration, Potsdam, N.Y.
The Clarkson students on the team were junior Timothy Goldstone, interdisciplinary engineering and management, Accord, N.Y.; and sophomores Courtney Quinn, biology, Hinsdale, Mass.; Nick Haluska, civil engineering, Slingerlands, N.Y.; Derek German, civil engineering, Clinton, N.Y.; and Adam Yates, aeronautical engineering, Black River, N.Y.
Rounding out the team were SUNY Potsdam junior Joe Locci, environmental science, Parish, N.Y.; St Lawrence junior Taylor Macci, history, Fort Plain, N.Y.; and St Lawrence freshman Alec Savage, international and foreign affairs, Deansboro, N.Y.
The Golden Knights Battalion continued to perform well in the annual competition. Recent finishes included first-place in 2000 and 2007 and a second year in a row as runners up to Penn State.
Training six days a week since the beginning of the semester, the team again finished ahead of many of their rivals. Among the teams that trailed the Clarkson team this year were Syracuse, Cornell, and RIT. The field was made up of schools from the Second Brigade, which encompasses 43 Army ROTC programs in the Northeast.
Clarkson University launches leaders into the global economy. One in five alumni already leads as a CEO, VP or equivalent senior executive of a company. Located just outside the Adirondack Park in Potsdam, N.Y., Clarkson is a nationally recognized research university for undergraduates with select graduate programs in signature areas of academic excellence directed toward the world's pressing issues. Through 50 rigorous programs of study in engineering, business, arts, sciences and health sciences, the entire learning-living community spans boundaries across disciplines, nations and cultures to build powers of observation, challenge the status quo, and connect discovery and engineering innovation with enterprise.
Photo caption: A team of Clarkson University Army ROTC Cadets recently finished second out of 42 teams in the Ranger Challenge competition held at Fort Dix, N.J. Kneeling, front row (l-r): Courtney Quinn (Clarkson), Nick Haluska, (Clarkson), and Tim Dudley (SUNY Potsdam). Middle row (l-r): Joe Locci (SUNY Potsdam), Tim Goldstone (Clarkson) and Alec Savage (St Lawrence). Back row (l-r): Derrick German (Clarkson), Taylor Macci (St Lawrence University) and Adam Yates (Clarkson).
[A photograph for media use is available at http://www.clarkson.edu/news/photos/ranger-challenge-2013.jpg.]